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Role Title: Head of Further Education and Apprenticeships Service: Department of Further Education Pay Band: F Reports to: The Dean Job Purpose: - To lead, develop, manage and expand RUL’s Further Education and apprenticeship portfolio of courses, ensuring that their direction, design and curriculum are fully aligned with Ravensbourne’s Strategy and Academic Plan; that they are innovative and responsive to industry needs; and that agreed KPI’s are met. - To have operational oversight of all aspects of course management and delivery including budgeting and resourcing, student recruitment and progression, timetabling, learning and teaching, academic quality, assessment, learner feedback, and staff recruitment, management, workload planning and development. - To line manage and develop the team of course leaders and academic staff. - To contribute to and deliver on the wider strategy, development and planning in the FE and apprenticeships area - To ensure that all related compliance and academic quality and standards are in place as required by external agencies and regulatory bodies, e.g., The Education and Skills Funding Agency (EFSA), the Greater London Authority (GLA), other regional combined authorities and The Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED). Responsibilities: General - to take responsibility for the annual planning process, working closely with course leaders to ensure that the agreed objectives and associated targets for the programme area are implemented. - to manage the budget, delegating to course leaders where appropriate and monitoring expenditure to ensure the budget target is achieved at year end. - to resolve operational issues arising from programme delivery, collaborating with the appropriate professional service as necessary, escalating unresolved issues if progress is not achieved - to secure the resources necessary for effective operational delivery of the programme • to maintain oversight of the use of resources so that deployment of space and equipment reflects institution-wide policies and practices, including health and safety • to encourage and contribute to the inception, development and validation of new undergraduate and postgraduate courses in the programme area. • in collaboration with the other senior academic managers and course leaders to ensure that shared delivery across courses within and between programmes is effectively managed and delivered • to chair meetings of the course leaders team and of all staff, using these to keep colleagues up to date, and to receive feedback on the leadership, development and management of the programme • to participate in institutional committees and sub-groups, working groups and project boards/teams as required • to establish, develop and maintain industry links relevant to the programme area • to initiate and, as agreed, support the development and maintenance of academic and industry partnerships, both in the UK and internationally • to contribute to Alumni development and fundraising activities • to contribute to Ravensbourne’s commercial activity • to develop and maintain links with key stakeholders and networks in FE and HE Student Recruitment • to ensure that appropriate strategies and plans are in place and implemented for the marketing and promotion of courses within the programme area, including the drafting of copy for publicity material, ensuring that online departmental course information is up-to-date, and contributing to Open Days and other promotional initiatives • to ensure effective student progression, to and through undergraduate level and from undergraduate to postgraduate • to monitor student recruitment numbers and take appropriate action as necessary Quality enhancement • to ensure that course delivery complies with Ravensbourne’s quality standards and regulations and any required by external accrediting bodies • to ensure that assessment feedback is effective, appropriate and timely • to support the development and implementation of the Learning and Teaching and Student Experience Strategies. • to ensure learner feedback is sought through both informal and formal mechanisms, and responded to promptly. • to chair progression boards, ensuring that course teams deliver grades to Registry in a timely manner and that the progression boards deal with all issues effectively. • to ensure representation at relevant institutional and external committees. Staff Recruitment, Management and Development • to line manage Course Leaders, ensuring that they are meeting their responsibilities, objectives and targets, and that their development is supported • to oversee the recruitment selection and induction of staff – both salaried and sessional - required to deliver the courses. • to oversee the timetabling, work loading, motivation and well-being of staff, ensuring they are well-managed. • to ensure that staff development needs are reviewed annually through APRD and that staff are supported in engaging with agreed development objectives. • to ensure that a programme of teaching observation is in place and undertaken effectively • to ensure that all academic staff receive sufficient development and support to enable them to participate in academic development initiatives • to deal with staffing issues escalated by course leaders. • to support staff in engaging in the Professional Skills Framework to achieve PGCE qualification and appropriate external accreditation • to support those staff engaging in Research and Knowledge Exchange Personal and Institutional • to deliver 2 hours teaching per week (i.e. 60 hours p.a.) • to undertake specific projects and assignments for the department or for the institution as may be required from time to time • to participate in Annual Performance Review and Development (APRD) • to engage in personal development relevant to subject and professional expertise. • to undertake other duties consistent with the role as may from time to time be assigned • to demonstrate understanding of Ravensbourne’s values, culture and educational ethos and promote these through everyday practice in the role. • to work within Ravensbourne’s Code of Conduct and other Rules • to comply with all legislative, regulatory and policy requirements (e.g. Finance, HR) as appropriate • to carry out the policies, procedures and practices of Health & Safety in all aspects of the role, and to ensure that guests to the Institution are given appropriate health and safety information on arrival • to demonstrate value and importance of equality and diversity in every aspect of Ravensbourne’s work, and show commitment through everyday practice in the role • to work in accordance with, and promote Ravensbourne’s environmental sustainability policy and practices • to work continuously to improve individual knowledge, skills and behaviours for the current role and for the longer-term, gaining appropriate professional qualifications/accreditation and maintaining membership of appropriate professional bodies as appropriate • to make full use of all information and communication technologies to meet the requirements of the role and to promote organisational effectiveness Key working relationships (i.e., titles of roles, both internally and externally, with which this role holder interacts on a regular basis): • The Dean • Members of the University Executive Team • Heads of Department • Course leaders Resources Managed Budgets: Programme budgets Staff: Course Leaders and academic staff Other (e.g. equipment; space): FE & apprenticeship space --- Person Specification (Knowledge, Skills and Behaviours) Core Personal Skills Minimum Qualification Required: A Degree, appropriate professional qualification or equivalent. A post-graduate qualification (preferably a relevant doctorate) A PGCE or HEA accreditation or the ability to achieve one of these Experience Current knowledge and experience of Further Education, Pre-Degree and apprenticeship provision and delivery linked to Higher Education in a creative context. A track record of effective working with OFSTED, EFSA and/or other external agencies and regulatory bodies A working experience of the Education Inspection Framework with successful outcomes Excellent people management and leadership skills illustrated through the management of a team and their ability to deliver to agreed targets through high quality provision An innovative and creative thinker with a proven track record which demonstrates an ability to develop and deliver on strategy Knowledge, understanding and experience of marketing management and business planning processes and tools to facilitate the identification of new markets and the evaluation of potential business ideas, including the setting up of projects and the management of delivery Knowledge, understanding and experience of complex business contexts involving multiple income streams and the impact of changing environments on this e.g. further/higher education strategic, funding and commercial contexts Significant experience of carrying out a leadership and management role preferably in higher or further education and/or in relevant area of professional expertise including performance management. Knowledge, understanding and significant experience of quality assurance and quality enhancement structures, processes and implementation Knowledge, understanding and experience of approaches to flexible delivery of courses Knowledge, understanding and experience of the issues relating to widening participation and student retention. Knowledge, understanding and experience of the new product development process and its relevance to academic and business contexts. Experience of setting up agile command structures for short term projects (e.g. working groups that deliver intended outcomes), of leading projects and of achieving outcomes within a given timescale Experience of business planning, the forecasting of student numbers and resource requirements associated with an expanding or contracting portfolio. Strong network of contacts in areas relevant to the post with evidence of successful collaborations Experience of innovation in learning and teaching in further, and/or higher education and an ability to evaluate and embed new initiatives successfully Experience of working collaboratively with students with significant outcomes beneficial both to the individual learner and to the wider institutional community Enterprise and Support for Income Generation Understands the critical importance of income generation, in particular from student recruitment, and is alert to the opportunities for increasing income from existing or new sources, taking action as necessary. Team Working Works collaboratively and harmoniously within the team and more widely with all significant others to get the job done, to the satisfaction of all those involved. \| Communicating and Relating to Others \| \|-------------------------------------\| \| Communicates clearly both orally and in writing (including formal and informal written documents). Can build and maintain effective relationships openly and honestly, using every medium appropriately and with consideration for the audience, so that the messages (both ways) are understood and able to be acted upon. \| \| Organising Work \| \|-----------------\| \| Organises work for optimum effectiveness, using all the resources, tools and methods available, so that the objectives of the role, team and organisation are met. \| \| Problem Solving and Decision Making \| \|------------------------------------\| \| Anticipates problems or issues and deals with them creatively and constructively, reaching a rational decision for dealing with the problem or issue; one that is capable of practical implementation. \| \| Future Focussed and Change-Ready \| \|----------------------------------\| \| Understands their current position in the broader environmental context and is receptive to, and open minded about, change, enabling them to respond positively and creatively to changing circumstances and requirements. \| \| Numeracy and Statistics \| \|-------------------------\| \| Understands, uses and presents numerical information clearly and accurately, according to the requirements of the task in hand. \| \| Using IT \| \|----------\| \| IT General \| \| Makes optimum use of appropriate digital technology and IT systems in all aspects of the role, particularly the ability to operate in a Virtual Learning Environment. \| \| IT School Specific \| \|------------------------\| \| Has a strong understanding of the role and future potential of digital technology in the design industry. \| \| IT Project Management \| \|--------------------------\| \| Strong IT skills including, if using online project management tools, an awareness of the functional specifications of these tools in managing projects, such as Basecamp. \| \| IT Hardware \| \|-----------------\| \| An awareness of audio visual input and output, including basic troubleshooting with adaptors (VGA, DVI), how to adjust and mirror laptop screen output to projectors, how to connect a range of peripheral devices such as mice, screens, Ethernet connections. \| IT Software Know how to be able to launch applications successfully and close them again. To be able to use a range of different browsers effectively and appreciate their differences. To be able to save outputs from Microsoft Office programs in a variety of outputs supported by those programs, for the purposes of sharing. IT System Knows how to search for and connect to a range of wireless network connections, how to change audio output and video and microphone inputs for a laptop. To be aware of home folders synchronization and to be guided to maintain good housekeeping in terms of location of folders on local and network drives. To be able to use cloud based services provided by Ravensbourne after instruction: Googlemail, Google documents, shared spreadsheets Core Leadership and Management Skills Management and continuous improvement of operational delivery Leads and manages the operational delivery of a course or service, ensuring that standards are met and delivery continuously improved, to the satisfaction of those who pay for and/or receive the service Strategic and Business Planning and Implementation Leads and manages the identification, articulation and implementation of strategic and/or business plans Team Leadership and Management Leading and managing team(s) successfully towards specific agreed outcomes in ways that engage, motivate and develop team members Project Management Leads a project throughout its life cycle, using the methodology to ensure the Project achieves its agreed purposes. Resource Management Ensures that the resources required are available at the right time and in the right place, and appropriately monitored, so that the work can be done effectively and efficiently Staff Management Ensures that all staff managed are properly, deployed and developed in their role, and are enabled to make their contribution to the achievement of short and medium term objectives and longer-term organisational success Bidding for Funds Leads the process of bidding for project funding including the development of partnerships where required. ## Academic and Technical Knowledge and Know-How ### Subject Knowledge and its Application Maintains, develops and applies comprehensive knowledge of the relevant subject discipline(s) and the means of keeping up to date in the application of that knowledge, for teaching and other aspects of the role. ### Inter-Disciplinarity Understands inter-disciplinary and convergent processes in creative and digital activities, and demonstrates a commitment and ability to ensure this is reflected in the educational offer. ### Applied Research and Knowledge Transfer (including Consultancy) Maintains, develops and applies comprehensive knowledge of the relevant subject discipline(s) and the means of applying that knowledge in an industrial/professional practice context. ### Planning and Managing Student Events Ensures that the work of existing and graduating students is presented and promoted effectively to a wide range of audiences, through an innovative programme of events and activities. ### Professional Context Develops and maintains an understanding of how developments in the professional, legal, regulatory and educational contexts impact upon own role specifically, and Ravensbourne more generally. ### Academic and Technical Educational Delivery, Systems and Processes #### Teaching and Learning Combines subject content and learning and teaching methods in ways that fully enable learners to achieve their goals. #### Student Recruitment, Admission and Induction Ensures that prospective students are attracted by Ravensbourne’s offer and assisted in making their choice; that they are selected fairly and in accordance with equality and diversity principles; and that they are enrolled and registered promptly and efficiently, and receive an effective induction. #### Student Engagement Involves students fully in their educational experience by encouraging them to contribute as Course Representatives or Student Union Officers; participating in course evaluation and curriculum design; and helping them understand the nature of their educational experience, by setting realistic expectations. \| Course Administration and Quality Assurance \| \|-------------------------------------------\| \| Supports the delivery of education to students by contributing to the efficient running of the programmes in management area, in accordance with Ravensbourne’s quality standards and procedure \| \| Course and Curriculum Design \| \|------------------------------\| \| Designs and re-designs courses and associated curricula, bringing together digital technology and creative content in ways that ensure effective student learning and future employability \| \| Technical Equipment \| \|---------------------\| \| Ensures that all equipment in use is fit for educational purpose, and that new equipment is purchased cost effectively, installed safely, and regularly maintained \| \| Technical Tutor Support \| \|-------------------------\| \| To facilitate the Technical Tutor service in supporting effective induction and Health and Safety awareness \| \| Industry and Educational Context \| \|---------------------------------\| \| Develops and maintains an understanding of how changes in both the relevant industries and higher and further education impact upon the role specifically and Ravensbourne more generally \|
Go, eat rich foods and drink sweet drinks, and allot portions to those who have nothing prepared; for today is holy to our LORD. Nehemiah 8:10 Third Sunday in Ordinary Time January 23, 2022 Mass Times Saturday 5:30 PM Sunday 7:30 AM & 11 AM Spanish Mass Sunday 1 PM Sacrament of Reconciliation: Saturday 4:00-5:00 PM in the Chapel or by Appointment Parish Office Hours: Mon.- Fri. 8 –3 p.m. Closed for Lunch 12-1 p.m. Daily Church Office & Rectory: Phone: 660-886-7960 Fax: 660-886-7954 Parish Email: email@example.com Website: www.stpeterchurch-marshallmo.org/ Pastor: Father Francis Doyle Email: firstname.lastname@example.org Associate Pastor: Father Christopher Aubuchon Email: email@example.com Deacon: Joseph Mitchell Deacon: Jaime Medina Deacon: Amparo Orozco Deacon: Luis Reyes Deacon: Pedro Almazan Deacon: Santos Rubio Parish Secretary: Diana Morales Email: firstname.lastname@example.org Parish Pastoral Council President: Ron Sayer Grand Knight of Columbus: Doug Davidson Knights of Columbus: email@example.com President of Altar & Rosary Society: Phebe McCutcheon Regent Daughters of Isabella: Anne Thorp Perpetual Adoration Coordinators: Barb Chevalier & Jan Backes Meals on Wheels: Brenda Mizer Mass Intentions Saturday - 4:00 PM: Larry Gauldin—Sweet Springs - 5:30 PM: Laurie Rogers Sunday - 7:30 AM: Tom Vogl (Slater) - 9:15 AM: Don Wilson - 11:00 AM: People of the Parishes (Spanish) - 1:00 PM: People of the Parishes (Spanish) Monday Tuesday - 8:15AM: Doug Ehrhardt (SCHOOL ONLY) - 5:30PM: Jerry Hitt Wednesday - 8:00AM: Kathryn Carroll Thursday - 8:00 AM: Jose and Linda Valenzuela - 8:15 AM: John Lappin (SCHOOL ONLY) Friday - 8:00 AM: D of I Members Saturday - 4:00 PM: People of the Parishes—Sweet Springs - 5:30 PM: John Boland Sunday - 7:30 AM: Tom Vogl (Slater) - 9:15AM: Bob Barr - 11:00AM: Dave Williamson Family (Spanish) - 1:00PM: Dave Williamson Family (Spanish) --- Bishop McKnight’s January prayer intention for our Local Church As we begin a new year, may we have the opportunity for the grace to clearly recognize the dignity of life, education and ecumenism allow us to better support our brothers and sisters who need the warmth of Christ’s love and our compassion during this winter season. Intención del mes de enero del Obispo McKnight por nuestra Iglesia Local Al comenzar un nuevo año, que las oportunidades que la gracia nos da de reconocer claramente la dignidad de la vida, la educación y el ecumenismo nos permitan apoyar mejor a nuestros hermanos y hermanas que necesitan el calor del amor de Cristo y nuestra compasión durante esta temporada de invierno. --- Sacramental & Spiritual Life of the Parish Baptism—Preparation is required for both parents, preferably during the early months of pregnancy. Please call the Rectory to register. Marriage—Please contact the parish a minimum of 6 months prior to your proposed wedding date to begin marriage preparation. Christian Initiation of Adults (RCIA)—Adults interested in inquiring about becoming Catholic are invited to participate in this process. Sessions are held weekly September—May. Please contact parish office for more information. Ministry to Sick and Homebound—Please contact the parish office when a parishioner is sick or hospitalized. We will schedule a visit and Communion call, as appropriate. Due to patient confidentiality, the parish is not automatically notified of hospital admissions. --- Please Pray for all the sick and suffering of our Parish Community Richard Ackerman, Helen Elaine Arth, Regina Banks, Paul Bethel, Hannah Browning, Justin Browning, Barney E. Burks, Anna Darlene Clark, Cheryl Clark, Karen Darling, Betty Eddy, Doug Ehrhardt, Resa Ferguson, Cindy Fry, Virginia Graver, Danny Grissitt, Donald Kennedy, Marilyn Korte, John & Jen Lappin, Joe Lent, Gary Littrell, Judy Mark, Alice Markes, Jason Monnig, Mildred Moore, Mary Ellen Morgan, David Officer, Kathy Pabst, Sarah Parker, Dorothy (Kessler) Pettet, Bernice Pollard, Connie Rieth, Joyce Rieth, Lorisa Rivers, Mark Robe, Mae Sample, Cody Schmidt, Martin Chvatal, Sandra Sullivan, Rose Mary Terhune, Don Thiel, Katy Tyler, James F. Weaver, Ian Williams, Amy Wolfe, Ted Wolfe, Ayden Wright, Marcella Young, Charles Zimmerschied. Liturgical Schedule for the up-coming week \| Mass Time \| Servers \| Musician/ Accompanist \| Lector \| Mass Coordinator \| Mass Sacristan \| Ushers \| \|-----------\|---------\|-----------------------\|--------\|------------------\|----------------\|--------\| \| Jan. 29 \| Beau Wilson \| Julie Butner/Ron Sayer \| Justin Cramer \| Lori Benedick \| Lori Benedick \| John Lappin Brad Metcalf \| \| Saturday 5:30 PM \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Jan. 30 \| Mattie Weaver/Sophia Butner \| Andrea Henke/Carol Wolfe \| Stephen Meyer \| Joyce Nelson \| Rose Keith \| Walt Keith Volunteer \| \| Sunday 7:30 AM \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 11:00 AM \| Breanna Mach/Bailee Vogel \| St. Peter School/Carol Wolfe \| St. Peter School \| Phebe McCutcheon \| Barb Chevalier \| Jason Wolfe Mike Donnell \| Eucharistic Ministers for January - 5:30 PM Mass - Al Terhune - John Weaver - 7:30AM Masses - Joan Lewis - Susan Carney - 11 AM Masses - Cynthia Henke - Brian Henke Did you know you can view the monthly ministerial schedule on our website? www.stpeterchurch-marshallmo.org Click on the Ministry Schedule button. Coordinators of Ministries for Mass - Song Leaders: - Julie Butner - 660-886-0895 - Ushers: - Walt Keith - 660-886-5829 - Eucharistic Ministers: - Ann Orear - 660-493-2991 - Servers/Accompanist: - Carol Wolfe - 660-631-7802 - Lectors: - Nancy Wiseman - 660-529-3385 - Sacristan/Mass Coordinator: - Janice Backes - 660-631-1518 Money Counters for January - Mille Hitt - Ann Wilson - Phebe McCutcheon TODAY’S READINGS First Reading — Ezra read from the book of the law of God to the assembled people. They understood and accepted the law (Nehemiah 8:2-4a, 5-6, 8-10). Psalm — Your words, Lord, are Spirit and life (Psalm 19). Second Reading — As the body with its many parts is still one body, so it is with Christ (1 Corinthians 12:12-30 [12-14, 27]). Gospel — While attending worship in the Nazarean synagogue, Jesus reads from the prophet Isaiah and declares himself to be the fulfillment of the prophecy (Luke 1:1-4; 4:14-21). LECTURAS DE HOY Primera lectura — Esdras leyó el libro de la ley de Dios ante la asamblea reunida. El pueblo entendió y aceptó la ley (Nehemías 8:2-4a, 5-6, 8-10). Salmo — Tus palabras, Señor, son espíritu y vida (Salmo 19 [18]). Segunda lectura — Del mismo modo que el cuerpo con sus muchas partes forma un solo cuerpo, así también Cristo (1 Corintios 12:12-30 [12-14, 27]). Evangelio — Jesús, participando del culto en la sinagoga de Nazaret, leyó del profeta Isaías y declara que en su propia persona se cumple la profecía (Lucas 1:1-4; 4:14-21). --- —Thank you to those who bring in their tithing envelopes during the week, these amounts get added from Wed to Tues of each week so the weekly collection numbers are always up to date. —The direct withdrawals are also added into the weekend closest to the dates: 1st, 15th and 20th. --- Weekly Collection 01/16/2022 \| Envelopes: \| $ 35,862.19 \| \| Plate Collection: \| $ 1044.00 \| \| Tithing Received: \| $ 36,906.19 \| \| Tithing Weekly Intention: \| $ 12,884.62 \| \| Difference \| $ + 24,021.57 \| \| Year-to-Date \| \| \| Tithing Received: \| $ 420,020.21 \| \| Tithing Intention: \| $ 367,419.32 \| \| Difference: \| $ + 52,600.89 \| Sunday, Jan 23, 2022 THIRD SUNDAY IN ORDINARY TIME / WORD OF GOD SUNDAY Those aren't fighting words Most fights don't start with a punch, but with a word. That's because words are among the most powerful forces on the planet. Ideas divide or unite a society. Insults scar, just as kind words can heal. Our sacred story contained in scripture is a word meant to make the world whole. Pope Francis asks us to honor the word of God this Sunday. We begin by symbolically enthroning the Bible in our homes today: putting it in a place of honor. This reminds us of the deeper enshrinement of God's word in our hearts. Make room for one Bible verse every day. TODAY'S READINGS: Nehemiah 8:2-4a, 5-6, 8-10; 1 Corinthians 12:12-30; Luke 1:1-4; 4:14-21 (69). "Today this Scripture passage is fulfilled in your hearing." Monday, Jan 24, 2022 MEMORIAL OF FRANCIS DE SALES, BISHOP, DOCTOR OF THE CHURCH God, our shield and our strength We live in tumultuous times for sure. But the world has been topsy-turvy before. Saint Francis de Sales lived during the religious, political, and social upheaval of the Protestant Reformation. And he became known for his gentleness and patience in the face of it. Leave it to him, the patron saint of writers, to pen a prayer that is timeless balm for troubled souls: "Do not look forward to what may happen tomorrow, the same everlasting Father who cares for you today will take care of you tomorrow and every day. Either he will shield you from suffering, or he will give you unfailing strength to bear it. Be at peace, then, put aside all anxious thoughts and imaginations . . . ." A balm for these troubled times. TODAY'S READINGS: 2 Samuel 5:1-7, 10; Mark 3:22-30 (317). "If a house is divided against itself, that house will not be able to stand." Tuesday, Jan 25, 2022 FEAST OF THE CONVERSION OF SAINT PAUL, APOSTLE Harden not your heart Paul has always been a controversial figure. Before becoming a Christian, he was a persecutor of Jesus' followers. Paul's biblical words advising women to be submissive to their husbands have been alternately obeyed, rejected, and reinterpreted. But the word "conversion" on this feast reminds us what Christian life is about. The Catechism of the Catholic Church quotes Saint Ambrose on the "two conversions" in Christian life—one of them a one-time event and the other ongoing. "There are water and tears, the water of Baptism and the tears of repentance." What parts of your life still require repentance? TODAY'S READINGS: Acts 22:3-16 or Acts 9:1-22; Mark 16:15-18 (519). "Jesus . . . appeared to you on the way by which you came, that you may regain your sight and be filled with the Holy Spirit." Wednesday, Jan 26, 2022 MEMORIAL OF TIMOTHY AND TITUS, BISHOPS Stay the course Evangelizing and living the gospel demands much of us. Saints Timothy and Titus serve as examples to us of holding fast to the faith among difficult circumstances. Friends and companions of Saint Paul, they ended up becoming bishops and leaders of the early church. They helped Paul to spread the gospel during those difficult early years. Timothy paid the ultimate price for encouraging others to embrace the emerging Christian faith. Reflect on the ways you choose to follow Jesus Christ and embrace his mission despite the challenges and difficulties it presents. TODAY'S READINGS: 2 Timothy 1:1-8 or Titus 1:1-5; Mark 4:1-20 (520; Gospel 319). "[T]hose sown on rich soil are the ones who hear the word and accept it and bear fruit thirty and sixty and a hundredfold." Thursday, Jan 27, 2022 MEMORIAL OF ANGELA MERICI, RELIGIOUS FOUNDER Wise counsel for the overwhelmed On this memorial of Saint Angela Merici, 16th-century founder of the Ursuline Sisters, it makes sense to recall one of her many insights into faith-filled living. She advised the overwhelmed thus: "Do not lose heart, even if you should discover that you lack qualities necessary for the work to which you are called. He who called you will not desert you, but the moment you are in need he will stretch out his saving hand." May you find that saving hand when you reach the end of your rope. TODAY'S READINGS: 2 Samuel 7:18-19, 24-29; Mark 4:21-25 (320). "Is a lamp brought in to be placed under a bushel basket or under a bed, and not to be placed on a lampstand?" Friday, Jan 28, 2022 MEMORIAL OF THOMAS AQUINAS, PRIEST, RELIGIOUS, DOCTOR OF THE CHURCH Root yourself in honesty G.K. Chesterton once said of philosopher and theologian Thomas Aquinas, "Being himself resolved to argue, to argue honestly, to answer everybody, to deal with everything, he produced books enough to sink a ship or stock a library." We could use a little more Thomas in our media, especially social media, because today we're not always sure if things are actually true or merely "internet true." For Thomas, honesty was key to communication. He considered it beautiful, honorable, and a reflection of moral goodness itself. May we take to heart his commitment to honesty in all of our communication. TODAY'S READINGS: 2 Samuel 11:1-4a, 5-10a, 13-17; Mark 4:26-34 (321). "Once it is sown, it springs up and becomes the largest of plants and puts forth large branches, so that the birds of the sky can dwell in its shade." Saturday, Jan 29, 2022 Sea of hope Alonzo Ketcham Parker, a 19th-century travel writer, called the Sea of Galilee "a fifth gospel" due to the amount of biblical history that occurred on its shores. It is the site where Jesus performed many of his most renowned miracles, such as walking on water, calming the storm, and feeding the multitude. Villages and settlements dotted the shore in Jesus' day, and most of Jesus' followers probably gained their livelihood and nourished their families from its bounty. The nourishment continues every time we read the vivid accounts of biblical drama that occur on the holiest of seas. Dive in! La mayoría de las peleas no empiezan con un golpe, sino con una palabra. Porque las palabras son una de las fuerzas más poderosas del planeta. Las ideas dividen o unen a una sociedad. Los insultos dejan cicatrices, al igual que las palabras amables pueden sanar. Nuestra historia sagrada, contenida en las Escrituras, es una palabra destinada a integrar el mundo. El Papa Francisco nos pide que honremos la palabra de Dios este domingo. Comenzamos entronizando simbólicamente la Biblia en nuestros hogares: poniéndola en un lugar de honor. Esto nos recuerda la entronización más profunda de la palabra de Dios en nuestros corazones. Haz espacio para un versículo de la Biblia cada día. LECTURAS PARA HOY: Nehemías 8:2-4a, 5-6, 8-10; 1 Corintios 12:12-30; Lucas 1:1-4; 4:14-21 (69). “Hoy se cumple este pasaje de la Escritura en tus oídos.” Reprinted with permission from TakeFiveForFaith.com “Herman, cuando llevas las ofrendas NO es el momento para anunciar que eres un mágico profesional.” From Principal Mary McCoy I used to dread winter. The ice, the cold, the frigid snow. Not to sound grinch-like, but I didn’t understand those who preferred this season above all of them. My, how the years have transformed my heart. It’s become one of my favorite seasons. Don’t get me wrong, Christmas has always been my favorite time of year, but now I actually love the weather and change that the season brings. I can’t tell you exactly when my attitude about winter changed or how exactly, only that it did. And that I am so grateful for it. The beauty that comes with looking outside and seeing everything blanketed in white. The color provides so much light even in the dark of the night. It brings me peace. Children sledding, throwing snowballs, making snow angels, then enjoying warm time inside with families. What could be better? I even enjoy shoveling the driveway. Just being outside, taking in the beauty around me and knowing that new life is coming around the bend, with the promise of spring. I think my favorite thing about this time of year is waiting in hope. Advent is about waiting for the birth of Jesus…waiting with anticipation and hope. That’s kind of how I feel about winter now. I love the magic of a new fallen snow and seeing in person, in pictures, and videos all of those who are taking the time to enjoy it. I love that during this time of reflection in a new year, we have time and opportunity to wait in hope for what’s to come. A rebirth, new life, new resolutions, new goals; a time to create hope for new opportunities and new beginnings. I hope this finds you thinking warm thoughts about winter, and if not, if your views are more like mine used to be, I hope this gives you hope that a new season is coming and in the meantime, what better way to spend our time than enjoying what’s around us? RCIA CLASSES (Rite Of Christian Initiation for Adults) - Classes for those interested in joining the Catholic Church or simply wanting to know more about our Catholic Christian Faith will meet in September. Every Tuesday Evening at 7:00 PM in St. Mary's Room. We welcome anyone who is curious and looking to grow in their faith or have questions. Call Fr. Francis (886-7960), Maureen Burks (815-0854); or Pam Whitney (815-4455) just to talk, ask questions, or register to take or help with the Journey of Faith. ATTENTION HIGH SCHOOL YOUTH GROUP: Our formal meetings in the Parish Hall from 9:30-11:00 AM January 23 February 27 March 27 April 24 There will be no meetings in the month of May. All meetings are to be followed by the high school/college Mass. See you there! TOM VOGL BENEFIT DINNER Saturday, January 29th, serving from 11:00 AM to 2:00 PM At the Knight of Columbus Hall English & College St Marshall, MO Free Will Donation Smoked Pork Loin dinner with mashed potatoes and gravy, green beans, roll and dessert Coffee or tea to drink (dine in) DINE IN, CARRYOUTS, OR DRIVE THRU AVAILABLE please note date change, thank you PSR Upcoming Classes PSR will be meeting on the following Wednesday’s from 5:30-6:30 at the Church January 19th, 26th February 2nd, 9th, 16th, 23rd A Special Thanks... To everyone who helped decorate and helped take down decorations. Specially to our youth, the future caretakers of our parish. Sincerely, Jane Lewis Happy 97th Birthday To Paul Collier of our parish! Please pray for the repose of the soul of Betty Zimmershied and Harold “Bud” Castle and for the consolation of their family. Felicidades en tu bautizo Angel Diaz Hernandez & Kalani Torres Garcia THANKS to STEVE HEINZLER for generously donating the labor and steel sheet which now enables us to make our ‘useless’ salad bar cart into a delightful dessert cart! Thanks SO much. THANKS to the ladies who quietly and continuously give hours of time and service in weekly cleaning our linens used in the Masses; the corporals, towels, altar linens etc. At this time we express our gratitude to Millie Hitt, Janet Craig, Jane Lewis, and Alicia Linares. PARDON QUICKLY If you have anything to pardon, pardon quickly. Slow forgiveness is little better than no forgiveness. —Sir Arthur Pinero PERDONA RÁPIDO Si tienes algo que perdonar, perdona rápido. 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Incipient Tidal Bar and Sill Formation J. R. F. W. Leuven$^1$ and M. G. Kleinhans$^1$ $^1$ Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Abstract Estuaries and rivers show dynamic patterns of bars and channels. Mutually evasive ebb- and flood-dominated tidal channels, that is, parallel tidal channels with net sediment transport in opposing directions, give tidal bars their characteristic shape. Here, we study incipient tidal bars with laboratory scale experiments in a periodically tilting flume. Bar patterns evolved from an initial straight channel in an erodible sand bed. Analysis of time-lapse imagery and bathymetry shows that alternate bars form within 300 tidal cycles. The bars become discrete, recognizable elements after an initial phase characterized by a rhomboid pattern (short and narrow ridges oblique to the channel). Tidal bars show similarities and contrasts with fluvial bars. In general, morphological shapes are similar, including the presence of alternate bars, midchannel bars, and point bars. Sills are superimposed on incipient tidal bars. Sills are narrow and straight and form by flow divergence and thus sediment convergence between alternate bars. This contrasts with rivers, where sills are remnants of alternate bars. Alternate tidal bars grow further by amalgamation of two opposing U-shaped lobate bars. The dimensions of incipient tidal bars emerge in the first 500 cycles, after which their length and position determine a large-scale quasiperiodic variation in the estuary width. The results imply that sills are initiated with the onset of tidal bar formation in straight channels and trigger formation of mutually evasive ebb- and flood-dominated channels, thus explaining their ubiquitous occurrence in tidal systems. 1. Introduction Estuaries are tidal systems that occur where rivers flow into the sea. Many estuaries were formed in valleys that drowned under fast rising sea level during the early to middle Holocene (e.g., de Haas et al., 2017; Hijma & Cohen, 2011; van der Spek & Beets, 1992) and were subsequently infilled with sediment from the river and from the sea when sea level rise decelerated. Dynamic patterns of bars, also called shoals, and channels evolved as a result of the bidirectional tidal currents (Figure 1). Perhaps the most typical and unique feature of channel patterns in tidal basins and estuaries is the presence of the mutually evasive ebb- and flood-dominated tidal channels (Figure 1), which are predominantly used during either the ebb or the flood phase (Dalrymple & Choi, 2007; Fenies & Faugères, 1998; Hibma et al., 2003; Kleinhans, Scheltinga, et al., 2015; van Veen, 1950). This process results in linear bars when the channels simply evade each other laterally but can also form U-shaped bars when one of the channels bifurcates around an opposing channel that is met head-on (Leuven et al., 2016). Van Veen already observed and described these striking elements in the 1950s and associated them to meandering of the main channel, which suggests that they are caused by topographic forcing. It has been debated for quite a long time whether tides can shape forced and free bars as in river systems (Bridges & Leeder, 1976; Whiting & Dietrich, 1993). Only recently, stability theory showed that bars in straight and meandering tidal channels form from a similar instability mechanism as in rivers (Solari et al., 2002). Also, data showed that tidal meanders resemble river meanders in dimensions and behavior (Finotello et al., 2018; Lagasse et al., 2004; Leuven et al., 2018a). Free nonnigratory bars form due to an instability of the bed above threshold values for width-to-depth ratio and mean Shields sediment mobility (Schramkowski et al., 2002; Seminara & Tubino, 2001), while similar instability mechanisms in meandering channels lead to point bar-pool patterns (Solari et al., 2002). Overtides that cause ebb or flood asymmetry lead to net migration of tidal bars (Garotta et al., 2006). The fact that instability mechanisms for tidal bar formation are similar to rivers leads to the expectation that morphology and development of fluvial and tidal bars are similar. Incipient bar formation and meandering has been thoroughly studied for rivers in scale experiments (Ashmore, 1982; Eaton et al., 2006; Frascati & Lanzoni, 2013; Fujita & Muramoto, 1985; Ikeda, 1973; van de Lageweg et al., 2014; Leopold & Wolman, 1957; Visconti et al., 2010), numerical models (Schuurman et al., 2013), theoretical models (Repetto et al., 2002; Seminara & Tubino, 1989; Struikisma et al., 1985), and natural systems (Ashworth et al., 2000; Cant & Walker, 1978; Lewin, 1976; Sambrook Smith et al., 2006). In summary (review by Kleinhans, 2010), the channel width and depth are determined by the balance between bank erosion and floodplain formation. The width and width-to-depth ratio subsequently determine whether the bar pattern becomes meandering or braided. A combination of bank retreat and bar and floodplain formation (Eke, 2014; Parker et al., 2011; van de Lageweg et al., 2014) causes migration of bars in meandering channels, which implies that increased resistance in floodplain material reduces channel migration. Wider channels form midchannel bars that bifurcate the flow. Such bifurcations are inherently unstable in the majority of rivers on Earth, which is also associated to the process of active braiding. This leads to asymmetrical bifurcations such that one channel becomes the main path for flow and sediment (Bolla Pittaluga et al., 2015; Kleinhans et al., 2013). However, in the tidal environment, bifurcations of mutually evasive ebb- and flood-dominated tidal channels show opposed asymmetries by deflecting the flow asymmetrically into opposite channels of similar size during the ebb and the flood phase. This raises the question what causes this, and whether, in contrast to bifurcations in rivers, their configuration might be stable over time. Tidal channels appear somewhat discontinuous at the bifurcations because of a persistent shoal, or sill. Sills are smaller-scale morphological elements that are enclosed by ebb- and flood-dominated channels (Robinson, 1960; Tank, 1996; van Veen, 1950), unique to tidal systems. They are observed at transitions between successive bends, which are the channel thalweg inflection points (Figure 1a). Such topographic forcing of flow in two opposing channels causes the main flow momentum to cross the channel centreline in different locations for ebb and flood flow (Ahnert, 1960; van Veen, 1950). This, in turn, leads to the formation of a shoal in the thalweg inflection zone with opposed net sediment transport directions in the parallel channels around it (van Veen, 1950). While sills resemble tidal bars in their elongated shape and dimensions, with lengths in the order of magnitude of the estuary width, they are smaller and much lower in height and commonly remain submerged over almost the entire tidal cycle. As such, the sills appear superimposed on the dominant pattern of bars and channels. When sills are located within the main navigable channel, regular dredging is typically required in order to maintain and secure shipping fairways to inland harbors (Sistermans & Nieuwenhuis, 2004; Verbeek et al., 1999). Sills are not predicted by theory but did emerge in numerical models. In contrast to river systems, only a few numerical models (e.g., Hibma et al., 2003; van der Wegen & Roelvink, 2008) and theories (Garotta et al., 2006; Schramkowski et al., 2002; Seminara & Tubino, 2001; Solari et al., 2002) are available for bar initiation in tidal systems, and the presence of sills is only observed but not explained. Stability theories for both rivers and tidal systems predict that braiding index (BI), that is, the number of channels and bars in cross section, increases with channel width (Crosato & Mosselman, 2009; Schramkowski et al., 2002; Seminara & Tubino, 2001; Struiksmma et al., 1985). However, in tidal systems the dominant bar length increases with the amplitude of tidal flow velocity, while river bars are less sensitive to flow velocity and mainly determined by channel width-to-depth ratio (Leuven et al., 2016). Numerical modeling showed that initial tidal bar length depends on both width and tidal flow velocity (Hibma et al., 2004). Moreover, initially straight tidal channels connected to form a weakly meandering channel with flood “barbs” (BI = 1.5) within century timescales (Hibma et al., 2003) as qualitatively described by van Veen (1950). Here, barb channels are dead-ended in either the ebb or the flood direction. Here we aim to link the formation of barb channels with the persistence of sills. We describe and explain the process of incipient tidal bar formation and mutually evasiveness of tidal channels. To this end, we conducted experiments in a tilting flume and monitored the initial evolution of bars and channels with high temporal resolution, that is, measurements every 100 tidal cycles. Below, we will first describe the experimental setup and procedure for data collection. Subsequently, the process of incipient channel and bar formation is qualitatively and quantitatively described. In the discussion, incipient bar formation in tidal systems is explained and compared with other studies on tidal bars and the similarities with their fluvial counterparts are assessed. 2. Methods and Materials Experiments in a tilting flume (20 m by 3 m), called the Metronome, recently proved useful to study the long-term evolution of bar patterns in estuaries (Braat et al., 2019; Leuven et al., 2018b). Tilting the entire flume creates sufficient sediment mobility in both the ebb and the flood direction, which is required to generate dynamic tidal morphology. Moreover, this setup for the first time allows the experimental recreation of a short reach within an estuary, allowing detailed study of bar formation in reversing flow. For a more detailed description of the design and hydrodynamics of the Metronome, see Kleinhans, van der Vegt, et al. (2017). 2.1. Experimental Setup and Procedure In this study, we performed experiments with an initially straight channel with two open boundaries (Figure 2), recreating a reach within an estuary or a double-head tidal channel. After pilot experiments, a total of two experimental conditions were selected for monitoring (Table 1). The settings were selected based on a larger set of approximately 23 pilots and 20 well-monitored experiments that also attest to the repeatability of pattern and planform characteristics. Previous experiments with an initially converging channel provided insights on bar pattern formation (Braat et al., 2019; Leuven et al., 2018b), showing that both the bar width and BI depends on the position along the estuary. This means that it is not straightforward to describe the formation of incipient tidal bars in general. For this reason, the experimental setup was here modified to an initially straight channel with open boundaries on both ends of the channel, aimed at creating symmetrical reversing flow, which approximates the condition known in linear stability theory as rigid lid. The Metronome floor was covered with a layer of 0.07-m erodible sand bed, in which an initial channel was carved. The sediment mixture (supporting information Figure S1) consisted of coarse sand (D50 = 0.52 mm, $\rho_s = 2,650$ kg/m$^3$) characterized by a grain size distribution with a coarse right tail, which allowed for sufficient sediment mobility while minimizing the formation of scour holes (Kleinhans, Leuven, et al., 2017). The initial channel width was either 0.2 or 0.6 m (Table 1) and the sediment bed was approximately 16 m long and 3.0 m wide (Figure 2b). The seaward boundaries of the flume were open and connected by pumps to a large water reservoir. Water could freely flow out of the flume over a weir, which maintained a constant head at the sea. We compensated water depth in the sea for the tilting of the flume by periodically ($T = 40$ s) moving the weir up and down. This resulted in a constant water level at the boundary between the sediment bed and the sea. The water level was set to 0.065 m above the flume floor. Brilliant Blue FCF colorant was used to dye the water, allowing for the visualization of bar and channel morphology from overhead images. Tidal currents were produced by flume tilting driven by four accurate actuators moving sinusoidally with a period of 40 s and a maximum tilting gradient of 0.008 m/m. The maximum tilting amplitude at the end basins of the flume was 75 mm. Tilting was such that sediment mobility was well above the threshold for motion and flow was turbulent and subcritical. We will evaluate these variables in the results section (Figure 10). Multiple authors have described experimental scaling of bar and channel patterns (e.g., Kleinhans, Braudrick, et al., 2015; Lentsch et al., 2018; Tambroni et al., 2017). These studies showed that the most important scaling requirement is keeping sediment mobile during both the ebb and the flood phase, which is the case in our experiments (see Kleinhans, Scheltinga, et al. 2017, for Metronome scaling). Reducing the length or volume scale by, for example, a factor of 1,000 also results in a reduction of the timescale by the same order of magnitude. While we found in past experiments that the morphological changes were larger than expected from this scale (Kleinhans, Braudrick, et al., 2015), this is not deemed a problem because similar acceleration of morphological change in numerical models, for example, the Morfac approach (Ranasinghe et al., 2011; Roelvink, 2006), showed limited effects on the overall final morphology. Likewise, previous \| Table 1 \| \|---------\| \| Experimental Settings \| \| Nr \| Type \| $a$ (mm) \| $T$ (s) \| $W$ (cm) \| Bed level (mm) \| MSL (mm) \| $t$ (cycles) \| \|-----\|------\|--------\|-------\|--------\|-------------\|--------\|--------\| \| 017 \| narrow \| 75 \| 40 \| 20 \| 70 \| 65 \| 6,000 \| \| 014 \| wide \| 75 \| 40 \| 60 \| 70 \| 65 \| 3,100 \| Note. $a$ is maximum tilting amplitude at the end basins of the flume, $T$ is tilting period, $W$ is initial channel width, bed level is the height of the plane sediment bed above the flume floor, MSL is the mean sea level above the flume floor, and $t$ is the duration of the experiment. experiments on tidal systems showed that bar proportions in three dimensions compare well with natural systems (Leuven et al., 2018b). 2.2. Data Collection and Data Processing During the experiments, the following data were collected: overhead time-lapse imagery from the full duration of the experiment, digital elevation models (DEMs) using structure for motion software, overhead images of a completely submerged sand bed to correlate water blueness to water depth, flow velocities over time using particle imaging velocimetry (PIV), and images of evolving morphology with a digital single-lens reflex camera. An overview of the data collection moments is given in supporting information Table S1. Seven industrial CMOS MAKO color cameras were used to collect time-lapse imagery from the experiment. The resolution of each camera was 2,048 by 2,048 pixels, and they had a fixed focal length of 12.5 mm, which resulted in a spatial pixel resolution of 1.5–2 mm. The cameras were installed 3.7 m above the centreline of the flume, equally spaced. Each tidal cycle, images were taken when the flume was in horizontal position at the onset of the flood flow. Because the camera alignment was hampered by the roof supports in the lab, the images were orthorectified and corrected for vignetting and lens distortion. Subsequently, images were stitched and converted to LAB (CIELAB) images. Extraction of the B-band enhanced the visualization of morphology thanks to the contrast between the blue colored water and yellowish sediment. Fluorescent light with daylight color was directed at a white diffusive ceiling from about 4.5 m above the flume floor. This setup resulted in an illumination of about 300 lux. We largely prevented the reflection of light from the water surface by installing white backdrop cloth between the light source and the flume, which reduced the intensity of the light and made it more diffuse, but could not prevent reflection of the support beams of the roof. The light intensity allows for low exposure times, which was used for PIV. DEMs were obtained using structure from motion software (Agisoft, 2017; Chandler et al., 2001; Fonstad et al., 2013; Lane et al., 1993; Morgan et al., 2017). To this end, a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera was mounted on a pole, which was stabilized on a bridge that rolled on the flume walls. Photographs were taken slightly inclined to the flume at equal spacings along the flume. 20 ground control points, located on the inner side of the flume walls, were used as references for the DEMs. The referencing allowed for resampling of DEMs on the same grid as used for the stitched time-lapse imagery. PIV (Mori & Chang, 2003) was used to measure flow velocities over a tidal cycle. First, we seeded white polystyrene particles (diameter approximately 2.5 mm) on the water surface. Second, in 16 phases of the tide, a frequency generator triggered the collection of ten images at 25 Hz, simultaneously by all overhead cameras. Particles were resupplied where and when necessary. Third, images were corrected for illumination with background imagery without particles. Last, flow velocities were calculated from each pair of consecutive images using the MPIV toolbox in Matlab (Mori & Chang, 2003). The peak cross-correlation algorithm was used to obtain average displacement of particles in a $50 \times 50$ pixel window with overlap of 50%. Subsequently, the vector fields with displacement in pixels per second were scaled by the camera footprint. The camera footprint (1.5–2 mm/pixel) was calculated based on the flume geometry, average height of cameras, camera resolution and the instantaneous tilting angle. Erroneous vectors resulted from windows that were partially filled with flume wall, spots empty of particles or over seeded with particles, mismatched particles and reflections on the water surface. For further processing and analysis, we calculated the average vector field from each set of ten consecutive images. Flow velocity data was also interpolated on the same grid as used for DEMs and time-lapse imagery. Water depth was estimated from overhead imagery. To be able to correlate the blueness from overhead imagery with water depth, the sediment bed was fully submerged, after which overhead images were taken. Subsequently, a DEM was made for the same state of the sediment bed. A correlation of these two resulted in a predictive relation for water depth (m) as a function of blueness ($b$; on a scale from 0 to 1 for the B-band of LAB images): $h = 7.0 \times 10^{-6} b^{-11} + 0.01$ (supporting information Figure S2). The correlation was applied to the background images collected during PIV to obtain time series of water depth with full coverage of the flume. In theory, water depth could subsequently be added to the bed elevation from DEMs to obtain the water surface elevation. However, because the uncertainty in DEMs (approximately 1.0 mm) and correlation between blueness and water depth (approximately 1–5 mm) is within the range of cross-channel differences in water surface elevation, we only use this method to estimate water depth variation over a tidal cycle. To Figure 3. Digital single-lens reflex photography of the morphology in experiment 017. Except for panel (a), photographs were taken at a water level lower than mean sea level by draining the flume to enhance the visibility of morphology. (a) Initial rhomboid pattern with a characteristic wavelength in the order of centimeters. (b, c) Alternate bars with a bar length of approximately 0.5–0.7 m separated by straight, narrow, and elongated sills. (d) Initial channel curvature and the formation of U-shaped lobate bars in channels with opposing flow. study flow around sills, flow velocities were also filtered along the thalweg: in the channel, seaward of the sill, on top of the sill and landward of the sill. 2.3. Data Reduction The following characteristics were derived from DEMs: estuary width, cross-sectional area, summed width of bars, bar length, bar width, and BI. Estuary width was calculated as the width between the noneroded banks including the sand bars. Cross-sectional area was calculated as the total area below the plane sediment bed. To calculate the characteristics of bar pattern, first, the bathymetry was converted into a binary image of channels and bars. To do so, median bed level was calculated per cross section and subsequently a linear fit was used as the threshold between channel and bar. From the classified bar map, the summed width of bars was calculated per cross section. BI was calculated as the number of channels plus bars divided by two. The characteristic bar width was calculated as the summed width of bars divided by the BI. Bar length was calculated as the length between two successive inflection points in the along-channel profile of summed width of bars. All characteristics were averaged along the entire flume to obtain characteristic values of bar pattern per time step. To obtain characteristic hydrodynamic conditions for specific morphological features, we classified channels in the following categories: tip of the ebb channel, ebb channel, straight channel, flood channel, and tip of the flood channel (supporting information Figure S3). Ebb and flood channels were recognized as channels with a dead end in one of the flow directions. In contrast to the channels, the tips were chosen on the shallowest part of either the ebb or flood barb, while ebb and flood channels were chosen well within the Narrow and straight sills formed between successive alternate bars (Figure 3b). Although their morphology formed discrete, recognisable elements in images taken while draining the flume (Figure 3), their presence is less recognisable from overhead imagery and bathymetry because their elevation was typically low and they were less pronounced compared to the surrounding bars and channels. Nevertheless, the sills remained Figure 4. Incipient bar pattern formation in an experiment with open boundaries on both sides. Contours are drawn at $-4$, $-12$, $-20$, and $-28$ mm with respect to the 0-mm reference level of the erodible sand bed. (a–c) Distinguishable channels and bars formed after 300 cycles. Channels remained straight until approximately 500 cycles (e). From that moment onward, channels became more curved and braiding index increases ($\ell$–i). Elevation of sand bars increased over time in the zone from 6–9 m. Typical bar length only slightly increased after their initial formation. 3. Results First, the phases of incipient bar formation are described along with their dependency on initial channel geometry. Second, we quantify the bar patterns. Last, we study the hydrodynamic conditions that lead to the observed morphology. 3.1. Phases of Incipient Bar Formation The experiments showed three characteristic steps in incipient tidal bar formation. First, a rhomboid pattern evolved, which is a series of parallel short and narrow ridges that are oblique with respect to the channel orientation (Figures 3a and 4a). Second, alternate bars grew with a bar length of approximately 0.6–0.7 m within 300 cycles (Figures 3b, 3c, and 4c). Initially, straight channels formed U-shaped lobate bars in both the ebb and flood direction (supporting information Figure S5). Two opposing U-shaped bars on the same side of the estuary amalgamated into an alternate bar and the channel on the opposite side of the estuary eroded the side of the alternate bar. Narrow and straight sills were superimposed on and connected successive alternate bars, separating straight tidal channels that were 1–2 m long. This resulted in deepest channels flanking alternate bars rather than occurring between the bars. Typical bed level profiles resulting from alternate bar and sill formation are shown in Figure 5. Lastly, the ebb-dominated ends of channels formed U-shaped lobate bars in the opposing flood tidal channels and vice versa (300–600 cycles; Figures 3d and 4d–4f), which resulted in continuous outer-bend erosion and migration of the channels toward the sides of the estuary. From that time onward, the opposing channels were pushed sideways, eroding the banks, which allowed for bars to widen (Figures 4e–4i). This effect was possibly strengthened because flow from one channel into the other caused flow oblique to the thalweg, that is, directed toward the outer bend, eroding the bank (supporting information Movie S1). Outer meander bends migrated both laterally as well as in seaward direction. Seaward migration speed of outer bends decreased with distance from nearest mouth (Figure 6). The initial phase was similar in all experiments, including the experiments with a wider straight channel. Experiments with a wide and straight initial channel (0.6 m) lacked the second phase that was observed in the narrower (0.2 m) channel. The channel mainly deepened along the channel axis in the initially wide channel, compared to side deepening in the narrow channel (Figure 7). This became apparent from the deepest channel forming in the middle of the initial channel rather than on the side (Figures 7b and 7c). Moreover, midchannel bars started growing at the beginning of the experiment (Figures 7b and 7c) but were later eroded away as a single meandering channel with alternate bars and a few barb channels formed (Figure 7g). These bars were longer and wider compared to the experiment with a narrow channel (Figure 7g,n). Figure 5. (a) Bathymetry after 300 cycles with the location of along-channel (black), cross-channel (red), and along-thalweg (white) profiles. Color scale is equal to Figure 4. (b) Cross-channel profiles of bed level at bar locations (red solid) and at sill locations (pink dashed). Bed levels were detrended with the along-channel gradient before calculating the average channel profile. Shaded area indicates 20th to 80th percentiles. (c) Along-channel profiles of bed level over the channels and bars (solid) and over the sills and bars (dashed). (d) Along-thalweg profile of bed level. Colored squares indicate the locations where flow velocities were extracted from PIV in Figure 10a. present after the phase of incipient tidal bars and channels. For example, contour lines indicate the presence of the sill at 8 m (Figures 4f–4i), which grew in height, disconnected from the bar located at 9 m (Figures 4f and 4g) and migrated seaward to merge with the bar that formed at 7.5 m (Figures 4h and 4i). While not accentuated by contour lines, the sills also remained present at the other locations along the flume (e.g., at 5.5 and 6.5 m; Figure 4i). In all cases, their orientation became oblique to the centreline of the flume and they were enclosed by opposing ebb and flood tidal channels. The elevation of the sills and bars increased with distance from the sea. However, only in the zone around 7–9 m, sill height approached bar height. 3.2. Quantified Bar Pattern: Channel and Bar Dimensions and BI Average estuary width increased about linearly during the initial phase of the experiment (Figure 8b). Experiments that were run for a longer period of time (15,000 cycles, Leuven et al., 2018b) showed that channel widening decreased over time but continued until flume walls were reached. Only with the addition of cohesive material (Braat et al., 2019) estuary widening was inhibited, because cohesive material fills up intertidal area and thereby reduces the tidal prism that otherwise continues to increase. Average estuary depth initially decreased but stabilized on the longer term (Figure 8b). Bar length and BI increased with increasing estuary width (Figures 8a and 8b). For bar length, scatter and along-channel variation was relatively large, but average values suggest that it kept increasing. The same holds for BI. Bar width stabilizes in the first 1,000 cycles of the experiment at about 0.2 m (Figure 8a). Along-channel profiles revealed considerable spatial variation in estuary width, bar width, minimum bed elevation, and cross-sectional area (Figure 9). The initial widening was nearly constant along-channel, but in later phases the width profile became progressively more irregular (Figures 9b and 9c). Profiles of minimum bed elevation, that is, maximum depth, illustrate that the bed profile was linearly sloped in the seaward direction during the first stages of the experiment (Figure 9e). However, with the onset of alternate bar formation, deep channels formed scours sideways of the alternate bars. This resulted in an along-channel elevation profile with quasiperiodic variation related to the length scales of the bars (Figures 9b and 9e). The resulting cross-sectional area profile evolved from initially near linear to progressively more irregular (Figure 9f), due to the aforementioned changes in width and depth. 3.3. Residual Flow and Sediment Recirculation In general, peak flood velocities were slightly larger than peak ebb velocities over the entire length of the experiments and both decreased over time (Figure 8c). Peak flow velocities rapidly decreased from... Figure 8. (a) Bar dimensions and braiding index, (b) estuary dimensions, and (c) peak flow velocity over time for Exp. 006 (dashed lines) and Exp. 017 (solid lines). Bar dimension and braiding index are along-channel averaged values. Average estuary width is larger for Exp. 006, because the experiment started with an initial converging channel that was much wider at the seaward boundary than the straight channel of Exp. 017 (Figure 2). Exp. 006 was a previous experiment (Leuven et al., 2018b) with one closed boundary and an initial converging channel, shown here for comparison. Characteristic estuary depth was calculated as the 10th percentile and median value. Peak flow velocities are the 5th and 95th percentile values. approximately 0.45–0.50 m/s to 0.35–0.40 m/s in the first 1,000 cycles, after which they became more constant. Flow conditions obey to the most important scaling rules as indicated by sediment mobility being above the threshold for motion for the largest part of the tidal cycle and flow being subcritical and turbulent for the entire tidal cycle (Figure 10). Typical values of these parameters for real estuaries are reported in Table 2 in Kleinhans, van der Vegt, et al. (2017). Flow conditions, and especially flow divergence and convergence, are indicative of sediment transport in the experiment. The gradients observed in flow velocities and sediment mobility explain the formation and persistence of the straight sills located between the alternate bars. Flow divergence is already noticeable after 300 tidal cycles (supporting information Movie S1). Flow velocities at characteristic locations along the thalweg (i.e., main channel; Figure 5a) indicate that after peak flood the flow decelerates over the sill and accelerates again after the sill (Figure 10a), suggesting sediment convergence seaward of the sill. Over almost the entire ebb phase, flow decelerates landward of the sill (Figure 10a), with sediment being hardly mobile on top and landward of the sill (Figure 10b). Figure 10. (a) Flow velocity over time for the locations indicated in Figure 5d. Velocity profiles were corrected for phase difference induced by the along-channel distance and averaged per class. Shaded areas indicate maximum and minimum per class. During both the ebb and the flood phase flow decelerates at the sills, which indicates flow divergence, especially in the second half of the flood phase and during the middle part of the ebb phase. (b) Shields number, (c) Froude number, and (d) Reynolds number over time calculated for the class averaged flow velocity. The dashed vertical line at $225^\circ$ indicates the transition from flood flow to ebb flow. Figure 11. Tidal stage diagrams with water depth against flow velocity. Water depth was estimated from a calibration between blueness and bathymetry (supporting information Figure S2). Flow velocities were measured with Particle Image Velocimetry. Typical stage diagrams were obtained by averaging the measured values at characteristic locations along the flume: (a) center of straight channels, (b) flood channels (solid) and the bar tip of the flood channel (dashed), (c) ebb channels (solid), and the bar tip of the ebb channel (dashed). In the straight channels, water depth increased over time, while peak flow velocity decreased (Figure 11a). As expected, peak flood velocities are typically larger than peak ebb velocities in the flood channels, where peak ebb velocity decreased over time. While the average water depth remained fairly constant, the difference in water depth between the ebb and flood phase increased over time. Largest water depths coincided with peak flood velocities while peak ebb occurred just before lowest water levels, resulting in more inclined ellipses in the tidal stage diagrams (Figure 11b). In the ebb channels, peak ebb and flood velocity were initially approximately equal, but the tidal stage diagrams became progressively more ebb dominated (Figure 11c). Water depth in these channels kept decreasing over time. The tips of both ebb and flood channels were characterised by higher peak flood velocities than peak ebb velocities (dashed lines in Figures 11b and 11c). Elevation of the tips of both ebb and flood channels were typically the highest, thus explaining why the observed flow velocity and water depth were generally low during the ebb phase. Initial flow conditions were similar on the left and right sides of the flume (Figures 12a–12c). Over time, asymmetry in peak ebb and peak flood velocity decreased (Figures 12a, 12b, and 12e). In the middle of the flume, peak flood velocities reduced, while in the seaward zone peak flood velocities increased (Figures 12a and 12b), likely due to landward shallowing and seaward deepening (Figure 9e). The flood duration decreased slightly over time, showing a more peaked profile than the ebb flow (Figure 12d). 4. Discussion 4.1. Incipient Tidal Bar Formation Mutually evasive ebb- and flood-dominated tidal channels are probably unique to the tidal environment (e.g., Dalrymple & Choi, 2007; Fenies & Faugères, 1998; van Veen, 1950). While past observations in natural systems suggested that mutually evasive ebb- and flood-dominated tidal channels are forced topographically by bends (Ahnert, 1960; van Veen, 1950), our experiments showed that stable sills initiate with the onset of tidal bar formation in the absence of topographical forcing. Sills arise spontaneously in a straight channel without topographical forcing, and the key mechanism for sill formation between the alternate bars is as follows. Initially, the deepest channels form sideways of alternate bars rather than in between the alternate bars. Second, this configuration leads to flow divergence on both ends of the channels, causing convergence of sediment between the alternate bars, building up a sill (Figures 13a–13c). As such, sills are superimposed on the incipient bar and channel pattern. Sills persist over time and force the ebb and flood flow to take opposite paths around the sill over time. On longer timescales, this process modulates the sill, creating a preferential channel for flood and a preferential channel for ebb, also called mutually evasive ebb- and flood-dominated tidal channels (Figures 13a–13c). The alternative hypothesis for sill formation by topographic forcing requires local width changes and channel curvature effects such as secondary circulation. While secondary circulation can exist in these shallow flows, the bend radius of the initially nearly straight channels was so large that secondary flow intensity was far too small to explain the observed sill slopes (see Figure 6 in van Dijk et al., 2013). Only in later phases, two opposing currents created lobate bars and oblique tidal currents that induced channel curvature around the sills (similar to Kleinhans et al., 2014). Only then the increased channel curvature (i.e., reduced bend radius) and estuary widening caused bars to become nonmigratory in the inner banks (also described by Frascati & Lanzoni, 2013; Repetto & Tubino, 2001; Repetto et al., 2002; Seminara, 2010; Zolezzi et al., 2012). At this stage the bars and sills became topographically forced, which is further evidence that the sills formed earlier are not topographically forced. The sills also determine the location of future tidal bifurcations (Figures 13b and 13c) and thereby the long-term evolution of estuaries. As channel widening progresses, the flood channels initiate new channels on the alternate bars, forming barb channels (e.g., Hibma et al., 2003; Leuven et al., 2016; van Veen, 1950) and isolating midchannel bars. Subsequent diversion of flow around midchannel bars and localized bank erosion cause the quasiperiodic width variation observed along estuaries (Leuven et al., 2018b). Additionally, the estuary mouth widened very rapidly due to the sharp corners of the estuary banks at the mouth. The evolution observed in our experiments is qualitatively in agreement with results from numerical models (e.g., Braat et al., 2017; Hibma et al., 2003, 2004; van der Wegen & Roelvink, 2008), other experiments (Tambroni et al., 2005) and observations in natural systems (Ahnert, 1960; Tank, 1996; van Veen, 1950). Numerical models of straight tidal basins with nonerodible banks also resulted in initially straight channels that later connected into a main meandering channel with flood barbs (Hibma et al., 2003, 2004; van der Conversely, numerical models (Braat et al., 2017) and experiments with erodible boundaries result in an initial phase of seaward migrating tidal bars and main meandering channels. Linear stability theory (Schramkowski et al., 2002) correctly predicts the experimental observations that the BI of the initially fastest growing bar pattern increases with channel width. The setup with a wide channel showed initially a braided pattern, which later transitioned into an alternate bar pattern (Figure 7), consistent with earlier work (Dalrymple & Rhodes, 1995; Hibma et al., 2003; Tambroni et al., 2005, 2017). The experiments also showed that bar dimensions are initially smaller and that flow velocities are initially larger than in the phase of full-grown bars (Figure 8). This suggests that nonlinear effects are important for the dimensions of full-grown bars, highlighting the need of further development of nonlinear theory (Schramkowski et al., 2004). ### 4.2. Incipient Bar Formation in Estuaries and Rivers Many of the morphological features and mechanisms observed in fluvial bar systems have a counterpart in tidal systems. A hierarchy of fluvial bars can be indicated by reference to unit bars and compound bars, independent of their shape and location, while the terms point bars, alternate bars, and midchannel bars refer to the shape or location where the bars occur (cf. Ashworth et al., 2000; Bridge, 1993, 2003; Cant & Walker, 1978; Kelly, 2006; Kleinhans & van den Berg, 2011; Rice et al., 2009; Sambrook Smith et al., 2006; Schuurman et al., 2013). Here we compare incipient morphological elements of rivers with those of tidal systems, as was previously done for fully grown bars in natural systems (Ashley, 1980; Dalrymple & Rhodes, 1995; Tank, 1996). The alternate bar pattern observed during incipient tidal bar formation and in other tidal experiments (Tambroni et al., 2005, 2017) is very similar to alternate fluvial bars and was also observed in former scale experiments of rivers (Jang & Shimizu, 2005; van Dijk et al., 2012). Our experiments showed that, in contrast to rivers, alternate tidal bars are an amalgamation of two opposing U-shaped lobate bars, which makes them more symmetrical than river bars (Figure 13). However, in the seaward zone, where flow was typically more ebb dominated (Figure 12e), bars were more asymmetrical and thus more similar in shape and formative process to river bars (Figure 13). Point bars are a shared in-channel element of tidal channels and rivers (Barwis, 1977; Bridges & Leeder, 1976; Brivio et al., 2016; Choi et al., 2004; Choi & Jo, 2015; de Mowbray, 1983; Ghinassi et al., 2018; Pearson & Gingras, 2006; Solari et al., 2002; Tank, 1996), but only in cases where the channel is relatively narrow and deep such that the active BI is unitary and where channel curvature is strong enough to force the bar to be nonmigratory. However, in the absence of bank strength the experiments showed behaviour similar to river braiding. Before point bars developed, the inner banks were cut-off by a progressively growing flood barb channel resulting in a midchannel bar. Previous experiments with cohesive suspended material that formed mud flats and floodplain (Braat et al., 2019) showed the evolution of a point bar in the landward portion of the estuary. A characteristic element in gravel bed rivers is the “riffle-pool” sequence. Similar sequences of shallow sills and deeper channels have been observed in the Western Scheldt (Tank, 1996), in a meandering tidal channel (Dury, 1971) and in the experiments presented here, but the forming mechanism is probably different. Water level gradients above riffles in rivers are typically very large, which is not the case above sills in estuaries. Sills in estuaries differ from unit bars in rivers in their dynamic behavior. Unit bars migrate downstream until they amalgamate (e.g., Bridge, 1993; Schuurman et al., 2013), while sills in tidal systems are slaved to the larger-scale channel bar pattern as they are shaped by sediment convergence from the tidal channels (Figures 13a–13c). ### 4.3. Timescales of Tidal Bar Formation Bar patterns in numerical models evolved over a period of 50–200 years (Hibma et al., 2003; van der Wegen & Roelvink, 2008), compared to approximately 1,000–3,000 tidal cycles in our experiments, which would correspond to 1–5 years in natural systems, assuming the same spatiotemporal scale factor. This implies that morphological evolution in our experiments is a factor 10–100 faster than in numerical models and in natural systems as also found for fluvial experiments (Kleinhans, Braudrick, et al., 2015). This is partly explained by complete lack of bank strength in experiments without vegetation and cohesive material (van Dijk et al., 2012), leading to an almost unlimited sediment supply, which immediately becomes available for bar formation downstream of the erosion location (van de Lageweg et al., 2014). This led to a strong increase in BI as... Figure 14. Time series of bathymetries obtained with structure from motion in the experiment with a narrow channel (Exp. 017). (a) Initially, the channel widened at an equal rate along the entire channel. (b) While incipient bars and channels developed, a relatively elevated zone formed in the middle of the flume ($\approx 10–11$ m). (c, d) In later phases, this higher elevated zone was the location where channel width remained narrow and widening ceased. (d, e) On both sides, two converging systems developed. The rate at which the channel widened, bars formed, channels became curved and braiding index increased, was faster for the left-hand side of the flume compared to the right-hand side of the flume. The estuary widens, because average bar width remains constant at approximately 0.2 m. While bar growth in the experiments is unexpectedly fast, we lack observations in nature of initial bar formation and the timescale in the numerical models is highly sensitive to the chosen sediment transport relation, transverse bed slope effect, and numerical diffusion which renders the models unreliable indicators of morphological timescales without calibration. The rate of morphological evolution correlates positive with the tidal prism (e.g., bend migration; Figure 6), which, in turn, depends on the location of the tidal watershed. This correlation is consistent with observations along tidal inlets (Kleinhans, Scheltinga, et al., 2015; Stefanon et al., 2010; Zhou et al., 2014) and tidal meanders (Finotello et al., 2018). Incipient bars and channels formed faster (in 300 cycles as opposed to 500 cycles) on the left-hand side (2–11 m) of the flume, which was also approximately 25% longer than the estuary on the right-hand side (11–18 m) of the flume. This either suggests that the initial sand bed was not sufficiently symmetrical or that the location of the tidal watershed is unstable and tends to shift as one watershed grows at the cost of the other in a positive feedback cycle. In reality this is unlikely to happen as the tidal wavelength is limiting the length dimension of tidal basins and estuaries (de Swart & Zimmerman, 2009; Schuttelaars & de Swart, 2000), but here we simulated a reach within a tidal system which allowed reasonable isolation of bar morphology from boundary effects. The experimental setup with a double-head tidal channel led to the formation of two rather separated estuarine systems. The sediment eroded from the estuary banks in the initial phase was partly exported to the sea and also partly accumulated in the middle part of the flume (at $\approx 10–11$ m; Figure 14a). Peak flood flow was initially slightly stronger on both sides. The initial flood flow asymmetry and the erodible, sharp corners of the estuary banks at the mouth explain why sediment was imported to converge in the middle of the flume (Figure 9e). The higher elevated part formed an obstruction for the flow, reducing the exchange of discharge between the left side (2–11 m) and right side (11–18 m) of the flume. At that location channel width remained narrow, which over time resulted in two separate converging channels in both directions. of the flume (Figure 14e). The morphological evolution in the zone between 2 and 11 m was slightly faster than the evolution in the other part (11–18 m). Even though we did not anticipate the formation of two separated estuarine systems, the formation of a shore-like morphology acting as a tidal divide is consistent with experimental and numerical observations (Garotta et al., 2008; Lanzoni & Seminara, 2002; Schutteelaars & de Swart, 2000; Tambroni et al., 2017; van der Wegen & Roelvink, 2008). We chose the setup of a double-headed tidal channel (e.g., Dury, 1971; Hughes, 2012) aiming to create symmetrical reversing uniform flow along the entire flume. Uniform flow would allow studying bar formation independent of location along the flume, but unfortunately these conditions were only approximately met before bar initiation. It is therefore recommended to fixate the estuary banks for further research on bar initiation, and to explore the stability of tidal watersheds in upstream connected estuaries. 5. Conclusions Laboratory-scale experiments were performed to study incipient bar formation under varying initial and boundary conditions. The resulting evolution of tidal bars was similar among experiments and qualitatively in agreement with previous results from numerical modeling and observations in natural systems. After an initial phase characterized by the formation of rhomboid depositional patterns with very short wavelength and high BI, straight initial channels formed with alternate bars. The deepest channels occurred sideways of the alternate bars while shallower zones formed in the crossovers between the alternate bars. This configuration led to flow divergence on both opposing ends of the channels, causing sediment convergence between alternate bars. Sediment convergence resulted in the buildup of elongated sills parallel to the main flow direction and located between alternate bars. This pattern is superimposed on the alternate bar and channel pattern and is unique to tidal systems. Even under asymmetric flow conditions the sills persisted. Their stable presence triggered the formation of mutually evasive ebb- and flood-dominated channels that bifurcate around the sill. As channel widening progressed, flood barbs formed onto the alternate bars, which in later phases resulted in midchannel bars and a braided pattern. Incipient tidal bars are similar to river bars in their morphological shapes and their response to increasing width-to-depth ratio. The key differences are the process of alternate bar formation—by amalgamation of two opposing U-shaped lobate bars—and the formation and stable presence of the sill. Bar dimensions and BI were predominantly correlated with estuary width and lacked dependence on channel depth and amplitude of tidal flow velocity. 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The Influence of Robots on Students’ Computational Thinking: A Literature Review Kaiqin Yang, Xin Liu, and Guang Chen Abstract—With the rapid development of information technology and the further expansion of its social influence, robot technology has gradually matured. In this stage, cultivating students' computing thinking has become an important task to promote the development of information technology talents and an essential direction of information technology education. Robotic is an excellent tool for introducing coding and computational thinking into early childhood education. How to cultivate students' computational thinking and how to use a robot to realize the transformation of learning is very important. Based on this, this paper systematically reviews the influence of robot teaching on students' computational thinking in k-12 education and looks forward to the future development direction of research on computational thinking and optimization of robot education. Index Terms—Computational thinking, robot education. I. INTRODUCTION Computational thinking is an important concept which is widely concerned in the international computer field. This ability to think like a computer scientist is defined as computational thinking. According to Wing, "computational thinking involves solving problems, designing systems, and understanding human behavior by utilizing the basic concepts of computer science." Computational thinking is a valuable skill for all learners. It can be applied to everyday problem-solving activities as well as many other areas of learning. Zhou Yizhen believes that learning computational thinking is the need for innovation in the information society. Just as everyone has the ability of "reading, writing, and calculating" (3R for short), computational thinking is a necessary thinking ability [1]. Jaipal-jamani & Angeli found teaching with robots could increase students' interest in learning new technologies. [2] And they also enhance their understanding of basic scientific concepts and improve their computational thinking. For the cultivation of computational thinking, programming education is an effective way to cultivate students' computational thinking. It has unique advantages in the cultivation of students' computational thinking and is conducive to the cultivation of students' problem analysis ability and problem-solving ability. Moreover, the coding process can also improve students' cognitive and social-emotional skills. [3] In programming education, robot education is integrated into the link of students' hands-on construction. So that students can acquire skills of using hands-on tools and enhance their hands-on ability [4]. In recent years, people's interest in robotics has been increasing. [5] Currently, more and more countries have incorporated programming courses into the national curriculum system. Therefore, it is very important to make good use of programing robots, design, and develop a series of courses based on educational robots effectively. It will cultivate the thinking ability of primary and secondary school students. In recent ten years, the number of relevant studies on computational thinking has been increasing. This study explores the influence of robot education on computational thinking in the existing literature. II. METHODS In this study, snowball rolling method was selected. Snowballing is a method of literature review proposed by Wohlin et al. in 2014. [6] It refers to searching references and citations of literature that have been collected, screening eligible literature until it is difficult to use backward and forward snowballing in iteration to find new papers and end the snowballing cycle. The steps to snowball are as follows: Step 1 Start set: identify keywords and formulate search strings. Step 2 Backward snowballing: using the reference list to identify new papers to include. Step 3 Forward snowballing: identifying new papers based on those papers citing the paper being examined. This study developed the following inclusion criteria to determine which documents could be included in this review. 1) The article was published in the Social Sciences Citation Index journal. 2) The article is an empirical study. 3) Studies which published from 2009 to 2019. 4) Research measures the changes in students' computational thinking. A. Keyword Search Using the search strings "computational thinking" and "robot" as keywords, the two researchers, searched the Web of Science database for as many related literatures as possible from 2009 to 2019 and returned 47 papers. The two researchers analyzed the titles and abstracts of the papers, respectively, and determined whether they met the criteria for inclusion in the literature review. If there was any doubt about the retention of the study, the two researchers independently reviewed the full text and then made the final decision together. Results 10 papers were selected. B. Snowballing Approach After the keyword search, the first round of the snowball method was adopted to search the papers in Web of Science. At the end of the search, 530 references from backward snowball and 144 references from forwarding snowball were found. Four new papers were selected based on the four inclusion criteria. In the second round of snowballing, no new qualified papers were selected. After two rounds of snowballing, it is difficult to find more papers that meet the criteria, and the number of duplicate papers is increasing (see Table I). This indicates that the iteration of the snowball method can be completed. Finally, 14 papers were selected as samples for subsequent literature review, as shown in Table I (see the Appendix A for specific literature). \| Selection strategy \| Papers resulting from the search \| Selected \| \|--------------------\|----------------------------------\|----------\| \| Keyword search \| 47 \| 10 \| \| First-round snowballing approach \| 674 \| 4 \| \| Second-round snowballing approach \| 230 \| 0 \| \| total \| 951 \| 14 \| III. RESULTS A. Descriptive Analysis Fig. 1 shows the distribution of the publication time of 14 literatures. It can be known from Fig. 1 that SSCI empirical research related to the keyword "computational thinking" and "robot" only appeared in 2014. In the past ten years, the year with the largest number of related literature published was 2019, accounting for about 50% of the total number of articles published in the past ten years. As can be seen from the time distribution of the literature published between 2009 and 2019, the academic community began to pay attention to the research on the relationship between robots and computational thinking since 2019 and devoted itself to providing a research basis for robots as an important means of cultivating students' computational thinking. Participants in the 14 literatures ranged in age from pre-school children, primary school students, middle school students, high school students, and college students (normal university students). As shown in Fig. 2, the oldest sample group in the 14 literatures is college students, while the youngest sample group is pre-school children. The largest sample group was pre-school children, with 6 articles (35%). Of the six articles, five were published in 2019. From the number of publications, it can be inferred that pre-school children have become the focus of research related to "using robots to cultivate computational thinking" in recent years. Studies have shown that children using robotics can acquire high levels of coding and computational thinking skills [7]. This may be because robots are better suited to nurturing pre-school children's computational thinking. [8] According to Piaget's cognitive development stage theory, children aged 2-7 are in the pre-operational stage, and children in this stage have the characteristics of symbolic thinking and intuitive thinking. Children's thinking has a certain specific image. The 14 literatures also use a wide range of robot types, including TangibleK Robotic, LEGO Robotic, KIBO Robotic, bee-bot Robotic, Virtual and Physical Robotic, An ultra-low-cost line follower Robotic, Arduino+scratch Robotic (Fig. 3). These six kinds of robots can be called a relatively mature educational resource. In the 14 studies, the most used robot is LEGO Robotic, which is applied to students of all ages to cultivate their computational thinking. This is mainly due to the fact that LEGO has different sets of models to suit the needs of students of different ages. Research has shown that LEGO robotics is widely used in k-8 environments to improve children's problem-solving skills and enhance their understanding of scientific applications and concepts [9]. The second is KIBO Robotic and bee-bot Robotic, both of which are used in preschool children's classes. This may be due to the cute appearance and soft texture of KIBO Robotic and bee-bot Robotic, which are more in line with the learning characteristics of young preschool children. [10] Moreover, the robot is easy to operate and does not require a computer, making it an attractive choice for children to program robots [11]. The results of 14 studies show that using robots as teaching tools can effectively improve students' thinking ability. Even among preschool children aged 3-6, the use of robots can also promote the development of their computational thinking. Among them, Leonard, J et al. have shown that adopting appropriate teaching methods in the robot course can promote the development of students' computational thinking. [12] When students complete specific tasks, students build knowledge through self-knowledge rather than just accepting knowledge [13]. This may be because the combination of robotics and programming provides a fun and hands-on way for children to effectively achieve integrated STEM education. For example, children can participate in engineering design while using programmed robots, learn mathematics by sorting, estimating, and counting, and learn science by exploring perception and observation [14]. At the same time, the research also shows that although educational robots have advantages in cultivating students' computational thinking, teachers still need to adopt certain teaching support strategies to utilize robot design courses to train students in computational thinking in a way that students can learn and understand. B. How Should Teachers Integrate Computational Thinking into Robot Courses Research shows that the 6E teaching method is applicable to children in the upper primary school (grade 6) in robotics courses. [15] In 6E, new elements and links were added to the 5E teaching model. Stephanie Fletcher modified the 5E teaching model and added a new stage in the "explanation" stage. "express" formed the "6E model". Based on the original emphasis on scientific inquiry, this teaching strategy makes it possible to systematically think about problems, comprehensively use interdisciplinary knowledge to analyze problems through engineering practice, reflect on the results of scientific inquiry and construct scientific interpretation by introducing the process of "design and redesign". The 6E teaching model (Fig. 4) is a middle school learning cycle based on constructivism. Students redefine, regroup, and interpret themselves through interaction with peers and the environment to change their original concepts. [16] In this process, students learn how to build knowledge through discussion, information collection and practical activities to learn how to solve problems purposefully. [17] The learning process of this learning model is similar to that of solving problems through computational thinking, and it is beneficial to enhance the learning effect based on robot activities [18]. C. How to Narrow the Gender Difference between Male and Female Students' Computational Thinking According to the literature review, although the robot can reduce the difficulty for children to learn computational thinking. However, some studies have shown gender differences between male and female students when using robots to learn computational thinking. Compared with boys, girls' learning progress is slow. However, the gender gap between boys and girls in computer mind learning can be reduced by robot-assisted instruction. A gender-friendly robotic learning environment suitable for student development will enable both boys and girls to experience a positive experience flow and keep learning. In addition, studies have shown that children as young as 6 already have gender stereotypes that boys are better at programming and robotics than girls. This may also be the reason why male and female students have gender differences in computational thinking. Designing technology activities that are inclusive and attractive and expanding the appeal of computer science and engineering may benefit more students. D. An Evaluation Scale of Computational Thinking Should Be Established The implementation results of any teaching need some evaluation methods to test the teaching effect. Similarly, students need an evaluation tool to evaluate the learning effect of calculating thinking. Special computational thinking tools were used in 7 (50%) of the 14 literatures. These assessment tools are scales developed by researchers based on previous research results or calculating the connotation of thinking. Finally, the reliability and validity of the scale will be tested by teaching practice evaluation. Although computational thinking assessment tools are used in many studies, these assessment tools are a set of tools compiled by researchers themselves, which are not uniform and not widely promoted. In addition, learning outcomes recorded and assessed by assessment tools are problematic due to the lack of validated CT measurement instruments. In general, the lack of indicator system and standardized assessment methods will make the assessment results of students' computational thinking level controversial [19]. IV. CONCLUSION Computational thinking is a universal skill that everyone has the potential to learn. Designing appropriate robotics courses to develop computational thinking is still a new field of study, and its popularity is growing. This study combed through the contents of 14 core journal literatures on robotics and computational thinking in the Web of Science database from 2009 to 2019. The results show that the core journal of computational thinking and robotics has only appeared since 2014. By 2019, the number of relevant literature has increased dramatically, with a total of 7 papers. In addition, in terms of research objects, it covers all academic segments from kindergarten to university. The 14 studies used six types of robots: LEGO Robotic, KIBO Robotic, bee-bot Robotic, Virtual and Physical Robotic, An ultra-low-cost line follower Robotic, Arduino+scratch The most used robot is LEGO Robotic, which is applied to students of all ages. At the same time, the research results of 14 kinds of literature all prove that students’ computing thinking can be cultivated with the help of robot classroom. The support strategy used by teachers in the process of teaching with the help of robots also plays an important role in promoting the development of students’ computational thinking. At the same time, computational thinking can also improve the gap between male and female students in computational thinking, scientific learning, and technical learning. According to the above research results, we discuss the 6E model applicable to the course of robot-computational thinking. It also advocates the establishment of special computational thinking evaluation tools. A good and appropriate assessment tool is beneficial for researchers to further explore methods and tools suitable for students’ computational thinking development. In the face of the current lack of scientific and unified computational thinking evaluation tools, the establishment of computational thinking evaluation tools is extremely urgent. More research is needed in this area to discover the potential of robots in computational thinking education. APPENDIX \| Robot type \| Author \| Whether it has a positive impact on computational thinking \| \|----------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Virtual and Physical Robotic \| Berland&Wilensk, 2015 \| Yes \| \| KIBO Robotic \| Bers,2019; González-González,2019 \| Yes \| \| LEGO Robotic \| Atmatzidou, 2016; Leonard et al.,2017; Atmatzidou, 2016; Leonard, 2016; Jaipal-Jamani, 2017; Bers, 2014 \| Yes \| \| Bee-bot Robotic \| Angeli, 2019; Muñoz-Repiso, 2019; Eben.B, 2017 \| Yes \| \| An ultra-low cost line follower Robotic \| Pérez, 2019 \| Yes \| \| Arduino+scratch \| Hsiao, 2019 \| Yes \| CONFLICT OF INTEREST My co-authors and I declare no competing interests. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS My co-authors have all contributed to this manuscript and approve of this submission. REFERENCES [1] C. 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[15] H.-S. Hsiao, Y.-W. Lin, K.-Y. Lin, C.-Y. Lin, J.-H. Chen, and J.-C. Chen, “Using robot-based practices to develop an activity that incorporated the 6e model to improve elementary school students’ learning performances,” Interactive Learning Environments, pp. 1–15, Jun. 2019. [16] B. N. Burke, “The ITEEA 6E learning bydesign (TM) model maximizing informed design and inquiry in the integrative STEM classroom,” Technology and Engineering Teacher, vol. 73, no. 6, pp. 14–19, Mar. 2014. [17] M. U. Bers, C. González-González, and M. B. Armas–Torres, “Coding as a playground: Promoting positive learning experiences in childhood classrooms,” Computers & Education, vol. 138, pp. 130–145, Sep. 2019. [18] S. Atmatzidou, S. Demetriadias, and P. Nika, “How does the degree of guidance support students’ metacognitive and problem solving skills in educational robotics?” J. Sci. Educ. Technol., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 70–85, Feb. 2018. [19] A. Master, S. Cheryan, A. Moscatelli, and A. N. Meltzoff, “Programming experience promotes higher STEM motivation among first-grade girls,” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, vol. 160, pp. 92–106, Aug. 2017. Copyright © 2020 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0). Kaiqin Yang was born in Jilin, China, on August 1, 1995. She is currently a master student of education at Beijing Normal University. Her main areas of research are robotics education and STEM education. Xin Liu was born in Shanxi, China, on October 4, 1995. She is currently a master student of education at Beijing Normal University. Her main area of research is the science education of preschool children. Guang Chen was born in Beijing, China. He received his PhD degree in developmental and educational psychology from School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University. He is an assistant professor in the School of Educational Technology, Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University. He is a reviewer of several SSCI journals and PC member of more than 10 international conferences and workshops. He has published more than 50 journal articles, book chapters and Conference papers. His current research interest is cognitive development in information age and smart learning environments. Dr. Chen is the leader of a National Social Science Fund project, a Beijing Municipal Commission of Education Fund project, and more than 10 other research projects.
NOVEMBER WORSHIP WORSHIP THEME: “SEEK YE FIRST THE KINGDOM OF GOD” NOVEMBER 1, service online at 11:00 a.m. ALL SAINTS’ SUNDAY Virtual Celebration of the Lord’s Supper Revelation 7:9-17; Matthew 5:1-12 “A Blessed Life” Rev. Dr. Scott Ramsey 9:30 a.m. Virtual Messy Church 3:00 p.m. All Saints Time of Remembrance & Taizé Worship WORSHIP THEME: “SEEK YE FIRST THE KINGDOM OF GOD” NOVEMBER 8, service online at 11:00 a.m. 23rd Sunday after Pentecost 1 Thessalonians 4:13-18; Matthew 25:1-13 “Keep Your Lamps Trimmed and Burning” Rev. Dr. Scott Ramsey 3:30 p.m. HOOPS-A Social-Distance Kids Event 3:30 p.m. Sunset Service WORSHIP THEME: “SEEK YE FIRST THE KINGDOM OF GOD” NOVEMBER 15, service online at 11:00 a.m. 24th Sunday after Pentecost Psalm 123:1-4; Matthew 25:14-30 “What We Do With What God Gives” Rev. Jen Dunfee WORSHIP THEME: “SEEK YE FIRST THE KINGDOM OF GOD” NOVEMBER 22, service online at 11:00 a.m. CHRIST THE KING SUNDAY Ezekiel 34:11-16; Matthew 25:31-46 “The King, With Justice” Rev. Dr. Scott Ramsey WORSHIP THEME: “GOD’S ACTION” NOVEMBER 29, service online at 11:00 a.m. FIRST SUNDAY OF ADVENT Isaiah 64:1-9; Mark 13:24-37 “Tear Open the Heavens and Come Down” Rev. Dr. Scott Ramsey FAITH & PUBLIC POLICY EVENT: “WITH MALICE TOWARD NONE” DELIGHTED/DISTRESSED CONVERSATIONS SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 21 Please plan to join us on Saturday, November 21 (exact time to be announced) for one of a pair of post-election gatherings: one for those who are happy with the results (to the extent we know them at that point), and one for those who are unhappy with the results of the election. These gatherings, which will be followed by a joint gathering in December, form one part of Lewinsville’s participation in the Braver Angels “With Malice Toward None” initiative, a project designed to promote dialogue, healing, and a renewed sense of common civic purpose among Americans of varying political orientations in the wake of the 2020 election. Through our engagement with this project, unanimously affirmed by Session at its October meeting, we hope to renew Lewinsville’s commitment to being a congregation where people of differing political convictions can feel welcome, and where we can discuss the intersections between faith and policy in a way that respects the variety of ways that Christians seek to live out their faith in the public sphere. We also hope that the gatherings will offer an opportunity to begin the work of discerning God’s will for us, individually and collectively, as we move forward into 2021 and beyond. WORSHIP, MISSION & FELLOWSHIP FOR THE WHOLE FAMILY NOVEMBER 8, 3:30 P.M. The Sunset Service and HOOPS are combining to provide a Sunday of in-person outdoor worship and fellowship for the whole Lewinsville family on Sunday, November 8 at 3:30 p.m. The Sunset Service will meet in the small church parking lot and HOOPS will meet at the same time in a designated area near the lower parking area. Parents are invited to drop their children at the Hoops! gathering and then come to the Outdoor Worship service. (Parking will be available in the larger parking lot). Continued at the top of page 3 FROM THE PASTOR Dear friends at Lewinsville, Over the course of the coming weeks, we will be moving through the final days of a vigorously, and often bitterly, contested election. Polarization is extremely intense in our society right now, which can make communal life challenging. While these times are presenting enormous challenges to us, it is my belief that there will also be surprising fruits from this time. There is an agricultural saying that “all the roots grow deeper when it’s dry.” When the weather is arid and dry, plants must send their roots down deeper into the earth in search of water. Similarly, when our common life is arid and dry, when we have difficulty communicating well across our differences, we may find that we are driven to discover and articulate our deepest convictions. It can be a “back to first principles” kind of time. Here are some of my thoughts about that. In Jesus Christ, God became flesh in a human being, which means that humanness bears holiness; humanness is a vehicle for God’s holiness. Therefore, all humans possess an inherent dignity, that nothing can take away. A key part of our own growth in faith is to notice whether there are individuals or groups whose dignity we have difficulty respecting. Two groups of people have routinely been denied dignity: the poor and the enemy. Down through the ages, it has been all too common for society (often including the church) to scorn and ignore the well-being of the poor. In Matthew 25 Jesus teaches us that when we scorn and ignore the “least of these,” we are actually scorning and ignoring God. Secondly, down through the ages, society (and often the church) has all too often scorned and demonized our enemies, whether we are talking about personal enemies, political enemies, or national enemies. In Matthew 5:44 Jesus teaches us to “love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you.” As we move through the next few months, loving the poor and loving our enemies can be two guiding principles for us. How would your life be different if you sought to put those intentionally into practice? Blessings for your journey, Pastor Scott WORSHIP THEME FOR NOVEMBER: “SEEK YE FIRST THE KINGDOM OF GOD” During the month of November, our guiding theme in our worship will be taken from Matthew 6:33, “Seek ye first the kingdom of God.” Much of our attention may be drawn during the coming weeks to the presidential election and the political life of our country. (Though it is surely the case that, here in the DC area, our attention is often drawn to political life!) As disciples of Jesus Christ, we are in the position of having “dual citizenship.” We are citizens of the United States, but we are also citizens of the kingdom of heaven (Phil. 3:20). The early church father Augustine of Hippo referred to these as the “City of God” and the “Earthly City.” ◊ How do these citizenships relate to each other? ◊ What does it mean to be a citizen of the kingdom of God? ◊ What implications does that citizenship have for our involvement in the ‘earthly city’? ◊ What kind of freedom does our citizenship in the kingdom of God give us? This sermon series will give us an opportunity to reflect on this theme in our lives at this moment. ALL SAINTS SUNDAY TIME OF REMEMBRANCE AND TAIZÉ WORSHIP NOVEMBER 1, 3:00 P.M. On All Saints Sunday afternoon, November 1, from 3:00 – 4:45 pm on the Peters Green, Lewinsville will be offering a special outdoor time of remembrance and worship. This time is intended to provide an opportunity for persons to remember loved ones who have died, and to spend time in quiet contemplation. The afternoon will unfold in two parts. Persons may stay for the full time, or come and go. From 3:00 – 4:00, there will be some gentle music provided. Individuals will be invited to sit and listen quietly, or to walk around the cemetery. Then from 4:15 - 4:45, there will be a contemplative Taize worship service, a time of prayer, Scripture, silence, and music. Candles will be provided for any who would like to light a candle in remembrance of a loved one, or you may bring your own. As with previous services, these services are being planned for no more than 50 people, so please sign up online at: Events/All Saints. If you have any questions, feel free to reach out to Pastor Scott, John Nothaft, or Rob Ransom. The theme for this upcoming Sunset Service will be “Seek Ye First The Kingdom of God”. Attendees will share in prayers and reflections on the Word, listen to music, and participate in an interactive experience. The service will be 35-45 minutes in length. Registration for the Sunset Service is required and can be done through the Lewinsville website. We ask that all wear a mask and keep to social distancing guidelines. HOOPS for children, age 3-youth, will be partnering with the McLean, Falls Church Children’s Center by putting together care packages for the families in their community. Lewinsville youth and families are invited to sign-up to bring certain items that will go into each bag to our HOOPS event. Look for more information and a sign up list of items to bring. Following our packing of the bags for the Children’s Center we will play “Thanksgiving Minute 2 Win It Games”. Remember all children and youth must wear a mask and stay within their HOOP for this event. Watch the Thursday Mail in November for more detailed information about the Sunset Service & the HOOPS event. November 1 9:30 AM on ZOOM Virtually Messy Church Celebration Featuring the Lewinsville Puppeteers with "The Cross-Eyed Bear and the Bee Attitudes" SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 22 Lewinsville Youth Fellowship & Temple Rodef Shalom Youth Will host An Interfaith Worship Event Come and share in a time of gratitude with our fellow brothers and sisters in faith. (more details will be sent out as they become available) The 2021 Stewardship Campaign has gotten off to a very strong start – TOGETHER!! – and we are profoundly grateful to all of you who have made your pledge commitments for next year already. If you have not yet made your pledge, you may do so by going to https://www.lewinsville.org/Stewardship/ and clicking the “Make Your PLEDGE Online” button. Your pledge will make it possible for Lewinsville to continue to respond to human need, during this challenging time in our community and world. Your pledge is a critical way that we are all in this together. If you have any questions, feel free to reach out to Pastor Scott or Dave Gunter, chair of the Stewardship Committee. --- REPORT FROM THE BUILDING TASK FORCE NOVEMBER 2020 Fairfax County has finally issued a building permit to Lewinsville Presbyterian Church, giving a green light to our contractor to begin the physical work necessary for our renovation project. The only step remaining is the signing of a contract with Whitener-Jackson, a big step, of course, but likely to take place over the next few days. A final budget number will be plugged into the contract when a BTF subcommittee finishes “value engineering” the project to make sure we, indeed, are getting full value for our dollars in terms of materials and equipment selected. In next month’s newsletter, you will find a tentative construction schedule outlining major activity anticipated over the next 10 to 12 months. When the contract with Whitener-Jackson is signed by Lewinsville trustees, the next step will be to order bricks and steel, and begin demolition. We are underway! --- THE LEWINSVILLE RETIREMENT RESIDENCE ANNUAL MEETING NOVEMBER 15 The 2020 LRR Annual Meeting will take place November 15, 2020, following the 11:00 a.m. worship service. This year’s meeting will take place via Zoom. In order to allow for everyone to be there, we will begin the meeting at 12:15 p.m. As members of the Corporation, all parishioners of The Lewinsville Presbyterian Church are strongly encouraged to attend. Please come and learn about this major mission project of the church. (The Zoom link will be provided through the Thursday Mail). MEMBERS IN INDEPENDENT LIVING, NURSING HOMES & CARE CENTERS: ASHBY PONDS: Quinn and Celia Morrison, Evelyn Jones, Fran Kogon, Richard Rager BRIGHTVIEW, GREAT FALLS: Elizabeth McKenna CHESTERBROOK RESIDENCES: Dee Custer, Nancy Miller THE FALLSTEAD: Margie Roe THE GARDENS AT FAIR OAKS, CLIFTON: Mary Partridge GOODWIN HOUSE, FALLS CHURCH: Charles and Mary Hutchison GREENSPRING, SPRINGFIELD: Joanne Field THE HERITAGE: Margot Scheffey THE JEFFERSON, ARLINGTON: Fran Pearce, Bob and Beverly Johnson THE KENSINGTON, FALLS CHURCH: Bob Heilen LEWINSVILLE RETIREMENT RESIDENCE: Louise Fox, Jane Gardner, Dong Lee, Lurleen Ogle, Lucille Quinn, Mina Sulaiman VIENNA MANOR, FAIRFAX: Steve Stephenson VINSON HALL, MCLEAN: Elaine Baker, Jean and Charlie Mertz, Helen Martin THE VIRGINIAN: Don Robb WESTMINSTER AT LAKE RIDGE: Lora Watson ANNIVERSARIES Congratulations to ALL Lewinsville couples celebrating November wedding anniversaries. The following couples are celebrating a milestone occasion: ♦ Alison and Doug Bauer – 58 years on November 3 ♦ Carolyn and Dale Hodges – 48 years on November 4 ♦ Connie and Danny Howell – 15 years on November 5 ♦ Phillip and Darlene Cooke – 50 years on November 7 ♦ Kay and Clay Ancell – 54 years on November 25 DEATHS Our loving sympathy and prayers are extended to Tom Waldrop and family on the recent death of his youngest sister, Sarah Elizabeth Hamby. Our loving sympathy and prayers are extended to Siobhan Grayson and family on the death of her father, Harold Grayson, on October 11 in Beaufort, S.C. BIRTHS Congratulations to Danielle Alexander and Nick Knodt on the birth of their son, Otto George Alexander-Knodt, October 4. The proud grandparents are Jean and Richard Knodt. An Important Update from Chesterbrook Residences: A Caring Assisted Living Community October 14, 2020 Chesterbrook Residences has provided a safe and caring home for older persons of all financial means for nearly 15 years. Though today’s global pandemic has brought many changes, our commitment to providing the very best in senior care has not waivered. With zero active COVID-19 cases at this time, Chesterbrook Residences remains a smart and safe option for you or someone you love. As we continue to practice the necessary health and safety precautions, we offer many valuable services and amenities for our residents right here under our roof. We are committed to making sure that our residents’ needs are met with licensed nurses and certified nursing assistants available 24 hours a day. We offer many opportunities for residents to stay engaged and active while staying safe. With an on-site dining room and beauty salon, visiting physicians and on-site rehabilitation therapy services, our residents do not have to worry about trips to the doctors or grocery stores, preparing meals, or taking care of a house, especially with the winter months coming up. We are currently accepting applications for admission and appreciate you sharing our information with your family and friends who may benefit from joining the Chesterbrook Residences Community. For more information about how we are welcoming new residents or to find out about our respite stay program, we invite you to call Kelly Halteh or Betsy Weixel at 703-531-0781 or visit chesterbrookres.org. Many thanks for your continued prayers and special gifts for our residents. Your thoughtfulness brightens their days! Don’t forget to check out our upcoming virtual events at chesterbrookres.org/events, including a conversation with journalist Bob Levey about the golden era at the Washington Post on October 22. Although this is the November Newsletter, I write this article during Mental Health Awareness Week earlier in October. As I have watched those I love with mental illness struggle even more acutely during Covid-19, and as I find increased challenge in my own mental wellness as the months of Covid stretch on, I wonder how we as the church, even the physically-distanced church, might support each other and our community in mental wellness. The statistics of mental health struggle during Covid-19 mirror what I read on social media and hear from those in a variety of my circles: a marked increase in anxiety and depressive disorders, substance abuse, and suicidal thoughts. The factors are many: isolation and loneliness, with some studies suggesting the two most vulnerable populations for this are adolescents and older adults, lack of routine and usual social interaction and support, general feelings of grief from Covid-19 changes, unpredictable timetable for return to “normal” and feelings of loss of control and hopelessness. The week before things shut down in mid-March, I attended a conference on faith and mental health at Union Seminary in Richmond. The consensus of the participants and presenters was that faith and faith communities are critical in supporting people with mental health, but that mental health struggle was mostly hidden by congregants. Few churches had ways for people to be transparent, talk with each other, and find specific support on this issue. LPC has avenues of support to respond to the mental health challenges of Covid-19, from Stephen Ministers specifically trained to listen to those who struggle, not as a counselor or therapist but as a listening friend-in-Christ who know the importance of referral, to a Deacon/Stephen Minister led Christian Education Course in January, with one topic focusing on Depression in Covid-19, to a possible ChristCare group where those with mental health struggles and those who live with and/or love them explore scriptures together, like the one from church the same week as Mental Health Awareness Week, promising a peace that transcends, and guards our hearts and minds. Lastly, if you relate to that line, that you are seeking a peace that guards your heart and mind, you can also email or call me to talk further. Your pastors, Deacon/Stephen Ministers, and church family are here for you. In Christ, Jen Tysons Interfaith (TI) is a coalition of member houses of worship around the Tysons Corner area. As partners in faith, Tysons InterFaith members seek to weave the values of spiritual connection, learning and service into the fabric of the Tysons community. Tysons InterFaith informs Tysons residents and workers at all levels about opportunities for: - Connecting, by providing information on the religious denominations in the area, and location, website, phone information and hours of worship; - Learning, by fostering and conducting inter-faith dialogue, spiritual gatherings and other events; - Serving, coordinating support for Tysons workers and their skills in community service or advocacy initiatives in the Tysons area. Lewinsville is a founding member of Tysons InterFaith. Membership affords Lewinsville a unique vehicle for informing Tysons residents and workers that we are a welcoming congregation that invites the Tysons community to join us in worship and service. Visit the Tysons InterFaith website at [www.tysonsinterfaith.org](http://www.tysonsinterfaith.org) for upcoming events. If you have any questions about Tysons InterFaith or supporting this work, please contact Phil Church at [firstname.lastname@example.org](mailto:email@example.com) or Jack Hess at [firstname.lastname@example.org](mailto:email@example.com). Single SENIORS VIRTUAL LUNCH NOVEMBER 13, 11:30 A.M. Mark your calendar. Single Seniors will meet virtually for fellowship via Zoom or phone on Friday, November 13, at 11:30 am. We can update each other by reporting on what’s happening in our lives. The Zoom link and phone number will be provided before the event. For further information and to obtain instructions on how to join via computer or phone, contact Lois Dokken ([firstname.lastname@example.org](mailto:email@example.com) /703 789-0617) or Wendy Maiwurm ([firstname.lastname@example.org](mailto:email@example.com) /703 622-1659). Because of the pandemic, Good Samaritan Day on Saturday, October 17 was cancelled this year. However, on behalf of the Mission and Service Ministry Group, we would like to recognize the many members of LPC who have shown Christ’s love to others during the past months. From shopping each week for an elderly neighbor, to checking on those quarantined at home through caring telephone calls, to donating generously to the Deacons’ Fund, local and world missions, and in many other uniquely caring ways, you have offered a helping hand to those needing comfort or support. Thank you, Lewinsville! In the countries served by Rise Against Hunger worldwide, children walk about 3 miles to school each day. This journey leads to education AND nutritious Rise Against Hunger meals. In honor of the children who inspire us daily, and to continue the programs that support them, are you ready to run (or walk!) the distance they walk to school (5K), or to school and back (10K), to fight hunger? To help us reach 2 million people who are counting on us now more than ever in a time of global crisis, join McLean Community Rise Against Hunger Events anytime between November 5 to November 10 for a virtual 5K/10K run/walk challenge! The goal for McLean Community Rise Against Hunger Event is 300 participants or $10,000. Register at https://act.riseagainsthunger.org/event/race-to-school-challenge-mclean-community/e299553. For more information contact McLean Community Rise Against Hunger Events at firstname.lastname@example.org ALTERNATIVE GIFTS PROGRAM Lewinsville Presbyterian Church invites the community to join in the Alternative Gifts program where congregants can make donations to charitable organizations in the name of a loved one or friend in lieu of spending on a physical gift. The Alternative Gifts program begins at the end of November and continues through Advent. An Alternative Gift is a wonderful way to show your appreciation for the special people in your life and provides a tax-deductible gift to support Lewinsville Presbyterian Church mission projects. Give a gift that gives twice! Instead of a traditional gift, you can give a donation through the Alternative Gifts program to provide financial support in the name of the honoree to Homestretch, the Friends of The Lewinsville (meal support program), the Falls Church-McLean Children's Center, United Orphanage and Academy in Kenya, SHARE, Second Story, and other Lewinsville Presbyterian Church mission projects. Beautiful cards are available to let the honoree know that an Alternative Gift has been given in their name. For more information on these Lewinsville mission partners and the Alternative Gifts program, please contact Alan Stevens at email@example.com. NEW TESTAMENT 101: THE KINGDOM OF GOD IS AT HAND Led by Pastor Scott This class is designed as an introduction to the New Testament. No prior knowledge or expertise is needed to participate! Just bring a desire to explore this collection of texts and their central importance for Christian faith. We’ll explore the arrangement of the New Testament, its history and chronology, as well as the central theme that Jesus Christ is Lord and Savior. We’ll consider New Testament spirituality, the relationship between the church and the empire, and the way the early church worked through the difficult relationship between Jews and Gentiles – all of which have fascinating implications for us today. This class is Part 2 in the four-year cycle of Old Testament 101, New Testament 101, Christian Beliefs 101, and Christian Spirituality 101. Come and join us!! SHORT COURSE ON BIBLICAL JUSTICE AND CHRISTIAN FORMATION, NOVEMBER 7, 14, 21 Do you wonder about Biblical visions of justice and how our lives can be shaped by them? Does your church talk about and act upon economic justice enough? This short course explores the Presbyterian scholar Michael Barram’s Missional Economics: Biblical Justice and Christian Formation. This is a LIVE ZOOM event on Saturdays, Nov. 7, 14, and 21 from 10:00-11:30 a.m. The author will lead one session, and two notable Church leaders will lead us in the others. This timely event is co-sponsored by the Justice Formation Fellowship, a group of Multi-Cultural, White, and Black congregations who stand with the Institute for Justice Formation, John Leland Center for Theological Studies. Join us for this ecumenical and multi-cultural conversation of key Biblical texts on justice and economics, and their implications for our communities. There will be time for Q & A at each of our sessions. And with Zoom, there is NO SPACE LIMIT, so please invite your church brothers and sisters. NO FEE during these stressful times. Register here: https://reformedinstitute.org/events/ Grants to members of Lewinsville Presbyterian Church who are presently in college are eligible to apply for a scholarship of $2,000 from the Jeffrey A. Knoerr Memorial Education Fund, established by the generosity of Donna and the late Don Knoerr in memory of their son Jeffrey. A subcommittee of the Youth Ministry Committee is overseeing the grant program and the application process. Applications must be received by November 15. Grant awards will be made before the end of the year. To request an application form or for more information, please contact Ben Evans at firstname.lastname@example.org.
1. Roll Call Present: Bad River (Pam Roberts), FCPC (Nate Guldan), Menominee (Jonathan Pyatskowit), St. Croix (Katie Stariha), LCO (Brett McConnell), Lac du Flambeau (Scott McDougall) Others Present: Jerry Thompson (Retired), Greg Yakle (NRCS), Jim Thannum (GLIFWC) Roman Ferdinand called in. He had to go to a Tribal Council meeting and would not be able to attend the call. 2. Midwest Glacial Lakes Partnership MOTION: Motion to have Jonathan Pyatskowit draft a letter of support for the Midwest Glacial Lakes Partnership. Motion by FCPC, seconded by St. Croix. All ayes, zero opposed, zero abstentions, motion carried. 3. Student Internships Jerry spoke to the Wisconsin Land and Water Conservation Association (WLWCA) and told them we had up to 4 internships available, Lac du Flambeau, Ho-Chunk (we still need to confirm whether or not Ho-Chunk wants an intern), Rhinelander NRCS, and Spooner NRCS. We need to come up with position descriptions as soon as possible. NRCS already has them for their 2 interns. Scott will pull together a position description for Lac du Flambeau. The interns will be paid a $5000 stipend instead of the $4000 stipend that the WLWCA usually past. They agreed that $4000 was outdated and $5000 would be fine. Therefore the 4 interns will cost WTCAC $20,000 for stipends and the administrative fee charged by the WLWCA will be $3000. In addition the WLWCA will charge an additional $550 per intern ($2200 total for 4 interns). This will cover FICA, Medicare, and unemployment insurance. Thus the total cost for 4 interns will be $25,200. A motion will need to be made to include the extra $2200 because the previous motion was only for $23,000. The interns will be WLWCA employees and WLWCA will handle payroll. WLWCA will advertise the positions at all the universities in the state and on their website. We will also let them know to advertise at the College of Menominee Nation and LCO Ojibwe Community College. The positions will be advertised with a start date of June 8 and ending on August 14 (10 weeks). Applicants can apply for as many of the positions as they like. WLWCA will forward all applications and resumes to WTCAC to select the interns. They recommend getting them posted and closed no later than March 15. We will need to provide them with the funds up front. Pat Leavenworth thought that sponsoring interns was a good idea. Jerry could draft up an amendment quickly for the agreement. Jerry will follow up to see if there is a need for an amendment to the NRCS agreement and will draft one if necessary. MOTION: Motion to allocate an additional $2,200 ($550 per student) for FICA, Medicare, and Unemployment Insurance costs to the Wisconsin Land and Water Conservation Association for 4 interns for a total of $25,200. Motion by Lac du Flambeau, seconded by LCO. All ayes, zero opposed, zero abstentions, motion carried. 4. Future Earmarks Jim Thannum sent everyone an email with information about requesting earmarks. Earmarks are going to be difficult to obtain. Congressman Kagen has a set of forms he requires which provides an outline of information that would need to be submitted to his office. The deadline to submit the form is February 25. Obey and Kohl will also have a form. A long discussion ensued about the next steps WTCAC should take. It was decided that Jim Thannum would draft a paragraph summarizing WTCAC’s request and that the representatives for each Tribe will present the paragraph to the Tribal Council to see if they can include it in their appropriation efforts. The last earmark was for $267,300 so we decided to ask for the same amount to restore our past funding. The funds requested would be used for meetings expenses, outreach and education (internships, etc), and small projects. Because of the short time frame for this year, he suggested that we really start planning for next year. Jim Thannum thinks a subcommittee would be good to prepare the actual congressional documents for next year. We will also all need to speak to our Tribal Councils to determine if it is alright for us to be going out and speaking to state representatives in pursuit of earmarks. If it is alright we will need to determine if any of us should go to Washington DC or if just going to local district offices will be enough. 5. American Indian - Alaska Native Employees Association (AIANEA) conference The planning committee wants an agreement listing what WTCAC wants for sponsoring the conference. Right now just a list would be adequate. WTCAC would like them to cover the cost of registration for WTCAC members and student interns (up to 4) that may be able to attend banquets and award luncheons and to cover the costs of up to 3 staff or students per Tribe to attend the various training sessions. WTCAC also wants recognition on all announcements and brochures. Jerry will let them know on conference call next week. 6. Society of Wetland Scientists The Society of Wetland Scientists contacted Jerry and wants him to give a talk about Environmental Justice issues related to Tribes. Jerry wondered if anyone had any experience with this. Jim Thannum brought up the Crandon Mine. 7. By-Law Amendment Approval Katie was wondering if GLIFWC should be mentioned. Jim Thannum said no because they represent multiple Tribes that may be on opposing sides of a vote. There were no other issues or concerns with the by-law amendments. MOTION: Motion to approve the amended by-laws. Motion by FCPC, seconded by LCO. All ayes, zero opposed, zero abstentions, motion carried. Nate will send out the new amended by-laws with the meeting minutes. 8. GLIFWC Invasive Plant Risk Assessment/Prioritization Model GLIFWC requested a quarterly reimbursement for their small project entitled Invasive Plant Risk and Assessment/Prioritization Model. A quarterly progress report was submitted to Jonathan. MOTION: Motion to approve quarterly payment to GLIFWC for their Invasive Plant Risk Assessment/Prioritization Model small project in the sum of $7,270.25. Motion by St. Croix, seconded by Lac du Flambeau. All ayes, zero opposed, zero abstentions, motion carried. 9. Cooperative Conservation Partnership Initiative (CCPI) The draft CCPI Application was discussed. Jerry will be talking to Tom Krapf to make sure it meets the program rules on February 10th. We need to get it to Pat Leavenworth by February 19 because she has a meeting with the state technical committee. Jerry does not have all the final numbers from the Tribes, so he put $600,000 in for EQIP and $100,000 in for WHIP. We can change these amounts if we need to. Pat Leavenworth has set aside $440,000 for EQIP, but we do not know about WHIP. It sounds like the funding will be cut because the appropriation is being cut. If the CCPI application is approved, we will receive what we ask for. If we do not spend all of the money, we can return the remaining funds. MOTION: Motion to proceed with submitting the CCPI application to the State Conservationist. Motion by FCPC, seconded by St. Croix. All ayes, zero opposed, zero abstentions, motion carried. Conference call concluded at 12:09pm. BY-LAWS Of the WISCONSIN TRIBAL CONSERVATION ADVISORY COUNCIL ARTICLE I NAME AND LOCATION The name of this incorporated, non-profit association shall be the Wisconsin Tribal Conservation Advisory Council hereinafter ("Association"). The principle office of the Association shall be located at the office of the residing President. The Association may from time to time establish such other principle offices as the Association may deem necessary or appropriate. ARTICLE II MEMBERSHIP AND REPRESENTATION The membership of the Association shall consist of the federally recognized Indian Tribes located within the State of Wisconsin, and shall include the following: The Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians; The Forest County Potawatomi Community; The Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians; The Lac Du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians; The Menominee Tribe of Wisconsin; The Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin; The Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians; St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin; Mole Lake Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians; The Stockbridge-Munsee Indian Community; and The Ho-Chunk Nation. Each member of the Association shall appoint in writing up to two representatives to serve on the Council of Representatives of the Association. Such people shall represent the member's interests within the Association, shall attend meetings and vote on behalf of the member, and shall serve as a point of contact between the Association and the member. Each member shall grant decision-making authority to its appointees with respect to matters which may come before the Association. In the event that neither of a member's appointees can attend a meeting of the Association, a person may be temporarily appointed for that meeting as long as this temporary appointee brings a letter to the meeting indicating that they may represent the member at the meeting. To the fullest extent possible, each member shall keep its citizens abreast of the Association's accomplishments; anticipate and respond to changes in timing, scheduling, workloads, and difficulties which may arise; provide meaningful participation at Association meetings; work cooperatively with other members to ensure the fulfillment of the Association's purposes; establish annual plans in coordination with the Association; and work collaboratively with the Natural Resource Conservation Service and other agencies to achieve common goals. Membership in the Association may not be transferred or assigned. A member may withdraw from the Association upon submitting written notice to the Association, and the member shall thereafter have no right to participate in the activities of the Association. If a member that has withdrawn from the Association wishes to rejoin the Association they must submit a written request to the Association with a written letter of sponsorship by another member of the Association to be allowed to rejoin the Association. ARTICLE III SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY No member shall be required to or be deemed to have waived its sovereign immunity by virtue of its membership in the Association, and each member of the Association retains its sovereign immunity with respect to the business and affairs of the Association. ARTICLE IV PURPOSES AND POWERS The Association is formed for the exclusive educational, scientific, and charitable purpose of advocating on behalf of tribal governments regarding natural resource issues through, but not limited to the following: 1. To advise and assist each member in the development of a natural resource and conservation plan and budget; 2. To facilitate communication among members to enable each member to better serve its respective Indian Community; 3. To cooperate with tribal governments, intertribal organizations, governmental agencies, private organizations, and others to accomplish common purposes; 4. To develop meaningful relationships with state and federal regulatory bodies and agencies, and to provide timely input in the development of environmental policies which affect Indian communities; 5. To coordinate meaningful government-to-government consultation with the United States Department of Agriculture, the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the State Conservationist; 6. To coordinate with regional and national Tribal Advisory Councils on natural resource plans and budgets for statewide tribal issues; 7. To assess tribal needs and general environmental concerns within the State of Wisconsin; and 8. To secure financial and other resources to accomplish the foregoing purposes and such other related purposes as the Association many from time to time identify. The Association shall have the authority to undertake any lawful activity in furtherance of the foregoing purposes. No part of the net earnings of the corporations shall inure to the benefit of, or be distributed to its members, trustees, officers, or other private persons, except that the corporation shall be authorized and empowered to pay reasonable compensation for services rendered and make payments and distributions in furtherance of the purposes set forth above. No substantial part of the activities of the corporation shall be the carrying on of propaganda, or otherwise attempting to influence legislation, and the corporation shall not participate in, or intervene in (including the publishing or distribution of statements) any political campaign on behalf of any candidate for public office. Notwithstanding any other provision of these articles, the corporation shall not carry on any other activity not permitted to be carried on (a) by a corporation exempt from federal income tax under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code, or corresponding section of any future federal tax code, or (b) by a corporation, contributions to which are deductible under section 170(c)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code, or corresponding section of any future federal tax code. ARTICLE V COUNCIL OF REPRESENTATIVES AUTHORITY AND COMPOSITION The Council of Representatives shall manage the business and affairs of the Association, and shall consist of persons appointed by the members of the Association pursuant to Article II. ANNUAL MEETING The Council of Representatives shall hold a meeting in the month of October of each year for the purpose of electing from among its members Executive Officers, including President, Vice-President, and Treasurer. The Council of Representatives may at such meeting transact such other business as may be deemed necessary or appropriate. REGULAR MEETINGS The Council of Representatives may establish a schedule of regular meetings as may be deemed necessary or appropriate. SPECIAL MEETINGS The President or three members of the Council of Representatives may call special meetings of the Council of Representatives. QUORUM A majority of the members of the Council of Representatives shall constitute a quorum at meetings of the Council of Representatives. No business may be transacted in the absence of a quorum. MANNER OF TAKING ACTION The Council of Representatives may act by motion. Any member of the Council of Representatives may offer a motion for consideration by the Council of Representatives. Any other members of the Council of Representatives may second the motion. Each member of the Council of Representatives shall be entitled to one vote on the motion, and a majority vote shall be necessary to pass the motion. DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY The Council of Representatives may delegate specific authority to the Executive Officers, as the Council of Representatives may deem necessary or appropriate. The Council of Representatives may also establish committees for particular purposes, and assign duties and authority to such committees as the Council of Representatives may deem necessary or appropriate. TELEPHONIC MEETINGS The Council of Representatives may conduct meetings by telephone conference call. ARTICLE VI EXECUTIVE OFFICERS PRESIDENT The President shall be the principal executive officer of the Association; shall preside over meetings of the Council of Representatives; shall present an annual report to the Council of Representatives regarding the condition and activities of the Association; shall execute all contracts or other instruments on behalf of the Association as directed and authorized through motion by the Council of Representatives; and shall perform such other duties and have such other powers as assigned by the Council of Representatives. VICE PRESIDENT The Vice President shall function as the secretary for the Association by recording the minutes of all the meetings of the Council of Representatives and shall retain copies of all such minutes at his/her office. The Vice President shall disseminate the minutes to all of the appointees on the Council of Representatives. The Vice President shall, in the absence of the President, perform the duties of the President, and when so acting shall have all the powers, duties and responsibilities of the office of the President. The Vice President shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers as may be assigned by the Council of Representatives. TREASURER The Treasurer shall make, sign, and endorse, or cause to be made, signed, and endorsed in the name of the Association, all checks, draft notes and other orders for the payment of money as directed and authorized by the Council of Representatives; shall keep accurate books of accounts of all transactions; shall report on the condition of the finances of the Association at least annually and as requested by the Council of Representatives; shall maintain all records and accounting methods of the Association in accordance with applicable law; shall have knowledge of all funds and securities in appropriate accounts; and shall perform such other duties and have such powers as may be assigned by the Council of Representatives. In the absence of the President and the Vice President, the Treasurer shall preside over meetings of the Council of Representatives. In the absence of the President or the Vice President, the Treasurer shall record the minutes of meetings of the Council of Representatives. TERM OF OFFICE Each Executive Officer shall serve for a term of two years and until a successor is elected. The election of the President shall occur at the annual meeting in even numbered years, while the elections for the Vice President and Treasurer shall occur at the annual meeting in odd numbered years. After the approval of these By-Laws, elections for all executive officers shall immediately occur and then the above schedule of elections shall commence with the elections of the Vice President and Treasurer at the annual meeting in October 2009. If an Executive Officer resigns, an election will be held at the next meeting of the Association no early than 30 days from receipt of such resignation. The person elected to the vacant position will hold the position until the next regularly scheduled elections. ARTICLE VII CONTRACTS, CHECKS, DEPOSITS AND FUNDS The Council of Representatives may authorize any officer or officers, agent or agents of the Association, in addition to the officers so authorized by these by-laws, to enter into any contract or execute and deliver any instrument in the name of and on behalf of the Association through motion by the Council of Representatives, and such authority may be general or confined to specific instances. All checks, drafts or orders for payment of money, notes or other evidences of indebtedness issued in the name of the Association, shall be signed by such officer or officers, agent or agents of the Association and in such manner as shall from time-to-time to be determined by motion of the Council of Representatives. In the absence of such determination by the Council of Representatives, such instruments shall be signed by the Treasurer and countersigned by the President or Vice President of the Association. All funds of the Association shall be deposited from time to time to the credit of the Association in such banks, trust companies or other depositories as the Council of Representatives may select. The Council of Representatives may accept on behalf of the Association any contribution, gift, bequest or devise for the general purposes or for any special purpose of the Association. ARTICLE VIII FISCAL YEAR The fiscal year of the Association shall begin on the first day of October and end on the last day of the following September. ARTICLE IX BOOKS AND RECORDS The Association shall keep correct and complete books and records of account and shall also keep the minutes of any proceedings of its Council of Representatives and committees thereof having any of the authority of the Council of Representatives. All books and records shall be kept at the principal office of the Association and at the office of the Vice President and Treasurer, and may be inspected by any member, or his/her agent or attorney, for any purposes at any reasonable time. ARTICLE X WAIVER OF NOTICE Whenever any notice is required to be given under these By-Laws or otherwise, a waiver thereof in writing signed by the person or persons entitled to such notice, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent to the giving of such notice. ARTICLE XI INFORMAL ACTION BY ASSOCIATION Any action required by these By-Laws or by any provision of law to be taken at a meeting, and any action which may be taken at a meeting, may be taken without a meeting if consent in writing setting forth the action to be taken is signed by all members of the Council of Representatives or all the members of a committee thereof entitled to vote with respect to the subject matter. Such consent shall have the same force and effect as a unanimous vote. ARTICLE XII APPROVAL OF BY-LAWS These By-Laws shall be effective upon approval of all of the members of the Association. ARTICLE XIII AMENDMENT These By-Laws may be amended by a majority vote of the Council of Representatives, provided that any proposed amendment must be presented in writing at least 30 days in advance of the meeting at which it is voted upon. ARTICLE XIV DISSOLUTION The Association may be dissolved upon passage of a motion calling for dissolution by a two-thirds majority vote of the Council of Representatives, and shall be dissolved upon the withdrawal from the Association of two-thirds of its members. Upon dissolution of the corporation, the assets shall be distributed for one or more exempt purposes within the meaning of section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code, or corresponding section of any future federal tax code, or shall be distributed to the federal government, or to a tribal, state, or local government for a public purpose. Any such assets not so disposed shall be disposed by the court of competent jurisdiction of the county in which the principle office of the corporation is located, exclusively for such purpose or to such organization or organizations, as said court shall determine, which are organized and operated for such purposes. ARTICLE XV CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Any interested person, director, principal officer, or member of a committee with governing board delegated powers who has a financial interest no matter how insubstantial whether directly or indirectly in the form of ownership of, compensation from, or the investment in any entity with which the Association is contemplating a transaction or arrangement must notify the board that a conflict or potential conflict exists and must abstain from voting on behalf of said transaction and shall not be present when any such vote occurs, unless the board after reviewing all pertinent facts determines that there is no conflict of interest. Any member of the governing board who receives compensation from the Association for services provided is precluded from providing information relating to the setting of compensation for that member and from voting on matters pertaining to that member’s compensation. The governing board is authorized to take appropriate corrective and disciplinary measures if after investigation they believe that a member has failed to disclose a conflict of interest.
FANNING OUT ACROSS THE GLOBE IN SEARCH OF BIG CATS YSE student research on cats is yielding important information on their conservation value. Page 26 Alumni and Friends: This month, we are tentatively emerging from the long hibernation of the pandemic with great hopes for an upcoming season in which we can roll up our sleeves to once again work together in person on behalf of our environment. Even during this apparent hibernation, though, our students, alumni, faculty, and staff have leveraged our community’s creativity and resilience to accomplish some remarkable things, some of which you will read about in this issue of Canopy. In both fall and spring, “pods” of our students lived and worked together at Yale-Myers for several weeks, able to take campus classes remotely while building both a sense of community and a sense of place in the woods — the hallmark of our School’s legacy. Our alumni and faculty have remained deeply engaged in our mission of creating and implementing solutions to environmental challenges — on page 18, you will read about a pathbreaking new gift to Yale that will engage our faculty with others across campus to develop natural carbon solutions. Several YSE alumni have been appointed to governmental leadership posts to move conservation and climate change policy forward, an especially exciting example of the leadership our alumni are bringing to efforts to achieve a sustainable future. Current doctoral students are studying the biology and conservation of big cats in the world, using their field data to pivot this year to digital analyses. And finally, our faculty are on the cutting edge of studying how and why renewable technologies are adopted by individuals, to better plan for policies and markets that can guide utilities and energy companies to ensure a future with more widespread deployment. Several weeks ago, we welcomed 124 new graduates to the community of more than 5,300 YSE alumni who are living and working in 80 countries around the world. Every year, I’m inspired by our graduates — by their scholarship and their commitment to protecting and preserving our planet. This year, with the many challenges our students have had to overcome, I have been truly awed by what they achieved. I can’t wait to see what they’ll achieve as YSE alumni. The resilience and optimism of our community, and our collective determination to meet the urgent environmental challenges we are facing, is all the inspiration I need to be excited about our future here at YSE. Indy Burke Carl W. Knobloch, Jr. Dean Every time you get a new email address, relocate, or change positions, please send us an update at firstname.lastname@example.org. If you keep us updated, we’ll keep you updated! FOLLOW US! twitter.com/YaleEnvironment facebook.com/YaleEnvironmentYale linkedin.com/school/environmentyale Nianqin Yatai in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in northwest China is known for its diverse habitat and abundant flora and fauna, including the endangered snow leopard. See full story on page 26. NEWS & NOTES New Haven Moms, URI Show the Healing Power of Community Forestry The Urban Resources Initiative (URI), a program associated with The Forest School at YSE, has helped to establish the New Haven Botanical Garden of Healing Dedicated to Victims of Gun Violence, which was inspired by a group of mothers in the city whose loved ones have been killed. At the opening of the garden is a large engraved memorial stone that states: “We do this in loving memory of you.” The stone lists the names of the moms who established it, including Marlene Miller Pratt, who found respite at Yale’s Marsh Botanical Garden after her son was killed in New Haven. The Marsh staff introduced Pratt to URI and she, along with three other mothers who have lost family members, worked together to create the healing garden. A walkway made of bricks is engraved with the names of those who have died in New Haven by gun violence. Data Science Highlighted at Leadership Council The increasingly important role of data science at YSE was the focus of YSE’s Leadership Council’s virtual meeting April 23. Dean Indy Burke gave a “State of the School” update and Os Schmitz, Oastler Professor of Population and Community Ecology and senior associate dean of research, hosted a TED style panel featuring 10-minute presentations by Dan Esty, Eli Fenichel, Jennifer Marlon, and Karen Seto, who each leverage data science in novel ways to inform environmental policy and practice. Schmitz kicked off the presentations with a chart showing the exponential growth of stored information, from the earliest example of writing to the printing of the Gutenberg Bible and through to the present day. “We have a competitive advantage at the School because we have several domains of expertise that we can bring to bear,” Schmitz said. “What we need to do now with the data is bring these domains of expertise to cohere and provide a comprehensive understanding of the natural world.” Dean Burke agreed. “At YSE we bring data to meaning and meaning to environmental decision-making.” Leiserowitz Named Top Climate Scientist Anthony Leiserowitz, founder and director of the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication (YPCCC), has been ranked second on the Reuters “Hot List,” a system of identifying and ranking the 1,000 most influential climate scientists from around the world. An expert on the public perception of climate change and environmental beliefs, attitudes, and behavior, Leiserowitz was recognized for publishing 135 research papers on topics related to climate change; how often those papers were cited by peer researchers; and how often the findings were cited in the press, on social media, and in policy papers. Leiserowitz is the host of “Climate Connections,” a daily radio program broadcast on more than 600 frequencies nationwide, and last year was named the winner of Climate One’s prestigious Stephen H. Schneider Award for Outstanding Climate Science Communication. Eleanor Stokes Named Rising Star for Leading Role in Nighttime Satellite Imagery Project Eleanor Stokes ’18 PhD, a senior scientist and lead of strategic operations for the Universities Space Research Association, has been named one of Geospatial World’s 50 Rising Stars for her work on Black Marble, NASA’s first nighttime light dataset, which provides insights on human settlements and the interactions between urban activities and the environment. As co-leader of Black Marble, Stokes helped to develop methodologies and applications for data from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite nighttime sensor aboard NASA’s Suomi NPP satellite spacecraft. “Humanity is facing major global risks right now from extreme weather and sea level rise,” says Stokes. “It’s very important to have a satellite record that can speak to the human piece of the puzzle.” Environmental Politics Expert with a Focus on Forests and Climate to Join YSE Faculty Luke Sanford, whose research examines environmental stewardship from a political science perspective, has been named assistant professor of environmental policy and governance at YSE beginning July 1. Sanford, who earned his PhD at the University of California San Diego, has created methods for integrating data sources such as satellite imagery into causal inference frameworks in his study of environmental politics. “Professor Sanford’s work brings empirical and statistical data and his focus on the intersection of forests, climate, and politics will advance our scholarship in this emerging field and align perfectly with our emphasis on utilizing environmental data science in all areas of focus,” says Dean Indy Burke. “We’re very pleased to welcome him to the YSE community.” Yale Hosts New Horizons in Conservation Conference YSE hosted the New Horizons in Conservation Conference in April spearheaded by Environmental Justice Professor Dorceta Taylor ’85 MFS, ’91 PhD. The conference draws students and early-career professionals who are historically underrepresented in the environmental field as well as those committed to diversity, equity, and inclusion. Taylor, whose watershed 2014 study on the state of diversity in nearly 200 U.S. environmental organizations brought into focus the staggering lack of people of color in the field, said the conference is aimed at helping to develop pathways for broader participation and representation in environmental work. “The students and young professionals who attended this conference are multicultural, multifaceted, and talented, and they are poised to take on leadership roles in this sector,” she said. YSE Environmental Justice Professor Gerald Torres; Narashima Rao, assistant professor of energy systems analysis; and more than a dozen speakers were highlighted at the conference held April 18–20. Turning Wood into Plastic Efforts to shift from petrochemical plastics to renewable and biodegradable plastics have proven tricky — the production process can require toxic chemicals and is expensive, and the mechanical strength and water stability are often insufficient. But researchers have made a breakthrough using wood that shows promise for producing more durable and sustainable bioplastics. A study published in Nature Sustainability co-authored by Yuan Yao, assistant professor of industrial ecology and sustainable systems, outlines the process of deconstructing the porous matrix of natural wood into a slurry that features nanoscale entanglement and hydrogen bonding between the regenerated lignin and cellulose micro/nanofibrils. Researchers say the resulting material shows high mechanical strength, stability when holding liquids, and UV-light resistance in addition to a lower environmental impact as it can be recycled or safely biodegraded in the natural environment. “There are many people who have tried to develop these kinds of polymers in plastic, but the mechanical strands are not good enough to replace the plastics we currently use, which are made mostly from fossil fuels,” says Yao. “We’ve developed a straightforward and simple manufacturing process that generates biomass-based plastics from wood, but also plastic that delivers good mechanical properties as well.” To create the slurry, researchers used wood powder, a processing residue usually discarded as waste, and deconstructed its loose, porous structure with a biodegradable and recyclable deep eutectic solvent (DES). The resulting mixture has a high solid content and high viscosity, which can be casted and rolled without breaking. Yao also led a comprehensive life cycle assessment to test the environmental impact of the bioplastic against common plastics. Sheets of the bioplastic were buried in soil, fracturing after two weeks and completely degrading after three months; additionally, researchers say the bioplastic can be broken back down into the slurry by mechanical stirring, which also allows for the DES to be recovered and reused. --- The Dirt on Crop Insurance The increasing frequency and severity of droughts could drop corn yields in the U.S. by as much as 80%, which will mean tens of billions of dollars in insurance payments to farmers. A Yale research team, led by Professor of Soils and Ecosystem Ecology Mark Bradford and doctoral student Dan Kane, argues in Environmental Research Letters that to determine premiums, insurance companies should focus less on crop yields from past years and instead incorporate soil types and management practices to estimate expected yields. Because soil organic matter is associated with improved soil water infiltration and retention, the team says, soils high in organic matter have the potential to buffer crop yield risk against drought. Using USDA data, the researchers found that increasing soil organic matter by 1 percent decreased average drought liabilities for insurance companies by 36% while also increasing corn yields. --- Electronic Waste on the Decline A study led by the Center for Industrial Ecology and published in the Yale-based Journal of Industrial Ecology found that the total mass of electronic waste generated by Americans has been decreasing since 2015. The decline in the use of large cathode-ray tube televisions and computer monitors is thought to be the biggest contributor, the authors say. This decline may require a rethinking of current e-waste recycling regulations, which were created in an effort to reuse rare materials found in many of the electronics we use, like smartphones. “This is a very important finding that cuts against the widely held idea that e-waste is the fastest growing waste stream,” says Reid Lifset, the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Industrial Ecology. “It shifts our understanding of the problem with e-waste.” --- Tracking Mosquito Movement A Yale-led research team has developed a new method of tracking the yellow fever mosquito as it moves through the environment, combining genetic data from the mosquitoes and environmental data from satellites. The authors mapped landscape connectivity – how a landscape facilitates the movements of organisms and their genes across large areas – which will be useful in designing more strategic releases of genetically modified mosquitoes, a cutting-edge method of disease control. “By integrating machine learning with an optimization process, our approach overcomes constraints of previous methods and should be helpful for more precise planning of vector control actions,” says Giuseppe Amatulli, a research scientist at YSE and Yale’s Center for Research Computing. The authors also believe this novel advance could have broader applications, including in conservation and environmental protection. Valuing Connecticut’s Unrecognized Environmental Leaders Ashley Stewart is inspired to change the communities in her home state by building on the previously unrecognized work of Black women in grassroots environmental activism. BY MARIA P. GONZALEZ PHOTOGRAPHY BY CLOE POISSON Growing up in the suburbs of Hartford, Connecticut, Ashley Stewart ’21 MSc was shaped as much by the urban environment as she was by the rivers and trails in the nearby natural environment. She thanks her mother for that grounding. “I remember I was really into the nature center; I wanted to be there all the time,” says Stewart. “My mom must have known something because she began looking for anything that tilted that way.” That active and curious child grew into a teen who more purposefully sought the outdoors, even spending one memorable summer learning about water quality along Connecticut’s Farmington River. It was a place she would grow to know well as a civil engineer with the state’s Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, inspecting and managing dam removal and statewide repairs. Now at the Yale School of the Environment (YSE), Stewart is a fellow in the Hixon Center for Urban Ecology and a recipient of the prestigious Switzer Environmental Fellowship. She has focused her research on the role of Black women as grassroots environmental leaders in urban areas whose work, she has found, has mostly gone unappreciated. “My mother was an advocate,” says Stewart, recalling helping her mother with canvassing efforts in Hartford’s South End, fighting for equality in housing, education and food access for marginalized communities. “The work of Black women like her has often gone unnoticed or unrecognized. I want to create a new history.” Stewart shifted from engineering work to attend YSE, she says, to study ethics and morals: Why is there a lack of value for women in my field? Who is doing the work of valuing Black communities? How can we respect the work of those engaged in grassroots activism today? “Black women have played a large role in guiding, advocating, and protecting the community as best they can from a grassroots perspective,” Stewart says. “Most community activists tend to be women — and often are mothers. In the conversations I’ve had with people, even those who don’t have kids, they want to protect and care for not just ourselves and our children but our community as a whole.” Urban land, Stewart explains, is often valued by its potential for development, not for what — or who — is currently there. She sees her work as an opportunity to elevate the oft-unacknowledged voices that are protecting and driving vision for community. “Ashley has focused her research on how Black women in Connecticut transcend institutional and cultural barriers to demand environmental justice for their communities,” says Amiry Doolittle, senior lecturer at YSE and faculty director of the Urban Resources Initiative. “By recognizing and celebrating their integral role in righting environmental wrongs through their everyday leadership and care for their communities, this research is adding richness to our current understanding of environmentalism in the U.S.” As she pushes forward, Stewart is also guided by the insight of local teens she mentors. And what she hears from them is not always positive — Hartford is one of the most diverse cities in the state but also one of the poorest. Issues of the environment are seen as matters of rural enclaves, not the urban areas drivers buzz past on the highways. That disconnect only inspires Stewart further. “We need to talk about the hard things; that is the only way to move toward the next steps,” she says. “That is something I have learned from my mother and from women like her across Connecticut.” Since taking office, President Joe Biden has laid out an ambitious environmental agenda. These four YSE alumni are helping him make it happen. BY DYLAN WALSH ’11 MEM ILLUSTRATIONS BY PATRICK WELSH Joseph R. Biden was sworn in as the 46th president of the U.S. at noon eastern time on January 20, 2021. Within a few hours he had rejoined the Paris Agreement, revoked permits for the Keystone XL pipeline, placed a moratorium on drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, established an “immediate review” of many of the former administration’s environmental policies, and tasked an interagency working group with more accurately defining the social cost of carbon. Seven days later he signed an executive order proposing “a clean energy revolution that achieves a carbon pollution-free power sector by 2035 and puts the United States on an irreversible path to a net-zero economy by 2050.” Four Yale School of the Environment (YSE) alumni have been appointed to federal posts that are integral to carrying out the Biden administration’s environmental agenda. Described below are their roles along with some of the tasks on their plates and challenges they will likely face. Maggie Thomas has spent the past two years thinking and talking and writing about big-picture climate policy. She has worked with presidential candidates Elizabeth Warren and Jay Inslee. She helped to craft Inslee’s 218-page climate plan and was Warren’s lead climate staffer. She is also a co-founder of Evergreen Action, which revised and publicized Inslee’s plan. In January of this year, Thomas got the remarkable opportunity — and considerable responsibility — of making these ideas reality: The Biden administration appointed her chief of staff of the new Office of Domestic Climate Policy. Thomas will report directly to Gina McCarthy, former head of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and current White House national security adviser. “This is a really big deal,” she’ll be following through on Biden’s promise of an all-of-government response to climate change,” says Dan Esty, Hillhouse Professor of Environmental Law and Policy. “She will be on the phone every day corralling not just the usual suspects — the EPA, the Department of Energy — but also Pete Buttigieg at the Department of Transportation and Janet Yellen at the Treasury.” The fundamental tasks before Thomas (and the office at large) will be translating the president’s climate-related priorities into a single, concise framework; communicating this to agencies across the federal government; and then “getting everyone to pull in the same direction,” Esty says. This will require coordinating not only existing conventional regulatory rulemaking, which is designed to move slowly and inevitably faces legal challenge, but about more creative and rapid pathways to progress. What can be accomplished by executive order? How can the federal government use its unrivaled purchasing power to reduce carbon emissions? This multilayered work is made more complicated by the fact that a single environmental goal can often lead to conflicting priorities across agencies. To take a well-known example, clean energy deployment strategies from the Department of Energy (DOE) may run into roadblocks at the EPA and Department of the Interior when it comes to endangered species or public lands management. President Biden has made clear that addressing climate change must go hand in hand with righting past inequities through environmental justice. Navigating these challenges will be central to Thomas’ work. In a 2016 interview, six years after flames engulfed BP’s Deepwater Horizon rig, Marissa Knodel said, “The most important lesson the federal government should have learned from Deepwater Horizon is that there is no such thing as safe offshore drilling.” She was, at the time, running the “Keep It in the Ground” campaign at Friends of the Earth, an environmental nonprofit. This strong statement may add complexity to her new role (Knodel was appointed in January) as advisor to the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, the federal agency that oversees offshore oil and gas leases. “What stood out to me when I first met Marissa was that she had a deep interest in activism, in social change, alongside the technical policy stuff,” says Josh Galperin ’09 MEM, who previously served as director of the Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy, where Knodel was a research assistant. (Galperin, currently a visiting law professor at the University of Pittsburgh, will join the faculty at the Elisabeth Haub School of Law at Pace University in the fall.) “This will prove an asset but also a challenge in her new role.” It will be an asset, explains Galperin, when she maps out how to curtail the offshore drilling industry and advance offshore renewables in its place. This is an explicit priority of the Biden administration, which has ordered a pause on new drilling leases and called for doubling offshore wind energy production by 2030. It is a liability when Knodel tries to build consensus. Career staffers possess diverse political views, with some more industry-focused than others, and conservative commentators have already raised alarms over Knodel’s appointment, he notes. “She will need to demonstrate that her activism is neither partisan nor unscientific by foregrounding her subject-matter expertise and her commitment to the fine details of policymaking,” Galperin says. “And that’s what makes her advocacy background so interesting — she is, in fact, trained as a policy wonk. She knows what she’s doing. I don’t think it will take her long to build the trust she needs.” “Nuclear” can sometimes be a loaded word in the environmental field. Opponents are quick to cite Three Mile Island and Fukushima, the Gordian knot of waste storage. Proponents note that operating a nuclear plant provides carbon-free electricity. There are 94 active nuclear power plants in the U.S. generating roughly 20% of the country’s electricity. The pressing question today is where nuclear energy fits in the effort to decarbonize the global power sector, and it is a question of particular relevance to Christopher Hanson, recently appointed chair of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Hanson is new to the NRC, which regulates the civilian use of radioactive materials and manages radioactive waste. Only six months after an appointment by former President Trump to the commission’s five-person leadership team, President Biden promoted him to fill the top spot. But Hanson has worked in the world of nuclear power for two decades, previously as a staff member on the Senate Committee on Appropriations, where he oversaw nuclear programs, and before that as a senior adviser in the DOE’s Office of Nuclear Energy. “A big part of chairing any of these independent commissions is being able to deal with oversight from the Executive Office and Congress,” says Lawrence Reilly, an expert in the utility industry and lecturer at YSE. “Chris’ background is a good fit with this.” The key task before Hanson, according to Reilly, is twofold: First, keep an aging fleet of reactors safely online; second, promote the introduction of next-generation technologies like the Aurora nuclear plant, which was permitted in December 2019 to start construction in Idaho and will be the first to use recycled fuel. Both of these efforts require public support, and to this end Reilly proposed a novel role that Hanson might fill: “What the administration — and all of us as consumers — could use is an Anthony Fauci for the nuclear industry: someone who has the credibility to tell us this is going to be safe,” he says. “The industry needs an honest broker, someone who is reliable and doesn’t have incentives to tilt the table.” Public perception, says Reilly, is everything. If Hanson wants to fill the shoes of a nuclear Fauci, he has at least three years to try them on: He will be up for reappointment in June 2024. That is his first task. But once the ship is righted, Utech will be central in planning and coordinating the EPA’s action across its separate divisions — air and radiation, water, waste, chemicals — while integrating the broader considerations of climate change and environmental justice into this work. “The chief of staff typically makes sure the trains are all going on their tracks and bold initiatives get done in the bureaucracy of government,” Klee says. “He also is there to let the administrator know where all these complicated pieces are headed.” Utech’s background should serve him exceedingly well in several capacities, according to Klee. For six years he was an assistant on energy and climate change to former President Obama. Before that he was an advisor at the DOE and before that an advisor to former New York Sen. Hillary Clinton. He has seen behind the curtain in much of federal government, and this perspective will help harmonize efforts between career staff and elected officials. Klee is optimistic that, despite setbacks over the past four years, Biden’s stated priorities along with the appointment of someone like Utech present strong signals to EPA employees that it is time to “take that idea out of the drawer where it’s been collecting dust for four years” and put it to use. In short, Biden’s message is: “We’re moving forward.” The River of Birds By Libby Moore Illustrated by Michael Boardman Bird Upstairs Books “When a living thing dies, its body stops working. But its love is still here with us, in everything and everyone it has ever loved.” These words frame the honest look at love and grief in “The River of Birds,” a touching children’s book by ecologist Libby Moore ’87 MF. The book, completed just before her death in September 2020, tells the tale of a grandmother who shares a love of birds with her grandchild. The lessons the grandmother taught to her grandchild after the pair found a dead goldfinch outside their window one day return to the child after the grandmother dies, providing a poignant sense of healing for the child’s grandfather. The book includes a guide that provides practical resources for adults who are supporting grieving children. Latin American Transnational Children and Youth: Experiences of Nature and Place, Culture and Care Across the Americas Co-edited by Victoria Derr Routledge Press Migration and transnationalism among children and youth is increasing, but their experiences are largely understood outside the context of their physical environment. This insightful book co-edited by Victoria Derr ’95 MES, ’01 PhD explores how children experience place and how migration and homeland shape their identity. “This research was borne out of a desire that really began with my dissertation research at Yale: to diversify the narratives about how children interact with nature and place and how they come to learn to care for the environment,” said Derr. Chapters in the book are dedicated to exploring topics such as love of land by Indigenous children, the notion of neighborhoods in Mexico City, and the relationship between the outdoors and young Latinos’ sense of place. The Untold Story of the World’s Leading Environmental Institution: UNEP at Fifty By Maria Ivanova MIT Press In 1972, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) was founded to be “the world’s environmental conscience,” developing norms and studying policy for global institutions and organizations. Maria Ivanova ’99 MEM, ’06 PhD, an assistant professor at the University of Massachusetts Boston, documents UNEP’s origin and founding and offers a counterpoint to criticisms of the organization by detailing the ways it has delivered on its charge. Ivanova, who recently served on the U.N.’s Scientific Advisory Board, interviewed numerous past and present UNEP leaders and staff, providing rare insight into the organization’s functioning. In the book, she uses UNEP’s 50-year milestone to offer a roadmap for its future in the face of today’s environmental challenges. Faculty and students at YSE have long made climate change the focus of their work, calculating the carbon emissions from different sources and quantifying ecosystems’ abilities to sequester carbon; studying the impact of climate change on biological diversity; exploring climate change’s economic ramifications; and generating and testing potential solutions. In March, FedEx announced that it was donating $100 million to Yale to fund a new venture: the Yale Center for Natural Carbon Capture. It seeks to both support and expand the ongoing work to address climate change in addition to drawing together more collaborations across the Yale campus. Four new professorships in science and engineering across YSE and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences will be funded as well as numerous postdoctoral fellowships and graduate students. The gift is part of FedEx’s goal to achieve carbon-neutral operations globally by 2040. “Yale has a deep reservoir of expertise and researchers working on this shared problem, which makes it the ideal place for this urgent work,” said FedEx Chairman and CEO Frederick W. Smith ’66 when he announced the gift. Burke added that FedEx’s selection was Yale’s pioneering work on climate change and carbon capture. “They did their due diligence and decided that Yale had tremendous capacity to pursue and scale natural carbon capture,” says YSE Dean Indy Burke, citing “YSE’s expertise in forest ecology, forest management, plant physiology, soils and ecosystem ecology, and green chemistry and engineering, among other areas.” This multipronged approach to dealing with climate change is an explicit goal of the new center. “Yale has researchers doing groundbreaking work throughout all of the disciplines the Center for Natural Carbon Capture aims to unite,” Burke told Yale News. “Increasing carbon capture, storage, and reuse is a complex challenge that Yale is prepared to meet.” The center will be a prominent part of Yale’s Planetary Solutions Project, which aims to bring together various fields of study at Yale to tackle climate change — from engineering to law to public health. While the new center will not be based at YSE, it will naturally draw on the School’s tremendous and deep experience and knowledge accumulated over decades. Liza Comita, YSE associate professor of tropical forest ecology, will serve as co-director of the center, along with David Bercovici, Frederick William Beinecke Professor and chair of Yale’s Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences. In recent years, YSE professors, researchers, and students have been working on projects ranging from the reforestation of South American cattle ranches to coaxing plants into increasing their carbon uptake to the basic scientific and economic calculations underpinning federal policies on greenhouse gas emissions. A $100 million gift from FedEx will help fund a new Center for Natural Carbon Capture at Yale dedicated to finding natural solutions for reducing atmospheric carbon. YSE researchers have been exploring these solutions on an ongoing basis, and the establishment of the center will bring a new momentum to these efforts. BY GEOFFREY GILLER ’14 MESC When convincing landowners to reforest land, says Mark Ashton, Morris K. Jesup Professor of Silviculture and Forest Ecology and director of Yale Forests, most of them are not really interested in restoring the land back to full forestation. They need to do something that will also benefit their livelihood. “There has to be a utilitarian twist to it,” he says. Eva Garen, program director of Yale’s Environmental Leadership & Training Initiative (ELTI), agrees: “With a lot of the people we work with, [carbon capture] is not their big focus. They’re really focusing on their livelihoods and how they can make sure their crops and cattle are as productive as possible.” ELTI has partners around the world in the tropics with whom they run field and online courses and programs. Their goal is improving the biodiversity and natural ecosystem services of tropical forest landscapes with various land use practices, including agriculture, ranching, and mining. Many of the farmers, ranchers, and landowners who ELTI works with are indeed deeply concerned about the environment, Garen says. But that concern is tempered by their primary focus of supporting themselves and their families. Much of ELTI’s training sessions and research are meant to show that those two goals go hand in hand. For example, pastureland that has more trees on it can help cows better survive the harsh heat of the dry season in places like Panama, Colombia, and Brazil and can improve dairy and meat production. In some cases, farmers are already planting and protecting trees on their land, so it is important to build upon and expand these existing practices, Garen says. Convincing ranchers to add trees or increase trees on their lands, of course, means those landscapes store more carbon. “We work with carbon, we just don’t necessarily talk about it that way,” Garen says. ELTI’s existing partnerships and connections will take the management strategies studied by YSE faculty and help them reach people managing the landscapes. One thing that Garen says needs to be studied more rigorously is the reasons why farmers do choose to change their methods and move toward more sustainable systems. “Understanding that is going to be really important for carbon capture initiative because you’ve got to work with people on the ground, and you can’t impose things,” Garen says. Another aspect of reducing atmospheric carbon involves not putting it there in the first place. “Approximately 10 percent of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions comes from tropical deforestation,” Comita says. “Avoided deforestation, particularly in the tropics, is therefore another area that has a huge amount of potential.” It is also a faster and more efficient way of reducing carbon in the atmosphere than planting trees. In addition to carbon emissions from trees being cut down, drought, forest fires, and insect outbreaks can also lead to forest loss and degradation, with associated release of carbon. So understanding both forest health and the drivers of deforestation are key, Comita says. Closer to campus, Ashton and colleagues at The Forest School at YSE are running long-term projects at the Yale Forests in Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Vermont focused on resilience and mitigation to see how they respond to different management regimes. He says that by managing forests so that they contain trees of varying ages, species, and sizes, forests may be better able to weather hurricanes, droughts, and invasive organisms. YSE faculty are studying the impacts of these management practices at different scales — from the microbial processes that affect the decay of dead biomass to the dynamics of food webs and biodiversity across large tracts of forest. Ultimately, Ashton says, the goal is not simply to maximize how much carbon a forest contains but to maximize “stable carbon.” “Nature is the most brilliant designer,” says Paul Anastas, Teresa and H. John Heinz III Professor in the Practice of Chemistry for the Environment at Yale, professor of epidemiology at the School of Public Health, and director of the Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering (C2GCE). Put simply, he says, “natural systems know how to handle carbon.” One question that he and others working on green chemistry and engineering are tackling is: How can we learn from the designs and processes that nature uses to keep the carbon cycle working? It turns out that nature has a lot to teach us. Anastas and others — including Julie Zimmerman, professor of green engineering, senior associate dean of academic affairs, and C2GCE’s assistant director — are looking into ways that algae can take carbon from the atmosphere and convert it into oil, which can then be used to make renewable plastics or as a fuel source. They are also investigating how cement and other building materials can be made carbon neutral or even carbon negative. (At the moment, concrete production is a huge contributor of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.) Although the initial funding of the Center for Natural Carbon Capture will not go toward this green engineering work, there are plans to raise further funds to support it under the new center’s purview. “So much of this is at the cusp,” Anastas says of the green engineering work. The new center, he says, will allow these innovations to go from concept and discovery into demonstration, development, and reality. When people talk about the increase in greenhouse gases in our atmosphere, they’re often referring to carbon dioxide (CO₂). But warming potential can also be found in another carbon-containing greenhouse gas — methane (CH₄) which persists for less time in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide but has a much more potent warming effect in the short-term. Over the next 20 years, says Peter Raymond, professor of ecosystem ecology, methane has a global warming potential about 80 times greater than that of CO₂. Raymond and Judith Rosentreter, a postdoctoral fellow in his lab, were involved in a massive effort, published last year in Earth System Science Data, to quantify the global methane budget: its sources and sinks, both natural and anthropogenic. Recently the concentration of methane in the atmosphere has increased at a rate not seen for decades; scientists are not sure why. That increase “wasn’t accounted for,” says Raymond. “It could basically offset most of the targets of the Paris Agreement.” In particular, Rosentreter and Raymond have focused on coastal ecosystems such as salt marshes and mangroves. Such “blue carbon” ecosystems are generally thought of as carbon sinks and they do remove a lot of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. These ecosystems also emit methane, but those emissions are highly variable and uncertain. “So part of the work we do is trying to narrow the uncertainty,” Raymond says. Rosentreter says that scientists need to do more research to understand just how much methane emissions might offset the carbon storage of blue carbon ecosystems. She is quick to point out that mangroves and marshes are incredibly important for protecting against storm surges and as fish nurseries; they also house staggering biodiversity. Even if these ecosystems are not as effective at sequestering carbon as was previously believed, the ecosystem services they provide mean they still warrant conservation, protection, and restoration, she says. But for scientists to correctly assess how much carbon needs to be kept out of the atmosphere or removed to avoid the most disastrous outcomes of climate change, knowing how and where methane enters and leaves the atmosphere is a critical piece of the puzzle. In addition to his work on methane, Raymond is also working with scientists in Yale’s earth and planetary science department to explore ways that geochemistry can be utilized to help take carbon out of the atmosphere. Basalt, a readily available volcanic rock, is high in minerals that react with carbon dioxide. This reaction forms a new molecule, bicarbonate, which can hold on to that carbon for thousands of years. So simply adding ground-up basalt to landscapes, like agricultural fields or areas where trees are actively being planted, can help sequester carbon. “It’s a super-safe place to put carbon,” says Raymond, because it is so stable and not vulnerable to occurrences like forest fires. Not only that, he says, but the added basalt also benefits soil health and can offset ocean acidification — a potential win-win-win. --- THE BASALT PROJECT The Carbon Containment Lab is exploring several groundbreaking approaches to sequestering carbon, including one that also has potential to help mitigate the wildfire crisis in the U.S. Northwest. In Washington and Oregon, there is a vast geologic formation, five times the size of Connecticut, formed over the course of millions of years by massive volcanic flows. The Columbia River Basalt Group, as it is known, is visible in some river basins as layers and jointed columns, but the vast majority of it is underground and out of sight. The volcanic eruptions that created this mass of rock may have helped cause a rapid global warming in the Miocene some 16 million years ago. That same rock is now being eyed by members of YSE’s Carbon Containment Lab (CC Lab) as a possible permanent home for some of the carbon dioxide (CO₂) that humans have been adding to the atmosphere. This approach to sequestering carbon is just one of several that the CC Lab is exploring. The lab was launched in early 2020 with the aim of contributing to the containment of 1 billion metric tons of CO₂-equivalent emissions by the end of this century, with annual goals of 1 million metric tons per year by 2030. “I know it is ambitious, but I think it is important to set aggressive goals for the CC Lab so that we do something significant and worthy of Yale,” says Dean Takahashi founder and executive director of the CC Lab. While not funded by FedEx’s gift, the Carbon Containment Lab’s work is complementary to the goals of the new Center for Natural Carbon Capture, and it will be working collaboratively with the Yale research community to help bring the ideas that are generated into action. With the basalt project, the basic idea is this: ecologically based thinning of dense forests generates small-diameter wood that lacks much commercial value. The wood can be gathered and processed into bioenergy (through gasification or combustion) and the resulting carbon dioxide emissions separated and injected deep into the basalt, where it reacts with minerals in the rock to turn into carbonate. “It’s a truly permanent store of carbon dioxide,” says Anastasia O’Rourke ’09 PhD, one of the CC Lab’s managing directors. “The basalt can be used to permanently sequester carbon that otherwise would have been released into the atmosphere via catastrophic wildfires or through decomposition.” The idea is a potential game changer to a daunting problem facing the Northwest: how to thin millions of acres of overstocked forests contributing to the wildfire crisis plaguing the region. “Tax credits for carbon removal vastly improve the economics for this. We think this will be a way to help to pay for ecological restoration of forests, while creating green jobs in ailing rural communities,” Takahashi says. “It will take at-scale field trials and partnerships across the region to make this happen,” O’Rourke adds. “It also will rely on our collaborations across Yale — such as with faculty members Noah Planavsky (Earth & Planetary Sciences) and Yuan Yao (YSE) and postdoc student Jennifer Kasbohm (Earth & Planetary Sciences). Their work is integral to our ability to build out this and other projects successfully.” This project, like others that the CC Lab is taking on, has the potential for large-scale implementation. The Lab is focused on “furthering the science, the economics, and the operational partnerships that will lead to solutions that can scale at low cost,” adds Justin Freiberg ’10 MSc, CC Lab’s other managing director. Plants already have “millions of years of research and development” when it comes to taking carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere, says Craig Brodersen, professor of plant physiological ecology at YSE. Evolution is an excellent force for optimization and efficiency. “The question is whether or not there’s genetic potential there for further optimization. Are plants as good as they’re going to get, or are there opportunities for improvement?” His work suggests the latter. For the past five years or so, Brodersen and his lab have been using advances in 3D imaging to start peering inside the stomata of leaves: the tiny, almost microscopic pores through which leaves take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen and water. Brodersen has been imaging well-studied plants such as Arabidopsis (which he calls “the lab rat of the plant world”) and investigating how plants with mutations in various genes affect the structure of the stomata. One of the most important aspects of the ability of plants to absorb carbon dioxide is the surface area inside these pores; with this new imaging technology, it is now possible to see which gene tweaks might affect that surface area. For now, most of Brodersen’s work is aimed at improving the yield of agricultural plants. From a carbon capture perspective, there are more obvious near-term solutions such as reforestation and forest management, he says. Still, there are big gaps in our knowledge about how leaves are put together and how we might be able to change them, he says. That information, over time, informs us about the potential options that we have for manipulating plants that might have a greater photosynthetic and carbon capture capacity in the future,” Brodersen says. Another important aspect of carbon and other greenhouse gases is their economic impact, factors not included in the new center but in which YSE has substantial strength. Ken Gillingham, associate professor of economics, co-authored an opinion in February in Nature about the social cost of carbon, a number which estimates the costs today and into the future of each ton of emitted carbon. He explains, “Carbon goes into the atmosphere and increases concentrations … and higher concentrations lead to damages: agricultural damages, damages from flooding, damages from wildfires, etc.” Setting that figure is important because it helps policymakers determine how much money it makes sense to spend on reducing carbon emissions. In the Obama era, says Gillingham, the cost per ton of carbon was set at around $50. The Trump administration revised its estimate down drastically, to between $1 and $7 — “unrealistically low,” he and his co-authors wrote in Nature. Gillingham says the science and thinking behind this estimate has advanced in the years since the Obama era. He expects that later this year, a working group will arrive at a new estimate — one that is significantly higher than $50. In the commentary, Gillingham and his co-authors suggest steps that the Biden administration should take when arriving at this new number, including better quantification of “undesirable surprises” — such as accelerated permafrost thawing or changes in ocean circulation — and clarifying limitations in our knowledge on the effects of increased global temperatures on ecosystems and biodiversity. “FedEx’s generous support will help us advance our work in carbon sequestration and natural climate solutions, but that’s just the first part of the equation,” says Burke. “At YSE, we’re also engaged in research in environmental policy, governance, communications, health, and justice — research that will help pave the way for the global implementation of effective solutions to climate change.” And it is not just on campus that this work will continue. YSE alumni around the world will be a critical resource in identifying and forming new partnerships. “We are facing enormous challenges, and if we’re going to meet them, those of us in academic research, in industry, in government, in NGOs, in IGOs — we all need to be part of the solution,” Burke says. To reach his object of study in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, Yufang Gao hiked a mountainside 15,000 feet above sea level. Along the equator, Mary Burak traversed the high, dry landscapes of Kenya. Kaggie Orrick has navigated through thick forests and dense sand in Botswana, and Julia Monk drove 12 hours in a four-by-four truck on sometimes flooded roads to search the Andes of Argentina. These current YSE PhD students have fanned out across the globe in search of big cats. From lions to pumas to leopards, they are studying different aspects of how these predators and their prey interact with humans and landscapes and influence each other’s behaviors. Their work will shed light on human-wildlife conflict and advance mutually beneficial ways that communities on the ground can coexist with big cats. “A lot of large carnivores are being driven locally extinct because of habitat loss, human encroachment, exploitation, or retaliation because they’re preying on livestock. And it’s happening because humans are expanding their use of landscapes for their own livelihood purposes,” says Os Schmitz, senior associate dean of research and Oastler Professor of Population and Community Ecology at YSE. The traditional approach to mitigating conflicts was to remove people from specific areas and create dedicated spaces, such as national parks, for wildlife. But these actions, Schmitz says, often have little buy-in from local communities and can discount the important effects predators and their prey have on landscapes and ecosystems. “What this new research is trying to do is be much more sensitive to local communities and indigenous livelihoods and knowledge. Once you have that trust in place, there is the sense that you could make big strides in conservation,” he says. While the COVID-19 pandemic has kept everyone but Gao in the U.S., the students’ previous field studies have given them enough data to move forward with their research. Here is a look at their work. YUFANG GAO SNOW LEOPARDS IN CHINA Gao ’14 MSc, who is pursuing a combined doctoral degree in wildlife conservation from YSE and the Yale Department of Anthropology, is focusing his dissertation on the quest for harmonious coexistence between people and snow leopards and other large carnivores. To obtain his data, he sets up camera traps and collects snow leopard scat in the Nyainqntanglha region of Qinghai Province to analyze their diets during different seasons. He is yet to see one face to face. Born in Fujian Province, Gao has traveled across China to study tigers, brown bears, alligators, and the ivory trade. For his current research on snow leopards and other carnivores, he interviews, observes, and travels with Tibetan herders and conservationists who are Buddhist monks. His work here has led him to think differently about the terms “conflict” and “coexistence,” he says. “One of the key findings that I am coming to is that the problem of human-wildlife conflict is at least partially caused by our conceptualization of what conflict is and is not,” says Gao. “Conflict is part of coexistence. Conflict is not necessarily the opposite of coexistence.” The chief diet of snow leopards in the winter is mostly livestock, but Gao questions the assumption that farmers are in competition with predators. “From local people’s perspective, people and large carnivores are not competitive. They are interdependent. They coexist in an integrated landscape,” he says. “Tibetan herders generally understand that it is normal for the snow leopards to occasionally attack their livestock in order to feed their cubs. Because of this empathic understanding, they’re saying, ‘Oh, actually we don’t have a very serious conflict with the snow leopard.’” What is needed for human-wildlife coexistence is a different perspective about conflict, not necessarily new national parks or financial compensation for livestock losses, he says. JULIA MONK PUMAS IN ARGENTINA In the high desert of the San Guillermo National Park in the Andes, Monk has spent months in the field studying the important role pumas and their prey, specifically vicuñas (a type of camelid), play in carbon storage and nutrient cycling on landscapes. Pumas fascinate her, she says, because they are widespread throughout the globe, from the frozen regions of Canada to the southern tip of South America. She has always been intrigued by top predators and their behavior in the wild. When she was a research assistant studying monkeys in Iguazu, a subtropical rainforest that borders Brazil, a rare sighting of a puma during field study crystallized her interest in the species. “It was really close, and we were just kind of frozen,” she recalls. “And then it finally turned away from us and started walking casually down the trail, not running away or anything, until finally it disappeared. And it was sooner than that we sort of let our breath go a little bit.” For her Ph.D. research, Monk has collected data on the nutrients that seep into the soil from droppings of vicuñas that pumas leave behind after a successful hunt, tracking where pumas have been through GPS collars. She also analyzes the scat of vicuñas and how it affects plant growth. Pumas are the primary cause of death for the herbivores in the region. Where they kill their prey and the decomposition of their kills has a big impact on the sustainability of the ecosystem. “I do hope that some of our work strengthens the case for conservation of these animals,” says Monk, who won the 2021 YSE Oswald Schmitz Award for Excellence in Research Communication for best doctoral presentation. “If we can see the ways in which these animals are really impacting the landscape, then we’ll understand some more of their conservation value. Once they’re gone, the ecosystems could look really different in ways that we hadn’t expected.” Harvesting and conflict killings over crop and livestock raids are the greatest threats to lions in Africa, but a different approach to land use could avert these clashes. Orrick is focusing her doctoral studies on understanding how lions move across the landscape and how those movements are perceived by humans. The data, she says, will be key for devising new approaches to conservation efforts. Using camera traps and satellite imagery when back in the field, Orrick will track the spatial movements of lions, elephants, and other wildlife in Makgadikgadi Pans National Park and the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. She will gather information on the interplay between human perception toward lions and the reaction by lions and other wildlife to human behavior. She will also map where community members gather resources such as grass, water, and firewood and areas where they think lions are roaming. During her previous fieldwork in Botswana, Orrick navigated through dense brush, thick sand, and open grasslands to track lions and had a close call one night when one walked past her tent. She understands the fear. “When you are next to a lion and he is giving that deep, guttural call, you feel it, it’s really incredible. It gives you chills.” She has used part of her time this year in New Haven running computer simulations of animal movement to explore her hypothesis that heterogeneous perceptions toward predators impact how predators might move on a landscape. “My goal is to provide governments, conservation NGOs, and, most importantly, communities with a more holistic and more inclusive representation of what’s happening on the ground,” says Orrick. “There’s always been a lot of frustration with the lack of decision-making that is given to people who are the ones living with this conflict and the daily potential for conflict.” In Kenya, Burak is studying the effects of human activity on the populations, movement, and genetic diversity of lions and other predators in Laikipia County. In East Africa, wildlife populations have declined by 50% since 1970, with human population growth and land use changes cited as major factors. “I have made a really conscientious decision to try to look at landscapes as holistically as possible,” Burak says. In order to understand the genetic traits and spatial distribution of lions, Burak spent her days in the field gathering genetic materials and mapping locations of lion activity. With tips from community members and conservationists on the ground, Burak drove to areas where recent kills had been spotted to scoop up scat samples for analysis. “I’m basically a glorified outdoor janitor,” she jokes. The first time she came across lion scat, she took a picture and sent it to friends thinking, “I know this is kind of disgusting, but I am so happy.” In analyzing the genetic data, Burak is able to tell the sex of the lions, with whom they have mated, and how genetically diverse the population is in the region. On one trip to gather scat, Burak says a lion walked right past her car. “I think I just froze in awe,” she says. While working in New Haven, Burak has been writing computer code to represent where lions likely move based on previous behavior and changing landscape configurations to predict human impact over the next few decades. “I want to try to flesh out all the different possibilities of how local Kenyans might use their land in the future and show the outcomes of how that would affect lions under all of those scenarios,” says Burak. “And then let those who should make the decisions use that information as they wish.” TRACKING SMALL CATS IN BOLIVIAN AMAZON Big cats get more attention, but researchers are finding smaller cat species have an equally important role to play. Research on smaller cat species has been much scarcer than that of big cats, but it is no less important, says Amy Zuckerwise ’20 MSc, an environmental scientist for the California Department of Fish and Wildlife Bobcat Program. Zuckerwise and Courtney Anderson ’20 MSc spent a summer studying smaller cats in the upper Amazon River basin in northwestern Bolivia for their YSE graduate studies. To get to their field site in Madidi National Park, one of the largest protected areas in the world, they had to help push a boat upriver for miles to maneuver around rocks. The region is one of the most biologically diverse on Earth, with rainforests, montane dry forests, rivers, and glacier-covered peaks. Working with the Wildlife Conservation Society, the two students tracked mostly ocelots and jaguars, analyzing cat activity in different areas of the region, including the national park as well as indigenous communities and tourist areas. “I was expecting to see a gradient of activity, with most cats in the national park, somewhat less in the tourist areas, and then the least in the indigenous territory where people are living and moving around. But it seems cats choose what habitat they want and are coexisting with human activities pretty well,” says Anderson. “There are a lot of horrible stories of people being removed from their lands in order to create protected areas, but this means that a completely peopleless landscape is not necessary for wildlife to be successful.” Zuckerwise’s work with local animal trackers from the communities of Tsimane-Mostene and Tacana found that there was no difference between the probability of detecting ocelots using tracking surveys based on indigenous knowledge and using camera traps. “In the past, this type of indigenous knowledge was often overlooked by scientific researchers, but recently the conservation community has started to recognize its value,” Zuckerwise says. Continued research with local communities, says Os Schmitz, senior associate dean of research and Oastler Professor of Population and Community Ecology at YSE, is vital to the survival of the cats. “We can think more creatively about how to share the landscape,” he says, “and that’s really what a lot of the research is about.” A COMMENCEMENT MORTARBOARD RETROSPECTIVE Perhaps no commencement tradition is more beloved and bespoke to the Yale School of the Environment than graduates decorating their mortarboards. Although no documentation exists, it is believed the tradition started in the 1970s, around the time the School changed its name from the Yale School of Forestry to the School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. Other Yale schools followed suit, but YSE mortarboards remain arguably the “best in show” with graduates turning to everything from Sesame Street to our Prospect Street location for inspiration. centers on 13 farms in Costa Rica. Our rate of sequestration ranges from 2 to 4 tons of carbon-tones/bacteria/year at a cost of under $20/tun with a proposed longevity of sequestration of 100 years or more depending on society’s needs. We await funding to pass this knowledge on to research stations in the tropical moist wet countries.” STEWARDED BY The Office of Development and Alumni Services Thomas Leeper writes: “In good health, playing golf, skiing with wife, Susie, 87 years old. We are vaccinated against COVID-19; looking forward to a better world to come.” CLASS SECRETARIES Karl Spalt, email@example.com R. Scott Wallinger, firstname.lastname@example.org Scott Wallinger writes: “The Appalachian Society of American Foresters had a Zoom annual meeting, and it was fun to see forest colleagues in Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. As chair of the Lowcountry Land Trust based in Charleston, South Carolina, I and my colleagues on the board and staff have been busy as we continue to pursue conservation easements. This year, we’ll celebrate 35 years of work with 150,000 acres of land under easements — and set our goals to add to that.” CLASS SECRETARY James Boyle, email@example.com Bob Latham writes: “My wife, Connie, and I live in Corvallis but still manage our timberland in eastern Oregon. I am just putting the final touches on Forest Forestry to be published later this year by CRC Press. More writing available for folks yet from Hollywood. Two daughters along well professionally but no grandkids yet. Grumpiness index (and weight loss) increases with age, but good health still produces occasional smiles. Must be a result of a ravenous wife. Most of us here in the Far West fear the loss of entertainment usually flowing from Washington, D.C. Eastern liberals need to stir the pot more vigorously.” CLASS SECRETARY Ernest Kurnes, firstname.lastname@example.org Herster Barres writes: “Let’s see, I’ve spent all of my life redesigning farm plantations to suit the need for farmer economies and efficient CO$_2$ use. The result is a mixture of tropical tree species that has promise for low cost of longterm carbon sequestration and reasonable farmer income. Today, I’m working in Togo with 950 producers in 330 hectares for more than 200 US$ injecting anhydrous ammonia for at least 70 hectares of what Iain’s mid-Illinois farm. Yields are improved, which helps to help reduce the world food crises. So that said, when I flip my coin, it lands on the edge!” CLASS SECRETARY James Howard, email@example.com John Blouch writes: “First anniversary of the close of a 50-year career in coated-paper business. Working in Bristol/Silva mirror retrofit to some for water surveys; cat appears to be harmless! While Nellie Nelson (the mose to the rest of the family); winning a garage full of ‘it must be good for something’ long accumulating; unopened the last 20 years; daily routine includes tuning of NPR and Bloomberg; during off the HF transceiver and ringing antenna to get NJ3BMM back on the air; wearing our bearings on the Nordic chair; engaging self-improvement (accelerating the Rigor in Wildlife Science; Unappreciated Impediments in the Journal of Wildlife Management (2019) and Big Data, Exploratory Data Analysis, and Questionable Research Practices — without success); 2021 to the Yale Seven Bulletin. As my friends and colleagues know, I owe this all to the opportunity the Yale School of the Environment provided a curious kid from the mountains of Vermont. Most grateful. Hi to long friends and colleagues. Stay safe. Now I put ride on the backroads of the West.” CLASS SECRETARY Gerald Gagne, firstname.lastname@example.org Donald Schall writes: “If I put off writing a note much longer, I’ll be off the obituary page. After recently retiring from a career as a coastal forest ecologist, I find myself too busy with statistical courses, wildlife habitat assessments, and land management reviews for local conservation committees and land trusts. No grandchildren yet, before moving to Maine, but I’ve left me with two emotionally needy cats and a dog that I clean out my house or he will have a two-ton dumpster delivered to my backyard. I have been trying to find good homes for my books, journals and research companions from New England and the mid-Atlantic States. Nothing is better than holding a real book in your hands just before an afternoon nap.” CLASS SECRETARY Davis Chernigov, email@example.com Harry Haney Jr. writes: “I am an adjunct professor at the University of Georgia and am staying safe during the trying times. It was fortunate to make a short visit to my family’s farm in Mississippi and Alabama prior to travel restrictions.” CLASS SECRETARY Whitney Beals, firstname.lastname@example.org John Bissonnette writes: “I guess like most folks, have been isolating and wearing a mask in public since the COVID-19 pandemic appeared. But Mary and I have been able to have been able to answer questions to the grandkids that they brought. Imagery a 9-year-old writing stories or a tween 13-year-old writing like an adult. Closer to home, have continued teaching at the local acceleration center (not for destining); some short travel, travel, and camping when COVID-19 subsidies. Yale degree the best investment ever.” CLASS SECRETARY Guy Stenneck writes: “I still farm, mostly hay. My wife, Helen Dunk, tends a small herd of Alpaca. I also do some horse therapy and yoga. I have been writing for Landscape firmament (L.F.), a weekly newspaper devoted to agriculture, since I graduated from Millersville University in 2003. The latest entry for L.F. chronicles how a local, small-scale farmer grew a crop of potatoes for Yale that were healthy for the community and the planet. Boola Boola!” CLASS SECRETARY Gerald Gagne, email@example.com Mike Gawel writes: “Since YSE, I’ve taught, researched, and developed teaching materials at the University of the South Pacific in Fiji and the University of Guam and discovered new species of fish and corals. I worked on the national natural planning program area and administered the Guam Coastal Management Program. For a decade, I was chief of marine resources in the Federated States of Micronesia. In 2010, I was hired as U.S. National Park Service (NPS) biologist and natural resources manager for the Guam War in the Pacific National Park (www.nps.gov/wapa) and for American Memorial Park on Saipan, working on coral reef and historical forest conservation and management and the development of coral reef assessment and monitoring plans. I retired from the NPS at the start of 2020 and remain busy supporting other NPS parks and doing NPS volunteer work. During 2020, I greatly enjoyed Zoom sessions with alumni and others sponsored by YSE.” CLASS SECRETARY Seeking volunteers! Stephen Hanover writes: “Read about emissions increasing with devastating rate in the Fall 2020 Canopy. I get it and do not dispute. This is one face. On the other face of my coin, we have been --- CLASS NOTES Denotes a reunion class year. Reunion 2021 will be held October 8–10, 2021. --- 51 CLASS SECRETARY Peter Arnold, firstname.lastname@example.org Peter Arnold writes: “At the age of 98 (maybe thereby getting a bit wiser), I decided for the eleventh person to publish), I have finished and published ‘Ripples on the Water,’ a collection of memories of my hunting and fishing over the last 80 years, both in California and Ecuador.” 52 STEWARDED BY The Office of Development and Alumni Services Robert Bond writes: “I am still trying to keep up with the forestry products including the Society of American Foresters’ Forestry Source and other related publications. Technology and our changing environment are making huge impacts. My closest relationship to the YSE is the view out my apartment window at a retirement community. At 95, I’m fortunate to still be able to enjoy the view! Best wishes to my surviving classmates.” 56 STEWARDED BY The Office of Development and Alumni Services Patrick Duffy writes: “Well into my life story (16 chapters so far) and classmates have nothing to fear as all my stories are funny and harmless!” 58 CLASS SECRETARY Ernest Kurnes, email@example.com 64 CLASS SECRETARY Seeking volunteers! Stephen Hanover writes: “Read about emissions increasing with devastating rate in the Fall 2020 Canopy. I get it and do not dispute. This is one face. On the other face of my coin, we have been injecting anhydrous ammonia for at least 70 hectares of what Iain’s mid-Illinois farm. Yields are improved, which helps to help reduce the world food crises. So that said, when I flip my coin, it lands on the edge!” 65 CLASS SECRETARY James Howard, firstname.lastname@example.org 69 CLASS SECRETARY Davis Chernigov, email@example.com Harry Haney Jr. writes: “I am an adjunct professor at the University of Georgia and am staying safe during the trying times. It was fortunate to make a short visit to my family’s farm in Mississippi and Alabama prior to travel restrictions.” CLASS NOTES hardboard, etc.) built on the shores of Coos Bay, Oregon, in 1854 and from 1900 to 2000, my company was involved with lots of these but exited the area shortly after I went to work there. I was able to see the economic strength of the forest products industry in the area and sadly have witnessed the precipitous decline (retiring in 2006) and turned my attention to capturing the untold history of several topics in the region. My wife, Ann, and I still live in Coos Bay after 51 years of marriage and have raised two fine boys.” CLASS SECRETARY Matthew Rosen, firstname.lastname@example.org Phil Nemir writes: “Still living in the woods near Seaside in the foothills of the Northern Sierra. Still collecting samples of lans has been burning burned timber from 2020 fires. The Sheep Fire burned to within six-tenths of a mile of our house … much too close. Looking at cluster planting as a means of ecosystem restoration/forestation/ restoration. All travel plans currently on hold. Lynda was teaching a few yoga classes a week but now waiting for safer conditions before resuming. Feel very fortunate to live in a beautiful place to hang out and enjoy without any restrictions.” Harry Valentin writes: “I am retired after a 42-year career with the Northern Research Station of the Forest Service, having spent time at labs in Hamden, Connecticut, and Durham, New Hampshire. Career highlights include living in the farthest reaches of Alaska on research trips at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and co-authoring two books — one about sampling with Tim Gregoire and the other about sampling with Mikko Saikkonen (University of Helsinki), who I met at IIASA. Since retirement, my wife, Joan, and I avoid winter, spending those months on St. John enjoying snorkeling and swimming and dancing; and the other months in New Hampshire — in my case, playing golf without proficiency.” Steve Wells writes: “While too many businesses struggled with COVID-19 limitations, my rowing shell business thrived since sculling is an ideal way to exercise with social distancing. So in spite of some stony challenges, I’ve been healthy and Janice and I are healthy and well. Having a daughter and grandchildren in France has given us an international perspective on pandemic politics as well as life in other American polities. We also have a granddaughter now stranded in Cambodia after her ESL job in Shanghai ended abruptly. Happily, the Capitol Land Trust continues to add properties to its portfolio and has developed a strong environmental education program in partnership with local school districts. From here on up, it’s downhill all the way!” Evan Griswold writes: “After 40 years in the real estate profession, I have hung up my tours and reins, and am now working from home, with people fleeing New York and nearby suburbs for the safety of country properties. I am now turning my attention to land conservation in the lower Connecticut River valley and estuary. I am looking forward to seeing our grandchildren again as soon as it’s safe to do so.” Tom Dunn writes: “I continue to merge my environmental management education and experience with my career in plastic packaging development by pursuing sustainable solutions to a circular economy for plastic packaging. I presented a webinar overview of why and how consumer goods companies have abandoned recyclable metal, glass, and paper packaging in favor of single-use plastics. In ‘Industrial Recycling’ class last October, and I left with the industry summit on chemical recycling of plastics in March 2021. I favor private-public extended producer responsibility systems as the means to organize, fund, and implement a circular plastic food packaging future. Webinar notes addressing the history of this problem and the sustainable solution for the future are posted on LinkedIn.” Helen Waldorf writes: “We are well and living in Hull, Massachusetts, on the beach. Hopefully the ocean waters don’t get us while we’re still around. We continue work on voting rights with the League of Women Voters. An interesting new project is the formation of a subcommittee on diversity and community within ASTM Committee E50 on Environmental Assessment, Risk Management, and Corrective Action. Please get in touch if you would like to participate.” Steven Lesy writes: “In anticipation of ongoing good health and faith in the future, I recently purchased a new pair of backcountry skis, a five-year commitment I figure, which will bring me to age 80!” Sally Hasted writes: “Up until last March, when I sequestered to protect my (older) husband from COVID-19, I taught teenage kids in a local mental health facility. They loved the talk about my years of arrowrooting for plants and the plants and minerals I learned in years from collecting of rocks. I shared nature books, childhood books, and environmental texts, and they always begged for more. Now that I’m retired, I’m doing a lot of searching for meaningful lives. I am to choose what they loved doing and to go where they would be happiest living: the mountains, seacoasts, whatever filled them with joy. I am learning that the wild nature always in their lives and that they already had many great tales of their own to tell; so the challenge is a tale to which to you, what you learned, the best of what you know, and the best of what you are. After COVID-19, I hope to teach again or get a doctorate in saltmarsh restoration. Love you all.” Philip Conkling writes: “I can’t remember what I wrote last year at this corner that was — but I had fun last week getting interviewed by a ninth-grader from Kenya who found the book I edited, ‘The Fate of Greenland — Lessons from Abrupt Climate Change’ (MIT Press), who set up a Zoom meeting for her class project. Who knew? When I mentioned this to my sons — who returned home during COVID-19 times six months ago to work remotely from home so they can’t return to summer camp in snowshoes and skis — they looked the book up and saw it #17 on the list of suggested reads on Google. Who knew?” Sven-Gunnar Hultman ’76 writes: “I was privileged to get my first postdoc appointment in 1975. Eventually, that led up to a PhD in 1985. Fine memories of Mill Burch! Bill came over to me in Sweden and spent some fun days at the university of 1977. After 15 years as teacher and researcher at our University of Agricultural Studies (UAS), I switched to CEO in a regional organization working with cattle ranchers and natural resource conservation. Since retiring in 2006, I have had a small farm. My wife and I developed a treatment that was new to Swedish healthcare: I call it A-D-P Foundation. I talk that for 10 years. My interest in nature interpretation eventually led to a degree at UAS. We moved nearby to become Sam Hart (University of Idaho) as visiting professor and to get his book, ‘Interpretation — Making a Difference on Purpose’, published. Finally — and now — we run a kennel with Labradorretrieves. I become young again with each litter!” CLASS SECRETARY James Guldan, email@example.com Sue Arnold writes: “All I know is Christ was crucified. Jesus Christ the same yesterday, today, and, yes, forever. I am the president of Club Early Hours, and outside of my classes, I volunteer youth and driving my antique Kells Rolls. I also play guitar at church services. I love fishing of all kinds, salmon fishing in the ocean and fly fishing on rivers and lakes. Blessings.” Andrew Melnykovych writes: “Delighted to recognize one of my favorite birding spots — the Blue Heron Park in Louisville, Kentucky — on the cover of the Fall 2020 Canopy. I’ve been in Louisville (where I am active in the local bird club) for 30+ years. Retired in March 2020 (talk about leisure time!), had to write five postcards (seriously!) from the Kentucky Public Power Commission after a career divided roughly equally between environmental journalism and utility regulation. Other included work as a utility regulator in emerging economies (Africa, Asia, eastern Europe). Continuing that work virtually and hoping to resume travel for work and fun ASAP. Fortunate to have both offspring (son and daughter) and grandson all living in Louisville.” Mark Boyce writes: “No retirement for this dude. I still love my job as a professor of ecology at the University of Alberta. We just moved to a beautiful big home near Elk Island National Park.” James M. Guldan writes: “On December 31, 2020, I retired from the Southern Research Station, U.S. Forest Service. In my 28-year career with the agency and 39-year career in forestry in Arkansas, the best days have been spent with hands-on ecological, almost every outdoors. As a response to my professional accomplishments, I became a fellow of the Society of American Foresters (SAF) in 2020 and was recently elected to the Arkansas Forestry Hall of Fame. My fellow inductees are Drs. S.B. Henry, J. (Jack) Chambless ’40, Ralph Arndt ’41, John Gray ’42, and O.D. (‘Docgie’) Darling ’58. Melissa and I have moved from Little Rock to Springfield, Missouri, where I’ll often retreat give advice to colleagues through the Missouri SAF, as a board member of the L-A-D Foundation/Pioneer Forest in the Missouri Ozarks. I am ever grateful for the friendship and camaraderie of colleagues over the years.” Dave Hall writes: “I now split my season between Sun Valley City and Lake Chelan, Idaho, and continue to paint landscapes of the Greater Yellowstone country (DaveHallArt.com).” Steven Hamburg writes: “Have reconnected with YSE/Forest School as Edward P. Bass Distinguished Visiting Environmental Scholar this academic year. Regrettably have not yet met in person, but have connected via faculty and students virtually. In the slightly less than 40 years since I left the school, so much and yet so little has changed. I find regular opportunities in my presentations to students and administrators that we discover among ourselves and with the faculty all those years ago, yet it is now mixed with knowledge and data from technologies that could not have existed then. How to get to campus this year is over. I continue to serve as the chief scientist at the Environmental Defense Fund and to work with research organizations around the world on climate change and air pollution.” CLASS SECRETARY Hallie Metzger, firstname.lastname@example.org Safeguard the tradition of excellence at the Yale School of the Environment Contact us about available planned giving options! Development & Alumni Office Yale School of the Environment P.O. Box 208354 205 Prospect Street New Haven, CT 06511 203-432-5997 yale.edu/development CLASS NOTES 78 CLASS SECRETARIES Susan Simons, email@example.com L. Magleby, firstname.lastname@example.org Regina Rochefer, email@example.com Petek Falon writes: “With many of our contemporary classmates, we’ve hit a new milestone – retirement! For me, that means the time to return to first-line permanent activity as the Adirondack League Club’s 53,000-acre preserve in New York; environmental advocacy as a trustee of The Nature Conservancy’s Adirondack chapter; and, oh yes, just hiking and fishing and skiing. Looking forward to seeing you all before the virus, at least my grandson call it yz Zoom, and to seeing people and the world for real!” Richard Golden writes: “I’m continuing to do research on the effects of climate change and wildfires. This past year focused on work links in the reforestation chain to support U.S. interests in the global 1 Trillion Trees initiative. Simply put, the U.S. lacks the seed bank, nursery, forestry, site preparation, planting, and landholding needed to reach widely discussed policy goals. I’m also deeply engaged with the Forest Climate Working Group, especially on science policy issues. Winter holidays focus on catching up with family, and a quarter-sawn white oak. A rockers’ chair commission for a new grandaughter was such fun that I’m building a second one up. Summer days include gardening, canoeing, kayaking, and row and fly-fishing. I’m paroled from Iowa after Yale grad to get the Sir William Schlich Memorial Medal – the nation’s oldest forestry award – since John McGraw ’41 in 1984. Have we lost sight of the Yale alumni slugs for major national forestry awards? Do it!” Martha Tableness writes: “The year 2021 finds me in Summit County, Colorado, working from home due to the pandemic. My dogs love the new arrangement, as they get a long run every morning without having to get into the car and I am also enjoying being able to be outside extra minutes no matter what the weather. I feel lucky to be living in the mountains where I can be outside safely. At work, I am helping the town plan a portion of a path of the Peaks to Plains Trail in Clear Creek Canyon. It is a $3.5 million project that will provide access to the creek and a way for pedestrians and cyclists to travel through Clear Creek Canyon. I am also building multi-use trails for mountain bikers, horseback or bike, as well as working on the creation of a wooded park. If anyone is coming this way, let me know. And think ‘snow’; we need it!” Laura Snook writes: “My husband, Jonathan Kellman, and I spent five months in Mexico in 2020, unexpectedly, due to COVID-19. Fortunately, we were able to stay with my sister in the southern Yucatán, where we enjoyed identifying and watching over her yard on the shores of Bacalar Lagoon. I just submitted a article describing forest regeneration patterns on my research plots just north of there. In 111 years, after the experiments were established by my father, they have been in the United Kingdom, starting at home near Oxford. Jonathan is writing a book, we walk around the village most days, and we await our vaccines. We hope to return to Rome, Italy, as soon as it’s feasible.” Toni Monedero writes: “I am retired as of Jan. 31. I have been working life-time in my Forestry School days. Working in public health in Africa with the Peace Corps, then traveling for two years to about 16 countries with unique experiences and learning anaphorically from my youth with it in while in Africa. I have started doing an adventure in Tanzania, and gorillas literally brushing shoulders and slapping me about in Burundi! Arctostaphylos fimbriata another year of saving a food bank back home. I have been, later, another year from seminary, I served as a missionary for 31 years with Pioneers in 10-12 different countries. Retirement has brought me back to Connecticut. I hope to spend more time than is possible traveling, adding to the 75 countries I have visited so far.” Ruben Rangel still resides in Santa Fe, New Mexico after 28+ years. He is employed as a contractor with the U.S. Department of Energy Environmental Management in Los Alamos, New Mexico, managing the quality assurance program for a field office with oversight of the entire nuclear complex responsible for characterizing, packaging, and shipping for permanent disposal the historical radiological and hazardous wastes from the nuclear weapons remediation and past operations of the Los Alamos National Laboratory. He and his wife, Beatriz, do a lot of hiking and birthing and nature, geology, and history exploring the New Mexican landscape on off-road drives. His daughter, Daniela, is in medical school and his son, Dante, is a medical scholar. He writes: “All is well. We keep ourselves during COVID-19 times. I have been teleworking since March 2020. I have the same routine days. I tell myself daily to be one with the world’s energies. All are welcome to visit and stay in Santa Fe after COVID-19. No masks required by then!” Star Childs writes: “Staying safe, got a nice farm in the blue ridge, but Yale has canceled its spring reunion. I am also staying safe and well by the grace of God and cross-country skiing when I can. Maybe we can find a use for the Yale Camp at Great Mountain?” Christopher LaFarge writes: “I have gone to the dark side and am running a medical/medical device company. I am also working in the utility and IV therapy spaces. Never been to heaven. Vicki LaFarge ’79 and I are beginning to think about retirement as I write, trying to figure out what to do with ourselves. We just had our second grandchild, a girl who lives with her parents and her brother in Copenhagen, Denmark. As for forestry, I think I can reliably tell an oak from a pine in winter, but more than that may be questionable.” Patricia Miller writes: “The Millets are stuck in California, unable to get to Cape Breton. Very severe heat wave in the Bay Area, with smoke and something for months – a dramatic change from my last summer here in 2007. Patti is gradually becoming bi-coastal, this time with metal holding my lower spine in place.” Tom Monedero writes: “I am retired as of Jan. 31. I have been working life-time in my Forestry School days. Working in public health in Africa with the Peace Corps, then traveling for two years to about 16 countries with unique experiences and learning anaphorically from my youth with it in while in Africa. I have started doing an adventure in Tanzania, and gorillas literally brushing shoulders and slapping me about in Burundi! Arctostaphylos fimbriata another year of saving a food bank back home. I have been, later, another year from seminary, I served as a missionary for 31 years with Pioneers in 10-12 different countries. Retirement has brought me back to Connecticut. I hope to spend more time than is possible traveling, adding to the 75 countries I have visited so far.” Jane Sokolow writes: “I was elected to the board of the New York City Natural Areas Conservancy (NYC NAC) and appointed to YSE alumni board member ’91 and Sarah Charlton-Powers ’09. In close partnership with the city, the organization works to restore and conserve New York City’s 20,000 acres of green and blue spaces for the benefit and enjoyment not only the citizens of the city, but for everyone.” Keith Tait writes: “Best wishes all – loving Adelphi, family, friends, and parenting Jada, a 16-year-old daughter, who has big ambitions. Anva the Samoyed is our COVID joy, keeping us healthy with endless walking outdoors. We have great neighbors and that is important, even since we wouldn’t agree anymore. At age 65, reflecting on my career and appreciating Yale more than ever – and realizing I love Yale’s experience and environmental health in the Hudson (Piper), Baltic (SUNY), and nonprofit sectors with travels in the past, but not missing them – other than in dreams. Strange how that can happen. Best to all!” Carol Zimmerman writes: “John and I are on a two-month trip in our mobile-isolation unit; i.e., travel trailer. We started at our home in Maryland, headed south, and were fortunate to see Stu and Fran Rudolph for a couple of hours at their new home in North Carolina. We visited Sedna and Morgantown, and also visited significant sites in civil rights and African-American history. After steps in New Orleans and Austin, we’ve ended up in Arizona where we are camping among cacti in warm temperatures. Our COVID-2021 has been a wonderful trip so far, and when we get home in March, we are looking forward to getting our vaccinations. What a crazy year!” CLASS SECRETARIES Fred Hadley, firstname.lastname@example.org Gail Reynolds, email@example.com CLASS SECRETARY Stephen Booker, firstname.lastname@example.org Steve Booker writes: “The Connecticut Bird Atlas (Yale’s first bird survey) is now underway, and migrating birds of the state, with the fourth year of data collection now underway. Project leaders from the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection and the University of Connecticut are coordinating efforts. Seven hundred volunteers are conducting fieldwork in 600 Atlas blocks, with regular updates posted on the Atlas website. I serve as regional coordinator for northern Central Connecticut. Among our goals are describing bird distributions and abundance of species through breeding and nonbreeding periods, predicting how Connecticut’s changing landscape will affect birds, informing decision-making by government agencies and landowners, and making project data available to all stakeholders interested in improving bird conservation in the state. The first Connecticut Breeding Bird Atlas took place during the period of 1982–1986. In visiting new birding sites around the state, the Bormano-Siccama team comes to mind with their many statewide forays.” David Katz writes: “David Katz, Class of ’83, although spiritually Class of ’84, as I was a one-year master’s student, was having a great time and was the ready of my Yale classmates and old friends. I’ve got six grandchildren, all living in the vicinity, so life is very full. I oversee a beautiful 1,600-acre retreat focused on the Guadalu River in the Sierra Madre Mountains of Southern California and hold a conservation easement on the property, have an active carbon project, and are selling carbon credits. Our long-term plan is to evolve a high-end golf resort on the site, with the land available for conservation and education uses, and implement a conservation burial program to produce income and to demonstrate a conservation strategy. The property has a beautiful campground, a long winding river, an old sprawling ranch house and a great swimming lake, so old friends and fellow alums are welcome to come visit if they’re on the California north coast. Call me at 707-484-6283.” David Locks writes: “Here in the Yukon we’ve come through the COVID period lightly. I am familiar in Seattle area. They were 2 and 4 when we were at Yale. It was a great career. The best of which was my 20 years of enriching international environmental policy work. Yale prepared me very well for that wonderfully rewarding professional career. Thank you all for helping to kickstart it!” BUSINESS Todd Jacob JCJ Advisors at Primary Success of International World Summit in 1982 on behalf of Business & Industry Tom Jacob writes: “Hello, Class of ’82. After 38 years of environmental policy and advocacy work within the oil (Conoco), chemicals (DuPont), and trade associations (American Chemistry Council and Chemical Industry Council of Washington) world, I finally retired as of January 2020. Looking retirement out here in Sacramento, California, but with 53 Sues (Ellen) and I are now looking forward to joining our daughters Kristin and Erin and their families in Seattle area. They were 2 and 4 when we were at Yale. It was a great career. The best of which was my 20 years of enriching international environmental policy work. Yale prepared me very well for that wonderfully rewarding professional career. Thank you all for helping to kickstart it!” CLASS NOTES Eric Jay Dolin writes: “My recent book, A Furiously Beautiful: A Five Hundred-Year History of America’s Hurricanes, received a number of year-end accolades, including The Washington Post, Library Journal and Booklist, Kirkus Reviews, Amazon, Mongabay and The New York Times. I am currently working on a book about climate during the American Revolution. If you are interested in learning more about my other books, many of which involve environmental themes, please check out my website at ericjaydolin.com.” Tom Strunzolo writes: “I am fighting off COVID and going crazy. I can’t absorb all the news, read everything that comes in the universe, and (maybe) the rest of the humans, in that order. That means everyone I have ever met associated in any way with FRES/YSE is instantly family. I could update you on my wife’s kids, who are all grown up and doing what they spread across the country like peanut butter. But you might rather hear about my new 28-year-old partner – kidding! I am in a new partnership but with Berkeley Lab, focusing on several conservation projects, a regional new campus to retrofit 1 million buildings by 2024, starting with the buildings that need it the most, not Princeton’s. Hope you are safe and sound. I miss you all.” Laurie Rardin writes: “Hoping everyone is staying healthy and relatively happy! What a year and a half (by the time you read this) has been! I have been working at Colgate University, continuing to focus on the threats from naturally occurring arsenic in water and food. Our daughters Marta (23) and Brynn (25) are home and are taking up the challenge to save our Earth by building science communication and launching a new rush guard business that will donate proceeds to marine conservation organizations. Marta through building a sustainable, eco-friendly food system from the roots up. Jed is 20 years with his congregation here in Concord, New Hampshire, and pushing the climate action message along with his parishioners. We are so grateful for the work he does in the world as a heartbeat. Be in touch if you need a stop-over or a place to stay on your way to hiking or skiing in the Whites!” Dave Tobias writes: “Greetings to my fellow ’88ers and those in bookend classes who we worked hard and played hard with. I’ve worked the lion’s share of my career in the environmental sector, first for programs for The Nature Conservancy (seven years) and New York City (25), with two daughters raised and now in the city. So hard to believe it’s been over 30 years since I last saw any of you. I did visit in 2016 for the 40th to catch out and visit Rhinebeck, NY. It’s still make time and find ways to reconnect, travel, relax, and rekindle old friendships, forget me, let’s have fun! Surprise me call or text at 845-443-3204. Until then, be safe, stay healthy, and continue the good work.” Seema Bhatt writes: “I work as the national biodiversity expert with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in India. Also deeply involved in research relating to sustainable agriculture and am the honorary president of the Responsible Tourism Society of India. Would love to catch up with folks visiting India (New Delhi).” Jennifer Lamb writes: “Greetings, everyone! I still live on the eastern slope of the Wind River mountains in Wyoming. I’m the chapter for the Wyoming chapter of The Nature Conservancy. It’s been an interesting ride in a state that is experiencing the world’s decreasing demand for coal and increasing interest in wide open spaces. Please look me up if you come this way!” Marco Lowenstein writes: “Living and working from home in Santa Fe, New Mexico, with my wife for almost 30 years. Blue skies and snowy mountains. Have been lucky to have our adult kids (24 and 20) at home during COVID. I continue my work improving wood products for musical instrument industry and construction in South America, Central America, Asia, and Africa. I still maintain some engagement with community forestry operations, though unfortunately the Forest Stewardship Council is all but irrelevant now. All four of us, like so many others, are trying to figure out what is next. Take care!” Tim Sullivan writes: “After 15 years with The Nature Conservancy, I have taken on a new role as the natural climate solutions director at the Yampa Valley Sustainability Council, a small environmental group in Steamboat Springs, Colorado. After this last year of remoteness, I’ve started to change work in community and in a more hands-on manner. My new work mainly involves developing, funding, and implementing community-led reforestation and restoration projects. It will be nice to work as an ecologist again and to help conserve the place where I live.” Lisa Pagkalawin writes: “I have been working as a consultant with the Urban Development Bank since January 2020. The team I’ve been working with is wonderful, and the work is really interesting. I’ve mostly been working on ocean health issues, and I’ve also been working on urban resilience. My daughter is now in her first year at the Savannah College of Art and Design in Georgia but is still living with me in Manila and has online classes. She’s also running a sustainable fashion business selling handmade bags, and she sews herself or has others sew for her. My son is in 10th grade and is into gourmet cooking and chess. He also has online classes, but school is only a few mornings a week. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, we have been able to travel within the Philippines doing outdoor activities like diving, hiking, horseback riding, and all-terrain-vehicle riding with our children and friends.” Brian Penion writes: “Soon graduating in 1992, I worked for the World Wildlife Fund offices in Nepal and Bhutan (1992-95) with my dear departed friend, Minima Sherpa. In 1996 my family and I moved to Nepal to co-manage Makalu Barun National Park, east of Mount Everest (1996-2004). I was the director of Himalaya programs for The Mountain Institute (TMI) (2004 –2012) working in Sikkim, Tibet, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Mongolia. In 2012 I returned to the U.S., working with TMI until 2014. Since then, I’ve worked to conserve snow leopards and their habitat and local communities with Snow Leopard Conservancy, mostly in Nepal.” Mary Verner writes: “As the executive lead for Washington State’s Water Resources Program for the Department of Ecology, I am in charge of the hydrology classes at (then) FRES/YSE. Good to see a COVID-19 face mask on Sage Bey in his Canopy pic! YSE student Alshia Orset recently visited my family farm in Snohomish County, Washington, where I’m raising a heritage barn cat in a formerly dairy-bearing stream. Come see for yourself!” Lorna Johnson writes: “I am living in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, leading Calder Johnson Consulting and offering business consulting, business coaching, and advisory board services to small to mid-sized businesses digitizing their products, services, and operations.” Lindsey Marney writes: “I continue to run my own little firm, StarPoint Advisors, where I collaborate with leaders at the intersection of business, investment, and environmental science to scale sustainable opportunities into the capital markets. It’s very exciting to see how different, viable strategies coming to market (at last). With COVID, my younger son (junior in high school) and I have been working from home a few days a week while he finishes his summer job at Colby College, where the school has done an outstanding job managing through the pandemic. I keep busy with my studies in sustainability at the Yale School of Management and YSE through the Center for Business and the Environment at Yale (CBEY) and have done my best to stay in touch with my wonderful YSE classmates – my favorite Zoom was with Don Redmond playing the banjo as music director!” Nerja Orenas writes: “After many years working as a contractor, I have now been working for five years at the EPA’s Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics evaluating consumer and children’s exposures to industrial chemicals and conducting risk assessments. I am so thankful that I’ve been able to work from home during this last year!” Nicola Roberts writes: “I live with my husband, Steve, and daughter, Kim (5), at the edge of the Great Sea Forest in Cape Town. Through Incite, I get to explore ideas with organizations who want to be part of a thriving future. Currently researching impact and innovation that will enable teams to do more fabulous stuff. Any links/connections in the teaming arena much appreciated!” CLASS SECRETARY Laurie Rardin, email@example.com CLASS SECRETARY Katherine Farhadian, firstname.lastname@example.org CLASS SECRETARY Shawn Dalton writes: “Hi, everyone! I’m still in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada – serving as executive director of Mawi’Art: Wabanaki performances for schools and libraries online to keep the enviromagic going.” CLASS SECRETARY Lorna Johnson, email@example.com CLASS SECRETARY Beth Conover writes: “Ken Snyder ’94 and I are still in Colorado, but we have moved into a 900-sq-ft rental house close to downtown Denver now that our kids have flown the coop! Our son, Jeremy, recently finished biology and geology degrees and is about to secure a communication and marketing job in Denver. Our youngest, Ross, is at Oxford getting a master’s degree in rare and political history. He’s under ever-increasing levels of pressure but seems happy. I started as a full-time faculty member at the University of North American Conservation (started by former Secretary of Interior and U.S. Senator Ken Salazar) in 2018, which has been challenging and fun, and has allowed me to mentor a variety of students and consulting projects over the past few years. We’re in regular touch with many YSE/FRES friends near and far and are grateful for it. Please get in touch with us.” CLASS SECRETARY Jennifer Lamb, firstname.lastname@example.org CLASS SECRETARY Lisa Pagkalawin, email@example.com CLASS SECRETARY Richard Wallace, firstname.lastname@example.org CLASS SECRETARY Seema Bhatt, email@example.com CLASS SECRETARY Tim Sullivan, firstname.lastname@example.org CLASS SECRETARY Laurie Rardin, email@example.com CLASS SECRETARY Mary Verner, firstname.lastname@example.org CLASS SECRETARY Lorna Johnson, email@example.com CLASS SECRETARY Beth Conover writes: “Ken Snyder ’94 and I are still in Colorado, but we have moved into a 900-sq-ft rental house close to downtown Denver now that our kids have flown the coop! Our son, Jeremy, recently finished biology and geology degrees and is about to secure a communication and marketing job in Denver. Our youngest, Ross, is at Oxford getting a master’s degree in rare and political history. He’s under ever-increasing levels of pressure but seems happy. I started as a full-time faculty member at the University of North American Conservation (started by former Secretary of Interior and U.S. Senator Ken Salazar) in 2018, which has been challenging and fun, and has allowed me to mentor a variety of students and consulting projects over the past few years. We’re in regular touch with many YSE/FRES friends near and far and are grateful for it. Please get in touch with us.” Colleen Coyle Mathis writes: “Battle tested and still standing, I’m happy to report I’m back from the redistricting war of the last decade, having served as Chairperson of the Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission for the past nine years and 11 months. While nothing in my childhood (or Yale) could have prepared me for the journey, I’m true honest believer in the power of fair and competitive districts for the Grand Canyon state, despite all the contentiousness that came with achieving that. If you’re ever in Tucson, please let me know so that I can provide you with tales from the front line and give you reasons to be grateful for things like a third branch of government and a free press. In other news, I’ve been full circle in life and am now a mountain biker. When Hope is on the horizon more environmentally responsible solutions in the mining sector. My husband, Chris, and Bernese mountain dog, Marigold, look forward to welcoming any classmates to the Sonoran desert.” Ragnhildur Sigurdardottir writes: “In January 2021 I became the owner of my ancestral home in the Rangárdalur Valley in Myvatn region in northeastern highlands of Iceland. The house has for the past six years functioned as my field station while I have been working on my National Science Foundation and Icelandic Research Foundation research on the ecology and evolution of Atlantic salmon of the area for the past 350 years. My research group and I also operate an NGO where we teach courses for graduate students and scholars based on our research. My maternal paternal home is another farmstead in southern Iceland, where I breed horses, sheep, and Icelandic sheepsdogs. For those not fed up with near-complete isolation and fans of northern lights, starry nights, cross-country skiing, ice skating, and hiking in the outdoors, we are considering making our house available next fall and winter. This should not be an option for those afraid of the dark.” Jane Whitehill writes: “Deeply involved in designing my Zoom background so as to be prepared for work calls for my position as a consultant (which means no more meaning mean a new job — or no) and for play (crystal because at no other time have so many old-time friends been calling because they’re stuck at home too). Enjoying walks by Joseph O’Connor’s called ‘Shadylawn’ and a film called ‘The Truffle Hunters.’ It’s set in the Piedmont and features many dogs. Of course, we’ve been consumed by politics.” Kim McDougal writes: “In October, I received the Karen M. Flint Founders Award from Washington Wild for my decade-long volunteer effort to reform the laws in Washington State on in-stream motorized mining. In March Governor Inslee signed HB 1261, which I worked on for almost two years. The bill bans the use of heavy machinery and tools, such as suction dredges, from all state waters that provide habitat for salmon, steelhead, and bull trout. Huge success for fish and fresh water!” Easier might be headed your way! Our daughter, Aisha, is attending the University of Michigan and is studying at Taylor University in Indiana, and our son is finishing 12th grade and is applying to colleges in the U.S. Our home is open to any YSE-linked folks who find themselves traveling through eastern Indiana. Drop in for tea and conversations! WhatsApp me at +919331112068 for details.” Nanitta Kapur writes: “Up until March 4, 2020, I had been living of about a year and a half on campus, as I am now lecturer in the School of Management co-teaching the sustainable finance class to the sustainability executive MBA, B.A. studies. At YSE, I’m co-running the Bird Friendly Coffee funding entity of the International Leadership & Sustainability Initiative. At the end of 2020, I started working with the co-founder of Wayfair to realize their vision of ‘all Biostore’ having safe and reliable access to all class kilowatts, where we can learn, work, shop, and play. It has been super exciting to engage with the small and growing group of players in this space. The third piece of my new portfolio is on corporate boards. I’ve been selected for a few such opportunities. All this is in parallel with raising our two strong, smart girls — Priya (7) and Divya (4). Mercifully, they have been full time, in person in school near where I grew up outside of Rochester, New York.” Chris Lutepeida writes: “In 2016 I was diagnosed with ALS, a progressive, fatal muscle wasting disease. Fortunately my progression is very slow, and I remain mostly independent despite difficulty speaking and swallowing, fatigue, and arm and leg weakness. Outside of my life, I am a match perfect with my wonderful wife, Any Duntu, and our 12- and 16-year-old daughters in central Connecticut. I continue to work part time as the Director of sustainability for the YSE Energy Efficiency Services (formerly Cather Energy), focused on resilience, energy assurance, renewable power, and efficiency. I hope to complete long-deferred nonfiction books and novels in the years to come.” Laura Nachimson writes: “January 2021 concluded 12 years of teaching at my favorite teaching place and employing at a private high school here in Seattle. Most of that time was spent creating a three-tiered physics program. Now that I find myself unexpectedly unemployed, I am exploring returning to my topic: teaching environmental science. In the coming weeks, I am using this time to help my two high schoolers with their remote learning and will be visiting Joseph in Kona this spring. Joseph is currently a first officer for Mokulele Airlines. In the fall I am hoping we can have an in-person 25th reunion, and to bring her along as I did for our 10- and 20-year reunions.” Bruce Slater writes: “Hello to all my fellow graduates. I’ve had a busy few days looking for a needle with a squiree of COVID-19 dear. Since I’m in the age group for current Virginia vaccines, I am looking forward to my exciting future plans; dinner anywhere but home, visiting family, etc. It’s also been a busy 25 years since my graduation from Yale. A brief review: one of my three daughters, three some years ago, graduated from Yale, attended to judicious ‘Of Life and Magic’ book published (available on Amazon, by the way), SlaterFineArt.com, HumanityCollection.org, theatre, and the arts. I am now retired, but still trying to earn the Yale MES degree by contributing to reclaiming the health of the environment. My recent play, ‘Dilemma of Escapac,’ is in dedication to the Yale School of the Environment and my best efforts communicate the importance of our environmental moment. I wish you all the best. Stay safe.” Ryan Valdez writes: “My partner, Rob, and I have been enjoying our move from D.C., to a cabin on the boundary of Shenandoah National Park. Here we live surrounded by nature and a charming small-town community. By most accounts, it all happened right before the pandemic, so the timing couldn’t have been more fortunate. But it’s been the pandemic that has brought country life after 15 years in the district. Home improvement is a constant, windy days among tall trees keep you alert, and the wandering of dogs with their hikes spontaneous and appear. And recognize the promise of having nature and the nature of it is lost on us. Perhaps it isn’t all too surprising for a forestry graduate to end up living in a forest.” Cal Pazcada writes: “Serving as executive director at the Forest Stewards Guild was stressful, but even during a pandemic when I wasn’t leading, I felt like I was involved with the organization with other alumni. From forest carbon to prescripion fire to bottomland hardwood restoration, the Yale phone-a-friend life has saved me on many a project.” Kris Morico writes: “I was appointed the vice president of Environment, Health, Safety and Sustainability at the University of California, Davis in July 2020. In this capacity I provide overarching leadership to advance programs, policies, and initiatives to proactively sustain compliance and sustainability performance.” Julia Hathaway writes: “I’m finishing up a postdoc in climate science communication at the Alan Alda Center for Communicating Science at Stony Brook University. The Alda Center combines social science and improvisational theater techniques to create experimental ways of learning how to more effectively communicate about climate change. There is also a practical component to our deliberation about our shared future and ways to get there through collective action. Would love to connect with others seeking to engage diverse publics in conversations about possible alternatives that transition us to a safe and just operating space for humanity and more than human nature.” Maria Ivanova writes: “It has now been 10 years since I joined the faculty at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Was part of a team that created the R2P initiative on Global Governance and human security — www.global.umb.edu. We moved so much of our lives online, a number of women in my PhD program were not well-received. What a delight it has been! Also happy to announce a new book on the U.N. Environment Programme with MIT Press. The roots of this book are in my studies at Yale as a master’s and PhD student. It is now available in 12 new languages that Yale Climate Connections recommends you read! I interviewed with the Carnegie Council (available via podcast and video) about my article on the U.N. and environment that appeared in the Fall 2020 special issue of Ethics & International Affairs.” Stewart Stewart writes: “I’m pleased to report the hydrogen economy is alive and well. My company, BaysTech, will ship our first hydrogen generators this summer and raised $157 million in January. Looking forward to a zero-emission road trip as we extend the hydrogen highway outside California!” Matt Eddy writes: “I’ve recently taken a new position working with the Andes River Restoration Project Management and Management Oversight Committee — a job that involves coordinating the efforts of local, state, and federal agencies and the public in a $90 million effort to restore a floodplain in Bogota urban riverway to its former Cordoba ravine. Regulatory law is not my specialty, but I’m learning a lot and getting to spend plenty of time outside.” Berry Brown writes: “After 10 years on the faculty at Emory University in Georgia, my wife, Karen Levy, and I moved ourselves from Atlanta to the mountains of New Hampshire this summer to begin faculty positions at the University of Washington in Seattle, where I’m an associate professor in the biology department. My research program continues to focus on how mites, plant-pollinator interactions are affected by anthropogenic environmental change. It’s strange to move to the midst of a pandemic, and while we are still figuring out life in Seattle, Atlanta, we are looking forward to exploring the Pacific Northwest and connecting with YSE folks here.” Pia Kohler writes: “I’ve recently transitioned to full-time freelancing (piakohler.com). While I’ve left the traditional academic track, I enjoy supporting fellow academics through my coaching and editing services. I am now consulting on several projects, including a research lab with the Center for Governance and Sustainability at University of Massachusetts Boston (led by Maria Ivanova ’99). When opportunities arise, I’m still pursuing teaching and research in the areas of governance, government of chemicals, plastics, and water; the design and operation of science-policy interfaces; and global environmental politics more broadly. These themes are further in my book, ‘Secured Advice and Global Environmental Governance: Expert Institutions and the Implementation of International Environmental Treaties’ (Amsterdam Press, forthcoming).” She added: “Not based in central Massachusetts, I took furlough to pose pandemic meetups with fellow alumni in the area and with former students who have recently joined the YSE community themselves.” Jes Osha Buysee writes: “It was a tough year for the Mountain Leadership and Outdoor Leadership School, the school that I co-founded and am the director and instructor for. We had to shut down due to COVID. However, I am so excited to share that the first graduating class of our school stepped up to help us all! They bussed with food, supplies and enthusiasm and new ideas of our young adults, who now have assumed leadership positions. I am pleased to share that we now have in place an emergency preparedness program, summer camps, and after-school programs with opportunities for teenagers to become medics, scouts, herbalists, and providers. I still live in the same little home in western West Virginia with my husband and our two dogs (17 and 14), and many four-leggeds and spend most of my time in the Appalachian forest with children.” Erika Schaub writes: “I’ve recently taken a new position working with the Andes River Restoration Project Management and Management Oversight Committee — a job that involves coordinating the efforts of local, state, and federal agencies and the public in a $90 million effort to restore a floodplain in Bogota urban riverway to its former Cordoba ravine. Regulatory law is not my specialty, but I’m learning a lot and getting to spend plenty of time outside.” Leigh Cash writes: “I’m continuing business, including a new venture, and at the intersection of labor and climate issues has really taken off. That, plus tending to kids’ schooling and lots of sourdough baking has kept me busy through the eternal month of Pandemic!” Betsy Jones writes: “My consulting business, Including Business, is thriving at the intersection of labor and climate issues has really taken off. That, plus tending to kids’ schooling and lots of sourdough baking has kept me busy through the eternal month of Pandemic!” Sarah Canahan writes: “Since March 2020, the pandemic has resulted in almost-weekly phone calls with Rachel (Ferik) Edge and Colleen Ryan, (Carrig) (Maggie) Sargent, and Becky Tavani. Sometimes Roberto Frau graces us with his presence when the mood strikes him.” Roberto Frau writes: “I am still living in Asuncion, Paraguay, with my family and Service. My husband, Inigo San Gil ’01, and I are home with two teenagers, a 1-year-old puppy (Moxie), and a baby created geco yet to be sexed or named what my son is named. I have been learning to ski and recently married my large quich, which I hope to come in the spring.” Alicia San Gil writes: “I am still living in Asuncion, Paraguay, with my family and Service. My husband, Inigo San Gil ’01, and I are home with two teenagers, a 1-year-old puppy (Moxie), and a baby created geco yet to be sexed or named what my son is named. I have been learning to ski and recently married my large quich, which I hope to come in the spring.” Benjamin Hodgdon writes: “I’m consulting professionally with the International Finance Corporation, the World Bank’s investment arm, and a water specialist for Latin America and doing a little independent consulting as well. Hoping to contribute to Puerto Rico’s sustainable recovery well after the muchness. Come say hello and I’ll make sure you’re standing happy and – your choice of tropical beverage.” Lauria Mendoza writes: “I was part of the great 2020 Bay Area exodus, moving from Cupertino to Portland with my family but still staying with Apple. We’re adjusting from relentless sun to relentless rain, but the coffee and running opportunities certainly help. As a bonus, I can now live far out from Gwen Busby and get to see her regularly!” Cindy Kushner writes: “My husband, Tom; our son, Theo; our dog, Charlie; Twinkle and Tootie; and a month from Kirgizstan, Rwanda, to Harare, Zimbabwe, in January? We’re looking forward to exploring all the nature southern Africa has to offer over the next few months while I head up UNICEF’s Zimbabwe’s water, sanitation, and hygiene program. Come visit!” Christopher Riely writes: “Early in 2020, I started a research partnership with the University of Rhode Island in which I work closely with the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Meanwhile I’m continuing independent work with projects focused on increasing resiliency in New England’s forests and helping landscapes in the Southern New England, Merritt Forest where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island converge. I always enjoy collaborating with YSE alumni in the region.” Dani Simons writes: “I was recently appointed to the Biden-Harris administration and am serving as the head of the Office of Public Affairs and assistant to the secretary at the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT). I am grateful to my wife, Sarah Charlop-Powers ’09, who founded and leads the National Arts Consortium, for her support and advice, which allowed me to pursue this new fast-paced role. I am thrilled to join an administration that is committed to putting climate and racial equity at the forefront of its agenda. I look forward to continuing work at USDOT to make progress on both fronts.” Leigh Work writes: “After six years living in beautiful Santa Barbara, California, just relocated to Bozeman, Montana. Raising our three incredible kiddos, supporting career aspirations and success of my husband, and still trying to keep endangered wildlife from exiting our planet. Adjusting from ocean back to mountains and welcoming classmates to come visit!” Michelle Lichtenfels writes: “I still live in Portland, Oregon, and just wrapped up my first two years at the Bonneville Power Administration, where I manage the most efficient contract administration team. Matt is the energy manager for a local school district, and our two girls are now in the sixth and second grades. Like many others, we’ve been working and learning from home for the past year, and have added a 4-yr-old dog, stick bugs to keep us company. This summer we’ll be busy trail running, riding bikes, and camping around the Pacific Northwest.” Rafael Bernardi de Leon writes: “After my PhD at Wageningen, Netherlands, I’m now a professor at the University of the Republic in Uruguay and an advisor to the government. I coordinated the development of the National Environmental Plan.” Andrew Johnson writes: “I’m still based primarily on a hillside in the Osa Peninsula of southern Costa Rica. This May will mark five years since some you beautiful YSers joined me to plant the very first seedlings on my finca. More than 3,000 trees later, I’ve still got other a few friends in the field (and footprints), but my house is beginning to look like a real baby jungle. When you feel safe getting on a plane again, think of me. I’m working these days mostly as a consultant/program officer with the Climate & Land Use Alliance alongside several wonderful FRES (sorry, YSERS) alumni. It’s a fun challenge to be out in the field doing monitoring work for the first time in my career. The past year has been savagely hard and full of losses large and small for everyone; I wish all of you — us — a measure of peace.” Monika Kumar writes: “For over a decade, I have been working on integrating sustainability principles within the World Bank and now am expanding my experience in tackle plastic pollution in South Asia and creating an institution of sustainable finance. On weekends I support my sisters in their effort to tackle fast fashion by working with artisans in India to create hand-dyed, hand-block printed fabrics and khadi clothing. And in my free time, I experiment with baking varieties of focaccia — currently seeking new recipes!” Gonzalo Grela writes: “This past year I started a new job with the World Food Programme, working as a social and environmental regional adviser for LAC. Although based in Panama, I haven’t been able to even visit my new office since I am stranded (luckily!) in Lima due to current travel restrictions. Unfortunately, there won’t be any YSE gatherings for now and no FRES (I still can’t use the YSE) get-togethers, which I miss much, in Lima, D.C., and Accra! Crossing my fingers for a better year.” Charlie Liu writes: “Back in New England in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with wife and two daughters. Self-isolating work from home and some outdoor activities including hill climbing, top roping, and other stuff that 4- and 6-year-old girls find interesting. Also starting a tai chi practice group in my backyard for COVID eventually dies down. fteahpondaij.com.” Alison Rosen writes: “I recently became a staff attorney in the environmental conservation division at the Commerce Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, transferring from a five-year stint at the Department of Emergency Services in Washington, D.C. I work: try to come up with imaginative recipes that surround 5-year-old, and 2-year-old will tolerate; and look forward to hiking in warmer weather.” Tanja Srebrotijan writes: “After 15 or so years on the West Coast (Seattle, Bay Area, Los Angeles) we’re making our way back east to Massachusetts via Washington DC. My husband, who also returned to academia, is working remotely until June. Due to COVID-19, I have yet to meet most of my new colleagues in person, but I got busy right away with climate change and sustainability plans. My Columbia-raised girls haven’t experienced this many days with temps below 60 in quite some time, but we’re settling in nicely.” Saiba Bajwa writes: “Hello from Liverpool, everyone. Three years in the UK have been full of new things. I run my own digital marketing business with my husband and have also created a science/environment history website (with podcast and videos). COVID-19 has of course changed our lives a lot, but overall we have fared better than most, since many businesses now want to update their website/online game. So business has been good. I hope all of you are safe and healthy and wish you’re doing clear as well as quiet relief from the pandemic.” Erin Barnes writes: “I have a lot of gratitude for my fellow alumni. The year was an intense year for so many reasons, but it was also the year that ioby co-founder Brandon Whitney retired as CIO after 13 years of service. Brandon’s successor, ioby co-founder Cassie Flynn rolled off its Board of Directors, as did Charlotte Kaiser. Brandon, Cassie, and Charlotte poured themselves into ioby for more than a decade. Thanks to their support from Rachel Wilkins, Emily Zetterberg, Laura Jensen, Nadav Tanners, Terry Baker, Michael Davies ’08, Stephen Nielsen, and many others, ioby was able to meet the challenges of 2020 and continue releasing ioby projects that addressed COVID, racial justice, and climate change.” Darrett Weiss writes: “F&ESers (YSers) still doesn’t feel right to me.) I hope everyone is doing well. I’m still living life in Denver and managing through the global pandemic in the absolute best way I can. If you’re in town (or visiting), let me know. I’ve discovered a few cool pandemic watering holes that we can check out. All the best.” Tina O’Connor writes: “I’ve been a stay-at-home mom and wife pretty well. Still based in D.C. with my husband, Jonathan, and our three kids. Glad to be championing Kenilworth Aquatic Gardens, a national park and oasis in the city that has provided and continues to comfort us during challenging times. Grateful for the many friends and connections from grad school who continue to make life better!” Karen Stamieszkin writes: “Dispatch from Camden, Maine, USA: There is finally a little snow on the ground, the chickens are still laying, the coronavirus is getting them groove on, and we are preparing for maple syrup season. I am excited to share that — along with a team of researchers from the University of Rhode Island, Dartmouth University, and Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences — I have received a National Science Foundation Biological Oceanography grant to study planktonic food web and carbon cycling dynamics in the Gulf of Maine. We will leverage techniques including drones, robots and compound-specific stable isotopes! Also exciting is that my husband and I are expecting our first (human) baby later this year. We hope everyone is well and staying safe and sane.” Angela Alfonado Artila, firstname.lastname@example.org Kelsey Kidd Wharton, email@example.com Gerald Bright writes: “I am approaching my 13th anniversary with the Philadelphia Water Department (PWD). As an administrative scientist, I serve in the role of assistant operations manager of PWD’s Green Stormwater Operations (GSO) Unit. GSO operates PWD’s approximately 1,200 green stormwater management practices and is responsible for all inspection, maintenance, repair, retrofit, and optimization of these systems. As a member of the GSO team since its infancy, I am proud to have witnessed and been a part of the growth of such a robust and comprehensive operation. As the department continues to grow in scope and scale as a response to our regulatory obligations, I am excited to continue my work with the expansion of GSO’s capacity, development of staff, and overall planning for the acceptance and operation of future systems.” Let us know how you are doing! firstname.lastname@example.org Julie Witherspoon writes: “After 19 years of roaming the U.S., Europe, and Israel I returned to Washington D.C. We are settled in Seattle, and for one am loving the rain. I’m also incredibly excited to be joining the PNW’s regional land conservation Forrester, and helping with their innovative conservation design work. Please reach out if you are in the area and would like to connect. I’m eager to explore the Cascades, make new friends, and build connections in the local environmental scene.” CLASS SECRETARIES Rajesh Gandhi, email@example.com Nedeh Shrestha, firstname.lastname@example.org Simon Tudor, email@example.com Judith Wu, firstname.lastname@example.org Nina Bhattacharyya writes: “I recently celebrated 10 years with the Natural Resources Conservation Service. I have enjoyed my last decade helping farmers implement conservation management practices, coordinate a conservation easement program, and now manage partnerships in Florida. Outside of my 9 to 5, I continue to run Zero Waste Gainesville, a grassroots organization dedicated to our city and county to pass zero-waste policies. Despite COVID, we continue to offer opportunities for the community to learn ways to reduce waste. On a personal note, I got married and I welcomed our daughter, Avani, into this world in summer. Her name means ‘Earth,’ she grounds us and reminds us every day why we wish to protect our beautiful natural world.” Ke Cao writes: “I moved to Waterloo, Ontario, and joined the faculty at Lazaridis School of Business and Economics at Wilfrid Laurier University in July 2020. There is a fancy indoor bike storage space including two shower rooms in my office building.” Sarah Chalop-Powers writes: “I am enjoying my role as the executive director of the Natural Areas Conservancy in New York City (with alumni Dr. Cheryl Angelucci ’20, alumna Dr. Weinberg ’10, and Brian Gunther ’01) conducting research and advancing the care of urban natural areas. In my free time, I’ve been spending a lot of hours outdoors with my wife, Dani Simons ’04, and our son.” Mark Evidente writes: “I just got married! Other than that bit of news, I’m still in the Philippines running a foundation that works on policy and planning for sustainable urban development projects. Managed to carry through amid the pandemic and looking forward to the new normal.” Andrew Meredith writes: “André, Kristin, Alexander, and Vivienne are all doing well but missing traveling and seeing friends and family in person. I am still working at the United States Agency for International Development and looking forward to new opportunities this year on resilience and climate change adaptation.” Megan Selby Rutledge writes: “I can’t believe I’m still kicking around the South Island of New Zealand! I have never lived in place so long! I am now working in the Department of Conservation managing the national research program on invasive predators and strategic planning for controlling predator levels in protected areas. This involves me getting help from scientists in my project plans. My dog and I are running all over the mountains together, and my husband puts us to shame by his bicycle. We can’t wait to be able to welcome visitors again soon and hope everyone is safe and well and with loved ones this year!” CLASS SECRETARIES Luisa Alcantar, email@example.com Paul Reaton, firstname.lastname@example.org Changmin Pang, email@example.com William Lyons, firstname.lastname@example.org Kristin Traiz, email@example.com Daniella Aburto Valle, firstname.lastname@example.org Jim Baldwin writes: “We (‘Ian Star’ ’11, baby Linden, and I) spent all of 2020 in South Africa due to COVID-19 travel restrictions. It was an incredibly exciting, domestic year for two international development professionals! My work with USAID Power Africa strengthening and growing clean grids in sub-Saharan Africa allowed me home, and I traveled to one place in nature reserves and visits to the multiple lovely botanical gardens here, beautiful Cape Town, and the bird-blowing Kruger National Park to see all the charismatic megafauna when COVID times were rosier. Hoping everyone is staying safe and finding joy in these difficult times.” Michael Blazewicz writes: “Plentiful recent adventures near and far from rowing the Grand, riding a motorcycle down the coast, and many adventures around the American West. Presently I continue to advocate to give voters room to express themselves, developing new programs and leading new approaches to conservation. Co-authored two books: ‘Lessons Learned: A Flood Disaster Recovery Guide’ and the most important work of my life to date, ‘Threat Valued Mapping Protocol’, which I hope will change the way we think about flood structures and their physical degradation here in Colorado and eventually around the world. Numerous awards from this work including one for engineering excellence, which I find hilarious. At the end of architecture school, flowers, and sandwiches alone – look me up if ever in Salida, Colorado.” Gillian Bloomfield writes: “I recently celebrated 10 years working at Yale’s Environmental Leadership & Training Initiative. And it’s been a great 10 years full of learning and exciting professional and personal growth experiences. Personally, here in Pittsburgh, it has been challenging, but we have been managing OK so far with the pandemic and associated instabilities of childcare. We had a lot of family gatherings with our husband, Adam, son (nearly 5), and daughter Fiona (1). We have been virtually ‘travelling’ to different countries, so far including Russia, China, Mongolia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Ecuador, Colombia, and (of course) the moon. Summer vacation we have traveled again in real life, especially to have an in-person reunion with the YSE (FkES) Class of 2010. Wishing you all continued health and safety.” Katie Hawkes writes: “Last year was a whole thing. In addition to, you know, 2020, I got married and moved from Philadelphia to San Diego (a cross-country road trip more planned for years than just happened to fall mid-pandemic). Had to cancel the wedding, but got married and married in Palm Springs. I’m still living in the honeymoon suite I had paid for and couldn’t cancel! My wife and I are traveling with friends while we look for a place to live. I’m still working on market research for my same company in Philadelphia, increasingly on CSR and social/environmental impact consulting positions which has helped my professional life intersect with Liz Thomas, Casey Pickett ’11, ‘Little Goodness,’ and hopefully more FkESers in the future!” Holly Jones writes: “I’m an associate professor, National Geographic Explorer, and lead editor of the new journal Ecological Solutions and Evidence. Dana Tropelmann writes: “I am in the Pacific Northwest learning to sail again, despite a strange cold-molded wooden slop designed by a racing sailor. The plan is to sail south to California this summer, simultaneously embarking on a marine conservation career and a circumnavigation dream. The aim is to serve as captain, leader and forward-thinking vessel as possible — although the final product will take some years.” CLASS SECRETARIES Simon De Stercke, email@example.com Nathan Bock, firstname.lastname@example.org Alanna Schaffler, email@example.com Leigh Whelpton, firstname.lastname@example.org Rita Elifah writes: “It has been a while since I wrote a class note. I have been based in Abu Dhabi, Gbou d’Ivoire, since 2018 working with the African Development Bank Group, starting first as a young professional and now as a senior climate finance expert coordinating a multi-country trust fund called the Africa Climate Finance Fund. I enjoy my work and the challenges it presents to help African countries scale up access to various climate change finance tools. Do you get in touch when you come this way? I look forward to hearing what my classmates especially have been up to. Caters to a healthy and better 2021!” Brian Kaufman writes: “Hope everyone is staying safe during this third year! As a Philadelphia city family with an in-the-know, concrete backyard, we’ve downsized to many new quarters during this time, often roaming the suburbs and beyond to escape the house. Shoutout to friends working in land use and conservation! Talk about essential workers – now and always.” Lucien Bouffard writes: “Greetings! I’m teaching plant science and natural history at a community science school in Guilford, Connecticut. I’d love to connect with other educators! Maria and I just bought a farm in Chester, Connecticut, where we grow elderberries and fresh produce. This season we’re planting endeavor fosters ecology and plant cultural heritage.” Rebecca Mackey Neiberg writes: “I live in Palo Alto, California, now and am grateful to be working for Peninsula Open Space Trust, where I am protecting wildlife habitat and farmland and working to decolonize conservation. One of my colleagues is also a YSE grad, and I am thrilled to be closer to a larger alumni network!” Ailsa May Mills writes: “I’m living in Hawaii, working for locally born arborist firm called Greenleaf, and designing a new state-of-the-art high school campus on Maui. It’s a public school that has two wells for non-potable water and will produce all of its electricity with photovoltaics. When school is out for summer break, there may be an opportunity to sell the electricity back to the grid, making money for the Department of Education and offsetting peak air conditioning season for the community (as long as Maui’s smart grid is ready by then). When I’m not designing sustainable building projects, I am enjoying the many jungly hikes and beaches on Oahu with my husband. We are expecting our first baby in February 2021. If you are in Honolulu, read on!” CLASS SECRETARIES Judith Ament, email@example.com Ashutosh Adhikari, firstname.lastname@example.org Rebecca de Sa, email@example.com Laura Johnson, firstname.lastname@example.org Victoria Lockhart, email@example.com Patrick Hook writes: “My wife, Julia, and I welcomed twin girls Eleanor and Olivia into the world on June 29, 2020. We moved to the Boston suburbs, and I am hard at work making the woods surrounding my house ‘nuckery-poo.’ Vanessa Lanzo writes: “Ten months into the pandemic with two kids off, I’m thankful for my excellent training at Yale and for toddler snuggles. Stay safe, all!” Michelle Lewis writes: “I started a nonprofit called the Peace Garden Project back in 2016. We have turned over gardens in New York and North Carolina that are in disrepair, and this year, and last year, in the midst of a pandemic, we managed to grow and distribute food to thousands of people in need. In total we distributed more than 150,000 pounds of food in the second half of 2020 and early part of 2021. Youth Leadership Corps, never imagined I’d be able to get a group of middle and high school students to wear masks and garden in the heat of summer, but they did. We all did. It was great fun, and no one got COVID. The thing the youngest woman said, they enjoyed the most was being able to help people in need. We had the opportunity to grow not just healthy food, but a healthy community.” Mona Wang writes: “For the first time, the husband and I are growing our garden from the seeds of a previous year’s harvest. Some could say that we’re grateful. Our healthiest ones are surprisingly or not, the ones that are grown by all themselves. Nature, you wondrous being, you. We also learned that our pup is not a morning person. All in all, life’s better with whale — probably because it avoids us internalizing the stress of trying to change the world by starting with the self right here at home.” Julia Luthringer writes: “I recently joined One Tree Planted, an organization supporting tree planting efforts around the world, as a communications expert to use technology to oversee our projects.” Angel Herder writes: “During working hours, you’ll find me hunting for The Nature Conservancy to increase the pace and scale of forest restoration in the Sierra Nevada. In my free time, I’m fixing up my house, playing guitar, and at times, performing in abundance theater, and exploring the great outdoors in the Bay Area with my beau and pooch. I miss New Haven and am looking forward to the after-time-involving, less-inessential items I’ve come to enjoy, like my cat and Da Long pizza.” Shams-ı-Arefin Islam writes: “I was asked on a pollution control system in Bangladesh, raised due to the global pandemic. Thus, I traveled back to Bangladesh, where I ended up working as a consultant for three environmental projects. One was to work on a medical waste management plan due to the shortage of masks and personal protective equipment in the waste stream; the second was to study the material flow of marine plastic debris; and the third was short-term wastewater treatment options in Bangladesh. Likewise, I where I was selected to be a reviewer. I was also invited by The Star Daily, New Age, and Financial Express newspapers in Bangladesh to write about climate-related issues. Eager to finish my current projects up and see where the next adventure takes me!” Agnes Walton writes: “At the end of 2019, while on sabbatical, a little over a year ago, I spent a month bumbling through the Amazon rainforest, shooting the documentary ‘Amazon on Fire’ with the support of so many from the local community. This past fall, the year we were delighted to receive awards for Best TV Documentary from the NY Press Club, and — to my doc editor partner’s great joy — an American Cinema Editors’ Eddy Award. It does feel like the project and the pipeline as travel becomes easier, but in the meantime, we’re working on a different production: a baby due on the Fourth of July!” Oscar Benjamin writes: “In January, Alexandra (my wife) and I (my husband) welcomed our little girl, Maya, into this world. Our small London apartment is also now full of energy from our large 90-pound dog, Grea.” Camille Delavaux writes: “I’m finally finishing up my PhD and about to move to Switzerland for a post-doc in the Cerebro lab! I actually met Tom (Crawford) at PES (or YSE!) when I was doing my MESC – small world!” Lizzie Horvitz writes: “After years of being the only woman in my family, I’m surrounded by family, and I realized that not everyone was lucky enough to have a friend and mentor YSE (or, at the time, YSE). I started the youth ask their questions. I started Finch, a decade-long project to fund and incentivize consumers to make better purchasing decisions. We’re launching our browser extension on April 6: choosefinch.com” Connor Hogan writes: “We live in northern Connecticut, and welcomed baby Clara to the family in July 2020. For the past four years, I have been directing a private wildlife refuge, and in the course of my work I regularly get to collaborate with other Yale foresters.” Will Kob writes: “This past year, I graduated with a master’s in forestry, specializing in planetary health nutrition at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. With an interest in promoting sustainable dietary patterns and improving health at the population level, I recently started a new role as a nutrition scientist at Impossible Foods. I am grateful for the values instilled in me by the YSE community and a new career path in food science.” Ross Bernet writes: “I recently joined One Tree Planted, an organization supporting tree planting efforts around the world, as a communications expert to use technology to oversee our projects.” Shams-ı-Arefin Islam writes: “I was asked on a pollution control system in Bangladesh, raised due to the global pandemic. Thus, I traveled back to Bangladesh, where I ended up working as a consultant for three environmental projects. One was to work on a medical waste management plan due to the shortage of masks and personal protective equipment in the waste stream; the second was to study the material flow of marine plastic debris; and the third was short-term wastewater treatment options in Bangladesh. Likewise, I where I was selected to be a reviewer. I was also invited by The Star Daily, New Age, and Financial Express newspapers in Bangladesh to write about climate-related issues. Eager to finish my current projects up and see where the next adventure takes me!” Agnes Walton writes: “At the end of 2019, while on sabbatical, a little over a year ago, I spent a month bumbling through the Amazon rainforest, shooting the documentary ‘Amazon on Fire’ with the support of so many from the local community. This past fall, the year we were delighted to receive awards for Best TV Documentary from the NY Press Club, and — to my doc editor partner’s great joy — an American Cinema Editors’ Eddy Award. It does feel like the project and the pipeline as travel becomes easier, but in the meantime, we’re working on a different production: a baby due on the Fourth of July!” Oscar Benjamin writes: “In January, Alexandra (my wife) and I (my husband) welcomed our little girl, Maya, into this world. Our small London apartment is also now full of energy from our large 90-pound dog, Grea.” Camille Delavaux writes: “I’m finally finishing up my PhD and about to move to Switzerland for a post-doc in the Cerebro lab! I actually met Tom (Crawford) at PES (or YSE!) when I was doing my MESC – small world!” Lizzie Horvitz writes: “After years of being the only woman in my family, I’m surrounded by family, and I realized that not everyone was lucky enough to have a friend and mentor YSE (or, at the time, YSE). I started the youth ask their questions. I started Finch, a decade-long project to fund and incentivize consumers to make better purchasing decisions. We’re launching our browser extension on April 6: choosefinch.com” IN MEMORIAM Kevin Jiang ’21 MESc (1994–2021) A second-year master’s student from Chicago at the time of his death, Jiang is remembered fondly for his charisma, his dedication to environmental science, his multitudinous talents, and his unbridled commitment to helping others. He was killed in New Haven on February 6. Jiang came to Yale after spending two years in environmental consulting, helping food and steel manufacturers comply with local and federal environmental regulations. He graduated from the University of Washington with a degree in environmental studies. He was a veteran of the U.S. Army, serving as a tank operator and as a chemical, biological, radiation, nuclear officer. At the time of his death, he was a member of the Army National Guard reserve, called for active duty assisting with COVID-19 relief efforts in Connecticut. “Kevin epitomized the spirit of our School: service, commitment to society, and using science to make a better and safer life,” Dean Burke said. Gabe Benoit, the Grinstein Class of 1954 Professor of Environmental Chemistry at YSE and Jiang’s academic advisor, remembered Jiang’s positive attitude — even during cold, wet mornings in the research field — and a rare openness that he brought into his relationships. “Kevin jumped into everything he did with both feet, all the way, and had a way of inspiring everyone around him,” Benoit said. Robin Schmid, a second-year master’s student at the Jackson Institute for Global Affairs and a teaching fellow at YSE, worked in a small group with Jiang in their “Fundamentals of Working with People” course. She remembered him as an energetic participant. “When there was a class, Kevin was always the one to raise his hand and ask the conversation starter. His voice was very direct, clear. He was willing to make himself vulnerable in a way that is uncommon but very special,” she said. Mary Evelyn Tucker, senior lecturer and research scholar who teaches religion and ecology courses with John Grim, said Jiang’s dedication to the environment was reflected in his personal beliefs. “He was very committed to the sense that the Earth is a very beautiful and complex system of life that deserves to be protected,” she said. Tucker recalls Jiang creating a backyard garden at his home in New Haven as part of her “Environmental History and Values” course, mirroring the values of Henry David Thoreau. “When it was drenched out by a summer rain, he simply trudged it out and admired its regeneration. That is how he was — always filled with positivity, energy, delight, and generosity,” she said. “There was no ego; it was more, eco. He just exuded this joy in nature and life.” The New Haven Botanical Garden of Healing Dedicated to Victims of Gun Violence, which was created by mothers of shooting victims in the city, will lay a brick engraved with Jiang’s name in its walkway along with the names of other victims of gun violence in 2021. The garden was established in collaboration with the Urban Resources Initiative (URI), a program associated with The Forest School at the Yale School of the Environment. Mochen Liao, PhD candidate (1997–2021) A first-year doctoral student who was working with Yuan Yao, assistant professor of Industrial Ecology and Sustainable Systems, Liao died on March 5. Described by faculty as an outstanding scholar, Liao was advancing his studies on understanding and improving the sustainability performance of industrial processes. Liao, 24, was born in Loudi, China. He attended South China University of Technology, where he majored in applied chemistry, and earned his master’s degree in forest biomaterials at Nanchang University in 2018 before coming to Yale in 2019. He had a specific interest in artificial intelligence and was studying the potential uses and performance of biochar, a carbon-rich solid produced in the conversion of organic biomass, in combating climate change. “Mochen’s research and his contribution to advances in industrial ecology are an enduring legacy,” said YSE Dean Indy Burke. “As we mourn his loss, let’s honor his commitment to others, bringing there for each interview and continuing his efforts to better the environment through science.” Yao, who advised Liao in his studies at NCSU when she was an assistant professor of sustainability science and engineering there, described him as talented, bright and enthusiastic. “I never had a doubt Mochen would be an outstanding scholar,” said Yao, who learned after meeting him that the two had attended the same high school in China. She published three papers with Liao, two co-authored with Stephen S. Kelley, a professor at NCSU’s College of Natural Resources. Liao and Yao also just published a paper on the applications of artificial intelligence in bioenergy systems. Yao said Liao’s published work in international journals will allow him to always be remembered and recognized for his scholarship. “The impact his contributions to this world that should be honored and remembered,” said Yao. Prior to coming to Yale, Liao was a research intern for ExLattice, a Raleigh-based company that is developing technology to reduce the cost of biochar for soil conditioning. Aditi Bhaktiunde, a first-year master’s student at YSE, worked with Liao on a project focused on additive manufacturing for their industrial ecology class. The project required many late-night and early-morning Zoom calls with teammates in China and the United States. “Mochen was always more than willing to have meetings and would bring his best self, regardless of how tired we all were,” she said. She said he was also very generous in giving his teammates space to share ideas. “He let us use the project as an opportunity to learn and grow,” Bhaktiunde said. “He was a great support person.” Ines Aponuma, a tutor in the industrial ecology class who was attending online from Indonesia, said in a Yale tribute wall message that Liao was bright but humble. “He was a warm person and always willing to really listen to others’ thoughts and views,” she wrote. “Mochen was one of the people who made me feel supported.” Richard Curtis Beck ’88 PhD (1947–2020) passed away on June 7, 2020, in Wallingford, Connecticut. A native of Jamestown, New York, Beck served his country as a member of the U.S. Army in Vietnam. He graduated from Stony Brook University with a Bachelor of Science degree, Cornell University, a Master of Science from Louisiana State University, and a Doctorate from YSE. He worked many years for Yale University in a variety of information technology positions. He loved the outdoors, music, good books, and dogs. Robert (“Bob”) Curtis ’51 ME (1927–2020) passed away on December 27, 2020, in Olympia, Washington. He came to Yale for his undergraduate degree and to pursue a career in Forestry, which he met his wife, Helen. He worked for the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service until 1996 as a research forester. He learned how to grow trees experimentally in the field, and he was interested in the actual amount of tree growth when harvested at different ages. Curtis received the Award for Superior Service from the USDA, among others. He was a member of the Society of American Foresters for 50 years in retirement. Curtis shared his passion and knowledge of emerging science with the USDA Forest Service. He loved the outdoors and the career that allowed him to be outside much of the time. Richard (“Dick”) Jorgensen ’54 DF (1918–2019) passed away in May 2019, just before his 101st birthday. His doctoral mentor at Yale was William G. Moulton, who became in the early 1950s he helped establish the forestry school at the University of the Andes, Mérida, Venezuela. Jorgensen returned several years later to work with the United Nations establishing economic value for trees with being burned to create farmland, with the goal that they could be managed more responsibly. He studied tree unfamiliar species and created a world “library” of trees housed in its own building at the University of the Andes. He used his vacations to teach wood utilization practices in Paraguay and Panama. Jorgensen was a faculty member at Penn State and Michigan State, and toward the end of his career, he was the US Forest Service expert on wood products used for building homes, Harry B. Mahoney ’55 MF (1930–2020) of Elkton, West Virginia, passed away on August 22, 2020. Upon graduation, he served in the U.S. Army for two years and then worked for the United States Forest Service, where he concentrated on the management of National Forests, specifically the Civilian Ranger District in Pennsylvania. While Virginia, where he served as ranger. His love for the great outdoors was demonstrated with his work as coordinator of the Highland Scenic Highway and his role in the development of the Otter Creek Wilderness. After Mahoney was an avid spelunker, and in 1963, he discovered and named My Cave in Pocahontas County, West Virginia. He also enjoyed skiing, hiking, rafting, backpacking, and camping with his family. Elizabeth (“Libby”) Hyde Moore ’87 MF (1960–2020) of Freeport, Maine, passed away on October 24, 2020. She worked as a municipal planning consultant and then as a forest ecologist at the University of Maine’s Holod Research Forest in Arrowic. She earned her Master of Forestry at YSE, where she also met her husband, Bob Moore ’86 MES. They moved to Maine; got married, and started their family on a salmon farm, where they raised three children and became a blurb, “The Coming Season,” which chronicled her love of natural processes and linked the seasonal cycles to the growth of her family. Her book, “The Salmon River and Birds,” was published this spring. She ran a private law practice and sat on founding boards of Maine Interfaith Power and Light and the Red Cause Foundation, co-leading creative and spiritual communities. Kennard G. Nelson ’60 ME (1933–2020) passed away on February 6, 2020, in Seattle, Washington. He earned his BA in biology from Yale in 1954, while enjoying music as an extracurricular activity. He then returned to New Haven to claim his MF in 1960. Nelson taught for many years at Green River Community College. Donald S. Page ’51 ME (1924–2021) passed away on March 17, 2021, in Pennsylvania. Born and raised in the Boston area, Page joined the U.S. Army during World War II, fighting in the Battle of the Bulge and capturing the Po Valley and the Brenner Straits. After service, he earned his GI Bill to complete undergraduate studies at Harvard and earn his master’s at Yale. Page worked for many years as a personnel manager, retiring as a vice president with Asplundh Tree Expert Company. He is survived by four children and his wife of 69 years, Joanne, whom he met when they were working as camp counselors in Vermont. Harold S. (“Bob”) Sheffield ’50 MF (1920–2020) passed away on August 2, 2020, in New Hampshire. When World War II began, Sheffield — along with his lifelong buddy, Bill Weiland — joined the U.S. Marine Corps, serving in the South Pacific theater in America’s first nuclear space operation, the Marianas Raiders. In the Mariana Islands, Sheffield saw action in Guadalcanal, Tulagi, Emirau, Bougainville, and Guam. After 29 months of war, he attended Plymouth Teachers College and then YSE. While working at Prescott Forest Company and International Paper, he started his own business, Millpond Casuals; and in his later years sold real estate. Age never defined how he lived or dictated what he could do. At 90, he decided to put his life experiences down on paper and write a book. He always seemed to have a copy handy, along with a pen to write a personal note, because he just knew you would want one. Marlin H. (“Mike”) Sokolow Jr. ’72 MFS (1948–2020) passed away on September 20, 2020, in Camp Hill, Pennsylvania. Beloved big brother of Mike J. Sokolow, Sokolow graduated Yale in 1972 with a bachelor’s degree in American studies, and earned his MFS in 1972. In 1981, he earned a JD from the University of Connecticut School of Law. Prior to attending law school, Sokolow taught elementary school and English. He loved teaching students and continued this mentoring spirit throughout his environmental law career. For almost 30 years, he was regional counsel for the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) in the Harrisburg office. At DEP, Sokolow worked primarily on issues of water quality issues, helping to protect and restore streams throughout Pennsylvania. He was a man of many interests. He grew orchids and cibivis, cultivated wildflowers in his garden to attract butterflies, and was renowned for his homemade jam. James E. (“Jim”) Thorne ’82 MPhil, ’83 PhD (1951–2020) of Media, Pennsylvania, passed away on December 31, 2020. Remembered for his exuberant smile, his laugh, and his happy-go-lucky attitude, Thorne had a deep appreciation of nature cultivated during his childhood in Watertown, New York, which he passed on to his children and students. After graduating from YSE with his PhD, Thorne and his wife, Mary, moved to the Philadelphia area, where he began a teaching and research position with the University of Pennsylvania’s Graduate School of Landscape Architecture. He later worked at The Nature Conservancy of southeastern Pennsylvania, where he discovered a passion for prescribed fire, a management technique, and spent a decade with Natural Lands Trust, where he played a critical role in the formation of the Hopewell Big Woods Partnership, a 73,000-acre conservation area encompassing the largest contiguous forest in southeastern Pennsylvania. Arthur H. Westing ’54 MF (1920–2020) passed away peacefully while resting on a bench with his wife, Carol, after a beautiful hike in the woods near their home in Shelburne, Vermont, on April 30, 2020. Westing remained a Member of Faculty from 1954 and continued elected studies at Yale until 1959 in plant physiology and ecology. He spent nearly 24 years in academia, teaching at various institutions that included Purdue University, Middlebury College, Hampshire College (where he served as dean), the Naval School of Ocean Sciences), University of Massachusetts Amherst, and Windham College (where he served as department chair in biology). He worked for eight years at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute and for approximately twelve years at the Peace Research Institute Oslo. From 1989 to 2001, he was a visiting professor at universities in Ireland, Austria, Germany, and England. He conducted extensive research on the effects of chemical warfare, such as Agent Orange, on the environment. Robert L. (“Bob”) Youngs ’57 Phb (1924–2020) of Blacksburg, Virginia, passed away on April 25, 2020. Early in his career, Youngs specialized in forest ecology and forest resources conservation. He was recognized as an international expert in paper science, wood products, and tropical hardwoods. He worked for more than 35 years for the U.S. Forest Service, including research and extension division, Wisconsin, New Orleans, Louisiana; and Washington, D.C. He served on the faculty of Virginia Technologic Institute and the State University College of Forestry later in his career and as online faculty for National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan. Together with his wife, Mary, he led the establishment of the International Peace Garden on the Virginia Tech campus. He also participated in the development of the local Huckleberry Trail, supported Appalachian Trail preservation, and was an advocate for land and forest resource conservation programs and for the advancement of scientific education. SOLAR IN THE AMERICAN MIND A grant from the U.S. Department of Energy has YSE Associate Professor Ken Gillingham examining what influences the decisions Americans are making regarding solar energy and electric vehicles. BY JOSH ANUSEWICZ As a new administration signals renewed optimism for battling the climate crisis in the U.S., stubborn facts persist: Americans still rely heavily on fossil fuels and nonrenewable energy. Only 727,000 electric vehicles were sold in 2019 according to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, compared to 17 million light-duty vehicles using gasoline. According to projections from the Solar Energy Industries Association, just 2.5 percent of U.S. homes will have solar installations by 2024; even fewer will use battery energy storage, a cleaner alternative to fuel-powered generators. Ken Gillingham, associate professor of environmental and energy economics at the YSE, is exploring why American energy consumers make certain decisions. It is the focus of his new research project, funded by a $1.6 million grant from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) aimed at advancing solar technologies across the country. The DOE announced in November 2020 that it was investing $130 million in projects seeking to reduce the cost of solar, increase U.S. manufacturing competitiveness, and improve the reliability of the nation’s electric grid. Gillingham recently discussed his upcoming research project and the patterns and trends he hopes to find by developing field experiments and surveying citizens. THERE ARE SEVERAL COMPONENTS TO THIS PROJECT. PLEASE WALK US THROUGH THE STAGES We’re going to start by using actual data from installations of solar and installations of energy storage across the country to understand the patterns and trends in the adoption of solar and storage. We’ll also examine some related effects: If you already use solar, are you more likely to adopt energy storage versus someone who hasn’t adopted solar? Then we’ll do the same thing with electric vehicles, focusing on Connecticut, where we’ve already collected data: If someone buys an electric vehicle, are they more likely to adopt solar? And vice versa. WHAT DO YOU HOPE TO LEARN FROM THIS? Understanding these patterns and trends of where renewable energy is being adopted is really important for policymakers as they consider who’s adopting now and what areas can be targeted to most likely lead to adoptions in the future. It will be useful for utility planners who need to know where the future demand for electricity will be. It will also be useful for renewable energy companies, giving insights on how to develop more targeted marketing based on the characteristics of potential consumers. WHAT ARE THE FIELDWORK COMPONENTS OF THIS PROJECT? We’re focusing on energy storage and solar in Connecticut, a state that has shown positive growth in adopting solar energy and energy storage. Our weather here causes a lot of power outages, and solar and energy storage is a cleaner, more reliable alternative than fossil fuel-powered generators. We hope to run a set of campaigns to test theories using behavioral economics to understand what influences people to adopt solar energy and energy storage. What can we learn about consumer behavior, and when can we expect energy storage to begin to really take off? We will also focus on solar adoption and energy efficiency in Alaska, a place where people have a strong sense of self-reliance but rely heavily on fossil fuels – both for their economy and their daily lives. Alaska is an especially interesting place to think about when studying energy efficiency and solar adoption. WHAT ARE THE BIGGEST OBSTACLES FOR MORE WIDESPREAD SOLAR AND ELECTRIC VEHICLE ADOPTION? Some of it is just information – it takes time to have solar plus storage systems installed and for homeowners to understand how solar energy works. But cost is also a real factor; prices are coming down, but while the price of solar energy is becoming more reasonable, the combination of solar and energy storage is still quite expensive. States like Connecticut offer incentives, but it is economically unattractive. And with vehicles, the cost is high and the offerings are limited. There aren’t charging stations everywhere yet and people worry about being left high and dry – “range anxiety,” we call it. There are a lot of positive conversations going on within the government right now about incentives for renewable infrastructure and electric vehicles. There are many people who believe we’re headed in the right direction, regardless of government policy, but I think it’s going to take time without real government action. CANOPY Office of Development and Alumni Yale School of the Environment P.O. Box 208354 195 Prospect Street New Haven, CT 06511 environment.yale.edu ADDRESS SERVICE REQUESTED Printed on 100% post-consumer recycled paper using electricity for printing derived from wind power by GHP Media.
Strengthening Public Health Surveillance Through Wastewater Testing: An Essential Investment for the COVID-19 Pandemic and Future Health Threats Strengthening Public Health Surveillance Through Wastewater Testing: An Essential Investment for the COVID-19 Pandemic and Future Health Threats January 2022 Doug Manuel firstname.lastname@example.org Carlo Alberto Amadei email@example.com Jonathon R. Campbell firstname.lastname@example.org Jean-Martin Brault email@example.com Amy Zierler Jeremy Veillard firstname.lastname@example.org © 2022 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Manuel, Douglas G., Carlo Alberto Amadei, Jonathon R. Campbell, Jean-Martin Brault, Amy Zierler, and Jeremy Veillard. 2021. Strengthening Public Health Surveillance Through Wastewater Testing: An Essential Investment for the COVID-19 Pandemic and Future Health Threats. Washington, DC: World Bank. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: email@example.com. Cover photo: Mariana Ceratti / World Bank All photos used with permission, and any reuse requires permission of the copyright holder. Cover design: Danielle Willis Executive Summary Exploring Potential Strengths and Challenges of Using Wastewater Testing to Control COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean. A New Role for an Old Public Health Tool Historical uses - Polio - Antimicrobial resistance Current use - COVID-19 - Low cost - Population based - Early detection Future uses - Emerging infections - Pandemics - Over 70 endemic diseases - Drugs, toxins, pesticides 3,000+ Testing Sites Active in 58 Countries Worldwide More than 85 percent of sites are in high- or upper-middle-income countries. Lower-income countries, including areas without a sanitary sewerage system, can also benefit from wastewater testing. Source: Data provided by Covid Poops. See reference Naughton et al. 2021. Map generated by World Bank. How It Works An Early-Warning Tool Early in the current pandemic, SARS-CoV-2—the virus that causes COVID-19—was discovered in human feces. The virus is detectable in stool as soon as people become infected, days before they develop symptoms and even if they remain asymptomatic. Viral shedding is highest in the first few days of infection, and people can spread the virus before they know they have it. The Method Accessible for all communities Testing can be done on samples collected anywhere that wastewater flows or is treated—outlets at specific locations, wastewater lagoons or open trench systems, or large treatment facilities in areas with well-developed collection systems. Complementary form of surveillance Wastewater testing complements (not replaces) other methods of public health surveillance. The real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay is so sensitive that it can detect minute levels of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material, even when feces is diluted with rainwater or industrial effluent. Steps for Wastewater Testing 1. People become infected with SARS-CoV-2 2. SARS-CoV-2 in stool gets flushed down the toilet 3. Virus particles travel through the sewerage system 4. Sewage sample is taken along the sewerage shed or at the treatment facility 5. Samples are transported and stored at the laboratory 6. Viral and other measures are taken at the laboratory, after filtration, concentration, and RNA isolation 7. Public health action is informed by sharing data and reports Openly and transparently share to engage the public in prevention and control measures Who: Public, policy actors, and journalists Interpret results alongside other surveillance data Who: Local, regional, national, and international public health along with environment and wastewater collaborators Advance wastewater science and our understanding of COVID-19 Who: Researchers, students, and informed public Executive Summary Strengths and Benefits - Supports early and broad detection Infection at all stages is detected, including asymptomatic cases - Supports sustainable surveillance* Wastewater testing costs less than clinical testing and requires no effort by local residents - Supports control Early detection enables control by quickly identifying outbreaks and waves - Supports equity and population-based surveillance Wastewater testing includes everyone and enables focus on vulnerable populations * A typical national wastewater testing strategy costs US$1 per person for the first year. However, costs can vary from US$0.20 to over $3 per person depending on the proportion of the population served by wastewater treatment facilities, the frequency of testing, and other factors. Challenges and Limitations - Measurement and reporting best practices need development. Improvement needed: Quality assurances among the various analytical methods to measure SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater need to be improved. Challenge: Many factors influence the amount of measurable viral material in wastewater, resulting in wide day-to-day variation in signal within and between sites. - Interpreting results requires collaboration and coordination. Improvement needed: Public health, testing labs, and wastewater utilities must work together to ensure wastewater testing provides actionable intelligence. Challenge: Like any interagency effort, a wastewater testing program is a chain where strength comes from every link. - Wastewater testing programs need sustainable infrastructure. Improvement needed: Local programs need support to transition from pilot programs to expanded, organized, and sustainable surveillance systems. Challenge: In the rapid growth of wastewater testing during this pandemic, most new programs have been pilot projects by academic laboratories. The success of wastewater testing during the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted this approach as a multifaceted tool with potential roles beyond the current pandemic. • Wastewater can be a lens into the broader health of our communities. A single sample can be analyzed for a variety of pathogens: influenza, hepatitis A, polio, and other diseases. And wastewater testing can help a community monitor local exposure to drugs, toxins, pesticides, and other chemical compounds. • Building the partnerships and infrastructure needed for successful wastewater testing can take time. But investments today can reap long-term benefits by strengthening a country’s ability to mount a timely, well-informed public health response for a range of issues. • Wastewater testing is part of a One Health approach that explicitly integrates human, animal and environment health with an endpoint of improving global health security and achieving gains in development. # Contents Acknowledgments ................................................................. xi ## 1: Situation Overview .................................................. 1 - The Path to Endemicity ....................................................... 1 - Wastewater Testing: An Emerging Surveillance Tool for COVID-19 .... 2 ## 2: Why Conduct Wastewater Testing for SARS-CoV-2? ........... 3 - Early Warning, Relatively Low Cost ........................................ 3 - Uses the Same Trusted Assay as in Clinical Testing .................... 5 - Suitable for Many Settings ..................................................... 5 - Addresses the Four Key Drivers of the Pandemic ....................... 6 - Supports Broad, All-Stage Detection ...................................... 10 - Supports Sustainable Surveillance ........................................ 10 - Supports Control of Outbreaks, Surges, and Waves .................... 13 - Supports Equity and Population-Based Surveillance .................... 14 - Wastewater is a Lens into the Health of Our Community .............. 15 ## 3: Wastewater Surveillance Toolbox .................................. 16 - How Wastewater Testing Is Performed .................................... 17 - Four Uses of Wastewater Testing .......................................... 19 - Potential Future Uses ......................................................... 20 - Case Examples of Use ......................................................... 21 - People and Partnerships Required ......................................... 25 - Implementation Challenges .................................................. 26 - Use Examples in Latin America and the Caribbean ....................... 30 ## 4: Towards a National Wastewater Surveillance Program .......... 34 - Phase 1 — Assess ............................................................... 36 - Phase 2 — Develop ............................................................ 40 - Phase 3 — Implement ......................................................... 45 - Phase 4 — Evaluate ............................................................ 49 - The Process Is Cyclical ....................................................... 52 References ........................................................................ 53 Figures Figure 1. World Map of Wastewater Testing by Country ........................................... 4 Figure 2. The Population Size of the Sample Location Leads to Different Public Health Action ................................................................. 6 Figure 3. Drivers of the COVID-19 Pandemic and How Wastewater Testing Addresses Them ................................................................. 7 Figure 4. Wastewater Testing Identifies People Throughout Acute COVID-19 Illness ................................................................. 10 Figure 5. Resource Requirements for Clinical Testing Versus Cost of Wastewater Testing ................................................................. 12 Figure 6. Clinical and Wastewater Testing Resources ................................................................. 13 Figure 7. Early Identification of Surges and Waves is Critical for Control .................................................................................. 13 Figure 8. Population Coverage of COVID-19 Surveillance Approaches .................................................................................. 14 Figure 9. Uses of Wastewater Testing Beyond the Current Pandemic .................................................................................. 15 Figure 10. Steps for Wastewater Testing .................................................................................. 18 Figure 11. Four Uses of Wastewater Testing .................................................................................. 19 Figure 12. Three Disciplines for Wastewater Surveillance Success .................................................................................. 25 Figure 13. Implementation Challenges .................................................................................. 26 Figure 14. Factors Affecting Day-to-Day Variation in Measurement .................................................................................. 27 Figure 15. Key Influences for Wastewater Measurement .................................................................................. 28 Figure 16. Phases of a Wastewater Surveillance Strategy .................................................................................. 35 Figure 17. Questions for a Surveillance Data Inventory .................................................................................. 37 Figure 18. Putting Your Strategy Into Action .................................................................................. 46 Boxes Box 1. Villa 31: Outbreaks Isolate Dense Informal Neighborhoods ............... 9 Box 2. An Example of Estimating the Cost of Wastewater Testing for a Population .................................................................................. 43 Box 3. An Example of Estimating the Cost of Clinical Testing for a Population .................................................................................. 43 Acknowledgments This work was made possible by grant funding support from the Korea-World Bank Partnership Facility (KWPF), an initiative between the Republic of Korea’s Ministry of Economy and Finance and the World Bank, and financial contributions from the Global Water Security & Sanitation Partnership (GWSP). The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge and thank graphic designer Danielle Willis and translator Antonio Posada. Since early 2020, an outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly across the world. Latin America and the Caribbean remains an epicenter of the pandemic, with some of the world’s highest death rates. All countries in the region have been impacted, and more than 1.5 million people have died. With its relentless social and economic consequences, COVID-19 threatens to undo recent decades of progress on health outcomes in Latin America and the Caribbean and diverts attention from work on remaining health sector challenges. The Path to Endemicity Although global vaccine coverage is increasing, highly transmissible variants present challenges for the control of the pandemic. Inequities in disease burden from COVID-19 will remain challenging in many areas. Like other regions, Latin America and the Caribbean can expect outbreaks and surges for the foreseeable future. Vigilance and planning will be critical to enable early detection and management of local outbreaks, which will occur more often in disadvantaged communities and can overwhelm local health care. Countries must address the ongoing need for public health surveillance of current and new health threats. There are opportunities and lessons from COVID-19 that can help countries better prepare for the future. Wastewater Testing: An Emerging Surveillance Tool for COVID-19 Studies have shown that most people infected with SARS-CoV-2 shed the virus in their stool, usually before their symptoms start (Zhang et al. 2020; Stanoeva et al. 2021). In areas with sanitary sewers, when someone with COVID-19 goes to the bathroom they flush the virus into the wastewater system. Testing wastewater can—at a relatively low cost—show where the virus is circulating and whether the number of infected people in a local area is increasing or decreasing. This report explores the value, potential, and challenges of wastewater testing for SARS-CoV-2 in Latin America and the Caribbean, including in areas without a sanitary sewerage system. Providing examples from across the world, the report also outlines what countries should consider in creating a national wastewater surveillance program as part of their broader efforts to control the impacts of COVID-19. Wastewater testing has a long history of informing public health action. In the past, it has been used to monitor health threats such as polio and antimicrobial resistance (Zhang et al. 2020; Stanoeva et al. 2021). These experiences laid the groundwork for the rapid development of methods to test wastewater for COVID-19. This has positioned wastewater surveillance within the core toolkit for modern surveillance systems globally. Early Warning, Relatively Low Cost In the first months of the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 was discovered in feces, and researchers in several countries identified SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater (Bivins et al. 2020). The potential for wastewater to act as an early warning system for COVID-19 outbreaks spurred academic laboratories worldwide to begin testing wastewater in their regions. Throughout the first summer of the pandemic, in 2020, an acceleration in the number of wastewater testing sites confirmed the early detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a range of settings, from municipal wastewater systems to university campuses and elsewhere (Keshaviah et al. 2021). Compared with clinical testing, wastewater testing is a relatively affordable and timely COVID-19 surveillance tool that is well-suited for all countries (Keshaviah et al. 2021). These qualities have helped fuel the expansion of wastewater testing throughout the pandemic. As of December 2021, there are more than 3,000 testing sites worldwide (Naughton et al. 2021a). However, most sites are in wealthier countries (figure 1). In September 2021, wastewater testing was being performed in 55 countries: 36 (65 percent) were high-income countries, 11 (20 percent) were upper-middle-income countries, 8 (15 percent) were lower-middle-income countries, and none were low-income countries (Naughton et al. 2021b). Figure 1. World Map of Wastewater Testing by Country NUMBER OF WASTEWATER SITES BY COUNTRY Source: Data provided by Covid Poops. See reference Naughton et al. 2021. Map generated by World Bank. Uses the Same Trusted Assay as in Clinical Testing The method of testing wastewater for SARS-CoV-2 is the same as in clinical testing: real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, or RT-qPCR, the most accurate and sensitive laboratory method for detecting SARS-CoV-2. In clinical testing, an individual provides a nasal mucus or saliva sample. At the laboratory, the RT-qPCR process amplifies the genetic material from the sample. Next, primers or sequences of genetic material specific to SARS-CoV-2 are added. The primers fluoresce (light up) if SARS-CoV-2 is present. When a new variant of concern is identified, scientists develop new primers for the variant’s specific mutation and genetic sequence. Fortunately, the RT-qPCR test, or assay, can be performed on any type of sample, including wastewater. The assay is so sensitive that it can detect minute levels of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material, even when feces is diluted with rainwater or industrial effluent (Wu et al. 2021). Suitable for Many Settings Testing for SARS-CoV-2 can be conducted on samples taken anywhere that wastewater flows or is treated. In communities with well-developed collection systems, like those in larger cities throughout Latin America and the Caribbean, wastewater testing is most often performed at wastewater treatment facilities. Conjugate living settings—buildings where people live in close proximity such as university residences, prisons, and long-term care facilities—are also common collection sites for COVID-19 surveillance. Use of wastewater testing is also increasing in less developed or site-specific sanitation systems such as wastewater lagoons, open-trench sewage collection, trucked wastewater, and airplane collection systems. There is a balance and trade-off between different types of sample collection locations, with large and small populations providing complementary uses and affordability (figure 2). In a big city, a single sample from a large treatment facility may cover a million people or more, thereby providing a very efficient measure of the overall level of SARS-CoV-2 circulating in a population. But that test provides little information about where specifically the virus is circulating and where specifically there may be new risk of transmission. Conversely, testing in a neighborhood or area with a less well-developed wastewater system often requires more sampling because each test represents a small population. But measuring SARS-CoV-2 in a small population can help signal the beginning of a new outbreak or a surge in a specific population. That specific population can then be targeted for individual clinical testing to identify people who are asymptomatic or early in their infectious period. There are now examples worldwide of wastewater testing in small populations—from hundreds of people to tens of thousands—where early identification of outbreaks and surges has led to enhanced clinical testing, public health control and, ultimately, a break in the spread of COVID-19 (Manuel et al. 2021). Addresses the Four Key Drivers of the Pandemic To contain and control COVID-19, countries need multifaceted strategic plans. For testing, there is no one-size-fits-all approach. Population-level surveillance activities, such as wastewater testing, are an underappreciated but vital component of national planning for pandemic preparedness and response. Wastewater testing has gained attention because it has the potential to address four key factors driving the challenges of this pandemic (figure 3). --- Figure 2. The Population Size of the Sample Location Leads to Different Public Health Action \| Population Size \| Buildings and Facilities \| Upstream or Community Sites \| Wastewater Treatment Plants \| \|-----------------\|--------------------------\|-----------------------------\|----------------------------\| \| <1,000 people \| Value: Identifies new clusters and outbreaks, which then triggers investigation and action. How: Congregate settings (prisons, university residences, group homes, long-term care) use wastewater testing to identify new infections before individual cases are diagnosed. Then, all residents are offered COVID-19 testing and transmission can be interrupted by isolating people who test positive, often before they develop symptoms. Cost: > US$0.3 per test per person* \| Value: Mobilizes resources (temporary testing sites) to “hot spot” areas. How: Wastewater testing helps hard-to-reach and “hot spot” neighborhoods and communities through early identification of outbreaks and surges. Cost: US$0.006 to $0.3 per test per person. \| Value: Improves population-wide surveillance of new waves, variant detection, and effect of prevention efforts. How: Wastewater testing strengthens other surveillance approaches, particularly where clinical testing is limited. In turn, better information and planning promotes vigilance and adherence to public health measures such as clinical testing, physical distancing, and immunization campaigns. Cost: US$0.0003 to $0.006 per test per person. \| * Based on a cost of US$300 per wastewater test. See page 42, Estimate Cost and Required Resources, for more details on estimating testing costs. Figure 3. Drivers of the COVID-19 Pandemic and How Wastewater Testing Addresses Them Drivers of the Pandemic COVID-19 is: Difficult to detect Response to infection varies from no symptoms to extreme illness and death. Difficult to diagnose Diagnosis is resource intensive and requires that people have capacity, opportunity, and motivation. Difficult to control Spread occurs early during infection and by people who are asymptomatic. Difficult to equitably and completely measure Case detection is poor for some groups (many cases are not diagnosed), leading to inequitable health burden. Benefits of Wastewater Testing When wastewater testing is implemented - Supports broad detection Infection at all stages is detected, including asymptomatic cases. - Supports sustainable surveillance Wastewater testing costs less than clinical testing and requires no effort by local residents. - Supports control Early detection enables control by quickly identifying outbreaks and waves. - Supports equity and population-based surveillance Wastewater testing includes everyone and has the ability to focus on vulnerable populations. COVID-19 is: 1) Difficult to detect. The severity of the disease varies widely. Infected people may have no symptoms at all or become extremely ill and eventually die. 2) Difficult to diagnose. Individual diagnostics are expensive, making it hard for countries to sustain their diagnostic infrastructure as case numbers climb. 3) Difficult to control. Once an outbreak or wave takes hold, disease spread is hard to control. Transmission commonly occurs early in a person’s infection and by people who are asymptomatic. Variants of concern are increasingly transmissible. Identifying outbreaks, surges, and waves as soon as possible is, therefore, critical. 4) Difficult to equitably and completely monitor. Inequities across population groups run through all aspects of this pandemic. From a public health perspective, there are inequities in case detection, surveillance, and burden of disease. COVID-19 has been challenging to prevent, control, and treat for entire populations and for hard-to-reach groups, particularly in low- and lower-middle income countries. Outbreaks spread quickly in dense informal settlements (box 1). Effective medical care has reduced deaths from COVID-19 by over 50 percent where such care is available. However, inequities in access to health care are pervasive in Latin America and the Caribbean and are exacerbated during outbreaks when local health care facilities become overwhelmed. Wastewater testing offers a relatively low-cost way to help countries meet these four challenges (for more on costs, see below, as well as section 4, Towards a National Wastewater Surveillance Program). By filling important gaps in the surveillance toolbox, wastewater testing enables broad-based, sustainable, early, and equitable (population-wide) detection of COVID-19 spread. Figure 3 outlines these benefits, and we briefly expand on them in the pages that follow. Clinical testing, as shown here, has been the mainstay of COVID-19 surveillance. Wastewater testing complements clinical testing for broad-based, sustainable, early, and equitable (population-wide) detection of COVID-19 spread. Box 1. Villa 31: Outbreaks Isolate Dense Informal Neighborhoods In Greater Buenos Aires, which was ground zero of the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina, low-income neighborhood “villas” were being hit the hardest at the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis. There were two main factors driving the high vulnerability of villas: 1) Crowded living conditions. More than 10 people can live in the same crowded, confined household with close contact, and often without easy access to clean water and sanitation. 2) High dependence on informal economic activities. Compliance with lockdown policies is challenging without economic support or stability. For instance, Villa 31 is the oldest of the villas in Buenos Aires. It developed in the 1940s on the remains of Villa Desocupación, a settlement built after the economic crisis of ‘29 by European immigrants and destroyed by the Argentine authorities in 1935. When it was founded, Villa 31 collected mainly immigrants, and it was one of the few villas in Buenos Aires not to be demolished. In these densely populated and poor neighborhoods, the virus spread quickly, leading to periods of mandatory isolation from the rest of the city. During the isolation, authorities carried out mass testing programs revealing spread of the virus between 5 percent and 10 percent of the population. Villa 31, a low-income neighborhood in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where COVID-19 spread quickly. Crowded living conditions and dependence on informal activities were contributing factors. Supports Broad, All-Stage Detection Wastewater testing includes people at all stages of illness, making it a valuable tool for early detection of outbreaks. As shown in figure 4, people excrete SARS-CoV-2 in their stool before they develop symptoms or if they remain asymptomatic, and viral shedding is highest in the first few days of infection, when people are in the early stages of the disease. Other types of surveillance—such as testing people who are sick or hospitalized—only capture cases after people have developed symptoms, although contact tracing does identify people who are pre- or asymptomatic. For early outbreak detection, wastewater testing must be done frequently and at the right locations. For more on this topic, see How Wastewater Testing Is Performed in section 3, Wastewater Surveillance Toolbox. Supports Sustainable Surveillance Wastewater testing is less resource-intensive than clinical testing and does not need clinical services and clinical laboratories that are stretched with many pandemic demands. Instead, wastewater testing uses wastewater engineers and municipal utility staff. The diagnostic assay (RT-qPCR) for wastewater testing follows the same approach as clinical testing, but the tests are performed by environmental testing laboratories (figures 5 and 6). Wastewater testing also requires no effort on the part of people who are included in this COVID-19 surveillance (WHO 2020a, 2020b). Clinical testing requires people to have both physical and mental capability to get a clinical test, along with sufficient opportunity and motivation. Motivation for clinical testing has been found to be highest during the peak of COVID-19 waves, but testing continues to be essential during periods of low transmission to identify new outbreaks and surges (Hasell et al. 2020). The resource requirements for wastewater testing are typically much lower than for clinical testing. The total cost of clinical testing increases considerably during surges and waves, whereas for wastewater testing the cost generally remains constant (figure 7). This is because clinical testing costs are proportional to the number of people tested, while wastewater testing costs are proportional to the number of sites sampled, which does not change greatly with the number of people covered by the test. Wastewater testing is typically performed two to three times each week, but the frequency can increase or decrease depending on the level of circulating SARS-CoV-2 and also local characteristics of the wastewater system. The cost of implementing and maintaining a wastewater testing program can vary 10-fold or more. A starting point for planning a national wastewater testing strategy is US$1 per person for the first year. However, costs can vary from US$0.20 to over $3 per person depending on the proportion of the population served by wastewater treatment facilities, the frequency of testing, and other factors (Hart and Halden 2020; Gawlik et al. 2021; Keshaviah et al. 2021). Section 4, Towards a National Wastewater Surveillance Program (Phase 2 – Develop) describes more about resource requirements and, briefly, how costs can be estimated. Various countries and regions start small, by piloting wastewater testing at a few sites, and then expand to additional sites after they have established the necessary infrastructure, including logistics and integration with the public health surveillance system. Figure 5. Resource Requirements for Clinical Testing Versus Cost of Wastewater Testing \| \| Laboratory equipment \| Assay reagents \| \|----------------------\|----------------------\|----------------\| \| Clinical testing \| $$ to $$$ \| $$$$ to $$$$$$ \| \| Wastewater testing \| $ \| $ \| Supplies, lab equipment, and assay requirements for testing - Clinical testing - Laboratory equipment: $$ to $$$ - Assay reagents: $$$$ to $$$$$$ - Wastewater testing - Laboratory equipment: $ - Assay reagents: $ Human resources requirements for testing - Clinical testing - Laboratory staff: 10 to 20 - Field staff: 10 to 20 - Public health staff: 1 - Wastewater testing - Municipal and environmental staff: 1 - Clinical staff: 1 - Clinical laboratory staff: 1 - Environmental laboratory staff: 1 - Analysts and IT staff: 1 - Public health staff: 1 Legend: - $ Relative cost - Laboratory staff - Field staff Municipal and environmental staff Staff are required to maintain sample equipment; take, store, and transport samples; and collect wastewater system and environmental characteristics. Clinical staff Clinical staff vary depending on the amount of testing. At times of high infection, there are demands on clinical staff for both testing and caring for ill patients. Clinical laboratory staff Laboratory staff vary depending on the amount of testing. Laboratory staff may have increased demands for other clinical tests during COVID-19 waves. Environmental laboratory staff Some settings have centralized testing that covers many sites. Other settings perform testing locally or regionally, requiring more laboratories, but with less transportation and fewer transportation delays. Analysts and IT staff Data analysts perform the complex task of interpreting and correlating both clinical and wastewater test results. IT staff ensure information systems for holding, analyzing, and visualizing data are reliable and integrated across agencies. Public health staff Staff interpret wastewater test results along with other surveillance data to assess the level of current and future COVID-19 transmission. Staff then develop and implement response plans. Supports Control of Outbreaks, Surges, and Waves Wastewater testing has identified clusters of cases before they progress to sustained transmission. This critical early warning of potential outbreaks and surges has allowed public health officials to engage communities and quickly implement control measures (figure 7). As shown in figure 2, wastewater testing can help control COVID-19 in settings with small to large populations. In section 3, we describe four different uses of wastewater testing that are used worldwide to control COVID-19. Supports Equity and Population-Based Surveillance Wastewater testing can be used for broad populations or with a focus on hard-to-reach and underserved groups. Because it captures everyone who uses that wastewater system, wastewater testing includes people who lack access to clinical testing for COVID-19. Vulnerable populations can be specifically targeted by collecting wastewater from neighborhoods or congregate settings with a higher risk of COVID-19. Up to 100 percent of people in a defined area can be captured by wastewater testing, depending on the type and extent of the sewerage system. As illustrated in figure 8, other approaches to COVID-19 surveillance cover much smaller proportions of the population: • Hospital surveillance captures people with COVID-19 who become severely ill and receive hospital care, approximately 5 percent of people with COVID-19 overall. This approach works well to create a population-based estimate of severe disease where there is good access to health care. The proportion of people hospitalized has been lower for younger people, although transmission is more common among them. • Clinical testing captures an estimated 10 percent to 50 percent of people with COVID-19, depending on how available testing is in the area, how actively testing is being promoted, and what stage of the pandemic the local area is experiencing. Some groups are less likely to get tested, and there are concerns that voluntary testing will decline as the pandemic wanes locally. • Syndromic surveillance captures people who have and report symptoms of COVID-19. This approach is well suited for specific populations, such as schools and workplaces. Between 20 percent and 70 percent of people with COVID-19 have symptoms (lower proportions among younger people), but less than 1 percent of the general population are likely to participate in ongoing syndromic surveillance, such as reporting symptoms through a smartphone app. Figure 8. Population Coverage of COVID-19 Surveillance Approaches \| Surveillance Method \| Population Covered \| \|---------------------\|--------------------\| \| Hospital surveillance \| People with severe illness \| \| Clinical testing \| People with symptoms and access to testing or who are identified with active screening or contact tracing \| \| Syndromic surveillance \| People with symptoms who participate in data collection \| \| Wastewater surveillance \| All people who are served and measured by the sewer system \| Note: For specific populations, locate wastewater testing sites in high-risk neighborhoods, difficult-to-reach communities, and congregate living (long-term care homes, prisons, university residences, etc.) Wastewater is a Lens into the Health of Our Community The emergence and success of wastewater testing during the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted its potential as a multifaceted public health surveillance tool with roles beyond the current pandemic (figure 9). Wastewater is described as an “underground” surveillance tool that complements “above ground” surveillance by providing a lens into the broad, hidden health of our communities in two ways. First, much of what we eat or ingest comes out in our feces, including drugs, toxins, pesticides, and other chemical compounds that we have been exposed to. There is an increasing appreciation through metagenomics (the study of microbial communities) that our health is reflected in our feces. Second, a variety of infectious pathogens—causing influenza, hepatitis A, polio, or other diseases beyond COVID-19—are excreted in feces. A single wastewater sample can be analyzed for multiple pathogens to provide insights into infection trends in a community. Beyond human health, wastewater testing is part of the One Health approach that explicitly integrates human health, animal health, and environmental health with an endpoint of improving global health security and achieving gains in development (World Bank 2021a; World Bank 2021b). Seventy-five percent of emerging infectious diseases in humans have their origin in animals (Ogden et al. 2017). The next section, Wastewater Surveillance Toolbox, outlines how wastewater testing is being used in the current pandemic, how it is performed, what resources are required, and what challenges to expect in implementing a wastewater testing program for COVID-19. In this section, we outline what’s involved in carrying out wastewater testing and highlight both the strengths and current limitations of this tool. We describe four uses of wastewater testing for SARS-CoV-2: early detection of outbreaks and surges, population-wide surveillance, specific population surveillance, and variants of concern surveillance. For each type of use, we present a real-world example among the increasing number of examples worldwide. In each case example, wastewater testing has informed public health action to control the spread of COVID-19. In examples worldwide, wastewater testing has resulted in policy action leading to an interruption or reduction of COVID-19 transmission. This outcome has convinced local officials that their early efforts to pilot wastewater testing yielded a valuable return on investment. For example, numerous university campuses that used wastewater testing in the 2020 academic year identified asymptomatic cases of... COVID-19 in student residences. These efforts were so successful that, in some jurisdictions, wastewater testing labs have had difficulty meeting the growing demand for university surveillance in 2021. At the same time, there are concerns that wastewater testing requires further development before moving into widespread use. Critics have several concerns. First, for each use case that shows benefit, there are likely more situations where wastewater did not provide value over existing COVID-19 surveillance approaches. Evaluations have consisted of reviews of case reports and may be biased towards describing benefit (Manuel et al. 2021). Second, despite the rapid development of wastewater surveillance during the pandemic, much development and evaluation of the method is still underway. Third, many programs are challenged to migrate from pilot projects led by academic laboratories to scaled, sustainable programs managed by public health or other government agencies. How Wastewater Testing Is Performed Figure 10 illustrates the basic steps in wastewater testing as a COVID-19 surveillance tool. Of key importance is the last step: After the samples are analyzed, the findings must be communicated to local, regional, national, and international public health and environmental agencies where they can be interpreted alongside other COVID-19 data. Data should also be widely shared with researchers and others worldwide to advance our understanding of COVID-19. Wastewater testing is “local” in terms of where samples are collected, but the steps necessary to use that testing to inform a public health response—the analysis, interpretation, communication, and decision-making—require careful coordination with regional, national, and even international agencies and expertise. The critical role of these partnerships is a theme throughout this report. Collaboration and coordination among wastewater testing partners are critical for the success of wastewater testing programs. Many programs have struggled during the high demands of the pandemic to form highly integrated teams among the key partners: municipal wastewater utilities, wastewater testing laboratories, and public health. Sampling from free-flow sewage is used for surveillance of neighborhoods, university campuses and, in some settings, large institutions such as hospitals and nursing homes. Figure 10. Steps for Wastewater Testing 1. People become infected with SARS-CoV-2. 2. SARS-CoV-2 in stool gets flushed down the toilet. 3. Virus particles travel through the sewerage system. 4. Sewage sample is taken along the sewerage shed or at the treatment facility. 5. Samples are transported and stored at the laboratory. 6. Viral and other measures are taken at the laboratory, after filtration, concentration, and RNA isolation. 7. Public health action is informed by sharing data and reports. - Openly and transparently share to engage the public in prevention and control measures. - Who: Public, policy actors, and journalists. - Interpret results alongside other surveillance data. - Who: Local, regional, national, and international public health along with environment and wastewater collaborators. - Advance wastewater science and our understanding of COVID-19. - Who: Researchers, students, and informed public. Four Uses of Wastewater Testing Based on its key attributes—early identification of viral circulation and population-wide surveillance—there are four current uses of wastewater testing in the COVID-19 pandemic (figure 11) (Keshaviah et al. 2021; Manuel et al. 2021; WHO 2020a, 2020b). Early Detection of Outbreaks and Surges Because SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in wastewater before a community or population has any laboratory-confirmed clinical cases of COVID-19, wastewater testing is being used to detect outbreaks before there is confirmed transmission and to identify surges or waves where there is established transmission. The level of detection varies depending on wastewater system characteristics and assay method but ranges between 1 and 50 new COVID-19 cases per day for a population of 100,000 people (Wu et al. 2021). See the case example from Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. Population-Wide Surveillance Because wastewater testing provides population-wide data (everyone who uses the sewerage system is included), it is being used to complement other forms of surveillance to inform the need for and monitor the effectiveness of prevention and control measures such as vaccination. See the case example from the Netherlands. Specific Population Surveillance Because wastewater testing can also be performed at targeted sites, it is ideally suited for early detection in specific populations and congregate settings such as long-term care facilities, correctional facilities, shelters, university residences, and workplaces. People who are missed by clinical testing can be included in wastewater testing. See the case example from the University of Arizona, United States. Variants of Concern Surveillance Wastewater testing can assess the prevalence of variants of concern (VOC), using the two-step approach typically used in testing of clinical samples. First, wastewater samples can be screened for virus variants using clinical RT-qPCR testing. The RT-qPCR test for variants can examine mutations in one or more VOC, or it can look for the RNA sequences for a specific variant (Lee et al. 2021). Second, RNA from a given sample can be fully sequenced to confirm the specific type of a known variant and potentially detect new mutations. For wastewater testing, near-complete SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences can be determined using metagenome assays, also known as the consensus community genome (Landgraff et al. 2021). Countries have varying levels of capacity to test for VOCs in the clinical setting. Sequencing can be performed on a population sample or on a subset of screen positive tests among groups of concern such as travelers, people with severe illness, or those with high viral load. A strength of wastewater testing is the ability to provide a population-wide assessment for VOCs in countries that would otherwise be able to examine only specific populations. In the clinical setting, population-wide assessment of VOCs is challenging and costly, whereas wastewater testing for VOCs is less resource-intensive because one assessment can cover an entire population. See the case example on nationwide VOC surveillance from the United States. Potential Future Uses In addition to the four ways wastewater testing is mainly being used for COVID-19, other potential uses have been identified: • Later-stage surveillance. Monitoring for outbreaks, surges, and re-emergence of SARS-CoV-2 once widespread vaccination coverage has been achieved • Monitoring of other pathogens and health risks. Applying wastewater testing to other pathogens and health risks such as antimicrobial drug resistance and drug monitoring for illegal drug use (Zuccato et al. 2005) Wastewater is described as an “underground” surveillance tool that complements “above ground” surveillance by providing a lens into the broad, hidden health of our communities. Early Detection of Outbreaks and Surges — Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada Context. Municipal testing in a remote community in Northern Canada, population 20,000. Situation overview. As a remote community, the city of Yellowknife has been able to maintain COVID-19 “zero” for month-long stretches. On December 9, 2020, with still very few cases (all imported) and no community transmission, Yellowknife reported positive wastewater test results. In response, the territories’ Chief Public Health Officer issued an announcement and expanded clinical testing in the community. Approximately 1,500 recent travelers were all contacted by phone and/or email and encouraged to be tested, even if they were asymptomatic. In addition, anyone with symptoms was also advised to seek testing. On December 10, five clinical cases were identified in recent travelers who then had their self-isolation period extended, and their contacts were traced and quarantined. No additional COVID-19 cases were reported, and SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater dropped to undetectable levels. Value in surveillance strategy. Wastewater offers municipalities an early warning system when or if they can achieve a low level of COVID-19 cases. In Yellowknife, the territorial public health office was concerned that recent travelers do not always self-isolate, as required. They felt that wastewater testing undoubtedly averted sustained community transmission. Challenges and lessons learned. As a small remote community, Yellowknife did not have the ability to analyze its wastewater samples locally. Samples are flown to Winnipeg, Manitoba, and tested at Canada’s National Microbiology Laboratory, more than 1,500 km away. Turnaround times were up to a week to 10 days. Since then, the local Yellowknife environmental lab has added RT-qPCR and GeneXpert testing to its capabilities. The Yellowknife program has proven so useful it has expanded to other, much smaller communities in the Northwest Territories, from a tiny community with only 250 people to the hamlet of Tuktoyaktuk located within the Arctic Circle. Most participating communities are on trucked sewage: household holding tanks are emptied regularly and trucked to sewage lagoons. In these communities, samples are collected as the trucks discharge. Source: Health and Social Services, Government of the Northwest Territories, 2021; Heather Hannah, personal communication, November 2021 Above: Yellowknife’s GeneXpert assay provides local PCR results quickly. Left images: Permanently frozen ground (permafrost) in the remote Canadian north means sewage is above ground or trucked. Despite the testing challenges, wastewater-based epidemiology is a cornerstone of COVID-19 surveillance. Population-Wide Surveillance — Rotterdam, the Netherlands Context. Population-wide testing in a European city, population 400,000. Situation overview. The Dutch are leaders in wastewater-based surveillance and were one of the first settings to isolate SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. Wastewater testing in Rotterdam began as a research project to identify its added value and assess whether detected SARS-CoV-2 reflected clinical COVID-19 infection. Six local and national partners collaborated closely on testing, interpretation, and public health action. Early success showed that wastewater surveillance reliably identified SARS-CoV-2 before clinical case resurgence, and the program was integrated into public health practice. Wastewater testing is performed three times each week at nine wastewater sites: four pumping stations and five treatment plant influents of different city areas. A careful match was made via zip-codes with the population served and the clinical surveillance data. Wastewater and clinical test results are analyzed after adjustment for sewage flow and population, while clinical tests are adjusted for test delays and the number of tests. Models of wastewater data were developed by comparing results to wastewater tests. The city continues to monitor COVID-19 using both clinical and wastewater surveillance. Value in surveillance strategy. Wastewater surveillance provides Rotterdam with valuable information beyond what clinical testing can provide. Benefits of added value include: - Early identification of resurgence. In September 2020, wastewater surveillance provided a six-day advance warning. Since then, clinical testing increased and by December 2020 the advanced warning narrowed to 1.5 days. - Identification of under-testing in one city area. In response, the program added 10 clinical testing locations including the use of mobile “test buses” to improve access. - Additional evidence. Local authorities value an assessment of COVID-19 status in city areas that is independent of clinical tests or syndromic surveillance. Challenges and lessons learned. Rotterdam’s program initially faced challenges with their supply chain for wastewater collection and testing; the complex data analyses that involved examining and correlating both clinical and wastewater test results; and the limited number of wastewater collection sites located across the city, which did not allow a surveillance of the complete city in high resolution. Key lessons learned are that success depends on these factors: - Collaboration between local public health and water authorities - Normalization of clinical data for test delays and number of tests - Normalization of sewerage data for flow and population - Continuous evaluation of sewerage data versus incidence data - Frequent sampling to support trend analysis of the normalized SARS-CoV-2 concentration in wastewater Source: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/8888f5bfb4704180afeda3d476f2aa63 Mobile test center to improve access when wastewater testing showed more SARS-CoV-2 infections than were being detected by clinical tests. Specific Population Surveillance — University of Arizona, United States Context. Campus residence testing at the University of Arizona, population 9,000. Situation overview. The University of Arizona has a diverse campus population, with students coming from many US states. The University of Arizona performed wastewater testing three times per week as students returned to campus in August 2020. On August 24, classes began. On August 25, a first positive wastewater test was reported. Through enhanced clinical testing over the next four days, three clinical cases were identified. The residents were isolated, and no further cases were identified. Value in surveillance strategy. The initial successful use of wastewater testing coupled with clinical testing provided confidence that the early warning system could avert outbreaks. The experience led to expanded monitoring of 13 dormitories in early September. Additional positive wastewater tests and clinical cases were identified following the Labor Day holiday on September 7. Of these cases, 70 percent were asymptomatic at time of diagnosis. Challenges and lessons learned. There are many reports of wastewater surveillance on university and college campuses with similar reports of early detection of SARS-CoV-2 leading to enhanced testing and outbreak control. A review of wastewater testing at 25 campuses identified a wide range of experiences including unexpected challenges and rapid learning and adaptation of programs and expectations. Collaboration—both within and outside the institution—was found to be essential (Harris-Lovett et al. 2021). Source: University of Arizona, Water & Energy Sustainable Technology Center, 2020. University of Arizona campus, Tuscon, where wastewater testing began in August 2020. Variants of Concern Surveillance — Nationwide Program, United States Context. Variants of concern testing in the United States, representing over 90 million people in all 50 states and territories. Situation overview. In the summer of 2021, Biobot was awarded a contract by the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in partnership with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to measure the amount of COVID-19 circulating in communities by testing wastewater samples from across the United States. Variant of concern surveillance was performed during two key periods and using two approaches: monitoring for the alpha variant using RT-qPCR from mid-March to early June 2021, and genomic sequencing to monitor for delta, alpha, and other variants during June and August 2021, while Biobot was working with HHS. Biobot is a private-sector analytics firm specializing in wastewater-based epidemiology and they partnered with Ginkgo Bioworks on the genomic sequencing efforts, with Biobot performing sample preparation and data analysis and Ginkgo Bioworks performing the sequencing. The RT-qPCR monitoring was performed on 753 samples from 83 locations for select Biobot customers, including wastewater treatment plants and buildings. In this targeted analysis, Biobot looked at three mutations that are specific to the alpha variant. The results included both the total viral titer found in the sample, and the percentage that was composed of alpha vs. non-alpha virus (Lee et al. 2021). Genomic sequencing was performed on over 2,000 wastewater samples collected from hundreds of wastewater treatment plants across all 50 states in the United States. Value in surveillance strategy. Monitoring new variants of concern is important because they can be more transmissible or virulent than the original SARS-CoV-2 strain or previous variants. As the alpha variant was gaining ground in communities at different speeds in the spring of 2021, understanding the proportion of virus circulating attributable to the alpha variant was very useful information for public health officials and decision-makers. It helped them gauge the magnitude of the risk of viral spread in their communities and informed how they should allocate resources. Clinical sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 is labor intensive and is often performed in specific populations such as hospitalized patients, posing challenges when estimating the proportion of a variant in the population. Wastewater testing helps to fill that gap. Challenges and lessons learned. The preliminary results confirmed the promise of leveraging wastewater-based surveillance as a tool to complement genomic surveillance as an additional method to detect and quantify variants of concerns (e.g., alpha, delta), as well as other rarer variants (e.g., mu, lambda). Source: Biobot Clinical sequencing is labor intensive for estimating the proportion of a variant in the population. Wastewater testing helps to fill that gap. People and Partnerships Required Interpretation of wastewater testing results relies on collaborative expertise at the local level where testing is performed. The three main partners are personnel from local public health, municipal wastewater utilities, and wastewater testing laboratories (figure 12). Public health staff understand different approaches to COVID-19 surveillance. They know how to interpret wastewater tests for SARS-CoV-2 alongside traditional infectious disease metrics that are being used to monitor COVID-19. They also develop and implement a public health response considering the likelihood of further transmission, available resources, and intervention effectiveness. Municipal wastewater utilities staff understand the wastewater system and factors that potentially affect RNA transit time and viability. Municipal staff collect wastewater samples and contribute data on wastewater flow, temperature, and other measures that are used to adjust and calibrate viral detection levels. Wastewater laboratory staff (wastewater engineers, scientists, and technicians) understand the assay performance characteristics and the relationship between the wastewater systems, sample collection, and the reported virus level. They perform RT-qPCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 and other regularly excreted viruses. Wastewater labs report viral levels to public health after standardization, calibration, and multiple quality control assessments. At the beginning of the pandemic, wastewater engineers and scientists typically led the development of pilot programs. Engaging public health staff is essential, as public health holds responsibility for translating COVID-19 surveillance into public health action. As wastewater testing programs developed throughout the pandemic, a key characteristic of successful programs has been the close and effective collaboration among partners. Environmental surveillance is complex and requires additional supporting partners and expertise such as data scientists, supply-chain expertise, and a learning system approach to project management. Data analysis is an example where expertise spans the three major partners but also includes advanced modeling approaches from additional partners. Figure 12. Three Disciplines for Wastewater Surveillance Success Implementation Challenges Methods and practices in wastewater testing for pathogens such as polio have been developed over several decades. With the rapid expansion of wastewater testing in the COVID-19 pandemic, some important challenges have emerged. Three issues have been identified: the need for best practices in measurement and reporting to account for expected variations in viral signal, the need for multidisciplinary collaboration and coordination, and the need for sustainable program infrastructure (figure 13). These challenges, described in more detail below, require attention at the local, regional, national, and international levels. Figure 13. Implementation Challenges Measurement and reporting best practices need development. Improvement needed: Quality assurances among the various analytical methods to measure SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater need to be improved. Challenge: Many factors influence the amount of measurable viral material in wastewater, resulting in wide day-to-day variation in signal within and between sites. Interpreting results requires collaboration and coordination. Improvement needed: Public health, testing labs, and wastewater utilities must work together to ensure wastewater testing provides actionable intelligence. Challenge: Like any interagency effort, a wastewater testing program is a chain where strength comes from every link. Wastewater testing programs need sustainable infrastructure. Improvement needed: Local programs need support to transition from pilot programs to expanded, organized, and sustainable surveillance systems. Challenge: In the rapid growth of wastewater testing during this pandemic, most new programs have been pilot projects by academic laboratories. Measurement and Reporting Best Practices Need Development Measurement variation is typical for environmental surveillance systems such as wastewater testing, and methods to improve COVID-19 measurement are rapidly being developed. Many factors influence the quantity of viral material in wastewater and thus the quantity of viral RNA that can be measured at any given testing site. Wide day-to-day variation in signal is often observed within and between sites. The factors that affect test results are grouped into three categories (figure 14, figure 15): - Variations between people. The level of viral RNA excreted in stool rapidly increases during early illness, then plateaus before decreasing as the disease runs its course. Wastewater testing captures excreted RNA during all these phases, and a single person’s stool RNA will enter the sewerage system over several days or weeks. The overall level of RNA excreted or entering the wastewater system varies depending on people’s age, fecal excretion patterns, and other individual characteristics. - Variations in wastewater infrastructure and the environment. Across wastewater systems, there are differences in the transit time and quantity of RNA that remains intact between the points where an individual’s stool enters the system and where the sample is collected. These differences arise from variation in the size and design of sewersheds, infiltration of groundwater (seeping into sewer pipes), rainfall draining into combined sewers, the use of holding tanks and pumping stations, the fragility of the viral RNA, and factors such as temperature or substances that affect the integrity of the viral RNA or inhibit viral identification. - Variations in sample collection and method of measuring SARS-CoV-2 viral load. Wastewater samples can be collected from utility holes for free-flowing street sewage, influent (where sewage enters a collection basin or reservoir), or primary sludge in wastewater treatment plants, among other settings. An increasing number of sampling approaches are available, including a “grab” sample of wastewater, a passive sample that absorbs viral particles on a membrane that is kept in free-flowing wastewater, and autosamplers that capture small amounts of wastewater at specific time intervals. SARS-CoV-2 adheres to feces particles, and higher virus recovery levels can be found when testing waste sludge as compared with liquid effluent. Each sampling approach has its own advantages and limitations. There are also different approaches to transport, store, and concentrate a sample prior to RNA extraction and measurement. Across the world, measurement of SARS-CoV-2 is largely being performed using RT-qPCR or RT-d(d)PCR with similar primers, although with a wider variation in calibration, quality assurance, and standardization approaches. Figure 14. Factors Affecting Day-to-Day Variation in Measurement - People - Wastewater infrastructure and the environment - Sample collection and measuring Best practices for measurement and reporting are not firmly established, although there is rapid progress. There are several approaches to improve the variation in wastewater measurement including: - Identifying the optimal sampling method or frequency. Variation in viral measurement may be reduced by sampling continuously or testing frequently. Measurement can be performed on both solid or liquid waste. New sites can begin by testing frequently and using different sampling approaches. Initial data analyses can then identify the optimal testing frequency and the most reliable sampling approach. - Viral recovery adjustment (standardizing or normalizing measurement). SARS-CoV-2 virus measurement can be adjusted for standard compounds or wastewater flow rate. Compounds used for adjusting SARS-CoV-2 measurements include viruses such as pepper mild mottle virus that occurs worldwide and is shed by people with and without COVID-19. - Smoothing and modeling. Wastewater results can be smoothed by reporting moving averages, in a similar approach to reporting 7-day moving averages for clinical tests. More complex modeling uses the same approach as viral recovery adjustment but can include multiple adjustment measures, lag periods and interactions and other measures of variability described in the previous section. Advanced statistical and machine learning (artificial intelligence) are used when many parameters are modeled. - Quality control and assurance. There are many steps in quantification of viruses in wastewater, including sampling, transportation, storage, measurement, and reporting. Each step has the potential to generate measurement error. Quality control and assurance standards have been proposed and they are used in some jurisdictions (Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation, and Parks 2021). An open-science approach to wastewater surveillance seeks to rapidly advance measurement and reporting best practices through transparent and accessible knowledge (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2018). Sharing surveillance data within and between programs and countries provides a key resource to understand the key sources of measurement variability. There are several data models and repositories to facilitate standard data storage and open data access following FAIR data sharing principles (for example, see the Public Health Environmental Surveillance Open Data Model [PHE-ODM]; the Global Water Pathogens Project; and the Norman Database System, SARS-CoV-2 in sewage [SC2S]). Interpreting Results Requires Collaboration and Coordination Interpretation of wastewater testing results is challenging because the signal (the level of detectable viral RNA) is affected by many factors, as described above. Public health staff are often unfamiliar with wastewater testing as a COVID-19 surveillance tool and are burdened with many other surveillance priorities and tasks during this pandemic. As a result, it may be difficult for them to find time to coordinate their activities with wastewater scientists. In many jurisdictions, public health, environmental science, and wastewater utilities personnel have had limited opportunities to collaborate before this pandemic. In addition, their different disciplinary approaches—the fact that they do not “speak the same language”—can add to the challenges of collaborating. These key partners need to understand their common goals and be supported with clear coordination of all the moving parts involved in wastewater testing, so that the program results in timely, actionable public health intelligence. Testing Programs Require Sustainable Infrastructure Before the COVID-19 pandemic, few jurisdictions worldwide had established wastewater testing programs for specific viral disease. Programs developed during this pandemic have typically been pilot projects by academic laboratories. A limited number of countries and world regions have begun organized programs: - The European Commission has instituted wastewater testing for SARS-COV-2 as part of their Member State surveillance program under the Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA) Incubator program for variant surveillance. Throughout the European Union, 600 wastewater testing sites were planned by the end of July 2021, with 6,000 sites planned for a fully-implemented system (Gawlik and Medema 2021; European Commission 2021). - The United States has incorporated SARS-CoV-2 testing into the National Wastewater Surveillance System (CDC 2021). As well, the United States recently announced national funding for wastewater assessment of variants of concern in 320 sites covering 100 million people (Government Technology 2021). - In Australia and New Zealand, the Collaboration on Sewage Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 (ColoSSoS) Project is integrating wastewater testing data with clinical surveillance data (Water Research Australia 2020). - Canada has over 250 testing sites that cover all provinces and two territories (Manuel et al. 2021). For jurisdictions without this kind of national or international support, there is a need to develop a clear roadmap to scale or sustain pilot projects. Use Examples in Latin America and the Caribbean Ecuador: Building Local Capacity for Wastewater Testing for Control of COVID-19 Background and objective In March 2020, Ecuador was one of the countries worldwide worst-hit by COVID-19, and the city of Guayaquil, in Guayas Province, was the epicenter of the outbreak. Case counts in Guayas reached over 4,300 per week in a population of 3 million. While the pandemic subsided locally, it spread nationwide, and Ecuador’s COVID-19 death toll climbed (32,000 confirmed by August 2021). From the outset, delays in case reporting were evident in Ecuador, like many other countries, making it difficult for the government to assess the true scope of the pandemic in real time and hindering efforts to stay ahead of the virus. In late June 2020, the World Bank and Biobot, a global analytics firm specializing in wastewater epidemiology, partnered to help address this problem. The initiative had two objectives: build local capacity in Guayaquil to perform wastewater testing for SARS-CoV-2, and develop technical guidance on how to spread this capacity in lower-middle-income countries. Local partners and project roles To successfully implement the capacity-building activities, the World Bank and Biobot worked with four main local stakeholders: • Empresa Municipal de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado de Guayaquil (EMAPAG), a municipal water authority in Guayaquil that oversees water and wastewater activities. In this project, EMAPAG was responsible for providing financial support for wastewater analysis and coordinating the activities. • Interagua, a private concessionary that runs Guayaquil’s drinking water, wastewater, and rainwater drainage systems under a 30-year contract with EMAPAG. Interagua was responsible for selecting sampling locations, providing information on catchment areas, and collecting the samples. • Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL), a local research university that also engages in service contracts. ESPOL joined the project to participate in the laboratory analysis phase of the activities. • Comité de Operaciones de Emergencia (COE) Provincial, the emergency operations committee and the main entity responsible for the local COVID-19 response in Ecuador. More recently, this role—including the role of public health authority for local COVID-19 response—has shifted to the COE Cantonal. Activities The main activities focused on capacity building for sample analysis. ESPOL and the Biobot team met weekly online to discuss methods. To identify optimal lab methods, ESPOL conducted a number of experiments, reviewing the design and results jointly with Biobot. ESPOL also developed virus quantification methods for viral titers with guidance from Biobot. At the end of the project, a method verification test was conducted to validate the sensitivity and precision of the lab methods. Results and lessons learned • Capacity building. As a result of the project, ESPOL developed the capacity to reliably detect and quantify SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. • Data use. In September 2020, the key project partners met to present the outcomes of the Guayaquil wastewater testing initiative. Both EMAPAG and the COE Cantonal showed interest in using wastewater-based data, especially to support COVID-19 case estimates. At the end of the project, ESPOL closed a one-year contract with EMAPAG to analyze 520 samples in different areas of Guayaquil. This contract is a testament that Ecuador has built wastewater testing infrastructure with sufficient laboratory capacity and local leadership. • Challenges. Two main challenges were the identification of a lab for sample preprocessing and the coordination among all the actors involved. The coordination issue was solved by designating a program coordinator to lead the effort and ensure a smooth flow of information among the partners. From a technical perspective, although there are numerous published papers to learn from and commercially available analytical kits for part of the wastewater analysis process, it is difficult to select and develop methods from scratch in a lab that does not have experience in wastewater surveillance. Bringing in technical expertise (in this case Biobot) was important to guide the development of laboratory methods. Argentina: Mobilizing Quickly for Wastewater Testing for COVID-19 Control (and Beyond) Background and objective The first case of COVID-19 in Argentina was reported on March 3, 2020, and by the end of June 2020, the country of 44 million inhabitants had reported more than 62,000 infections and 1,200 deaths due to COVID-19, with the City and Province of Buenos Aires as ground zero for the pandemic and the most affected areas in Argentina, with more than 90 percent of cases and 50 percent of deaths. As part of its innovation and technological development strategy before the pandemic started, the GBA water and sanitation operator, Agua y Saneamientos Argentinos S.A. (AySA), had acquired PCR equipment... to develop capacity in molecular methods applied in the wastewater field. Therefore, AySA was able to quickly mobilize its personnel to initiate applying these methods for COVID-19. In July 2020, with initial advice from KWR (a water research institute based in the Netherlands) and the sanitation and wastewater treatment regional entity in Murcia, Spain (ESAMUR), AySA was sampling and analyzing sewage in an area representing over 90 percent of the Buenos Aires population, and sharing the results with the National Ministry of Health, as inputs into decision-making. Local partners and project roles AySA is responsible for the delivery of drinking water and sanitation services to over 14 million people, and this wastewater surveillance program was itself responsible for sampling, storage, processing, and analysis of sewage with its own PCR equipment and laboratory personnel. To successfully initiate and ramp up its wastewater surveillance program, AySA also worked with two main stakeholders: - The National Ministry of Health receives the information and knowledge generated by AySA’s Central Laboratory. This information is used to inform public health decision-making at the national level. - The Dr. Carlos Malbrán National Administration of Health Laboratories and Institutes (ANLIS Malbrán), a medical research institute under the National Ministry of Health based in Buenos Aires, initially brought support to AySA in calibrating methods and protocols (for example, by providing a surrogate virus control to help with quantification early on). Activities AySA collects samples directly from manholes situated at the outlet of 43 sewersheds across the Buenos Aires region, as well as at the inlet of six wastewater treatment plants. The sampling strategy includes weekly samples at every treatment plant and bi-weekly samples at every --- In Buenos Aires, the regional sanitation operator, AySA, was able to quickly mobilize to begin testing wastewater for SARS-CoV-2. Photo of the Norte wastewater treatment plant. manhole. Grab samples taken at the time when sewage flow is at its peak during the day (verified by analyses of E. coli loads throughout the day) were preferred over composite samples, after a careful analysis of both methods in terms of viral loads and potential dilution effects. As a result of the positive interaction between AySA and the ANLIS Malbrán, these partners entered in October 2021 into a longer-term framework agreement to continue developing new protocols and research opportunities related to other viruses such as the poliovirus and to the rise in antimicrobial resistance. It is the objective of this collaboration to jointly generate new knowledge and information critical for decision-making with health authorities. AySA also aspires to share this experience with other water and sanitation service providers across Argentina in partnership with the Federal Council of Water and Sanitation Entities (COFES). A first capacity-building activity and knowledge exchange was successfully conducted with the Mar del Plata municipal operator (OSSE Mar del Plata), which has now embarked on a similar path with the support of the Dr. Juan H. Jara National Epidemiological Institute based in the same city. Results and lessons learned - Expansion (and benefits) beyond COVID-19. Both water and health actors have seen the potential of wastewater-based surveillance to help better respond, recover, and plan not only for the current COVID-19 outbreak in Buenos Aires and Argentina, but also for future pandemics and other threats to public health. AySA is incorporating wastewater-based surveillance into its overall risk management system and strategy and has realized through this recent experience that the development of molecular biology capacity in its laboratories can also help improve wastewater treatment operations. - Challenges. The initiative experienced two main challenges. Low availability of imported inputs during the pandemic impacted the ability to perform the RT-qPCR tests. The procurement of some chemicals was so complicated at times that AySA invested in research to identify alternative products that would allow them to continue testing on a weekly basis. For example, aluminium chloride (not readily available in Argentina) was replaced with polyaluminium chloride (PAC), used by AySA in its drinking water treatment facilities, and protocols were adjusted accordingly. The second challenge was finding a balance between investing the time needed to establish sampling and testing protocols (a lengthy process in itself), responding to the pressure to innovate in these difficult times, and continuing to respond to daily emergencies as part of a water and sanitation utility’s primary responsibilities. Towards a National Wastewater Surveillance Program Overview of the Surveillance Program Cycle. Estimating Costs and Resource Requirements Countries worldwide, including Latin America and the Caribbean, are at different stages in implementing wastewater surveillance for COVID-19. Few if any jurisdictions have well-developed programs. Most low-income countries have not begun testing, despite uniform agreement that these countries have the most to benefit from wastewater testing, given its low resource requirements compared with other surveillance approaches. Regardless of a country’s experience with wastewater testing, the process of designing a testing strategy at the national level is cyclical, with four key phases (figure 16): 1) Assess existing surveillance approaches and available resources 2) Consider priorities (goals, objectives, and outcomes) and develop a preliminary strategy 3) Engage stakeholders to refine, optimize, and implement the strategy 4) Evaluate the strategy, adapt it (based on findings and new realities), and renew the cycle. Strategies will vary depending on a country’s current COVID-19 surveillance strategy. Countries with few surveillance gaps and underdeveloped infrastructure for wastewater testing may be best served by starting with pilot sites. Pilot programs can, for example, help develop partnerships between public health, wastewater testing labs, and municipal wastewater utilities. In other countries, it may be imperative to implement a wastewater testing program widely if there are concerns about large gaps in COVID-19 surveillance or the ability to sustain resource-intensive clinical testing. Here we outline the four implementation phases. In each phase, the planning process will be informed by: - The types of surveillance data already available - The country’s capacity to collect, analyze, and interpret wastewater tests, with the necessary collaboration among partners - The country’s ability to successfully implement strategies. Phase 1 — Assess Take an inventory of existing and emerging surveillance approaches and available resources. Identify gaps and needs. Prior to starting or expanding a wastewater testing strategy, it’s essential to take an honest inventory of your country’s current COVID-19 surveillance activities and capacity. This assessment can identify current pinch points (areas of weakness) and blind spots (data gaps). Consider this inventory from two viewpoints: the country’s overall surveillance approach for COVID-19 and the role of wastewater testing within that overall strategy. How would wastewater testing add to your current surveillance strategy? The assessment should consist of five inventories: an inventory of current surveillance data, a wastewater system inventory, a human resource and capacity inventory, an analytic and information system inventory, and an inventory of policy and public receptivity. Current Surveillance Inventory What surveillance for COVID-19 does your country (or community) currently perform? Put your surveillance sources together and develop a blueprint of: • What you currently know • What you currently don’t know • What you would like to know more about. Consider how the potential strengths of wastewater testing could fill in your surveillance gaps. Look at your current data system with these elements in mind (figure 17): • Timeliness • Population-wide surveillance • Specific population surveillance • Available resources • Variants of concern Figure 17. Questions for a Surveillance Data Inventory Timeliness Are there delays in reporting of clinical tests? Is clinical testing missing new outbreaks or surges? Do you currently have enough lead time to respond to outbreaks and surges when they are identified? Population-wide surveillance Are there current gaps in testing coverage? Do you anticipate ongoing challenges in maintaining testing capacity and uptake? As a complementary source of data, does wastewater testing support public health action? Specific population surveillance Are “hot spots” (outbreaks in campuses, hospitals, prisons, low-income neighborhoods) difficult to detect? Are some populations difficult to reach? Are there equity concerns (surveillance gaps for disadvantaged populations)? Available resources What are the start-up and ongoing costs, including in-kind contributions and human resources, for wastewater surveillance? Are there sufficient resources given that clinical testing is an ongoing requirement? Variants of concern Is there sequencing capacity to identify variants of concern and calculate their prevalence and spread? --- Wastewater System Inventory How is wastewater collected and treated in your communities? Consider the wastewater system from two critical perspectives: - Percent of the population served by wastewater facilities. Wastewater testing can be performed in almost any type of wastewater system from large, well-developed treatment facilities that cover 1 million people to wastewater trucks and lagoons or even raw, untreated sewage trenches. Countries have fewer implementation issues when most of the population is served by wastewater treatment facilities, but wastewater testing can also be considered for areas with low facility coverage. Populations or neighborhoods that lack formal wastewater treatment may also face a higher COVID-19 burden and, as we described in section 3, wastewater testing can help to address these inequities. - Number of testing sites. The cost and infrastructure for wastewater testing is highly related to the number of testing sites. Testing at a single treatment facility can cost the same whether the facility serves a city with 1 million people or a town of 1,000 people. A first step is to calculate the number of testing sites in your country’s program, which may include both population-wide surveillance and surveillance of specific high-risk groups such as conjugate living spaces or underserved neighborhoods. Start to consider site accessibility and sampling methods. Sites with limited access will require more people and effort to sample (human resource inventory). However, there is much sampling innovation for auto and passive samplers that is quickly reducing sampling effort. Economies of scale can be realized if a single laboratory can serve many testing sites. For example, the Netherlands performs all wastewater testing from a national laboratory. Similarly, data and analytics services... can serve entire countries or even multiple countries. The Wastewater Sphere is a project that integrates and develops visualization approaches for worldwide wastewater data (Global Water Pathogens Project 2021). The number of tests performed can be reduced by pooling samples or using sentinel sites. Pooling is the combining of samples from communities or neighborhoods that share similar transmission risk and no known COVID-19 cases. If SARS-CoV-2 is detected, the original samples can be tested to locate the source of infection. Sentinel surveillance of wastewater focuses on populations where outbreaks, surges, or new variants are likely to first appear before spreading. Sentinel surveillance can be used in populations with high risk of new cases or transmission such as migrant communities or travelers, in areas where there is low immunity (low vaccination coverage), or in groups with high risk of complications or adverse events (hospitals, communities with older people). Human Resource Inventory Who performs or can perform wastewater sampling, testing, analysis, and communication? A wastewater surveillance program requires a diverse group of people with different areas of expertise in the right numbers. We have described the three main disciplines involved (see section 3): public health staff, wastewater engineers and scientists, and municipal wastewater utilities staff. An essential requirement is the ability of these disciplines to work together. In addition, a range of other people are needed to support wastewater surveillance, including the people who work in program planning, transportation of samples, information system support, advanced data analyses and modeling, and communication services. Key personnel required for a successful wastewater testing program can be identified by tracing the seven steps in figure 10, from sample collection to public health action. A wastewater sample goes through several stages of solid separation, concentration, and viral extraction before the sample—shown here from Argentina—is ready for analysis. Information Systems Inventory What information systems are available or needed to support data collection, analyses, communication, and sharing? For wastewater testing to provide early warning of COVID-19 outbreaks and surges, rapid and wide dissemination of test results is critical. It’s important to understand and address the information challenges that may hinder your country’s ability to quickly publish, interpret, and make use of the testing data. Several common information challenges exist with wastewater testing. First, quality control and standardization to account for measurement variability are complex. Furthermore, analyses and data visualization to interpret the data can be more sophisticated than for other COVID-19 surveillance data. Lastly, wastewater data must be integrated and disseminated across different decision-making departments. Approaches to assist data analyses and interpretation are increasingly available but it is important to realize that, as an environmental surveillance approach, wastewater testing requires the support of modern information systems and advanced analytics. Inventory of Political and Public Receptivity How ready for and receptive to wastewater surveillance are the government and the public? Are your country’s political, government, and social environments supportive of wastewater testing? Wastewater testing is unfamiliar to many people, many may not know that SARS-CoV-2 is excreted in feces, and this lack of awareness may be a barrier to support. Wastewater testing has few privacy concerns because the results represent an entire community, not specific individuals. Nevertheless, there are ethical concerns that wastewater testing may stigmatize communities if the purpose and outcomes of the testing are not well communicated. Anticipate potential concerns by raising awareness through public media and have a robust communication plan in place. Run a pilot of wastewater testing, if needed, and review any communications and ethics issues that emerge. To be effective, any type of public health surveillance program needs to build and maintain public trust. As a multidisciplinary, multiagency program, wastewater testing requires buy-in from a number of government departments and political organizations that may not be familiar with the approach. Faced with a proposed new program, potential partners will want to critically appraise the role of wastewater surveillance. Be sensitive to the reality that agencies will conduct such reviews and consider their priorities in the setting of competing and limited resources, with an uncertain pandemic course. The approach to assessing a new technology or surveillance approach will vary by agency and discipline. Some agencies will want “definitive proof” of the effectiveness of wastewater surveillance, and what constitutes evidence for one group will differ from another. To conduct a multidisciplinary appraisal of wastewater testing, it is important to first develop consensus on how the potential value of the program will be assessed and how the results will be applied. During the pandemic, there has been a shift from “science in action” to “science for action” (Jasanoff 2015). In a “science for action” assessment, wastewater testing needs to meet two criteria: Does it withstand scientific scrutiny? And does it provide a basis for timely action? Another, similar approach uses four criteria to assess the use of science for decision-making: relevance, credibility, legitimacy, and positioning for use (Belcher et al. 2016, 2021). Phase 2 — Develop Consider priorities and develop a preliminary program The assessment in phase 1 should help you articulate clear priorities for a wastewater surveillance program. For example, do you want data for a broad population or for specific groups or locations? Set Goals and Objectives In line with national and local priorities, create your overall goals for wastewater testing. Goals should focus on reducing the burden of disease in the community or for specific groups or areas. Then develop short-term, medium-term, and long-term objectives for the program, describing more specifically what the program aims to achieve. In setting goals and objectives, be realistic about what to expect from wastewater testing. Remember that: - Wastewater testing complements rather than replaces other surveillance approaches. - Partnerships and infrastructure can take time to develop if they do not already exist. - Test results can be difficult to interpret (see Implementation Challenges in section 3). - You may need to balance short-term and long-term objectives. Wastewater testing may offer long-term solutions for monitoring a range of health risks beyond COVID-19, and building capacity for wastewater testing may have other long-term benefits. At this point, also consider your evaluation strategy (see Phase 4, below). How will you know your wastewater testing program is successful? Develop at least a preliminary evaluation plan before you start testing. This will help to identify implementation challenges early, increase the likelihood of the program’s success, and improve the quality of your evaluation data. Gather Your Team Gather your team of wastewater, laboratory, and public health personnel (see People and Partnerships Required in section 3) and identify a lead organization. Wastewater engineers have typically led these initiatives, but successful programs are closely integrated with public health to ensure the data are used to inform public health measures to control the spread of COVID-19. Organize the program’s support structures. To help the program run smoothly, get agreement and clarity on roles and responsibilities across the team. - Accountability structures. Who is responsible for decision-making as the program proceeds? - Steering or advisory structures. What additional expertise or oversight will the program need? - Implementation structures. Any program that involves multiple organizations needs to be clear about where responsibilities lie for each part of the program plan. How will your program get support from each of the organizations involved? - Reporting and public health action structures. How will the testing results be communicated and to whom? How will decisions be made on the public health response? Are the necessary structures in place to support the public health response? The optimal frequency for wastewater testing is not well established. Typically, testing is performed two to three each week. More frequent testing (and/or more testing sites) allows more rapid detection of pathogens. Testing is often performed frequently when starting a new testing site to form a baseline for interpretation. Frequent testing can also improve your team’s ability to interpret the daily variations in wastewater signal, particularly during periods of ongoing COVID-19 transmission. How will cross-cutting issues be addressed? With the implementing partners, revisit the team’s preliminary thinking on how the scope of the wastewater testing program could be affected by each of the following areas: - Laboratory infrastructure, capacity, and supply chain. It takes time to build national and local lab capacity and validate testing protocols, especially when supply chain and logistics are limited. The safe implementation of a testing strategy requires secure supply chains for purchase, procurement, and distribution of necessary materials—including reagents, and personal protective equipment. Consider what is needed to support secure supply chains. Consider collaborating with countries or tapping into the private sector. Within the capacity and the goals of the strategy, what is the realistic volume of tests that can be analyzed daily and weekly? Is there a streamlined process for receipt of samples and reporting of results? - Human resources. Consider human resources across each of the three main partners—public health, municipal utilities and wastewater testing laboratories. Are sufficient clinical staff available to support targeted testing in response to a spike in infections identified by wastewater surveillance? Additional personnel required include administrative and other clerical personnel, data managers and analysts, transportation, and systems managers, among others. • Transportation networks. The delivery of high-quality samples and rapid turnaround of test results depends, in part, on the efficient movement of wastewater samples to the labs for analysis. Consider what is needed to support efficient delivery of samples in appropriate storage. • Surveillance infrastructure and data communication. To ensure surveillance activities are useful and actionable, consider whether all key supports are in place: reliable and integrated data collection; laboratory information system; database or data repository, analyses, and visualization; and dissemination of results. Can data generated by testing lead to timely action? Estimate Costs and Required Resources Costs and resources required for wastewater testing are commonly estimated using simple spreadsheet calculations based on the number of sites, frequency of testing, and estimates of equipment and reagent costs. Costs are estimated per person or per site for a time period, such as one year. Box 2 shows a typical example of how to calculate per-person costs. The result of the estimate is US$0.50 per person per year for wastewater testing for a population of 100,000, not including the cost of sampling, transportation, and interpretation. A similar calculation is used to estimate the cost per wastewater testing site per year. Using cost estimates from a country survey, the European Union estimated the annual cost for each site in their member states to be US$30,000 (25,000 euro) (Gawlik et al. 2021), which translates to a cost range of US$3 per person for a site covering 10,000 people to US$0.3 for a population of 100,000. In addition to operating costs, start-up costs include the sampling equipment, lab testing equipment, and information technology to manage test results data and integrate the data into public health reporting and surveillance systems. The European Union estimated that each member country spent between US$1 million and $3.5 million to initiate a wastewater surveillance program (Gawlik et al. 2021). In Germany, the development of their CORONA Warn program cost US$26.5 million ($0.3 per person) with an estimated monthly cost of US$3.5 million to $4.9 million ($0.04 to $0.06 per person/per year). In Ontario, Canada, the start-up and operating cost was US$0.7 per person for the first year of their new SARS-CoV-2 wastewater testing program (US$10 million for a population of 14.7 million) (Manuel et al. 2021). Estimated costs (operating and startup) vary considerably depending on calculation inputs or actual realized costs. Countries and international programs have begun to collaborate on best practices for standard reporting and information technology, with the expectation that these technologies can be shared with low-income countries. Lower human resource costs in low-income countries may result in lower program costs. The World Health Organization recommends that wastewater surveillance costs be compared with the societal costs avoided through timely public health action resulting from well-implemented surveillance systems (WHO 2020a). As well, comparing the costs of wastewater testing and clinical testing has informed countries about the relative return on investment for establishing a wastewater surveillance program. Based on the average cost and level of clinical testing, countries in Latin America and the Caribbean spent approximately US$14.5 per person for clinical testing in 2020/21 (Box 3), more than 10 times the estimated cost of establishing wastewater surveillance in the first year. Box 2. An Example of Estimating the Cost of Wastewater Testing for a Population Cost per COVID-19 wastewater test (cost per test): US$300 Frequency of wastewater testing (tests per year): 100 (approximately 2 x per week) Catchment size (people per testing site): 100,000 per site \[ \text{Wastewater testing cost per person} = \frac{\text{(cost per test) x (tests per year)}}{\text{number of people in sewage catchment}} \] \[ = \frac{\$300 \text{ per test} \times 100 \text{ test per year}}{100,000 \text{ people per site}} = \$0.50 \text{ per person per year} \] --- Box 3. An Example of Estimating the Cost of Clinical Testing for a Population In Latin America and the Caribbean, September 2020 to September 2021, costs by country Cost per test: approximately US$40, range $20 to $100 Number of tests: approximately 29 to 94 tests per 100 people Lowest estimated cost of clinical testing in Latin America and the Caribbean Cost per clinical test: US$20 Number of tests per year: 29 tests per 100 people \[ \text{Clinical testing cost per person} = (\text{cost/test}) \times (\text{tests/person/year}) \] \[ = \$20/\text{test} \times 29 \text{ tests/100 people} = \$5.80 \text{ per person per year} \] Ensure Results Will Inform Public Health Action The purpose of wastewater testing as part of COVID-19 surveillance is to inform a country’s public health response. It’s important to prepare for how the data will be analyzed, reported, interpreted, and used. Several key factors can affect the usability of the data. • Multidisciplinary approach. Analysis and interpretation require a multidisciplinary approach with public health, municipal utilities, and wastewater engineering staff working closely together to understand and report the data. Many jurisdictions worldwide report both the importance of good partnerships between disciplines, the lack of well-established partnership prior to the pandemic, and the challenge of developing those partnerships during the pandemic when public health can be overwhelmed by demands that exceed their capacity (Manuel et al. 2021; WHO 2020a). • High-quality assays are critical. SARS-CoV-2 RNA results are affected by many environmental and wastewater system variables, as outlined earlier (see Implementation Challenges in section 3). Best practices are still emerging. Build quality control and assurance into your surveillance program by participating in validation studies. The viral testing signal can vary between sites and variations in quality and interpretations are expected, particularly during testing at new sites. Be transparent regarding the performance of wastewater testing to build trust and establish. The goal is to improve assay quality and interpretation over time. • Establish a response plan before testing begins. As we’ve noted, it’s critical to establish how reports will be used and by whom. Are there processes already in place for communicating environmental health risks such as drinking water advisories? Existing processes may provide a roadmap for communicating the outcomes of wastewater surveillance for COVID-19. Phase 3 — Implement Put the wastewater surveillance initiative into action. Engage stakeholders to optimize the strategy Engage Stakeholders and Refine Your Strategy to Optimize Implementation When a general strategy has been developed—that is, you have identified the population to be tested—the next key phase is to broaden the scope of stakeholders engaged as you prepare to fine tune and implement the strategy. Engaging the implementation partners should begin once the general approach has been defined. This will help cultivate ownership and buy-in of the strategy and improve the chances of success in every phase of the cycle. Putting your strategy into action involves the following steps (figure 18): 1) The testing team and supplies 2) Collection of samples and system/environmental conditions 3) Transportation, storage, concentration, RNA isolation 4) Measurement and quality control 5) Data management and analyses 6) Data dissemination, interpretation, and public health control measures. Figure 18. Putting Your Strategy Into Action The testing team and supplies Ensure the necessary staff, transportation processes, testing supplies, and information technology systems are adequate and ready. Collection of samples and system/environmental conditions Decide where and how the samples will be collected (who will collect the wastewater sample and what equipment will be used). If possible, collect wastewater and environmental characteristics (i.e., wastewater flow rates, wastewater and ambient temperatures, rainfall). Also consider collecting information about the population served by the wastewater collection system (i.e., population size and clinical COVID-19 tests for people within the sewage catchment area). Transportation, storage, concentration, RNA isolation Decide how the samples will be transported to the testing lab and stored at the facility. Is there adequate refrigeration for storage, while samples go through several filtration and concentration steps? Measurement and quality control Establish quality control and quality assurance methods at the testing lab, where RNA is isolated and RT-qPCR is performed. Decide what quality checks will be conducted. Decide on the method of calibration and whether repeated measures or validation studies will be performed to ensure the results are consistent and reliable. Data management and analyses Ensure that key data are assembled including RNA results, quality assurance, and wastewater system and environmental conditions (see Phase 2, above). Perform analyses to improve the interpretation of the findings. Analysis includes adjustment and normalization of wastewater systems and environmental conditions. Use laboratory management and information systems with standard data dictionaries and quality control metrics. Data dissemination, interpretation, and public health control measures Share data openly with local stakeholders. Compare results to other COVID-19 surveillance information by collaborating with epidemiologists, municipal and wastewater utility staff, and wastewater laboratory staff. Interpret the data and develop public health control measures as needed. Share data with other stakeholders more broadly, including the research community and worldwide public health scientists who analyze wastewater results from multiple sites to further understand and improve wastewater surveillance methods and interpretation. Pilot and Scale, or Launch a Coordinated Widespread Program During the pandemic, most jurisdictions worldwide began SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance with pilot projects. These programs were often led by highly engaged academic labs working with their existing municipal utility partners. A critical feature for success was early outreach to public health staff and close collaborations with all partners. Pilot sites then transitioned to larger, organized programs led or supported by the government agencies who oversee regional or national wastewater treatment. These agencies coordinated the progressive growth of programs by onboarding new collection sites. Wastewater tests were performed by either scaling existing academic laboratories or by adding other academic or commercial laboratories. Other jurisdictions successfully started wastewater surveillance programs using larger, multisite testing. These programs either already had well-organized wastewater treatment networks, or they operated treatment facilities at multiple sites. They needed larger testing capacity at onset, which required either commercial or academic laboratories with sufficient testing capacity. As for all successful programs, close collaboration with public health was critical. Strengthen, Adapt, Sustain Each wastewater sampling site has unique local characteristics. When a testing program brings a new sampling site onboard, there is a period of understanding how best to collect samples, how the local wastewater system affects viral recovery, and how the wastewater reports compare to clinical reports. As well, the program will often involve new collaborations of people working together from different organizations and disciplines. Put together, this amounts to a period of strengthening, where your program should see quick efficiency gains and improved understanding of wastewater test results. Financing Consider how you will finance wastewater testing. The success of a testing strategy can leverage individual and institutional resources, from municipal agencies who will assist in obtaining samples to public health officials who will implement policy based on the surveillance findings. However, improved public health surveillance requires long-term, sustained, stable financing—usually led from national and regional levels. Wastewater testing during the pandemic began worldwide as pilot or research projects with programs transitioning to longer term programs. In some settings pilot projects have stopped, despite success, because they have not been able to secure long-term funding. There are different models for sustained funding with financing and in-kind resources shared between national, regional, and local municipalities. Local universities, businesses, and institutions also fund wastewater testing for their setting, after they perform cost analyses that show that wastewater testing can provide a favorable return on their investment. However, larger programs typically rely on national and regional funding for most costs including laboratory testing and information systems. Local municipalities can fund testing in some settings and municipalities often share costs for sampling and incorporating test findings into local public health policy. Adapting to Innovation The practice of wastewater testing has quickly developed over the pandemic, and innovation will likely continue at a rapid pace. New programs can expect to modify their approaches in the coming years. An example is the initial reliance on costly autosamplers that used eclectic pumps to siphon off sewage samples (Schang et al. 2021). Early in 2021, researchers in Australia began testing low-cost “torpedos” with absorbable membranes that were placed in the sewage flow to passively sample wastewater (Kreier 2021). Within five months, as testing sites adopted the new practice, over 2,500 torpedoes were exported around the world, and open-source instructions to make the torpedoes using 3-D printers allowed additional sites to quickly adopt them as well. Canada’s successful program in the remote Northwest Territories has begun using and evaluating GeneXpert PCR analyzers, which allows them to perform SARS-CoV-2 measurement in wastewater locally, rapidly, and with few technical considerations (Heather Hannah, personal communication, November 2021; see also the Yellowknife case example in section 3). Similar innovation is occurring throughout the wastewater surveillance system. Emerging Diseases and Other Health Threats The effort to develop a wastewater surveillance system has potential benefits beyond the current pandemic. Much of the work and cost of wastewater testing is related to sample collection, transportation, treatment, and reporting. These processes can largely be reused to test wastewater for other pathogens and chemicals that are excreted through stool or urine. Opioid use, antimicrobial drug resistance, influenza, hepatitis A, and polio are among the examples of health risks that can be monitored through wastewater surveillance (Bade et al. 2019; Bosch et al. 2008; Gracia-Lor et al. 2017; Luczkiewicz et al. 2010; Sinclair et al. 2008; Vitale et al. 2021; WHO 2003). Further, the approach to detect SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater can be used for air and surface testing, which also have the potential to identify pathogens not excreted in stool (Cherrie et al. 2021). SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens can also be identified by their proteins rather than their RNA. Wastewater contains many more viral protein particles than RNA particles, which suggests that protein assays to detect SARS-CoV-2 may be even more sensitive than the current RNA assays (Neault et al., 2020). Phase 4 — Evaluate Evaluate the program, adapt it (based on findings and new realities), and renew the cycle. Wastewater strategies need to be critically and comprehensively evaluated to understand their successes and challenges and, if necessary, to adapt or refine the strategy. Consider the development and implementation of strategies as an iterative process, cycling again through the four phases used to initiate the wastewater surveillance program. A careful evaluation will prepare you to improve the strategy where needed and be ready to adapt it to the rapidly changing COVID-19 landscape. Established recommendations for evaluating surveillance systems build on seven key areas (adapted from Groseclose and Buckridge 2017): - Purpose of the program - Utility of the data - Cost and acceptability of the strategy - Feasibility, flexibility, and sustainability - Barriers and facilitators - Potential adaptations for the next cycle - Equity and ethical issues Purpose of the Program Revisit the purpose and the objectives of the program. For many wastewater surveillance programs, the primary purpose is to guide immediate action for public health prevention and control. However, additional purposes may be relevant, such as providing reassurance that COVID-19 is not increasing during periods of low transmission and establishing baseline data for epidemiologic research and for surveillance for other health risks and future pandemics. Utility of the Data After the data from testing are collected, analyzed, and acted upon, your evaluation can begin to answer key questions: Did the testing strategy provide the required data? Did the data support decision-making? If the data collected did not prove useful for the intended purpose, it is important to review possible explanations. Are the explanations possible to address? If so, how? Examine possible solutions in the context of other considerations, including acceptability, feasibility, and added costs. To guide your evaluation of data utility, examine these aspects of surveillance performance: - Data quality. Were the data complete and valid? Were quality assurance and control performed, and what were the results? - Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value. Did wastewater testing accurately identify new outbreaks, surges, and waves? - Stability. Were data collected, managed, and provided without failure (reliability) and were data operational when needed (availability)? - Standards use. Were information technology standards used for data exchange and messaging? - Availability. Were wastewater data available to all stakeholders? Were data publicly available? Were data held in a confidential and private manner when required? - Timeliness. Were wastewater measures available to public health decision makers in a timely fashion? Were there time delays between any steps in the surveillance process? Cost and Acceptability of the Strategy Wastewater strategies are designed to fit within specific budgets and serve specific purposes. Costs anticipated pre-implementation should be reviewed against the realized (actual) costs of implementing the strategy. This review should investigate areas where realized costs were higher or lower than anticipated. It is important to consider why costs deviated. - Are there areas where costs could be saved in the future? Identify the potential for economy of scale when transitioning pilot programs to large scale programs. - Where were excess expenditures most common in terms of types of cost (e.g., personnel, materials) and when they were incurred (e.g., coordination, sampling, transport, analysis)? Look also at costs more broadly, not only financial but also the human, lab, and other community resources required for efficient, effective implementation. An inefficient testing strategy is a strain on limited health resources. - Was implementation of the testing strategy an efficient use of resources? - Can efficiency be improved, for example by making use of new technologies? Feasibility, Sustainability, and Flexibility If a strategy is to be repeated, or a new strategy implemented in its place, it’s important to examine whether the next iteration will be feasible and sustainable. The current evaluation will help you consider key questions: - What strain did the wastewater testing strategy impose on human resources and lab capacity? Is this something that can be maintained? - What materials and supplies were required? Are supply chains for diagnostic materials stable? Barriers and Facilitators In implementing the wastewater strategy, what barriers had to be overcome? What factors supported implementation? These questions are best answered through qualitative assessments—engaging with the people involved in implementing the strategy to learn what helped them carry out their tasks, what got in the way, and what would make a difference in the future. Open or structured discussions—with personnel involved in implementation and with persons being tested—are useful to identify both supportive and negative aspects of the implementation, drawing on a range of experiences and perspectives. Often, respondents provide useful insights and offer possible solutions to common barriers. Findings should be used to support and reinforce facilitators and to remove or at least mitigate potential barriers to improve the strategy’s efficiency, and utility. Potential Adaptations for the Next Cycle Wastewater surveillance is rapidly improving. An evaluation of your wastewater strategy should include reviewing your current practices against the best practices worldwide. Discussion with other wastewater testing programs is a good step in that process. With the rapidly changing COVID-19 landscape, strategies cannot remain stagnant. They need to be responsive to important innovations that can shift the accuracy, cost, and efficiency of surveillance approaches. Your evaluation should help you prepare to adapt the next iteration of the strategy to benefit from new methods, technologies, or other innovations. Equity and Ethical Issues Representation and coverage of the entire population is a potential benefit of wastewater testing, compared with clinical testing and other approaches. Was this potential realized? If not, why? More specifically, key questions to ask—and learn from—include: - What was the population coverage of the wastewater testing sites? - Were the included populations representative of the entire population? - Was equity achieved? Did sampling include groups (such as informal settlements, prisons, and long-term care homes) that were at increased risk or more vulnerable to increased health burden? - Did any ethical issues arise? Did anyone or any group experience harm from the surveillance strategy? The Process Is Cyclical In the context of a continuing, changing pandemic, a repetitive strategic cycle is vital to ensure efficient delivery of scarce resources, maximize population health, and mitigate the social and economic impacts of COVID-19. An iterative process—of assessing your resources, renewing or redesigning a strategy around identified priorities, engaging with key players to give your implementation the best chance of success, and re-evaluating the processes and outcomes—will help your surveillance approaches respond to new conditions and new opportunities. First iteration: When a thorough evaluation has been performed, the process of prioritizing populations, developing and optimizing a strategy, and implementing the strategy repeats. Subsequent iterations: This process can be expedited in comparison to the first iteration, using the experience and knowledge gained. While expedited, this process should not be avoided. Priorities shift and so, too, do available resources. What is needed now? What is realistic? In the real world, of course, it’s not always possible to implement and evaluate surveillance in tidy, distinct phases. There will be lots of messy overlap, lots of “building the plane in the air” moments, as there have been throughout this global pandemic. Despite these challenges, a well-designed and thoughtfully executed wastewater testing strategy can be a productive part of any country’s surveillance toolkit to respond to and control COVID-19. Bade, R., M. Ghetia, L. Nguyen, B. J. Tscharke, J. M. White, and C. 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Shi, and P Zhou. 2020. “Molecular and Serological Investigation of 2019-nCoV Infected Patients: Implication of Multiple Shedding Routes.” Emerging Microbes & Infections 9 (1): 386–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1729071 Zuccato, E., C. Chiabrando, S. Castiglioni, D. Calamari, R. Bagnati, S. Schiarea, and R. Fanelli. 2005. “Cocaine in Surface Waters: A New Evidence-Based Tool to Monitor Community Drug Abuse.” Environmental Health 4 (1): 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-4-14 This report is part of a series of knowledge products developed by the World Bank Group in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America and the Caribbean. Other knowledge products are available at: www.worldbank.org/en/region/lac/brief/knowledge-covid-19-response worldbank.org
The aim of this work is to define a new method that helps researchers to analyze perceptions of (dis)comfort in dynamic conditions. Recent studies pay considerable attention to body movements, mobility, and stability to measure comfort or discomfort when seated. Most of these discuss the relations between subjective comfort/discomfort and objective measurements (e.g. body pressure distribution, body movement and EMG) for short- and medium-term sitting. The present analysis took place in a classroom of the Industrial Engineering Department at the University of Salerno. The participants included 25 students (12 females and 13 males), who were observed during classroom hours. The students were invited to sit at a combo-desk and were free to perform different combinations of movements while writing and listening. These activities required that they adapt their body movements, as the combo-desk was fixed to the floor. A pressure pad was used to detect pressure at interface and center of pressure's changes, allowing for the bodies' motion data to be recorded. Our aim was to identify the correct threshold to be used for movement detection and to investigate correlations between the number of movements and the perceived (dis)comfort. The study also identifies those body parts that have the greatest effect on (dis)comfort perception. Subject: Your submission JERG-D-17-00750 From: "Applied Ergonomics" <email@example.com> Date: Mon, 26 Mar 2018 19:15:59 +0000 To: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Ms. Ref. No.: JERG-D-17-00750 Title: A study of classroom seat (dis)comfort: relationships between body movements, center of pressure on the seat, and lower limbs' sensations Applied Ergonomics Dear Alessandro, We have now received review reports on the above paper. My decision based on these reports is that the paper is accepted for publication in Applied Ergonomics but we would like you to revise the paper along the lines suggested by the reviewers, since we believe that this would make the paper even stronger with advantages for you and for the journal. Once you have made the revision addressing all the issues raised by the reviewers please submit it by going through the process below. Please tell us how and where you have addressed each of the points made by the reviewers, probably in a tabulated form, or if you disagree with any comments please tell us why. Your revision is due by Jun 24, 2018. When revising your paper please take care to ensure that your reference list is up to date and that any recent papers, including those from Applied Ergonomics, which are of relevance to your paper are included. Having a broad and up to date reference list is vital to the quality of a paper, and very useful to the readership. 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Refer to the following website for more information: http://www.elsevier.com/graphicalabstracts Please note that this journal offers a new, free service called AudioSlides: brief, webcast-style presentations that are shown next to published articles on ScienceDirect (see also http://www.elsevier.com/audioslides). If your paper is accepted for publication, you will automatically receive an invitation to create an AudioSlides presentation. I look forward to receiving your revised manuscript. Reviewers' comments: Reviewer #1: Even if this work is interesting in terms of achieved results I suggest some improvements: 1) to describe in more detail the methodological approach and the experimental results; The methodological approach is already described in Method (in particular in "set-up" and "Procedure" paragraph and is similar to the one cited in the reference Naddeo et al., 2018 that has been added in the paper. Nevertheless, some sentences have been added. In the "Results" paragraph some figures describing the statistical distribution of data have been added in order to clarify some sentences. 2) to improve the figures (some of them are not so relevant and, on the other hand, figures related to experimental work lack); The figures have been changed. 3) the references should mainly be taken from already published papers (preferably in English); The references have been updated. Not published papers have been deleted. 4) the English language should be revised The paper has been checked by a professional mother tongue English editor. Some typos and minor errors have been adjusted. Reviewer #2: It is a interesting experimental setup with acceptable conclusions (more movements result in more discomfort) but I have a few remarks. – In Table 3 there is a value of 3.333 that needs more explanation in the text. An explanation has been given –looking at de values of the SD in regarding to the Mean value and the Max and Min, I assume this statistical distribution is not Gaussian. This means, the mean value and the SD might not give a good representation of the distribution. So it might be better to show 1 or more maybe even all graphical distributions to show the readers how it looks like. The distributions have been shown in fig.9. They looks both like Gaussian and Weibull distributions. Some new comments have been added in the text and the Spearman-Rho analysis has been made in order to check the results. Some sentences have been added to explain that. –the correlations in the tables are very low. The highest value is about 0,4 which means 0,16 or 16% of the variance can be predicted by one of the variables and 84% is not explained. It might be caused by a lot of other variables which are not inside the scope of this investigation. I think you should say something about this fact in the discussion as a limitation. This aspect has been highlighted in discussion paragraph, as limitation. Also in results paragraph the term "significant correlation" has been deleted. The 2 first sentences of the Discussion express opposite statements. I suppose the first sentence includes an error. There was a not well formulated sentence. The thought has been reformulated. Inserts a direct link to the Author's version of the Reviewer Attachment page, and also logs the Author into the system. Inserts text instructing the author to click on the Reviewer Attach Deep Link to access the Reviewer Attachment page. Applied Ergonomics features the Interactive Plot Viewer, see: http://www.elsevier.com/interactiveplots. Interactive Plots provide easy access to the data behind plots. 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Yours sincerely, Sarah Sharples, PhD Special Content Editor Applied Ergonomics HIGHLIGHTS 1) Body movements, pressure at interface and perceived comfort while seated have been investigated 2) It has been demonstrated that 25 mm is the best threshold for detecting movements through the variation of the centre of pressure 3) School chairs in combo desk have been evaluated in terms of perceived comfort in constrained setup 4) The relation between perceived (dis)comfort and movements is different in cases of constrained posture (combo desks) and free posture (adjustable chair) 5) Number of movements increases in time (the more the duration of the test is long, the more the number of movements is high). A study of classroom seat (dis)comfort: relationships between body movements, center of pressure on the seat, and lower limbs’ sensations L.Fasulo¹, A. Naddeo¹,, N. Cappetti¹ ¹ Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy E-mail addresses: email@example.com (L. Fasulo), firstname.lastname@example.org (N.Cappetti) Corresponding author information: Alessandro Naddeo, Email: email@example.com Phone: +39 089 964311 Fax: +39 089 8420271 Total number of words: 5406 Number of words of the abstract: 204 Number of figures: 10 Number of Tables: 5 ABSTRACT The aim of this work is to define a new method that helps researchers to analyze perceptions of (dis)comfort in dynamic conditions. Recent studies pay considerable attention to body movements, mobility, and stability to measure comfort or discomfort when seated. Most of these discuss the relations between subjective comfort/discomfort and objective measurements (e.g. body pressure distribution, body movement and EMG) for short- and medium-term sitting. The present analysis took place in a classroom of the Industrial Engineering Department at the University of Salerno. The participants included 25 students (12 females and 13 males), who were observed during classroom hours. The students were invited to sit at a combo-desk and were free to perform different combinations of movements while writing and listening. These activities required that they adapt their body movements, as the combo-desk was fixed to the floor. A pressure pad was used to detect pressure at interface and center of pressure’s changes, allowing for the bodies’ motion data to be recorded. The aim was to identify the correct threshold to be used for movement detection and to investigate correlations between the number of movements and the perceived (dis)comfort. The study also identifies those body parts that have the greatest effect on (dis)comfort perception. Keywords: comfort, discomfort, center of pressure, pressure map, body movements, classroom seat, school furniture Authors’ biography Luisa Fasulo, MD. She was born in 1989. On September 2014 she graduated from the University of Salerno in Industrial Engineering, with a Thesis whose title is: The Ergonomic Valuation of Classroom Combo Desks: The Case of University of Salerno. After obtaining her B.D., she started the M.D. studies and, during this period, she worked on a project regarding the Comfort of one Students in the Classroom, the comfort in the aircraft and the factors affecting comfort in cabins. She worked on her thesis during the Traineeship at TU-Delft and in 2017 she had her M.D. in Industrial Engineering. Now she is employed in an automotive-industry supplier, as junior engineer. Alessandro Naddeo, PhD, Prof., He was born in 1975 and since 2002 is Assistant Professor in Design and Engineering Methods at the Industrial Department of University of Salerno. Since 2018 he is Associate Professor in the same University. His fields of interest go from Industrial Design, through Axiomatic Design, Fuzzy Logic, Virtual Prototyping and Virtual Reality, Ergonomics and Comfort Analyses, to Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering. He has a wide international experience as Visiting Professor and Visiting researcher in USA (Fiat R&D/GM research center) in The Netherlands (TU-Delft and TNO), in Germany (ESI-Group), in Turkey (Dumlupinar University) in Romania (Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Transilvania University of Brasov). He has more than 80 publications in national and international journals and conferences. Nicola Cappetti, MD, Prof.. He was born in 1964. He had his degree cum laude in Mechanical Engineering at University of Salerno (Italy); he is Associate Professor in the Scientific-Disciplinary-Sector of Design and Methods of Industrial Engineering at Engineering Faculty of University of Salerno; field of interest: Industrial Design, Axiomatic Design, Fuzzy Logic, Virtual Prototyping and Virtual Reality; scientific achievements: more than 60 publications in national and international journals; reviewer in international conferences and for International journals. He has developed 4 patents regarding medical devices for spine surgery. A study of classroom seat (dis)comfort: relationships between body movements, center of pressure on the seat, and lower limbs’ sensations Luisa Fasulo, Alessandro Naddeo, Nicola Cappetti Abstract The aim of this work is to define a new method that helps researchers to analyze perceptions of (dis)comfort in dynamic conditions. Recent studies pay considerable attention to body movements, mobility, and stability to measure comfort or discomfort when seated. Most of these discuss the relations between subjective comfort/discomfort and objective measurements (e.g. body pressure distribution, body movement and EMG) for short- and medium-term sitting. The present analysis took place in a classroom of the Industrial Engineering Department at the University of Salerno. The participants included 25 students (12 females and 13 males), who were observed during classroom hours. The students were invited to sit at a combo-desk and were free to perform different combinations of movements while writing and listening. These activities required that they adapt their body movements, as the combo-desk was fixed to the floor. A pressure pad was used to detect pressure at interface and center of pressure’s changes, allowing for the bodies’ motion data to be recorded. The aim was to identify the correct threshold to be used for movement detection and to investigate correlations between the number of movements and the perceived (dis)comfort. The study also identifies those body parts that have the greatest effect on (dis)comfort perception. Keywords: comfort, discomfort, center of pressure, pressure map, body movements, classroom seat, school furniture Introduction Products are designed according to specific functions that benefit users. However, their successful function is dependent on people being able to use them correctly. In the past, the principles of user-centred design were defined as methods for creating products, environments and systems that are fit for human use (Pheasant and Haslegrave, 2006). Ergonomics, meanwhile, studies the interfaces between people, the activities they perform, the products they use, and the environments in which they work, travel or play. As stated in Mokdad and Al-Ansari (2009), ergonomics principles allow to develop guidelines for improving and redesigning both old and new products. A wide range of research on physical comfort and discomfort in the workplace has been carried out. Most papers discuss the relationships between environmental factors that can affect perceived levels of comfort/discomfort, such as temperature, humidity, applied forces, and others (Galinsky et al., 2000). Several papers follow the assumption that a relationship exists between self-reported discomfort and musculoskeletal injuries, with these injuries affecting perceived comfort (Hamberg-van Reenen et al., 2008; A. Naddeo et al., 2009). Theories relating comfort to products and product design characteristics, however, are rather underdeveloped. The last 15 years have seen only five “comprehensive models” that considered every aspect of human perception: the Helander model [5], the Moes model [6], the Vink-Hallbeck model [7], the Naddeo-Cappetti model [8] and the Vink model [9]. In the Naddeo-Cappetti model (see fig. 1), the internal body and perceived effects play a fundamental role in comfort/discomfort perception and evaluation. The purpose of this work was to define a method to evaluate (dis)comfort perceptions based on body movement by observing the behavior of university students during lectures. The classroom is a learning environment in which the furniture is an important physical element. The furniture’s function is to facilitate learning and provide a comfortable, stress-free environment. Poor classroom sitting posture is one of the main negative effects of bad furniture design on students (Dianat et al., 2013). Students spend a considerable portion of their day at school, and most of that time is spent doing schoolwork in the sitting position (Castellucci et al., 2010; Macedo et al., 2013). Fixed-type furniture is commonly used, and, while this should meet the students’ requirements, it may induce constrained postures (Gouvali and Boudolos, 2006; Parcells et al., 1999). Given that people differ in size and postural preferences, workstations with adjustable seats are preferred, as these have a significant positive effect on muscle tension and sitting posture. As well as promoting health and comfort (Koskelo et al., 2007; Thariq et al., 2010), they may also be related to better academic grades (Koskelo et al., 2007). In the past, schools and universities often chose fixed-type chairs and tables due to the higher price and maintenance costs of adjustable alternatives (Straker et al., 2006). Side-mounted desktop chairs are often used in university classrooms. However, their correct design has been neglected. A study by Thariq et al. (2010) shows that side-mounted chairs do not meet the postural and comfort requirements of university students. Further to this, Naddeo et al. (2015) identified a custom seat that had a positive influence on students’ perceived comfort. To investigate student’s perceived (dis)comfort, a pressure pad was used to measure the pressure at the interface between the chair and the buttocks. Previous studies have developed the ideal pressure distribution for a car seat, whereby minimal pressure is applied to the intervertebral discs (Zenk, 2008). Furthermore, it is generally accepted that continuous static muscle activity results in discomfort (e.g. Falla et al., 2007). Regarding the number of movements, Graf et al. (1995) suggest that natural movements are desirable and necessary as long as they are within an acceptable range. Leuder (2003) stresses the importance of variation between several stable and healthy body postures. General seating studies describe the relation between seating time, discomfort, and body movement. Telfer et al. (2009) found that subjective discomfort and movement increases over time, with the amount of movement greater in chairs rated most uncomfortable. Vergara and Page (2002) proposed that macro-movements are a good indicator of discomfort. Fujimaki and Noro (2005) also found that discomfort increases over time, although they argued that macro-movements occur in a repeating pattern during prolonged sitting as a means to decrease discomfort. Similarly, Graf et al. (1995) found that work tasks which resulted in more muscularskeletal disorders allowed for less frequent and less distinctive postural change. Finally, Callaghan and McGill (2001) suggested that humans redistribute their muscular loads using posture adjustments according to their comfort level. The aim of this study is to understand if it is possible to use the analysis of pressure map data to describe the movements of a seated student, and to examine how these movements (number, description and frequency) can be used as indicators of perceived (dis)comfort. To this end, the output of the pressure pad was recorded to monitor the center of pressure and to evaluate the number of movements. This methodology was implemented to analyze (dis)comfort perceived by students during classroom hours. Results were validated via a consolidated methodology based on a manual count of the number of movements. Method* Interactions can be recorded by many sensors (Vink, 2005). Most studies investigated the effects of pressure variables, such as mean and peak pressure (Hostens et al., 2001; Moes, 2007), contact area (Paul et al., 2012; Kyung and Nussbaum 2008; Vos et al. 2006) and pressure distribution (Mergl 2006; Zenk 2008). Mergl (2006) and Zenk (2008; 2012), for example, defined the ideal pressure distribution for a car driver. Even though pressure distribution seems to be the best objective measure for discomfort (De Looze et al. 2003), it is influenced by other variables such as posture (Tessendorf et al., 2009; Oyama et al., 2003; Zhiping and Jian, 2011; Naddeo et al., 2015-2), movement (Wang et al., 2011; Ciaccia and Sznelwar, 2012), expectations (Naddeo et al., 2015-1) and first sight (Vink, 2014). Helander and Zhang (1997) and de Looze et al. (2003) stated that discomfort is more related to physical factors, while comfort is more related to luxury and feelings of refreshment. In this study, data from a pressure mat mounted on the seat-pan of the combo-desk was used to detect and classify movements. Specifically, we used the amplitude of the center of pressure’s shift to analyze changes in (dis)comfort perception for seated students during a one-hour lesson. Subjects Twenty-five students (12 females, 13 males), all volunteers, participated in the experiment. None had a history of musculoskeletal diseases. The main characteristics of the subjects are summarized in Table 1. All subjects were informed of the nature of the tests, and written consent was obtained. The subjects’ selection method and the experimental setup and tests were approved by the university’s ethical committee. \| \| Age \| Mass \| Height \| Body Mass \| \|----------------\|-------\|------\|--------\|-----------\| \| \| (years)\| Kg \| m \| Index \| \| Mean \| 21,4 \| 66,7 \| 1,7 \| 22,3 \| \| Std.Deviation \| 0,5 \| 12,7 \| 0,1 \| 2,3 \| \| Minimum \| 21 \| 48 \| 1,6 \| 18,6 \| \| Maxmum \| 22 \| 95 \| 1,9 \| 27,8 \| Table 1. Descriptive statistics of selected variables for the participant population. Set-up Subjects were selected from the third-year Industrial Engineering course. This choice allowed to obtain data for the same kind of students from the same time and day of the week (Wednesday from 8:30 to 13:30) (Sammonds et al. 2017). Tests were performed in the same classroom at the Engineering Faculty. The following equipment was used for data acquisition and set-up: a simple wooden seat (rigid seat-pan, rigid seatback, no armrest, no knee support) fixed to the floor; a pressure data acquisition system; a photo/video-graphic acquisition system; and a (dis)comfort questionnaire. In this way, it was possible to evaluate the distribution of pressure and to investigate the corresponding (dis)comfort, without considering the effect of soft parts such as cushions or padding. Figure 2 shows the combo-desk that was the subject of analysis. The evaluated workstation was a classroom combo-desk (desk + chair). This desk is class C1, fire resistant, and made of chipboard covered in melamine. The Medilogic® pressure measurement system was used to record the pressure distribution (Figs 3 and 4). The pressure pad was placed only on the seat and not on the backrest. The sensors’ matrix has 480 sensors over a 500 x 500 mm$^2$ area, and pressures were recorded using the mat. The students’ behavior was observed and recorded using a video camera (Fig. 5). Figure 2. The combo-desk and the pressure acquisition system Figure 3. Experimental setup: Front-View The (dis)comfort questionnaire is divided into several sections. The lower limbs are divided into eight regions, as shown in Figure 6 (areas numbered from 13 to 20, so-called P13 to P20). Subjects were asked to rate their perceived (dis)comfort on a 5-point Likert scale. Students were also asked to give a score from 1 to 10 for overall comfort, and to indicate the area of greatest discomfort between the right and left side of the lower limbs. Figure 6. Body regions (dis)comfort questionnaire. Procedure The one-hour test was split into three sessions of twenty minutes. Pressure readings were taken for each of these twenty-minute sessions, after which the subjects were asked to complete the (dis)comfort questionnaire. During the test, the students were free to move their bodies while performing two main tasks: writing and listening. The pressure values were acquired with a frequency of 1Hz, and the 3,600 values were processed, using a software written in Python3.5, to calculate the center of pressure in the plane of the seat (x-y coordinates) and its variation over time. The combo-desk model and the video recording indicated that we should focus our attention on left-to-right and right-to-left movements (sideways movements), as forward-backward movements were limited or hindered by the combo-desk layout. To define the methodology for counting the number of movements, only the x coordinates (sideways movements) were considered, which was useful for describing the movements performed by the lower limbs. The following rule was used to define a movement: "If the difference $ \Delta x $ of $ x_t - x_{t-1} $ is more than a given threshold, this constitutes a movement." In which $ x_t $ is the value of the x coordinate at time t, and t is from 0 to 3,600 (seconds). The acquisition frequency was 20 Hz, while the processed data frequency was 0.2 Hz, with an averaged value taken every 5 seconds. Another purpose of this work is to understand which threshold is optimal for counting the number of movements. To this end, a threshold sensitivity analysis was performed in a range between 5 and 30 mm, with 5mm increments, giving the following five "Levels": Level5, Level10, Level20, Level25 and Level30. The first part of the study was also focused on investigating the correlation between the threshold value (and the consequent number of movements) and the (dis)comfort perception. Figure 7. An example of analysis periods: a) first 20 minutes; b) second 20 minutes; c) third 20 minutes. Answers to the questionnaires were rated using the values shown in the Table 2. Figure 8 presents an example of the number of movements (Level 5) made by a student during an analysis period. ![Movement Graph](image) Figure 8. Movement count for the 5 mm threshold (level5) over one hour of analysis (the x-axis shows time in minutes) \| Very comfortable \| 2 \| \|------------------\|---\| \| Comfortable \| 1 \| \| Neither comfort or discomfort (Indifferent) \| 0 \| \| Rather uncomfortable \| -1 \| \| Very uncomfortable \| -2 \| Table 2. Indexes of Comfort (IC) associated with each item of the questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed to discover correlations, if any, between overall comfort, the total number of movements detected, the number of right and left movements, (dis)comfort perception in different lower limb regions, and the relative suffering of the buttocks (right or left). Correlations between the number of movements and characteristics such as weight or height were also investigated. Validation This methodology for detecting body movements was validated by comparing the X-movement of the center of pressure with another methodology based on the number of movements recorded by the video camera. Three different people with no health or vision problems analyzed all the videos recorded during the study. The Wilcoxon Rank test was used to compare the methodologies. The number of lower-body movements was compared with the total number of movements counted using different threshold levels. They each counted the number of movements, returning a reliability rate of more than 95%. This work allows the new method of counting movements using center of pressure analysis to be validated by comparing it to others in the literature (Naddeo et al., 2013; Bouwens et al., 2018; Hiemstra-van Mastrigt et al., 2015). Results The first interesting result concerns a comparison of movement counts made by the different methodologies. Level20 and the Level25 gave similar results, and these results are quite similar to the number of movements count ($p=0.310$ and $p=0.192$, respectively). The other Levels, however, are significantly different ($p<0.01$). This result indicates that the two methods are similar, and that Level25 (and the related threshold) is a good indicator for the movements’ count. Table 3 shows the average, maximum, minimum, and standard deviation of the total movements detected via the center of pressure analysis. (Note: In the first five lines, the number (n) of total movements for each Level are represented, while the other rows give the number of movements (right and left) for different Levels). At level 30 (a movement is detected only when the $\Delta x$ is more than 30 mm) very few movements have been detected in one hour test. \| Treshold \| Mean (n) \| Maximum \| Minimum \| Std.Deviation \| \|----------\|----------\|---------\|---------\|---------------\| \| Level5 \| 83,1 \| 158 \| 8 \| 34,1 \| \| Level 10 \| 37,6 \| 100 \| 2 \| 21,1 \| \| Level20 \| 10,2 \| 43 \| 0 \| 9,4 \| \| Level25 \| 5,8 \| 31 \| 0 \| 6,7 \| \| Level30 \| 3.333 \| 19 \| 0 \| 4,3 \| \| Rg Level5 \| 41,9 \| 80 \| 5 \| 18,1 \| \| Lf Level5 \| 50,0 \| 78 \| 3 \| 16,7 \| \| Rg Level10 \| 17,9 \| 49 \| 0 \| 10,6 \| \| Lf Level10 \| 19,3 \| 51 \| 2 \| 11,0 \| \| Rg Level20 \| 4,8 \| 20 \| 0 \| 5,0 \| \| Lf Level20 \| 5,3 \| 23 \| 0 \| 4,9 \| \| Rg Level25 \| 2,9 \| 16 \| 0 \| 3,5 \| \| Lf Level25 \| 2,9 \| 15 \| 0 \| 3,4 \| \| Rg Level30 \| 1,7 \| 10 \| 0 \| 2,3 \| \| Lf Level30 \| 1,7 \| 10 \| 0 \| 2,1 \| Table 3. The average, maximum, minimum, and standard deviation of the movements (Rg and Lf are right and left movements for each level, respectively). The statistical distributions show a Gaussian shape for Level 5 and Level 10 and a Weibull shape for Level 20, Level 25 and Level 30. A multivariate analysis was performed to verify the correlations among the variables. R 3.2.2 statistical analysis software was used to perform the analysis. Pearson correlation and Spearman coefficients were calculated to check and evaluate the correlations between the variables. Both the Pearson index and the Spearman-Rho multivariate analysis revealed the same “weak to medium” correlations between the variables. Regarding the anthropometric data, a negative correlation was detected between the student’s weight and the average of the number of movements performed (i.e. the number of movements decreases as the subjects’ weight increases). This result also gives an indication of the comfort perceived by subjects during the analysis. As described below, an increase in the number of movements correlates with an increase in comfort. The minimum weight thus gives an indirect indication of the extent of the perceived comfort increase. Table 4 shows the results of the sensitivity analysis for each Level through the Pearson indexes. Level25, which has a movement detection threshold of 25 mm, shows the highest correlations with all analyzed parameters, and is therefore a good indicator of movement-related comfort. Only the body part P14 shows a higher correlation for Level20. This correlation indicates that perceived comfort increases in line with the number of movements. Also Spearman-Rho analysis shows the better correlation result (0.352 at 0.05 level of significance) of overall comfort with movements detected through the “Level25” threshold. \| \| Level5 \| Level10 \| Level20 \| Level25 \| Level30 \| \|----------------\|--------\|---------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Overall comfort \| 0.134 \| 0.212* \| 0.335* \| 0.342* \| 0.327* \| \| P13 \| -0.014 \| 0.081 \| 0.210* \| 0.229* \| 0.174 \| \| P14 \| 0.172 \| 0.250* \| 0.307* \| 0.281* \| 0.200* \| \| P15 \| -0.013 \| 0.110 \| 0.316* \| 0.369* \| 0.358* \| \| P16 \| 0.084 \| 0.203* \| 0.364* \| 0.406* \| 0.349* \| \| P17 \| 0.072 \| 0.151 \| 0.274* \| 0.305* \| 0.257* \| \| P18 \| 0.080 \| 0.155 \| 0.277* \| 0.320* \| 0.268* \| \| P19 \| 0.019 \| 0.077 \| 0.190 \| 0.243* \| 0.216* \| \| P20 \| -0.001 \| 0.076 \| 0.207* \| 0.235* \| 0.219* \| * 0.05 level of significance Table 4. Analysis results (P13-P20 are the body parts for which subjects gave a subjective evaluation of perceived (dis)comfort). Pain for the left- and right-side body parts was also investigated via the questionnaire. Taking Level25 as the most representative level for (dis)comfort correlation, data analyses show that when subjects move to the left part of the seat (i.e. his/her center of pressure shifts left), left-side discomfort increases and right-side discomfort decreases. Level25 is a good movement detection indicator for movements to the left, while Level30 is the best for movements to the right. Both of these are good indicators of comfort (in terms of Pearson correlation), with results similar to those for pain: the number of movements towards the right part of the seat (i.e. his/her center of pressure shifts right) causes an increase in perceived left-side discomfort and a decrease in perceived right-side discomfort. This difference can be explained by the position of the subjects in the classroom. All of the subjects were sitting on the right side of the classroom. To see the blackboard, they had to turn their body slightly to the left. This caused an increased load on the right side of the lower body, leading the center of mass to become unbalanced. Each movement therefore allowed subjects to improve their perceived comfort (or lower their perceived discomfort) for the right side of the body that was consistently more loaded than the left. This fact was evident in the video recordings. It is also indicated by the mean percentage of time in which the center of pressure is on the right and left side of the seat (about 58% and 42%, respectively). No correlations were found between the direction of movements, individual body parts and overall comfort. We may therefore state that overall comfort is influenced more by movements than by each individual body part comfort. \| \| Left \| Right \| \|----------------\|--------\|--------\| \| M.Dx 5mm \| -0.203\| 0.179 \| \| M.Sx 5mm \| 0.131 \| -0.109 \| \| M.Dx 10mm \| 0.150 \| -0.192 \| \| M.Sx 10mm \| 0.016 \| -0.013 \| \| M.Dx 20mm \| 0.083 \| -0.120 \| \| M.Sx 20mm \| -0.144 \| 0.168 \| \| M.Dx 25mm \| 0.057 \| -0.094 \| \| M.Sx 25mm \| 0.245 \| -0.225\| \| M.Dx 30mm \| 0.201 \| -0.251\| \| M.Sx 30mm \| -0.114 \| 0.131 \| 0.05 level of significance Table 5. Correlation between “Right and left movements” and “Right- and left-side discomfort perception”. Discussion This paper shows that performing a high number of movements in a constrained space is due to the increase of discomfort; after a movement or a change of position, the decrease of discomfort is perceived; the decrease of postural discomfort concurs to a more overall comfortable state. This result is in line with those found in the literature. Cascioli et al. (2011), Netten et al. (2013), Mansfield (2017), Vink (2017), and Sammonds et al. (2017) all state that an increase in discomfort causes an increase in the number of movements. The availability of the space required to perform these movements thus increases perceived comfort (after the movements themselves). Heavier subjects are also shown to experience greater discomfort, as stated in Zenk (2008, 2012). Our analyses produced evidence that may appear contradictory. Whatever the direction of the movement (right or left), perceived discomfort decreases in the left side of the body and increases in the right side. However, this result was anticipated due to the experimental setup. Given the relative position between the chair and the blackboard, the subjects’ bodies were always rotated and unbalanced toward the left, overloading the left buttocks. Any movement therefore tended to improve left-side comfort by “distributing” the discomfort perception towards the right side. This result is confirmed by the lack of correlation between overall comfort and the number of movements to the left. One limitation of this study is the lack of correlation of individual body parts (dis)comfort with left and right movements; however, this was not the purpose of this study. Due to the not-Gaussian distribution of some data, also a Spearman-Rho analysis was performed and the results were the same of the Pearson one. In general, the Pearson index analyses reveal only weak and medium correlations among variables and this is another limitation of the study. Probably it is due to the high numbers of variables that have to be taken into account in a one-hour test (environmental factors, psycho-physiological factors, noises coming from other students and so on) and cannot be easily controlled. Another limitation is the lack of attention to upper-body posture and its influence on the pressure maps. We did not know the configurations of the body parts – for instance, when and if one or both arms were hanging down or leaning on the desk. This could be an interesting topic for further research. The proposed methodology that bases the movement count on centre of pressure analysis could open up new fields of investigation in the study of whole body movement. The evolution of the centre of pressure, as well as the methods used to understand and predict overall comfort by studying the interaction between the buttocks and the seat-pan, are potentially interesting topics of future research. Conclusion Several studies have reported a strong correlation between the number of movements performed and perceived (dis)comfort. This paper seeks to demonstrate this concept by converting the pressures measured at the interface between the seat and the subject into specific movements. The results revealed a correlation between these movements and the (dis)comfort perceived by students. The first applicable result is undoubtedly the identification of Level25 as a good indicator for detecting and counting movement and assessing lower-body comfort. Both Level30 and Level25 gave a realistic indication of the perceived (dis)comfort caused by the direction of the movements (right or left). In Vergara et al. (2002), Graf et al. (1995) and Lauder et al. (2003) discomfort is shown to increase when subjects change position. In all of these cases, the participants’ movements were natural and not obligatory. In our study, however, the movements were obligatory as subjects had to write or listen within a limited space, with no possibility to change the combo-desk layout. We thus observed the opposite result: a decrease in discomfort when the subject changed position. This decrease was more evident when the center of pressure moved in either the right or left direction. 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Ergonomic analysis and comfort driven redesign of student classroom combo desk at University of Salerno (Italy). Journal of industrial design and engineering, Vol.10, pp. 33-44. Naddeo, A., Memoli, S. (2009). Postural comfort inside a car: Development of an innovative model to evaluate the discomfort level. SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems, 2, 1065-1070. doi:10.4271/2009-01-1163. Netten, M.P., Van Der Doelen, L.H.M., Goossens, R.H.M. (2013). Chair Based Measurements of Sitting Behavior: A Field Study of Sitting Postures and Sitting Time in Office Work. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). Vol. 8026 LNCS. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-39182-8_31. Oyama, H., Noro, K., Mitsuya, R., Takao, H. (2003). Development of a new working posture for VDT. Conference proceedings of HUMACS conference 2003, Tokyo, Japan: Waseda University, 12–15. Parcells, C., Stommel, M., Hubbard, R.P. (1999). Mismatch of classroom furniture and student body dimensions: Empirical findings and health implications. The Journal of adolescent health: official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 24(4). 265–273. Paul, G., Daniell, N., Fraysse, F. (2012). Patterns of correlation between vehicle occupant seat pressure and anthropometry. Work 41: 2226–2231. Pheasant, S., and Haslegrave, C.M. (2006). Bodyspace: Anthropometry. Ergonomics. And The Design Of Work: Taylor & Francis Group. Sammonds, G.M., Mansfield, N.J., Fray, M. (2017). Improving Long Term Driving Comfort by Taking Breaks – how Break Activity Affects Effectiveness. Applied Ergonomics 65: 81–89. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2017.05.008. Sammonds, G.M., Fray, M., Mansfield, N.J. (2017). Effect of long term driving on driver discomfort and its relationship with seat fidgets and movements (SFMs). Applied Ergonomics, 58:119-127. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2016.05.009 Straker, L., Pollock, C., Burgess-Limerick, R. (2006). Excerpts from CybErg 2005 discussion on preliminary guidelines for wise use of computers by children. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 36(12). 1089-1095. Telfer, S., Spence, W.D., Solomonidis, S.E., (2009). The potential for actigraphy to be used as an indicator of sitting discomfort. Human Factors: The journal of the human factors and ergonomics society. 51 (5). 694-704. Tessendorf, B., Arnrich, B., Schumm, J., Setz, C., Tröster, G. (2009). Unsupervised monitoring of sitting behaviour. Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS. Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. 2–6 September. Tharig, M.G.M., Munasinghe, H.P., Abeysekara, J.D. (2010). Designing chairs with mounted desktop or university students: Ergonomics and comfort. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 40(1). 8-18. Vergara, M., Page, A. (2002). Relationship between comfort and back posture and mobility in sitting-posture. Applied Ergonomics. Volume 33(1): 1-8. Vink, P. (2005). Comfort and design: principles and good practice. Boca Raton: CRC Press 2005, ISBN 0-8493-2830-6. Vink, P. (2014). The sweetness of discomfort: designing the journey. Inaugural Lecture, Delft University of Technology. June 4, 2014. Vink, P. (2017). Comfort and discomfort effects over time: the sweetness of discomfort and the pleasure towards of the end, Proceedings of the 1st International Comfort Congress, Salerno (Italy), June 7th and 8th, 2017 Vink, P., Hallbeck, S. (2012). Editorial: Comfort and discomfort studies demonstrate the need for a new model. Applied Ergonomics, 43, 271-276. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2011.06.001 Vos, G.A., Congleton, J.J., Moore, J.S., Amendola, A.A., Ringer, L. (2006). Postural versus chair design impacts upon interface pressure. Applied Ergonomics 37(5): 619–628. Wang, B., Jin, X., Chen, B., Tao, X. (2011). Assessment of driver movements during prolonged driving using seat pressure measurements. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th annual meeting. 1568–1572. Zenk, R., Franz, M., Bubb, H., Vink, P. (2012). Technical note: Spine loading in automotive seating. Applied Ergonomics, 43, 290-295. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2011.06.004 Zenk, R. (2008). Objektivierung des Sitzkomforts und seine automatische Anpassung. Diss. TU München. Zhiping, L., Jian, W. (2011). Influences of Sitting Posture and Interface Activity on Human Physical and Psychological Reaction. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (ICBBE). 10–12 May 2011, Wuhan, China. Figure 1 Click here to download high resolution image Figure 2 Click here to download high resolution image Figure 3 Click here to download high resolution image Figure 4 Click here to download high resolution image Figure 5 Click here to download high resolution image \| Comfort Level \| \|-------------------------------\| \| Very comfortable \| \| Comfortable \| \| Neither comfort or discomfort (Indifferent) \| \| Rather uncomfortable \| \| Very uncomfortable \| Figure 7 Click here to download high resolution image Figure 8 Movement ACQUISITION TIME MOVEMENT COUNT Figure 9 Click here to download high resolution image Figure 10 Click here to download high resolution image \| \| Age (years) \| Mass Kg \| Height m \| Body Mass Index \| \|----------------\|-------------\|---------\|----------\|-----------------\| \| Mean \| 21,4 \| 66,7 \| 1,7 \| 22,3 \| \| Std.Deviation \| 0,5 \| 12,7 \| 0,1 \| 2,3 \| \| Minimum \| 21 \| 48 \| 1,6 \| 18,6 \| \| Maximum \| 22 \| 95 \| 1,9 \| 27,8 \| \| Comfort Level \| Score \| \|-------------------------------------\|-------\| \| Very comfortable \| 2 \| \| Comfortable \| 1 \| \| Neither comfort or discomfort (Indifferent) \| 0 \| \| Rather uncomfortable \| -1 \| \| Very uncomfortable \| -2 \| \| Treshold \| Mean (n) \| Maximum \| Minimum \| Std.Deviation \| \|--------------\|----------\|---------\|---------\|---------------\| \| Level5 \| 83,1 \| 158 \| 8 \| 34,1 \| \| Level 10 \| 37,6 \| 100 \| 2 \| 21,1 \| \| Level20 \| 10,2 \| 43 \| 0 \| 9,4 \| \| Level25 \| 5,8 \| 31 \| 0 \| 6,7 \| \| Level30 \| 3.333 \| 19 \| 0 \| 4,3 \| \| Rg Level5 \| 41,9 \| 80 \| 5 \| 18,1 \| \| Lf Level5 \| 50,0 \| 78 \| 3 \| 16,7 \| \| Rg Level10 \| 17,9 \| 49 \| 0 \| 10,6 \| \| Lf Level10 \| 19,3 \| 51 \| 2 \| 11,0 \| \| Rg Level20 \| 4,8 \| 20 \| 0 \| 5,0 \| \| Lf Level20 \| 5,3 \| 23 \| 0 \| 4,9 \| \| Rg Level25 \| 2,9 \| 16 \| 0 \| 3,5 \| \| Lf Level25 \| 2,9 \| 15 \| 0 \| 3,4 \| \| Rg Level30 \| 1,7 \| 10 \| 0 \| 2,3 \| \| Lf Level30 \| 1,7 \| 10 \| 0 \| 2,1 \| \| \| Level5 \| Level10 \| Level20 \| Level25 \| Level30 \| \|----------------\|---------\|---------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Overall comfort\| 0,134 \| 0,212* \| 0,335* \| 0,342* \| 0,327* \| \| P13 \| -0,014 \| 0,081 \| 0,210* \| 0,229* \| 0,174 \| \| P14 \| 0,172 \| 0,250* \| 0,307* \| 0,281* \| 0,200* \| \| P15 \| -0,013 \| 0,110 \| 0,316* \| 0,369* \| 0,358* \| \| P16 \| 0,084 \| 0,203* \| 0,364* \| 0,406* \| 0,349* \| \| P17 \| 0,072 \| 0,151 \| 0,274* \| 0,305* \| 0,257* \| \| P18 \| 0,080 \| 0,155 \| 0,277* \| 0,320* \| 0,268* \| \| P19 \| 0,019 \| 0,077 \| 0,190 \| 0,243* \| 0,216* \| \| P20 \| -0,001 \| 0,076 \| 0,207* \| 0,235* \| 0,219* \| \| \| Left \| Right \| \|----------------\|--------\|--------\| \| M.Dx 5mm \| -0.203\| 0.179 \| \| M.Sx 5mm \| 0.131 \| -0.109 \| \| M.Dx 10mm \| 0.150 \| -0.192 \| \| M.Sx 10mm \| 0.016 \| -0.013 \| \| M.Dx 20mm \| 0.083 \| -0.120 \| \| M.Sx 20mm \| -0.144 \| 0.168 \| \| M.Dx 25mm \| 0.057 \| -0.094 \| \| M.Sx 25mm \| 0.245 \| -0.225\| \| M.Dx 30mm \| 0.201 \| -0.251*\| \| M.Sx 30mm \| -0.114 \| 0.131 \| Tables in MSWord Click here to download Supplementary Interactive Plot Data (CSV): Tabelle.docx
SHORT LIST 18 (New Series) 30 CHILDREN’S BOOKS A selection of children’s literature and illustration for all ages. With regards from John, Rachel, and Annika. (415) 986-5826 \| www.johnwindle.com \| firstname.lastname@example.org 1. ANDERSEN, HANS CHRISTIAN. DULAC, EDMUND (ILLUS.). Stories from Hans Andersen. New York and London: Hodder & Stoughton, [1911]. 4to, 250 pp., 28 mounted color plates. Publisher’s full gray cloth, decoratively stamped and lettered in gilt. Decorated endpapers, slightly toned, a few small spots to the cloth, ink gift inscription on front free endpaper dated 1913, a very good copy. § First trade edition of one of Dulac’s most successful books. His fantastical, dream-like visions worked with a subtle palette marked the zenith of the Golden Age of Illustration and are the perfect complement to the classic tales of Andersen. Hughey 27d. (7700) $675. 2. [BARHAM, RICHARD HARRIS]. RACKHAM, ARTHUR (ILLUS.). The Ingoldsby Legends or Mirth and Marvels. London: J. M. Dent & Co., 1907. Large 4to, xix, 549 pp. with 24 color plates, 12 other plates and 66 illustrations, the plate at 254 is badly offset from the text as always (in every copy we’ve seen or read about). Full crushed blue morocco extra, covers gilt, backstrip panelled in gilt, gilt edges, backstrip slightly faded, signed by Bayntun Riviere. § Edition de luxe limited to 560 numbered copies, signed by Rackham. A reissue of the 1898 edition with more illustrations. The best illustrated edition and a very handsome presentation of Barham’s hugely popular tales, first issued serially in 1837. Writing under the pseudonym of Thomas Ingoldsby of Tappington Manor, Barham’s collection of myths, ghost stories, and poetry was so influential that for well over a hundred years even fictional characters referred to it warmly (Alan Quatermain and Lord Peter Wimsey among many others). Rackham’s illustrations are perfectly suited to the stories: supernatural, whimsical, and comic in turn. Latimore & Haskell p. 30. Riall p. 30. (107918) $995. Cover image: (27) SENDAK, MAURICE. Where The Wild Things Are. [New York]: Harper & Row, [after 1963]. 3. BAUM, L. FRANK. A New Wonderland. Illustrated by Frank Ver Beck. New York: Russell, 1900. 4to, x, 190 pp. Color frontispiece and 15 two-color plates within the pagination. Original cloth-backed pictorial boards, pictorial endpapers, a really good copy of a book rarely found in even adequate condition. In a new box. § First edition, in the first state binding with pictorial endpapers. The first book Baum wrote (although Mother Goose In Prose was published first). The title was an obvious attempt to cash in on the popularity of Alice In Wonderland; it was late reworked and published as The Surprising Adventures of the Magical Monarch of Mo. Aleph-Bet notes: “A notoriously rare Baum fantasy, that when found is usually lacking the frontis.” Not in Cotsen, Oppenheimer, Osborne, or Gumuchian. Peter Hanff notes: “Justin Schiller once had a file copy from the publisher that was annotated to indicate that the firm had run short of frontispieces.” (104471) $3950. 4. BAUM, L. FRANK. NEILL, JOHN R. (ILLUS.). Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz. Chicago: Reilly and Britton, 1908. Slim 4to, 256 pp. Light blue cloth boards with pictorial paste-on. Pictorial endpapers printed in yellow and black. Some small nicks and minor warping to lower cover, some wear and minor soiling to upper cover, slight general rubbing. Headcap and tail bumped, binding slightly shaken. Crease in ownership page. Very good condition for a title usually found in tatters. § First edition, first state with light blue cloth and metallic gold pictorial paste-on, 16 inserted full-color plates, three titles listed on the verso of the half title, inserted black and yellow endpapers, and “The Reilly & Britton Co.” stamped in black on the backstrip (Hanff, 40-41). The fourth book in the Oz series. (106146) $775. 5. BLAKE, WILLIAM. Songs of Innocence (and) Songs of Experience: Proof Copy of the Frontispiece. London: Quaritch for William Muir, 1927. A single hand-colored specimen proof copy of the frontispiece for Muir’s 1927 facsimile, prepared from the Beaconsfield original. § A unique proof inscribed by Muir: “This a specimen page (not to be sold) of the Centenary [of Blake’s death] Edition of the Songs of Innocence and [of] Experience facsimilied [sic] from the Beaconsfield original now being prepared by William Muir.” (108835) $1250. 6. BLAKE, WILLIAM. Songs of Innocence (and) Songs of Experience. Edmonton: William Muir, 1885. 2 vols. in one. 4to, 34; 30 leaves, hand-colored, with the original blue-gray wrappers as issued; copies No. 24 (Innocence) and 11 (Experience). Full dark red morocco, gilt top, gilt-lettered backstrip with gilt device at foot, bookplates of Thomas William Waller and Willis Vickery. Very good with tissue guards as issued. § Limited to around 50 copies of each. These are amongst the most alluring and successful of Muir’s facsimiles. Songs of Innocence was taken from the Pearson copy and he is recorded at the end as the publisher in London in 1884 but his death caused Muir to take the project to Quaritch who distributed the whole series. Songs of Experience is taken from the Beckford copy. The general title to both works is found at the end of Experience. Bentley, BB, 249 a and 249 d. (122385) $14,500. 7. [CAMPE, J.H.]. The New Robinson Crusoe; an Instructive and Entertaining History for the Use of Children of both Sexes. Translated from the French. London: Stockdale, 1789. 8vo, 265, (7, ads)pp. With a frontispiece, an illustration in the text, and 31 woodcut plates by John Bewick all within the collation. Modern blue boards, cloth backstrip, internally a very good copy with some browning and a few leaves torn at corners with no loss of text. § First issued in four volumes (or four vols. in two) in 1788, an edition that is referred to as being of great rarity, and reissued in 1789 in one volume but with the same plates and no note on the title-page of being a reissue. The 1789 issue is also quite uncommon, being located (like the 1788) in a tiny number of libraries in North America and the UK. 3 sets of the 1788 edition have sold at auction since 1975, and only one copy of the 1789. A very popular title across Europe, Campe’s child-focussed retelling of Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe was published in German as Robinson der Jüngere in 1788, immediately translated into French and thence into English all in the same year. The British edition (which was quickly followed by an American edition) was illustrated by John Bewick and a few of the plates are signed “J. Bewick del. & scit.” Pomeroy 189 cites the title as illustrated by Anderson in a NY edition of 1806. Osborne p.239. Oppenheimer 345, 6, and 7, had both editions, citing Hugo 33 and Gumuchian 4876. (102830) $625. 8. CARLE, ERIC. The Very Hungry Caterpillar. New York and Cleveland: The World Publishing Company, 1969. Oblong 4to. Original illustrated glazed boards, without dust jacket. Boards bright with tips and spine ends professionally conserved, binding starting to loosen with strings just visible between a few signatures, pages slightly age toned and with some thumbing and a single touch of crayon, the expectable signs of an early reader. § First edition, first printing with all issue points per Eric Carle’s own copy as described in the Grolier Children’s 100 catalogue (A3450 code on the rear board, copyright page with full number line 1-5 and “Printed in Japan”). A very nice copy without dust jacket of Eric Carle’s most famous and most enduring book. Its brilliantly simple structure and caterpillar-munched pages caused a quiet revolution in children’s picture books in 1969 and fifty years later it is still required reading for children everywhere. Grolier Children’s 100: 99. (123000) $850. 9. DICKENS, CHARLES. [Five Christmas Books:] A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being A Ghost Story of Christmas; The Cricket on the Hearth. A Fairy Tale of Home; The Battle of Life. A Love Story; The Chimes: A Goblin Story of Some Bells That Rang An Old Year Out and A New Year In; The Haunted Man and the Ghost’s Bargain. A Fancy for Christmas-Time. London: Chapman & Hall, MDCCCLIII (1843); London: Bradbury & Evans, 1846; London: Bradbury & Evans, MDCCCXLVI (1846); London: Chapman & Hall, MDCCCXLV (1845); London: Bradbury & Evans, 1848. 5 vols., 8vo, illustrated with engravings. All volumes in full dark green morocco extra, covers with gilt holly sprigs at corners, backstrips faded to rich brown, lettered and stamped in gilt, all edges gilt, each book with its original cloth covers bound in at the end. In uniformly very good condition with just a hint of rubbing to the bindings. Each volume with the bookplate of the famous minister Henry Sloane Coffin, by descent to a private collector in San Francisco. A lovely set perfect for reading or handling without fear of damage. § First editions of all five of Dickens’s Christmas books in fine festive bindings by Wood of London. A cornerstone of any Dickens collection. All books are in their most desirable states. Full description including issue points and pagination on our website. Smith II 4, 5, 6, 8, 9. Eckel 116-134. (109280) $13,750. 10. GRAHAME, KENNETH. The Wind in the Willows. London: Methuen & Co., 1908. 8vo, (6), 302 pp., frontispiece by Graham Robertson with tissue guard. Original blue green cloth with pictorial gilt designs on backstrip and upper cover, top edge gilt, others untrimmed. Cloth with a few marks, worn at joints and corners, front hinge cracked, scattered foxing throughout. A respectable, unsophisticated copy in a custom folding box. § First edition of the timeless adventures of Ratty, Mole, and Mr Toad, which originated in letters Grahame wrote to his seven-year old son “Mouse.” Methuen wasn’t sure what to make of the book, “no lighthearted story about a countryside community of animals but a long and ramifying fable.” (Grolier 100) and released it on its adult rather than juvenile list, but children and their parents understood it from the start and a second edition was required with a month of publication. By the time the E.H. Shepard illustrated edition appeared in 1932 the book was recognized as a children’s classic. Grolier Children’s 100 #61. Cotsen I, 696. (106392) $3500. 11. GRAHAME, KENNETH. SHEPARD, ERNEST (ILLUS.). The Wind in the Willows. London: Methuen and Co., Ltd. 1931. 8vo, (6), 1-312, (1)-8, ads. pp. Illustrated throughout by Shepard with map endpapers. Original green cloth with Mr Toad, Mole, and Ratty in gilt on upper cover and gilt titles on backstrip, slight wear to head and crown of backstrip and lightly spotted endpapers. In the original pictorial dust jacket, slightly browned with rubbing and nicks to spine ends. A very good copy of this children’s classic. § First edition to be illustrated by Ernest Shepard. The adventures of Ratty, Mole, and Mr Toad were first published in 1908 (see above); though Methuen had employed other artists on the book over the years, Shepard’s gently comic line drawings were quickly recognized as the definitive vision of the river bank. (106386) $875. 12. GRAHAME, KENNETH. RACKHAM, ARTHUR (ILLUS.). The Wind in the Willows. [The Hundredth Edition]. London: Methuen and Co., 1951. 4to, xii, 178 pp. With 12 mounted color plates and numerous black and white illustrations. Full white pigskin, lettered in gilt on backstrip, top edge gilt, others untrimmed, backstrip a little dried and joints showing wear, internally perfect, in a cloth case. § 100th edition, deluxe issue, limited to 500 copies printed on handmade paper and bound in full white pigskin. An appropriate celebration of the publishing milestone of this children’s classic, first printed in 1908. While E.H. Shepard’s illustrations are widely known, Rackham’s distinctive take on the adventures of Mole, Ratty and Mr Toad is just as successful and utterly endearing. (107929) $1500. 13. [GREENAWAY, KATE]. SPIELMAN, M.H. LAYARD, G.S. Kate Greenaway. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1905. 4to, xix, [1], 300, [1], [3, blank] pp. Color frontispiece and fifty-three color plates after Kate Greenaway, with descriptive tissue guards, and numerous black and white illustrations, including thirty-four halftone plates. Original white cloth over beveled boards with front cover and backstrip lettered in gilt and decoratively stamped in blind in a geometric and floral design. Top edge gilt. Color pictorial endpapers. Cloth with slight soiling as always, a very good copy. § Edition de luxe, #39 of an edition limited to 500 numbered copies signed twice by the artist’s brother, John Greenaway. All 500 copies of the Edition de Luxe have original Kate Greenaway artwork bound in. This copy has an original circular pencil sketch depicting a woman pulling a cart with two children in it. “Containing upwards of 80 full page illustrations, 53 of which are reproduced in facsimile from original watercolor drawings by Kate Greenaway. There are also numerous thumb nail sketches with pen and pencil throughout the text, many of them from letters to Ruskin. Few of the illustrations have ever been published before... It contains the earliest impressions of the illustrations, and the letterpress is printed on handmade paper.” (Publisher’s Prospectus). Schuster & Engen 226. Thomson 400. (108725) $1750. 14. HARRIS, JOEL CHANDLER. Uncle Remus: His Songs and Sayings. New York: D. Appleton, 1881. 8vo, 231, [viii] ads pp. Illustrations by Frederick Church and James Moser. Original red cloth stamped in gold and black, a unusually bright, near fine copy with only faint soil to the backstrip and lower board. Enclosed in a modern, custom box. § First edition, first issue, with presumptive mis-spelled on p.9 bottom line and without ads for this title in rear. This red color binding is not listed in BAL and is exceptionally rare. A classic of American children’s literature. This is the Michelson copy and was last seen in the Grolier Club catalogue and exhibition One Hundred Books Famous in Children’s Literature, New York, December 10, 2014 to February 7, 2015. “Harris was not the first to record the stories of Brer Rabbit, Brer Fox, and Brer Bear, which he heard in the cabins of slaves on Georgia plantations, but his retellings made them a favorite with American children” Grolier Children’s 100, this copy. See also Peter Parley to Penrod p.56, BAL 7100, Grolier, 100 American Books, 83. (122747) $15,000. 15. MCCLOSKEY, ROBERT. Make Way For Ducklings. New York: The Viking Press, 1941. Roy. 8vo, [67] pp. Letterpress text and drawings in lithographic crayon on zinc, printed throughout in brown with title page lettered in green, pictorial endpapers. Beige cloth, lettered and pictorially stamped in green. Dust jacket printed in green and brown, $2.00 price flap unclipped. A little edge wear to dust jacket and half inch chip to bottom of spine, some toning of pastedowns but otherwise a lovely bright copy inside and out. § From the library of Nobel Laureate in Physics Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, signed by him, with his bookplate and with a compliments card signed by the author both loosely inserted. First edition in the later issue of the dust jacket, with the Caldecott Medal for 1942. Chandrasekhar’s seminal work in astrophysics led to the currently accepted theories on the lives of black holes. (107120) $6500. 16. MEGGENDORFER, LOTHAR. Artistic Pussy and her studio: Moving pictures with other tales, a moveable toybook from Lothar Meggendorfer. Chicago: Thompson & Thomas, 1890? Large 8vo (310 x 225 mm), (16) pp., six with mounted full-page, full-color lithographed plates with moveable parts. Illustrated glazed boards with red cloth backstrip. Upper cover lightly worn, hinges repaired, color illustrations bright and clean with some small closed tears and chips, mainly around the inner margins and pull-tabs, some extending into the plates, hen’s leg torn off but present. Moveable parts on four plates function well; two only in part. A good copy of a complicated and delicate book. § Delightfully odd moveable illustrations including two of cats painting pictures of dogs and one of a monkey attempting to soothe a crying baby. Surprisingly, WorldCat lists only 3 copies of the American imprint in institutional libraries (there was also a London edition, scarcer still and apparently only held at the Library of Congress). (107132) $1250. 17. MILNE, A. A. SHEPARD, E.H. (ILLUS.). Now We Are Six. London: Methuen & Co., 1929. Small 8vo, x, 103 pp. with frontispiece and illustrations throughout by Shepard. Original red cloth, boards stamped and panelled in gilt, backstrip gilt lettered, top edge gilt, in the original illustrated dust jacket. Fine copy in dust jacket, upper hinge split. In a new custom quarter leather box. § First edition, with a lovely ink inscription by Milne on the half-title: [Now We Are Six] [half-title] belongs to Margaret Rose / Absorbed in contemplation of her toes / And deaf to Poesy she little knows / What’s waiting for her as she grows and grows. A.A. Milne July 31 1946.” Loosely inserted in the front is a one-page letter on Cotchford Farm letterhead from Daphne Milne to Margaret’s mother confirming that her husband would be delighted to inscribe the book for her daughter. (105746) $12,500. 18. MILNE, A. A. SHEPARD, E.H. (ILLUS.). Now We Are Six. London: Methuen and Co., 1927. 8vo, x, (2), 103 pp. with frontispiece and illustrations throughout by Shepard. Original red cloth, boards stamped and panelled in gilt, backstrip gilt lettered, top edge gilt, in the original illustrated dust jacket. Cloth bright, upper tip of lower board bumped, endpapers clean, lightly-penciled bookseller notes on the verso of the front free endpaper, dust jacket a little toned with very light professional restoration, overall a near fine copy. § First edition, signed on the title page by A. A. Milne. Laid in is the rare four-page illustrated publisher’s order form, printed in red and black, with the stamp of Henry Young & Sons Booksellers of Liverpool on front and back. Now We Are Six is listed on the cover as ready in October. The third of Milne’s books about Christopher Robin and his friends and the second volume of poetry, including the priceless “Sneezles,” “Binker,” and “Us Two,” (“Wherever I am, there’s always Pooh, / There’s always Pooh and Me...”). Illustrated with E.H. Shepard’s line drawings. (122758) $6500. 19. MILNE, A. A. SHEPARD, E.H. (ILLUS.). The House at Pooh Corner. London: Methuen and Co., 1928. 8vo, xi, 178 pp. Original rose cloth, boards stamped and panelled in gilt, backstrip gilt lettered, top edge gilt, in the original illustrated dust jacket. A near fine copy with bright and clean boards, subtle professional restoration to two faint patches of abrasion on the front free endpaper; dust jacket very clean and unfaded with light professional restoration. Bookplate tipped to verso of front free endpaper. § First edition, signed on the title-page by Milne. A handsome copy of the fourth book about Winnie-the-Pooh, Christopher Robin and friends, the first to introduce the irrepressible Tigger. Illustrated with E.H. Shepard’s line drawings. (122759) $5750. 20. MILNE, A. A. SHEPARD, E.H. (ILLUS.). When We Were Very Young. London: Methuen and Co., 1924. 8vo, x, 100 pp. Original blue cloth, boards stamped and panelled in gilt, backstrip gilt lettered, top edge gilt, in the original illustrated dust jacket. Gift inscription to front free endpaper dated 1924. Upper board slightly bubbled and bumped, some paste action to the front free endpaper, lower hinge repaired yet weak, pages somewhat thumbed. Dust jacket a little spotted but not unattractive and with light professional restoration. § First edition, first impression, second state with blank endpapers and pg. ix numbered. The first of Milne’s immortal books about Christopher Robin and his friends. A quite acceptable copy of this cornerstone of children’s literature, and more accessible than many on the market. Illustrated with E.H. Shepard’s line drawings. (122748) $2000. 21. NEWELL, PETER. The Hole Book. [and] The Slant Book. [and] The Rocket Book. New York: Harper, 1908-10-12. 3 vols., various paginations and illustrations, fine copies in the original cloth-backed pictorial boards, all enclosed in a handsome custom quarter morocco and silk folding box. § First edition, fine copies of these pioneer books in which the novel physical structure of the book (a hole through all the pages, a trapezoid shape) was an integral element of the story contained. Newell was enormously popular in his day as an illustrator for all manner of books and periodicals. “Art historian Edgar Richardson described Newell’s work as a forerunner of ‘the gentle history of the absurd’ later so successfully cultivated by the New Yorker magazine.” Grolier Children’s 100: 59 (The Hole Book). (102809) $2950. 22. RACKHAM, ARTHUR (ILLUS.). Some British Ballads. London: Constable, [1919]. 4to, color frontis. and 15 color plates mounted on stiff gray paper with tissue guards; additional text illustrations & pictorial endpapers by Arthur Rackham. Full red morocco, backstrip gilt, covers plain, gilt edges, original vellum and paper board covers bound in. Fine. § Signed limited edition, #406 of 575 copies. A lovely gift book containing some of Rackham’s finest and most under-appreciated illustrations, published just a year after the end of World War One. “No more effective inspiration for the gifted brush of Arthur Rackham could be found than these popular old ballads. Handsomely printed and bound, this magnificent work should appeal to all” (The Atlantic Monthly, Dec. 1920). (108712) $1350. 23. RACKHAM, ARTHUR. Original watercolor drawing from Littledom Castle [Self-Portrait]. 1901. Original pen and ink and watercolor drawing, 13.5 x 8.5 inches, signed and dated 1901 by Rackham, matted and framed, in perfect condition. § Original watercolor drawing of a giant man holding a candlestick for a tiny knight; the larger man is in fact a self-portrait by Rackham. The illustration first appeared in Little Folks Magazine in 1902 for Littledom Castle by M. H. Spielman, and was later printed in book form in 1903. The drawing is marked up for reproduction in the magazine. (107766) $7500. 24. RANSOME, ARTHUR, MACKENZIE, THOMAS (ILLUS.). Aladdin and his Wonderful Lamp in Rhyme. London: Nisbet & Co., [1919]. Folio, 128 pp. With a color frontispiece, 11 color plates tipped-in as issued, captioned tissue guards, decorative black and white title page, decorative designs bordering the letterpress, numerous designs throughout. White buckram with gilt design on front cover and backstrip, gilt top, small stain at bottom left corner of upper cover, a very good copy. § Signed limited edition, number 232 of 250 numbered copies signed by the artist. “Publication was delayed by the war—Ransome complained on 15 February 1915 that Mackenzie has ‘suddenly gone off to Serbia’—and by Ransome’s own absence from England” (Hammond). A wonderfully lavish Christmas gift book, and the finest work of the illustrator Thomas Mackenzie (1887-1944). Hammond, Ransome, A19a. (109886) $2750. 25. ROJANKOVSKY, FEDOR. Daniel Boone. Historic Adventures of an American Hunter among the Indians. Paris: Domino Press, 1931. Large 4to, [14] pp. Full-color lithographs throughout. Quarter-cloth, illustrated boards. A few marks on lower board, pages bright and clean, very good. § First edition of the first Domino Press book, first children’s book by the Russian émigré artist Feodor Rojankovsky (1891–1970), and a landmark in children’s book illustration. Though no American firm would back the projected book, Daniel Boone was eventually “distributed in the United States by the Bookshop for Boys and Girls, featured in the Horn Book, and touted by Anne Carroll as ‘a unique first book in American history’” (Bader, 119). Rojankovsky eventually illustrated more than a hundred children’s books during his career. He received the Caldecott Medal from the American Library Association in 1956. Not in Cotsen. (11103) $375. 26. [ROSCOE, WILLIAM]. The Butterfly’s Ball. Embellished with Engravings. London: D. Carvalho, [c. 1835]. Slim small 8vo, [12] ff, printed on one side only. Each leaf illustrated with text beneath, finely colored by hand. Original drab printed pictorial wrappers, a remarkably fine copy. § Only edition thus, a scarce book especially in fine condition. Not in Osborne, Gumuchian 986. Originally issued in 1807 in a series comprised of The Butterfly’s Ball; The Peacock At Home; The Elephant’s Ball; and The Lion’s Masquerade; it was very popular, being reissued as late as the 1880s. (10485) $2750. 27. SENDAK, MAURICE. Where The Wild Things Are. [New York]: Harper & Row, Publishers, [after 1963]. Oblong 8vo (228 × 256 mm), [1] h-t; [2–3] double-spread col. pr. pictorial t-p, [4–40] pp. Offset color-printed throughout from the author’s watercolors with letterpress text. Wove paper. Color printed decorative endpapers. Bound in color-printed pictorial paper boards with additional illustrations on both covers. Dust jacket printed in color repeats binding design. A very good copy. § Later edition, inscribed by Sendak to Charles Mikolaycak with a drawing of a wild thing, signed and dated March ’86. The illustration contains a reference to “‘laes’ book plate!” written next to the drawing. On the front free endpaper is a bookplate designed by Mikolaycak for the Keene State College children’s literature festival award winner with Sendak’s printed signature. Mikolaycak’s obituary appeared in the New York Times: “In his 30-year career, Mr. Mikolaycak illustrated more than 60 books for children and hundreds of book jackets. His illustrations, often inspired by his Polish and Ukrainian heritage, were widely acclaimed for their richness of color and evocative design.” A pleasing association of two fine book artists. Hanrahan A58 (first edition). (106195) $1750. 28. STEPHENS, JAMES. RACKHAM, ARTHUR (ILLUS.). Irish Fairy Tales. London: Macmillan, 1920. 4to, 318 pp. With 15 color plates with tissue guards, and numerous black & white illustrations in the text. Original green cloth decorated in gilt with Celtic designs, corners slightly turned, backstrip a little dull, pages clean, endpapers free from marks or inscriptions, a very good copy. § First trade edition. “Rackham’s two great books of the twenties were James Stephens’ Irish Fairy Tales of 1920 and Shakespeare’s Tempest of 1926... Beyond the sofiness of style and inventiveness, the most striking thing about the colour plates for Irish Fairy Tales is the felicitous and appropriate use of Celtic borders” (Gettings, p. 143). The fairy tales in this book include The Story of Tuan mac Cairill, The Boyhood of Fiann, The Birth of Bran Oisin’s Mother, The Wooing of Becfola, The Little Brawl at Allen, The Carl of the Drab Coat, The Enchanted Cave of Cesh Corran, Becuma of the White Skin, and Mongan’s Frenzy. (11567) $500. 29. TWAIN, MARK. [pseud. CLEMENS, SAMUEL L.]. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Tom Sawyer’s Comrade)... New York: Charles L. Webster and Company, 1885. Small 4to, 366 pp. with 174 black and white illustrations including frontispiece, portrait frontispiece with tissue guard. Original green pictorial cloth with gilt decoration to spine and upper cover, binding lightly rubbed, board tips and backstrips a touch worn, endpapers renewed(?), overall a very handsome copy in a custom morocco box. § First American edition of Twain’s classic tale. With all the first state points (save the one point present in publisher’s binding only): title leaf a cancel, with copyright notice dated 1884; illustration captioned “Him and another Man” listed as at p. 88; eleventh line from the bottom of p. 57 reading “with the was”; p. 283 a cancel, with the fly a straight vertical line (the curved fly has been found only in prospectuses and leatherbound copies, and no copy has been found with the defaced plate); p. 155 missing the final 5; no signature mark on p. 161; and with portrait frontispiece by Heliotype Printing Company with tablecloth visible. BAL 3415. “This great picaresque tale, the sequel to Tom Sawyer, is purer gold mined from the same vein as its predecessor…” (Grolier 100 American Books, 87). A very desirable copy, with virtually all first state points, bright and fresh in original cloth. (122743) $6500. 30. WIGGIN, KATE DOUGLAS. Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm [with] A.L.s. from Wiggin to a friend. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1903. 8vo, (1, ad), [x], 327 pp. Original green cloth, illustrated in green, pink, white and gray. Binding slightly faded, tips and backstrip ends lightly worn, upper hinge strengthened, closed tears in three leaves. Enclosed in a modern, custom box. § First edition, fourth printing, “B” binding (BAL 22632). With autograph letter loosely inserted, four pages on one folded leaf of stationary embossed “Bramall Hall, Nr. Stockport,” dated June 2nd (no year, but after 1895). The author writes to a friend, Mrs Bell, while on a trip to England with her second husband George Christopher Riggs. She apologizes for her delay in writing, details her recent travels, and laments that being married to an “importer” limits the gifts she can bring home for friends. She signs in full: “Kate D. Riggs.” Bramall Hall is a famous Tudor manor house in the north of England. A nice copy of this American children’s classic, with a delightfully personal autograph letter. BAL 22632. (122746) $1250. --- Terms of Sale All items are guaranteed as described and may be returned within 5 days of receipt only if packed, shipped, and insured as received. Payment in US dollars drawn on a US bank, including state and local taxes as applicable, is expected upon receipt unless otherwise agreed. Institutions may receive deferred billing and duplicates will be considered for credit. References or advance payment may be requested of anyone ordering for the first time. Postage is extra and will be via UPS. PayPal, Visa, MasterCard, and American Express are gladly accepted. Please also note that under standard terms of business, title does not pass to the purchaser until the purchase price has been paid in full. ILAB dealers only may deduct their reciprocal discount, provided the account is paid in full within 30 days; thereafter the price is net.
The Advents of Christ By the time you receive this newsletter, we will be in the season of Advent. “Advent” means “coming” (from the Latin word adventus), and it is a term that refers to the “first coming” of Christ as well as his “second coming.” The early Christians developed the “church year” or “Christian calendar” as a way of learning about the birth, life, death, resurrection, and return of Christ throughout the year. So, the church year begins with Advent, then it moves on to Christmas, Epiphany, Lent, Passion Week, Palm Sunday, Good Friday, Easter Sunday, Pentecost, and so on. The “first advent” looks back to Christ’s first coming. The “second advent” looks forward to Christ’s second coming. We live between these two advents. This year I would like to explore the advents of Christ in a sermon series I am calling “The Advents of Christ.” First, I would like to examine “Christ’s Entrance.” His first advent was prophesied, and he came almost 2,000 years ago (Deuteronomy 18:18-19; Isaiah 7:14). His second advent is also prophesied, and he will come at some time in the future (John 14:1-3; 1 Thessalonians 4:16). Second, I would like to look at “Christ’s Timing.” His first advent was at a time predicted (Daniel 9:25). His second advent is at a time that is unknown (Matthew 24:36). Third, I would like to explore “Christ’s Appearance.” When he came the first time, he came as a man (Philippians 2:5-8). And when he comes the second time, he will come as God (1 Thessalonians 4:16). Fourth, I would like to look at “Christ’s Arrival.” His first advent was announced (Luke 2:10-14). When he comes the second time, he will come unannounced, as a thief (1 Thessalonians 5:2). And finally, I would like to examine “Christ’s Purpose.” Christ’s first advent was to save the lost (Luke 19:10). His second advent, however, will be to judge the lost (Matthew 25:31-33, 41-46). Many of us are familiar with Christ’s first advent. We are familiar with the events surrounding his birth because it has already taken place. But we may not be as familiar with Christ’s second advent because it has yet to take place. I hope that we will learn more about his second advent and have a greater anticipation for it, so that we can say with the Apostle John, “Come, Lord Jesus!” (Revelation 22:20). Tampa Bay Presbyterian Church Staff Rev. Freddy Fritz, Pastor Melissa Bayley, Office Administrator LeeAnn DeStefano, Office Assistant Joanne Campbell, Bookkeeper Ashleigh Kemp, NTCA Director Marianne Cali, Nursery Millie Myers, Music Director and Pianist Chris Christopher, Custodian TBPC Ministries Adult Bible Fellowship Ed Jordan Children Ashleigh Kemp EmptyNesters Alisa Carrier Greeters & Welcome Table Brian Carrier Hospitality Vacant Men’s Bible Study Jeff Beams Men’s Ministry Brian Carrier Missions Vacant Music Millie Myers NTCA Ashleigh Kemp Nursery Marianne Cali Outreach Bert Barber Pastoral Care Rev. Freddy Fritz Ushers Jennifer Schumm Women’s Bible Study Eileen Fritz & Debbie Jordan Women’s Ministry Suzanne Swenson Youth Bert Barber The ESL Mission has had a wonderful fall beginning. We started in August with one class and with one student on Zoom. We have grown to 5 classes, 5 volunteers, and 15 regular students. We are now offering evening classes for the first time for those who work and cannot attend during the day. Our schedule is: - Monday: 1:30 p.m. - 3:30 p.m. Advanced ESL - Wednesday: 5:30 p.m. - 7:00 p.m. Intermediate ESL - Thursday: 9:30 a.m. - 11:00 a.m. Beginner ESL - Thursday: 6:30 p.m. - 8:00 p.m. Beginner ESL - Friday: 10:00 a.m. - 11:30 a.m. Intermediate ESL After English Class we offer a Bible Study a time of sharing God’s Word through devotions, song, and prayer. All students are staying for the Bible Study in every class. Freddy completed teaching a Citizenship Examination Class. Two students have their Citizenship Interview and Exam scheduled for May of 2021. We offer praise for: - God’s working through our Mission. - The participation of all students in Bible Study each class. - The support of TBPC. - The prayers of our congregation. - The technology of Zoom (Enabling us to have a student joining us from Barcelona, Spain!!!) - The dedicated group of loyal and patient volunteers: Laila Valere, Marsha Otto, Alan Polasky, Suzanne Swenson and Karen Cross (John Hutton will join us beginning the second semester). - The wonderful students from many countries that attend our classes. We ask for prayer for: - A volunteer to come forward to co-teach the Wednesday Evening Intermediate Class. - A way to reach new students. - A way to encourage existing students to not be intimidated by Zoom. - Success in teaching new students about Zoom. - Continued participation of all students while sharing The Gospel in Bible Study. Dear TBPC family, Our preschool remains enrolled at just over 40% of capacity. We are hoping and praying that the new calendar year will bring new students to our school. We had a wonderful time in November celebrating this season of thanksgiving. We continue to praise God for his guidance and provision during this unusual time. We are thankful for our dedicated and hardworking teaching staff, and we are very thankful for all the support and kindness we have received from our TBPC family. May our ministry continues to bring God glory. May many seeds be planted in the hearts of our students and their families! Ashleigh Kemp Director FAMILY MINISTRY We have planned a monthly family event for the remainder of this school year. These are great opportunities for fun and fellowship. Please diarize these dates. We also ask that families take a turn to assist in planning or simply helping with the organization of these events. Please scan the QR code below to sign-up to help! \| Date \| Event \| \|------------\|--------------------------------------------\| \| 13 Dec \| Christmas Caroling \| \| 23 Jan \| Smores Night \| \| 26 Feb - 28 Feb \| Family Retreat @ Lakewood Retreat Center \| \| 27 Mar \| Family Game Night \| \| 10 Apr \| Field Day @ Howard Park \| \| 15 May \| Beach Day \| SAVE THE DATES IN YOUR FAMILY’S CALENDAR Are you able to assist with organizing an event? Scan the QR code to sign-up Sunday, December 13 @ 5PM Christmas Caroling & Cheering Come bless some folks in our church family by singing to them old beloved Christmas carols outside their homes! All joyful noises and happy faces of all ages are welcome! We’ll meet at church 5:00 p.m. for instructions, including health safety instructions. (A bite to eat in advance at home would be a good idea). Christmas Mingling & Munching Carolers are invited to meet after caroling for hot chocolate and other goodies at the church. Singing & Serving Let us know if you … - Will join us for caroling. - Can provide safely handled Christmas sweets or savories for carolers. - Can serve as a host or hostess for the refreshments. Please write “Caroling” and your phone number on the Welcome Card, or contact Eileen Fritz at (813) 731-0457 or email@example.com Thank you Dan Taverne for organizing a fun morning! Dear friends, Thank you for all the ways you serve and contribute to the life of our church! As Paul said to the Philippians, “I thank my God every time I remember you.” I want to take a minute and tell you about another opportunity in the life of our church called the Pray For Me Campaign and invite you to join us in linking the generations of our church community together through prayer. What is it? The Pray For Me Campaign is rooted in the truths that God uses his Word, his people, and prayer to change the world. This ministry creates a vast web of intergenerational relationships and equips adult believers to pass on a sustainable faith to the next generation. How it works? 3 Prayer Champions for every young person in our church! The Pray For Me Campaign connects multiple generations within our church by having 3 Adult Prayer Champions commit to praying for one student or family with small children in our church. A Prayer Champion is someone who boldly goes to the frontlines in the battle for young people’s faith. Each Prayer Champion will be given a name, specific prayer requests, and a Prayer Guide—to use daily and pray through seven biblical essentials of growth for their young person. Will you join us? 1. Do you have a Student (grade 6 through college) you would like to add to the list to be assigned their own Prayer Champion(s)? 2. Do you have young children (grade 5 and under) that you would like to add to the list to be assigned a family Prayer Champion(s)? 3. Do you want to become a Prayer Champion? If any of these 3 things describe you, or you would like to find out more information, please respond. My hope is that this campaign would have a mutual impact of enriching your spiritual life as you minister to these young people. Thank you again for your continued support and service to our church family! Bert Barber firstname.lastname@example.org Hello! I hope that this greeting continues to find all of you well and safe during these challenging times. Women’s Ministry had to adjust its annual Christmas brunch arrangements to accommodate the safety restrictions by planning a smaller version of our regular event. At last count we have 50 participants which is down from the normal number of 104. Cracker Barrel is providing our “brunch in a box.” Stephanie Smoot and her team have put together an excellent program with C.B. Campano, Congressional Care Coordinator, Covenant Church, Lakeland, as our speaker. Although we will have a smaller gathering, I hope to provide more detail in the January edition of the Trumpet. The Annual Women’s Ministry Leadership conference is going virtual as the gathering in Atlanta has been cancelled due to Covid-19 concerns. The PCA Women’s Ministry leadership is being very creative and is providing the helpful information needed for us so we can participate from the safety of our homes. The following is an excerpt from the announcement. Women’s Ministry Leadership Training Virtual Conference, https://pcacdm.org/lt-2021/ The Promise of His Presence: Living and Leading Covenantally A Virtual Interactive Conference Experience (12 weeks) designed to equip women and build His Church Launch Weekend: February 18-20, 2021 Keynote Speakers: Sarah Ivill, Susan Hunt, Susan Tyner, Paula Miles, Karen Hodge “I will be your God, and you will be my people, and I will live among you.” Jeremiah 30:22. The essence of the Covenant answers life’s biggest question, who is God? It also addresses our deepest questions, am I loved, and am I alone? Our lives and leadership are currently unfolding in a socially distanced world that is bruised and broken by the Fall. These ongoing challenges underscore our need for His presence. Maybe you may feel God is distant or all alone in your desire to serve the Church. His presence is not only the distinguishing mark of God’s people but also one of our greatest comforts. Our aim at the 2021 Women’s Ministry Leadership Training is to remind you that the promise of His presence has profound implications on how we live and lead. We invite you to join other gospel leaders as we look to His Word with five keynote sessions and eight workshops to remind you that you are not alone and you are dearly loved as you serve an ever-present Father. We are disappointed we can’t meet in person this year for Leadership Training, but we are excited to imagine what God might do with this virtual interactive conference experience. We are praying that God would allow entire Women’s Ministry teams to learn together. May God bring more women, from more churches, from all over the world…to do abundantly more than we can imagine or think! Bonus year – You will also get: - Plenty of time (12 weeks) to view all of the LT Content and experience it in the context of your own church. - Interactive virtual gatherings with like-minded women centered around your geographic region and shared affinities. - Accessible Pricing and Creative ideas to engage your team over the 12 weeks. - Opportunities to engage with LT Premium—Specialized training in a variety of topics with seasoned women’s ministry teachers that can be contextualized to your own church needs. It’s as easy as 1, 2, 3: 1. Gather your team 2. Build a customized plan from the content to grow together this spring 3. Register Cost: - $150 for individuals - $125/person for groups of 2-7 - $100/person for groups of 8+ The TBPC WM team is reviewing this opportunity and we will provide more information as it becomes available. Blessings Ministry Help Needed! The AV team is currently in a transition to allow for online streaming. As such, we are in need of additional help to handle the PC side of the job during the Sunday worship service. If you could help one Sunday a month, it would greatly help us. It is an easy task to learn and anyone age 15 or older can handle it. Please contact Anthony Contrata - email@example.com or Leeann Destefano – firstname.lastname@example.org. You are also welcome to stop by the sound board to speak with one of us on Sunday morning and see what the job entails. ## December Birthdays \| Name \| Date \| \|-----------------------\|------------\| \| Connor Turpen \| December 01\| \| Jennifer Isaac \| December 05\| \| Christiaan Kemp \| December 05\| \| Pete Rotolo \| December 08\| \| Abigail Vincent \| December 08\| \| Rachel Contrata \| December 11\| \| Elijah Jeffries \| December 11\| \| Senny Karibi-Whyte \| December 12\| \| Marika Taverne \| December 12\| \| John Hutton \| December 13\| \| Betty Pothoven \| December 14\| \| Alba Skopp \| December 16\| \| Melissa Bayley \| December 20\| \| Richard Becker \| December 20\| \| Emalin Henry \| December 24\| \| Krystal Bailey \| December 25\| \| Alessandro Tigley \| December 26\| \| Zainab Karibi-Whyte \| December 27\| \| Stevie Riley \| December 27\| \| John Schmidt \| December 27\| \| Sandy Carruth \| December 28\| \| Benison Taverne \| December 31\| ## December Anniversaries \| Name \| Date \| \|-------------------------------\|--------------------\| \| Roque, Rock & Jennie \| December 05, 1964 \| \| Cozzolino, Joe & Kim \| December 14, 2011 \| \| Fritz, Freddy & Eileen \| December 14, 1985 \| \| Carruth, Kevin & Sandy \| December 17, 1988 \| \| Rotolo, Pete & Laura \| December 22, 1997 \| \| Campbell, Bill & Joanne \| December 28, 2002 \| \| Dishman, Peter & Lauren \| December 28, 2013 \| \| Jeffries, Drew & Ashley \| December 28, 2011 \| It is the goal of the Trumpet staff to provide articles for learning and growing, news for connecting with our church family, and information on opportunities for service and participation. The views and opinions expressed in the Trumpet have not been reviewed or endorsed by the Session. Please forward articles, pictures, ministry reports, and calendar items for the next edition of the Trumpet to email@example.com by the 20th of the month preceding publication.
A randomized controlled trial of a smoking cessation smartphone application with a carbon monoxide checker Katsunori Masaki\textsuperscript{1}\textsuperscript{✉}, Hiroki Tateno\textsuperscript{1,2}\textsuperscript{✉}, Akihiro Nomura\textsuperscript{3,4,5}, Tomoyasu Muto\textsuperscript{1}\textsuperscript{✉}, Shin Suzuki\textsuperscript{6}, Kohta Satake\textsuperscript{3,6}, Eisuke Hida\textsuperscript{7} and Koichi Fukunaga\textsuperscript{1} Evidence of the long-term efficacy of digital therapies for smoking cessation that include a smartphone application (app) is limited. In this multi-center randomized controlled trial, we tested the efficacy of a novel digital therapy for smoking cessation: the “CureApp Smoking Cessation (CASC)” system, including a CASC smartphone app, a web-based patient management PC software for primary physicians, and a mobile exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) checker. A total of 584 participants with nicotine dependence were recruited from October 2017 to January 2018, and allocated 1:1 to the CASC intervention group or the control group. Both groups received a standard smoking cessation treatment with pharmacotherapy and counseling for 12 weeks. Meanwhile, the intervention group used the CASC system, and the control group used a control-app without a mobile CO checker, each for 24 weeks. The primary outcome was the biochemically validated continuous abstinence rate (CAR) from weeks 9 to 24. The main secondary outcome was an extended CAR from weeks 9 to 52. Except for 12 participants who did not download or use the apps, 285 participants were assigned to the intervention group, and 287, to the control. CAR from weeks 9 to 24 in the intervention group was significantly higher than that in the control group (63.9% vs. 50.5%; odds ratio [OR], 1.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24 to 2.42; $ P = 0.001 $). The CAR from weeks 9 to 52 was also higher in the intervention group than that in the control group (52.3% vs. 41.5%; OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.11 to 2.16; $ P = 0.010 $). No specific adverse events caused by the CASC system were reported. Augmenting standard face-to-face counseling and pharmacotherapy with a novel smartphone app, the CASC system significantly improved long-term CARs compared to standard treatment and a minimally supportive control app. npj Digital Medicine (2020)3:35; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0243-5 INTRODUCTION Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide including Japan\textsuperscript{1,2}. Approximately 20% of Japanese adults are current smokers (male: 29.4%, female: 7.2%, 2017 data)\textsuperscript{3}, and smoking reportedly accounted for 129,000 deaths in 2007\textsuperscript{4} and 218,800 in 2014\textsuperscript{5}. Therefore, reducing smoking prevalence is essential for preventing premature death. Since 2006, patients with nicotine dependence can receive smoking cessation treatment covered by the Japanese national insurance system\textsuperscript{6}. The program consists of five visits during a 12-week period, in which health care professionals provide counseling and pharmacotherapy, such as a nicotine patch or varenicline. However, the continuous abstinence rate (CAR) from weeks 9 to 12 is still as low as 50 to 60%\textsuperscript{7–9}. In addition, long-term CARs have also been unsatisfactory; CARs from weeks 9 to 24 were around 40% at most, and from weeks 9 to 52, around 30% or less\textsuperscript{7–9}. A better treatment tool is needed to improve smoking cessation outcomes and maintain abstinence. Digital therapies, including a smartphone application (app), are promising tools for improving smoking cessation success. Several observational studies and pilot studies of apps for smoking cessation—including randomized controlled trials—have been conducted\textsuperscript{10–15}. For example, Iacoviello et al. reported that the Clickotine smartphone app for smoking cessation achieved a 30% CAR at 8 weeks\textsuperscript{15}. In addition, the feasibility of a mobile phone or an internet-based personal exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) measurement tool has been reported\textsuperscript{14,16–20}. For example, Alessi and Wilson conducted studies to investigate the usability and feasibility of monitoring the concentration of exhaled CO by using mobile phones\textsuperscript{19,20}. However, neither of the studies provided evidence that these strategies were more effective for long-term abstinence than standard smoking cessation support\textsuperscript{14}. Thus, it would be a meaningful theme to test the additional effects of apps with a personal CO checker when utilized in conjunction with the standard treatment, including pharmacotherapy and face-to-face behavioral support. To address this gap, we have developed a novel digital therapy: the “CureApp Smoking Cessation” (CASC) system (Fig. 1). It consists of a CASC smartphone app for patients with nicotine dependence, a web-based patient management PC software for primary physicians, and a mobile exhaled CO checker. In a previous pilot study, we demonstrated that a prototype of the CASC smartphone app used together with a standard smoking cessation program yielded a higher CAR from weeks 9 to 24 compared with data from a Japanese national survey\textsuperscript{7,8,21}. In this study, we tested whether the addition of the CASC system to a standard smoking cessation program improved long-term CARs in patients with nicotine dependence. RESULTS Recruitment and baseline characteristics We randomized a total of 584 eligible participants from October 2017 to January 2018 (Fig. 2). Of all the participants, 12 (2.0%) did... not download or never used either of the apps. Thus, 285 participants allocated to the CASC group and 287 participants assigned to the control group were included in the full analysis set. Completion rates at 24 weeks and 52 weeks were 89.1% (254/285) and 86.0% (245/285) in the CASC group, and 87.8% (252/287) and 85.4% (245/287) in the control group, respectively (Fig. 2). Table 1 shows baseline characteristics of the trial participants. The participants’ mean age was 46 years (range: 23 to 80), and 75% were male. The median of the pack-years was 20 (range: 10 to 120). Varenicline was prescribed to 79% of the participants, and 20% received nicotine patches. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups. Outcomes Regarding the primary outcome, biochemically validated CARs from weeks 9 to 24 were significantly higher in the CASC group (63.9%; 182/285) than the control (50.5%; 145/287) (odds ratio [OR], 1.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24 to 2.42, $ P = 0.001 $) (Fig. 3). In the secondary outcomes, CARs from weeks 9 to 52 were also significantly higher in the CASC group than the control (52.3%; 149/285 vs. 41.5%; 119/287; OR 1.55; 95% CI, 1.11 to 2.16; $ P = 0.010 $). In other secondary outcomes, CARs from weeks 9 to 12 were higher in the CASC group than the control (75.4%; 215/285 vs. 66.2%; 190/287; OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.09 to 2.27; $ P = 0.016 $). Regarding the 7-day point prevalence abstinence (PPA), ORs were 1.67 at week 4 (95% CI, 1.17 to 2.38; $ P = 0.004 $), 1.63 at week 8 (95% CI, 1.11 to 2.39; $ P = 0.012 $), 1.56 at week 12 (95% CI, 1.06 to 2.30; $ P = 0.024 $), 1.88 at week 24 (95% CI, 1.33 to 2.68; $ P < 0.001 $), and 1.80 at week 52 (95% CI, 1.29 to 2.52; $ P < 0.001 $) (Fig. 3). The time to the first lapse after the quit date was longer in the CASC group (median, 267 days; interquartile range [IQR], 5 to 340) than in the control group (median, 19 days; IQR, 4 to 330) ($ P < 0.001 $). The Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale (MPSS: urge total and total excluding urges), the 12-item French version of the Tobacco Craving Questionnaire (FTCQ-12: emotionality, expectancy, purposefulness, and general craving score), and the Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence (KT SND) scores decreased from the baseline more prominently in the CASC group compared to the control ($ P < 0.05 $) (Table 2). Adverse events In all, 67.4% (192/285) of the CASC group and 63.8% (183/287) of the control had treatment-emergent adverse events, including viral upper respiratory tract infections (20.4% in the intervention group vs. 12.9% in the control), nausea (18.6% vs. 22.3%), influenza (6.0% vs. 3.5%), headache (5.3% vs. 4.2%), constipation (4.9% vs. 5.6%), insomnia (4.6% vs. 2.8%), weight gain (3.9% vs. 2.4%), somnolence (3.5% vs. 5.9%), abdominal discomfort (3.2% vs. 2.1%), and/or contact dermatitis (2.8% vs. 3.1%). No specific adverse events related to the CASC system were reported, and some events were related to either nicotine withdrawal symptoms or side-effects of smoking cessation medications. App usage and acceptability In the CASC group, the ratios of participants using the smartphone app and continuing the study were 97.5% (270/277) at week 2, 100% (276/276) at week 4, 99.3% (271/273) at week 8, 99.6% (259/260) at week 12, and 99.6% (252/253) at week 24. Further, the median compliance rate of writing in the digital diary was 71.4% (IQR, 44.3 to 96.4%). Of 29 animated videos and educational tutorials provided via the CASC smartphone app, the median number of completed viewings followed by self-reported comprehension and learning was 18.5 (IQR, 8 to 24). The median ratios of daily digital diary entries of the participants were 88.0% among 182 successful quitters from weeks 9 to 24, and 45.6% of 103 participants who failed to quit. The median number of the educational tutorials that successful quitters reported they understood well was 21, whereas the median number that failed participants reported they understood well was 11. In addition, successful participants reported they practiced app-recommended behavior to avoid smoking 136 times (median) cumulatively from weeks 9 to 24, while the failed participants practiced 80 times (median). There was no report suggesting a discrepancy between daily CO levels at home and self-reported quitting status. DISCUSSION This was the first large randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of a novel digital therapy for smoking cessation, the CASC combination system of a smartphone app, patient management PC software for physicians, and a mobile CO checker. We found that the CASC system significantly improved long-term CARs in patients with nicotine dependence, when used with standard smoking cessation treatments including pharmacotherapy. This trial has several important findings. First, the primary outcome reached statistical significance: biochemically verified CARs from weeks 9 to 24 were significantly higher in the CASC group (63.9%) than in the control (50.5%). The impact of the additional 13.4% improvement was comparable to and even better than the effect of varenicline when compared with placebos in previous reports$^{2,22}$. In intention-to-treat analysis conducted as post-hoc data analysis, including all randomized participants, consistent significance and effect size were also demonstrated (data not shown). The difference of the CARs between the two groups cannot be explained by insufficient... treatment of the control group, because the CARs for the control group were still higher than those cited by a previous report of Japanese smokers treated with varenicline\textsuperscript{9}. Generally, the surveys and studies conducted in Japan, including this trial, yielded relatively high quit rates compared to those conducted in other countries\textsuperscript{7–9,14,22–24}. Although the exact reason for this is unclear, it could be attributed to some unique features of the national smoking cessation program in Japan: intensive face-to-face counseling provided by both physicians and nurses; high prescription rates of varenicline (>70%); to exclude the patients who do not intend to quit smoking immediately; and to obtain written agreement to follow the smoking cessation program from each patient at the initial visit\textsuperscript{6–8}. Taken together, this study indicates that digital therapeutics with the CASC system can be a useful supplementary treatment method for nicotine-dependent patients who are treated with face-to-face counseling and pharmacotherapy in Japan. Second, the effects of the CASC system continued up to 52 weeks, even after the participants uninstalled the CASC smartphone app at week 24. While in previous randomized trials, CARs to week 52 using varenicline and/or nicotine patches were only 20–35%\textsuperscript{9,22–24}, the present study yielded a CAR of over 50% from weeks 9 to 52. This long-term effect might stem from CASC smartphone app-provided tutorials and counseling, along with self-management practices to cope with withdrawal symptoms and cravings for smoking. Indeed, the MPSS and FTCQ-12 scores improved more in the intervention group than in the control throughout the study, indicating that the CASC users may not have struggled as much against cessation-related withdrawal symptoms and cravings. In addition, the improvement of the KT SND scores indicated that CASC may mitigate the severity of social and psychological dependence on smoking and contribute to preventing relapse. Third, daily use of app functions by successful quitters, such as a digital diary, video tutorials, and behavioral therapy provided by the chatbot was more frequent than among failed participants in the CASC group. Although this finding is not conclusive, these app functions seemed to be important for the maintenance of high adherence rates. Some studies have reported that adherence rates for using a smartphone app for cessation were associated with an increased likelihood of abstinence\textsuperscript{15,25,26}. Thus, the usability of the CASC app may contribute to the high success rate and the prevention of relapse. The web-based PC software for physicians also assisted them in following participants’ progress via a cloud system and encouraging participants to continue to use the app during the study period. In addition, the novelty and usability of the system could attract the participants enough to retain high engagement rates via the unique functions of the system, such as a mobile exhaled CO checker at home, friendly animations for smoking cessation education, and bidirectional counseling with a chatbot. For example, measuring the level of exhaled CO once a day and recording it into a digital diary may provide an effective goal-oriented form of encouragement for users to maintain quitting. The strengths of this study are as follows: (1) it was the first large randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of a novel smartphone system for smoking cessation integrated with a mobile exhaled CO checker to supplement standard treatment with face-to-face behavioral support and pharmacotherapy; (2) it included a long-term observation period (24 and 52 weeks); (3) it measured biochemically validated CARs; and (4) it measured the additional clinical and psychological efficacy to counseling and pharmacotherapy when supplementing a standard smoking cessation program. The study also had some limitations: (1) participating institutions were mostly restricted to urban areas in Japan, where smartphone usage rates were high; (2) a majority of the participants were middle-aged, and the standard deviations for age were relatively small; (3) a lack of socio-educational data of participants, which may affect the results of smoking cessation; (4) participants were limited to those with technological literacy in using mobile devices; (5) the primary endpoint (continuous abstinence from weeks 9 to 24) did not align with the Russell standard of recording 6-month continuous abstinence in smoking cessation trials\textsuperscript{2}; (6) compensation of 90 US dollars per visit may have impacted both app engagement and quitting success, although compensation was provided to both groups; (7) medical staff at clinics were not blinded to group allocation (single blinded study); and (8) it is notable that there was no discrepancy between exhaled CO at home and self-reported quit status, suggesting that participants were motivated to respond honestly, although this extremely high consistency may not be generalizable to other healthcare settings. In addition, there is a possibility that the control group may have guessed that they were provided with the control app because of its minimal functions, which could have discouraged them from better adherence, even though the trial staff never mentioned group assignment to the participants. In conclusion, a novel digital therapy, the CASC system, significantly improved a long-term CAR from weeks 9 to 24 in conjunction with standard smoking cessation treatment in patients with nicotine dependence. Digital therapy for smoking cessation may be a promising strategy to reduce smoking prevalence worldwide, and future research on a global scale is warranted. METHODS Study design This was a multi-center, randomized, controlled, open-label trial (Fig. 2). A detailed study protocol was presented elsewhere\textsuperscript{28}. Briefly, participants were recruited from 31 smoking cessation clinics in Japan, from October 2017 to January 2018, and allocated 1:1 to the CASC intervention group and the control group. The intervention group used the CASC system, and the control group used the control app, each for 24 weeks, in addition to a 12-week standard smoking cessation treatment. In reference to the varenicline maintenance therapy for 24 weeks\textsuperscript{22}, we were interested in whether or not the effectiveness of the CASC system could be maintained after discontinuation of using the app, and we limited access to the app to 24 weeks and evaluated CARs up to 52 weeks. The study was performed in compliance with CONSORT statements. The protocol and written informed consent forms were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board at Keio University School of Medicine and all affiliated institutions. This trial was registered at the University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000031589). Participants We recruited nicotine-dependent adults who visited outpatient clinics to receive smoking cessation treatment under the Japanese National Health Insurance program. Physicians at each clinic screened the patients and obtained written informed consent. The baseline data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire at the initial visit. The program consisted of five visits during a 12-week period, and counseling and pharmacotherapy, including nicotine patch or varenicline were provided by physicians\textsuperscript{6}. Inclusion criteria were as follows: adult current smokers who (1) were diagnosed with nicotine dependence (tobacco Dependence Screener [TDS] score $\geq$5 points)\textsuperscript{29}; (2) had a smoking history of pack-years $\geq$10; (3) intended to quit smoking immediately; (4) agreed to participate in a smoking cessation treatment program with written informed consent; and (5) could use a smartphone without difficulty (OS: Android® 5.0 and above, or iOS® 8.0 and above), “Difficulty of using smartphone” was defined based on participants’ self-reports; that is, participants who used smartphones in their daily lives were included in the trial unless they declined participation due to difficulty in using smartphones. Individuals who met any of the following criteria were excluded from the study: (1) had severe mental illness; (2) could not come to the follow-up clinic visits during the trial period; (3) started taking a smoking cessation medication within 1 year before the registration; or (4) planned to use any smoking cessation aids and/or to participate in any kind of smoking cessation activities (not limited to smoking cessation therapy) outside of the trial. During the trial period, physicians could report discontinuation from the study when the participants (1) were lost during follow-up and could not be contacted by the investigators; (2) reported incompatibility between the study app and their smartphone (e.g., inability to install the app); or (3) no longer intended to quit smoking. Randomization and masking Randomization was performed for eligible participants by a computer-generated random sequence with stratification for smoking cessation medications and study sites. The passcodes to download the apps were provided to all participants; a mobile CO checker was provided only to the intervention group, meaning that the study staff was unavoidably aware of the group assignment. Participants were not informed before assignment that the study system included not only apps but also a mobile CO checker, meaning that the participants were unaware of the group to which they were allocated. Thus, this was a single blind study. Intervention and control smartphone apps The CASC system consisted of the smartphone app, a connected cloud system to upload data, a paired mobile exhaled CO checker device, and a web-based PC software for physicians (Fig. 1). The physician provided a prescription code to each study participant during the initial visit. Participants downloaded the app on their own smartphones, activated it with the passcode, and began to use the app on the day they started taking medications. The baseline data were also collected from the app, as entered by the participants. These data were securely sent to cloud storage, and the system assembled a tailor-made smoking cessation program that was best suited for each participant, based on their initial information. The personal data stored on the cloud system could be reviewed only by their primary physicians. The CASC smartphone app had four distinct components to maximize the therapeutic effects of pharmacotherapy and behavioral therapy (Supplementary Movie 1 and Supplementary Table 1): (1) keeping a smoking cessation digital diary with daily entries; (2) viewing animated videos and educational tutorials designed to help users learn how to quit smoking (Supplementary Table 2); (3) participating in interactive counseling with a personalized chatbot (an automated guidance system for communication with users several times a day); and (4) measuring and recording exhaled CO concentrations at home once a day. A web-based PC software version of CASC enabled physicians to review participants’ progress at the clinic, and also provided useful tips to assist the physicians in counseling participants effectively, following the national clinical guidelines. The control-group app provided only the basic functions of the CASC app: (1) showing the user guide (how to use the app); (2) entering participants’ profiles and setting a target quit date; (3) displaying the schedule of five visits during the 12-week treatment with a summary of objectives of each visit; (4) showing the date of the next appointment; (5) getting the contact form for technical support; and (6) displaying an app version, privacy policy, and administrative information. The control app was not accompanied by a mobile CO checker. Exhaled CO concentrations were measured by the medical staff at each clinic visit (0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 52 weeks) for all participants in both groups and were used for analysis. Both apps were uninstalled at the week 24 clinic visit. Compensation of 10,000 yen (i.e., 90 US dollars) was provided to participants at each clinic visit, including travel expenses. Primary and secondary outcomes The primary outcome was a biochemically validated CAR from weeks 9 to 24. CAR was computed from week 9 according to the Japanese national survey by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare and the Phase 3 clinical trial of varenicline in Japan. The success of smoking cessation was defined as (1) the self-reporting of continuous abstinence and (2) an exhaled CO concentration ≤10 ppm, measured by medical staff at each clinic visit. The secondary outcomes were as follows: - biochemically validated CAR from weeks 9 to 12 and 9 to 52; - The 7-day PPA at weeks 4, 8, 12, 24, and 52; - Changes in scores on the following three scales related to smoking cessation: MPSS, an assessment of withdrawal symptoms; FTCQ-12, a scale for assessing cravings; KTSND, an evaluation of misperceptions about smoking; - Time to first lapse after the quit date; - The usage rate of either the CASC system or the control app; and - The presence of product problems or adverse events. Scales and scores In this study, we used several kinds of score systems that reflected the severity of nicotine dependence. For all score systems, higher scores are related to worse outcomes. The content of each score in detail is as follows: - TDS [minimum: 0, maximum: 10] is a self-administered 10-item scale, and is based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fourth edition (DSM-IV) and IC-10 definitions of dependence. It is a required diagnostic tool for nicotine dependence in Japan; scores of 5 and greater are diagnostic indicators and a screening criterion for the coverage of nationally insured treatment under the National Health Insurance Program. - Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) [minimum: 0, maximum: 10] is widely used for assessing physical nicotine dependence to predict difficulty of abstinence. - MPSS [minimum: 1, maximum 5] was developed to assess cigarette withdrawal symptoms by evaluating urges and cravings for smoking. It is composed of the factors of urges for smoking (in terms of frequency and strength), depressed mood, irritability, restlessness, hunger, and poor concentration. All items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale: “not at all” (1), “slightly” (2), “somewhat” (3), “very” (4), and “extremely” (5). - FTCQ-12 [minimum: 1, maximum 7] is a brief, valid, and reliable self-report of tobacco craving. Items are rated on a Likert-type scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). Factor scale scores for each participant were obtained by summing the items in each factor (i.e., emotionality, expectancy, compulsivity, and purposefulness) and dividing by the number of items, yielding a composite score ranging from 1 to 7. - KTSND [minimum: 0, maximum: 30] consists of ten questions to evaluate the psychological and social aspects of smoking dependence and reflects the stages for smoking cessation (e.g., “Does smoking sometimes enrich people’s lives?”). Items are rated on a Likert-type scale: “definitely no” (0), “probably no” (1), “probably yes” (2), and “definitely yes” (3). Final scores are obtained by summing each score for the ten questions. Statistical analysis All statistical analyses were performed with the full analysis set based on the intention-to-treat principle. We expected that CASC intervention for 24 weeks could obtain an additional effect of 12% on the CAR compared to the control group, in reference to a report of maintenance therapy with varenicline for... Table 2. Changes in MPSS, FTCQ-12, and KTSND scores from baseline to weeks 24 and 52, adjusted by covariates. \| Change from weeks 0 to 24 \| CASC (N = 285) \| Control (N = 287) \| P-value* \| \|---------------------------\|----------------\|-------------------\|----------\| \| MPSS urge total \| $-1.87 [-2.01 \text{ to } -1.72]$ \| $-1.73 [-1.88 \text{ to } -1.59]$ \| 0.009 \| \| MPSS total excluding urges\| $-0.59 [-0.72 \text{ to } -0.47]$ \| $-0.42 [-0.56 \text{ to } -0.29]$ \| <0.001 \| \| FTCQ-12 emotionality \| $-1.70 [-1.89 \text{ to } -1.51]$ \| $-1.32 [-1.49 \text{ to } -1.14]$ \| <0.001 \| \| FTCQ-12 expectancy \| $-2.46 [-2.68 \text{ to } -2.25]$ \| $-2.16 [-2.37 \text{ to } -1.95]$ \| 0.002 \| \| FTCQ-12 compulsivity \| $-1.74 [-1.94 \text{ to } -1.54]$ \| $-1.74 [-1.93 \text{ to } -1.55]$ \| 0.202 \| \| FTCQ-12 purposefulness \| $-2.84 [-3.10 \text{ to } -2.58]$ \| $-2.17 [-2.44 \text{ to } -1.90]$ \| <0.001 \| \| FTCQ-12 general craving score \| $-2.09 [-2.25 \text{ to } -1.93]$ \| $-1.78 [-1.93 \text{ to } -1.63]$ \| <0.001 \| \| KTSND \| $-7.0 [-7.7 \text{ to } -6.2]$ \| $-3.9 [-4.5 \text{ to } -3.2]$ \| <0.001 \| Change from weeks 0 to 52 \| Change from weeks 0 to 52 \| CASC (N = 285) \| Control (N = 287) \| P-value* \| \|---------------------------\|----------------\|-------------------\|----------\| \| MPSS urge total \| $-1.82 [-1.98 \text{ to } -1.67]$ \| $-1.65 [-1.81 \text{ to } -1.49]$ \| 0.007 \| \| MPSS total excluding urges\| $-0.52 [-0.64 \text{ to } -0.39]$ \| $-0.42 [-0.54 \text{ to } -0.29]$ \| 0.061 \| \| FTCQ-12 emotionality \| $-1.60 [-1.80 \text{ to } -1.41]$ \| $-1.21 [-1.39 \text{ to } -1.03]$ \| 0.001 \| \| FTCQ-12 expectancy \| $-2.39 [-2.60 \text{ to } -2.19]$ \| $-2.10 [-2.33 \text{ to } -1.88]$ \| 0.002 \| \| FTCQ-12 compulsivity \| $-1.71 [-1.90 \text{ to } -1.52]$ \| $-1.55 [-1.75 \text{ to } -1.35]$ \| 0.019 \| \| FTCQ-12 purposefulness \| $-2.84 [-3.10 \text{ to } -2.58]$ \| $-2.00 [-2.28 \text{ to } -1.73]$ \| <0.001 \| \| FTCQ-12 general craving score \| $-2.03 [-2.19 \text{ to } -1.87]$ \| $-1.65 [-1.81 \text{ to } -1.48]$ \| <0.001 \| \| KTSND \| $-5.9 [-6.6 \text{ to } -5.3]$ \| $-4.1 [-4.8 \text{ to } -3.5]$ \| <0.001 \| Mean (95% CI) scores are provided. Covariates: medications (varenicline, nicotine patch, or none) and medical institutions. MPSS Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale (ranging from 0 to 5), FTCQ-12 French version of the Tobacco Craving Questionnaire 12 (ranging from 1 to 7), KTSND Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence (ranging from 0 to 30), CI confidence interval. Analysis was based on analysis of covariance. 24 weeks that obtained an additional effect of 12% on the CAR compared with a placebo treatment. A sample size of 290 for each group was calculated, which would have 80% power with a two-tailed significance level of 0.05. For the CAR and PPA at each defined period, a logistic regression model was used to calculate the OR and the 95% CI, adjusted for prescribed smoking cessation medications (i.e., varenicline, nicotine patch, or none). Analyses of the MPSS, FTCQ-12, and KTSND scale data were conducted with analysis of covariance, adjusted for the study sites and medications. 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Epidemiol. 19, 815–822 (2009). 33. Mushfaq, N. & Beebe, L. A. Assessment of the tobacco dependence screener among smokeless tobacco users. Nicotine Tob. Res. 18, 885–891 (2016). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank all the participants and staff members involved in this trial. We are sincerely grateful and wish to say farewell to Tomoko Betsuyaku, the former professor of Keio University School of Medicine, who made a substantial contribution to this project. We also express our gratitude to Naofumi Kameyama, Tomoyuki Tanigawa, Yumiko Mochizuki, Hisayoshi Fujiwara, Tetsuo Sakamaki, and Masakazu Nakamura for their outstanding support. Furthermore, the authors also thank Editage for English-language editing and IQMIA for technical support in data extraction and analysis. This trial was financially supported by CureApp, Inc. This work was supported, in part, by CureApp, Inc. CureApp, Inc. contributed to developing the CASC system and designing the study, and financially supported the execution of the study. CureApp, Inc. had no role in data collection, data analysis, or data interpretation of the study. The corresponding author had full access to all of the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit the findings for publication. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS K.M., H.T., and A.N. wrote the draft of the manuscript. H.T. had full access to all data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. T.M., K.S., and E.H. conceptualized and designed the study. K.M., H.T., S.S., and K.S. developed the CASC application. All authors interpreted the data and agreed to the final version of the manuscript. COMPETING INTERESTS K.M., H.T., and K.F. have received honoraria from CureApp, Inc. A.N. received consulting fees from CureApp, Inc. A.N. and K.S. are founders of the CureApp Institute. T.M. is an employee of CureApp, Inc. K.S. and S.S. are founders and shareholders of CureApp, Inc. and patent holders of the CASC. E.H. has a consultation contract as a biostatistician with CureApp, Inc. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Supplementary information is available for this paper at [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0243-5](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0243-5). Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to H.T. Reprints and permission information is available at [http://www.nature.com/reprints](http://www.nature.com/reprints) Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
SINA 7th Annual REACH Awards Ceremony Thursday, June 13, 2013 Legislative Office Building (LOB) Hartford, CT Program Master of Ceremony Steve Balcanoff Manager, Non-Medical Services Connecticut Children’s Medical Center Greetings from Host Institution Jane Baird Director of Government Relations Connecticut Children’s Medical Center Greetings from SINA Melvyn Colón Executive Director Southside Institutions Neighborhood Alliance Dinner Awards Presentation SINA / Ivan A. Backer Scholarship Barbara Sneed Community & Education Scholarship SINA Student Support Scholarship Neighborhood Service Award Institutional Award Closing Remarks Ivan A. Backer Scholarship 2013 Scholarship Recipients From left to right: Eric Agrón, Maman Cooper, and Edinson P. Vasquez Eric Agrón “The Ivan Baker Scholarship has been a great stepping stone in pursuing my degree in Secondary Education at UConn and for that I will be forever grateful.” Maman Cooper “Attending the University of Connecticut will strengthen my knowledge and lead me to become a truly remarkable leader.” Maman plans to attend UConn to pursue a career in Secondary Mathematics. Edinson P. Vasquez “My family and I are grateful for this opportunity. With dedication and effort I can accomplish any goal that I put my mind into. I have goals to achieve in my life and one of them is to help my community in the future.” Edinson plans to attend UCONN to pursue a career in Engineering and Communications. Barbara Sneed Community and Education Scholarship Kendra Castillo Kendra plans to continue her education at Capital Community College to pursue a career as a Radiologist. She will receive a scholarship donation of $2,000 from Kim Sneed, a Connecticut Children’s Medical Center employee. The SINA Student Support Scholarship program was established in 2012. The purpose of the program is to provide much needed financial support to students who are attending Capital Community College (CCC) and whose academic concentration is in areas related to the missions of SINA’s member institutions: Education or Health Care. One to four scholarships in the combined amount of $2,000 per year will be awarded annually on a full or part time basis to applicants who reside in the 06106 or 06114 zip codes and who have completed at least one semester of study. Christina James “This Scholarship is very important in assisting me in continuing my way up in reaching my future career goals, in Nursing, which I am excited and enthused in pursuing.” Robert Soto “If I were granted a scholarship I would not only achieve my Radiology degree in a timely fashion, I would also purchase my text books and schools supplies at the CCC Book Store. That way, I would be giving back the funds to the school as a thank you.” Carla C. Williams “This scholarship will help me immensely. A portion of this scholarship will provide me assistance and the ability to purchase my books and the additional college expenses I’ll incur while continuing to support my household expenses and daycare for my children.” The Neighborhood Service Awards recognize individuals in the community who have made outstanding contributions to Hartford neighborhoods. Lt. Robert Allan Lt. Robert Allan is a rare and exceptional breed of policeman. Appointed to Commander of the Southeast District (Barry Square, South End, South Meadows) in 2009, he received a promotion two years later, which led to his transfer. Sometimes, when a community loses an officer who has endeared himself to the neighborhood, requests are made for his return. But after a couple of weeks, people move on, and everyone adjusts to a new situation. In Lt. Allan’s case the community wouldn’t give up, and three months later the department had no choice but to give the South End back its favorite cop. “When I was promoted from sergeant to lieutenant,” said Lt. Allan, “they asked me if I was ready for a serious challenge.” There had been some personnel issues and the connection to the community was just not there. I dove into the philosophy of community oriented policing, and I’ve been blessed to work with a fantastic team of officers. Half of them were born and raised in Hartford and Barry Square, and they all give one hundred and ten percent every day. It’s hard work, but I truly love my job.” He went on to say that community oriented policing can’t be a label, a definition, or a paragraph from a mission statement. Instead, it should be a consistent attitude of openness to contact with residents. When done right, he says, police first gain the trust of community members, then get valuable and accurate information from them, follow up on those leads, and in return give the people honesty and respect. “My formula for success is, half good old-fashioned police work, half good solid information from the community, and a little luck sprinkled on top.” - Lt. Robert Allan “One of the things I found when I arrived was that everyone called their community service officer for everything – if their neighbor didn’t shovel his walk, if there was a pothole on their street, if a tree was down. We can’t operate efficiently when we’re screening those types of calls, so we had to educate the residents about directing their calls to the right place. When the calls we get relate to crime, then we can focus on our job, which is catching the bad guys.” Lt. Allan said his formula for success is half good old-fashioned police work, half good solid information from the community, and a little luck sprinkled on top. “We need the people to be our eyes and ears. A few good cops can’t be everywhere, but there are thousands of community residents who can pick up the phone when they see something happen. I always tell people that if their neighbor’s car gets broken into and they don’t call, tomorrow it will be their car,” he said. In addition to community residents, Lt. Allan praised the cooperation of community groups like the Barry Square Neighborhood Revitalization Zone (also known as the Maple Avenue Revitalization Group), the South Meadows Merchants Association, the Franklin Avenue Merchants Association, Friends of Goodwin Park, and the various Block Watches active in the zone. Key to his efforts has been the Police Substation at 830 Maple Avenue. “It’s so important to have our officers right there on the corner,” said Allan. “There’s an overwhelming number of good people here in the community who just need a little bit of help – that’s what we’re here for.” One of the leaders in the effort to bring back Lt. Allan when he was transferred was Hyacinth Yennie, Chairwoman of the Maple Avenue NRZ. “Lieutenant Allan is one of those special persons who has done so much for our community,” she said. “His dedication to his job and our community is truly outstanding. He’s there at every community meeting, he is so good at organizing his team, and he always responds to what we ask for. Sometimes he has to tell us we can’t have what we want, but we would rather have him be honest with us than give us a promise he can’t fulfill.” Lt. Allan said there will be a Captain’s Exam soon. “I feel very torn, because I would love the challenge of becoming the South District Captain. But I also really love what I am doing now, and my mission is not complete yet.” Located at 744 Park Street, the Hartford Public Library’s Park Branch is a small building. “If you walk in here you might wonder how we have space to teach classes, tutor homework assignments and host art exhibitions,” said Branch Manager Leticia Cotto. “Instead of seeing problems I like to see opportunities. Yes our space is limited, but there is still so much we get done here.” Letty, as her friends and patrons know her, has an interest in Spanish language literacy and information dissemination that precedes her tenure at the library. In 2004, with help from family members, she opened La Paloma Sabanera Coffeehouse & Bookstore at the corner of Capitol Avenue and Babcock Street. “We were interested in starting up a small business that would specialize in Spanish language books and titles with Latino themes,” said Letty. “We felt that so many people in the City of Hartford were finding it more and more difficult to stay connected to their language and culture, and we wanted to provide a place where that could happen.” Over a cup of coffee, her patrons read and discussed the books she carried. When the Branch Manager position opened up at the library in 2005, Letty saw it as an opportunity to expand on the concepts she had developed at the bookstore. “I believe that a library is a place where people from all walks of life are welcome, a non-judgmental institution where knowledge is power, a place where anyone can walk through the door and feel like they are in their own home.” If we do our job properly, we can help make a better world and a better society,” she said. Eventually she sold the bookstore. Focused exclusively on her librarian role, Letty has found a myriad of ways to involve and serve the Frog Hollow community. A long-popular computer literacy class held at the branch was cancelled last year because of a lack of funding. Unwilling to stand by and watch, Letty started to teach it herself. “People can go to the Downtown Branch and take the class in English, but there was nowhere else for people to go if they needed instruction in Spanish,” she said. “Instead of seeing problems I like to see opportunities. Yes our space is limited, but there is still so much we get done here.” - Leticia Cotto Many parents bring their kids to the Park Branch for help with their homework. Letty and her staff provide that help, and encourage the parents to use the time to become computer literate, rather than just sitting and waiting. She also provides literacy and English as a Second Language classes and knitting instruction. “I see my role as extending far beyond collection management, as important as that is,” said Letty. “I am charged with assessing the information needs of the community and providing the books and computers needed to make that information available.” Taking full advantage of the limited wall-space at the branch, Letty hosts regular art exhibits. She focuses on Latino artists and themes, including a recent photography show with work shot in Cuba, paintings from Puerto Rican artists, and an exhibit of Gigante Masks. Outside the library, she coordinates the Affleck Street Community Garden. Her previous experience includes working with teen mothers at Family Life Education, and managing the Higher Ground Summer Program at University of Hartford, where she helped high school graduates prepare for their freshman year of college. Born and raised in Hartford’s North End, Letty is a graduate of the Watkinson School and Southern Connecticut State University. Her co-workers and community collaborators said Letty is tireless in her dedication to the Frog Hollow community. “She is so good at engaging so many families in the neighborhood,” said Chris Brown, Studio Arts Technician at Trinity College and a Board Member of the Frog Hollow Neighborhood Revitalization Zone. “They always get a flood of kids at the branch after school, and she has a great way of keeping them in line and engaging them at the same time.” For her part, Letty says what she does to help the community comes naturally. “I love my job, and what motivates me is unlocking the potential of everybody who walks through the door. I wholeheartedly believe that libraries unleash that potential.” Allan H. Reese, Sr. A volunteer at the South End Wellness Senior Center, Allan Reese takes his community work seriously. He shows up every morning at 8:15, puts on the coffee, and gets the place ready for the first arrivals. He answers the phones, fills in for absent staff, and is “King of the Hill” on the pool table. But through it all, he makes sure not to take his volunteer work too seriously. “I try to be a Jack of All Trades, a facilitator,” said Allan. “I guess you could say I never say no to a job that needs doing. But sometimes I see someone who looks out of sorts, like maybe they feel they are in the wrong place. I like to give them a joke and a smile, and I find that when people laugh, everything’s back to normal and everyone’s right where they’re supposed to be.” A 20-year employee of the Connecticut Department of Corrections, Allan retired from his job as a parole officer in 2009. “My wife is still working, and when she saw that I was going to be sitting around the house she told me that I needed to get involved with community service work,” said Allan. “The Senior Center opened up the same year I retired, and I was on board right from the beginning.” Executive Director Maria Negron said Allan has become an integral part of the Center’s daily life. “Allan is the type of person who makes everyone feel like they’re part of the family,” she said. “He gets everyone participating, he gets everyone involved. He’s always laughing and making people laugh. He always has a joke to tell, and he’s always available for whatever needs to be done.” Maria explained that many of those who attend the Center have little else to keep themselves occupied during the day. “Some of our members might not get to have a conversation with another person that day if they weren’t here,” she said. “People call in about getting services, and sometimes I visit them at home. I see them sitting there lonely and depressed. Those are the people that I tell to come and spend time here, where they can have connection and conversations with people like Allan.” Allan also serves on the Center’s Advisory Board. “He’s like the Energizer Bunny – he keeps going and going and going. He’s a good example to all of the staff and the members,” said Maria. Remembering the Center’s ribbon-cutting ceremony four years ago, Allan said it has been rewarding to be part of the important work that goes on there since the beginning. “Our differences aren’t important. We all have something in common, and it’s spelled A-G-E. I really enjoy my work here, whether it’s setting up for a dance or greeting a new member.” Located in Barry Square at 830 Maple Avenue, the Senior Center provides members with classes in ceramics and arts and crafts, instruction in health and wellness, as well as fitness classes and recreational activities such as pool and Bingo. Normal hours are Monday through Friday from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., but a new Zumba fitness class is being offered from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. on Tuesdays. Evening dances and special event dinners take place every month or so, such as a Mothers’ Day Dinner held each May. Trips are organized from time to time, including a recent one to Boston’s Quincy Market. After many years of working hard in corrections, Allan said he tries to put the same zeal into his work at the Senior Center. “I always said a parole officer couldn’t do much unless that person wants to do it on their own. But whenever I found someone who wanted to change, I would go the distance to give them the support they needed. That’s why I volunteer at the center, because I really do like to help people. My reward is when I see a smile light up their face.” Each year SINA gives out an Institutional Award that recognizes and honors an employee from one of our three institutions. This individual goes beyond the call of duty and contributes significantly to the betterment of the Hartford neighborhoods. Luis Rivera “My job is to educate parents and children about how to reduce and avoid injury,” said Luis Rivera, Program Coordinator at the Injury Free Hartford Prevention Center at Connecticut Children’s Medical Center. “I’m honored to be in this position and help out my community because I feel I’m helping to reduce some of the injuries and deaths that could otherwise occur.” Luis fills his role at schools and community organizations throughout Hartford. He focuses on home, car, and bicycle safety. “My goal when I present to a group of kids, whether we’re in a classroom or auditorium setting, is to make it fun and interactive,” said Luis. “I always feel that I have to make it captivating for them, because if I lose their attention I may lose an opportunity to protect them from something bad happening to them.” Luis likes to use large comic and coloring books that present his safety message in ways that will be interesting and memorable to the students. By getting them to decorate the pages of the coloring books and respond to the questions he poses, he feels they become much more engaged. He is able to present in both English and Spanish. The home safety part of his presentation focuses on fire prevention and response, and alerting kids to the dangers posed by intruders. With parents, he adds a section about “child-proofing” their homes. When it comes to cars, kids are taught how to safely cross streets and parents are told the importance of using car seats. Free car seats are provided for needy parents. Bicycle safety starts with the importance of wearing helmets, and continues with avoiding being hit by motorists. Free bike helmets are also available, along with fitting instruction. “I’m honored to be in this position and help out my community because I feel I’m helping to reduce some of the injuries and deaths that could otherwise occur.” - Luis Rivera With parents he includes a section about properly disciplining children without spanking or inappropriate punishments. Water safety is addressed, with an emphasis on life jackets. Poison safety and proper use of the 9-1-1 system round out his presentations. “Kids are really good at tuning out their parents and teachers. I think I have an opportunity to reach them with this information, even if I am saying things they have heard and ignored before,” said Luis. Hired by Connecticut Children’s Medical Center four years ago, Luis was promoted to Program Coordinator in 2010. A Certified Child Passenger Safety Instructor, he also presents to fire departments, EMTs and police. For Hartford school children, Luis doesn’t stop at safety. When it came to his attention that children at Maria Sanchez School were in need of winter coats, he reached out to Button-Up Connecticut. Later, when book bags were required, he coordinated donations from Capitol Region Education Council. His previous work experience includes Mi Casa Family Service and Educational Center, where he worked as a Family Support Specialist for three years, and Jumoke Academy, where he was a paraprofessional teaching third graders. A Bulkeley High School graduate (class of 1997) he completed a Bachelor’s in Sociology from Eastern Connecticut State University in 2012. A Lion’s Club member, Luis also volunteers at the Salvation Army Soup Kitchen. Each year he dresses up as Santa Claus to bring presents to kids at Community Renewal Team’s North End location. He also takes the opportunity to don a costume each Halloween to emphasize his message about safe Trick or Treating. He serves on SINA’s Recognition, Education, Achievement and Community Health Committee. “Luis is a tremendous asset to Connecticut Children’s Medical Center and to the Hartford Community,” said Manager of Non-Medical Services Steve Balcanoff. “As a graduate of Bulkeley High School he has tremendous credibility in the community. He doesn’t like to bring attention to himself or be in the spotlight. He’s just so genuine and sincere, which is what makes him such an effective communicator of his very important message.” The SINA / Ivan A. Backer Scholarship were first awarded in 1997 and to date over 52 students have been received for a total of over $142,375. The program was established in honor of Ivan Backer, who served as president of SINA for nearly 20 years and who was one of the driving forces behind the revival of Hartford’s Southside neighborhood. The recipients are selected based on service to community, school and family, as well as for academic achievement. The scholarship consists of three awards of $4,000 ($1,000 per year for 4 years) to Bulkeley High School seniors continuing their education at an accredited 4-year postsecondary program. \| Year \| Recipients \| \|------\|-------------------------------------\| \| 2012 \| Stephen Naing, Jamal Nixon, Marie Angely Rosa \| \| 2011 \| Izet Krdzic, Koralys Maldonado, Annabell Moquette \| \| 2010 \| Sefedin Begic, Saida Cooke, Ceilena Gurahoo \| \| 2009 \| Racquel Bowen, Jose Colon, Dorota Panek \| \| 2008 \| Evebonee Acosta, Brian Carvalho, Jonia Shtembari \| \| 2007 \| Danielle Cargill, Rashadda Gregory, Deaci-ann Wallen \| \| 2006 \| Zulynette Morales, Shaneca Napier, Bryon Rodriguez \| \| 2005 \| Ruben Castillo, Ashley Nieves, Anna Tuminska \| \| 2004 \| Laura Camacho, John Szpyt, Thu Thi Nguyen Xuan \| \| 2003 \| Nathalie Acevedo, Karolina Ballester, Jasmin Gonzalez \| \| 2002 \| Irena Kaci, Chariunis Perez, Daisy Susaya \| \| 2001 \| Robin Duetsch, Khiem Dinh, Evelyn Medina \| \| 2000 \| Jaclyn Lackner, Soide Rodriguez, Nicholas Trigila \| \| 1999 \| Shawn Bachan, Andrew Moran, Lisa Tromba \| \| 1998 \| Thu Suong Nguyen, Tara-Ivette Osorio, Illiana Rivera, Daniel Ruede, Gladys Santiago \| \| 1997 \| Eddie Lawerence, Van Nguyen, James Reed, Rexana Rodriguez, Julio Roman \| Recognizing over 114 neighborhood service recipients since 1991 2012 Nilda Fernandez Gary & Karen O'Maxfield Rosa Plaza Ana maria Reyes-Scott 2011 Carlos Espinosa David O. McKinely Lee Boulanger Charlene Perez Lt. Brian Foley 2010 Paul Kapustinski Hartford Peacebuilders Sylvia Garcia Evelyn Figueroa 2009 Benjamin Cruse Leticia Colon Cornell Lewis Noel Casiano Alison Giuliano 2008 Elly Jacobson Gloria Dieppa Sally Vazquez Doug Campbell 2007 Luis Valentin John Nelson Walter Kienia Father Charles Jacobs Robert Sampl 2006 Maxine Sullivan Shannon Raider Reynaldo Morales Carlos Gonzalez Eddie Lacey 2005 Richard deMey Earl Costenoble Ethel Austin Chris Lyons Charlie Morris 2004 Alan Carbonneau Barbara Hennigues Aura Alvarado David Corrigan 2003 Maria Negron Helen & Walter Krepcio Judy & Tom Lyona Maulyn Rossetti 2002 David Botero Laure Web Yolanda Rivera Edgar Reyes Hector Robles Nilda Santana 2001 Descatour Potier Caleb Cutler Robert O'Conner Bruce Johnston Joyce Boysco Gerry Murasso Lew Espyo 2000 Sister Maris Stella Hickey Michael Lawton Maria Capeles Yvette Gonzalez Joe Barber Hector Hernandez 1998 April Goff Brown Edith Lacey Garry Lapidus John Tornature Hycacinth Yennie 1997 Kim McClain Liberty Ortiz Francesca Reale Jame R. Reed Jr. Robin Standifer Margaret Stewart 1996 Jackie Fongemie Bruce Johnston Aida Morales Yolanda Rivera Maxine Steward Tara Lawson Gill 1995 David Martinez Rina Reyes Janis Mitchell Susan Santilli Ann MacGillis 1994 Rosa Morales Marc Rubera Julio Concepcion Diane Zannoni Nancy Galarza Ron Cretaro Bernadine Silvers 1993 Carol Blanks-Lawson Barry D'Onofrio Emmie Galarza Dulcie Galarza Silas Shannon Mollie Shelton BR. Marcus Turcotte 1992 Ann Baker Rev. Lyle J. Beckman Bethy Berrios Kenneth Eltherich Jr. Lydia Rolan Patrick H. Tallman Gloria Williams 1991 Fr. James Aherene John Bonelli Gladys Capo Barbara Jean Easly Imelda Morneauy Boy Scout Troop 105 Steve Balcanoff* Co - Chairperson Connecticut Children’s Medical Center Jason Rojas* Co-Chairperson Trinity College Joe Barber Trinity College Charlene Perez The Village for Families and Children @ A.E. Burr School Luis A. Rivera Connecticut Children’s Medical Center Shakia Woods Connecticut Children’s Medical Center Ivette Quirós Southside Institutions Neighborhood Alliance Linda Valentín Southside Institutions Neighborhood Alliance SINA Board Member SINA Members Connecticut Children’s Medical Center Martin J. Gavin President & CEO Jane Baird Steve Balcanoff Theresa Hendricksen Hartford Hospital Jeffrey Flaks President & CEO Peter Beller Yvette Meléndez* Bimal Patel Trinity College Dr. James F. Jones, Jr. President Dr. Xianming Chen Paul Mutone* Jason Rojas SINA Staff Melvyn Colón Executive Director Keith Hedman Dean Iaiennaro Ivette Quirós Linda I. Valentín *Executive Committee Member REACH is sponsored by SINA and its member institutions. REACH Committee mission is to develop, support and recognize individuals who positively contribute to the growth of the Hartford Community.
Give Aloha at Foodland, Sack N Save and Foodland Farms to Help Us Raise Funds for Hawaii Rotary Youth Foundation (HRYF) Give Aloha! September 1 – 30 is Give Aloha Month at Foodland! Give Aloha, Foodland’s Annual Community Matching Gifts Program, was created in 1999 to honor Foodland’s founder, Maurice J. “Sully” Sullivan, and continue his legacy of giving back to the community. Each year, during Sept. 1 – 30 at all Foodland and Sack N Save stores statewide, customers are encouraged to donate at the checkout to their favorite Hawaii non-profit organization. This year, Foodland and the Western Union Foundation will match each donation with more than $300,000 for all organizations combined. Since the program began in 1999, a grand total of more than $29.1 million has been raised for Hawaii’s charities. Hawaii Rotary Youth Foundation (HRYF) is participating in this year’s Give Aloha, Foodland’s Annual Community Matching Gifts Program. This program HRYF was founded by Mr. Sullivan during his year as Rotary’s District Governor in Hawaii, 1976-77. It was Sully’s desire to assist Hawaii’s high school graduates realize their potential by attending a college or university of their choice here in Hawaii or on the mainland United States. This coming year 2017, HRYF is awarding all 48 regular Rotary clubs a $5,000 scholarship. How It Works From September 1-30, customers are invited to make donations up to $249 (per organization, per person) to participating Hawaii non-profit organizations at checkout. Individuals must use their own Maika’i card to make a donation. Foodland and the Western Union Foundation will match a portion of each donation made with a Maika’i card. Donations made without a Maika’i card will not be matched. Matching Gift The Western Union Foundation has generously donated $50,000 to add to Foodland’s gift of $250,000 to Hawaii non-profit organizations participating in Give Aloha this year. Therefore, the total gift that will be given to all participating organizations combined is $300,000! How to Donate - At checkout, present your Maika’i card (or give your 10-digit number) and inform the cashier that you would like to make a donation to Hawaii Rotary Youth Foundation. If you do not have a Maika’i account, you may establish one by telling the cashier you would like to do so; you will need to give a unique 10-digit number (such as your phone number). - Tell the cashier our organization’s 5-digit code: 77199. - You may donate up to $249 per organization over the course of several store visits. You may make donations to more than one organization. - Tell the cashier how much you would like to donate. Your donation will be added to your grocery purchase total. You may donate up to $249 per organization (any amount in excess of $249 per organization will not be matched). - Be sure the cashier reaffirms our organization’s name and amount that you are donating. - Any donation must be made payable to Foodland, Sack N Save or Foodland Farms. - The name of our organization and the amount you donate will appear on your receipt. Please ask cashier for a duplicate receipt. - Donor names will not be released to our organization. Give your duplicate receipt to your HRYF club coordinator so they can mail it to our office for credit to your individual account. Acknowledgement of your gift will be mailed for tax purposes. Are These Donations Tax Deductible? Give Aloha donations are tax deductible to the full extent of the law. How Will My Donations Be Matched? Every year, the matching gift percentage varies and cannot be pre-determined. For the past 5 years, the matching percentage has been between 20%-25%. Thus, if a customer donated $100 to an organization, Foodland and the Western Union Foundation’s matching gift was $20-$25. The actual matching gifts will be calculated at the end of the program. Organizations will receive 100% of all customer donations given to their organization, plus their % of Foodland and the Western Union Foundation’s $300,000 matching gift. Your gift will be matched so that a $20 donation becomes approximately $24, a $40 gift would increase to around $48. The match comes from Foodland and Western Union (up to at least $250,000). Based on past years, the matches have provided at least an additional 20%! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQBE8VaPsLM&feature=youtu.be When will our organization receive our donations and matching gift? All checks are disbursed by October 31, 2017. Our Club provides HRYF Scholarships to high schools in the Wahiawa-Waialua-North Shore areas. Club members are encouraged to participate in this worthwhile program. Friends of our Club are more than welcome to participate. If you do and have receipts, you can drop the off each Thursday at Dot’s Wahiawa between 11:45 am to 1:00 pm, or e-mail them to email@example.com. Thanks to all in advance! Invocation Recognitions Recognitions for the week ending August 25th, 2019. Happy Birthday Kate Butts celebrated her birthday on Wednesday, August 21st. Spouse’s Birthday None Anniversaries None Induction None Alison Kanamu gave a HI $5 for all the Rotary Crew that sets up for the meeting. President Alex gave a HI $5 in recognition of PP Lilette Subedi running the meeting last week and doing a great job! PP Lilette Subedi gave a HI $5 everyone in our Club and Kate Butts for shopping at Walmart Mililani for our Kahauiki Village contribution for one new house and family, in the second building phase. RC Mililani Sunrise will be providing supplies for another unit. Kate Butts gave a HI $5 in recognition of PP Lilette Subedi working with her at the “Going Green” event. --- Oli – PP Lilette Subedi Visiting Rotarian Outside D5K None Within D5K None Alexi “Lexi” Kanamu – Guest of Alison Kanamu Ashton Kanamu – Guest of Austin Kanamu Hawaii Rotary Youth Foundation (HRYF) See Main Program below. held last Saturday at Ka’ala Elementary. It was a lot of fun! The Principal is always grateful for our participation. Derek Conselva gave a HI $5 for the successful gathering with all community organizations and Sen. Donovan Dela Cruz. Members from our Club participated. Alison Kanamu gave a HI $5 for her hubby always saying, “Let’s go traveling!” Well, they did just that! They went to Seattle to visit their Grandparents. While there she ran into an old classmate of hers, who fell in love with dōTERRA, and has ordered lots of product. President Alex told of a harrowing trip down a small alley in a large SUV, with his Dad driving, to get to Pikes Place. He and the family had an opportunity of walking down Chewing Gum Wall, Pikes Place Market! People stick their gum to the wall, then stretch it, so it looks like hanabada! Chewing Gum Wall, Pikes Place Market, Seattle, WA Alex told us that he and his family lived in that area when he was young. Alex and Lexi took the opportunity of going indoor skydiving! It was a great experience. Lexi had a bit of trouble starting off because of her size, but once the attendant assisted her, she did fine. Alex told us that the attendant assisted him in reaching an altitude of 20’, then spinning Alex around! All in all, it was great spending time with the grandkids, watching them play and shop. Rotary – 114 Years of Service to the World! ROTARY MINUTE The Rotary Foundation The Rotary Foundation transforms your gifts into service projects that change lives both close to home and around the world. Since it was founded more than 100 years ago, the Foundation has spent more than $4 billion on life-changing, sustainable projects. With your help, we can make lives better in your community and around the world. Our mission The mission of The Rotary Foundation of Rotary International is to enable Rotarians to advance world understanding, goodwill, and peace through the improvement of health, the support of education, and the alleviation of poverty. What impact can one donation have? - For as little as 60 cents, a child can be protected from polio. $50 can provide clean water to help fight waterborne illness. $500 can launch an antibullying campaign and create a safe environment for children. Donate today, https://my.rotary.org/en/donate! Site Improvements Underway at the Wahiawa Terrace District 22 News Aloha, This past session I was able to work with my colleagues and the Hawaii Public Housing Authority (HPHA) to secure $20 million in much needed Capital Improvement Program funds. These funds are to support the repair, maintenance, and modernization of public housing units throughout the State of Hawaii. Some of these funds have been allocated for site improvements at Wahiawa Terrace on Palm Street. Construction and site improvements are well underway and on schedule to be completed by this November. So far HPHA has been working on the modernization of 45 one-, two-, three-, and four-bedroom dwelling units across 8 three-story buildings. This includes interior modernization; converting some units to ADA mobility, hearing or visually impaired compliant; building and accessibility improvements to the community maintenance building; repaving of driveways and parking stalls; exterior painting of all buildings and installation of solar hot water heating system with a hot water heating back up system. The newly modernized units now feature replaced kitchen cabinets, all new appliances, new windows, new paint and dry wall, replacement tub/shower surrounds with solid surface material, and new flooring throughout. Mahalo HPHA for all your hard work across the State of Hawaii, especially in Senate District 22. I look forward to touring the site once the construction is completed. Typical kitchen modernization Typical bathroom modernization Military Report No report To Be Determined – Looking for speakers! Sep 28 – District 5000 Foundation Seminar. Free for club members! Watch for information on D5000 website and our own Club Runner as it becomes available. Oct 5 – Monster Mash Bingo Nite – Scholarship Fundraiser – Hosted by the Rotary Club of Kapolei. Event starts at 3:30 pm to 7:00 pm. Cost is $25, $30 at the door, which includes 10 games and a light meal. The event will be held at Kapolei High School Cafeteria, 91-500 Kapolei Parkway, Kapolei, HI. If interested, go to [https://kapoleirotary.org/](https://kapoleirotary.org/). Oct 13-18 – Bali International Service Project Dec 12 – Al Wonder Christmas party District Vacancies. District 5000 is looking for folks to fill vacancies at the District level. If anyone is interested, please see President Alex. IC2020 Aloha Shirts — are still available! --- The meeting was called to order at 12:24 pm President’s Report. “Connecting the Dots” at Dots, led by Wahiawa Community Business Association (WCBA) is still gaining momentum and is going strong. PP Lillette Subedi gave a brief report on the last meeting. Representing our Club, Lillette told the group what Rotary was and how our Club works within the community; that we were always looking for members that had an interest in serving within their community. At the last meeting, a representative from the Governor’s office commented that this is the first time he has seen anything like this, multiple community organizations coming together, working for a common goal and reducing the duplicity of work. It has the right leader, PE Keoni Ahlo, President of WCBA. Community Collaboration at its finest! Treasurer’s Report. Good news by our Treasurer, Kate Butts. By the efforts and hard work of our Club members working multiple community events, we are so far in the BLACK, that we are off the scales! Unfinished Business. Update and status of current Kahauiki Village Project Club participation. Kate Buts went shopping and purchased household items for the kitchen and bathroom. PP Lilette will drop off the contributions this Saturday, August 24. Membership Report/ClubRunner Report. No report. PE Keoni Ahlo was unable to make our meeting today. 2019-2020 Third Grade Dictionary Project. Update and current project status. Good news! Kate Butts told us that the cost of the dictionaries are the same price as last year! We just have to order the labels. If ordered in early September, we should receive them mid to late October. President Alex suggested that we invite our friends or prospective members. Participation in this fun and rewarding project may make them Rotarians. Scholarship News / Project Grants / Fundraising. Scholarship flyer (Dr. Lynn Goya). Dr. Lynn has been working hard on finishing up our Scholarship flyer. She is in the process of uploading our Club’s participation in HYRF, pictures, and testimonies of past Club Scholars to our ClubRunner website. A lot of hard work went into putting this together. Dr. Lynn suggested that we invite past Scholars and their families to our meetings, so we can keep that special connection going, and hopefully, making Rotarians of these Scholars and their family members. Jackie Barns and Dr. Lynn are requesting more information on past Scholars. Members will dig into the scholarship program background/history. Someone mentioned that PP Bob Pang may have that information. PP Geoff Horvath said he would contact Bob to see if he has any additional background information. HYRF. PP Geoff reminded club members of the suggested contribution of $40 for this Rotary Year. That contributions can be made online, and Give Aloha is coming in September. This will be a good way of making your $40 contribution! President Alex suggested that we have a bowl so members can contribute a dollar each meeting to meet this goal. PP Geoff also informed the Club of the upcoming Foodland’s Give Aloha in the month of September, and gave a brief description of how the program works. Geoff also advised the Club that this week’s newsletter’s feature article covers the Give Aloha Program, history, etc. The Rotary Foundation (TRF). Doing great with our contributions. New Business. REMINDER – Fall Foundation Seminar, Sept. 28, 2019. Watch for information on D5000 website and our own ClubRunner as it becomes available. Other Business. None Announcements. None Adjournment, President Kanamu at 1:14 pm. Ace of Hearts Hooooo! Our pot is up to $240! We had a lot of takers today, once everyone found out how much money is in the pot! Marie Abatayo and the Three of Diamonds The first number, XXX519, was not claimed (you have to be present to win!) We had a second drawing and Marie Abatayo had the winning ticket. However, she didn’t pick the Ace of Hearts, but the Three of Diamonds! Future HI $5 New menu item for those with dogs
We need your input and feedback. Each of the Area Agencies on Aging in Pennsylvania is working on their four year plan, as the State of Pennsylvania is preparing theirs (see article below). Each AAA submits a four year plan to the State and the State submits a four year plan to the Federal Government. There is a survey included in this newsletter, which will also be distributed to key areas out in the community and will be available on the internet at www.surveymonkey.com/r/WayneAAAsurvey Please fill out the survey (online or by submitting the paper survey). Please provide us with feedback, input and ideas so that we can include the needs of our community in this planning process. We look forward to hearing from you. The Pennsylvania Department of Aging is required under the Older Americans Act to develop and implement a State Plan on Aging. The Plan is prepared every four years and provides a strategic framework that outlines how the Department will help older Pennsylvanians maintain their independence and age in place with the dignity and respect they deserve. Our next State Plan will cover the time period of October 1, 2016 through September 30, 2020. To ensure that we develop a State Plan on Aging that is responsive and responsible, seven Community Listening Forums will be held in regions throughout the Commonwealth. These Forums will provide concerned stakeholders with an opportunity to tell us what they think about the programs and services we provide, are they benefitting older Pennsylvanians or are they not effective; and what they think is being done well and what needs to be improved. Input received during the Community Listening Forums will be woven in to the existing framework of the State Plan and will enable us to create a Draft State Plan for final review and feedback. Public comment on the Draft State Plan will be received during three Public Hearings to be held in May. While the Public Hearing locations and dates are scheduled, details on registration are forthcoming. We invite you to learn more about the State Plan on Aging by visiting aging.pa.gov and make arrangements to attend a Community Listening Forum where we will listen to what older Pennsylvanians and other concerned stakeholders have to share with us. (Community Listening Forum will take place April 18 – Lackawanna County, The Commonwealth Medical College – North Campus, Medical Sciences Building, 525 Pine St., Scranton, PA 18509) If you are not able to attend a Forum, please take a few moments to complete a brief online survey. (click on “state plan” from the aging/pa.gov website). It is intended to help you share comments and concerns. \| Date \| Meal Description \| Milk Served with All Meals \| Dessert \| \|--------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|----------------------------------------------\| \| 4 \| Haddock Fish Patty WW Dinner Roll Tartar sauce Stewed tomatoes Asparagus Apricots \| Tossed salad WW Spaghetti Meat sauce Broccoli Ice cream \| \| 5 \| Chicken Cacciatore over WW pasta Zucchini Succotash Jello cake \| Vegetable lasagna Meatballs Broccoli Strawberries w/ Whipped topping Northern Wayne: Cranberry juice, Baby spinach salad w/tomatoes n radishes, egg salad on rye, Pineapples n orange tidbits \| \| 6 \| California burger On bun Lettuce, tomato, onion, mayo Sweet potato cubes Grapes \| Baby spinach salad w/tomatoes, radishes Chicken Tetrazzini White rice Green beans Pineapples n orange bits \| \| 11 \| Meatloaf Mashed potatoes Mixed vegetables Cornbread Warm cinn apple slices \| Soup-butternut squash WW crackers Tuna fish salad on Pita w/ Lettuce, tomato Vegetable Slaw Fruit Medley \| \| 12 \| Tom w/beans soup Cheeseburger on bun Potato Salad Pink Grapefruit \| Orange-pineapple juice Egg Omelette w/salsa Turkey Sausage Patty Potatoes Rye bread Grapes \| \| 13 \| Tossed Salad Chicken Parmesan Over WW Rotini Broccoli Vanilla ice cream \| Coleslaw Baked cod Stewed tomatoes Sweet potato WW dinner roll Peanut butter Cookie \| \| 18 \| Stuffed Shells Meatballs w/sauce Parmesan cheese Cauliflower Italian bread Pineapple tidbits \| Roast turkey w/Gravy Mashed potatoes Brussel sprouts WW dinner roll Warm diced peaches On biscuit with topping N'th'n Wayne: Apple juice coleslaw, Turkey n cheese on rye, mayo, milk, diced peaches on biscuit \| \| 19 \| Tossed salad Breaded pork-chop Garden Rotini Butternut squash Strawberries w/ whipped topping \| Carrot/raisin salad WW Spaghetti Meat tomato sauce Apricots \| Pork chop loin Pierogies Applesauce Peas n pearl onions Ambrosia \| \| 20 \| Honey Mustard chicken Mashed potato Zucchini Mixed vegetables WW bread LornaDoones \| Tossed salad Cheese Pizza Meatballs w/ Sauce Broccoli Vanilla Pudding \| ******* Volunteer Appreciation Social ******* The Honesdale, Hawley, and Hamlin Senior Centers will each host a Volunteer Appreciation Social on April 29th, 2016 from 1:30pm-3 pm. Light refreshments will be served as we recognize our agency volunteers for their dedication. If you have served as a volunteer in the past year for the Wayne County Area Agency on Aging, please call 570-253-4262 to make a reservation and let us know in what capacity you served. We are looking forward to your presence. This event will take the place of the Volunteer Luncheon. EVERYDAY AT THE HAMLIN CENTER \| Monday \| Tuesday \| Wednesday \| Thursday \| Friday \| \|--------\|---------\|-----------\|----------\|--------\| \| Cards & Games 8:00-12 Pinochle \| Cards & Games 1:00 Bingo \| Cards & Games 10:00 Exercise \| Cards & Games 10:00 Exercise 1:00 Crafts \| Cards & Games 10:00 Bingo \| EVERYDAY AT THE HAWLEY CENTER \| Monday \| Tuesday \| Wednesday \| Thursday \| Friday \| \|--------\|---------\|-----------\|----------\|--------\| \| Cards & Games 8-3 Gym Equipment 10:30 – 11:30 Exercise 11:30 - 3 Mah Jong 1-3 Wii Bowling \| Cards & Games 8-3 Gym Equipment 1 - 2 Bingo \| Cards & Games 8-3 Gym Equipment 10 - 2 Crafts 10:30 – 11:30 Exercise 1-2 Tai Chi fee 5:30 – 8:30 Mah Jong \| Cards & Games 8-3 Gym Equipment 1:00 Bingo 11 – 2:30 Card Club \| Cards & Games 8-3 Gym Equipment 10 - 2 Crafts 10:30 – 11:30 Exercise \| EVERYDAY AT THE HONESDALE CENTER \| Monday \| Tuesday \| Wednesday \| Thursday \| Friday \| \|--------\|---------\|-----------\|----------\|--------\| \| 10:00 Walking Club 10:30 Bridge 12:00 Jazz Class 1:00 Crafts 2:00 Line Dancing \| 10:30 Exercise 1:00–4:00 Pinochle \| 8:30 Quilting 10:30 Exercise 10:30 Bridge 11:00 Tai Chi fee 1:00 Art Class 1:00 Bingo 1:30 Tap Dancing \| 10:00 Walking Club 10:00 Games 10:00 - 12:00 Wii 1:00 Cards \| 10:30 Exercise 1-2:30 Shuffleboard 1-2:30 Cribbage 1:00 Pool 1-2:30 Rummikub 1:30 Memoir Writing Group (1st & 3rd) \| CAREGIVER’S SUPPORT GROUP – WEDNESDAY, APRIL 13 at 1:30 NORTHERN WAYNE CENTER Thursday APRIL 7 and APRIL 21 \| HOME DELIVERED MENU \| April \| MILK SERVED WITH ALL MEALS \| \|---------------------\|-------\|----------------------------\| \| 4) Haddock Fish Patty WW Dinner Roll Stewed tomatoes Asparagus Apricots \| 5) Chicken Cacciatore over WW pasta Zucchini Succotash Jello cake \| 6) Cranberry juice cocktail Hamburger on bun Sweet potato cubes \| 7) Vegetable lasagna Meatballs Broccoli Warm Cinn Apple slices \| 1) WW Spaghetti Meat Sauce Broccoli Wax beans Graham crackers \| \| 11) Meatloaf Mashed potatoes Mixed vegetables WW Dinner Roll Warm cinn appl slices \| 12) Tomato bean soup Cheeseburger on bun Sweet potato fries Pink Grapefruit \| 13) Chicken Parmesan over Pasta WW Rotini Broccoli Carrots Italian bread \| 14) Apple juice Pollock loin Garden rotini Wax beans Hubbard squash \| 15) Orange-pineapple juice Egg Omlette Turkey Sausage Patty Breakfast Potatoes Rye bread Warm peach slices \| \| 18) Stuffed Shells Meatballs with Sauce Cauliflower Spinach Italian bread \| 19) Breaded porkchop Garden Rotini Butternut squash Wax beans Strawberries \| 20) Honey Mustard chicken Mashed potato Zucchini Mixed vegetables WW bread LornaDoones \| 21) Roast turkey w/gravy Mashed potatoes Brussel sprouts WW dinner roll Warm diced peaches on biscuit \| 22) Orange juice Baked cod Brown rice Stewed tomatoes Sweet potato WW bread \| \| 25) Grape juice Baked breaded Chix Strips Over herbed brown rice Asparagus Ital Style Steamed Buttered Cabbage \| 26) HAWLEY CENTER ONLY Cream potato soup WW crackers Baked tilapia Florentine Buttered carrots Strawberries on biscuit \| 27) WW Spaghetti Meat tomato sauce Cauliflower Green beans Granola bar \| 28) Pork chop loin Pierogies Applesauce Peas and pearl onions Ambrosia \| 29) Apple juice Cheese Pizza Meatballs Sauce-on meatballs Broccoli Graham crackers \| Harrisburg, PA – Secretary of State Pedro A. Cortés announced that the number of online voter registration applications has surpassed paper submissions for the first time. Since January 1, more than 85,000 eligible Pennsylvanians have used the state’s online voter registration (OVR) system to register for the first time or to update their voter information. During the same time period, 68,000 paper registration applications were submitted to counties across the Commonwealth. “We expect that the difference between the numbers will continue to grow as more eligible citizens discover the convenience and accessibility of OVR,” Cortés said. Governor Tom Wolf and Secretary Cortés announced the launch of OVR on August 27, 2015, as the application site went live at register.votesPA.com Since then, more than 142,000 applications have been submitted through the online system. The OVR site can be used by eligible citizens registering for the first time as well as by voters who need to change their name, address or party affiliation. Secretary Cortés reminded Pennsylvanians that March 28 is the deadline to register or update their record before the April 26 Primary Election. He urged eligible citizens to make use of the online voter registration site. “The online option greatly increases accuracy of the voter rolls, which is valuable during a busy presidential election year,” Secretary Cortés said. “Pennsylvania’s counties are already seeing cost savings because there is less need for data entry from paper applications.” A 2015 report by the Pew Charitable Trusts found that states with online voter registration saw cost reductions of between $0.50 and $2.34 per electronic transaction compared with paper. The online system, which is available in English and Spanish, is more secure for applicants because the form is transmitted directly to the appropriate county voter registration office for processing. The latest protocols in data security have been built into the system and are constantly monitored and updated. I can't believe what a wonderful time we had at our St. Patty's Day Party. Nelson Ray, a newcomer, entertained us with his music. We had a good time singing along and dancing to the holiday tunes. We had a delicious meal topped off with our favorite ice cream. Everyone enjoyed the tasty treats our seniors brought in. Thanks to everyone, our day was a great success. Now we can look forward to our Easter celebration. Has anyone heard the birds singing lately? We've seen a House Sparrow making her nest in the bird house we have hanging in the tree outside our center. That is a sure sign of Spring. We are offering AARP Driver classes starting in April. Watch our Newsletter for dates and times. Attorney General Janene Holter will be here on April 8th at 11:30 speaking about Scams. On Friday, April 8th starting at 11:30, Kelly from Caregivers of America will be here to speak on services they offer. On Friday April 22nd, starting at 11 am, Juliann Doyle and Carl Albright will be here to discuss Aging and Transportation services. This year we're having our Volunteer Appreciation Social here at the Hawley Senior Center on Friday, April 29th. Try to attend so we can show you how much your contribution to our center is appreciated. Call Lu a week in advance so we can be prepared for everyone. Our April Birthday's are: Robert Hughes, Andy Anderson, Sandy Wegst, Ann Kreiter, Shara Jane Compton, Linda Gardepe, Jean Fasig, Dalla Galgan, Linda Barbito, Yvette Emmet, Peggy Datto and Bill Luttenberger. Happy Birthday to all of you. Be active adults 10 tips to help adults include physical activity into their lifestyle Being physically active is important for your health. Adults who are physically active are less likely to develop some chronic diseases than adults who are inactive. Physical activity is any form of exercise or movement of the body that uses energy. People of all ages, shapes, sizes and abilities can benefit from a physically active lifestyle. 1. Start activities slowly and build up over time. If you are just starting physical activity, build up slowly. This will help to prevent injury. After a few weeks, increase how often and how long you are active. 2. Get your heart pumping. For health benefits, do at least 2 ½ hours each week of physical activity that requires moderate effort. A few examples include brisk walking, biking, swimming and skating. Spread activities over the week, but do them at least 10 minutes at a time. 3. Strength-train for healthy muscles and bones. Do strengthening activities twice a week. Activities that build strength include lifting weights, doing push-ups and sit-ups, working with resistance bands, or heavy gardening. 4. Make active choices throughout the day. Every little bit of activity can add up and doing something is better than nothing. Take the stairs instead of the elevator, go for a 10-minute walk on your lunch break, or park further away from work and walk. 5. Be active your way. Mix it up - there are endless ways to be active. They include walking, biking, dancing, martial arts, gardening, and playing ball. Try out different activities to see what you like best and to add variety. 6. Use the buddy system. Activities with friends or family are more enjoyable than doing them alone. Join a walking group, attend fitness classes at a gym, or play with the kids outside. Build a support network – your buddies will encourage you to keep being active. 7. Set goals and track your progress. Plan your physical activity ahead of time & keep records. It’s a great way to meet your goals. Track your activities with the Physical Activities Tracker at https://www.supertracker.usda.gov. Use the My Journal feature to record what you enjoyed so you can build a plan right for you. 8. Add on to your active time. Once you get used to regular physical activity, try to increase your weekly active time. The more time you spend being physically active, the more health benefits you will receive. 9. Increase your effort. Add more intense activities once you have been moderately active for a while. You can do this by turning a brisk walk into a jog, swimming or biking faster, playing soccer, and participating in aerobic dance. 10. Have Fun! Physical activity shouldn’t be a chore. It can help you feel better about yourself and the way you live your life. Choose activities that you enjoy and that fit your lifestyle. Go to www.ChooseMyPlate.gov for more information. Get HELP with your MEdicarE costs! A Medicare Savings Program may help with some of your Medicare costs. FOR ASSISTANCE, CALL: Wayne County Area Agency on Aging, 323-10th Street, Honesdale, PA 18431 570-253-4262 90% OF SUICIDES ARE PREVENTABLE 24/7 Hotline 570.253.0321 Wayne County Office of Behavioral and Mental Health Awareness 1 IN 7 TEENS THIS YEAR CONSIDERED SUICIDE 24/7 Hotline 570.253.0321 Wayne County Office of Behavioral and Mental Health Awareness Cleaning the House? Don’t Forget the Refrigerator When cleaning, many don’t include their refrigerators on their list of places to check. Cleaning your refrigerator and freezer is an important step in any cleaning regime. Doing so will help you prevent foodborne illness. Before you start cleaning, check your appliance thermometer to make sure your fridge is keeping your food at 40 °F or below. This temperature keeps bacteria growth at bay. If you don’t already have an appliance thermometer, pick one up the next time you are at the grocery store. Your freezer should measure 0 °F or below. Cleaning Your Refrigerator - Keeping a trash bag handy, check the dates on ALL containers, packages and condiments. Dispose of anything that is past its date OR is not dated. Refer to our [Storage Times Chart](#) for guidelines on perishable products in the refrigerator. - Do not attempt to taste items to see if they’re still good. The bacteria that cause food poisoning cannot be smelled or tasted. - While cleaning, follow the 2-hour rule. Leaving food out too long at room temperature can cause bacteria to grow to dangerous levels that can cause illness. Perishable foods should never be left out for longer than two hours. - Wash removable shelves & drawers with soap and warm water. Avoid using solvent cleaning agents, abrasives, and all cleansers that may impart a chemical taste to food or ice cubes. - To keep the refrigerator smelling fresh and help eliminate odors, place an opened box of baking soda on a shelf. Organizing Your Refrigerator Now that the refrigerator is squeaky clean, here’s how to keep your refrigerator organized and free of potentially dangerous foodborne bacteria: - Place meat, poultry or seafood in containers or sealed plastic bags to prevent their juices from dripping onto other food in the refrigerator. This prevents cross-contamination. - Do not store perishable foods in the door. The temperature in the door fluctuate more than the temperature in the cabinet. It is safer to store perishables in the back of the refrigerator where it is colder and the temperature is more stable. - Keep fruits and vegetables in separate drawers and away from raw meat, poultry, or seafood to avoid cross-contamination. Throw away fresh fruits and vegetables that have not been refrigerated within 2 hours of cutting, peeling, or cooking. [Www.foodsafety.gov](#) LAKWOOD NORTHERN WAYNE On March 3rd we celebrated St. Patty’s Day and on March 24th we enjoyed our Easter Party & Easter Bingo. Speakers were Isa Kannebecker, who spoke on Stress Reduction and Lynn Guiser, our dietician, who spoke on nutrition. In April, Kelly from Caregivers will be our guest speaker. Call Marie at 570-253-5540 for reservations. Wednesday April 13th WITF and Mind Matters will present a satellite program on Gardening and Planting. 10 am—11:15 am It will be shown in the dining room at the Honesdale Center. The Speaker for March in our Honesdale Center was Nurse Judy Longo, R.N., B.S.N., Palliative Care and Case Manager from Compasses Hospice Care. She presented “March out of Pain”. Our Consumers highly enjoyed the in-service provided. Ms. Longo encouraged a “hands-on” approach among our seniors. It was delightful, as well as informative, as she showed how human touch can bring joy to our lives. The hand massage the seniors gave each other brought smiles to everyone’s face. For more information please call 570-253-4262. AARP SMART DRIVER 4 and 8 hour defensive driving course is designed for qualified drivers aged 50 and older. There are no tests and membership in AARP is not necessary. All automobile insurance companies doing business in PA are required by state law to give a minimum discount of 5% to all qualified policyholders age 55 and over and who take the course. The 8 hour class is given in two, four hour sessions and is required for first timers and those who have not taken the class within the past 36 months. The one day, four hour class, is only open to those who provide evidence of taking the class during the previous 36 months. A $20 fee ($15 for AARP members) is charged for each class. Class size is limited so advanced reservations are necessary for placement in any class. Please bring your driver’s license, AARP card if a member, and proof of your previous course (if taking the 4-hour refresher). 8 Hour Sessions: 1 pm – 5pm HONESDALE CENTER June 15 & June 16 HAWLEY CENTER August 16 & August 17 4 Hour Sessions: (Must Have a Recent 8 Hour Course) \| Date \| Location \| Time \| \|---------------\|------------\|------------\| \| April 4th \| Hawley \| 1 pm—5 pm \| \| April 21st \| Honesdale \| 12:30 pm—4:30 pm \| \| May 9th \| Hawley \| 1 pm—5 pm \| \| May 20th \| Honesdale \| 12:30 pm—4:30 pm \| \| September 12th\| Hawley \| 1 pm—5 pm \| \| September 22nd\| Honesdale \| 12:30 pm—4:30 pm \| \| October 14th \| Hawley \| 1 pm—5 pm \| \| 4) Park St \| A la CARTE MENU \| 1) Park St \| \|------------\|-----------------\|------------\| \| Italian Wedding soup Crax \| 5) Earl J Simon \| French onion soup, croutons, cheese \| \| Haddock pattie, stewed tomatoes, asparagus, WW Dinner roll, apricots, milk, tartar sauce \| Chix Cacciatore, Sauce-onion, pepper, mushr, over Wh Wh Penne pasta, Zucchini, Succotash, milk, Jello Cake \| Tossed salad w/tom, WW Spaghetti, Meat sauce, Broccoli, milk, Ice cream \| \| Cheesesteak hoagie w/fried onions ($4.00) \| Sausage peppers, onions sub ($2.50) \| Grilled ham n swiss on rye ($2.00) \| \| Hotdog on bun ($1.00) \| Spinach salad (small): eggs, croutons, bacon, homemade Spinach Salad Dressing ($3.00) \| \| \| 6) Park St \| 7) Earl J Simon \| 8) Park St \| \|------------\|-----------------\|------------\| \| Hearty vegetable soup Crackers \| Veget lasagna, meatballs, broccoli, strawberries, milk \| Cream of tomato soup, Crackers \| \| California Burger, bun, Lettuce, tomato, onion, Mayo, Sweet potato cubes, milk, Grapes \| Egg salad on rye ($2.00) \| Baby spinach salad w/tomatoes, radishes, Chicken Tetrazzini, White rice, Green beans, Pineapples n orange bits, milk \| \| Reuben sandwich ($3.50) \| Hotdog on bun w/sauerkraut or onion sauce ($1.00) \| Grilled cheese on white ($1.50) \| \| \| \| Taco salad ($4.25) \| \| 11) PARK ST \| 12) Earl J Simon \| 13) PARK ST \| \|-------------\|-----------------\|------------\| \| Chicken n rice soup, crackers \| Tom w/beans soup, Crackers \| Beef and rice soup, Crackers \| \| Meatloaf, mashed potatoes, mixed vegetables, cornbread, apple slices, milk \| Tom w/beans soup, Cheeseburger on Bun, Potato Salad, milk, Pink grapefruit \| Tossed salad, chicken parmesan over rotini, broccoli, bread, milk \| \| Sausage peppers, onions ($2.50) \| Reuben SW on rye ($3.50) \| Chicken parm hoagie ($3.50) \| \| Waffle fries (.50c) \| \| Chef Salad ($4.25) \| \| Hotdog w/sauerkraut/onion sauce ($1.00 +) \| \| \| \| 14) Earl J Simon \| 15) PARK ST \| 18) PARK ST \| \|-----------------\|------------\|-------------\| \| Soup-Butternut Squash Crackers \| French onion, croutons, cheese Crackers \| Chicken noodle soup, Crackers \| \| Soup-Butternut Squash, crackers, Tuna fish salad, Pita, Lettuce, tomato, Veget slaw, Fruit Medley, milk \| Egg omelette, turkey sausage patty, potatoes, rye bread, grapes, juice, milk \| Stuffed shells, meatballs, cauliflower, bread, pineapple tidbits, milk \| \| Turkey BLT on toast ($3.25) \| Southwestern chicken salad ($4.50) \| Cheeseburger on bun ($2.50) \| \| Hotdog on bun ($1.00) \| \| Waffle fries (.50c) \| \| \| \| \| \| 19) Earl J Simon \| 20) PARK ST \| 21) Earl J Simon \| \|-----------------\|------------\|-----------------\| \| Tossed salad, breaded pork chop, Gardn Rotini, butternut squash, milk, Strawberries-Dollop whippd. \| Chicken vegetable soup, Crackers \| Roast turkey, mashed potatoes, brussel sprouts, gravy, dinner roll, milk, peaches over biscuit, \| \| Turkey club pannini-turkey, swiss, bacon ($3.25) \| Honey mustard Chix, Mashed potato, Zucchini-oil n garlic, Mixed Veg (peas n carrots), WW Bread, milk, Lorna Doones \| Crisp Salad: greens, zucchini, carrots, celery, onions, croutons, almonds, sesame seeds, HB egg, Dressing ($4.50) \| \| Hotdog w/sauerkraut/onion sauce ($1.00 +) \| Grilled cheese ($1.50) \| \| \| \| Waffle fries /onion rings- (.50c) \| \| \| 26) Earl J Simon \| 27) PARK ST \| 28) Earl J Simon \| \|-----------------\|------------\|-----------------\| \| Cream of Potato soup, Crackers \| Chunky beef soup, Crackers \| Pork loin chop, pierogies, applesauce, peas n pearl onions, ambrosia, milk \| \| Crm of potato soup, crackers, Bakd Tilapia florentine, Carrots , Milk, strawberries over biscuit \| Carrot/raisin salad, WW Spaghetti, Ground beef tomato sauce, Apricots, milk \| Chicken salad on pretzel bread ($2.25) \| \| Grilled chicken with cheese, lettuce, tomato, mayo, on roll ($3.75) \| Salad: Chicken, Apple, cranberry, feta cheese, Almonds, Dressing ($4.75) \| \| \| Hotdog on bun ($1.00 ) \| Hotdog on bun/sauce ($1.00) \| \| \| 29) PARK ST \| 22) PARK ST \| 25) PARK ST \| \|-------------\|------------\|-------------\| \| Lobster Bisque, Crackers \| Beef Barley soup Crackers \| Oriental Beef and Rice soup, Crackers \| \| Tossed salad, dressing, pizza, meatballs, broccoli, vanilla pudding, milk \| Coleslaw, cod, dinner roll, stewed tomatoes, sweet potato, peanut butter cookie, milk \| Bakd breaded Chix Strips-Over herbed brown rice, Asparagus Ital Style, Steamed Butted Cabbage, Pink grapefruit, milk \| \| Pizza- 1 slice ($1.00) \| Bagel w/cream cheese ($1.50) \| Meatball parm sub ($2.50) \| \| Garden side salad ($1.75) \| Chicken tender – ($1.50) \| Bagel w/ cream cheese ($1.50) \| \| Pork Roll (Taylor ham) and melted American cheese on Roll \| Waffle fries /onion rings- (.50c) \| \| New York City 9/11 Memorial and Museum and One World Observatory at the Freedom Tower Tuesday, June 7, 2016 $135.00 per person Get ready to take your “skypod” to the top of the nation’s tallest building, at 1,776 feet. You will get a spectacular 360 degree view of the ever changing, fastest moving, no place on earth like it… New York City. Tour the 9/11 Memorial and Museum. The museum displays artifacts associated with the events of 9/11, while presenting stories of loss and recovery. Included in your trip will be lunch at Puglia’s restaurant, the museum and observatory, transportation and driver’s tip. Reserve your seat with Marie at 253-5540 or Debbie at 689-3766. Depart: Honesdale McDonald’s @ 7:30am Hawley Center @ 8:00am Hamlin Center @ 8:30am Arrive Home: Honesdale @ 10:30pm Hawley @ 10:00pm Hamlin @ 9:30pm Keep in mind these are approximant times for returning home due to traffic. Wear comfortable shoes since this is a long day with a lot of walking. Money needs to be in by Friday, May 27th. Cancellation Policy: Money refunded only if your seat can be filled. No refunds for any reason after Wednesday, June 1st. Make checks payable to: Wayne County Aging. Move to Music is a ½ hour class held on Mondays, 11:30-12:00, that incorporates rhythmic movement to various genres of music using beginner level tap dance technique taught by Jennifer O’Reilly. No prior dance lessons or formal dance training is necessary to join in the fun, all participants’ progress at their own level leaning basis steps and short step combinations. This is a FREE class. CANCER SUPPORT GROUP FIRST & THIRD Thursday of the Month 6:30 TO 8:00 P.M. WAYNE MEMORIAL HOSPITAL CONFERENCE ROOM 3 (Located on the second floor) Take Elevator A in the Main Lobby. APRIL 7TH & 21ST MAY 5TH & 19 JUNE 2ND & 16TH DISCUSSION TOPICS INCLUDE: Self Advocacy, Nutrition, Financial Resources, Fitness/Exercise, Pain Management, Stress Management and any other areas the group determines is discussion worthy. CONTACTS: Karen Stumpo or Christine Carlozzi (570) 253-7322 "Catch Me If You Can" Rainbow's Comedy Playhouse Paradise, PA Wednesday, May 11, 2016 $75.00 per person We are off to Amish country and a day full of laughs. Our day starts with a Lancaster-style buffet lunch at the theatre, followed by the comedy play "Catch Me If You Can" - A classic who done it. This mystery was the inspiration for the TV series, Columbo. Twist & turns abound as a husband on vacation reports his wife is missing. He said, she said, and maybe a murder or two. After the show we head to the Bird-In-Hand Farmer’s Market for a little shopping and a bite to eat before heading home. To reserve your seat call Marie at 253-5540 or Debbie at 689-3766. Depart: Honesdale McDonald’s @ 7:00am Hawley Center @ 7:30am Hamlin Center @ 8:00am Arrive Home: Honesdale @ 9:30pm Hawley @ 9:00pm Hamlin @ 8:30pm Money needs to be in by Tuesday, May 3rd. Make checks payable to Wayne County Aging. Cancellation Policy: Money refunded only if your seat can be filled. No refunds for any reason after May 4th. History Teacher: “Why was George Washington standing in the bow of the boat as the army crossed the Delaware?” Student: “Because he knew if he sat down, he would have to row.” Mohegan Sun Casino Friday, April 8, 2016 $22.00 per person Price includes: $25 free slot play, $5 food voucher, bus transportation, & driver’s tip. Depart the casino at 3:00pm Sign up with Marie at 253-5540 or Debbie at 689-3766. Depart: Honesdale McDonald’s @ 9:00am Hawley Senior Center @ 8:30am Hamlin Center @ 9:00am Return Home: Honesdale @ 4:00pm Hawley @ 4:30pm Hamlin @ 4:00pm Money needs to be in by Friday, April 1st, 2016. Cancellation Policy: Your money refunded only if your seat can be filled, until April 1st. After April 1st money will not be refunded for any reason. Wayne County’s Information and Referral Program NOW ONLINE! We’re free and confidential - connecting people to services in Wayne County. Call the WINFO Line (570)253-5986 or Toll free 1-866-253-5986 OR you can logon to the Wayne County Website @ www.waynecountypa.gov Production Coordinator: Kathy Robbins Menu Coordinator: Lynn Guiser Editor: Kathleen Chicoski firstname.lastname@example.org Honesdale Center Earl J. Simons Center 323 10th Street, Honesdale, PA 18431 570-253-4262/570-253-9115 fax end of 10th St. across from Stone Jail Hamlin Center Salem Township Building, 15 Township Bld. Rd., Route 590 Hamlin, PA 18427 570-689-3766 // 570-689-5002 fax Route 191 South to Hamlin 4 corners turn right onto 590 West, go 1/2 mile turn right after Prudential sign Hawley Center Robert J. Drake Senior Community Center 337 Park Place, Bingham Park Hawley, PA 18428 570-226-4209 // 570-226-3422 fax Route 6 to Hawley, past ball field across from Mayor’s office, just before bridge, left onto Park St Northern Wayne satellite @ Northern Wayne Fire Company, 1663 Crosstown Highway, Lakewood, PA 18439 570-798-2335 (fire co) Meetings March–October – 1st & 3rd Thursday; Meetings November-February—1st Thursday only Waymart satellite @ Masonic Hall 136 South Street, Waymart, PA 18472 Meetings 1st & 3rd Thursday. Call Kimber Best 570-267-2742. Transportation 323 10th Street, Honesdale, PA 18431 8:00 am – 4:00 pm www.co.wayne.pa.us go to “human services” click on “transportation” 570-253-4280 out of 253 exchange 1-800-662-0780 Wayne County Veterans Affairs Representative: Honesdale 308-10th Street, 9-12, Tuesday and Thursday ONLY; Hamlin Senior Center, 9-12, 1st and 3rd Wednesdays; Hawley Senior Center, 9-12, 2nd and 4th Wednesdays. For more info please call: 570-253-5970, Ext. 3114. Wayne County Area Agency on Aging 323 Tenth Street, Honesdale, PA 18431 570-253-4262 / 570-253-9115 fax Elder Abuse/Protective Services 800-648-9620 "You cannot do a kindness too soon because you never know how soon it will be too late." - Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 - 1882)
Oak Knoll Books & Press Member of ABAA & ILAB Biblio.live Antiquarian Book Fair Thursday, August 4, 12:00pm until Sunday, August 7, 8:00pm EDT http://live.biblio.com/ www.oakknoll.com • firstname.lastname@example.org • 302-328-7232 [Cover image from A Directory of London Stationers & Book Artisans 1300-1500 by C. Paul Christianson (The Bibliographical Society of America, 1990), here.] Barbarian Press HOI BARBAROI A QUARTER-CENTURY AT BARBARIAN PRESS Barbarian Press: Mission, 2004; 4to., quarter cloth with printed paper-covered boards, printed spine label with slipcase; 160 pages. $2,000 Printed in an edition limited to 180 copies of which this is one of 150 standard copies. A fine copy in fine slipcase. This bibliography, which marks the silver anniversary of the Barbarian Press, lists all the books published by the Press, including those listed in the hard-to-find tenth anniversary edition. Robert Bringhurst provides an essay on the private press in Canada; Simon Brett contributes the chapter “Illustrating for Grown-ups”; and Sjaak Hubregtse writes about collecting Barbarian Press. A photo essay by David Evans dwells on the beauties of the tools, the materials, and the processes of making books. Foreword by Anthony Rota. Available Winter 2005. [Book # 78574] NEWLY ADDED TITLE Printing COLLECTION OF MATERIAL RELATED TO PRINTING AND ALPHABETS FROM DIDEROT’S ENCYCLOPÉDIE by J. Diderot, D. u. d’Alembert André le Breton, Michel-Antoine David, Laurent Durand and Antoine-Claude Briasson: Paris, France, 1763-1770; folio, leaves, some bound, in clamshell box; variously paginated. $2,250 Text in French. A collection of seven items removed from the text of Diderot’s Encyclopédie. Brunet II, 700; Graesse II, 389; Ebert 6709; Carter/Muir, 200 1. “Cartonnier et gaufreur en carbon” (Boardmaker and board embosser). Two plates from Volume II (1763). Includes an engraving of a boardmaker’s workshop at the top of Plate I. Also includes engraved illustrations of various tools. 2. “Parcheminier” (Parchment maker). Seven plates from Volume VIII (1771). Includes an engraving of a parchment maker’s shop at the top of Plate I, along with numerous engravings of various tools. With two pages of text with descriptive information about the plates. 3. “Fonderie en caracteres” (Typefounding). Eight plates from Volume II (1763). Includes an engraving of a typefoundry at the top of the first plate, along with numerous engravings of various tools. 4. “Caracteres et Alphabets de langues mortes et vivantes, contenant vingt-cinq planches” Extracted from Diderot, Denis and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, eds., Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, Arts et des Metiers. Pp. 1-17, 18 blank, followed by 25 copper-engraved plates, depicting alphabets and characters of more than 40 languages, including Assyrian, Hebrew, Chinese, Tibetan, Japanese, and Bengali. The explanatory text presents a detailed account of scholarship current at the time of publication. 5. “Ecritures” (Calligraphy). Bound with item 4. 17 pages of text with 16 plates, with numerous calligraphy specimens. Plate II, III, and IV have engraved illustrations of calligraphers and writing instruments. 6. 4to version of Item 1 above. 7. One leaf illustrating Syriac and Arabic alphabets, noted “P.L. Charpentier, sculp.” at bottom of page. A small label with the name of J.C.F. Kenny, Esq., of Kilclogher, Co. Galway, Ireland, a subscriber to the Royal Irish Academy in the 1850s. See Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 6, 1853-1857 (Dublin: M.H. Gill, 1858), lxix. [Book # 131266] VICTORIA C. WOODHULL A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH by Theodore Tilton Published at the Office of the Golden Age, 9 Spruce St.: New York, NY, 1871; small 8vo., original printed wrappers; pp. [1-3], 4-35, [1]. $7,500 First and only edition, published shortly after “Mrs. Woodhull announced herself as a candidate for the presidency - mainly for the purpose of drawing public attention to the claims of woman to political equality with men.” (p. 28) Tilton writes of “the memorable document now known in history as ‘The Memorial of Victoria C. Woodhull’ - a petition addressed to Congress, claiming under the Fourteenth Amendment the right of women as of other ‘citizens of the United States’ to vote in ‘the States wherein they reside’ - asking, moreover that the State of New York, of which she was a citizen, should be restrained by Federal authority from preventing her exercise of this constitutional right ... Nothing doubting, but much wondering, she took the novel demand to Washington, where, after a few days of laughter from the shallow-minded, and of neglect from the indifferent, it suddenly burst upon the Federal Capitol like a storm, and then spanned it like a rainbow. She went before the Judiciary Committee, and delivered an argument in support of her claim to the franchise under the new Amendments, which some who heard it pronounced one of the ablest efforts which they had ever heard on any subject. She caught the listening ears of Senator Carpenter, Gen. Butler, Judge Woodward, George W. Julian, Gen. Ashley, Judge Loughridge and other able statesmen in Congress, and harnessed these gentlemen as steeds to her chariot... Assisted by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Paulina Wright Davis, Isabella Beecher Hooker, Susan B. Anthony, and other staunch and able women whom she swiftly persuaded into accepting this construction of the Constitution, she succeeded, after her petition was denied by a majority of the Judiciary Committee, in obtaining a minority report in its favor, signed jointly by Gen. Benj. F. Butler of Massachusetts and Judge Loughridge of Iowa. To have clutched this report from Gen. Butler - as it were a scalp from the ablest head in the House of Representatives - was a sufficient trophy to entitle the brave lady to an enrolment in the political history of her country. She means to go to Washington again next winter to knock at the half-opened doors of the Capitol until they shall swing wide enough asunder to admit her enfranchised sex.” (pp. 28-30) Chipping at spine; text especially clean and fresh. [Book # 134689] The grand ideas of Confucius, Zoroaster, Buddha, Mohammed, Jesus, have been slowly transfiguring man from the crudest barbarism to moral power; and science has been slowly emancipating mankind from their foams of the unknown; but the Christian Church has stifled the progress of the human mind, science, the education of the masses, and freedom for women. It is often said that woman owes the advancement of the position she occupies to-day to Christianity, but the facts of history show that the Christian Church has done more to retard than to advance civilization. In the general march of civilization, she has necessarily resented the advantages of man's higher development, and has sought to check Christianity all that has been achieved by science, discovery, and invention. If we admit that the truth it has taught, as an offset to its many errors, has been one of the factors in civilization, we shall concede all that can be conceded to the influence of the Church of woman in the darkest page in human history; and she has toiled with depths of misery since the days of the Magi gathering round the cradle in the manger, who was held up as the Saviour of mankind. The Church, too, has been always all pointing to the complete equality of this human family, were too far in advance of its age to realize the fact. She has failed to distinguish between the teachings attributed to Jesus and those of the Christian Church. One represents the ideal that she has ever attained; the other, the popular sentiment of its time. Had Jesus lived in Russia in the nineteenth century, he would have been exiled as a nihilist for his protests against tyranny and his sympathy with the suffering masses. He would have been declared a Revolutionary Socialist, even. From an oratorian, and imprisoned as a blasphemer in England and America, had he taught in London and New York the radical doctrines of the Christian Church. I speak of the Christian Church, Catholic and Protestant, of this world, the bulwark of its power, the bulwark of its corruption, the mother of its Church in the Dark Ages of her inferiority and degradation, the source of its crimes, and the inspiration of its general assemblies, synagogues, synods, conferences, councils, all of which have copiously enacted laws, which held Christendom during what are called the Dark Ages until now under its paralyzing influence, and which have made law and customs and plunging woman into absolute slavery. The worst features of the canon law reveal themselves in the treatment of the women of ancient times they did fifteen hundred years ago. The clergy in their zeal to teach the same doctrines to women as to men, and to keep them in the same old platitudes and false ideas promulgated for centuries by ecclesiastical councils, have made the Church of woman what it was an afterthought in the creation, the author of sin, being at once colluding with the devil. Her sex, made a crime, makes a condition of slavery, owing obedience, meekness, a curses; and the whole purpose of all her life is one of inferiority and subjection to all men; and the same ideas are echoed in our churches to-day. England and America are the two nations in which the Christian religion is dominant; yet, by their ethics taught in the pulpit, the ideal woman is comparatively more degraded than in pagan nations. I say comparatively, for, because of the vicious stage of progress in education, ethics, invention and art, woman is now more fully the equal of man in these respects than in any other nation or period of the world. The Church of woman, the Christian Church in its Dark Ages of her inferiority and degradation, has been the cause of the proportion as women are the equals of the man by their side, the more so, the more she has been the cause of the canon law, which held Christendom during what are called the Dark Ages until now under its paralyzing influence, and which have made law and customs and plunging woman into absolute slavery. The worst features of the canon law reveal themselves in the treatment of the women of ancient times they did fifteen hundred years ago. The clergy in their zeal to teach the same doctrines to women as to men, and to keep them in the same old platitudes and false ideas promulgated for centuries by ecclesiastical councils, have made the Church of woman what it was an afterthought in the creation, the author of sin, being at once colluding with the devil. Her sex, made a crime, makes a condition of slavery, owing obedience, meekness, a curses; and the whole purpose of all her life is one of inferiority and subjection to all men; and the same ideas are echoed in our churches to-day. England and America are the two nations in which the Christian religion is dominant; yet, by their ethics taught in the pulpit, the ideal woman is comparatively more degraded than in pagan nations. I say comparatively, for, because of the vicious stage of progress in education, ethics, invention and art, woman is now more fully the equal of man in these respects than in any other nation or period of the world. The Church of woman, the Christian Church in its Dark Ages of her inferiority and degradation, has been the cause of the proportion as women are the equals of the man by their side, the more so, the more she has been the cause of the canon law, which held Christendom during what are called the Dark Ages until now under its paralyzing influence, and which have made law and customs and plunging woman into absolute slavery. For the supposed crimes of heresy and witchcraft, burnt alive, torn limb from limb, and mutilated tortures that the most solid historians are said to have wept in recording them; for the crimes of heresy and witchcraft, with bleeding heart. And, as the Christian Church grew stronger, woman's fate grew more helpless. The Church of woman, the Christian religion brought no relief, the clergy being all along their own worst enemies, and the Church one of the most infernal torturers. Hundreds and hundreds of fair young girls, innocent, beautiful in heaven, and hundreds of old women, weary and knowing with the burdens of life, were dragged from their homes by the Church, dragged into the courts with the oldest and most cruel of the laws, and burned alive and drowned on the beach, and tried for crimes that never existed but in the imagination of the most brutal and unfeeling of men. Women were accused of committing with devils and poppet, and were burned alive. Hundreds and hundreds of these children of hypothetical origin were burned alive, and their mothers were pressed to death, to add to their death agonies, and their children were burned alive, and their pugnacity they were done by the Christian Church. Neither were they confined to the Dark Ages, but the Church of woman was active down to the eighteenth century. The clergy everywhere were the worst enemies of woman, and the spirit of rationalism laughed his whole thing to scorn, and the Church gave mankind a more obdurate view of life. No large place has the nature and position of woman been more clearly set forth than in the Rev. Charles Kingsley's fascinatingly written book, "Westward Ho!" The clergy were persecuted by hysterics from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century. Speaking of wildcraft, Lecky says that the clergy were the worst enemies of the outburst of the superstition in England, and there, as elsewhere, the clergy were the worst enemies of the clergy as the direct consequence and the exact result of the religious persecutions. In Scotland, where the reformers maintained greater influence than in any other country, the clergy were the worst enemies of woman entirely into their hands, the persecution was proportionately atrocious. Probably the abuses Republished from the Index, Boston. Caption title, text presented in two columns; unopened and in fine condition. The only separate printing of this essay, which first appeared in the Boston periodical, the Index, 1885. In it, Stanton concludes: "We do not burn the bodies of women to-day; but we humiliate them in a thousand ways, and chiefly by our theologies. So long as the pulpits teach woman's inferiority and subjection, she can never command that honor and respect of the ignorant classes needed for her safety and protection. There is nothing more pathetic in all history than the hopeless resignation of woman to the outrages she has been taught to believe are ordained by God." OCLC locates copies at just two institutions (New York Historical Society; Wisconsin Historical Society; OCLC 6898449). Not in LCOC, or Schlesinger Library online catalogue. Stanton's The Woman's Bible, first published in 1895 (and of which far more copies are recorded than Stanton's Christian Church and Women) is now considered a landmark document in the history of woman's rights. At the time of its publication, however, the National American Woman Suffrage Association (of which Stanton had served as its first president), after active debate at its annual convention, distanced itself from both the work and its author, and adopted a resolution that, "This association is non-sectarian, being composed of persons of all shades of religious opinion, and has no official connection with the so-called 'Woman's Bible' or any theological publication." This resulted in Stanton becoming marginalized in the woman's rights movement for the remainder of her life. [Book #134691] Music CALIFORNIA QUICK STEP. INTRODUCING THE POPULAR AIR OF UNCLE NED. ARRANGED BY EDWARD L. WHITE. Published by Oliver Ditson, 115 Washington Street: Boston, MA, 1849; folio, self paper wrappers; [2] pages, on two leaves; leaves separated at spine. $500 Melody Used by Permission of Mr. W. C. Peters, Proprietor of the Copyright. Entered according to Act of Congress AD. 1849 by Oliver Ditson in the clerk’s Office of the District Court of Mass. Only the slightest hint of foxing / soiling, else a fine copy. OCLC locates eight copies under two record numbers (OCLC 367615422: Yale University; Middle Tennessee State University; Brigham Young University; OCLC 22354465: University of Pittsburgh; Peabody Essex Museum; University of Cincinnati; UC Berkeley; California Historical Society). An example is also at the Homestead Museum, Los Angeles. From “The Homestead Blog” (online): “One of several Gold Rush inspired sheet music pieces from the Homestead Collection, ‘California Quick Step,’ by Edward L. White, a Boston composer and teacher, was published by Oliver Ditson, also of Boston, and entered in the Library of Congress in March 1849. The melody of ‘California Quick Step’ was based on ‘Uncle Ned’ or ‘Old Uncle Ned,’ a well-known song in what is generally now termed as African American Vernacular English from famed composer Stephen C. Foster that appeared in 1848. As a quick step, however, it was in a much faster tempo than the ballad of Foster’s piece.” Exceedingly scarce in commerce: Rare Book Hub contains just a single record for an example having appeared at auction or in the trade, in 1979 (Randle and Windle). [Book #134692] SANTA FE SONG by [Harry] Williams & [Egbert] Van Alstyne Jerome H. Remick: New York, NY, (1910); small folio, self paper wrappers; 4, [2] pages. $350 Especially fresh and crisp; minor edge wear. Very Scarce; OCLC locates 5 copies (under 3 record numbers). First lines of verse: “Down on the plains of burning sand - There lived a daring cowboy gay, No braver lad lived in the land - Thank wild and wooly Pat O'Day, But each night when the stars were bright. For a year he used to call, On a maiden sweet and small, But he made no love at all... Chorus: Come on, you Cow-boy, to old San-ta Fe, Take me a-way, Swing in that Sad-dle, we'll ske-dad-dle. Take me, and make me your Mis-sus O'Day. Sure I'll b your bride, If you'll on-ly ride To Old San-ta Fe. Following Santa Fe Song is “Santa Fe / Quartette for Male or Mixed Voices” (also copyright MCMX, by Remick). [Book # 134693] SAN FRANCISCO - CALIFORNIA. by A. Rouargue Del. Published by Henry Payot, 184, Washington Street: San Francisco, CA, n.d. (but c. 1860-1867); oblong folio, broadside; wood engraving 5-5/16 x 19-1/4, printed across a double sheet measuring 7-7/8 x 21-3/16, blue wove paper. $3,500 Panoramic view looking east down Sacramento Street from Nob Hill, with several Chinese at left; Telegraph Hill at left in distance. Probably made from a photograph; several misunderstandings as a result. (This was used for Baird 317; one copy of Baird 235 at California Historical Society has date of January 12, 1867, suggesting that the 1860 date on Baird 317 may not be actual date of publication.) See also Baird 236. Some staining throughout, but mostly to the edges. Overall a lovely copy of an incredibly rare piece. Copy at UC Berkeley. [Book # 134694] THE FIRST PHOTOGRAPHS OF THESE ICONIC SCENES TO BE PRINTED IN COLOR YOSEMITE VALLEY, GENERAL VIEW [53003] with EL CAPITAN, YOSEMITE VALLEY [53013] (by William Henry Jackson) Detroit Photographic Co.: Detroit, MI, 1898; 6.75 inches by 9 inches, two mounted photographs on thick card paper.. $4,500 Pair of photochrom photographs. Both photographs are in near fine condition with only the slightest hint of chipping along the edge of the photograph featuring the iconic Yosemite Valley, General View. The photochrom is a color photo lithograph created from a black and white photographic negative. Color impressions are achieved through the application of multiple lithograph stones, one per color. The process was developed in Switzerland and brought to the United States by the Detroit Publishing Company in 1897, which acquired exclusive ownership and rights to the process in America. Anticipating the success of the photochrom for the mass production of color prints, the Detroit Publishing Company recruited William Henry Jackson to become a partner. Jackson joined the company in 1898 as president, bringing with him an estimated 10,000 black and white negatives which provided the core of the company’s photographic archives, from which they produced pictures ranging in size from postcards to enormous panoramas. In 1903, Jackson became the plant manager. After a decline in sales during World War I, and with the introduction of new and cheaper printing methods used by competing firms the company was forced into receivership in 1924, and in 1932 its assets were liquidated. In 1936, Edsel Ford purchased Jackson’s negatives for “The Edison Institute” (now Greenfield Village, Dearborn, Michigan), and Jackson’s negatives eventually were divided between the Colorado Historical Society and the Library of Congress. We locate no record of holdings of either of these images. (No record found in the Library of Congress (which has four other views of Yosemite); the “William Henry Jackson Photochrom Collection, 1989-1908” at Amherst College (444 images); “The W. H. Jackson Photochrom Print Collection, 1898-1096” at the Newberry Library (which has two other views of Yosemite); or the “William Henry Jackson Photochrom Collection” at Decker Library, Maryland Institute College of Art, Baltimore (187 images)). Another sizable holding is at the Huntington Library (approximately 700 photolithographic prints, and 5,300 postcards), acquired in 2006 but yet to be catalogued. [Book # 134695] THE FIRST NON-GOVERNMENTAL PRINTING OF THE EXPEDITION’S ROSTER Lewis & Clarke Expedition DOCUMENTS ACCOMPANYING A BILL MAKING COMPENSATION TO MESSIEURS LEWIS AND CLARKE, AND THEIR COMPANIONS, PRESENTED THE 23RD JANUARY, 1807 National Intelligencer and Washington Advertiser, Printed by Samuel Harrison Smith, Pennsylvania Avenue, Monday, February 2, 1807; Washington, DC, 1807; folio, self paper wrappers; front page, column 3-5. $2,500 First public printing, after having been published as a congressional/government document by A. & G. Way (for it, see, The Literature of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, A Bibliography and Essays (Lewis & Clark College 2003), no. 2c.4 (containing letter from Willis Alston, January 12, 1807; letter from H. Dearborn, January 14, 1807; letter from Meriwether Lewis, January 15, 1807; and foldout chart titled “A Roll Of the men who accompanied captains Lewis and Clarke on their late tour to the Pacific ocean, through the interior of the continent of North America, shewing their rank, with some remarks on their respective merits and services.” The Literature of the Lewis and Clark Expedition notes, “It is also the first printing of the expedition roster.”)) Previous ownership name in ink along top corner in ink. Faint foxing throughout, else a pristine copy. The National Intelligencer prints each of the letters found in the original government document, and the expedition roster appears here in the form of a separate letter from Meriwether Lewis. We locate no record of this issue of the National Intelligencer having appeared at auction or in the trade. Of the government document, an example sold at Christie’s, June 2009 (“Recent half red morocco. A very fine, crisp copy.”) for $9,000; another sold, also at Christie’s, December 2013 (“Disbound.”), for $7,500. (see attached) From the Library of Congress, “The Louisiana Purchase Legislative Timeline” (attached). On January 2, 1807, the House of Representatives introduced a resolution “That a Committee be appointed to inquire what compensation ought to be made to Messrs. Lewis and Clarke, and their brave companions, for their late services in exploring the western waters, to report by bill, or otherwise.” (Note: William Clark’s name is consistently misspelled in congressional documents by adding an “e” to the end.) On January 23, the House of Representatives introduced “An Act making compensation to Messrs. Lewis and Clarke, and their companions,” and on that same date received communications on “Gratuities to the officers and men in the expedition to the Pacific Ocean, under Lewis and Clarke.” After subsequent debates and reports with amendments, on February 28, the House of Representatives passed as amended “An Act making compensation to Messrs. Lewis and Clarke, and their companions,” and on March 3, upon passage by the Senate, President Thomas Jefferson signed it into law. [Book #134696] Yellowstone National Park THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, BY WILLIAM I. MARSHALL, OF FITCHBURG, MASS. by William I. Marshall n.p.: [Fitchburg, MA?], (c. 1879); folio, broadside. $1,500 Printed notice at verso for Marshall’s presentation to be held at “Keene City Hall, Thursday Eve, April 14th, at 7:45 o’clock. Tickets - 20 Cents. Tickets can be exchanged for reserved seats after 7 o’clock Saturday evening, April 2d, at Tilden & Co’s.” Only the slightest hint of foxing, else a pristine copy. OCLC locates copies at five institutions: Yale Univ.; Univ. Wyoming; Brigham Young Univ.; Montana State Univ.; Univ. Utah (OCLC 19272063). The catalog entry for the example at University of Wyoming with note: “Rare advertising broadside for William Marshall’s stereoviews and lectures on Yellowstone. Includes one of the earliest obtainable maps of Yellowstone.” [Book #134697] Olowalu Massacre NEWS FROM THE SOUTHERN OCEAN... PARTICULARS OF WHAT HAPPENED ON BOARD THE SNOW ELINORA, WHILE AT THE SANDWICH ISLANDS. IN: [THE] COLUMBIAN CENTINEL. Printed and Published by Benjamin Russell, in State-Street, Boston, Wednesday, November 30, 1791; Boston, MA, 1791; folio, wrappers; (89), 90-92 pages, 4 pages total. $8,500 An absolutely fine copy of this incredibly rare issue of an important eye-witness account to the worst massacre in Hawaii’s history. The editor prefaces the account as follows: “An account of an event which last year happened at one of the Sandwich Islands, in which the Commander and crew of an American vessel were the actors, it is probable will be variously related; The EDITOR of the CENTINEL having been furnished by a correspondent, with the following particulars, lays them before the publick. - In common with all the friends of humanity, he laments the carnage which the account describes.” Forbes, Hawaiian National Bibliography 1780-1900, 215, records two institutional holdings (American Antiquarian Society, and Boston Athenaeum), and in photocopy, only, in Hawaii (see attached). [Book # 134698] THE LITERATURE OF THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION A BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ESSAYS by Stephen Dow Beckham Lewis & Clark College: Portland, OR, (2003); 8 x 12 inches, cloth, dust jacket; 316 pages. ISBN 0963086618. $50 Introduction and essays by the author; bibliography after the text by Doug Erickson, Jeremy Skinner and Paul Merchant. This first comprehensive bibliography of Lewis and Clark expedition publications in a century is based on the world-class collection of materials at the Aubrey R. Watzak Library of Lewis & Clark College. The book is divided into seven sections: the expedition’s traveling library of scientific, technical, and cartographic material (1754-1804); related congressional documents and early notices (1803-1807); editions of Patrick Gass’s journal (1807-1904); surreptitious accounts (1809-1846); the Biddle-Allen narrative of the expedition (1814-2001); nineteenth-century publications (1803-1905); and twentieth-century publications (1906-2001). In each section, introductory historical essays survey the large cast of characters who have contributed to the expedition story since the last years of the eighteenth century; bibliographies for each section list all known publications, with full annotated descriptions of primary texts. Lavishly illustrated with twenty-four full-page color plates and numerous black-and-white images from Lewis & Clark College’s collection. [Book # 73443] THE BOOK OF HEBREW SCRIPT HISTORY, PALAEOGRAPHY, SCRIPT STYLES, CALLIGRAPHY & DESIGN by Ada Yardeni Oak Knoll Press: New Castle, DE, 2002; 4to., cloth, dust jacket; 365 pages. ISBN 9781584560876. $69.95 First edition, second printing. From the very scarce first printing in English done in Israel. This work is one of the most definitive books written on the origin and development of the Hebrew Script. Breaking through almost all fences within which Hebrew paleography has been confined, this work starts at the beginning, forges through the Second Temple period, and deals with all the periods following it. The shapes of the letters and their development are documented, described and analyzed. The survey also includes various scripts. Well-illustrated with the evolutionary calligraphy of the Ancient Hebrews. The author, Ada Yardeni, received her Ph.D. in ancient Semitic languages, paleography and epigraphy from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Sales Rights: Available in North & South America from Oak Knoll Books. Available outside North & South America from The British Library. [Book # 71692] John DePol JOHN DE POL AND THE TYPOPHILES A MEMOIR AND RECORD OF FRIENDSHIPS by Catherine Tyler Brody The Typophiles: New York, 1998; 8vo., quarter blue cloth, patterned paper-covered boards; 101, (3) pages. $65 Typophile Chap Book - New Series Number Two. Limited to 500 copies designed by Dan Carr and printed in the original metal Monotype Dante on vintage Mohawk Letterpress Text by J. Ferrari & D. Carr at Golgonooza Letter Foundry & Press. Well-illustrated with reproductions of John DePol’s wood engravings. Distributed for the Typophiles by Oak Knoll Press. [Book # 61927] Bookbinding A DAY AT THE BOOKBINDERY OF LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO, & CO. by C.T. Hinckley Oak Knoll Books: New Castle, 1988; 8vo., stiff paper wrappers printed in two colors; (16) pages. ISBN 093876814x. $8 Reprint of the 1852 magazine article which had appeared in Godey’s Magazine with a foreword by Robert Fleck. One of the best references to what a trade binding house looked like in the middle of the 19th century. Enhanced by 17 illustrations by Hinckley showing various scenes in the bindery. The fifth Christmas book issued by Oak Knoll. [Book # 23227] A DIRECTORY OF LONDON STATIONERS AND BOOK ARTISANS 1300-1500 by C. Paul Christianson The Bibliographical Society of America: New York, 1990; 8vo., cloth; 254 pages. ISBN 0914930117. $50 The history of the book trade in Medieval London before the age of print has long remained a matter of speculation. Few records survive that name the book artisans and entrepreneurs involved with this early trade venture or that document directly their methods of producing books and creating markets for them. In this directory, C. Paul Christianson assembles an extensive body of alternative data drawn from archival documents that identifies 262 participants in the London trade during a period of 200 years. This group includes stationers, manuscript artisans (called limners), textwriters, bookbinders, parchment sellers, and other London citizens active in book production and sale. This book provides a summary of information about the independent book craftsman working in London during this period. Four appendices contain indexes, and two maps, one modern and one from the sixteenth century, illustrate the historical area of the craft community around St. Paul’s. Manuscripts and books cited are also listed. Designed by Abe Lerner. Distributed for the Bibliographical Society of America. [Book # 29985] Bookbinding FLEMISH AND RELATED PANEL-STAMPED BINDINGS, EVIDENCE AND PRINCIPLES by Staffan Fogelmark The Bibliographical Society of America: New York, 1990; 4to., cloth; xviii, 252 pages. ISBN 9780914930143. $75 Ever since W. H. James Weale laid the foundations for the scholarly study of panel-stamped bindings in 1894, it has been universally assumed that the stamps were hand-engraved, and thus, that each panel was a unique artifact. However, Fogelmark discovered that virtually everything written since Weale's study has been based on a fundamental mistake. In Fogelmark's search for literature on blind panels, he had not been able to find a single item dealing with the all-important questions of production and technique. Fogelmark believes that one must understand the nature of the panel stamp and the basic rules that guided its use before discussing matters of attribution and iconography. He now presents decisive evidence that panel stamps were cast in metal rather than hand engraved and were often produced in multiple copies for wide distribution. Identical stamps could be used concurrently in different shops, different cities and even different countries. Fogelmark's research is based on many years research in a large number of European libraries and a detailed study of various technical and artistic features of the panels. This is a distinguished and highly original contribution to bookbinding history, which greatly extends knowledge of the late medieval booktrade. An exciting work, handsomely produced at The Stinehour Press. [Book # 32487] THE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 1904-79 A RETROSPECTIVE COLLECTION Bibliographical Society of America: Charlottesville, (1980); 6 x 9.25 inches, hardcover, dust jacket; 568 pages. ISBN 0813908639. $35 To commemorate the 75th anniversary of the founding of the Bibliographical Society of America, this retrospective collection of articles seeks to represent the diverse contributions of the members of the Society to its Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America. This volume contains 39 articles that strongly suggest that the practice of bibliography in America during the past 75 years cannot be easily categorized. Instead, the articles range over the spectrum of the world of books. An interesting characteristic of the selection is the preponderance of articles concerned with the relationship between books and people - especially with collectors. The collection begins with "A Plea for an Anatomical Method of Bibliography" by Victor Hugo. The first volume includes "Problems in Nineteenth-Century American Bibliography" by Rollo G. Silver and concludes with G. Thomas Tanselle's effective survey of the art, "The State of Bibliography Today" from the 73rd volume. [Book # 35489] New York A REGISTER OF ARTISTS, ENGRAVERS, BOOKSELLERS, BOOKBINDERS, PRINTERS & PUBLISHERS IN NEW YORK CITY, 1821-42 by Sidney F. Huttner & Elizabeth Stege Huttner The Bibliographical Society of America: New York, 1993; 8.5 x 11 inches, hardcover, 300 pages. ISBN 091493015X. $50 This register collects, from annual city directories, about 5,000 names and 50,000 addresses of individuals and firms working in New York in the book trades and graphic arts areas during the period 1821-1842. It continues George L. McKay's similar work, published by the New York Public Library in 1942, which collected the names of craftsmen and artisans to 1820. The recorded occupations, addresses, firm names and other dated information provide help in dating books, papers and pictures, and in identifying anonymous printers, publishers, artists, etc. It also provides a record of those who were engaged in more than 125 interconnected trades and professions, including calligraphers, compositors, editors, literary agents, map colorers, paper rulers, stereotypers, tract agents, wood engravers and many others. Though the bulk of the Register lists those active in printing, publishing and the distribution of books, the scope extends to all the graphic arts. The Register's listings linked to specific occupations are also brought together in one or more of 100 entries in an Index of Occupations. Institutions - libraries, museums, societies, book depositories, etc. - and periodicals are separately listed as well. [Book # 40525] The Caxton Club was founded in Chicago in January 1895 by fifteen bibliophiles. Its objective was the “literary study and promotion of the arts pertaining to the production of books” and “the occasional publishing of books designed to illustrate, promote and encourage these arts.” One century later, the Club remains dedicated to this objective. It brings together a community of individuals who share the love of books and provides them a forum to educate one another on their content and design; and about the joys of reading them. In addition, their activities and existence have contributed a significant chapter to the history of book collecting in America with its changing tastes and the evolution of fine printing and fine binding over 100 years in Chicago. Caxton Club historian, Frank J. Piehl, offers a taste of the artistic, intellectual and literary atmosphere of Chicago from which the Caxton Club merged. According to Piehl, early bibliophiles concerned themselves not only with a book’s contents, but also with the physical aspects of a book. In its 100 years, the Club has published 60 books that are distinguished by their content and design. Nineteen are important historical works, sixteen describe the history of printing and bookbindings, seven relate to bibliophiles and book collecting, and the remaining eighteen comprise a miscellany of poetry, literary works, plays, an opera and other items. Anyone who is interested in the history of book collecting, printing and bookbinding will enjoy this work. Designed by Caxtonian Bruce Beck and printed by R.R. Donnelley & Sons, the Caxton Club publishes this history of the Club that includes an up-to-date bibliography of the Club’s publications, as well as biographies of Caxtonians who have contributed prominently to the advancement of the book and the club. Limited to 1,000 numbered and signed copies of which 900 are offered for sale. [Book # 41478] THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE BOOK With a new introduction by Donald Farren by Geoffrey Ashall Glaister Oak Knoll Press: New Castle, 2001; small 4to., paperback; 576 pages. ISBN 9781884718144. $49.95 Paperback edition. With a new introduction by Donald Farren. Reprint of the 2nd edition of 1979. The breadth of this work is remarkable. Encyclopedia contains almost 4,000 terms and definitions used in bookbinding, printing, papermaking and the book trade. Biographical details of printers, authors, bookbinders and bibliophiles are included as well as precise notes on machinery and equipment, famous books, printing societies, book-related organizations, customs of the trade and other related information. This work aims at providing “a reference companion to be constantly available during the study or processes of bookmaking” and is particularly essential for the “bibliophile, apprentice printer and binder, publisher, bookseller, papermaker or librarian.” However, all those involved in the profession or study of books and publishing will find this book indispensable. Encyclopedia is equipped with five appendices, showing type specimens, Latin place names used in the imprints of early-printed books, surveys of contemporary private presses, illustrations of proof correction symbols and a list of the works consulted in the preparation of this book. [Book # 42510]
Simulation of debris flow on an instrumented test slope using an updated Lagrangian continuum particle method Fávero Neto, Alomir H.; Askarinejad, Amin; Springman, Sarah M.; Borja, Ronaldo I. DOI 10.1007/s11440-020-00957-1 Publication date 2020 Document Version Accepted author manuscript Published in Acta Geotechnica Citation (APA) Fávero Neto, A. H., Askarinejad, A., Springman, S. M., & Borja, R. I. (2020). Simulation of debris flow on an instrumented test slope using an updated Lagrangian continuum particle method. Acta Geotechnica, 15(10), 2757-2777. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-020-00957-1 Important note To cite this publication, please use the final published version (if applicable). Please check the document version above. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download, forward or distribute the text or part of it, without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license such as Creative Commons. Takedown policy Please contact us and provide details if you believe this document breaches copyrights. We will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This work is downloaded from Delft University of Technology. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to a maximum of 10. Simulation of debris flow on an instrumented test slope using an updated Lagrangian continuum particle method Alomir H. Fávero Neto\textsuperscript{1} · Amin Askarinejad\textsuperscript{2} · Sarah M. Springman\textsuperscript{3} · Ronaldo I. Borja\textsuperscript{1,} \textsuperscript{1}Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org \textsuperscript{2}Department of Geoscience and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands \textsuperscript{3}Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, Switzerland Summary. We present an updated Lagrangian continuum particle method based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) for simulating debris flow on an instrumented test slope. The site is a deforested area near the village of Ruedlingen, a community in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Artificial rainfall experiments were conducted on the slope that led to failure of the sediment in the form of a debris flow. We develop a 3D mechanistic model for this test slope and conduct numerical simulations of the flow kinematics using an SPH formulation that captures large deformation, material non-linearity, and the complex post-failure movement of the sediment. Two main simulations explore the impact of changes in the mechanical properties of the sediment on the ensuing kinematics of the flow. The first simulation models the sediment as a granular homogeneous material, while the second simulation models the sediment as a heterogeneous material with spatially varying cohesion. The variable cohesion is meant to represent the effects of root reinforcement from vegetation. By comparing the numerical solutions with the observed failure surfaces and final free-surface geometries of the debris deposit, as well as with the observed flow velocity, duration of flow, and hotspots of strain concentration, we provide insights into the accuracy and robustness of the SPH framework for modeling debris flow. 1 Introduction The past decades have seen significant development in computational methods for problems in fracture mechanics, damage modeling, strain localization, and unsaturated soil mechanics. For this type of problems, the finite element method remains the preferred computational platform [35, 43, 52, 53, 62, 73, 75], even as a number of continuum particle methods have also emerged as viable alternatives in recent years [35, 58–60, 62]. However, when it comes to debris flow modeling, where the motion is so chaotic that element connectivity is difficult to impose, the finite element method may not be an appropriate platform to use, since it suffers from severe mesh distortion that impacts on its accuracy and overall performance. For this type of problem, continuum particle methods may have some distinct advantages in that they do not rely on element connectivity, and thus, they serve as more natural alternatives to the finite element method. This paper addresses the modeling of landslides and debris flows, which are geologic hazards that occur in many parts of the world. Each year, numerous lives and millions of dollars in property damage have been lost as a result of these phenomena. Despite considerable advances in modeling the initiation of landslides [10–12, 44], predicting the ensuing debris flows and their aftermath remains elusive. Over the years, theoretical models and computational simulation tools have been developed for modeling debris flows [30, 44, 66]. As noted earlier, continuum-based particle methods such as the material point method [5, 27, 64], reproducing kernel particle method [23, 56], peridynamics [34], and the smoothed particle hydrodynamics [16–19, 22, 28, 29, 32, 37, 38, 45–49, 74] are preferable techniques because they can accommodate very large deformations and do not suffer from severe mesh distortion. Discrete element methods (DEM) share the same desirable features [20, 24, 31, 33, 54, 67, 68, 72]; however, they lack scalability to problems larger than laboratory sizes. Regardless of the computational platform, a theoretical formulation based on an objective stress rate must be employed in the finite deformation range. Currently, a majority of the computational frameworks for finite deformation analysis still employ the classical hypoelastic formulation in which either the Jaumann stress rate or (less frequently) the Green-Naghdi stress rate is used [8]. Such formulations need to address the lingering concern that there may not be a unique stress rate, and so, two or more solutions could be obtained for the same boundary-value problem. Furthermore, the stress-point integration algorithms available for this class of stress rates are not compatible with the implicit return mapping algorithm that is now widely used in computational plasticity [8, 55]. An alternative to the classical hypoelastic formulation is a hyperelastic formulation, which completely bypasses the need to define an objective stress rate. The latter framework can be combined with plasticity theory, as demonstrated in References [7, 9, 13, 15, 61], and recently in the context of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) technique by Fávero Neto and Borja [26], who employed hyper-elastoplasticity with a multiplicative split of the deformation gradient [39, 41, 71], to model granular flow. In the latter formulation, the kinematical relationships are expressed either in updated or total Lagrangian form, which makes it suitable for solid deformation characterization that requires a material description. We should note that Lagrangian SPH kernels had been proposed and studied in the past [6, 50, 69, 70]; however, this was the first time they were applied within the context of the SPH method to simulate granular flows. In the SPH method, continuum material properties and state variables are stored in the memory of the particles, and are continuously updated at each time step to reflect not only their own state of deformation but also the changing configurations of their nearest-neighbor particles. Fávero Neto and Borja [26] validated their model against laboratory test data on dry granular flows, including data from column collapse tests and inclined flume tests on dry sand. This paper takes one step further and showcases the robustness of the aforementioned SPH technique for capturing the kinematics of water-saturated debris flow resulting from the failure of an instrumented test slope in Ruedlingen, Switzerland. The analyses presented in this paper are unique in that the test slope was full-scale in size and not laboratory-size, and that the sediment that failed was nearly saturated and not dry. A total stress analysis is employed assuming the sediment to be a cohesive-frictional material deforming at a constant volume. As for the cohesion of the material, it was taken as the likely effect of partial saturation and root reinforcement from trees and other forms of vegetation at the test site. The Ruedlingen test slope is one of very few extensively instrumented test slopes that failed as a debris flow, and provides an invaluable dataset against which any debris flow model may be validated. Quantitative validation of an SPH model at the field scale, which is very rare in the literature, is the main contribution of this work. 2 Governing equations We briefly summarize the governing equations for the problem at hand. For a more detailed account of the large deformation SPH framework in Lagrangian form, the reader is referred to Fávero Neto and Borja [26] and references therein. Let $\mathcal{B}$ denote the problem domain bounded by the surface $\partial \mathcal{B} = \overline{\partial \mathcal{B}_v} \cup \overline{\partial \mathcal{B}_t}$, where the overline denotes a closure, with $\partial \mathcal{B}_v \cap \partial \mathcal{B}_t = \emptyset$. The strong form of the boundary-value problem is given by \begin{align} \frac{1}{\rho_0} \text{DIV}(\boldsymbol{P}) + \boldsymbol{g} &= \boldsymbol{a} & \text{in } \mathcal{B} \times t \\ \boldsymbol{v} &= \bar{\boldsymbol{v}} & \text{on } \partial \mathcal{B}_v \times t \\ \boldsymbol{P} \cdot \boldsymbol{N} &= \boldsymbol{t}_0 & \text{on } \partial \mathcal{B}_t \times t \end{align} subject to initial conditions $\boldsymbol{u} = \boldsymbol{u}_0$, $\boldsymbol{v} = \boldsymbol{v}_0$, and $\boldsymbol{a} = \boldsymbol{a}_0$ at $t = 0$. Here, $\boldsymbol{P}$ is the first Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor, $\boldsymbol{N}$ is the outward unit normal vector to $\partial \mathcal{B}_t$ in the reference configuration, DIV is the Lagrangian divergence operator, $\rho_0$ is the pull-back mass density in the reference configuration, $\boldsymbol{g}$ is the gravity acceleration vector, $ \mathbf{u}, \mathbf{v}, $ and $ \mathbf{a} $ are the particle displacement, velocity, and acceleration, respectively, and $ t $ is time. Fávero Neto and Borja [26] presented an SPH discrete operator to calculate the relative deformation gradient tensor for particle $ i $, denoted herein by the symbol $ \langle f \rangle_i $. The expression takes the form \[ \langle f \rangle_{i,n+1} = \sum_{j=1}^{N} \frac{m_j}{\rho_{j,n}} (\Delta \mathbf{u}_{j,n+1} - \Delta \mathbf{u}_{i,n+1}) \otimes \nabla_n W_{ij} + 1, \] (4) where $ W $ is the kernel function, $ m_j $ and $ \rho_j $ are the total mass and mass density of particle $ j $, respectively, $ \Delta \mathbf{u}_i $ is the incremental displacement of particle $ i $, and $ \nabla_n $ is the gradient operator taken with respect to the configuration at time $ t_n $. For a given constitutive relationship, the relative deformation gradient is used to update the symmetric Kirchhoff stress tensor $ \tau $ using a multiplicative plasticity algorithm that preserves the return mapping scheme of the infinitesimal theory [55]. From the calculated stresses, the acceleration at time $ t_{n+1} $ may be obtained using Newton’s second law. Employing SPH averaging, we get \[ \mathbf{a}_{i,n+1} \equiv \left\langle \frac{d\mathbf{v}}{dt} \right\rangle_{i,n+1} = \sum_{j=1}^{N} m_j \frac{(\mathbf{P}_{i,n+1} + \mathbf{P}_{j,n+1})}{\rho_{i,n}\rho_{j,n}} \cdot \nabla_n W + \mathbf{g}_i. \] (5) Furthermore, the mass density can be updated through the kinematic relationship \[ \rho_{i,n+1} = \frac{\rho_{i,n}}{\overline{J}_{i,n+1}}, \] (6) in which $ \overline{J} $ is the Jacobian of the relative deformation gradient. The constitutive relationship is provided by a hyperelastic-perfectly plastic non-associative Drucker-Prager model. The elastic stored energy function is given by the Henky model \[ \Psi = \frac{1}{2} K \ln(J_e)^2 + \mu \\|e^e\\|^2, \] (7) where $ K $ and $ \mu $ are the elastic bulk and shear moduli, respectively, $ J_e $ is the Jacobian of the elastic deformation gradient tensor, and $ e^e $ is the deviatoric part of the logarithmic elastic principal stretches. The yield criterion is given by \[ \mathcal{F} = \sqrt{3/2} \\|s\\| + \alpha_\phi p - \kappa \leq 0, \] (8) where $ s $ is the deviatoric part of the symmetric Kirchhoff stress tensor $ \tau $, $ p = \text{tr}(\tau)/3 $, and $ \alpha_\phi $ and $ \kappa $ are Drucker-Prager material parameters related to the internal friction angle $ \phi $ and cohesion $ c $ of the Mohr-Coulomb model, respectively. The relevant expressions relating these parameters are given in [8]. For non-associative flow rule with a deviatoric plastic flow, the plastic potential $ Q $ may be written as \[ Q = \sqrt{3/2} \\|s\\| + \alpha_\phi p - \kappa - \lambda \mathcal{F}, \] (9) \[ Q = \sqrt{3/2} \\|s\\| + \alpha_\psi p, \] (9) where $ \alpha_\psi $ is the Drucker-Prager parameter associated with the soil’s dilation angle $ \psi $. The relevant expressions for the Drucker-Prager parameters $ \alpha_\phi $, $ \alpha_\psi $, and $ \kappa $ are given in [8]. We note that the Mohr-Coulomb parameters $ \phi $ and $ c $ are interpreted herein as total stress parameters. In principle, $ \phi $ must be zero under fully undrained condition and complete saturation; however, a non-zero value of the friction angle could develop if the sediment is not fully saturated [14], such as in Ruedlingen where suction stresses were noted. Furthermore, partial drainage could occur in the sediment as it slows down and comes to a stop, thus further mobilizing the friction angle. Finally, as discussed previously and elaborated further in subsequent sections, the value of cohesion may be attributed to the presence of suction stresses and root reinforcements particularly from deforested trees. For the Ruedlingen site, the root reinforcements from those trees are a great source of heterogeneity that could give rise to a spatially varying sediment cohesion. ### 3 The Ruedlingen test slope The Ruedlingen test slope is located in northern Switzerland on the bank of the Rhine River, with an elevation of 350 m above sea level. In March 2009, artificial rainfall experiments culminated in failure of the slope in the form of a debris flow. Prior to this failure, extensive instrumentation was installed at the site to measure hydrological and geomechanical properties of the slope sediment during both natural and artificial rainfall. Instruments installed at the site included tensiometers, time domain reflectometers [36], piezometers, slope deformation sensors [2], and earth pressure cells, among others. Before the instrumentation was placed and the experiments could begin, a slope area of approximately 350 m$^2$ was deforested, and roots were severed around the perimeter at the test site prior to the rainfall experiments that caused the debris flow of March, 2009 [4]. High resolution photogrammetric cameras were also placed at strategic positions to capture and monitor the movement of the sediment. Needless to say, this slope provides invaluable datasets for the study and analysis of a natural slope that failed as a debris flow. In what follows, we provide detailed characterizations of the slope that are relevant for modeling the failure processes. #### 3.1 Geological characterization The geological formation in the Ruedlingen area consists predominantly of sedimentary rock, or molasse, which could be confirmed by visual inspection in boreholes and outcrops near the test site [3]. The molasse was composed of alternating layers of fine-grained sandstone and marlstone, which indicate alternating geomorphological processes of deposition. These processes, in turn, resulted in differential mechanical properties for each layer. Atop the bedrock, the soil horizon is composed mainly of silty sand mixtures with stone eroded from earlier superficial landslides as well as originating from natural weathering of the underlying sedimentary rock. The sediment-bedrock interface was determined through a series of tests employing the dynamic probing light (DPL) method. These tests were conducted every 2 m, and the criterion for determining whether the bedrock was reached was set to 30 blows per 10 cm of penetration [3]. It was found that the depths of the bedrock top ranged from 0.5 m to over 5 m, and that the right-hand side (RHS) section of the bedrock top was shallower on average than the left-hand side (LHS) section. However, inspection of the sediment after the debris flow of March 2009 showed that intact pieces of the bedrock were present in the sediment at shallower depths, which could have hindered an accurate measurement of the bedrock depth [3, 4]. Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of the sediment profiles where the DPL tests were conducted. The LHS section includes points labeled P1, P2, and M1, while the RHS includes the points P3, P4, and M2 shown in Figure 1. ![Fig. 1: DPL test results and location. Data after Askarinejad [3].](image) ### 3.2 Sediment characterization Based on correlations between results of the DPL tests and the standard penetration tests, Askarinejad [3] concluded that the sediment at the site was very loose near the surface and medium-dense near the bedrock. Six test pits were excavated around the slope area where disturbed and undisturbed sediment samples were collected and tested in the laboratory to determine their geomechanical properties. Among the tests performed were grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, shear strength, and compaction tests. The results of grain size distribution tests showed that 60% of the sediment is composed of medium to fine sand, 35% silt, and less than 5% is of clay fraction. This composition rendered an average liquid limit of 27%, and a plastic limit of 20%. According to the USCS classification, the sediment at Ruedlingen can be classified as a low plasticity silty sand (SM-ML). Constant shear undrained (CSU) and drained (CSD) triaxial tests [63] were conducted on undisturbed and disturbed samples in loose and compacted states. Skewed-barrel failure patterns were generally observed, with shear bands forming at approximately $62^\circ$ with respect to the horizontal. Internal critical friction angles of $\phi_c = 34^\circ$ for the CSU tests, and $\phi_c = 32.5^\circ$ for the CSD tests were determined [3]. Values of internal friction angle as high as $\phi_c = 35^\circ$ were also observed [21]. Standard and modified Proctor tests yielded maximum dry unit weights of 16.35 kN/m$^3$ and 18.50 kN/m$^3$, respectively. Similar tests on reconstituted sediment samples yielded minimum and maximum dry unit weights of 12.50 kN/m$^3$ and 15.30 kN/m$^3$, respectively. Natural samples from Ruedlingen were measured to have a mean void ratio of 1.0, a natural unit weight of 16.33 kN/m$^3$, and dry unit weights varying from 11.85 kN/m$^3$ to 13.77 kN/m$^3$. ### 3.3 Influence of vegetation Three types of vegetation have been identified to be present in the test slope area: trees, shrubs, and herbs [3]. This vegetation formed a network of roots that helped stabilize the slope, by virtue of mechanical reinforcement (i.e., pull-out resistance), and through increased matric suction in the sediment [65]. Lateral root cohesion and root reinforcement were investigated by Schwarz [51], by measuring the pull-out force as a function of root diameter. He found out that roots larger than 1–2 mm in diameter mobilized full friction and would break instead of slip when pulled, generating an estimated frictional stress of 5 kPa. Furthermore, based on his results he created a root reinforcement map of the added shear strength to the sediment in the form of additional cohesion. As can be seen from Figure 2, the added root cohesion varies from 1 kPa to as high as 90 kPa. Based on the work of Schwarz [51], Askarinejad [3] also considered two different mechanisms of added strength due to the network of roots. The first mechanism, called lateral root cohesion, was considered to be the shear strength added to the slope perimeter and is attributed to the shallower roots up to a depth of 0.3 m below the surface. This added reinforcement is estimated to be equivalent to a cohesion of 4 kPa. The second mechanism, root reinforcement, is based on the map of Figure 2 and could extend to the bedrock. This added resistance is due to the deeper roots of trees that were cut. The importance of root reinforcement cannot be overstated. In fact, the presence of roots was considered to be one of the main reasons why the slope remained stable for so many years despite the numerous intense rainfalls it has experienced in the past. Failure was triggered after lateral root cohesion was diminished by severing them at the boundaries of the test site, and upon intensification of the rainfall experiments that led to saturation. 3.4 Slope description The deforested Ruedlingen hillside slope had an average inclination of $38^\circ$, with minimum and maximum inclinations of $35^\circ$ and $42^\circ$, respectively. The upper part of the slope was concave, while from its midsection downwards, the slope was slightly convex. Topographic measurements were performed at the locations of every instrument on the slope, as well as at pits and boreholes, trees, and other landmarks in the area. Figure 3 shows the locations of these measurement points, which were used to generate a three-dimensional model of the slope surface as well as the bedrock (from DPL points, boreholes and pits). From the above information, a 3D model of the sediment layer and bedrock top could be generated. 3.5 Slope failure description In the early hours of 17 March 2009, approximately $130 \text{ m}^3$ of sediment failed and moved down the slope, leaving a failure surface approximately $17 \text{ m}$ long and $7 \text{ m}$ wide across the hillside, with a total area of $120 \text{ m}^2$ (or a horizontal projection of $97 \text{ m}^2$), and average depth of $1.09 \text{ m}$ ($1.33 \text{ m}$ for the horizontal projection). All the sediment inside the failure scar was carried down by the flow, and the bedrock was visible. The debris flow lasted approximately $11 \text{ s}$, with maximum runout velocities of around $3.0 \text{ m/s}$, calculated from the high resolution images and videos [3]. Figure 4 shows the location of the failure scar inside the horizontal projection of the test site. Between October 2008 and March 2009, intense precipitations occurred at the site but the slope remained stable. However, following heavy rains in March 2009, the superficial roots were severed around the instrumented site, and the artificial rainfall experiment resumed on 16 March 2009, continuing until the slope failed the next day [3]. Some hours before the slope failed, continuous monitoring of the inclinometers detected the formation of a shear band approximately $80 \text{ cm}$ below the surface of the upper right quadrant of the slope [1]. Photogrammetric cameras recorded the formation of a tension crack also on the upper right part of the slope. This crack widened and spread to the LHS of the field, after which, sliding took place and accelerated in a step-wise fashion. The entire mass of sediment went downwards and was channeled to the RHS by tree stumps, eventually coming to rest in front of the flexible barrier at the bottom of the slope. Data provided by the slope deformation sensors from the ensuing moments before failure showed that movements on the RHS were faster than on the LHS, which was attributed to shallower sediment and less root reinforcement in that area [3, 57]. Furthermore, data showed that failure developed at around 1.3 m below the surface on the RHS and propagated horizontally to the LHS at a similar depth. Measured values of pore water pressure, before and during the failure, indicated that suction decreased from around 5 kPa to an average of 0.7 kPa in the upper part of the slope, while the lower parts of the slope remained unsaturated up to depths of 50 cm to 90 cm, with negative pore pressure magnitudes as high as 2 kPa. Table 1 summarizes the information presented above. 4 SPH model and simulation setup We now generate a 3D model of the Ruedlingen test slope using the topographic data and mechanical properties of the sediment described in the previous sections. First, we create a 3D terrain model of the slope that later serves as the basis for the creation of SPH particles. We perform two main simulations to explore the impact of changes in the mechanical properties of the sediment on the ensuing kinematics and movement. In the first simulation, herein referred to as F1, we model the sediment as a cohesionless homogeneous material, where the absence of cohesion is based on the assumption that the sediment was fully saturated and that no root reinforcement existed within the sediment. In the second simulation, called F2, we consider the sediment as a heterogeneous material with spatially varying cohesion, where the variable cohesion is meant to represent the effects of root reinforcement and capillary Table 1: Summary of data related to Ruedlingen test slope. \| Property \| Value \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|------------------------------\| \| Failure date \| 17 March 2009 \| \| Altitude \| 350 m \| \| Test area \| 262.5 m² \| \| Slope inclination range (average) \| 35° to 42° (38°) \| \| Bedrock geology \| sandstone/marlstone \| \| Soil classification \| silty sand (SM) \| \| Sediment depth range \| 0.5 m to over 5.0 m \| \| Liquid limit of the fines \| 27% \| \| Plastic limit of the fines \| 20% \| \| Critical state friction angle range \| 32° to 34° \| \| Dilatancy angle \| 0° \| \| Bulk modulus \| 17,000 kPa \| \| Shear modulus \| 7,900 kPa \| \| Average unit weight \| 15.2 kN/m³ \| \| Root cohesion reinforcement range \| 1 kPa to 90 kPa () \| \| Failure area \| 119 m² \| \| Average failure depth \| 1.09 m \| \| Failure volume \| approx 130 m³ \| \| Estimated runout velocity \| 3.0 m/s \| \| Matric suction at failure \| ≤ 0.7 kPa \| () Based on lateral root pulling resistance [51]. stresses. The cohesion provided by the presence of roots was found to be significant by Schwarz [51] and Askarinejad [3], and was thought to be the main stabilizing factor during previous stretches of heavy rainfall when the slope remained stable. We assess the quality of our model and the proposed framework both qualitatively and quantitatively. In terms of qualitative assessment, Askarinejad [1, 3] provides a thorough account of the sequence of events that took place during the failure stage at Ruedlingen, which serves as a basis for comparison with the simulated overall mechanism of failure. In terms of quantitative assessment, the main measurements include the location, area, and volume of displaced sediment; the maximum and average runout velocities; the final depositional configuration in terms of location and shape of the deposit; and the duration of the flow. Figure 5 shows the CAD model developed for the slope containing the sediment and boundary solid objects [25]. The figure also displays the position of a net used to contain the sediment from an eventual debris flow. This flexible barrier was installed at the site to avoid damage or blockage of a service road located at the toe of the slope (not shown in the 3D representation). Using this CAD model and a pipeline that includes generating a regular grid of points and extracting those intersecting with the solids to determine the SPH particles representing the sediment, bedrock, and barrier, we obtain the SPH model shown in Figure 6. The readers are referred to Fávero Neto [25] for further details of this pipeline. The model shown in Figure 6 has a total of 587,508 particles, divided into 387,792 sediment particles, 195,870 bedrock particles, and 3,846 protection net (barrier) particles. The overall dimensions of the model are $34 \text{ m} \times 17.75 \text{ m}$ in planar projection, with a maximum elevation of 30.25 m. These dimensions comprise an area of approximately 500 m$^2$, and a total volume of 757.0 m$^3$ of sediment, which is roughly 1.42 times the area, and twice the volume of the deforested test site. The initial distance between particles was set to $\Delta x = 0.125 \text{ m}$, giving each particle the same mass and initial volume of approximately $1.95 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}^3$. The initial distance between particles was chosen based on the results of a sensitivity analysis previously conducted by the authors, and corresponds to the more refined particle distribution [26]. Before performing Simulations F1 and F2, we performed a setup simulation to initialize the stresses with the slope under natural, unsaturated conditions. The setup simulation is an essential part of the other two simulations, since the kinematics of failure are dependent on the history of stress and deformation in geomaterials. Some insights into the stability of the slope prior to the ensuing debris flow can also be gained from this simulation. Sediment properties for this simulation are summarized in Table 2. For the setup simulation, the particles initially at rest were subjected to a body force (gravity) applied downwards in the $z$-direction. Gravity acceleration was increased gradually from zero to 9.81 m/s$^2$ over 1000 steps to Fig. 6: SPH particle model for the Ruedlingen slope. Table 2: Sediment properties for the setup simulation. \| Property \| Value \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|----------------\| \| Internal friction angle, $\phi$ \| $34^\circ$ \| \| Cohesion, $c$ \| 5 kPa \| \| Bulk modulus, $K$ \| 17,000 kPa \| \| Shear modulus, $G$ \| 7,846 kPa \| \| Unit weight, $\gamma$ \| 15.0 kN/m$^3$ \| \| Monaghan artificial viscosity, $\alpha$ \| 0.2 \| \| Monaghan artificial viscosity, $\beta$ \| 0.4 \| \| Numerical sound speed, $c_{s0}$ \| 105 m/s \| \| Initial particle distance, $\Delta x$ \| 0.125 m \| \| Smoothing length, $h$ \| 0.1875 m \| avoid numerical instabilities. The total simulation spanned over 2000 steps of $\Delta t = 0.0003$ s each, with final time $t = 0.6$ s. For this and all subsequent simulations, the smoothing length coefficient was set at $k_h = 1.5$, which resulted in a smoothing length $h = 0.1875$ m, providing a good balance between accuracy and computing time. These numbers were based on previous parametric studies conducted by the authors [26]. Since the sediment is not expected to deform significantly during the gravity loading phase, the dilation angle does not play a significant role in the calculations, and is thus set equal to zero. Furthermore, for all the remaining simulations the dilation angle was also set to zero, in agreement with the plastic potential function of Equation (9) and is a common practice when simulating debris flows [18, 26, 28, 45, 49]. The states of stress and elastic deformation, as well as densities and positions of the particles generated from the setup simulation were used as input for Simulations F1 and F2. For Simulation F1, we kept the same parameters as in the setup simulation, but reduced the cohesion to accommodate partial saturation after the rainfall experiments. Hence, sediment was assumed to be homogeneous with $\phi_c = 34^\circ$ and $c = 0$, and with only the gravity load acting on the slope. The entire simulation lasted approximately $t = 20$ s of solution time. For Simulation F2, we utilized the same parameters except we increased the cohesion. The spatial variability of cohesion was based on the root reinforcement map of Schwarz [51] shown in Figure 2, and applied throughout the sediment depth. Figure 7 shows the SPH model for this simulation, where colors of the particles indicate their local cohesion. In this figure, the dark-blue area is cohesionless, while the light-blue area corresponds to a constant cohesion of $c = 0.7$ kPa. The white areas coincide with the locations of larger tree roots, and were modeled with $c = 2$ kPa. It is worth mentioning that the decrease of soil strength (cohesion) to initiate failure in both simulations is a natural consequence of the loss of suction in a soil that was initially partially saturated. This corresponds to a cohesion softening [8], which is a realistic representation of the loss of strength due to increased saturation [61]. ![Particle cohesion for simulation with root reinforcement, based on the work of Schwarz [51] and Figure 2. Dashed line = position of failure scar; red area = flexible barrier.](image) Fig. 7: Particle cohesion for simulation with root reinforcement, based on the work of Schwarz [51] and Figure 2. Dashed line = position of failure scar; red area = flexible barrier. In all simulations, both bedrock and barrier particles representing the solid boundaries were given the same properties as those of the sediment particles. However, as described by Fávero Neto and Borja [26], boundary properties do not evolve in time. Furthermore, the only boundary properties that have an impact on the sediment particles are density and mass, but they were held constant throughout the simulation. Numerical viscosity was also added to the problem using the standard Monaghan artificial viscosity [42], with parameters $\alpha = 0.2$ and $\beta = 0.4$. Finally, the variant of dynamic boundary condition presented by Fávero Neto and Borja [26] was used in all the simulations to prevent boundary penetration. 5 Debris flow with homogeneous sediment In order to better illustrate and compare the results of Simulations F1 and F2, we selected three longitudinal and four transversal cross sections to plot the relevant results, see Figure 8. Two longitudinal cross sections were chosen on the left-hand side (LHS) and right-hand side (RHS) of the failure surface, and joined by a third section on the centerline (CENTER) of the slope. The transversal cross sections correspond to the TOP, MIDDLE, and BOTTOM portions of the failure zone surveyed at the Ruedlingen site, while the fourth section is adjacent to the BARRIER. Figure 8 shows the alignments of all cross sections on the Ruedlingen slope model. Note that they were all selected to be parallel (transversal) or perpendicular (longitudinal) to the barrier. For reference, the observed failure scar is also indicated in this figure. Fig. 8: Longitudinal (LHS, CENTER, RHS) and transversal (TOP, MIDDLE, BOTTOM, BARRIER) cross sections of the Ruedlingen slope. As noted earlier, the setup simulation involves application of gravity load to the sediment, modeled herein as an unsaturated soil, allowing the particles to reach a state of equilibrium. An equilibrium state furnishes the initial stresses and deformations, as well as provides the equilibrium positions and densities for each particle in the SPH model. Figure 9 presents some of the results used as input into Simulations F1 and F2, evaluated at a longitudinal section at the center of the Ruedlingen slope. Results from the setup simulation demonstrate that no significant plastic deformation developed after full application of the gravity load, which implies that the slope was stable in the natural unsaturated condition. In order to trigger instability in the slope for Simulation F1, the apparent cohesion was instantaneously reduced to zero throughout the slope to simulate a reduction in the matric suction due to saturation, while ignoring the effect of root reinforcement. The following subsections present the results of this simulation. 5.1 Quantification of mobilized sediment We first investigate the scenario in which the cohesion $c$ was reduced to zero throughout the sediment domain. To this end, we ran the entire simulation for about $t = 20$ s of solution time to fully capture the failure processes up until the moment when the transported sediment achieved static equilibrium at the bottom of the slope. In what follows, we quantify the mobilized area and volume, and analyze the final configuration of the sediment deposit. Figure 10 compares the debris flow zone obtained from the numerical simulation with the one surveyed at the Ruedlingen test site [3]. As shown in this figure, the calculated debris flow zone is more widespread than the one observed in the field – the entire upper portion of the slope mobilized to a certain extent. The failure contour in the simulation comprises an area of approximately $201 \text{ m}^2$, as opposed to $119 \text{ m}^2$ surveyed at the slope site. The discrepancies between the calculated and field results may be attributed to two main causes: (1) the sediment in the field is in fact non-homogeneous with the cohesion varying spatially due to root reinforcement and matric suction, and (2) the mechanical model did not accurately capture the boundary condition at the bedrock-sediment interface. ![Comparison of actual failure scar and scar predicted by simulation F1.](image) As mentioned before, the sediment at the Ruedlingen test slope had considerable lateral root reinforcement especially around the edges, and in the uppermost and lower portions of the slope. Furthermore, the real conditions at the onset of failure were far from being homogeneous, with excess pore-water pressures concentrated in the upper portion of the slope. The fact that parts of the slope were not fully saturated implies the presence of suction stresses, which, along with root reinforcement, would increase the strength of sediment in those areas. This heterogeneity was not taken into account in the simulation. Regarding the sediment-bedrock interface, it has been reported by Askarinejad [3] that the bedrock surface determined by DPL tests might have been inaccurate as unweathered rock fragments had been discovered inside the mobilized sediment at post-failure. This could have significant implications for the failure patterns observed in the field. Furthermore, in order to create a perfect enclosure for the sediment particles in the simulation, the bedrock was extended all the way to the surface along the model perimeter, creating tapered layers of sediments with their bases sloping inwards. This is not an ideal situation that could have led to unstable sediment in these areas, especially at the upper portion of the slope where inclinations were greater compared to those at the bottom of the slope. Obviously, the assumption of homogeneous sediment properties and the simplified bedrock topography led to a more widespread mobilization of the failed sediment especially in the upper portion of the slope. Nonetheless, even with these limitations, the kinematics and other quantitative results are in good agreement with the measurements at the site, as elaborated further in what follows. The volume of sediment mobilized during the debris flow at Ruedlingen was measured to be approximately 130 m$^3$ (Table 1). In our simulation, the mobilized volume was calculated to be around 190 m$^3$ based on the initial volumes of the particles under the projection of the failure zone. This gives an error of 46%. Using yet another approach, where we calculated the final displacements of all particles and considered only those that displaced more than one kernel radius, $2h$ as part of the mobilized mass, this volume was estimated to be around 61% higher, or 210 m$^3$. However, this last approach is less accurate since the particles near the surface of the flow path are usually dragged along and can easily displace a distance several times greater than $2h$. There were also localized shallow runs of particles in the lower part of the slope that ended up being counted as part of the mobilized volume. This is discussed further when we provide more details on the flow kinematics. Figure 11 shows the sediment configurations at the beginning (light-blue and purple areas) and at the conclusion (pink and purple) of the debris flow for the three longitudinal sections of the slope, as well as the surveyed failure surfaces (dark line) at the site. Figure 12 shows the same information for the transversal cross sections. We see that most of the sediment transported in the SPH calculations originated from the top transversal section of the slope, whereas the geometry of the surveyed failure scar suggested that a significant portion of the transported volume was also derived near the bottom transversal section where the failure surface penetrated deeper into the sediment, albeit over a narrower width. Right in front of the barrier, the shape of the final sediment deposit can only be assessed qualitatively since the actual barrier was a flexible net, whereas the SPH model assumed the barrier to be a rigid wall. A post-failure survey of the debris collected by the flexible barrier is represented by the dark contour shown in Figure 12d. The predicted configuration shows a sediment deposit extending all the way to the top of the barrier, in addition to sediment deposited on the sides of the barrier. These can be attributed in part to the fact that the barrier was assumed to be rigid, and in part to the larger volume of sediment mobilized in the SPH calculations. For reference, Figure 13 shows photographs of the deposited sediment collected by the flexible barrier. It is worth noting that in the photographs shown in Figure 13, it appears as though all the debris was collected by the net and that there was no accumulation of sediment along the runout path. However, the video footage [1] suggested that the tree stumps and the reinforced sediment downslope projected the debris upward and forward at the failure toe, thus altering the Fig. 12: Final configuration of sediment deposit on four transversal sections from Simulation F1. Black outlines represent the failure surface surveyed at the Ruedlingen site. Fig. 13: Photographs of the Ruedlingen slope sediment after the debris flow of 17 March 2009. Note the deformation of the debris that accumulated in front of the barrier. Reproduced from [3]. mechanism of deposition that is not reflected in the photographs of Figure 13. Furthermore, prior to taking these aforementioned photographs, some of the sediment not contained by the net was washed out to avoid any debris from bypassing the net and reaching the service road at the bottom of the slope (Askarinejad, private communication). We should note that whereas the scarp zone may be interpreted to represent a portion of the failure surface, some debris upstream partially filled the failure scar near the bottom of the failure zone. This is evident from Figures 14 and 15, which suggest that the bottom of the failure zone does not necessarily represent the failure surface. To better visualize the failure zone, we make use of the continuum nature of our framework and identify hotspots of deformation, or zones of plastic strain localization. Figures 14 and 15 show these zones at time $t = 0.6$ s, along with the surveyed failure scar at Ruedlingen. For purposes of definition, the strains plotted in these figures are the second invariant of the logarithmic plastic principal strains arising from the multiplicative plasticity formulation. Interestingly, there is better agreement of the surveyed scar at Ruedlingen with the depth and shape of the zones of plastic strain localization than with the calculated free surface at post-failure. It is worth noting that the time $t = 0.6$ s was obtained from simulation F1, and corresponds to the time required to initiate the mobilization of the failure surface. ### 5.2 Kinematics of triggering and runout We use two kinematic features to validate our framework, namely, runout velocity and duration of the flow. Askarinejad and co-workers [3, 4] reported that the maximum runout velocity was approximately 3 m/s and that the flow lasted around 11 s. These results were obtained from photogrammetric measurements and a recording of the debris flow published as the supplementary material of Askarinejad et al. (2018) [1]. Figure 16 shows the calculated average, median, and range of runout velocities of the sediment as functions of time. As can be seen from this figure, Simulation F1 resulted in very similar velocities to those reported by Askarinejad [3], with an average velocity close to 1.6 m/s and maximum velocity of approximately 2.9 m/s. Based on these values, the duration of the flow is estimated to be approximately 10.6 s, which is in very close agreement with the previously reported duration of 11 s. We next assess how well the numerical simulations can identify the hotspots of strain localization and the sequence of failure. Although this is a qualitative comparison, it ensures that the model does capture the most important features of the failure mechanism. For Simulation F1, these features include the sediment depth, bedrock topography, and 3D effects. As pointed out by Askarinejad and co-workers [3, 4], failure initiated near the upper end of the RHS section of the slope. Inclinometer measurements identified the initiation of strain localization at about 80 cm below the surface in that area. An initial crack was then observed on the surface, which later propagated towards the LHS of the slope. Once this transversal crack had formed spanning a sizable part of the slope width, the sediment started to separate along a tension crack/back scarp and shear. Before the motion started, however, slope deformation sensor measurements had captured the propagation of an initial failure zone extending all the way to the LHS section, with a nearly constant depth of 1.30 m below the slope surface. Similar patterns have been observed in our simulation. However, we note that for Simulation F1 there was no localized zone reaching the slope surface on the upper part of the RHS section. Instead, the localized zone extended... parallel to the slope at a depth of approximately 1.25 m below the surface, resembling a shear band. It is important to note that this depth corresponds to the sediment-bedrock interface on the RHS section, and this was the main localized zone that mobilized the sediment. The localized zone then propagated to the LHS of the slope at similar depths between 1.1 m and 1.5 m, and formed the main failure surface for the LHS section. All of these kinematic processes generated a differential acceleration of the slope surface as recorded by the photogrammetric cameras [1]. This is confirmed from plots of the sediment velocities on the LHS and RHS sections at the early stage of failure, i.e., at $t = 1.2$ s. This time $t = 1.2$ s was chosen to coincide with the time simulation F2 took to first mobilize the full failure surface. It is clear from Figure 17 that the sediment on the RHS section accelerated more rapidly than on the LHS section, in agreement with observed field measurements. 6 Debris flow with variable cohesion For Simulation F2, we used the same material parameters as in the previous simulation, but varied the cohesion of the sediment to incorporate the effect Fig. 16: Time series of the runout velocity for Simulation F1. The solid line is the average of the particles on the failure region, dashed line is the median, and the shaded area is the envelope of all velocities. Velocity norm = $\\|v\\|$. of variable root reinforcement. We emphasize that the objective of the simulation was not to capture the exact geometry of the failure scar, since that would take numerous iterations to back-figure the exact spatial distribution of cohesion that leads to the observed failure scar. Instead, the goal was simply to correlate the root reinforcement profile with the failure pattern observed at the Ruedlingen site. To this end, we refer once again to Figure 7, which shows the spatial distribution of cohesion adopted in the model. The central portion of the slope (dark blue area) had no root reinforcement, whereas a transition zone with a baseline cohesion of 700 Pa was included (light blue area). All the remaining parts of the slope had reinforcements of up to 90 kPa [51], but in our model a uniform value of 2 kPa was applied [3]. As before, the entire simulation ran for approximately $t = 20$ s of solution time. 6.1 Quantification of mobilized sediment We begin by analyzing the projected failure area, mobilized volume, and the final sediment deposit calculated by the variable cohesion model. Figure 18 shows the horizontal projection of the simulated failure contour (labeled F2 scar) superimposed with the surveyed failure scar at Ruedlingen. For reference, this figure may be compared with Figure 7 for an assessment of the influence of cohesion on the geometry of the predicted failure scar. The total area of the F2 scar was approximately 174 m$^2$, which is 45% larger than the actual scar but 16% smaller than the F1 scar. Much like in the previous simulation, the sediment in the present simulation moved downwards in a slightly skewed fashion towards the RHS of the slope before coming to rest in front of the barrier. Comparing the results of Simulations F1 and F2, it is now possible to see the influence of the heterogeneous root reinforcement on the shape of the failure scar. From Figure 18, it is evident that the mobilized contour covered a large portion of the area that had no root reinforcement. Failure of the slope started from the upper right portion as a result of the boundary conditions in that region. More importantly, from validation standpoint, the shape of the F2 scar is now much closer to the actual failure scar than was the shape of the F1 scar. In terms of total mobilized volume, approximately 160 m$^3$ was mobilized in Simulation F2, which is within 23% of error from the surveyed deposit at Ruedlingen. Figures 19 and 20 show, respectively, the depositional configurations of the sediment on the longitudinal sections and transversal cross sections at the last time step. From the outset, we observe that the region corresponding to the failure surface surveyed at Ruedlingen (dark line) did not clear itself of sediment, but on the contrary, it was filled with sediment almost to the top. This is due to the effect of added cohesion in the sediment. As the failure advanced, the upper zones with higher cohesion moved over the depressions or cavities left by the sediment with lower cohesion. With the higher cohesion, they decelerated due to a “stick-slip” mechanism with the bedrock and the resistance imposed by the sediment right in front of them. In the end, even though the entire area depicted in Figure 18 had mobilized, the upper sediment had backfilled the depressions left by the lower sediment. A more refined modeling that would have cleared these cavities of backfilled sediment would have involved some form of cohesion softening on the particle response [8], but this was not pursued in the present work. This leads us to an alternative way of validating our solution without the need to introduce cohesion softening into the computational framework, and that is to compare the failure scar at Ruedlingen directly with the zone of localized deformation within the slope [12]. Figures 21 and 22 depict the accumulated plastic strain on the longitudinal sections and transversal cross sections, respectively, at time $t = 1.2$ s (elapsed time until the whole failure surface was first mobilize for Simulation F2). As can be seen from these figures, the failure surfaces agree very well in terms of shape and depth, reaching the bedrock top as observed in the field. Another improvement due to the additional root reinforcement is visible on the debris that accumulated in front of the barrier. Taking a look at Figure 20d, we can see that the amount and shape of the deposit agree very well, with almost no excess sediment reaching the bottom of the slope. 6.2 Kinematics of the triggering and runout Figure 23 shows the time evolution of the runout velocity for Simulation F2. Observe that both the average peak and maximum velocities are very similar to those obtained from Simulation F1, with values of approximately 2 m/s and... 3 m/s, respectively. It is interesting to note that the “stick-slip” mechanism described in the previous section is also reflected in the distribution of velocities. In Figure 16 we can see that the velocity reached its peak mean value of around 2 m/s very quickly after initiation, and remained almost constant over a fairly significant period before slowing down. For Simulation F2, on the other hand, the distribution of velocity over time had two staggered stages. In the first stage, the velocity reached a peak mean value of around 1.5 m/s and remained constant for a while; then the flow accelerated once again, reaching a second peak of approximately 2 m/s. The flow also slowed down at a later time compared to Simulation F1, and had a more pronounced end tail, see Figure 23. In terms of flow duration, the total duration for Simulation F2, was approximately $t = 15$ s. This is 4 s longer than the time measured from the photogrammetric cameras, or a 36% difference. This difference is justified given that the real duration of the flow in the field is estimated using the photogrammetric cameras. However, this is an “external,” visual perspective of failure. Our analysis on the other hand takes into consideration the kinematics of all particles to determine the simulated flow duration. Hence, there is some uncertainty associated with the real duration of the flow and no one-to-one correspondence between real and simulated flow durations. Fig. 20: Final configuration of sediment deposit on four transversal sections from Simulation F2. Black outlines represent the failure surface surveyed at the Ruedlingen site. As a final point, we note that Simulation F2 also recovered the observed failure mechanism at the test slope, except that failure in the form of localized deformation initiated closer to the central portion rather than on the upper RHS of the slope. Failure for Simulation F2 now starts at about 96 cm below the surface, which is in very good agreement with the depth measured by inFig. 22: Accumulated plastic strain at $t = 1.2$ s from Simulation F2. Black outline represents the failure surface surveyed at the Ruedlingen site. Color bar is norm of deviatoric plastic strain. Instrumentation at Ruedlingen, of 80 cm. Figures 21 and 22 show that both the center and RHS sections have localized zones propagating all the way to the surface very early into the flow. However, the highest accumulation of plastic strain was near the bedrock interface for the top section and around 1.3 m below the surface for all transversal sections. This depth is consistent with the slope deformation data recorded at the test site [3]. Furthermore, consistent with the photogrammetric measurements, the flow accelerated differentially, with flow on the RHS accelerating faster than on the LHS. This is demonstrated in Figure 24, which presents the sediment velocities on the LHS and RHS longitudinal sections at $t = 1.2$ s. A summary of the main results for Simulations F1 and F2 is shown in Table 3 alongside field measurements from Ruedlingen for easy comparison. ## 7 Summary and conclusions Quantitative validation of debris flow models against field-scale data is very rare. Most work reported in the literature focused mainly on dry granular flows at the laboratory scale. The Ruedlingen test slope offers invaluable datasets against which any debris flow model may be validated quantitatively. The test Fig. 23: Time series of the runout velocity for Simulation F2. The solid line is the average of the particles in the failure region, dashed line is the median, and the shaded area is the envelope of all velocities. Velocity norm = $\\|v\\|$. Table 3: Summary of the main results for Simulations F1 and F2. \| Data \| Ruedlingen \| Simulation F1 \| Simulation F2 \| \|-------------------------------------------\|------------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| Area mobilized, m$^2$ \| 120.0 \| 200.9 \| 174.3 \| \| Volume mobilized, m$^3$ \| 130.0 \| 190.0 \| 160.0 \| \| Average flow velocity, m/s \| 1.5 \| 1.6 \| 1.1 \| \| Maximum flow velocity, m/s \| 3.0 \| 2.9 \| 3.0 \| \| Time to full mobilization, s \| - \| 0.6 \| 1.2 \| \| Duration, s \| 11.0 \| 10.6 \| 15.0 \| \| Initiation zone \| Upper RHS \| Upper RHS \| Upper Center \| \| Depth of initial shear zone, m \| 0.80 \| 1.25 \| 0.96 \| \| Shear band initiation time, s \| - \| 0.3 \| 0.6 \| \| Average shear band depth, m \| 1.30 \| 1.28 \| 1.12 \| \| Clear failure scar \| Yes \| Partially \| No \| The slope not only covered very irregular topography, but the sediment was also extremely heterogeneous. Failure was triggered by a combination of natural and artificial causes, making the simulations more challenging. But the extensive instrumentation at the site made a detailed analysis of the debris flow processes for this field-scale test slope feasible. Utilizing an updated Lagrangian scheme within the framework of SPH, we have conducted detailed 3D simulations of the debris flow processes for the Ruedlingen test slope. We have investigated, among other factors, the impacts of root reinforcement and complex bedrock and slope topography on the kinematics of progressive failure and runout. In addition to results presented in Table 3, we have also investigated the runout path and final depositional configuration of the sediment at Ruedlingen. The discrepancies noted between predicted and observed final configurations of sediment deposit may be attributed to evolving sediment properties that have not been captured accurately in the simulations. For example, sediment having an initial cohesion due to partial saturation and root reinforcement may lose this cohesion when it becomes saturated and/or when the roots severed. Nevertheless, it is possible to predict the 3D geometry of the failure scar, even without the introduction of cohesion softening, by looking into the geometry of the zone of strain localization. Indeed, the proposed SPH framework predicted zones of strain localization that agree quite well with the geometry of the observed failure scar at Ruedlingen. Despite the encouraging results presented in this work, some aspects of the SPH solution can still be improved. Among them is the simulation of coupled solid deformation-fluid flow processes that could also take place within the sediment undergoing debris flow. Nevertheless, the work presented in this paper is significant in that it offered a unique opportunity to demonstrate how a debris flow model such as ours can be validated quantitatively against slope data at the field scale. Work is currently in progress to incorporate the aforementioned coupled processes within the Lagrangian framework of SPH. Acknowledgements This project was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Award Number CMMI-1462231. The first author acknowledges the financial support of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development of Brazil and the John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center. The experimental part of the research was partially funded by the Competence Centre for Environment and Sustainability (CCES) within the framework of the TRAMM – Project. Additional resources were provided by the ETH Research Fund and EU project SafeLand (EU FP7 grant agreement no. 226479). 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A VIRTUAL GLOBE-BASED MULTI-RESOLUTION TIN SURFACE MODELING AND VISUALIZATION METHOD Xianwei Zheng, Hanjiang Xiong\textsuperscript{1,}, Jianya Gong, Linwei Yue The State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China firstname.lastname@example.org Commission VI, WG VI/4 KEY WORDS: Virtual Globe, High Accuracy, Surface Modeling, TIN pyramid, Virtual Partition ABSTRACT: The integration and visualization of geospatial data on a virtual globe play an significant role in understanding and analysis of the Earth surface processes. However, the current virtual globes always sacrifice the accuracy to ensure the efficiency for global data processing and visualization, which devalue their functionality for scientific applications. In this article, we propose a high-accuracy multi-resolution TIN pyramid construction and visualization method for virtual globe. Firstly, we introduce the cartographic principles to formalize the level of detail (LOD) generation so that the TIN model in each layer is controlled with a data quality standard. A maximum z-tolerance algorithm is then used to iteratively construct the multi-resolution TIN pyramid. Moreover, the extracted landscape features are incorporated into each-layer TIN, thus preserving the topological structure of terrain surface at different levels. In the proposed framework, a virtual node (VN)-based approach is developed to seamlessly partition and discretize each triangulation layer into tiles, which can be organized and stored with a global quad-tree index. Finally, the real time out-of-core spherical terrain rendering is realized on a virtual globe system VirtualWorld1.0. The experimental results showed that the proposed method can achieve an high-fidelity terrain representation, while produce a high quality underlying data that satisfies the demand for scientific analysis. 1. INTRODUCTION Virtual globes play significant role in representing the three-multi-resolution, dimensional (3D) model of the (Gore 1998; Goodchild 2008). Different from the traditional GIS, virtual globes not only can integrate the global geospatial data, but also permit the researchers around the world to share their data and findings, which were more effective at solving scientific problems at a global scale (Yu and Gong 2012). However, the power of existing virtual globes was still restricted to functions as a “geo-browser”, which were weak at geospatial analysis and assessment (Craglia et al. 2012; Yu and Gong 2012). One of the cause is that the virtual globes designers usually sacrifice the accuracy to enable the computational efficiency leading to a badly loss of quality. To extend the capabilities of virtual globes for scientific applications, the quality of data generated by the processing methods and its representation should be specially concerned (Goodchild et al. 2012). As the most fundamental type of geospatial information, terrain data and its processing and visualization formed the base for integrating the heterogeneous geospatial data to render planet, analyse the Earth-related phenomena and display the results in a virtual globe. In the past decades, a number of methods have been proposed for large scale terrain processing and interactive rendering (Pajarola and Gobbetti 2007), which can be grouped into two categories: the Grid-based methods and the TIN-based methods. The Grid-based methods use the regular grid model for terrain representation are usually well adapted to gridded elevation data based on fixed subdivision rules (Pajarola and Gobbetti 2007). Many algorithms have been developed in this category, such as the quad-tree algorithm (Lee and Samet 2000), the CLOUD (Lindstrom et al. 1996) and SOAR algorithm (Lindstrom and Pascucci 2001), and the ROAMing algorithm (Duchaineau et al. 1997). Due to the ease of implementation of out-of-core rendering based on tiled blocks, the Grid-based methods have been widely adopt by current virtual globes. However, the use of regular grid model for terrain representation has many drawbacks. On one hand, the grid geometry is not adaptive to the irregularity of terrain, leading to large data redundancy and large terrain expression distortion (Paredes et al. 2015). When those Earth surface dynamics or related analysis results needed to be precisely displayed and evaluated, it could be failed with a distorted terrain representation. Another significant problem is that the grid terrain model is unable to represent the highly detailed surfaces measured by new sensors and methodologies, such as the LiDAR elevation points (Nebiker et al. 2010). Since the global terrain data are massive, the pre-computation of pyramid layers or level of detail (LOD) and tiling of the data are always necessary for spherical terrain rendering on virtual globes (Christen and Nebiker 2011). For the grid-based virtual globes, the bilinear, spline, and wavelet transform are common methods used for LOD creation (DuYing 2005; Xiang and Zhu 2009). However, their resulting multi-resolution terrain data (elevation grids) always suffer from serious topographic information loss (Yue et al. 2015; Zheng et al. 2016) due to the neglect of the natural characteristics and the context of landscapes. An alternative way for terrain representation is to use the TIN model, which has a more flexible geometric structure. The early examples can be found in the work of Hoppe (1997) and Ribelles et al. (2002), but they were not yet successfully applied in virtual globes due to the high cost at implementation. Researchers also strive to achieve a less costly implementation that is suitable for the virtual globe (Cignoni et al. 2003; Nevertheless, they are not fully TIN based which are still limited to gridded input due to the restriction on models. More recently, Christen and Nebiker (2011) presented a TIN-based approach for processing large scale LiDAR points for virtual globe rendering. However, the real time terrain crack elimination was not considered. Moreover, their LOD generation only depends on the requirement of real time rendering while the data accuracy at different levels are not precisely delimited. The multi-resolution terrain data generated by the current virtual globes are mostly served for fast rendering, which is unable to satisfy the demand for scientific analysis and evaluation. In this study, a new approach is presented for morphological triangulation of large scale regular or irregular elevation dataset for virtual globe visualization and analysis. The approach uses an maximum z-tolerance method to iteratively create the multi-resolution TIN pyramid. The whole TIN pyramid was constructed under the guidance of cartographic principles so that in each layer the LOD generation was formulized with the accuracy standards. To preserve the topological structures of landscape at different level, the break lines were extracted and incorporated into the TIN model. Moreover, the TIN in each layer could be seamlessly partitioned and tiled with the global quad-tree structure, so that an efficient out-of-core spherical terrain rendering can be realized. 2. MORPHOLOGICALLY MODELING OF MULTI-RESOLUTION TIN SURFACE 2.1 Maximum z-tolerance method A great number of achievements have been gained for the generation of multi-resolution adaptive terrain representation using the TINs (Garland 1999; De Floriani et al. 2005; Chen and Zhou 2013). In the previous works, the maximum z-tolerance method was proved to be optimized to produce surface with a minimum number of points for a given error measurement (Garland and Heckbert 1997). It features a iterative process starting with an initial triangulation (usually two triangles for grid DEMs), and then recursively inserts point of highest error to a current approximation, until no points remains with higher error than a given tolerance. Based on this iterative process, any type of data used input, a hierarchical triangulation can be finally produced. It is to be pointed that the maximum z-tolerance algorithm alone is inadequate because it discards the continuous linear patterns of the natural landscapes. Therefore, a hybrid method developed in our previous work (Zheng et.al. 2015) is then utilized to extracted the topologically correct drainage lines and incorporated into the triangulation to construct a drainage-constraint TIN in each layer. 2.2 Multi-resolution TIN pyramid construction The requirement for data quality usually depends on the scale of applications (Zhou and Chen 2011). To enable the multi-resolution pyramid data for scientific analysis, the accuracy in different layers should match their spatial scale. For traditional raster pyramid, the resolution of the image grids at different layers implicitly describes their LOD or spatial scale. However, the resolution of TINs is not fixed. When constructing the TIN pyramid, we need to determine the LOD (degree of simplification) for a specific layer. In this study, we employ the cartographic principles to formulize the LOD generation of TIN modeling. The main two indexes for controlling data quality at different spatial scale are maximum elevation error ($E_{\text{max}}$) and the root mean square error (RMSE), which have been widely used as the data quality standard for cartographical mapping (Zhou and Chen 2011). For mapping at different scales, the permitted RMSE, $E_{\text{max}}$, and the corresponding spatial resolution are usually specified out by surveying and mapping agencies (State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping 2001). It has been found that the two variable RMSE and $E_{\text{max}}$ has a high coherence (Zhou and Chen 2011). Therefore, only the permitted $E_{\text{max}}$ is used as the scale variable to control the LOD generation. Moreover, according to State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (2001), the permitted $E_{\text{max}}$ and spatial resolution $D_r'$ has a relation as follows: $$\frac{E_{\text{max}}}{D_r'} = \frac{4}{5}$$ \hspace{1cm} (1) Based on the above analysis, the main procedure of the multi-resolution TIN pyramid construction process are as follows: (1) Initialization. In a typical virtual globe tile system, the top level in the pyramid usually covers the whole earth surface with 2 basic tiles (or can be varied), and tiles for the rest levels is based on a recursive quad-tree subdivision of the top basic tiles. Thus, given an elevation dataset with a spherical resolution $D_c$ (along the longitude direction), the level of the bottom layer $L_{\text{bottom}}$ in the pyramid is determined: $$L_{\text{bottom}} = \begin{cases} n & \left( \left\| D_c - \frac{D_{\text{top}}}{2^n} \right\| \leq \left\| D_c - \frac{D_{\text{top}}}{2^{n+1}} \right\|, \frac{D_{\text{top}}}{2^n} < D_c < \frac{D_{\text{top}}}{2^{n+1}} \right) \\ n+1 & \left( \left\| D_c - \frac{D_{\text{top}}}{2^n} \right\| > \left\| D_c - \frac{D_{\text{top}}}{2^{n+1}} \right\|, \frac{D_{\text{top}}}{2^n} < D_c < \frac{D_{\text{top}}}{2^{n+1}} \right) \end{cases}$$ \hspace{1cm} (2) Where $D_{\text{top}} = 360 / (nRootCountX \times 256)$, $nRootCountX$ is the number of top tiles along the longitude direction, and $n$ is the level of the bottom layer. For a standard pyramid, $L_{\text{bottom}}$ is equal to $n$, the spherical resolution of $L_{\text{bottom}}$ will be $D_{\text{top}} / 2^n$, transform it into spatial resolution $D_r'$, the $E_{\text{max}}$ for $L_{\text{bottom}}$ is: $4 D_r' / 5$ according to (1). The $E_{\text{max}}$ for the rest levels from level $L_{\text{bottom}} - 1$ to level 0 is increased with a double rate of $E_{\text{max}}$ of $L_{\text{bottom}}$. If a non-standard pyramid is to be constructed, thus $L_{\text{bottom}}$ is equal to $n + 1$, and $D_c$ will be used as the spherical resolution of the bottom layer. (2) Iterative TIN construction. Given that the number of layers and the corresponding permitted $E_{\text{max}}$ are determined, the maximum z-tolerance algorithm is then performed to iteratively construct the TIN pyramid by a top-down approach. During the iterative process, whenever an error value between a candidate insertion point and the current triangulation is smaller than a given $E_{\text{max}}$ (i.e. meets the accuracy requirement of at that pyramid layer), turn to step 3. The iterative process will be terminated until no points remains with higher error than the $E_{\text{max}}$ of the bottom layer. (3) Drainage constraint. For a given pyramid layer, the drainage lines are generalized to match the scale of that layer and forced into the triangulation to construct a drainage-constraint TIN. (4) Spatial subdivision and storage. The global quad-tree subdivision as mentioned in step 1 is utilized to virtually partition the triangulation and create tiles for that layer. By traversing the quadtree structure in a Morton order, tiles in the current layer are written into the database step by step based on a virtual node (VN) structure, which will be detailed in section 2.3. When all tiles are saved in database, the changes (new points and new triangles) resulting from drainage enforcement and TIN partition are discarded and the iteration process goes to step 2 to continue the calculation of TINs for the remain layers. Figure 1 denotes the process of multi-resolution TIN pyramid construction. ![Figure 1. The process of multi-resolution TIN pyramid construction.](image) ### 2.3 Efficient TIN storage with virtual node (VN) structure After the spatial subdivision and virtual partition, the TIN in each layer is blocked into tiles. To exploit an efficient storage of the multi-resolution TIN pyramid, we define the structural components of a TIN tile as in figure 2. Here, all of the border vertices are defined as virtual vertices, and the triangles with one of its edge overlapped on the tile boundary are defined as virtual triangles (VTs). We called virtual vertices and triangles as VN structure which will be further used for efficient storage of resulting TIN tiles. Moreover, we denote the edges of a cell as $B(i)$ and its corners as $C(i)$ with $i = 0, \ldots, 3$, as indicated in figure 3. ![Figure 2. The virtual node structure of a TIN tile.](image) Consider that the corner points and tile edge points are shared by different neighbour tiles, they are then saved in the corner structure and edge structure, respectively. Data in corner structure and edge structure can build their own index key so that they can be accessed independently. The rest data associated with a TIN tile, including the interior vertices, the list of virtual triangles (VTs) and interior triangles, and the other information necessary for real-time rendering or further applications are stored in a tile body structure. ![Figure 3. Local index assignment for each vertex in a tile.](image) At run-time, meshes for TIN tiles are to be assembled based on the vertices and triangles stored off-line. Since triangles are defined by point indices, to guarantee the vertices from different storage structures could be correctly assembled and indexed, they must be processed carefully with some rule in advance. In our solution, we assigned a local index for each vertex in a tile before writing out triangles, as illustrated in figure 3. The assignment of local index values for virtual vertices is performed according to the counterclockwise order, which starts from the vertex at $C(0)$ and terminates at the last vertex on edge $B(3)$. Triangles are then written out based on these local indices. When creating the mesh for a tile, if vertices from different storage structures are assembled with the same order to the order of local index value assignment, the triangles can be correctly reconstructed. ### 3. VISUALIZATION We implemented the final out-of-core spherical terrain rendering of the morphologically preserved multi-resolution TIN surface in a virtual globe system VirtualWorld1.0, which is developed by Wuhan university. The architecture of this virtual globe is similar to some popular Grid-based virtual globe systems. For example, data can be scheduled and streamed over the Internet, local networks or a local hard disk, and a least recently caching approach is used to maintain the mostly recently used data the most expensive and fastest memory. The classical quad-tree partitioning is used for the LOD assignment of surface tiles for a given point of view. Since the multi-resolution TIN data has been spatially discretized and stored in tiles with the quadtree structure, which kept the intrinsic compatibility for the implementation on a Grid-based virtual globe. For the terrain crack elimination, adaptive tessellation method can be developed to previously compute and encode the tessellation information for each VTs in a tile. At run-time, the tessellation information is decoded and the corresponding VTs are the tessellated to join meshes of different LODs together. ### 4. EXPERIMENTS #### 4.1 Results To validate the proposed multi-resolution TIN modelling and visualization method, we conducted the first experiment on a grid DEM from Wasatch Mountain area near the city of Salt Lake, Utah, which is composed of $640^28372$ grid cells with a 10 m spatial resolution. For convenience of presentation, we referred the proposed as M-TIN method hereafter. To construct the multi-resolution TIN pyramid, the data was first transformed... from the source spatial reference system into to a global reference system and a maximum number of pyramid layers was given as parameter (for convenience of evaluation, a four level pyramid was specified for this DEM dataset). The $E_{\text{max}}$ values were then calculated for each pyramid layer and the original streamlines were correspondingly generalized to match the scale of a given pyramid. Based on the multi-resolution TIN pyramid prepared in database, the continuous LOD rendering of TIN terrain was implemented in our virtual globe VirtualWorld 1.0 as mentioned in section 3. Figure 5 shows the 3D representation of the multi-resolution TIN surface in Wasatch area at a certain point of view. In figure 5(a), the sharp relief in the mountainous areas is clearly visible indicating that the surface morphology is well preserved. Figure 5(b) visualizes the TIN wireframe of the multi-resolution surface, in which the different parts of a scene are displayed at different resolutions. ![Figure 4. Visualize the morphologically preserved multi-resolution TIN surface in virtual globe. (a) The hill-shade effect. (b) The TIN wireframe.](image) The multi-resolution TIN tiles can also be easily blended with the image data to generate the textured terrain, as shown in figure 6. The image data is being tiled using the same global quadtree structure as the elevation data. By blending the elevation tiles in wireframe mode with image tiles, the consistency between the texture feature and geometric feature at representing surface morphology can also be visually inspected. ![Figure 5. TIN wireframe and image data rendered together.](image) ### 4.2 The effectiveness of M-TIN approach for data processing In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed M-TIN method for data processing, the bilinear resampling, which was commonly used for data processing in the grid-based virtual globes, was chosen for comparison. To make a fair comparison, a four level raster pyramid for the same DEM from Wasatch area was constructed by the bilinear resampling method and in each level the raster resolution matches the scale of that level’s TIN. The statistical comparison results of the two methods are listed in table 1. The RMSE and $E_{\text{max}}$ of the simplified data against the input DEM are employed as the quantitative measurements. Values in the brackets indicate the RMSE and $E_{\text{max}}$ tolerance permitted by the cartographic standard at that level. Table 1. A comparison between bilinear method and M-TIN method* \| Level \| method \| Points ($\times 10^3$) \| % (points) \| RMSE(m) \| Emax (m) \| \|-------\|----------\|------------------------\|------------\|---------\|----------\| \| 1 \| M-TIN \| 31.7 \| 0.3 \| 17.33 \| 64 \| \| \| Bilinear \| 1198.7 \| 12.5 \| 15.18(32)\| 135(64) \| \| 2 \| M-TIN \| 65.8 \| 0.7 \| 8.99 \| 32 \| \| \| Bilinear \| 2397.4 \| 25 \| 6.87(16)\| 97(32) \| \| 3 \| M-TIN \| 151.9 \| 1.6 \| 4.76 \| 16 \| \| \| Bilinear \| 4794.8 \| 50 \| 2.74(8) \| 49(16) \| \| 4 \| M-TIN \| 423.9 \| 4.4 \| 2.48(4) \| 8(8) \| \| \| Bilinear \| 9589.6 \| --- \| --- \| --- \| The comparison results showed that the M-TIN approach can efficiently simplify the original DEM using a very little number of points but gain a close RMSE to resample method. The RMSE results of both methods are well below the accuracy tolerance permitted by the cartographic standard (as listed in the bracket). However, the resampling method failed to deliver satisfactory results for the mapping standard in the measurement of $E_{\text{max}}$. The use of such data for multi-scale terrain-based analysis could cause uncertainties. 4.3 Applications The high-resolution topography obtained by densely LiDAR points is essential for deeper study of Earth surface processes (Tarolli 2014). In this example, we applied our M-TIN approach on an arbitrary distributed LiDAR dataset from part of the area of South Fork. A highly detailed topography with the TIN wireframe draped by the image data can be seen in figure 7(b). Since the M-TIN approach supports the LOD triangulation and the quadtree-based tiling, it therefore permits an efficient processing and visualization of any large scale LiDAR elevation dataset. ![Figure 6. Multi-resolution TIN surface modelling and visualization for LiDAR elevation points. (a) rough LiDAR points. (b) Multi-resolution TIN surface.](image) 5. CONCLUSION This article presented a new method for processing large scale elevation data for virtual globe visualization and analysis. Different from the previous methods, the proposed approach has taken into account cartographic principles when constructing the multi-resolution terrain (TIN) pyramid. It connected each pyramid layer with a scale variable to formalize its LOD generation and forced the topologically correct drainage features into the TIN structure. Hence, the morphological characteristics and the context of landscape are preserved over a range of levels, while the data errors are well under the data quality standard permission. In addition to morphological LOD triangulation, the proposed approach also supports efficient tiling and storage of TINs with spatial structure, based on a critical virtual partition. Therefore, any regular or irregular elevation datasets could be used as input, and an efficient out-of-core and view-dependent terrain rendering is realized. The use of presented M-TIN approach can dramatically reduce data redundancy while achieving a significantly improved terrain representation. Within the high-quality underlying terrain data and high-fidelity terrain representation with flexible TIN structure, virtual globes in the future can be extended beyond geo-browsing to include more scientific analysis and evaluation capabilities in handling global environment change issues. REFERENCE Agugiaro, G. and T. H. Kolbe, 2012. A deterministic method to integrate triangular meshes of different resolution. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 71: 96-109. Chen, Y. and Q. Zhou, 2013. A scale-adaptive DEM for multiscale terrain analysis. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 27(7): 1329-1348. Christen, M. and S. Nebiker (2011). Large Scale Constraint Delaunay Triangulation for Virtual Globe Rendering. Advances in 3D Geo-Information Sciences, Springer: 57-72. Cignoni, P., F. Ganovelli, E. Gobbetti, F. 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Library SEP 26 1975 FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION Address by George A. LeMaistre Director Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Before the Executive Management Seminar of the First City National Bank of Houston Houston, Texas September 27, 1975 When economic historians consider the mid-seventies, the period may well be seen as a watershed in the banking industry. The shape and direction of resulting change are far from clear in some respects. For example, electronic banking is upon us; yet its evolution and impact on banking structure depend on policy choices which await the attention of Congress. Similarly, Congress must resolve the difficult issues involving the structure of competition among financial institutions and interest rate regulation raised by the Hunt Commission as well as the hard questions posed by the increasing dominance of the largest holding company systems. Other forces are at work, however, where the direction of change is more clearcut. I will focus on developments in one such area: the response of bank regulators to problems revealed by large bank failures and other shocks of the past eighteen months. However traumatic, these problems have taught us a number of valuable lessons. For example, the Franklin failure illustrated dramatically some of the risks of international operations and liability management banking. Moreover, they proved conclusively that the giants of the industry are no more exempt from the penalties of incompetence or overreaching than a $5 million unit bank in west Texas. As a consequence, bank supervision is undergoing a reappraisal which could have more significant long-run consequences than the recent retrenchment by bankers. Each agency is undertaking careful and, at times, painful study and revision of supervisory procedures, regulations aimed at insuring safety and soundness, and enforcement powers. In addition, the tripartite framework of regulation has been questioned and is undergoing vigorous scrutiny in the Congress. The efforts of the Comptroller of the Currency are, of course, reflected in the recently released and well-publicized study of his office by an outside consulting firm. As indicated in the testimony of Chairman Wille and Governor Holland before Congressman St. Germain's House Subcommittee on Financial Institutions, Supervision, Regulation and Insurance, both the FDIC and the Federal Reserve System have conducted programs of review and modernization. Of immediate practical consequence for you, as bankers, are recent and forthcoming changes in regulation and examination procedures. The demise of U.S. National Bank in San Diego, which awakened the country to the fact that a billion dollar bank could fail, has been responsible, at least in part, for new or proposed regulation in two areas. You are all familiar with the letter of credit regulations issued by each of the agencies last year as a direct outgrowth of USNB use of this device to avoid lending limit restrictions. Of more far-reaching import may be the attention focused on insider abuse. USNB's insolvency was caused by the wholesale and unsound extension of credit to persons and entities controlled by or associated with the controlling stockholder and former board chairman or, in the words of Comptroller of the Currency Jim Smith, a "... riot of self-dealing." Involving 200-300 corporate entities the insider related transactions amounted to between $400 and $450 million. In response to this graphic demonstration of the harm that flows from abuse of an insider's relationship with his or her bank, the Comptroller has implemented a disclosure regulation aimed at uncovering abusive self-dealing. The need for more vigorous supervision of insider transactions by bank boards of directors and bank supervisory agencies is not based on the USNB case alone. Abusive self-dealing has been a significant contributing factor in more than half of all bank failures since 1960, including the failure of 29 nonmember insured commercial banks. Losses to the deposit insurance fund as a result of these failures are likely to amount to at least $175 million. A review of existing and past "problem" bank cases also revealed a similarly high incidence of abusive self-dealing as a source of serious difficulty. Even where the immediate result is not the bank's failure or its designation as a bank requiring close supervision, an inside transaction that is not effected on an "arm's length" basis might lead to a diminution of the bank's earnings and an erosion of its capital -- thereby increasing the risk of loss to depositors and minority shareholders and ultimately to the deposit insurance fund. In response to these facts the FDIC published for public comment on September 3 a proposed regulation which takes an approach somewhat different from that of the Comptroller. The proposed regulation would seek to minimize abusive self-dealing through the establishment of procedures which will insure that bank boards of directors supervise such transactions effectively and better enable Corporation examiners to identify and analyze such transactions. The Board of Directors of each insured nonmember commercial bank would be required to review and approve each insider transaction involving assets or services having a fair market value greater than a specified amount which varies with the size of the bank. In addition, certain record keeping requirements would be imposed in order to foster effective internal controls over such transactions by the bank itself and to facilitate examiner review. Finally, the proposed regulation sets forth factors which will be considered by the Corporation's Board of Directors in determining whether such insider transaction or transactions indicate the presence of unsafe or unsound banking practices and should be the subject of supervisory action. These factors include: whether, because of preferential terms and conditions, such transactions are likely to result in significant loan losses, excessive costs, or other significant economic detriment to the bank that would not occur in a comparable arm's length transaction with a person of comparable creditworthiness or otherwise similarly situated; whether transactions with an insider and all persons related to that insider are excessive in amount, either in relation to the bank's capital and reserves or in relation to the total of all transactions of the same type; and whether from the nature and extent of the bank's insider transactions it appears that certain insiders are abusing their positions with the bank. Although the Corporation has determined that insider transactions require special supervision by bank boards of directors and close scrutiny by the Corporation's examiners, this determination does not mean that all transactions with insiders or their interests are detrimental to the bank in question or that such transactions should be automatically rejected. Indeed, in many smaller communities, commercial life would be virtually impossible absent extensive dealing between financial institutions and "insiders." The Corporation has sought to avoid unrealistic prohibitions or unduly burdensome reporting requirements; rather the Corporation has emphasized Board of Directors' responsibility in overseeing the affairs of the bank. The importance of this approach is dramatically reflected in the words of a Director of the recently failed Northern Ohio Bank who is reported to have said: Most of us, including myself, functioned as a rubber-stamp board approving all decisions made by management and rewarding management with salary increases . . . for what we were led to believe was an outstanding performance in guiding us to fast increasing earnings and assets. The troubles of Franklin and American Bank and Trust and the distress merger of the Beverly Hills National Bank, which was precipitated by the difficulties of a non-bank holding company affiliate, have insured that other facets of banking will also receive greater emphasis in the examination and supervision process. Foreign operations and the operation of non-bank affiliates of bank holding companies will certainly be subjects of increased scrutiny. Moreover, as a consequence of excesses in practice of liability management which were highlighted by the liquidity squeeze of last summer and fall, bankers will find examiners probing more deeply and critically into a bank's liability structure. Most importantly, deference to size, born of the belief that large banks could not fail, is a thing of the past. We have learned that the adverse effects of large bank failures on public confidence, the banking system and the deposit insurance fund are of sufficient magnitude that big banks should be supervised more, not less, strictly than their smaller competitors. In addition to careful review of the adequacy of the examination process, concern engendered by large bank failures has led to increased interest in the development of so-called "early warning systems." An integral part of the program of modernization of the Comptroller's Office proposed by Haskins and Sells is the implementation of such a system, called the National Bank Surveillance System. The purpose of an early warning system was suggested by Harry Keefe, President of Keefe, Bruyette and Woods, when he said of Franklin, "People who can read a balance sheet were out of there long ago." Essentially, early warning systems employ financial statement analysis to distinguish potential problem banks. At the FDIC, we have been at work in this area for at least three years. Our Division of Bank supervision and our Office of Management Systems have developed a program which allows examiners to compare any bank with its "peers" in terms of twenty financial ratios. While this program does not purport to be a certain method of detecting "problem" or failing banks, it does provide supervisory personnel with a quick indication of potentially troublesome trends. At the same time our Research Division has employed somewhat more sophisticated tools of statistical analysis to develop a model employing a group of variables that is most successful in distinguishing problem and nonproblem institutions. While we are optimistic that the use of such a system, when fully operational, may be a useful supervisory tool, I should hasten to point out the limitations of all "early warning systems." Most importantly, such a system is not a "black box" which will magically grind out a list composed of all the problem institutions existing at a particular time. Nor is it possible to develop such a system. Inevitably some banks which are identified by the model will be perfectly sound institutions, while severe problems will be missed, especially where there is fraud. Accordingly, such systems should not be blindly relied upon in evaluating an institution nor can they eliminate the function of the examiner in the bank itself. Rather, it is hoped that they will be an effective tool of examination, enabling the agencies to allocate examination resources more efficiently and, at times, identifying a potential failure that might otherwise have been overlooked until it was too late. In addition to improving techniques for identifying problems, the agencies are seeking to improve supervisory procedures for remedying problems when they occur. This has resulted in intensified monitoring... and increased senior staff review of problem situations, an increased flow of information among the federal agencies, consideration of the use of teams specializing in the work-out of problem situations and reevaluation of the legal remedies and sanctions available to the agencies to effect corrective measures. In this last regard, the three federal banking agencies have made recommendations to the Congress which would enhance considerably our ability to deal with practices which have produced bank failures and problem institutions. First of all, we have recommended legislation which would allow the supervisory agencies to aggregate loans or other extensions of credit to insiders and their interests for the purposes of application of the lending limits thereby closing serious loopholes in these provisions. Second, the proposed legislation would greatly expand the power of the agencies to impose fines for serious violations. Third, we have proposed that the existing cease and desist powers be amended to specifically apply to officers, directors, employees, agents or other persons participating in the conduct of the affairs of the bank. Fourth, the proposed legislation would allow removal of officers who are grossly negligent or demonstrate a willful disregard for the safety and soundness of a bank. And, finally, the package would authorize the Federal Reserve Board to order divestiture of a bank holding company subsidiary or termination of a nonbanking activity when the Board has cause to believe that the ownership or activity constitutes a threat to the holding company's subsidiary bank or banks. In addition, the agencies have under serious consideration a broader definition of the term "affiliate" for lending purposes. The most significant change that might come about as a result of recent industry difficulties would, of course, be agency restructuring. Periodically since the Depression, proposals have appeared suggesting restructuring of our tripartite system of federal bank regulation. Consistently, they have been relegated to library shelves. In the present environment, however, the impetus for change has come from a variety of sources. Describing the existing regulatory framework as a "jurisdictional tangle that boggles the mind," Chairman Burns of the Federal Reserve indicated soon after the closing of Franklin that the Board staff had been studying the subject of agency restructuring and would come forward with a proposal this spring. Since that time, two governors of the Federal Reserve Board have advanced alternative plans: one calling for consolidation of all bank supervision and regulation in the Fed and the other suggesting the creation of a new single supervisory agency separate from the Fed. However, the Board indicated in July that it does not now favor radical agency realignment as suggested by Chairman Burns, Governor Bucher, and former Governor Sheehan. Instead, it has come forward with a modest proposal involving the formation of a Federal Bank Examination Council by the three federal agencies. Nevertheless, there appears to be strong sentiment among the leadership of the banking committees in Congress favoring substantial modification of the existing regulatory structure. Senator Proxmire has introduced legislation which would create a new bank supervisory agency along lines proposed some years ago by former Governor Robertson. The FINE study now being conducted by the House Banking Committee also addresses this issue and is likely to make specific recommendations. As Chairman Wille indicated in his testimony before the House Banking Subcommittee on Financial Institutions, Supervision, Regulation and Insurance, neither he nor I oppose significant restructuring of the regulatory framework. At present, we are guardedly optimistic that we will be able to recommend proposals which would achieve significant improvement over the present framework without concentrating undue power in a single agency. In assessing the likelihood of agency restructuring, I would have to say quite candidly that I do not believe that it will happen in this Congress. However, given the interest of the chairmen of the respective Congressional committees, the groundwork may well be laid for the passage of legislation in the Congress following the 1976 elections. In any event, I do think that it is safe to say that agency restructuring or no, bank supervision will be significantly improved as a result of the difficulties of recent months. In conclusion, I would simply like to thank you for inviting me to share these developments with you. Because they involve the ongoing interaction of the FDIC and the other agencies with your banks, I hope that you will share with me your thoughts, concerns and criticisms in the next few minutes.
Drilling for Future Energy DSC Drilling Simulator Celle 2 The machine is equipped with a conveyor belt that transports the workpiece through the entire process. The conveyor belt is made of high-quality materials and is designed to withstand the harsh conditions of the manufacturing process. The conveyor belt is also equipped with sensors that monitor its performance and ensure that it operates efficiently. The machine is also equipped with a variety of tools and equipment that are used to perform different tasks in the manufacturing process. These tools and equipment are carefully selected and maintained to ensure that they operate at their peak performance. The machine is also equipped with a control system that allows operators to monitor and control the various processes taking place within the machine. Overall, the machine is a highly sophisticated piece of equipment that is designed to perform a wide range of tasks in the manufacturing process. Its advanced features and capabilities make it an essential tool for any modern manufacturing facility. Der Drilling Simulator Celle: Lernen Sie uns kennen! Eine sichere und wirtschaftliche Tiefbohrtechnik wird zukünftig auch in einem nachhaltigen, von erneuerbaren Energien geprägten Energiesystem eine große Bedeutung haben. Insbesondere zum Gelingen der Wärmewende werden innovative, spezifisch an die tiefengeothermale Wärmege- winnung angepasste Technologien erforderlich, um die vorhandenen Potenziale in Tiefen ab 1.500m umweltgerecht und wirtschaftlich aus- schöpfen zu können. In einem zukünftigen Energiesystem werden zudem auch Speichertechnologien zur großtechnischen, teilweise auch saisonalen, Zwischenspei- cherung erneuerbarer Energie eine wesentliche Rolle spielen, insbesondere um die Stabilität des Energiesystems aufrechterhalten zu können. Tiefbohrprojekte sind aufgrund ihrer Eigenart stets mit technischen, umweltrelevanten und wirtschaftlichen Risiken verbunden. Neben der fortschreitenden Automatisierung der Tiefbohr- technik tragen auch moderne, realitätsnahe Vorabsimulationen der geplanten Projekte wesentlich zur Erkennung und Beherrschung derartiger Risiken, und damit zur Sicherheit und Wirtschaftlichkeit der Projekte bei. Am Drilling Simulator Celle der Technischen Universität Clausthal arbeiten tagtäglich interdisziplinäre Arbeitsgruppen an den heutigen und zukünftigen Herausforderungen im Bereich der Tiefbohrtechnik. Die Entwicklung und Anwen- dung von Methoden und Technologien zur Gewährleistung der maximalen Sicherheit von komplexen Tiefbohrprojekten ist unser Ansatz. Lernen Sie uns anhand ausgewählter Beispiele kennen und erkunden Sie die Möglichkeiten, Ihre innovativen Produkte im Realmaßstab experi- mentell zu testen oder Ihre Tiefbohrprojekte sicher vorab virtuell zu planen und durchzuführen. Lassen Sie sich inspirieren und sprechen Sie uns an. Für mehr Sicherheit Ihrer Produkte und Projekte! The Drilling Simulator Celle: Get to know us! In a sustainable energy system, characterised by renewable energies, safe and economical deep drilling technology will be of great importance. In particular, innovative technologies specifically adapted to deep geothermal heat production will be required to exploit the existing potential at depths of 1,500 m and more in an environmentally sound and economical manner. In a future energy system, storage technologies for the large-scale, partly also seasonal, intermediate storage of renewable energy will also play an important role, especially in order to maintain the stability of the energy system. Due to their very nature, deep drilling projects are always associated with technical, environmental and economic risks. In addition to the progressive automation of deep drilling technology, modern, realistic simulations of the planned projects also contribute significantly to the identification and control of such risks, and thus to the safety and economic efficiency of the projects. At the Drilling Simulator Celle of the Clausthal University of Technology, interdisciplinary research groups are working every day on the current and future challenges in the field of deep drilling technology. The development and application of methods and technologies to ensure the maximum safety of complex deep drilling projects is our approach. Get to know us by means of selected examples and explore the possibilities of experimentally testing your innovative products on a real scale or safely planning and carrying out your deep drilling projects virtually in advance. Let us inspire you and get in touch with us. For more safety of your products and projects! Test von Untertagewerkzeugen – der Schlüssel zum Erfolg Die laufende Überwachung des Tiefbohrprozesses durch hochentwickelte Messwerkzeuge stellt einen wesentlichen Faktor für den wirtschaftlichen Erfolg von Tiefbohrungen dar. Besonders hohe Anforderungen werden an die untertägigen hochintegrierten Navigationsinstrumente gestellt. Diese müssen auch unter extremen Umweltbedingungen stets so schnell und exakt wie möglich die genaue Position des Bohrmeißels erfassen können, um bei Abweichungen vom beabsichtigten Bohrpfad schnell agieren zu können. Das Serviceunternehmen Scientific Drilling International verfügt über weitreichende Expertise in der untertägigen Navigation, vor allem für Anwendungen, bei denen herkömmliche magnetoresistive Navigationslösungen versagen, wie es beim Vorliegen magnetischer Interferenzen der Fall ist. Hier kommen dann eigenentwickelte Gyroskop-Messwerkzeuge zum Einsatz. Die Herausforderung Auch in Serviceunternehmen kommen im Bereich Forschung und Entwicklung zunehmend mathematische Modelle und Simulationen zum Einsatz. Dennoch ist eine Validierung dieser Modelle mit im Test gewonnen Daten nach wie vor unverzichtbar. Neuentwickelte bzw. weiterentwickelte Bohrwerkzeuge, insbesondere MWD-Systeme, bedürfen vor ihrem praktischen Einsatz somit stets auch einer ausreichen experimentellen Validierung im Realmaßstab. Gerade für die Qualifikation derartiger Systeme stellt der Hardware-Teststand am DSC eine geeignete Plattform dar. Die Zusammenarbeit Carsten Freyer, Director Drilling and Managing Director Scientific Drilling Controls GmbH „Wir sind sehr froh über die Zusammenarbeit mit dem DSC. Am Standort Celle betreibt unser Unternehmen eine Entwicklungs- und Forschungseinheit mit angegliederter Fertigung, welche regelmäßig die Möglichkeiten am DSC nutzt, um weiterentwickelte bzw. neuartige Systeme auf Herz und Nieren zu testen und zu qualifizieren, bevor diese bei unseren Kunden im Bohrloch zum Einsatz kommen. Unsere erfolgreiche Zusammenarbeit nahm bereits in der Frühphase des DSC im Oktober 2015 ihren Anfang und wurde durch den Abschluss eines Rahmenvertrages im Jahr 2019 nachhaltig bestärkt“. Testing underground tools – the key to success Continuous monitoring of the deep drilling process by sophisticated measuring tools is an essential factor for the economic success of deep drilling operations. Particularly high demands are placed on the highly integrated underground navigation instruments. In order to be able to act quickly in the event of deviations from the intended drilling path, these must always be able to detect the exact position of the drill bit as quickly and accurately as possible, even under extreme environmental conditions. The service company Scientific Drilling International has extensive expertise in underground navigation, especially for applications where conventional navigation solutions fail, e.g. due to magnetic interference. This is where in-house developed gyroscope measuring tools are used. The challenge Mathematical models and simulations are also increasingly used in service companies in the area of research and development. Nevertheless, validation of these models with data obtained in tests is still indispensable. Newly developed or further developed drilling tools, especially MWD systems, therefore always require sufficient experimental validation on a real scale before they can be used in practice. Especially for the qualification of such systems, the hardware test rig at DSC represents a suitable platform. The collaboration Carsten Freyer, Director Drilling and Managing Director Scientific Drilling Controls GmbH. “We are very happy to cooperate with DSC. At the Celle site, our company operates a development and research unit with associated production, which regularly uses the facilities at the DSC to thoroughly test and qualify further developed or new systems before they are used by our customers in the borehole. Our successful cooperation already began in the early phase of the DSC in October 2015 and has been sustainably strengthened by the conclusion of a framework agreement in 2019”. Numerische Experimente für Tiefbohrungen mit großem Durchmesser und kritischen Neigungen Geothermie hat gegenüber anderen regenerativen Energieträgern den Vorteil einer grundlastfähigen Erzeugung und Bereitstellung. In der norddeutschen Tiefebene finden sich die entsprechenden Reservoire zur Wärme- und Stromerzeugung in mehreren Kilometern Tiefe. Die entsprechenden Reservoire werden durch die Niederbringung von Bohrungen in das heiße Gestein erschlossen. Baker Hughes Inteq als international führendes Ölfeldservice-Unternehmen ist dabei vor allem an einer Verkürzung der Zeiten zum Herausspulen des entstehenden Bohrkleins aus dem Bohrloch interessiert. Die Herausforderung: Seitens Baker Hughes Inteq sind bereits mehrere Simulationsmodelle auf der Bohrlochskala (km), der Durchmesserskala (m) und der Partikelskala (mm) für den Bohrkleintransport in geneigten Bohrlochabschnitten verfügbar. Euler-Lagrange-Modelle auf der Partikellebene tragen zu einem besseren Verständnis des Bohrlochreinigungssprozesses bei. Darüber hinaus helfen sie bei der Entwicklung von konstitutiven Gleichungen zur Verknüpfung von Informationen zwischen den Skalen. Anders als in der Praxis, wo Flüssigkeiten mit komplexen rheologischen Eigenschaften verwendet werden, berücksichtigen die verfügbaren Euler-Lagrange-Modelle nur Newtonsche Flüssigkeiten. Dadurch lassen sich Fließverhalten und Bohrkleintransport nicht zuverlässig vorhersagen. Daher sollen die bestehenden Modelle um die Berücksichtigung viskoplastischer Flüssigkeiten erweitert werden. Die Zusammenarbeit Dr.-Ing. Roger Aragall, Technology Development – Fluid Mechanics, Baker Hughes Inteq GmbH „Der DSC verfügt umfangreiche Erfahrungen im Bereich der Software-Entwicklung und der Strömungssimulation. Mit dieser Kompetenz wird ein bereits vorhandener Simulationscode für komplexe Berechnungen erweitert und auf dem Rechencluster unseres Celle Technology Centers installiert. Im Anschluss werden Simulationen zur Validierung der neuen Rechenmodelle durchgeführt. Damit werden numerische Experimente für ein besseres Verständnis des Bohrkleintransports ermöglicht.“ Compared to other renewable energy sources, geothermal energy has the advantage of being able to generate and supply base-load power. In the North German lowlands, the corresponding reservoirs for heat and power generation are found at depths of several kilometres. The corresponding reservoirs are developed by drilling boreholes into the hot rock. Baker Hughes Inteq, as a leading international oilfield services company, is primarily interested in shortening the times required to flush the resulting cuttings out of the borehole. The challenge: Several simulation models are already available at Baker Hughes Inteq at the wellbore scale (km), diameter scale (m) and particle scale (mm) for cuttings transport in inclined well sections. Eulerian-Lagrangian models on the particle scale contribute to a better understanding of the wellbore cleaning process. In addition, they help in the development of constitutive equations to link information between scales. Unlike in practice, where fluids with complex rheological properties are used, the available Eulerian-Lagrangian models only consider Newtonian fluids. This means that flow behaviour and cuttings transport cannot be reliably predicted. Therefore, the existing models are to be extended to consider viscoplastic fluids. The collaboration Dr.-Ing. Roger Aragall, Technology Development - Fluid Mechanics, Baker Hughes Inteq GmbH. „DSC has extensive experience in software development and flow simulation. With this expertise, an already existing simulation code will be extended for more complex calculations and installed on the computing cluster of our Celle Technology Center. Subsequently, simulations are carried out to validate the new computational models. This will enable numerical experiments for a better understanding of drill cuttings transport.“ 10 11 Erhöhung der Wirtschaftlichkeit geplanter Tiefbohrungen durch realitätsnahe Vorabsimulationen (Drilling Systems UK) Tiefbohrsimulatoren werden seit vielen Jahren erfolgreich in der Ausbildung von Bedienpersonal an Bohrlokationen eingesetzt. Wie auch bei vergleichbaren Flugsimulatoren werden Fähigkeiten im Umgang mit einer konkreten Bohranlage trainiert, um in der Praxis insbesondere auch kritische Ereignisse sicher beherrschen zu können. Drilling Systems entwickelt und produziert fortschrittliche Simulationstechnologien, die die Sicherheit und Effizienz in der Öl- und Gasindustrie verbessern, und ist mit über 1.100 Anlagen in mehr als 60 Ländern der weltweit größte Anbieter. Um die Wirtschaftlichkeit von Tiefbohrungen, insbesondere für geothermale Anwendungen oder untertägige Speicherprojekte zu erhöhen, stellt die Verwendung und Weiterentwicklung von Simulatoren einen vielversprechenden Ansatz dar. Die Herausforderung Um eine möglichst hohe Realitätsnähe der Simulatoren erreichen zu können, sind neben einer möglichst detaillgetreuen Nachbildung der Bohranlagen und deren Bedienung auch präzise Modelle der komplexen Prozesse während des Aufschlusses einer Bohrung erforderlich. Diese Modelle sind mit mathematischen Methoden zu beschreiben und auf ihren Aussagegehalt hin experimentell zu validieren. Um Störereignisse während eines Trainingsvorgangs möglichst unmittelbar darstellen zu können, müssen derartige Modelle zudem echtzeitfähig sein. Die Zusammenarbeit Clive Battisby, COO Drilling Systems Group „Unser Ziel bei Drilling Systems ist es, unsere Simulatoren stets auf dem aktuellen Stand von Forschung und Technik zu halten. Mit dem Drilling Simulator Celle verfügen wir über einen leistungsfähigen Forschungspartner, der mit unseren aktuellen und für Entwicklungszwecke speziell angepassten Simulatoren neue Modelle, beispielsweise zur Modellierung von Temperaturverläufen bei Geothermieprojekten oder zur Vermeidung von Kollisionen entwickelt. Auf diese Weise wird es uns gelingen, unsere Simulatoren auch für neue Anwendungen außerhalb der Erdöl- und Erdgasbranche attraktiv zu machen.“ Developing advanced drilling simulators for new applications (Drilling Systems UK) Drilling simulators have been used successfully for many years in the training of operators at drilling sites. As with comparable flight simulators, skills are trained in handling a concrete drilling rig in order to be able to safely control critical events in practice. Drilling Systems develops and produces advanced simulation technologies that improve safety and efficiency in the oil and gas industry and is the world’s largest provider with over 1,100 installations in more than 60 countries. To increase the economic efficiency of deep drilling, especially for geothermal applications or underground storage projects, the use and further development of simulators is a promising approach. The challenge In order to be as realistic as possible, precise models of the complex processes during the development of a borehole are required in addition to the most detailed possible reproduction of the drilling rigs and their operation. These models must be described by means of mathematical methods and experimentally checked with regard to their validity. In order to be able to represent disruptive events during a training process as fast as possible, such models also have to be real-time capable. Collaboration Clive Battisby, COO Drilling Systems Group “Our goal at Drilling Systems is to keep our simulators at the cutting edge of research and technology. With Drilling Simulator Celle, we have a powerful research partner who uses our current simulators, which have been specially adapted for research purposes, to develop new models, for example for predicting temperature distributions in geothermal projects or for avoiding collisions. In this way, we will succeed in making our simulators attractive for new applications outside the traditional oil and gas sector.” Die Wintershall Dea AG ist das führende unabhängige Gas- und Erdölunternehmen Europas und bietet ihren Drilling- und Completion Personal im Rahmen ihres Traineeprogrammes eine Kombination aus theoretischer und praktischer Ausbildung. Auf diese Weise werden den Nachwuchskräften sämtliche Fähigkeiten und Kompetenzen für ihre weitere Karriere bei Wintershall Dea vermittelt. Tiefbohrprojekte sind im Allgemeinen mit einer Vielzahl äußerst komplexer praktischer Herausforderungen verbunden. Um die zukünftigen Fachkräfte in diesem Bereich hierfür im erforderlichen Ausmaß sensibilisieren zu können, bedarf es hier an dieser Stelle einer theoriegeleiteten Ausbildung mittels ausgewählter Beispiele von hoher Praxisrelevanz. Die Herausforderung Üblicherweise werden in der Tiefbohrbranche Trainingskurse an Simulatoren vornehmlich für an Bohranlagen operativ tätiges Personal angeboten und durchgeführt. Im Fokus steht dabei v.a. die praktische Bedienung einer spezifischen Bohranlage, die je nach Anwendungsfall hierzu originalgetreu nachgebaut werden kann. Ähnlich wie auch in der Flugausbildung sollen, neben der reinen Bedienung, auf diese Weise auch der Umgang mit der Anlage in kritischen, unerwarteten Situationen trainiert werden. Die Kenntnis der Vermeidung von bzw. des Umgangs mit kritischen Situationen ist jedoch auch für Planungsingenieurinnen und -ingenieure von Bohrprojekten sehr relevant. Die Bedienung einer originalgetreuen Nachbildung einer Bohranlage ermöglicht diesen besonderes kritische Abläufe zu simulieren, zu trainieren und immer wieder neu durchzuspielen, bis die Abläufe sicher verstanden werden. In der Praxis auf echten Bohranlagen wäre dieses Training nicht möglich. Die Zusammenarbeit Juergen Maehs, Wintershall Dea AG „Neben der etablierten Qualifikation von Bedienpersonal von Bohranlagen besteht auch die Notwendigkeit, angehende Tiefbohringenieure hinsichtlich möglicher Risiken, wie z.B. bei der Druckkontrolle im Bohrloch zu sensibilisieren. Nur so können diese in der Lage versetzt werden, in unerwarteten kritischen Situationen die richtigen Entscheidungen zu treffen. Mit dem Schulungsangebot des Drilling Simulators Celle und den dort verfügbaren realitätsnahen Simulationsmodellen, steht hierzu ein aus Sicht unseres Unternehmens äußerst interessantes Angebot bereit.“ Wintershall Dea AG is the leading independent gas and oil company in Europe and offers its drilling and completion engineers a combination of theoretical and practical training as part of its trainee programme. In this way, the junior staff are provided with all the skills and competencies they need for their further career at Wintershall Dea. Deep drilling projects generally involve a variety of extremely complex practical challenges. In order to be able to sensitise the future specialists in this field to the required extent, theory-guided training using selected examples of high practical relevance is required here at this point. The challenge: Usually, training courses on simulators are offered and carried out in the deep drilling industry, primarily for personnel working on drilling rigs. The focus is primarily on the practical operation of a specific drilling rig, which can be faithfully reproduced depending on the application. Similar to flight training, in addition to the pure operation, the handling of the rig in critical, unexpected situations is to be trained in this way. However, knowledge of how to avoid or deal with critical situations is also very relevant for planning engineers of drilling projects. Operating a true-to-life replica of a drilling rig allows engineers to simulate, train and replay critical procedures in particular until the procedures are understood with confidence. This training would not be possible in practice on real drilling rigs. The cooperation Juergen Maehs, Wintershall Dea AG “In addition to the established qualification of operating personnel of drilling rigs, there is also a need to sensitise prospective deep drilling engineers with regard to possible risks, e.g. during pressure control in the borehole. This is the only way to enable them to make the right decisions in unexpected critical situations. With the training offered by the Drilling Simulator Celle and the realistic simulation models available there, an extremely interesting offer is available for this from our company’s point of view.” Unsere Technologie für Ihre Produkte Gerne treiben wir mit Ihnen Innovationen und neue Produkte voran und sichern auf diese Weise Ihre Wettbewerbsvorteile. In öffentlich geförderten Vorhaben entwickeln wir mit Ihnen grundlegend neue technologische Ansätze und Konzepte aus der wissenschaftlichen Forschung und führen diese zur Anwendungsnahe. Auf diese Weise sichern Sie Ihren Zugang zu Innovationen und lernen bereits frühzeitig Ihre Fach- und Führungskräfte von morgen kennen. Unsere Ausstattung Der DSC verfügt über einen Hardware-Teststand/Hardware-Simulator, welcher den unteren Bereich einer Tiefbohrung in waagerechter Lage im Realmaßstab abbildet. Zu testende Komponenten können am unteren Ende der BHA montiert werden. Diese verfügt über einen auf einer Länge von gut 20 Meter konstanten Durchmesser von 6 ¾” und einem 8 ¾” Bohrkopf. Mit den zusätzlichen beiden leistungsstarken Triplex-Pumpen, zwei hydraulischen Fütterpumpen sowie einer variabel bestückbaren Gesteinskammer lassen sich auf diese Weise die Bedingungen einer Tiefbohrung realistisch im Experiment nachbilden. Der Hardware-Teststand verfügt derzeit über die folgenden Spezifikationen: Drilling Rig - Stroke: 5 m / 16.3 ft - ROP: 10 m/h / 32 ft/h - WOB: 10 t - Drehmoment: 10 kNm / 7.4 klbsft - RPM: 220 1/min - Leistung: 200 kW / 270 hp Spülungssystem - 2 Triplexpumpen Schäfer & Urbach BT 60/70 - Leistung: 1200 kW / 1600 hp - Fließrate: 5400 l/min / 1400 gal/min - Druck: 350 bar / 5000 psi Autoclave - Länge BHA: 23 m / 75 ft - Formation: 5 m / 16.3 ft - Ringraumdruck: 100 bar / 1500 psi - Formationsdruck: 300 bar / 4500 psi - Bohrlochdurchmesser: 222 mm / 8 3/4“ We are happy to work with you to drive innovations and new products forward and thus secure your competitive advantages. In publicly funded projects, we explore fundamental new technological approaches and concepts from scientific research with you and bring them close to application. In this way, you secure your access to innovations and get to know your specialists and managers of tomorrow at an early stage. Our equipment The DSC has a hardware test rig/hardware simulator which reproduces the lower section of a deep borehole in a horizontal position on a real scale. Components to be tested can be mounted at the lower end of the BHA. This has a constant diameter of 6 ¾“ over a length of about 20 metres and an 8 ¾“ drill bit. With the additional powerful two triplex pumps, a hydraulic feed pump as well as a variably equipped rock chamber, the conditions of a deep well can be realistically simulated in the experiment in this way. --- Drilling Rig \| Parameter \| Value \| \|-------------\|-----------\| \| Stroke \| 5m \| \| ROP \| 10 m/h \| \| WOB \| 10 t \| \| Torque \| 10 kNm \| \| RPM \| 220 rpm \| \| Power \| 200 kW \| \| Unit \| Value \| \|-------------\|-----------\| \| \| 16.3 ft \| \| \| 32 ft/h \| \| \| 7.4 klbsft\| \| \| \| \| \| 270 hp \| Flushing system \| Parameter \| Value \| \|-------------\|-----------\| \| 2 triplex pumps \| Schäfer & Urbach BT 60/70 \| \| Power \| 1200 kW \| \| Flow rate \| 5400 l/min\| \| Pressure \| 350 bar \| \| Unit \| Value \| \|-------------\|-----------\| \| \| 1600 hp \| \| \| 1400 gal/min\| \| \| 5000 psi \| Autoclave \| Parameter \| Value \| \|-------------\|-----------\| \| Length BHA \| 23 m \| \| Formation \| 5 m \| \| Annulus pressure \| 100 bar \| \| Formation pressure \| 300 bar \| \| Borehole diameter \| 222 mm \| \| Unit \| Value \| \|-------------\|-----------\| \| \| 75 ft \| \| \| 16.3 ft \| \| \| 1500 psi \| \| \| 4500 psi \| \| \| 8 3/4“ \| Software Simulator Langfristiges Ziel des DSC ist die Entwicklung einer Simulationsumgebung, die unter realistischen Bedingungen die Bewertung vorgeschlagener Bohrprozesse und die damit verbundene Entscheidungsfindung verwendet werden kann. Dieser Software Simulator basiert auf einem branchenführenden Trainingssimulator für Pipe Handling- und Bohrlochkontrollsituationen. Im kommerziellen Software Simulator existieren bereits zahlreiche numerische Grundmodelle unter anderem zum Feststofftransport, der Fluidthermodynamik, der Fluidkompressibilität oder zur Steifigkeit des Bohrstrangs, die allerdings noch nicht ausreichend realitätsnah sind. Durch die Verwendung einer Anwendungsprogrammschnittstelle (API) lassen sich die standardmäßig implementierten Modelle durch eigene am DSC entwickelte und experimentell validierte Simulationsmodelle ersetzen. Die (Weiter-)Entwicklung derartiger Modelle und deren Implementierung ist ein zentraler Schwerpunkt der Forschungsarbeiten am DSC. Neben den intern entwickelten Modellen kann die API auch Algorithmen und Software von Drittanbietern ausführen bzw. auch diese parallel unter Anwendung experimenteller Methoden validieren. Software Simulator The long-term goal of the DSC is to develop a simulation environment that can be used under realistic conditions to evaluate proposed drilling processes and associated decision-making. This software simulator is based on an industry-leading training simulator for pipe handling and well control situations. Numerous basic numerical models already exist in this commercial software simulator for solids transport, fluid thermodynamics, fluid compressibility or drill string stiffness, among others, but these are not yet sufficiently realistic. By using an application program interface (API), the factory-implemented models can be replaced by simulation models developed and experimentally validated at DSC. The (further) development of such models and implementation is a central focus of the research work at DSC. In addition to the internally developed models, the API can also run algorithms and software from third-party suppliers or validate them in parallel using experimental methods. Ein starkes regionales Umfeld Celle ist mehr als nur eine anheimelnde Tourismus-Destination, die mit viel Fachwerk in der Altstadt, mit Barockschloss und großartigen Parkanlagen brilliert. Celle ist auch ein starker Wirtschaftsstandort im Großraum Hannover. Die Zusammensetzung der in Celle ansässigen Unternehmen und Branchen ist ausgesprochen vielfältig. Etwa 5.200 Gewerbebetriebe mit über 35.000 sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten sorgen für einen Einpendlerüberschuss von fast 12.000 Berufstätigen. Die Branchenschwerpunkte liegen beispielsweise im Bereich Tourismus, Brunnenbau, Maschinen- und Anlagenbau, Präzisionstechnik und Wasserreinigung/-aufbereitung. Hinzu kommen Dienstleistungen, Handel und Gastronomie. Und: Mit seinen über 50 Unternehmen der Wertschöpfungskette aus der Erdöl- und Erdgas-Bohr- und -Serviceindustrie sowie der Geothermiebranche mit etwa 8.000 Beschäftigten wird Celle in internationalen Fachkreisen auch als das „Houston Europas“ bezeichnet. Celle, das Houston Europas Bis heute herausragend ist der Erdöl- und Erdgas-Bohr- und Servicebereich. Internationale Konzerne, wie Baker Hughes, Halliburton und OneSubSea haben hier Betriebssitze. Hervorzuheben sind die Forschungs- und Entwicklungsbereiche, zum Beispiel das Zentrum für Hochtemperaturelektronik bei Baker Hughes. Der Niedersächsische Geothermiedienst als Abteilung des niedersächsischen Landesamtes für Bergbau, Energie und Geologie hat seinen Sitz in Celle. Die Bohrmeisterschule Celle kümmert sich um Ausbildung und Qualifizierung in der Branche. Und der GeoEnergy Celle e. V. bündelt über 50 Unternehmen und Institutionen in einem Unternehmensnetzwerk, um gemeinsam und zukunftsicher die Transformation des Energiesystems gestalten zu können. Gemeinsam mit dem Drilling Simulator Celle der TU Clausthal bilden diese Akteure vor Ort ein beispielloses starkes FuE-Umfeld. Der Celler Wirtschaftsstandort entwickelt sich perspektivisch weiter. Unter dem Motto „Wir rollen für Sie den roten Teppich aus“ unterstützt die Wirtschaftsförderung der Stadt Celle aktiv die Diversifizierung bestehender Produkte und Geschäftsmodelle sowie die Ansiedlung neuer Unternehmen. Mit dem Gewerbegebiet „Auf der Graffit“ in Westercelle wird derzeit im Bereich der Gewerbeflächen das Filetstück Celles vermarktet, das durch seine hervorragende Verkehrslage an einem Knotenpunkt der B3 direkt mit den Großräumen Hannover und Braunschweig verbunden ist. Und letztlich bietet Celle eine hohe Lebensqualität: Die Besucherinnen und Besucher der Altstadt schätzen das Einkaufserlebnis in historischem Ambiente und zahlreichen inhabergeführten Geschäften, das sich wohltuend von einheitlichen Stadtbildern und austauschbaren Shopping-Malls abhebt. Celle ist als Oberzentrum Einkaufsstadt für eine ganze Region mit überdurchschnittlichem Kaufkraftzufluss und Kaufkraftbindung. Kommen Sie nach Celle und lassen Sie sich inspirieren! A strong regional environment Celle is more than just a cozy tourist destination with a lot of half-timbered houses in the old town, a baroque castle and magnificent parks. Celle is also a strong business location in the Hannover economic region. The composition of the companies and industries based in Celle is extremely diverse. Some 5,200 businesses with over 35,000 employees subject to social insurance contributions provide for a commuter surplus of almost 12,000 professionals. The main industries are tourism, well construction, mechanical and plant engineering, precision engineering, water purification/treatment and, of course, services, trade and gastronomy. And: with its more than 50 companies in the value chain from the oil and gas drilling and service industry and the geothermal sector with about 8,000 employees, Celle is also known in international circles as the „Houston of Europe“. Celle, the Houston of Europe Nowadays the oil and gas drilling and service sector is outstanding. International corporations such as Baker Hughes, Halliburton and OneSubSea have their headquarters here. The research and development areas, for example the centre for high-temperature electronics at Baker Hughes, deserve special mention. The Lower Saxony Geothermal Service as a department of the Lower Saxony State Office for Mining, Energy and Geology has its headquarters in Celle. The Drilling School Celle takes care of training and qualification in the industry. And the GeoEnergy Celle e. V. brings together more than 50 companies and institutions in a business network to jointly shape the transformation of the energy system in a future-proof way. Together with the Drilling Simulator Celle of the Clausthal University of Technology, these local players form an unparalleled strong R&D environment. Celle’s business location continues to develop with perspective. Under the motto „We roll out the red carpet for you“, the City of Celle’s Economic Development Department actively supports the diversification of existing products and business models as well as the settlement of new companies. The „Auf der Grafft“ industrial estate in Wester celle is currently being marketed as Celle’s prime piece of commercial land, which is directly connected to the Hanover and Braunschweig metropolitan areas thanks to its excellent transport location at a junction of the B3. And finally, Celle offers a high quality of life: visitors to the old town appreciate the shopping experience in a historic ambience and numerous owner-managed shops, which pleasantly contrasts with faceless cityscapes and interchangeable shopping malls. As a regional centre, Celle is the shopping centre for an entire region with an above-average inflow and retention of purchasing power. Come to Celle and let yourself be inspired! 22 Impressum // Impress Herausgeber // Publisher Vorstand des Drilling Simulator Celle Zum Drilling Simulator 1 29221 Celle Redaktion // Editor Dr. Jens-Peter Springmann Layout und Satz // Layout and Typesetting Melanie Exner, Pressestelle der TU Clausthal Bildnachweis // Picture credits Christian Kreutzmann (Cover, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 17, 18, 19, 22), Stadt Celle (20) Hier nicht erwähnte Fotos entstammen dem Privatarchiv der jeweils abgebildeten Personen oder dem Archiv der TU Clausthal. Photos not mentioned here are taken from the private archives of the respective or the archives of the Clausthal University of Technology. Druck // Print Papierflieger Verlag GmbH, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 1. Auflage, November 2021 Drilling Simulator Celle Zum Drilling Simulator 1 29221 Celle, Germany Tel.: +49 5141 48706-8500 Fax: +49 5323 72-99-8500 E-Mail: email@example.com www.dsc.tu-clausthal.de
The Future of the Workplace Insights from Millennials about how they work, who they want to work with, and how to best retain them. A Bates Global Survey \| Page \| Section \| \|------\|---------------------------------------------\| \| 3 \| Introduction to the Survey \| \| 5 \| Demographics \| \| 6 \| Geographic Breakdown \| \| 7 \| Family and Relationships \| \| 9 \| Workspace, Workplace, and Worktime \| \| 14 \| Style and Appearance \| \| 15 \| Retention and Motivation \| \| 17 \| Leadership \| \| 23 \| Results by Gender \| © 2018 Bates Communications, Inc. • www.bates-communications.com There is a lot of fuss about Millennials in the news today. Some of it is true, some of it isn’t, but what we do know is that they’re a huge population flooding into the workforce and stimulating change. Our mission at Bates is to help leaders shape the world, and to help our clients be the most effective leaders they can be. In early 2017 we decided to develop a survey to get at the heart of the Millennial debate and change the discussion about what this generation means to today’s leaders and tomorrow’s workplace. We designed the survey with input from a multi-generational team of Millennials, Gen X, and Baby Boomers. We then electronically surveyed Millennials – people born between 1980 and 2000. Our 587 responses came from Millennials in 9 countries around the globe and 35 US states. Our mission was to find out the following: 1. What kinds of companies do Millennials want to work for? 2. What kind of leaders do they want to follow? 3. What kind of leaders do they aspire to be? 4. Are they as different from everyone else as the media portrays them? The Future of the Workplace survey is, in part, based on research we’ve done to create our model, the Bates ExPI™, that measures a leader’s executive presence – or the ways that leaders show up to their key stakeholders and professional audiences. The following report is a summary of key findings from the survey. Some of it will be intuitive, and some of it will surprise you. Enjoy! The Bates Team The multi-rater tool is used to help leaders develop the presence and influence necessary for leading teams, driving strategy, and making an impact. Organizations use the Bates ExPI™ to develop future leaders, build the influence of seasoned leaders, and ensure teams are driving organizational performance. The Bates Executive Presence Index™ takes executive presence to a deeper level. Through extensive research in leadership, communications, psychology, and social action theories and literature, we’ve clarified executive presence as a three-dimensional model of character, substance, and style. Within these dimensions are 15 distinct facets that are proven to make up a leader’s overall presence and level of influence. The folks who were disqualified from our survey were people who did not meet the age requirements to be a Millennial (born between 1980 and 2000). While they probably all have great opinions, we will not be reporting on the data that they provided us! Sorry guys. Geographic Breakdown Our Survey Pool Millennials from 35 US states and 9 countries globally filled out our survey. Countries included: USA, Australia, Canada, India, Singapore, Russia, United Kingdom, Germany, and Mauritius. There has been much scrutiny about Millennials and their relationships with their parents. If you’re like us, you’ve probably heard the term “helicopter parent” thrown around one too many times. While our findings clarified that Millennials are close with their parents, not all Millennials reported that their parents were their best friends. Participants were asked to report how close they were with their parents and grandparents respectively. The options were: a. Not close at all (I do my own thing) b. Reasonably close (I call them when I need them) c. Close (I enjoy seeing them regularly) d. Very close (they’re my best friends) Consistent with a lot of other reports we’ve seen, the Millennials who took this survey reported that a parent was their biggest role model. In the media today, there is a lot of discussion about work-life balance, working from home, the “beer keg, ping-pong” office culture, and more. Some of this has been assigned to Millennials, but we actually know that a lot of this shift happened when Gen X started climbing the corporate ladder. So how much of these movements should we attribute to Millennials? What kind of office spaces do Millennials prefer? What do they look like, and how much time do Millennials want to spend in them? Here’s what we found…. On the whole, it seems like Millennials perhaps want to work for companies just large enough for people to get to know them, where opportunities are on the horizon. While it’s a fairly even split, open plan seating takes the lead cumulatively in the chart above. Individual space still gets nearly half of the votes. These findings seem to nod to the office space preferences reported above. Millennials are also fairly evenly split on how they do their best work – alone or with others. By breaking the question down by age groups, our findings show that the older Millennials are, the more desire they have for their own individual office space. This chart shows that the older Millennials get, the more inclusive their work style tends to become. Millennials value their time off: 78% reported that they’d ideally like 3 weeks or more off from work a year. It’s clear that this group understands the benefits of work-life balance and recharging their batteries. Corporate America is definitely relaxing when it comes to dress codes. This has the potential to be either a very cool style revolution or a complete disaster. One thing is for sure, we believe that the old adage “dress for the job, you want not for the job you have” still rings true. We did also find it interesting that Millennials expressed a preference for casual and business casual almost evenly. 48% of Millennials surveyed also reported that they think jeans are always okay for work. Only 21% said they weren’t and 31% reported that they were cool sometimes. Our Bates-affiliated wardrobe experts say invest in a dark pair of jeans and pair them with a blazer or a sweater to give yourself a more executive level, framed look. While most Millennials reported planning to stay in their current role for only 1-2 years, 44% of those surveyed reported that they wanted to stay in their company for at least the next 3-5+ years and of that 30% reported intend to stay with their company for more than 5 years. Even more Millennials reported that they are currently planning to stay in their industry; a resounding 52% of those surveyed reported wanting to remain in their current industry for 5 plus years. What does this really say about the job-hopping cliché? Retention and Motivation What Can Organizations Do To Retain Them? (Respondents can choose more than one) - More flexibility for schedule/working location: 46% - Mentoring/leaders that take an interest in me: 40% - More responsibilities/valued voice in my company: 40% - Development programs, training, conferences: 39% - More vacation: 30% - More fun in the office: 21% What we found most interesting about these results were how starkly they contrasted much of what we’ve seen in the media about Millennials about their flightiness, lack of interest, focus on beer and fun, and so forth. It seems that if you want to retain your millennial talent, you should focus on developing their skills and voice. As the previous chart shows – they want to stay with you if they can. How Important is it For Your Boss to Be “Real” and Talk About Things Other Than Work? - Somewhat important, I think getting to know my boss motivates me because I trust him/her: 46% - Very important, my generation is used to interacting with parents, so I like knowing my boss: 41% - Not important, I have learned not to expect too much, my boss doesn’t share very much: 10% - Important, but, it’s unrealistic because my boss doesn’t seem to connect with people very well: 3% The overwhelming majority of Millennials reported that it was either important or very important for their bosses to be “real.” This theme of authentic leadership pops up throughout the data we collected in this survey. The clear winner here was authenticity or “being real, genuine, transparent and sincere, in one’s relations and interactions with others.” On the other end of the spectrum, appearance, resonance, intentionality and inclusiveness all made the bottom four. Millennials clearly feel that their bosses are sincere, but on the flip side perhaps they lack the ability to promote interpersonal dialogue or empower initiative on their teams. The top 5 qualities that Millennials noted as strengths in their current bosses, were authenticity, confidence, integrity, concern and vision. My Boss's Biggest Strengths - Top 5 (Respondents selected their top 3) - Authenticity: 49% - Confidence: 33% - Integrity: 29% - Concern: 28% - Vision: 25% Read here for more on the 15 facets of executive presence In terms of what qualities Millennials seek in their leaders, again the clear winner in importance is authenticity, closely followed by integrity, vision, confidence and concern. Appearance, intentionality and interactivity come up at the low end of the facet spectrum relative to those qualities. Leadership Which Qualities Are Most Important for Leaders to Have? \| CHARACTER \| SUBSTANCE \| STYLE \| \|-----------\|------------\|-------------\| \| Authenticity \| Practical Wisdom \| Appearance \| \| Integrity \| Confidence \| Intentionality \| \| Concern \| Composure \| Inclusiveness \| \| Restraint \| Resonance \| Interactivity \| \| Humility \| Vision \| Assertiveness \| Most Important Qualities for Leaders – Top 5 (Respondents selected their top 3) - Authenticity: 51% - Integrity: 46% - Vision: 30% - Confidence: 28% - Practical Wisdom: 24% Read here for more on the 15 facets of executive presence © 2018 Bates Communications, Inc. • www.bates-communications.com What’s interesting is that Millennials identified 4 out of the same top 5 qualities in both instances, but the order has shifted. These two charts also identify some gaps between their bosses’ strengths and the things they think matter most in their leaders. Authenticity remained in the number one spot. So we know that Millennials are paying attention to authenticity, that’s for sure – and interestingly they see their bosses performing pretty well on that front. We also see two notable performance gaps: integrity and vision, where Millennials see their bosses’ performance as lagging behind the importance they place on that quality. Read here for more on the 15 facets of Executive Presence We asked Millennials “What would your peers say are your biggest strengths”? \| CHARACTER \| SUBSTANCE \| STYLE \| \|-----------\|-----------\|-------\| \| Authenticity \| Practical Wisdom \| Appearance \| \| Integrity \| Confidence \| Intentionality \| \| Concern \| Composure \| Inclusiveness \| \| Restraint \| Resonance \| Interactivity \| \| Humility \| Vision \| Assertiveness \| 4 out of 5 qualities remain the same on this chart as well. Vision, however drops off the top 5 list of self-strengths and is replaced by humility in the number 4 spot. What My Peers Would Say are My Biggest Strengths (Respondents selected their top 3) - Authenticity: 47% - Integrity: 35% - Concern: 28% - Humility: 27% - Confidence: 25% Read here for more on the 15 facets of Executive Presence Millennial men and women interestingly both reported that authenticity, integrity, and concern were in their top 3 self-reported strengths. The interesting change is that the number 4 spot was different between men and women – while men identified confidence as a top strength, women reported humility. Top 4 Self Rated Strengths - Men - Authenticity: 15% - Integrity: 12% - Concern: 10% - Confidence: 9% - Other: 54% Top 4 Self Rated Strengths - Women - Authenticity: 16% - Integrity: 17% - Concern: 14% - Humility: 13% - Other: 40% Results By Gender Top 5 Most Important Leadership Qualities – Gender Comparison (Respondents selected their top 3) We thought it was interesting that men reported that one of the top 5 (of 15) qualities that they look for in a leader was humility – Women reported humility as a top 5 self-strength. Women identified another top contender for importance in leaders – concern. For media inquiries, please contact: Meghan McGrath firstname.lastname@example.org 781-235-8239 For speaker inquiries, please contact: Roanne Neuwirth email@example.com 781-235-8239 Bates Communications is a management consulting firm based in Wellesley, MA. We consult with the world’s top executives to help them become all that they can be. Our mission is to help leaders shape the world. The Bates approach is distinct because of our unique lens on communicative leadership, grounded in assessment and analysis. There is a precision to our process that ensures we are guiding the leader, team and organization to better performance. We target development, provide actionable advice, and rely on data as well as observation to affirm we are on the right track towards achieving our clients’ goals for results. Our CEO Suzanne Bates founded the firm with a commitment to help leaders make an impact. She is an internationally recognized expert and best-selling author on the topic of communicative leadership.
A fundraiser brought to you by St. Ignatius Cub Scout Pack 862! Sunday, March 6th Dinner will be served from 4:30 ~ 7:00 PM Children 4-12 $7.00 each ~ Adults $10.00 each ~ Senior Citizens $7.00 each St. Ignatius School Cafeteria ~ 2700 St. Albans Drive ~ West Lawn, Pa 19609 Dinner will consist of: Spaghetti & Meatballs, Salad, Bread, Water and Dessert BYOB To reserve your spot, please purchase your tickets at the Rectory, Monday - Friday 9 AM – 5 PM or the Church Office after weekend Masses. Tickets may be available to purchase at the door, however space is limited. With your help, Pack 862 will be able to have more amazing adventures together, including camping, museum trips, sporting events and more! Please join us for the 2022 two-day Parish Retreat... Parish Retreat 2022 Serving God with Love and Devotion Witness talks, Meals, Mass, Confession, & Adoration St. Ignatius Loyola School Saturday, April 2, 8:00 AM-5:00 PM Sunday, April 3, 8:00 AM-1:00 PM Questions? Please contact... Annette McAuliffe 614-299-8510 Darla Cox 610-334-9905 Jeanne Whittaker 610-765-4008 Maryanne Mohan 610-334-1235 Tarajlo Schlouch 610-475-2021 Preparation for Consecration to St. Joseph Wednesdays 6:30-8:00 PM Parish Education Center - Meeting Rm. A Led by Deacon Tom Devaney Meeting Dates: February 16 February 23 March 2 March 9 March 16 Last Meeting and Consecration Day: March 19, Feast of St. Joseph, Spouse of Blessed Virgin Mary, John Paul II Room - 8:30 -10:00 AM. Material to be used: Consecration to St. Joseph: The Wonder of Our Spiritual Father By Fr. Donald H. Calloway, MIC ISBN: 978-1-59614-431-6 Limited number Available for $10 at the Rectory The Glory of Masculinity Reclaim Your Manhood A Men’s Lenten Retreat at Alvernia With Mark Houck – Founder, The King’s Men SATURDAY, MARCH 19, 2022 8 – 12:30 Alvernia University McGlinn Conference Center 400 St Bernardine St, Reading, PA 19607 $25 – includes breakfast & lunch Register→ www.thekingsmen.org Questions? Contact us at 610-678-3767 or email@example.com Sponsored by Alvernia University & The King’s Men LEGION OF MARY ALLENTOWN DIOCESE 2022 ANNUAL ACIES WHEN: March 26, 2022 at the 5:15 PM Mass WHERE: Holy Infancy Church 312 E. 14th St., Bethlehem, PA CELEBRANT: Rev. Fr. John Hutte Spiritual Director of the Legion of Mary Social to follow at the Parish Hall after Mass. All are welcomed! Please check our website regularly for current and upcoming events and important Parish announcements. Visit our website: stignatiusreading.org Seniors Bus Trip Atlantic City - Tropicana Casino - March 31, 2022 Famous Russian Comedian, Yakov Smirnoff, will “Make America Laugh Again” Price per person: $135 includes Motorcoach transportation,$25 slot play, $15 food credit, show ticket and driver gratuity. Deadline for reservation and payment is Feb. 28,2022. Call Judy Jablonski at 610.670.0907. Mail payment to: 113 Primrose Lane, Wyomissing, PA 19610 Announced Masses for the Week Monday, February 14th - Sunday, February 21st Monday, February 14 - Ss. Cyril and Methodius 6:30 a.m. Giuseppe Iacono - 9th Anniversary of Death 8:00 a.m. Chester Zalczgowski 9:00 a.m. Mary Scardina Tuesday, February 15 6:30 a.m. Dorothy Bigos 8:00 a.m. Joseph Miano Wednesday, February 16 6:30 a.m. Teresa Boylan 8:00 a.m. James Cameron Thursday, February 17 6:30 a.m. Kathy Moult 8:00 a.m. Shirley Martz Friday, February 18 6:30 a.m. Rose Mary Budy 8:00 a.m. Intentions of the Springer Family Saturday, February 19 8:00 a.m. Ronald Brown - 34th Anniversary of Death 4:00 p.m. George & Theresa Katchur Sunday, February 20 - Seventh Sunday in Ordinary Time 7:30 a.m. Intentions of the Laino & DiSpirito Families 9:00 a.m. Richard Venne 10:30 a.m. Rosemarie Bednarik 12:00 noon Patricia Capilo 5:30 p.m. Peter & Sira Fernandes GOSPEL MESSAGE Blest are they who trust in the Lord. Blest are they who are poor and who endure insult, for their reward shall be great: eternal life. STEWARDSHIP MESSAGE The words of the psalmist echo the theme of all of today’s readings. “Blessed are they who hope in the Lord.” As good stewards, firmly grounded in that hope, may we bear fruit in due season - assisting the poor, feeding the hungry, and consoling the sorrowful whenever we have the chance. SCRIPTURE READINGS FOR FEBRUARY 19/20 1 Sm 26: 2, 7 - 9, 12 - 13, 22 - 23 / 1 Cor 15: 45 - 49 / Lk 6: 27 - 38 PRAYER TO ST. MICHAEL THE ARCHANGEL St. Michael the Archangel, defend us in battle. Be our protection against the wickedness and snares of the Devil. May God rebuke him, we humbly pray, and do thou, O Prince of the heavenly hosts, by the power of God, cast into hell Satan, and all the evil spirits, who prowl about the world seeking the ruin of souls. Amen. STATIONS OF THE CROSS March 8, 15, 22 and 29. This Lent, Stations of the Cross will be the Mary Stations. Come join us in our Church 4 Tuesdays in Lent at 7 PM as we walk and pray the stations with Mary, led by the women of our parish. Volunteers are needed to be participants in leading this devotional. Call Chris Earl at 610.743.5613 if interested. Bad Weather Alert - Please Remember • If school is closed for the day all events and meetings will be canceled also for that day. • If school is closed for the day ADORATION will be canceled that day as well as Wednesday if occurring Tuesday. • If school has a late start due to snow or severe weather, then ADORATION will be canceled for that day as well as Wednesday if occurring Tuesday. • If school is being dismissed early due to weather, then all events and meetings will be discontinued / canceled beginning at the hour school is dismissed. • If school is being dismissed early due to weather, ADORATION will be discontinued/canceled beginning at the hour of dismissal as well as Wednesday if occurring Tuesday. Sundays at 3:00 PM THE DIVINE MERCY CHAPLET will be recited in our Church. All are welcomed! Join us! If you would like information or would like to learn more about praying the Divine Mercy Chaplet or praying the Rosary please call Jim Corson at 610.413.0949. Please note the businesses advertising on the last pages of our bulletins. We thank them for their support and ask you to consider patronizing them. February CHAMPAGNE BREAKFAST Sunday, February 20th 8 AM to 11 AM** SCHOOL AUDITORIUM Adults $9.00 Children 6 - 12 $4.00 Children under 6 - Free NOW ACCEPTING CREDIT CARDS ALL YOU CARE TO EAT: SCRAMBLED EGGS/ COOKED PEPPERS HOME FRIES SAUSAGE/ BACON FRENCH TOAST/ PANCAKES/ SYRUP CHIPPED BEEF & TOAST CEREALS FRESH FRUIT PASTRIES COFFEE/ TEA/ MILK/ JUICES AND MORE....... New Parishioners, welcome to St. Ignatius! Are you officially registered in our parish? If you are not receiving our offering envelopes or the AD Times in the mail you may not be registered. To register, visit the Rectory Monday-Friday, 9AM-5PM. You must be a registered parishioner for 3 months to: • serve as a sacramental Godparent or Sponsor • begin Marriage Preparation • have your child/children Baptized. REDNER’S SAVE-A-TAPE Thank you to all who are submitting Redner’s register receipts to benefit CENTER FOR CHILDREN’S JUSTICE Please remember that to receive credit your save-a-tape number must be visible on submitted receipts. St. Ignatius Knights of Columbus SANDWICH SALE • $4.00 Coupon good for 6” sub (Italian/Turkey/Ham & Cheese) • Redeemable at any Redner’s Market (wrapped) or Redner’s Quick Shoppes (fresh) • No expiration date Coupons are available for sale at the Rectory. St. Ignatius Columbiettes SANDWICH SALE • $5.00 Coupon good for SHORTI HOAGIE • Redeemable at any Wawa • No expiration date Coupons are available for sale at the Rectory. CYO SERVICE PROJECT COLLECTION The 3rd & 4th Grade CYO girls basketball team will be collecting items for Opportunity House after Masses the weekend of February 12 & 13. Items in need are toiletries, flip flops - all sizes, and underwear for men, women and children. Monetary donations are also appreciated. Please consider donating to this worthy cause. CELEBRATING GOD’S GOODNESS The Bernardine Franciscan Sisters invite you to BERNARDINE BONANZA Friday, March 4, 2022 - 5:30 PM - Plex at Alvernia Call Sr. Maria Bartos at 484.334.6815 for information. An engaging Catholic Bible Study consisting of a reflection and discussion of the upcoming Sunday Mass readings and fellowship. Readings will be provided. All young adults of Berks County ages 18-35 (21 to drink) single, married, Catholic & non-Catholic, are welcomed. We meet monthly at St. Ignatius and St. Catharine’s. Our next event will be Monday, April 4th at 8:30 PM at St. Catharine’s Led by Fr. Philip Maas, Assistant Pastor - St. Ignatius firstname.lastname@example.org AND Fr. Stephan Isaac, Assistant Pastor - St. Catharine’s email@example.com ADDICTION AWARENESS AND SUPPORT ADDICTION AWARENESS & SUPPORT MINISTRY Treating the person with the substance abuse disorder and the family as a whole is vital for an individual’s ongoing recovery. There is help available. For treatment contact: • Caron Treatment Center 800.854.6023 • Reading Health System (Tower Health) 484.628.8186 • AA 610.373.6500 To speak to someone from this Ministry, please call the Rectory at 610.678.3767. 2022 MISSALS are available for sale in the Church Office and the Rectory at a cost of $3.00. DONATIONS TO: The Msgr. James A. Treston Scholarship Fund WERE RECEIVED IN MEMORY/HONOR OF/FROM: THERESA KOCH Ann Rutkoski THE MEMORIAL SOCIETY WERE RECEIVED IN LOVING MEMORY/HONOR OF/FROM: THOMAS BENTZ Nel & Ginny Eyrich DONALD QUINONES Max & Pat Keever ST. IGNATIUS SCHOOL TUITION ANGEL SPONSOR Help a St. Ignatius student in need of tuition assistance. If you would like to donate: Donate any amount in memory of someone who has died, in honor of a special occasion or just make a charitable donation to help defray the cost of tuition for a St. Ignatius student. Donations payable to St. Ignatius School. ST. IGNATIUS LOYOLA MEMORIAL SOCIETY After the death of a loved one, more and more people are considering a lasting memorial gift given to their parish in memory of the deceased. Memorials also may be given in lieu of flowers or other charity. For details please call the Rectory. FRIENDS OF ST. VINCENT de PAUL SOCIETY The mission of the FOSVDP Society at St. Ignatius is to help our parishioners and neighbors who may need temporary financial assistance. Please contact the Rectory to request assistance / refer a family in need. All information is held in the strictest confidence. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY Job openings in St. Ignatius Loyola School: • Grade 3 teacher • Grade 5 teacher • Extended Care workers • Part-time Computer teacher • Substitute teachers Please contact Mrs. Wood by phone at 610.678.0111 or by email firstname.lastname@example.org. THIS WEEK... LET US PRAY.... For all married couples, may their openness to new life bear witness to the generous love of God. Best Catholic Content... All In One Place ... For free access: - go to the Formed.org website - enter our parish code: CHWD7V - fill out the one-time brief profile SAVE THE DATE - SUNDAY, JULY 31, 2022 PARISH PICNIC - CACOOSING MEADOWS St. Ignatius Loyola Regional School Join our school family for the 2022-2023 school year! Enrolling students Pre-K through 8th grade *Transfer grants may be available up to $1,500 for transfer students entering 1st-7th grade www.stignatiusvikings.org Catholic Schools 2022-2023 “With faith in our hearts, and love for others, we model Christ through service and deed and aspire to excellence in all that we do.” Call Mrs. Carolyn Wood, our Principal, 610.678.0111 to learn more about St. Ignatius Loyola Regional School and to schedule a tour. ST. IGNATIUS REGIONAL SCHOOL NEWS If you are a St. Ignatius School alumni, parent of a student or alumni, friend, or neighbor and want to keep up to date on our school, please join our family by completing the form and submitting it in the collection basket, to the Rectory or to the School. We will send emails 3 - 4 times a year with updates. Name: ____________________________________________ Email Address: ______________________________________ Address: ___________________________________________ Relationship to school: _____ Alumnus _______ Year of Graduation _____ Parent of Alumni _____ Friend of the school _____ Please indicate here if you prefer mail via USPS instead of email Or please send an email with the information above to: email@example.com GOD’S PLAN FOR GIVING Today’s readings speak of an essential quality for the Christian steward - hope. According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church, “Hope is the theological virtue by which we desire the kingdom of heaven and eternal life as our happiness, placing our trust in Christ’s promises and relying not on our own strength but on the help of the grace of the Holy Spirit (CCC 1817).” In many ways, this is the very definition of a stewardship way of life - focusing on eternity as we live our daily lives and relying on God to provide for our needs and satisfy our deepest longings for meaning and happiness right now. In today’s Gospel from Luke, Jesus describes the true richness of life that is possible for those of us who are willing to live as His hope-filled disciples. We are all familiar with this passage in which Jesus reveals the Beatitudes: blessed are the poor; they have the kingdom of God. Blessed are those now hungry because they will be satisfied. Blessed are those who weep because they will laugh. Blessed are those who are hated, excluded, and insulted because they are disciples of Jesus; they will be greatly rewarded in heaven. Jesus is describing here the character of one who is living a life of hope – the life of a Christian steward whose trust is firmly rooted in God and who is focused on others and eternity. It is not always an easy life, but it is a deeply meaningful life and one that leads to eternal reward. Thank you for your continued support and donations! Inviting girls to join us! ST. TERESA DOVE DANCE MINISTRY begin plans for Spring Performance “PRAISE HIS NAME 2022” Come dance with us as we “Praise His name with Dance” and begin rehearsals for our annual community outreach performance planned for late Spring. No prior dance experience required. Dance team divisions meet in the St. Ignatius Parish Education Center Hall on Tuesdays: Grades 1-3 (5:45-6:15 p.m.) Grades 4-5 (6:15-7:00 p.m.) Grades 6-12 (6:45-7:45 p.m.) For more information on joining Dove Dance Ministry, please email or call: Linda Petsu, Director firstname.lastname@example.org or 610.693.5160. ALTAR FLOWERS Please call Clare Hollenbacher at 610.678.0864 to make arrangements to donate flowers in honor of or in memory of someone or for a special occasion. MASS SCHEDULE Saturday: 4:00 PM Vigil Mass Sunday: 7:30, 9:00 & 10:30 AM, 12 Noon, & 5:30 PM Daily: Monday through Friday: 6:30 & 8:00 AM Saturday: 8:00 AM First Friday: 7:00 PM EUCHARISTIC PRAYER / ADORATION - CHAPEL Tuesdays Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament after 8:00 AM Mass until 10 PM AND Wednesdays Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament 6:00 AM until 7 PM Evening Prayer & Benediction Reconciliation/Confession: Saturday - 3:00 - 4:00 PM - Church Confessionals Baptism: By Individual Family and By Appointment Baptism Seminar: Currently via ZOOM by appointment. Seminar attendance is required for parents before Baptism. Please call the Rectory at 610.678.3767 to register for the Seminar. DIOCESAN SAFE ENVIRONMENT INFORMATION OFFICE OF SAFE ENVIRONMENT Pamela J. Russo, M.S.W, M.S. Secretary, Youth Protection and Catholic Human Services P.O. Box F, Allentown, PA 18105-1538 610.871.5200 ext. 2204 or email@example.com VICTIM ASSISTANCE COORDINATOR MRS. WENDY S. KRISAK KALAMAR DIRECT LINE: 1.800.791.9209 CATHOLIC BISHOP ABUSE REPORTING SERVICE If you have an allegation of abuse against a bishop, please contact the Catholic Bishop Abuse Reporting Service at www.ReportBishopAbuse.org or phone 800-276-1562. PASTORAL STAFF Rev. Thomas P. Bortz, Pastor Rev. Zachary R. Wehr, Associate Pastor Rev. Philip J. Maas, Associate Pastor Deacon Frederick J. Lanciano Deacon Edward L. Sanders Deacon Thomas J. Devaney Mrs. Carolyn Wood, Principal St. Ignatius Loyola Regional School ~ 610.678.0111 Mrs. Sheryl Lanciano - Director of Parish Life 610.678.0676 Mr. Tim Wood - Youth Ministry Director ~ 610.678.0676 Mr. Michael Adams - Music Coordinator ~ 610.914.9607 Mrs. Joan Skolny - Parish Secretary ~ 610.678.3767 Mrs. Debbie Pilliod - Parish Secretary & Parish Safe Environment Coordinator - 610.678.3767 CAREGIVERS WANTED! 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Comments on the Report of the Commissioner for Standards in Public Life (Case Number C/002) The Exclusion of Members of the House from the management of bodies corporate established by law: Historical Evolution The exclusion of Members of the Legislative Assembly, and later of Members of the House of Representatives, from being appointed members of Boards of public corporations (bodies set up by law to perform a public purpose function and having no shareholders) pre-dates independence. For example Article 3 (6) (a) of the Electricity Act, 1963 excluded members of the Legislative Assembly from sitting on the Electricity Board. This appears to have been maintained as a rule with a few exceptions which are probably related to the nature of the Board concerned. For example, the Malta Board of Standards Act, 1965, did not contain such a prohibition. On the other hand, Ordinance XXXII of 1947 on the Constitution of the Royal University of Malta provided that the Council of the University had to include six members elected by the Legislative Assembly from among its Members through a single transferable vote. This was also retained in Ordinance XXIII of 1961 which amended that Ordinance. That being said, the Malta Development Corporation Act, 1967 (article 5 (1) (a)), the Central Bank of Malta Act, 1967 (article 11 (1) (a)), the Telemalta Corporation Act, 1975 (Article 6 (a)), the Housing Authority Act, 1976 (Article 6 (2) (a)), the Enemalta Act, 1977 (Article 7 (a)) and the Public Transport Authority Act, 1989 (Article 3 (4) (a)), to mention some key examples, include the said prohibition. The practice of excluding members of the House does not seem to have been always consistent. For example the Accountancy Profession Act 1979, the National Tourism Organization Act 1983, and the Malta International Business Activities Act 1988, did not contain such a prohibition whilst the Employment and Training Services Act 1990 contained a prohibition in respect of the Board of the Employment and Training Corporation (Article 7 (1) (a)) but did not impose such a prohibition on Members of the National Employment Authority. It can therefore be concluded that Maltese laws generally include this prohibition, but not in a constant and absolute manner. The activity of the public corporation (e.g. regulator, supplier of essential services, quasi-commercial operator, a representative body of public and private interests in a particular sector (for example tourism) or a technical or educational body) and the administrative and political climate in which such entity was formed certainly influence the legislator's decision on whether such a prohibition is to be maintained or not. Exclusion from Public Offices or from employment or appointments in the Public Sector The fact that parliamentarians are not precluded from holding gainful employment or other activities is not particular to Malta. For example, in the UK this is also permitted and it is only certain jobs and activities which are prohibited. The situation under the Maltese Constitution is modelled on a similar framework: there is no general prohibition but a prohibition from carrying out certain types of jobs and activities specified in the law or the Constitution. Ultimately, a member of parliament renders account of his income and his assets in the respective declarations which he is obliged to make from time to time. Official Appointments The prohibition of a public officer from being a Member of the House of Representatives is enshrined in article 54 (1) (b) of the Constitution but that prohibition is not absolute since it includes the possibility that Parliament may provide otherwise. In fact, this was done through the Members of Parliament (Public Employment) Act (Chap 472) which was passed by Parliament on 10th August 2004. Apart from that Act, article 54 (3) of the Constitution provides that a person shall not be treated as holding a public office if (a) he is on leave of absence pending relinquishment of a public office or if (b) he is a teacher at the University of Malta who is not by the terms of his employment prevented from the private practice of his profession or called upon to place his whole time at the disposal of the Government of Malta. In theory these laws enable all the Members of the House who are not Ministers, Parliamentary Secretaries, Leader of the Opposition or Speaker, or a substantial number thereof, to be public servants provided that they are not in a salary grade of scale 5 or upwards or members of a disciplined force, or if they are covered by Article 54 (3) of the Constitution. Therefore, although the principle is that anyone who is a public official cannot be a Member of the House of Representatives, the Constitution gives broad discretion to Parliament to derogate from this principle and even the Constitution itself derogates from such principle in the case of persons who are about to retire from the public service and of multi-active persons who at the same time teach at the University, are employed by the Government, freely exercise their profession and are Members of Parliament. The Members of Parliament (Public Employment) Act (Chap 472) envisages situations where a public officer is elected to Parliament and nowhere does it refer to the situation where a Member of Parliament becomes a public officer. However, nowhere is it stipulated that a Member of Parliament, naturally after having been elected, cannot take up public employment, which allows him to sit in Parliament under Chapter 472 or Article 54 (3) of the Constitution. Maltese law in this respect is much less restrictive than English law on the prohibition of public officials from sitting in Parliament. This probably derives from the need for more participation and broader representation in Parliament which the legislator identified at a certain time. The right of a person to participate in politics is basic in a democratic society and should not be restricted without real and objective justification. In some countries, for example in the Netherlands, even a member of the judiciary can be elected to Parliament since this is considered to be a right of every citizen. On the contrary, in the UK there is an express prohibition against this. Any consideration as to whether by the engagement or employment of Members of the House in the public sector the Constitution is being violated or whether this is "contrary to the principles on which the Constitution is founded" should also appropriately be made against this background. One may also consider that the argument to the effect that if a Member of Parliament is paid by the Government, he is being placed in the near-impossibility of being able to vote against the Government, despite holding certain validity, may also be rather exaggerated in its importance. People who come forward to run the country and who, at their sacrifice, step into the political arena should be considered to be, at least, a little more credible than that. One should be cautious of arguments based solely on finances and on the assumption that money prevails over principles. On the basis of the same logic one can also argue that a substantial increase in the honoraria of Members of Parliament can also reinforce their obedience and their subservience to the leadership of their parties (since the Member of Parliament would have more to lose) and, in the case of the party in government, to the Government. One must therefore be attentive not to exaggerate the importance of certain arguments even if these appear to be valid. Work in the Government Sector in general The question as to whether the Members of Parliament on the Government side who carry out work, directly or indirectly, for the Government, are "in this manner being favoured and given preferential treatment over Members of Parliament forming part of the Opposition, who as a consequence are suffering discrimination because they need another job to support themselves" depends on whether the work that Members of Parliament on the Government side carry out is a type of work that can be carried out by anyone who is technically qualified for such work (in which case it would not be appropriate to give such work directly to a Member of Parliament on the Government side) or whether the work is political in nature or involves political considerations related to the Government’s programme, where therefore it is not realistic to envisage that the work be done by an Opposition Member of Parliament. Persons of Trust Employment in the public service is governed by Article 110 of the Constitution which provides in subsection (1) that the "power to make appointments to public offices and to remove and to exercise disciplinary control over persons holding or acting in any such offices shall vest in the Prime Minister, acting on the recommendation of the Public Service Commission". Article 110 (6) of the Constitution also regulates access to employment in the public sector by providing the following: "Recruitment for employment with any body established by the Constitution or by or under any other law, or with any partnership or other body in which the Government of Malta, or any such body as aforesaid, have a controlling interest or over which they have effective control, shall, unless such recruitment is made after a public examination duly advertised, be made through an employment service as provided in sub-article (2) of this article." These provisions are there to safeguard equal opportunity of access to public employment and are followed as constant rules on the basis of which persons are employed in the public service and public sector. Appointments to official posts in the public service are generally appointments regulated by an appointment letter by which the employee is given an official legal status as a public officer which is usually linked to employment on an indefinite basis which is terminated upon reaching retirement age. Over time, due to the changing needs of the public administration, the need was felt, by administrations of every political leanings, that in certain sectors of the public service, and in particular in Ministries, besides making use of public officers appointed under article 110 of the Constitution, use should also be made of the temporary services of persons employed by contract in order to perform work where personal trust is an integral part of the requirements of the employment relationship. These temporary contractual appointments are regulated in detail by the Manual on Resourcing, Policies and Procedures of the public service and are limited to specific functions. The Venice Commission in its opinion of 17th December 2018 did not challenge the need for such appointments or state that they do not exist in other European countries, but rather it recommended that they should be given a clear legal basis and that they should be more regulated. That basis exists at present at administrative level. Neither can it be said that the law is entirely silent on appointments which are not made in accordance with article 110 of the Constitution. In fact the Contracts of Service for a Fixed Term Regulations (SL 452.81), for the purpose of protecting the employee, regulate appointments in the public sector and the public service even if they are not made according to law, and this as set out in regulation 7 (10) which states: "(10) Nothing in these regulations shall confer a right to employment on an indefinite contract under these regulations when a person is in an employment relationship in the public service or in the public sector which has not been made in accordance with the Constitution or with any law which applies to employment in the public service or the public sector: Provided that if such an employment relationship in the public service or in the public sector is terminated after it has lasted for a period in excess of four years on the grounds that it had not been made in accordance with the Constitution or with any law which applies to employment in the public service or the public sector, the employee whose employment has been so terminated may claim compensation from his former employer and may for this purpose refer his case to the Industrial Tribunal, within four months from the date of the said termination, and if the Tribunal is satisfied that the reason for the termination of the employment was that the employment was not made in accordance with the Constitution or with any other law referred to above, it shall grant an award of compensation which is, in the opinion of the Tribunal, sufficiently effective and constitutes a deterrent against abuse in the recruitment process and, in any case, such compensation shall be calculated as one month’s wages for each year in employment, provided that this amount shall not be less than an amount equivalent to the total wages payable to such a person for a six-month period of employment." Needless to say, this regulation which aims at protecting the employee (who is generally the weaker party in the employment relationship) does not enter into the question of whether a particular class of employees (such as persons of trust) are in a state of illegality or not but, within its limits, it protects all employees even if an illegality was committed at the commencement of their employment. Persons of trust are also subject to the jurisdiction of the Commissioner For Standards in Public Life and the relative Act which defines them as follows: "person of trust" means any employee or person engaged in the private secretariat of a Minister or of a Parliamentary Secretary wherein the person acts as an adviser or consultant to a Minister or to a Parliamentary Secretary or acts in an executive role in the Ministry or Parliamentary Secretariat, and where the person has not been engaged according to the procedure established under article 110 of the Constitution." Naturally it would be much better if the legal basis for the employment of persons of trust were to be clarified, as is envisaged to be done, but today one cannot say that appointments on the basis of trust are completely unrecognised by law or illegal. It is recognized that this type of contract of service brings about legal consequences even after its termination. On the question as to whether a Member of the House may be appointed as a person of trust in a Ministry it is relevant to note that the principal method according to which such a member may be assigned duties under a Minister in a particular sector of the public administration is that of having the member appointed Parliamentary Secretary. Our laws, in contrast with the laws of the UK, do not impose a limit on the number of Members of Parliament who may be appointed as Ministers or Parliamentary Secretaries. Consequently the situation of a Member of Parliament who is not appointed Parliamentary Secretary but is designated as a person of trust in a Ministry to do work related to the government’s programme, can be seen as a question of level of responsibility and commitment demanded and therefore as one related to the extent of responsibility which the Government would wish to confer on such a Member if it considers that he should not be appointed Parliamentary Secretary. The question as to whether such Member would thereby be rendered captive by the Executive is a question that remains quite relative so long as there is no limit on appointments of Ministers and Parliamentary Secretaries. Public Procurement The main purpose of the constitutional rule that prevents a person who enters into contracts with the Government from sitting in Parliament derives from the need to avoid the conflict of interest concomitant with situations where a person would, so to say, be on both sides of a contract. That rule, however, is not an absolute one and it is permissible for the situation be remedied by prior declaration in agreement with the House. In virtue of Act XXXVIII of 1976 the words in paragraph 54 (1) (c) which used to refer to "any contract with the Government of Malta for or on account of the public service" was amended to refer a "contract with Government of Malta being a contract of works or a contract for the supply of merchandise to be used in the service of the public". It emerges from the relative parliamentary debates that this amendment was made with a view to adopting a restrictive and focused interpretation of the article in the written law which the Courts had already supported in the few judgments which they had delivered about it. It is to be noted that in the part regarding “Members of the House appointed as Legal Advisors or otherwise by the Government and/or corporate bodies established by law” the report does not establish that an illegality is taking place but it rather identifies a problem related to ‘fundamental principles’ and recommends changes. Considerations regarding the criticism and suggestions for improvement. It is noted that the Report by the Commissioner for Standards in Public Life generally criticises several identified practices whereby Members of the House end up earning a salary from the Government or from the Public Sector, not because the Commissioner deems them to be manifestly illegal but because he feels that such practices go ‘against the principles on which the Constitution is founded’. This means that those practices are not considered to violate the written and explicit law but if one applies the interpretation of the Constitution based on its objectives and its fundamental principles one would come to the conclusion that the spirit of Constitution is being violated. Naturally, this type of interpretation of the Constitution and the law would have to take into account the different legal, social and economic factors which formed the basis of the spirit of the Constitution over time and therefore one cannot guarantee that the Constitutional Court will adopt one perspective rather than another about what constitutes a fundamental and inviolable principle of the Constitution. It is only in the case of “Members of the House employed on a Contract for Service” that the Report refers to “this evident violation of the Constitution”, but further down in the discussion on the same point (page 14) the Report concludes that the situation in question “is analogous to the appointment of Members of the House as persons of trust or as consultants” where the judgment of the Commissioner was based on a perspective of a ‘violation of the fundamental principles’ rather than on one of manifest or explicit illegality. Consequently one cannot state that the Report established that laws are being violated but rather that there are practices which may potentially be illegal if one evaluates them from a particular perspective of what can be identified as the fundamental principles of the Constitution. Such perspective remains always open to debate until the Constitutional Court pronounces itself on the matter. Peter Grech Attorney General 24th July 2019
Dear reader, we hope you can enjoy again new information from the IPNFA® society and the influences from other physiotherapy associations and contributors for high quality physiotherapy. We checked the web, and several resources, and we received from various IPNFA® member some basic information. Naturally several abstracts with a link to the original publication. We hope that also this edition finds your appreciation and you enjoy reading about PNF related developments. I wish a joyful reading, Fred. --- Tackling the EBP barriers The world physiotherapy (former WCPT) announced last May that PEDro is offering a campaign to increase the use of Evidence Based Physiotherapy (EBP). There was a review study inspiring the PEDro organization to tackle the barriers. This was: Paci M, Faedda G, Ugolini A, Pellicciari L. Barriers to evidence-based practice implementation in physiotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Qual. Heal. Care 2021;33:mzab093.: https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzab093 A new campaign, #PEDroTacklesBarriers, will focus on the four biggest barriers to evidence based physiotherapy. Each month the campaign, organized by the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), will share tips on how to tackle a particular barrier. Lack of time was the most frequently encountered barrier, reported by 53% of physiotherapists. This was followed by language (36%), lack of access (34%), and lack of statistical skills (31%). Watch the #PEDroTacklesBarriers campaign video #PEDroTacklesBarriers to evidence-based physiotherapy - YouTube Between May 2022 and April 2023, the campaign will focus on each of the four biggest barriers to encourage physiotherapists around the globe to work collaboratively to implement the most relevant strategies into their practice. Physiotherapists who have encountered these barriers and developed strategies to overcome them will share their experiences, and the campaign will also share information about the methods used to conduct, analyze, report and interpret randomized controlled trials, to help physiotherapists tackle the barrier of lack of statistical skills. The PEDro initiative is supported besides the World Physiotherapy by the: Australian, Italian French and Dutch associations for physiotherapy. Anna Rivier spoke at a national conference in Germany on 14.05.2022, Bad Soden (near Frankfurt). The title was "Moving the future together." The title: Perception to action, action to perception. Senso-motoric loop in the PNF - concept. The PNF Philosophy and Basic principles have been explained with an example of a patient after stroke and a PNF intervention on the stairs was used to illustrate shortly the clinical application of PNF based facilitations. Title: Perception for Action – Action for Perception, the senso-motoric loop from the PNF concept. The PNF-concept with its focus on Proprioceptive Stimulation is illustrated with two Patient examples; One after stroke and one with Parkinson’s disease. PNF is an established intervention concept, with its own philosophy as a starting point. The components of the PNF-Philosophy, do exist already since 70 years and they have been confirmed by research in later years. The suggestions from Physiotherapist Maggie Knott, medical doctor and neurophysiologist Dr. Hermann Kabat and their colleagues, has been proven and further developed towards today’s standards of Physiotherapy. The PNF-Philosophy consists of a positive, functional and total (holistic) approach. Secondly, the Mobilization of Reserves (from the patient) and the use of Principles of motor control and motor learning. PNF introduced already in the 1940’s repetitions and intensive training, nowadays general accepted principles in motor learning. Furthermore, a positive approach and the stimulus for motivation belong as a standard part to learning and Training processes. From 2002 the ICF has been an standard component within the PNF-concept. The ICF is an important basis for clinical reasoning. The objectives for intervention are discussed with the patient and defined in accordance with the „SMART“ criteria. The movement analysis in PNF finds its foundation motor control research. PNF offers both; "Perception for Action" through the use of the basic principles (sensory input) and "Action for Perception" through the facilitation and support for motor activity in various gravity circumstances and goal oriented ADL-context. Based upon the comprehensive philosophy of the PNF-concept, there is a large potential for knowledge transfer to obtain a modern, comprehensive and accepted therapy approach. Jéssica da Silva Becker Correia, Gustavo Andrade Martins, Leandro Giacometti da Silva, Erik Menger Silveira, Tainara Steffens, Caroline Pietta-Dias, Eduardo Lusa Cadore COMPARISON OF THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF THE PNF AND STABILIZATION METHODS (FIFA 11+) ON THE DYNAMIC BALANCE OF UNIVERSITY FOOTBALL ATHLETES Open Science Research - ISBN 978-65-5360-055-3 - Editora Científica Digital - www.editoracientifica.org - Vol. 1 - Ano 2022 ABSTRACT Background: Football is the most practiced sport in the world, encompassing professional and amateur athletes, motivating FIFA to elaborate the 11+ Manual. Joint and trunk stabilization exercises are prominent in the rehabilitation and injury prevention process aiming at improving the static and/or dynamic balance. There are proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques (PNF) with the same objective, such as little used rhythmic stabilization in the sports environment. Objective: to evaluate the acute effects of the balance exercises protocol proposed by FIFA 11+ compared to the same protocol added to the PNF concept on the dynamic balance of field soccer athletes of the university team. Population: Field soccer athletes of the Ulbra / Canoas university team (n=18). Data Collection Procedure: They were evaluated through static baropodometry and SEBT in data collection and immediately after performing a single intervention with PNF and FIFA 11+. Results: Intervention with PNF increased amplitude in the AM direction and POST performed with leg E (p <0.05). The baropodometry analysis showed a significant increase (p <0.001) in the MEP of the E leg after the FIFA11 + intervention, reduction (p <0.05) in the MEP in the D foot after PNF. On the surface, there was a significant increase (p <0.001) after FIFA11 + in the lower limb E and D. Conclusion: PNF associated with FIFA 11+ has better acute effects for the dynamic balance of university athletes associated with reduced plantar pressures and maintenance of the contact superficies. Keywords: soccer, postural balance, facilitation. [https://dx.doi.org/10.37885/211207014](https://dx.doi.org/10.37885/211207014) --- “Wherever the art of medicine is loved, there is also a love for humanity.” – Hippocrates “Medicine and therapy is a science of uncertainty and the art of probability.” (William Osler) Electromyographic analysis of pelvic floor muscles during the execution of pelvic patterns of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation-concept: An observational study Neurourol Urodyn. 2022;1 - 10 Abstract Objective: To assess the effect of pelvic patterns of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF-concept) on pelvic floor muscles (PFM) recruitment, as well as the electromyographic activity of muscles synergic to the pelvic floor in healthy women. Methods: Observational study conducted with 31 women aged between 18 and 35 years, with mean age of 23.3 ± 3.2 (22.1–24.4). PFM activity was monitored by surface electromyography during the combination of isotonics technique of four pelvic patterns of PNF-concept (i.e., anterior elevation, posterior depression, anterior depression, and posterior elevation). The electromyographic signal was analyzed using root mean square amplitude. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to analyze differences in PFM activity between types of contraction (i.e., concentric, isometric, and eccentric) and the four pelvic patterns. Results: PFM activity did not differ among the four pelvic patterns. However, PFM activity was significantly different between the combination of isotonics technique and baseline, F(1.6, 48.2) = 71.5; p < 0.000, with a large effect size (partial η² = 0.705). Concentric (22.4 μV ± 1.1), isometric (17.3 μV ± 0.6), and eccentric (15 μV ± 0.5) contractions of combination of isotonics technique increased PFM activity compared with baseline (10.8 μV ± 0.4) in all pelvic patterns. By analyzing the electromyographic activity of the muscles synergistic to the pelvic floor, there is an effect of the interaction of the type of contraction, the pelvic pattern of the PNF concept, and the synergistic muscles on the myoelectric activity of the external anal sphincter, F(3.2, 96.5) = 5.6; p < 0.000, with a large magnitude of effect (partial η² = 0.15). In the anterior elevation pattern, the muscles synergistic to the pelvic floor present synergy in phase with the PFM, and in the posterior patterns there was a decrease in the activity level of all synergistic muscles, without changing the activity level of the PFM. Conclusion: PFM activity did not differ among the four pelvic patterns of PNF-concept. Nonetheless, the combination of isotonics technique showed a significant effect on PFM compared with baseline, with greater PFM activity during concentric contraction. Pelvic patterns of PNF-concept may be used to increase PFM recruitment in young healthy women. KEYWORDS abdominal muscles, electromyography, motor control, muscle stretching exercises, physiotherapy modalities, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.24981 Physiotherapy in chronic low back pain, what might PNF contribute PT, Zeitschrift für Physiotherapeuten, June, 2022 A short publication in the German journal for physiotherapy from Barbara Dopfer, IPNFA® advanced instructor. (freely translated and summarized by Fred) A successful treatment for people with chronic pains syndromes will only succeed in a multi modal setting. The medical treatment with the correct medication, the psychological care and the occupational and physical therapies with their comprehensive therapy possibilities will act together for an improvement of the life conditions of the involved persons. Specific physiotherapy concepts are able to contribute to the treatment. Since long it is known that physical activity combined with education is an important component in therapies for non-specific chronic low back pain (NCLBP). The PNF-concept defined in its philosophy to obtain the best possible functional level in activities and participation. The active approach stimulates physical experience for posture and movements, engages the confidence of the participant in his/her own movement competences and senso-motoric learning processes. Several review studies (Pincao G et al. 2022; Pouramahdi M et al. 2020; Arancio FL et al. 2021) indicate a successful use of the PNF-concept. Various RCT demonstrated improvements after using the PNF-concept for CLBP for pain intensity, functional capabilities and patient satisfaction (Areeumdongwong P et al. 2017; Kajotolis N et al. 2006; Mavromoustakos S et al. 2015). In terms of education, the clients need to understand that learned non-use behavior is contra productive, and the return to activities is the first step to improve their own situation. To ensure, that in spite of pain experience they become active, an explanation for the onset and development of chronic pain is needed. Also, knowledge how these are different from known nociceptive pain processes is essential. Below in impression of how to implement PNF-based exercise for NCLBP. The IPNFA Poland group (Katarzyna Fountoukidis, Grzegorz Gałuszka, Joanna Jaczewska, Maciej Krawczyk, Jakub Marciński, Monika Piwnicka, Agnieszka Stępień) has continued training for academic teachers in recent months. After several online meetings, on July 9 we organized one-day practical workshops for 16 teachers from various universities at the Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw. The main topic of the workshop was the management of patients with abnormal gait pattern. The meeting was held in a friendly and creative atmosphere and was very positively evaluated by the participants. The next workshop meeting with another group of participants is planned in September at the Academy of Physical Education in Poznań. The PNF-concept has been presented in relation to orthopedics and clinical reasoning. A video presentation by Fred, and hands-on demonstration on stage by Dr. Prem PT. PhD. Dr. Prem is a former participant in PNF 1,2 and 3 courses. The People Need Fun corner: 😊 “Study hard until you can say: “I am a IPNFA® - certified therapist”, everything is gonna be alright.” “To study the phenomena of disease without books is to sail an uncharted sea, while to study books without patients is not to go to sea at all.” – William Osler World PT Day 2022 The toolkit for World PT Day 2022 includes information sheets and posters aimed at the general public promoting the role of physiotherapists in the prevention of osteoarthritis and in the management of people affected by osteoarthritis. There is also a resource list for facts and additional reading for physiotherapists. In 2023 the focus will be on other rheumatological conditions. The materials are currently available in English and Spanish, French will be added shortly. Volunteer translators are working on more versions and these will be published when they are available. Why World PT Day matters In 1996, 8 September was designated as World PT Day. This is the date World Physiotherapy was founded in 1951. The day marks the unity and solidarity of the global physiotherapy community. It is an opportunity to recognize the work that physiotherapists do for their patients and community. Using World PT Day as a focus, World Physiotherapy aims to support member organizations in their efforts to promote the profession and advance their expertise. Reports from around the world indicate that World PT Day activities have a positive impact on the profession’s profile and standing with both the public and policy makers. Many World Physiotherapy member organizations already have their own national physiotherapy days, weeks and months. However, organizations that have no designated day of their own often choose 8 September. World PT Day toolkit \| World Physiotherapy Click on the blue link above the picture to get access to all material in various languages To support activities on World PT-Day 2022 SEPTEMBER 8 Summary “Core stability training” is popular in both the therapeutic and fitness industries but what is actually meant and understood by this concept? And does everyone need the same training approach? This paper examines the landscape of ‘the core’ and its control from both a clinical and research perspective. It attempts a comprehensive review of its healthy functional role and how this is commonly changed in people with spinal and pelvic girdle pain syndromes. The common clinically observable and palpable patterns of functional and structural change associated with ‘problems with the core’ have been relatively little described. This paper endeavors to do so, introducing a variant paradigm aimed at promoting the understanding and management of these altered patterns of ‘core control’. Clinically, two basic subgroups emerge. In light of these, the predictable difficulties that each group finds in establishing the important fundamental elements of spino-pelvic ‘core control’ and how to best retrain these, are highlighted. The integrated model presented is applicable for practitioners re-educating movement in physiotherapy, rehabilitation, Pilates, Yoga or injury prevention within the fitness industry in general. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2013.03.012 The People Need Fun corner: 😊 “A physio, like anyone else who has to deal with human beings, each of them unique, cannot be a scientist; he is either, like the surgeon, a craftsman, or, like the physician and the psychologist, an artist. This means that in order to be a good physiotherapist one must also have a good character, that is to say, whatever weaknesses and foibles one may have, one must love his fellow human beings in the concrete and desire their good before one’s own.” Quate by—W. H. Auden Adjusted to PT by F. Smedes
UPSIZE ME RIVIERA 72 SPORTS MOTOR YACHT HIGH & DRY A BUYERS GUIDE TO BOAT LIFTS & DRY BERTHS 9 REVIEWS • RIVIERA 72 SPORTS MOTOR YACHT • SEALEGS 8.5 ALLOY CABIN • MARITIMO X60 • OCEAN ALEXANDER 85 MY • NIMBUS 365 • SCORPION 470CC • DNA 480XC • MODA C-8000 POWERCAT • INNOVISION 616 EXPLORER SPOTLIGHT ON YAMAHA SPORT CARS TO OUTBOARDS THE FUTURE IS NOW LUXURY CAR MAKERS TAKE ON SPORT BOATS Attention to detail, the level of finish and the engineering throughout the 72 SMY is exceptional. UPSIZE ME IF YOU THOUGHT THE RIVIERA 68 SPORTS MOTOR YACHT WAS AN AWESOME BOAT, THEN YOU’RE GOING TO DROOL OVER THE RECENTLY RELEASED AND SOMETHOW LARGER 72 SPORTS MOTOR YACHT. Riviera explains that in designing the 72 Sports Motor Yacht, the criteria was for a vessel that offered the exhilaration of sports performance with the luxurious comforts of a motor yacht. “During more than two years of development, Riviera’s in-house design team conducted extensive consultations with highly experienced Riviera owners from around the world to create a motor yacht of great beauty and purpose,” says Riviera owner Rodney Longhurst. “When we spoke to owners seeking a new style of motor yacht, they said their dream was a blue-water yacht that combines speed and sport fishing and other water sports capabilities with the confidence of high bulwark side decks, a foredeck entertainment centre, fully enclosed flybridge with internal stairs, a covered mezzanine dining area and ultra-luxurious interiors,” he said. Unquestionably, the new 72 Sports Motor Yacht comprehensively delivers on their brief. See it on the water and you’d be hard-pressed to pick the difference between the 72 and 68, but while virtually the same boat, the 72 been upsized. And just like McDonalds, you get a lot more for your money and what you get extra is certainly worth having. The extra length is evident in the twin level cockpit with more deck space, plus with the extended hull, the fuel tank capacity has been able to be increased from 8500 litres to 10,500 litres. The 72 Sports Motor Yacht has all the right attributes to be either a seriously comfortable, practical cruising boat or a dedicated sports fisher. The cockpit is clearly defined with two distinctive areas, each for a distinct purpose; aft deck for fishing and upper deck for entertaining. While there are plenty of choices on how you configure the boat when you look at the options and build list, the 72 SMY has been so well resolved and considered, I can’t see why you would change anything. This multi-faceted approach covering a wide range of owner’s needs is what Riviera has been promoting with the sports motor yacht range which now comprises three models; 39, 68 & 72. The Riviera 72 Sports Motor Yacht is one metre longer than the 68 SMY in both overall and hull length but shares the same beam. After all, both boats are from the same set of moulds, but due to the extra length, the 72 SMY comes in at 47,000kg dry displacement and the 68 is around 1,000kgs lighter at 46,000kg. The 72 also carries more fuel and water and while a pair of 1550hp MAN V12 engines is the standard engine package in the 68, these are speeded up to 1800hp MAN V12s for the 72 SMY. However, both boats are available with the MAN V12 1900hp engines, a pair of which were in the 72 SMY I had the pleasure to experience. Power is transmitted through Twin Disc remotemounted Quickshift gearboxes that integrate with the Express Joystick System and Seatorque’s The Boss, bolt on shaft system. This is an enclosed, oil filled, self-contained, shaft and thrust bearing assembly, supplied as a complete unit from the transmission output coupling to propeller end. The 72 SMY was also fitted with Seakeeper 16 gyro stabiliser. The first impression when driving the 72 SMY was just how intuitive everything was and the effortless way in which the boat handled. Running across a 1/2m chop with 10 knots of breeze, the 72 SMY was smooth, vibration free and extremely quiet. The hull runs true and straight and by pre-setting the Humphree Interceptors, we maintained an optimum running angle of around 4.3 deg. At 18 knots @ 1600 rpm the I recorded a low 61dB in the flybridge and even at 1900 rpm @ 25 knots - an ideal cruise speed at 80% load - that only increased to 65dB. Maximum speed is close to 35 knots. Big boats can be a handful, but not so the 72 SMY, and while I appreciate some owners would choose to have a captain and maybe a deckie on the boat, to me it’s a boat that can be run by just two people…it’s that easy! The hull was designed by Mulder Design in the Netherlands and tank tested at the Wolfson Institute at the University of Southampton in England. This all-new Riviera hull delivers in every aspect of performance and handling, offering a smooth dry ride at any speed. ONE LEVEL The effect of opening the considerable hopper window and saloon door is one of complete openness and with the U shaped galley to port, it’s a convenient saloon layout. However, just as easily as you can expose yourself to the elements, you can also shut it all down and keep warm inside. The varnished walnut timber cabinetry encases a four-burner induction cooktop with pot-keepers, range hood, a large convection microwave oven and a dishwasher. The galley also offers exceptional refrigeration capacity with four drawer fridges and two freezers. It’s a galley suitable for a Masterchef winner. There’s a large lounge to port and, to starboard, a leather dinette that seats up to eight people. A most relaxing setting complemented by a 55-inch TV, that is easily viewable from both the lounge and dinette. A watertight pantograph door on the port side leads to the side deck, and an internal timber staircase provides direct access to the flybridge. The command and control in the luxurious fully enclosed flybridge. The elevated alfresco mezzanine forward of the cockpit includes a sizeable undercover dining area. COMMAND CENTRE I loved the layout of the saloon, the enlarged cockpit and even the master stateroom, but when I entered the flybridge, I was in a different world. I don’t like using the phrase state-of-art, but it is probably the best way to describe the helm station. Set into hand-stitched leather is a comprehensive engine and control system, complete with Twin Disc electronic joystick system (EJS) and three 22-inch navigation screens. You can have up to four. Helm seating comprises a central Norsap helm seat and port side companion seat. Guests can relax on lounges across the entire starboard side facing the helm, skipper and an entertainment unit. A distinctive feature of this space is a fold-out double bed secreted under the aft lounge, offering additional accommodation. Ideal if you do happen to have a captain or some additional guests. A stainless steel framed glass door and awning window connect the flybridge with a large aft deck complete with dedicated engine control station and alfresco dining area with an L-shape seating area, wet bar, as well as space for two stand-alone dining chairs. FOUR STATEROOMS There are two accommodation options available; the three cabin Presidential and the four cabin Classic, both with three bathrooms. The Classic accommodation layout offers a massive midships master stateroom with ensuite bathroom along the starboard side. The Presidential suite features a larger full-beam master stateroom with ensuite in the starboard forequarter. A private sitting area on the starboard side can serve as an open workstation, make-up bureau or breakfast retreat. Both Classic and Presidential options feature a king-size bed, a feature headboard and bedside tables with leather in-lays and ample storage underneath. There are his/hers cedar-lined hanging wardrobes on either side of the stateroom. The VIP guest stateroom forward includes a walk-around queen-size bed with storage beneath and wardrobe space either side, outboard cupboards and a private ensuite. The port cabin aft of the guest stateroom features twin single beds which can form a double as the inboard bed slides across. The Classic layout includes an additional fourth guest cabin with full-sized pullman-style beds, cedar-lined hanging wardrobe and bedside table. The two cabins share a bathroom located on the port side, forward of the twin cabin. With the Presidential layout, you also get a dedicated crew cabin, complete with head/shower, while in the Classic this is turned into a storage and utility room. Access is via a staircase from the port side of the saloon, with a watertight bulkhead door providing entry to the engine room. The spacious full height engine room has eye-height engine systems monitors and remote controls. Everything that needs to be easily accessible is close at hand, so you don’t have to be a contortionist to check any of the system or components. Simplicity. Clarity. Control. NSS EVO3 Navigation Systems Discover exceptional clarity, wide viewing angles, and enhanced controls for easier display operation in all conditions. Cruise, fish, and experience an unprecedented level of built-in functionality on the all-new NSS evo3. Available in 7, 9, 12 and 16 inch displays. simrad-yachting.com/nssevo3 The Riviera 72 Sports Motor Yacht is one metre longer than the 68 SMY in both overall and hull length but shares the same beam. EXTRA SPACE The extra length of the cockpit has allowed for an increase in storage options with the expansive cockpit, (16.32 m²) offering a very relaxing and entertaining space. A large barbecue unit is set forward of the cockpit in cabinetry located below an elevated mezzanine deck. The elevated alfresco mezzanine forward of the cockpit includes a sizeable under-cover dining area. A bar with two swivel stools under is set below the awning window, creating additional informal seating in the mezzanine. The cockpit is not your only outdoor option as Riviera have also created a large rear deck with L-shape lounge and table off the Flybridge. They have incorporated a foredeck sunken lounge area on the 72 SMY. With seating for eight, the deck also includes a hydraulic crane and tender that are designed to fit atop the entertaining area. There is also a bimini option. What was once a mostly unused area has been transformed into a functional workspace and separate relaxing zone. SUMMARY The 72 SMY is truly a genuine sports motor yacht in every sense and combines all the great accommodation amenities, internal layout, enclosed flybridge, separate entertainment areas and raised mezzanine cockpit of a traditional motor yacht, but with the speed and performance of a sports cruiser. Attention to detail, the level of finish and the engineering throughout the 72 SMY is exceptional. It’s a boat that looks modern and comes with all the integrity and support that people know Riviera deliver. It’s a boat for all generations. --- SPECIFICATIONS - Boat Design Name: Riviera 72 Sports Motor Yacht - Year Launched: 2018 - Builder: Riviera - Designer: Riviera - LOA: 23.68m - LOH: 22.02m - Beam: 6.00m - Draft: 1.86m - Displ (Dry): 47,000 kg - Max Speed: 34.8 knots - Construction: GRP - Fuel Cap: 9000 litres - Water Cap: 10000 litres - Engines: 2 x MAN V12-1900hp - Controls: Twin Disc Quickshift EJS - Drive Train: Shaft - Generator: Onan EQD 27.5kW & Onam 13.5kW - Gyro: Seakeeper 16 - Interceptors: Humphree - Sunroof: Webasto - MFDs: 3 x 24” Garmin Glass Screens - Crane: ADC - Ent System: Fusion - Priced From: AUD $4,483,200 - Price as Reviewed: AUD $5,186,112 - Contact: www.riviera.com.au FUEL & PERFORMANCE DATA RIVIERA 72 SMY Fuel capacity: 9000 litres \| RPM \| Knots \| L/h \| L/NM \| Range (NM) \| \|-----\|-------\|-----\|------\|------------\| \| 700 \| 8.0 \| 26 \| 3.300\| 2400 \| \| 1000\| 11.2 \| 81 \| 7.300\| 1100 \| \| 1200\| 11.9 \| 151 \| 13.000\| 620 \| \| 1300\| 12.4 \| 191 \| 16.000\| 500 \| \| 1400\| 13.7 \| 234 \| 18.000\| 450 \| \| 1500\| 17.1 \| 264 \| 16.000\| 500 \| \| 1600\| 19.8 \| 294 \| 15.000\| 540 \| \| 1700\| 21.8 \| 350 \| 17.000\| 470 \| \| 1800\| 24.0 \| 400 \| 17.000\| 470 \| \| 1900\| 25.8 \| 451 \| 18.000\| 450 \| \| 2000\| 27.7 \| 509 \| 19.000\| 420 \| \| 2100\| 29.6 \| 575 \| 20.000\| 400 \| \| 2200\| 31.3 \| 634 \| 21.000\| 380 \| \| 2300\| 33.6 \| 653 \| 20.000\| 400 \| \| 2330\| 34.8 \| 682 \| 20.000\| 400 \| L/NM is calculated to two significant figures and rounded up. The range is calculated to two significant figures and rounded down. To allow for adverse conditions, the range is calculated at 90% of the fuel capacity.
TADDLE CREEK NO. 47-A • SUMMER NUMBER, 2021 • $2.65 If there’s one thing Taddle Creek’s history of successful postal solicitations has taught it, it’s that people love to get mail. Which is why the magazine thought, with so few things to look forward to in these pandemic days, it would spread a little joy by splitting its summer issue up into three individual sections and, at no small cost to itself, mail them to subscribers on a bimonthly basis. (If you’re one of the fifty-three people who, according to the magazine’s most recent COVID-era distribution numbers, buys Taddle Creek at the newsstand, unfortunately, this issue means two extra curbside pickups for you. Reader loyalty has its privileges.) Since such a generous undertaking doesn’t come cheap, the magazine has opted to present these issues in the format known as the “story paper,” a late-nineteenth–early-twentieth-century format also referred to as a “nickel weekly” or “penny dreadful.” Story papers were not unlike pulp magazines, though thinner, usually featuring a self-cover, and often aimed at children. While the latter trait is not relevant in Taddle Creek’s experiment, readers still can look forward to two more cheaply printed editions of the magazine as the year progresses. A quick congratulations to Sam Shelstad, whose story “Ex-Smoker,” from Taddle Creek No. 46, recently was nominated for a National Magazine Award. —TADDLE CREEK TAKE ME OUT TO THE BALLGAME @MIRSKTOONS ROBB MIRSKY '21 Aubra wanted to take a picture of the sky. The colours reminded her of the glitter Silly Putty she used to play with as a kid, swirling two different balls together then pulling them apart so they stretched into a long, gooey rope. She’d take the rope and coil it into a circle so the colours blended more. The sky was pink and purple. She felt like she could look at it for a long time. Something was moving on the roof. She recognized the silhouette of a large raccoon that came and went, a creature she knew operated with both fear and curiosity, because of the way it tested things before it touched them, then darted from the slightest sound. The raccoon was pressing its paw against a light branch that grazed the peeling shingles of the roof. What if the raccoon fell and got hurt? She’d have to deal with it right before her friends arrived. She was relieved when it turned its body, strolling along the ledge of the roof until it was out of sight. It would be tiresome to deal with death so late in the evening. The raccoon had friends. They would sometimes surround her while she was in a daze, before she noticed what was happening. One time, she looked up to see six of them standing on the fence beside the stoop. They were all babies except the big wobbling one. Lined up, they looked like furry versions of Russian tea dolls. They all stared at her in a way that was meant to conceal fear, their bodies in freeze mode, stunted and withdrawn, suggesting a readiness for attack. Aubra knew they just wanted her garbage, and she tried to recall what she’d recently discarded—some expired potato chips and a few sheet masks. It’s possible a raccoon could eat one of her used sheet masks and die. She thought about what it would be like to die from a sheet mask. One of her enemies could sneak into her apartment and inject the package with a quick-acting poison. That sounded fine for her, but she didn’t want that for the raccoon. How would her friends react? Liv would probably stare at the raccoon and take a picture, then post it so she could seem tough. To be honest, most of her friends would do the same. Harrison would be sad; he loves those little critters. Maybe her friends would help her move it, call the city to pick it up. Peggy might suggest some sort of burial service. But all this could be avoided if the raccoon didn’t show up again just to die. Aubra went inside her house to collect some plates. She wanted to start setting up some food and snacks, mainly a package of blue cheese she’d bought at the market without realizing it cost fifteen dollars. There were some gourmet truffle chips that cost the same. She left the food on her kitchen counter and walked over to her desk, where her computer was open. Aubra wanted to clarify what a pink sunset actually meant. Did it mean the sky was polluted, or was that just a myth? She was going to find out for certain, then tell her friends. Some e-mail notifications popped up. An Internet bill. One more from an address she didn’t recognize. The subject line was “too much.” All lower case. She clicked on the message so it expanded to fill the entirety of her screen, and what she saw made her feel embarrassed, maybe disgusted. It was her own face. It had been turned into a meme by the person who had sent the e-mail. She’d taken the photo a few months ago, in the morning, when the light was reflecting in a pleasing manner on the walls of her bathroom. Her eyes looked wide and scared, but Aubra kind of liked it. She had pressed herself against the wall to take the photo. The meme wasn’t very creative. It showed her face and a cock that looked like it was drawn with Microsoft Paint. Above and below her face reading, “desperate.” She walked to the kitchen and pumped a large amount of evergreen-scented soap onto her palm, lathering for a long time and applying pressure to each of her fingertips with the opposite hand. After she dried, she took a cloth and some antibacterial spray then began to clean the tiles underneath her oven. She heard her phone ring and ignored it. She moved on to the tiles near the bottom of the fridge, wondering how she could have let it all get so dirty. Aubra was scrubbing at a faded orange stain when she heard a knock on the door. Her apartment had an unusual number of mirrors. One of them was positioned above her sofa, in the living room across from a large front-facing window. It allowed her to see who was at the door. She didn’t feel ready to talk to Harrison. She sent him a message saying that she was peeing and that she’d be right out. Then she walked to her freezer and took out a bottle of vodka. She grabbed a glass from the cupboard and went to her room. When she met Harrison at the door, she took out a couple of cigarettes to mask the smell of the vodka. She didn’t want to appear to have been drinking before her guests arrived. Harrison didn’t have much to say at first, and she knew it would be better if she asked him some questions about his day to get him talking. Aubra’s stomach felt warm, and the cigarette was making her feel dull and woozy in a way that made her think that she would be O.K. Thinking about who made the meme was a dark trap that would leave her tired at best. She began to lead Harrison through her home to the backyard, where everyone was hoping to take advantage of a mild evening in the early spring. She paused in the kitchen to pick up the plates and food she’d put aside. Outdoors, the sky had dimmed to a dull grey. Aubra walked to the iron patio furniture and said, “Only the best for my friends,” as she unfolded a black tablecloth. Harrison smiled and took a seat. He lit another cigarette, which prompted Aubra to grab the ashtray she kept on the steps near the door. “I’m going to get more chairs,” Aubra said. Once inside she made sure Harrison couldn’t see her through the screen door as she went in a direction opposite to the one she had stated. Hypervigilance wasn’t necessary. She could probably just take the bottle of vodka out and start chugging from it and Harrison would be left unfazed. She had to appear like she was consuming a respectable type of liquor at a casual pace. If she kept making trips to her room, she could drink the way she wanted. She pulled the e-mail up on her phone, ignoring texts from friends who were arriving and probably waiting. Harrison could let them in. What bothered her the most was that she didn’t know if the photo of her face being featured in the meme was good enough. Maybe that was the point. She thought of one of her exes who said that she should assume every photo she posts of herself is going to be turned into a meme. “That’s the way the Internet is,” he’d told her before making her promise she would keep all her accounts private. This comment, although it was made many years prior, could make him a candidate for suspicion. But it was unlikely it was him. Based on this logic, and his paranoid removal of every photo of himself, it would be difficult to find him on the Web, if she even could recall his name. Aubra didn’t feel anything from the vodka, so she drank more. She sprayed a sample of a perfume on herself in case anyone could smell the liquor on her. No one would get close enough to smell her, unless she could arrange something for after the party. Her mind had already gone into mourning. It was as if a serenity of voices was coming at her brain, explaining that she was in danger and that it might stay that way forever. Aubra had no idea what she was mourning, as if her happiness before the stalker was something even viable enough to lose. She sat on her bed, curling her legs into a fetal position while her friends socialized. If she stayed much longer, they would wonder why she was shutting herself in there. She’d have to get up. At least then she could drink more. Then she would go back outside. “We let ourselves in,” Peggy said when she saw Aubra emerge. Peggy’s partner, Jake, was filming the neighbour’s cat through the wire fence that separated their yards. Aubra’s garden was sparse and dry, while her neighbour had an abundance of vegetables and flowers. None of this mattered in the dark. Harrison was talking more than usual, teaching Jake how to connect a tiny speaker to his phone, via Bluetooth, in a hushed and deliberate way. Harrison always ended up taking over the music, playing punk songs from bands some of the others had maybe heard of without knowing their history or context. He’d explain when people asked. Aubra smiled at Peggy as she sat down at the table to arrange the food she’d brought out. “I bought this special mayonnaise.” “What’s special about it?” Harrison asked. “It has ketamine in it.” “Really?” Harrison sat down at the table and started to rip the bag of truffle chips open. Aubra wanted to dance to the music that was playing. For now, Harrison had chosen the soundtrack to Fire Walk with Me, and dancing to it felt good and right. Peggy got up and joined. Harrison filmed everyone swaying gently with eyes closed, mimicking Audrey’s dance in the Twin Peaks diner. Then the dancing stopped because they all wanted to see what the video looked like; if it was good enough to post on social media. Aubra went inside and thought about whether or not she had a right to mourn. She walked into the room and sat on her bed, wondering if she could share these vacant feelings with her friends. She thought of the music that could get her to a point—similar to an orgasm—where she could just feel grief. It wasn’t about the Internet stalking, although that had moved her to access a deeper feeling of unease. She lingered for a moment, playing the song she thought she needed. It was a symphony of moans and hums, and Aubra knew it was the only song that could make her feel a thing. She waited to feel, and it came. It made her stomach feel empty. She stared at a spot of paint on her wall. And what was this mourning about? The chords of the violin felt frantic and jarring, as if they were prompting her to relive a terrible, repressed memory or make one up. Aubra wondered if she could match the nuanced calm of the conversation that was ahead. When she got outside, no one was dancing anymore. They were all standing around the table while Liv prepared to give Peggy a tarot reading. Aubra joined the circle and smiled at Harrison. He had a look of determined patience on his face. When Liv had finished shuffling the deck, she placed it in her palm. She presented it to Peggy, indicating that she should rub it. “Think of a question you need answered.” Aubra knew Liv wanted someone to take her picture while she was doing the tarot reading. She didn’t offer. “O.K., I got it.” Peggy looked serious and hopeful while she gave the cards a delicate rub. “You’re not going to tell us?” Aubra asked. “I’m thinking, well—” “You don’t have to tell them, Peggy,” Liv said. “I’m wondering if I should quit writing poetry.” “Fair,” Aubra said, wondering if she sounded like a bitch. Liv either didn’t know how to do tarot readings or she was just a beginner. Peggy drew a card and everyone stared at it, making sounds that indicated appreciation and awe. Then Peggy took her phone out of her pocket to look up what the card meant. If she had any idea what she was doing, she would know each card by memory. It could also be that memorizing the meanings of each card took time and that it was for the people who were making money off it, people who were invited to art fairs or had a separate Instagram based on their tarot skills. “What’s the card again?” “Aubra! It’s the Fool.” “Aren’t we all.” “Exactly,” Harrison said as he turned his head to scan the garden. “It means we are all on a great adventure.” Liv spoke softly and without irony. As amused as she was by the mix of earnest wonder and ennui from each person in the group, Aubra didn’t want to read tarot any longer. Her stomach felt warm, but she could feel the wind hitting her wrists near the cuffs of her yellow coat. She decided it was time to tell a story. “This reminds me of something.” She introduced it in a cheap way she hoped would tie whatever she said to the hope and mystery of the Fool. Her friends stared at her. “I was at the park with my friend, and we saw a kite stuck in the tree. It took a long time for my friend to be able to place it. I had to direct her line of vision. When she finally saw it, she had the same reaction as me. She said, ‘Woah.’” Aubra paused to make sure her friends were interested. After all, it was a story of subtext and she needed them to pay attention. “And what does ‘Woah’ mean, exactly? In this case, and in many others, I believe it’s a reluctance to express any opinion. My friend Gwen might not have cared about the kite in the tree as much as I did. Maybe it didn’t ignite a feeling of loss and longing the way it did for me. I thought about what I should say to her next. The last time I flew a kite was, well, average, or maybe it was just a difficult emotional experience because I was with my dad. I felt like I had to do something significant with the kite, but not even that. I felt like I had to invent a new type of kite in order to impress him. I told none of this to Gwen, my friend. The park was pretty full that day. Gwen and I were drinking these low-calorie sparkling waters with vodka. I can’t speak for her, but the drinks were making me feel like I was stoned. I was thinking about how boring flying a kite must be for a kid in this day and age. Like they probably just wanted a fucking drone instead. I looked at the kite and tried to note each different colour and the way that it contrasted with the tree’s leaves. Then I made a comment about how all kites look the same, with these simple rainbow patterns, and that the designers should come up with a concept that is more interesting. But in the end, what do I know about kites? What do I know about the feeling of control you get when it hits the wind the right way and it’s yours, you know? I have spent my whole life chasing that feeling. I have diminished myself to try and find that joy. I asked Gwen, ‘What if the kid flying the kite crashed it on purpose because they didn’t want to do it anymore—they just wanted to stop?’” Aubra’s friends nodded in a contemplative way. Liv said, “Oh Aubra! Imagine if you had a Twitter.” “Why would I get one now?” Peggy stepped in with wisdom: “There’s a kite that’s the fastest in the world. I forget how fast it flies—” “A hundred and twenty miles per hour,” Jake said, as if he had been hoarding this knowledge, waiting for the chance to be recognized for it. Harrison took a bottle of Jameson out of his bag. This sudden reveal of the whiskey made Aubra wonder if he had been holding on to the bottle but trying not to drink from it. A strange thought, as it was pretty normal for Harrison to drink heavily. He unscrewed the lid and started to pour the whisky into his mouth, lifting the bottle so a stream formed onto his tongue like, a professional athlete would drink with a bottle of Gatorade. “Want a glass?” Aubra asked, because getting one would serve as an excuse for her to go back inside and drink more vodka. She didn’t know how much of her vodka was left, and began to wonder if asking Harrison about the glass had inadvertently shamed him. People can do what they want. Maybe she could grab the bottle and start drinking from it like Harrison was. But if it was her, it would just seem sad. Harrison said, “Yeah.” Aubra felt like problems were sorting themselves into categories of irrelevancy in her head. She was being given the gift of a grand perspective that had to do with her place in the world, and she wanted this feeling of enlightenment to continue. She would bring Harrison her finest glass. She would even add an ice cube. On her way into her house, Aubra walked into the screen door. She didn’t have to check if her friends had noticed because she could hear them all laughing in a subdued and empathetic way. They knew she was fragile. The bottle was next to her mirror with light bulbs all around the edges. It was balanced precariously on her dresser. She’d found the mirror at the thrift store. Only a few of the bulbs still lit up, barely highlighting her face, which felt dry and painful. She applied some rosehip oil to her forehead and underneath her eyes while studying the liquor bottle. It surprised her that it was still half full, indicating she had been limiting her intake unconsciously. She listened to her friends’ muffled voices as she walked into the kitchen and opened her freezer door. She had this ice cube tray with skull-shaped moulds. Sometimes it took a second to extract the ice. She’d broken a nail trying to do it once. Harrison’s voice became audible. He was yelling something about how he was a man. Aubra brought both their glasses outside with her so she could witness the spectacle. Some of the vodka was falling out as she carried what was a pretty heavy pour. It stung her cuticles and she wondered if people would smell it on her hands. She loved it when Harrison got rowdy. It reminded her of a punk show. All his movements and words were an unpredictable outpouring of rage. It turned out Harrison hadn’t been yelling about how he was a man at all. He’d been yelling at his phone, perhaps making a video. “I know that I can,” Harrison drew out the letters of the word “can” and raised his hands in the air as he finished his vague yet optimistic declaration of competence. Some of the whiskey spilled out of the bottle he was flailing. It must have landed on his phone because he started to wipe it with his black T-shirt. Aubra had never noticed that Harrison had abs. She made a note to ask him about it later, as if he could give her advice. Everyone was laughing. Peggy was trying to record Harrison while hiding her camera under the table. Aubra knew Peggy was filming sheepishly because she didn’t like being perceived as eager. “I know you can, Harrison,” Aubra said in a tone of feigned seriousness as she sat down. “Thank you, Aubra,” Harrison nodded while making meaningful eye contact that was half-intended as joke, something she was used to doing with her close friends. Everyone watched Harrison drink more whiskey. Then he sat down in an empty chair and was quiet. I worked at Dairy Queen for a short stint, during my teenage years. When customers ordered a banana split, I’d ask what toppings they wanted. They were always shocked they could have toppings other than the usual strawberry, chocolate, and pineapple. It made me realize how many people assume there are unspoken rules when it comes to their food. And I say, those rules should be broken. Take the concept of salads, as an example. Usually, when people think of the word “salad,” a number of things come to mind: iceberg lettuce, sliced radishes, the chunky, Silly Putty–hue of Thousand Island dressing. But how often do people stop to consider all of the other ingredients that can make up a salad? Ingredients like canned crushed pineapple, Jell-O, Cool Whip, and multicoloured miniature marshmallows. You just have to open your mind. And really, really loosen up your definition of the word “healthy.” This issue, I’m bringing you the electric-green glory that is Seven-Up Salad. Yes, you heard that right. This is a salad made with soda pop, as well as melted marshmallows, Dream Whip, and sugar. (Truth be told, sugar is really the main ingredient in Seven-Up Salad. But the recipe does call for two bananas. And crushed pineapple. There’s also lime Jell-O. Which counts as another fruit . . . for some people, I’m sure.) For those unfamiliar, 7Up is a lemon-lime soft drink, first invented in 1929. It originally was called Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Soda. Needless to say, the name change was a smart move. The recipe for Seven-Up Salad comes from my copy of The Beta Sigma Phi International Cookbook: Salads, published in 1970. There are two thousand salad recipes in this book, including Tuna Parfait Mold, Hot Dog Salad, and Eggnog Salad. (Suddenly, Seven-Up Salad is sounding a lot less weird, isn’t it?) In spite of your likely reservations, I can assure you that Seven-Up Salad, not unlike the drink itself, is light, refreshing, and perfect for a hot summer day. In terms of being able to discern the taste of 7Up, the jury is still out on that. In fact, I’m not even sure why there are melted marshmallows in it. But why analyze when you can just eat? Besides, the real star of the show is the topping for the salad. The pineapple juice, Dream Whip, and egg combine to make a light custard that is soft, sweet, and fluffy. I’d even make the topping again and use it to frost an angel food cake. It’s that good. You can serve Seven-Up Salad in a bowl, but I think serving it in tall glasses creates a sense of whimsy that plays up the recipe’s namesake. Just don’t serve it with a straw. Pineapple chunks are considerable obstacles, and they’re very, very hard to suck through narrow passageways. Some of your guests might pass out trying to do so. I’m speaking from experience. Sparkling, fresh, and very, very green, Seven-Up Salad is the perfect way to add more salad to your diet. And if the cut-off jean shorts start getting a little tighter this summer, don’t blame it on the salad. Seven-Up Salad (Serves 12) Ingredients - 2 100-gram packages of lime or lemon Jell-O - 2 cups hot water - 16 large marshmallows - 1 litre of 7Up - 1 520-millilitre can crushed pineapple, drained, and 1 cup juice, reserved - 2 bananas, diced - 1 egg, beaten - 2 tablespoons flour - ½ cup sugar - 1 cup Dream Whip, prepared Directions 1. Dissolve Jell-O in 1 cup hot water. 2. Cut marshmallows and add to 1 cup hot water. Let melt, then mix with Jell-O and let cool. 3. Add 7Up to mixture. Let set partially, then add pineapple and bananas and let set until firm. 4. If necessary, add water to reserved pineapple juice to make 1 cup liquid. 5. Whisk together pineapple juice, egg, flour, and sugar in saucepan over medium heat. Stir constantly until thickened. Let cool. 6. Fold in Dream Whip. Spread over Jell-O and garnish with chopped nuts, if desired. TADDLE CREEK RICHARD WADSWORTH IN: ‘WEDGE ISSUE’ NICK MAANDAG ’21 JODY WILL BE HERE SOON WITH QUESTIONS ABOUT THE ESSAY. (SIGH) SHE ALWAYS WEARS THOSE LOW-CUT TOPS, DRIVES ME CRAZY. IN CLASS IT’S NOT SO BAD CAUSE SHE SITS IN THE BACK. I RARELY CATCH A GLIMPSE. BUT HERE SHE’LL BE SITTING RIGHT IN FRONT OF ME. HOW WILL I NOT LOOK? THE MORE I THINK ABOUT IT THE MORE NERVOUS I GET. I KNOW MY EYES WILL KEEP DARTING DOWN TO HER CLEAVAGE. I CAN’T CONTROL IT. UNLESS... IT’S A RIDICULOUS IDEA, BUT I FEEL I HAVE NO CHOICE. PROFESSOR WADSWORTH? YES, COME IN! KNOCK KNOCK WELCOME. HAVE A SEAT. I’M JUST FINISHING THIS PARAGRAPH. ARE YOU SEATED? YES. GREAT! WHAT CAN I DO FOR YOU? WHAT'S WITH THE DESK? A LITTLE UNORTHODOX, ISN'T IT? BUT IT'S GOOD ERGONOMIC SUPPORT. FORCES ME TO SIT UP STRAIGHT. SEEMS A BIT STRANGE TO ME. WELL, TO EACH HER OWN. SO I HAD SOME QUESTIONS ABOUT A FEW PARAGRAPHS HERE... YOU KNOW WHAT - WHY DON'T I STAND UP AND LEAN OVER? THAT'LL BE EASIER. OOH, I'M FEELING A BIT FAINT ALL OF A SUDDEN. ARE YOU OKAY? I-I'M FINE. JUST FEELING A BIT TIRED. WHY DON'T I LIE ON THE COUCH HERE, AND YOU CAN SIT IN THIS CHAIR? OKAY...AS LONG AS YOU'RE SURE YOU'RE ALRIGHT. ...OF COURSE, WHEN DISCUSSING THE CONCEPTS OF FORM AND MATTER, WE MUST KEEP IN MIND THE OUTDATED GENDER NOTIONS ARISTOTLE ATTACHED TO THEM, IN WHICH THE FEMALE REPRESENTS MATTER AND THE MALE REPRESENTS FORM. SOME ARGUE THAT THIS ASSOCIATION UNDERMINES HIS THEORY OF HYLOMORPHISM, AND THEREFORE THE WHOLE BASIS OF HIS METAPHYSICS. THERE'S ANOTHER POTENTIAL ESSAY TOPIC FOR YOU. HM, MAYBE. WELL, THANK YOU VERY MUCH, PROFESSOR, THAT WAS VERY HELPFUL. YOU'RE MOST WELCOME. YOU KNOW WHAT - LOOK HER IN THE EYE WHEN YOU SAY GOODBYE. YOU WON'T LOOK. JESUS, IT'S ALMOST LIKE YOU'VE BEEN HAVING SOME SORT OF PANIC ATTACK. RELAX! WHEN'S IT DUE AGAIN, THE SIXTEENTH? THE SEVENTEENTH. AND AS ALWAYS, IF YOU NEED AN EXTENSION, JUST SEND ME A REQUEST IN WRITING AT LEAST THREE DAYS BEF- TH-THERE'S A PENCIL IN YOUR... YES, I CAN SEE THAT. HERE, LET ME – I’M ONLY LOOKING SO I CAN EXTRACT IT. THERE WE ARE. YOU LITTLE RASCAL. FROM NOW ON I’M KEEPING YOU LOCKED AWAY IN A DRAWER! I’M LEAVING NOW. THANKS AGAIN. ANY TIME. SHUT MY PURSE! SORRY, FORGOT MY – ... Lately I’ve been thinking about a collection of stories from the Middle Ages, by Giovanni Boccaccio, called The Decameron. I wouldn’t say it’s aged particularly well (although Shakespeare, Tennyson, and Molière all borrowed stories from it and remade them into their own), but the plot surrounding the hundred short stories contained in the book has never felt more relevant to me. Let me set the scene: It is the fourteenth century, and the Black Death is sweeping the globe with staggering mortality rates. To avoid contracting the plague, seven young women and three young men flee Florence and stay at an abandoned villa in the countryside for two weeks. At night they tell stories to keep each other entertained. It was a pre–Netflix world, so this is clearly what needed to be done so that no one was alone with their grief and misery. Can you imagine? Zero work responsibilities, together with your friends, in an Italian villa to ride out the pandemic? Without any Internet? I attempted something like this, in our modern equivalent. I rented an Airbnb with my family and one other—eight of us in a beautiful old house in a nearby countryside that never ceased to feel borrowed. We had swapped the box that we live in with all our stuff for a bigger box we had to bring a bunch of our stuff to. We didn’t feel different or happier, it just imbued the days with a sense of “we should get out and do something” to make the most of our time there. But I did not want to make the most of my time there. I wanted to lean against the walls of the small box I live in, succumb to all my hermit tendencies, and do the things that gave me a false sense of purpose or direction, like laundry or filling an online shopping cart with items I never end up buying. I did not want to rummage through the cupboards of a guest kitchen trying to find salt, experimenting with what it would be like to live somewhere else. I wanted to embroider napkins and dream of sitting in parks with coffee and croissants and attempting to reboot friendships that got thin with time and distance. So that’s what I did—one Sunday morning when the sun was shining but the case numbers were too high to consider really going outside. And then again at night while shovelling in episode after episode of a miniseries, coaxing a needle full of thread through the corner of a napkin, one straight line after another, until a constellation emerged under my hands and I dreamed of sitting in cool grass and laughing with literally anyone I didn’t live with. And now that that time is here and we can see more of our friends, maybe even new ones, we are telling our stories—the then–sad, now–silly stories of what we have done with our time—how we languished on couches, how we tried new hobbies, all the small tragedies and glories of where we failed and where we flourished. That hope, that simple conversation where you say something true and vulnerable and it becomes a helium balloon tied to your wrist, a silvery ghost of all the anxiety you’ve carried. And then you’ll tell your small stories, of how you tried to bake bread and, while the comforting smell of warm yeast filled your kitchen, in the end, it tasted dry and rough and not at all like the comfort it promised. And then you’ll let go of that balloon, and it will drift up and over the trees—a shiny coin winking like a star. Then a friend, who feels more like an acquaintance now that so much time has passed, will tell one of their stories, and you’ll laugh and wince until the sun sets and the stars appear, dappling the sky. Star Embroidered Napkins Materials - Cloth napkins - Embroidery/sewing needle - Embroidery thread in colour of your choosing (sample shown is D.M.C. 3024, and the metallic version is D.M.C. Light Effects thread in E168) - Embroidery hoop (example shows a 6-inch embroidery hoop, but any size that you are comfortable with will work) - Optional: pencil, wash–away stabilizer Directions If using 100% natural fibre napkins, like cotton or linen, prewash and tumble dry to ensure that any fabric shrinking will occur before you add your stitches. Place napkin in embroidery hoop and arrange fabric until you have the corner secured within the frame. Trace a star design onto your wash–away stabilizer, or you can draw the design freehand on your cloth napkin with a pencil. Separate your embroidery thread in half (there are six strands in embroidery thread; you will use three at any given time). Thread the three strands into your needle, and begin stitching the design, all done with straight stitches. When design is complete, wash away stabilizer (if using), or just wash and iron gently on low. TADDLE CREEK 15 ‘I’d rather have a transorbital lobotomy / Than a transnational economy.’ In his new book of poetry, Colin Smith’s droll humour and meticulous control of language are metered out to explore the stakes of pain and the pain of folly. Language plays throughout the text, bringing a blithe tone to dark matters, and evoking fruitful tensions for the reader. Scattered topics of climate change, labour disputes, war, and massive inequities within cities are encountered by a voice that seems to scorn humanity as much as it delights in human language. Permanent Carnival Time is laugh-out-loud language poetry. Permanent Carnival Time 978-1-927886-45-8 $18 CAD/USD email@example.com arpbooks.org TADDLE CREEK NO. 47-B • HALLOWEEN NUMBER, 2021 • $2.65 Robb Mirsky (“Take Me Out to the Ballgame,” p. 3) is an illustrator and cartoonist who has been self-publishing for the better part of twenty years. His most recent comic series is Sludgy, a cute little horror comic about a swamp monster looking for good vibes and good friends. Sophie McCreesh (“Too Much,” p. 4) is a fiction writer living in Toronto. Her writing has appeared in Cosmonauts Avenue, Hobart, Bad Nudes, and Peach Mag. Her novel, Once More, With Feeling, was recently published. Brian Francis (The Kitch, p. 8 and 40) recently published a memoir, Missed Connections. His most recent novel, Break in Case of Emergency, was a finalist for the Governor General’s Literary Awards. Nick Maandag (“Wedge Issue,” p. 10) is a Toronto-based cartoonist. His latest book is The Follies of Richard Wadsworth. Julie Cameron Gray (The Stitch, p. 14, 30, and 42) is the author of two poetry collections, Tangle and Lady Crawford, the latter of which was short-listed for the Pat Lowther Memorial Award. David Craig (“Brick,” p. 19, and “Loaf,” p. 35) writes and draws Brick, a character that has appeared in Read More Comix and the books Brick Breaks Free—which was nominated for a Doug Wright Award—and Brick By Brick. Michelle Winters (“The Dam,” p. 20) is a writer, painter, and translator from Saint John, New Brunswick, living in Toronto. Her debut novel, I Am a Truck, was shortlisted for the 2017 Scotiabank Giller Prize. Currently, she is working on her second novel, Hair for Men. Rebecca Rohrer (“Closure,” p. 28) makes and teaches comics. Her graphic novel, Bird in a Cage, won the Doug Wright Award for best book. She loves collaborating on educational comics and often contributes to the Nib. Her forthcoming book, One Hundred Year-Old Wisdom, is based on the lives of centenarians. Katarina Gligorijevic (“The Snowmen,” p. 36) is a Toronto-based writer and film producer whose non-fiction has been published in The Antigonish Review, the anthologies The State of the Arts and The Edible City, and various other print and online film publications. Tamara Faith Berger (“Saturnalia,” p. 44) writes fiction, non-fiction, and screenplays. Her novel Queen Solomon was nominated for a Trillium Book Award. Her work has appeared in Apology, Canadian Art, and Canadian Notes and Queries. Dave Lapp (“People Around Here,” p. 47) is finishing a new book. His previous book is a collection of People Around Here strips from Taddle Creek and elsewhere. Pat Dorian (The Covers) is the author of Lon Chaney Speaks. When not working on his next graphic novel, he teaches animation at the School of Visual Arts and the Pratt Institute, in New York. BRICK MUNCH MUNCH VVRRREEEEI’m reading the new Zoey Malone: Paranormal Detective mystery under the covers with my U.F.O. night light when I hear Conrad’s bedsprings creak down the hall. I listen for Dad and Rachel’s bedroom door to open and close. The sleepwalking started when we moved here a few weeks ago, right after we found the dam. Dad said moving to New Brunswick was a “no brainer.” It’s “getting out from under,” it’s “living mortgage free,” and it means Conrad gets a “natural childhood.” He’s too young to remember the tiny square of grass in front of our house in Toronto, where a grillion pictures of him got taken on a blanket a little smaller than the lawn. But I know the real reason we moved here is that Dad lost his sales job at the solar panel company. Conrad is my baby brother, but not my real brother, because Rachel, his mom, is my stepmom. I’m not allowed to call her that, because she doesn’t like the sound of it. She prefers “sister.” She painted a peace symbol on my face at an Earth Day parade about a year after my mom died. She and Dad talked for a few minutes before she painted her phone number on his hand. She’s fifteen years younger than Dad, but he says souls have no age. When Rachel delivered Conrad, she did it holistically, in a plastic tub at home. I could hear her from down the hall, where I sat with her friends, who lit sticks of dried leaves and gave me one to wave around, cleansing the air. “He’s going to be so special,” one of her friends said to me, raising her voice above Rachel’s screaming. It’s so cheap to live in the Maritimes that Dad doesn’t even need to work. He says if he never has to put a suit on again, it’ll be too soon. Rachel got a job as a wellbeing counsellor with a bank here, teaching the staff how to live better through salads and yoga. Dad will stay home with us. “Rachel’s career is important,” he said, ruffling my hair that first morning, as we watched her drive off down the road, “and it’ll give me a chance to spend some time with my girl.” We found the dam on our first walk across the property. Our new house sits on five acres of land. Dad says he’s going to plant a permaculture garden and told Rachel he’ll go out every day and pick her the perfect clove of garlic for the fancy meals he’ll make. He was holding Conrad’s hand as we walked that day, so I was the first to see the mountain of sticks looming up over the hill. My mind raced through all the animals I knew, trying to figure out what could have built it. It wasn’t birds or moose, and bears hide in caves. It must have been a witch. “Ba-dah?” asked Conrad when they caught up, jabbing out his fingers. Dad hoisted Conrad in his arms. “Is that a . . . ?” I asked. “Yeah,” said Dad after a second. He didn’t look happy. “Looks like a beaver dam.” “Beadum,” said Conrad. I’d done a presentation at school last year on the beaver, and I knew they built dams and lodges out of sticks, but some of these sticks were logs. The beaver is our national animal and is also a symbol of Canadian industry. Their teeth contain iron. For my presentation, I included a picture of a giant maple trunk chewed right through by a beaver, to demonstrate the power of their jaws and commitment to labour. They never get tired of chewing. The beaver is the only other animal, next to humans, that can do as much to change their environment. I thought I knew everything about beavers, but I didn’t know they could build anything this big. “O.K., let’s go,” said Dad, putting his hand between my shoulder blades and steering me back toward the house. That night, for dinner, he made a whole wheat pasta with field mushrooms, lemon zest, and Parmesan. “Rachel, I found a beaver dam!” I said when we sat down at the table. “Right down at the creek! It’s huge!” “Beadum!” Conrad spluttered from his high chair. “Wow,” she said, giving him big eyes and wiping his drooly chin. Then she looked at Dad. “Beavers,” she said, raising her eyebrows. “Mmm,” said Dad, raising his eyebrows back and tucking a noodle in his mouth with his fork. “Why didn’t the realtor say anything?” she said. “That’s an infestation.” “I don’t—” “You know a man in Belarus got killed by a beaver last year,” Rachel said. “Walked right up and bit his leg, David. It severed a femoral artery. He bled right out.” “Rachel—,” said Dad. “It has to go,” she said to her pasta. “You can’t just destroy those things,” said Dad. “They’re a part of the ecosystem. We could end up killing whole species of fish if we get rid of—” “Well, what do you suggest, David?” she said, “Are you going to pick them some garlic?” “It’s illegal, you know,” he said. “There are fines.” “Well, I’m sure you’ll come up with something.” That night, I heard the front door latch after I was supposed to be asleep—sometimes, Rachel smokes cigarettes. But it wasn’t Rachel. It was Conrad. I looked out my bedroom window to see him in his spaceship pyjamas, walking barefoot across the property, toward the dam, like a zombie. I ran downstairs and caught him before he reached it. He was dead asleep. Dad and Rachel had another fight at breakfast. “It’s stress making him act out,” said Rachel. Dad exploded into a tiny laugh. Conrad does it every night now. He gets up, pees on the floor, and heads for the dam. Dad installed a gate at the top of the stairs and extra high chain locks on the front door. He and Rachel had another fight at dinner where he said, “We don’t always have to go storming in like the paratroopers, Rachel.” If you catch Conrad in time, you can guide him to the bathroom and he does the whole thing in his sleep. You can tuck him right back in without even waking him. The toilet flushes and two sets of footsteps rustle down the carpet toward Conrad’s room. The springs groan and his bedroom door closes. I listen for the sound of Dad and Rachel’s door, but instead, the gate at the top of the stairs opens and clicks shut, feet pad down the stairs, the high chain on the front door tinkles against the frame. I run to the window to see Dad heading barefoot across the yard, toward the dam. It’s hard to make out colours by just the sliver of moon outside, but I know because I watched him go off to work every morning for all those years, that he’s wearing his blue suit. The house on the corner of Irving and South streets, in Spencerville, Ontario, is, architecturally, unlike any of the homes that surround it. Its gothic windows and slate roof make it reminiscent of the haunted house in an old horror movie or a Scooby-Doo cartoon. In this case, however, there isn’t a demonic resident peeking out from behind the curtains, causing hushed talk amongst the locals. Instead, he can be found sitting in full view, on his front lawn, chatting with and waving at the town’s residents as they pass. For nearly thirty years, Scott McClelland, in his guise as Nikolai Diablo, the devil incarnate, has hosted and operated Carnival Diablo, a travelling circus sideshow that, in the nineteen-nineties, was a major force in re-popularizing and reviving—with a modern twist—the genre. After spending most of those years on the road, McClelland’s latest incarnation of Carnival Diablo is a stationary one, located in a town with a population of between four hundred and five hundred people, and whose biggest attractions are—or were, until McClelland’s arrival—a two-century-old stone gristmill and a fall fair that dates back almost as far. McClelland, who recently turned fifty-seven, has no interest in retirement, but has found a happy medium in his new rural setting, still able to perform, but without the strains and headaches of touring. One day this past August, despite the intense heat, McClelland was once again seated on his lawn, smoking a pipe and dressed as one might imagine a circus performer does while off duty on a summer day: loose striped pants held up with suspenders, a white tank top, and a black vest adorned with various talismans. Parked behind him was a recreated showman’s caravan with the words “PURVEYOR OF WONDERMENT” on the side and filled with items for sale, including McClelland’s own artwork and mojo bags for witches. Further back was a small wooden house even more out of place than McClelland’s main residence, with faux blacked-out windows, a peaked roof, and “Crypt of Agramon” written above its entryway in gothic lettering. A boy who looked to be in his early teens approached and greeted McClelland with a friendly wave. “Hi,” he said. “I wanted to show you my new demolition hammer. And to tell you I think I might get the job at the sawmill I told you about.” McClelland gave the boy a wide, genuine smile, clasped his hands together, and replied, “That’s wonderful!” In 2018, McClelland’s landlord informed him he needed to take over the house McClelland was renting, and gave him two weeks to vacate. In a panic, McClelland started scouring listings for a new home suitable to his unique needs. Within ten minutes he found the house that would become Diablo Manor—a two-storey boxy structure, originally built as the Spencerville Orangemen’s lodge, which accounts for its unique architecture—and long since converted into a residence. Within two weeks of moving in, McClelland had created a ground-floor parlour, filled with historical books, oddities, and freaks, including a mummy’s hand, a Fejee mermaid, a shrunken head, a jackalope, and, supposedly, the skeleton of Joseph Merrick, the Elephant Man. Many of the items in McClelland’s collection originally were amassed by his grandfather, a sideshow impresario who performed for nearly fifty years under the name Professor N. P. Lewchuk, and to whom McClelland pays tribute in Diablo Manor, with a display of memorabilia from Lewchuk’s own storied career. On weekends, as the pandemic allows, McClelland hosts a paranormal show and dinner for up to ten people each Friday and Saturday night. The evening begins with a tour of the manor, including the stories behind many of the unusual artifacts housed there, before moving to the dining room for a three-course meal and more tales of the supernatural. Visitors then return to the parlour for the evening’s finale: a seventy-five minute Victorian-style paranormal magic show and séance. Throughout the week, from his ornate lawn chair, McClelland greets visitors to his property, telling stories, selling his artwork, and, on occasion, making spell kits for witches from ingredients found in his caravan. (Despite being off the beaten track, McClelland’s fame precedes him enough that visitors from as far as New Zealand have made the trip to visit Diablo Manor to date.) For a fee, visitors can also book time in the Crypt of Agramon, a gothic escape room McClelland built from scratch this spring with help from some friends. “If anyone has an expectation before they come, it’s not going to be what they expect,” McClelland says. “My puzzles are fucked up. There are three levels. The first level—many people have gotten stuck. You don’t get to leave through the exit. If you don’t get the first level after thirty-five minutes, you do a walk of shame out the entrance. If you make it to the second room, it’s hard, but it’s nothing compared to the third room. When you enter, you are inundated with so much information, you don’t know what to do with it. And it’s spooky. We’ve only had three out of seventy-eight people make it out so far. But all of the others happily The Conjuror of Unreality The Conjuror of Unreality is a travelling show that takes place in a 19th-century wagon. The show features a variety of magic tricks and illusions, performed by a man dressed in a suit and tie. The wagon is decorated with various props and costumes, including a broom and a mask. The show is designed to be entertaining and engaging for all ages. said they were going to come back to fight Agramon again.” Spencerville is located about eighty kilometres south of Ottawa. Its main strip is little more than one block long and features a few amenities, including a bakery, a pub, and a gas station. Within a short walk can be found a brick post office, an antique store, and a stone municipal building. The town is also home to three large churches, an indication that religion still plays an important part in the lives of local residents. It wouldn’t be unreasonable to think the townsfolk might offer some resistance to having the devil set up shop in their midst. But McClelland says the locals have embraced him. He quickly formed a social circle when he arrived and brought on the nearby restaurant Little Sisterz as the official caterer of Diablo Manor’s weekend events. Together with some local A.V. professionals, McClelland recently shot a series of promotional videos in his yard for the Diablo Shopping Network, a live monthly YouTube channel he launched in September to sell art, mementos, and historical artifacts from his career. Post-pandemic, McClelland plans to pitch his big top in a small park down the street from his home and perform a one-man version of Carnival Diablo in the summer months. “I’ve never felt so welcome in my life,” McClelland says. “I can now make money on my property and never have to travel again. This is my forever house.” In 1902, McClelland’s grandfather, Nicholas Paul Lewchuk, then aged six, boarded the S.S. Armenia and sailed, with his parents and brother, from the Ukraine to Canada, where the family planned to purchase an undeveloped parcel of land and start a new life. The Lewchuks landed in Halifax and made their way west, eventually settling in Yorkton, a small town located in what soon would become the province of Saskatchewan. Lewchuk spent his youth working on his family’s farm and hungrily acquiring knowledge, not only in public school but also through independent study and correspondence courses. Over the years, he developed skills in a wide variety of areas, including photography, taxidermy, painting, motion picture operation, commercial printing, and record production. Lewchuk also developed an interest in magic and taught himself a few simple parlour tricks. (As a teen, he successfully hypnotised a bird after reading a book on the topic.) In 1914, after watching a touring magician perform in Vegreville, Alberta, Lewchuk was inspired to make magic his life’s work. “Magical miracles were performed one after another, followed by thunderous applause,” he wrote of the Vegreville performance, years later, in his self-published autobiography. “The stage setting and displays were wonderful—to me, this was it! It was so fascinating that I decided, ‘This is the life I want to have. . . . I’ll travel with my wife and perform in a magic and vaudeville show.’” Although his magic and vaudeville training were well underway—Lewchuk spent several years working in the local Ukrainian theatre, where he was active acting, creating scenery, making costumes, and as a makeup artist—Lewchuk still needed a wife before he could put his plan fully into motion. In 1916, he noticed a young girl shopping for groceries with her family. The grocer told him they were the Humeniuks. Lewchuk soon paid a visit to the Humeniuk home and introduced himself to Anastasia, known as Nellie. Nellie proved to be equally interested in Lewchuk and, after a brief courtship, the couple were married. Now with a lovely assistant at his disposal—though Nellie would become much more than that—Lewchuk continued his studies of magic and vaudeville in preparation for the day he would perform his first show. “I visited fairs, theatres and any other place I could find to watch performance in all its details,” he wrote. “I had met a few magicians . . . and explained to them my interest in magic. . . . Usually they were friendly and free to swap ideas.” Lewchuk perfected his show while continuing to work his parents’ farm and by 1919 began hiring performers and stagehands, whom he trained throughout the winter and following spring. The next year, he and Nellie, along with their new troupe, finally hit the road, touring the Prairies with a two-and-a-half hour show that utilized many of Lewchuk’s talents, including magic, hypnotism, juggling, drama, tap, feats of strength, fire magic, and clowning. For years, the Lewchuk Vaudeville Company toured the Canadian Prairies and beyond. New performers were added to the act as each of Nicholas and Nellie’s children became old enough to walk onstage. An entirely new show was created each season, with Lewchuk making all of the equipment, scenery, and costumes, as well as printing the company’s posters and handbills. Nellie quickly came into her own as a performer, managing to remain unscathed while sitting in a box punctured by swords and excelling as a sword swallower to such a degree that she was posthumously inducted into the Sword Swallowers Association International’s hall of fame. Lewchuk reinvested his profits and by the nineteen-forties had begun to build his own midway rides. The first attraction of what eventually became known as Lew’chuk’s Midway and Shows was an aeroplane ride, powered by a belt that ran from the ride’s shaft to the back wheel of Lewchuk’s truck. Lewchuk’s Flying Saucers, today known as the Teacups, gave the rider control of how fast they spun, via a central wheel. He also invented a mechanism that allowed previously stationary merry-go-round horses to move up and down. Lewchuk eventually added his first freak to the midway: a stuffed two-headed calf, which he displayed in a small tent. He later purchased a large collection of freaks of nature from a museum in Illinois, which he housed in a thirty-two-foot-long trailer, labelled “WORLD-WIDE WONDERS,” making it the largest freak exhibit of its kind on the road. By the time Lewchuk stopped touring, following Nellie’s death, in 1968, Lew’chuk’s Midway and Shows consisted of a stage show, several rides, a Ferris wheel, a freak museum, a live animal exhibit, and concessions. When he retired, Lewchuk opened the Fun Spot, a permanent fair on the property where he and Nellie had later settled, in nearby Canora, allowing the general public to visit his museum, rides, and games, for years to come. Scott McClelland was born in Regina, in 1964, but spent much of his childhood moving with his family across the Prairies, before settling in Calgary. His mother, Sonia, was the youngest daughter of Nicholas and Nellie Lewchuk and spent her own formative years working concessions and games at her parents’ midway before running away to escape the circus at the age of eighteen. His father, Bob McClelland, worked as a newspaper journalist for several Prairie dailies, including the Edmonton Journal and the Calgary Herald, eventually ending up at The National, CBC-TV’s nightly newscast. Only Scott, of Lewchuk’s dozens of grandchildren, showed a fascination with the family business. “At the age of eleven, I got a letter from my grandfather that said, ‘Dear Scott, Every time you come to my carnival you always have a group of people around you because you’re such a ham. Have you ever thought of becoming a magician like me?’” McClelland says. “And I was like, Of course! So he said in the letter, ‘You can apprentice under me and I will teach you what I know.’ So I spent two months every summer, from the age of eleven to twenty-five, apprenticing under him. And that meant doing menial tasks, watching him work. I got to learn how to be a producer, how to be a showman, what the psychology is behind why people want candy floss and candy apples when they’re at a carnival, and what makes them want to go on one ride over another.” By the time he was thirteen, McClelland had developed an act of his own—Professor Crookshank’s Travelling Medicine Show—and was appearing at major fairs including the Calgary Stampede, Edmonton’s Klondike Days, and Buffalo Days, in Regina. “It was an old-time medicine show,” McClelland says about his performance, in which he starred—under a fake moustache and spectacles—as a forty-something medicine man. “In the early nineteen-hundreds, a doctor would come onstage and pitch this snake oil, but in between his pitch would be magic acts and ventriloquism and song and dance to keep people watching so they’d stay and hear his pitch again. I loved the idea, and I created a show that basically was just a parody of that time period. I wasn’t selling anything.” McClelland’s act received media attention across the country, and soon he began appearing on kid-centric television shows like Going Great and Switchback. “My grandfather was not involved with my show,” he said. “When I apprenticed under him he was like, ‘I’m cutting the cord now, and if you fail, it’s on you.’ He didn’t want to pamper me.” For more than a decade, McClelland toured his medicine show across Canada. His school teachers, noting his early success and confident he had a future as an entertainer, were unusually lenient about time missed. After an aborted attempt at art college, McClelland began getting regular side work as a character performer, dressing up as Charlie Chaplin, the Joker, and a creation of his own, Roscoe P. Rigormortis, for corporate functions. In 1991, two years after the death of his grandfather, McClelland realized he needed to make a change. “I was at a point with my life where I thought, I’ve been doing this since 1979. For me, that was a lifetime,” he says. “I was twenty-six. I was like, Do I want to do this every week, every month of my life? The same show I produced when I was thirteen? It was a family show, but I have a very dark side to me. I love monsters, I love vampires, witchcraft. And I thought, Wait a second, Grandfather had a dark side. He had the circus sideshow. He had the freak show. And he had taught me shit. There’s something I could play with. But I have to go dark with it. Grandfather would ‘kill’ my grandmother in his act every show. My family has been doing horror onstage since the nineteen-twenties. I can’t do anything but. I’m not going to be a happy magician and pull rabbits out of a fucking hat. And so I thought, Wouldn’t it be great if the devil owned a carnival? And all the performers were demons—they could never be killed, and that’s why they could harm their bodies. That was the seed that started Carnival Diablo.” As McClelland began planning his new act, he heard about a friend who had recently taken over a block-long building in downtown Calgary and turned it into an art gallery, with an upstairs space he had no use for. McClelland stopped by. “He takes me around back, and there’s this rickety staircase up to a red door,” he says. “I asked, ‘What’s up there?’ And he goes, ‘Nothing.’ I asked him if he could show me. He pulls this archaic key out of his pocket, he puts the key in the lock and slowly opens the door—and my whole life changed.” Behind the door was an empty block-long warehouse with fourteen-foot ceilings. McClelland rented the space on the spot and got to work building a Victorian horror carnival. Word of the project soon leaked around town, prompting industry professionals to offer their services. The lighting technician for The Phantom of the Opera provided and installed interior lights. An old friend of McClelland’s, whose father managed Calgary’s Palliser Hotel, called offering up the hotel’s lavish Victorian curtains that were being replaced. A retired circus stager dropped by and got to work building seating for a hundred and forty people. At the same time, McClelland was looking for talent, training performers, and writing a show. Carnival Diablo opened on April 1, 1992, and quickly became the biggest underground attraction in Calgary. The space’s centrepiece was its live show, performed three times a night, at 7 p.m., 12 a.m., and 3 a.m., and hosted by McClelland. (He would eventually host the show in his guise of Nikolai Diablo, who McClelland describes as equal parts Mok, a character in the animated Nelvana feature Rock & Rule; B. L. Zebub, from another Nelvana production, The Devil and Daniel Mouse; and Boris Karloff’s Grinch, from the TV adaptation of Dr. Seuss’s classic children’s book.) “I had to invent what I felt a sideshow should be like,” McClelland says. “I was doing the nail in the head, swallowing razor blades, the shark hook through my tongue, eating fire, plus some mentalism. That became my standard: open the show with twenty-five minutes of creepy-ass mentalism and move to physical stuff.” McClelland was followed onstage by other members of his troupe, including a human pincushion, a strongman, and a sword swallower. In between shows, patrons could watch old cult movies in a side theatre, browse Professor Lewchuk’s collection of freaks, play carnival games, or simply lounge in the unique atmosphere. “We were open seven days a week, from five in the evening until five in the morning. We had no liquor license, which meant you went there to socialize intellectually. We had coffee on. We had muffins. And we had a library of stuff you could read and boards on every table so you could play checkers or chess with your friends. This became the hub for the arts community.” Carnival Diablo was critically acclaimed and received national and international media attention in publications ranging from Maclean’s to Omni. At the same time McClelland was reviving the sideshow in Canada, a performer named Jim Rose was serendipitously doing the same thing in the United States. In 1991, Rose, a Seattle performer, developed a troupe of his own and founded the Jim Rose Circus Sideshow, an act that exploded in popularity when it played at Lollapalooza the following year. Together, McClelland and Rose were largely responsible for the re-emergence of sideshow performance throughout the nineties. “Jim’s sideshow was the top of the heap,” says McClelland. “I was second, because I’m Canadian. And I have no problem with that. It was a great rivalry. It was positive. It was friendly. And so for the nineties, we were the only games in the book. I rode that wave right into the early twenty-first century.” After only nine months, the building that housed Carnival Diablo was shut down due to illegal activities taking place on other parts of the property. Carnival Diablo quickly pivoted to become a touring act, and the troupe spent the next several years playing the same fair circuit McClelland had toured as a teen with his medicine show, along with clubs, festivals, and university campuses. “It was a two-and-a-half-hour show, which is a very long show, but the acts were so exciting and dangerous, it was easy for the audience to sit through, because they just enjoyed the hell out of the fact they were seeing something they couldn’t see anywhere else.” Five years later, McClelland invented another act, the Paranormal Show, which allowed him to dabble in his love of parapsychology, the supernatural, and witchcraft. “In 1997 I had a troupe that drove me crazy on the road,” McClelland says. “Being the boss is hard when you have a lot of egos involved, and this troupe was maddening. It soured me on wanting to do Carnival Diablo, so I thought, Why don’t I take my production background and do a one-man show for a while.” By this time, McClelland had settled in Toronto, and the Paranormal Show began a two-year midnight run at the Poor Alex Theatre, every Friday and Saturday night. “I’ve had an interest in the paranormal since I was nine,” McClelland says. “In producing the Paranormal Show I was building in as many things that had to do with paranormal activity as possible: imported objects, telekinesis, E.S.P., hypnotism. Parapsychology is also about being able to basically detach your mind from your body to do horrifying things, so I integrated into the Paranormal Show some feats from the circus sideshow as well.” McClelland revived Carnival Diablo with a new troupe in 2000. Along with touring the now familiar carnival circuit came continued television appearances, including MuchMusic Halloween specials and a recurring role on the late-night Citytv show Ed’s Night Party. “I was with Ed the Sock for seven years,” McClelland says. “I was supposed to play his neighbour that he asks for sugar or whatever. Ed’s shtick has always been that he puts everybody down. We came up with the idea that Ed the Sock is scared, for the only time in his life, of Nikolai Diablo.” McClelland created another new attraction in 2001: World of Wonders, a thirty-five-foot-long trailer dressed as a Victorian haunted house. Inside, McClelland displayed his collection of freaks for the first time since the original stationary Carnival Diablo had closed. “We had that booked at all the major exhibitions across the country: the Calgary Stampede, Klondike Days, the Red River Exhibition, in Winnipeg, the C.N.E. We were doing fifteen-hundred-seat auditoriums while the World of Wonders was being run outside. We were really doing well. We were happy. We were very on the cutting edge.” In 2004, Conklin Shows, North America’s largest travelling amusement operator, merged with several other midway companies to form North American Midway Entertainment. Conklin had been showing signs of financial strains for years, leading it to sell off many of its largest rides. Eventually came a shutout of the independent operators who travelled with the show, including Carnival Diablo. Without access to his most lucrative circuit, McClelland reworked the act to play smaller fairs and events, but touring was beginning to hold less appeal for him. In 2008, the troupe was hired to work its first of two years at the Ottawa-based Carnivâle Lune Bleue, an outdoor event reminiscent of Depression-era travelling carnivals, inspired by the HBO show Carnivâle. The chance to perform under a big top seven days a week for three shows a day was, for McClelland, the epoch of Carnival Diablo. “I had a big troupe doing big things,” he says. “The stage show was crazy. We had a fourteen-foot guillotine, like Alice Cooper would use. It was a lot of fun.” In 2010, McClelland was invited to play what ended up being the final installment of the Ottawa SuperEX. (The fair, founded in 1888, had originally planned to go on hiatus the following year while its grounds were redeveloped, but was never revived.) “I brought out the World of Wonders again. I did a lecture three times daily on the history of the circus sideshow. I brought out all of my freaks, had a great big warehouse filled with my equipment and we showed it off. It was like a big goodbye to the SuperEX, and, for me, it was the beginning of the end of touring for Carnival Diablo.” Aside from a few big contracts, McClelland began focusing his time on the Paranormal Show and Professor Crookshank’s, which he revived in 2010, at last having aged into the role he’d developed as a teen. “In 2017 I got it in my head that I wanted a big top. So I purchased a beautiful old-time big top circus tent: canvas with wooden poles and hemp ropes. It was a beautiful sight to see, because it looked like how a circus tent should. I toured within a five-hundred-kilometre radius of home doing a one-man show. I was doing that right up until COVID hit, so that was my last thing with Carnival Diablo. I’ll probably bring it out again next year. But I won’t be touring it like I did. In my mind, my touring days are done.” In 1978, N.P. Lewchuk and his son Orest were hired by the city of Canora to create an attraction for the town. Forty-three years later, their fifteen-foot statue of a Ukrainian girl dressed in traditional garb continues to welcome visitors, with an offering of salt and a loaf of braided kolch bread. McClelland has been thinking about his own legacy for a while. As the only grandchild with any serious interest in his grandfather’s career, and with no children of his own, he has single-handedly carried on—and added to—a family legacy that now spans a century. “The reason I never had kids is because I didn’t want to be an absentee father—being on the road so much—because I came from a very good family. But I’m at a point now where I’m pretty stationary and I have good health. I’d like to have a kid and teach them everything I know, like my grandfather did to me, and hope they’re inspired enough to want to carry it on.” McClelland has tried several times over the years to train an apprentice, but each time ended in disappointment. “It’s hard,” he says, sitting in his parlour, among his family’s rich history. “I don’t know if there’s a generation of people, or a person, who’s interested enough. I would love somebody to carry on what I’m doing in any aspect, in paranormal-type work or circus sideshow. If I could find someone between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five, I would apprentice them, if they were serious. There was a young woman I started corresponding with online a while ago who seemed really interested. She travelled all the way from Calgary, and when she finally got here discovered apprenticing wasn’t about learning the tricks of the sideshow. I said, ‘Hold on. We’ve corresponded. I told you I wanted to teach you how to produce a show, how to write a show, the logistics of building props.’ No. In her mind, somehow, she read past that or skimmed it and was only here to learn how to eat fire. I train people how to be sideshow performers in my show. That’s not apprenticing. That’s nothing. “I had a legacy to carry on. Every time I was interviewed when I started out, before I mentioned myself, I’d mention my grandfather. If we stop talking about him, he’s forgotten. We need people to remember who he is. I know how important it is to keep his vision alive. That’s why I do what I do.” I've been having a hard time letting go of losses lately. Casualties of circumstance and decisions I've made. Lost dreams, lost relationships. On the phone with my therapist, I lay down & close my eyes. What does the loss feel like? What does it look like? It's like looking down a long tunnel. I can see someone I love, or a dream that hasn't come true so clearly. But it's way out of my reach. It sounds like you're experiencing grief. Maybe you need to do something to get closure. What about covering the hole? O.K. What does the cover look like? It's a big, round lid made of poured cement, like the cover for a well. Do you need help moving it? Yes, it's really heavy. Who do you want to ask to help you? Would you help me? Of course. It IS heavy! On three. One, two... Huuuh! I think I should say a few words. R.I.P. the dreams that didn't come to be. Friendships lost and faraway. We should lay some flowers on the grave. Is there something you could do to mark the closure in 'real life'? I could plant some bulbs by the New River. So at least something good can come of it. What we now know as Halloween has origins as a Celtic ceremony marking the end of one season and the beginning of another. This makes sense to me: We dress up as anyone other than ourselves, decorate our homes with symbols of mortality, and snack ourselves into a sugared frenzy by the light of a jack-o’-lantern as winter approaches. It feels primal—it feels right for this time of year. It’s the season where we play with fear on purpose and call it fun. Not the fears that keep us up at night, like fear of failure, missed opportunities, or never forgiving ourselves for the mistakes littering our doorsteps like leaves. Nothing so drastic. Just the mortal fear of death, which we confront with humour and wit, attending parties advertised as Dracula Spectaculas, Bogeyman Barbecues, and Sorceress Soirees. They all look the same: dim lighting, pumpkins aplenty, skeleton cookies on a plate, and red wine claiming to be the blood of your enemies. If you’re thinking of throwing a Halloween party this year, feel free to run with any of the above ideas. Actually, not the Sorceress Soiree. I’m keeping that one. Every year, I craft a Halloween costume for a friend’s annual party I end up not being able to attend because I can’t find a babysitter. There was the year I carefully crafted a Gal Gadot-esque Wonder Woman costume (because I have never been about the sexy costume but felt like it was time to try something bold). Or the year I bought a blond wig and a brown faux-fur coat to be Margot Tenenbaum, from Wes Anderson’s The Royal Tenenbaums, and the faux fur was accidentally donated in a fit of closet purging when I didn’t remember it was part of a Halloween costume. I regret getting rid of that coat. Regret is its own kind of haunting. What I find scary about this time of year, this Old World magic new year, is that anything feels possible: ghosts, vampires, the undead looking for brains upon which to feast. These are, in fact, just metaphorical labels for the types of people you meet at parties. So my fears are not completely unfounded. But that fear is really about possibility—the idea that the veil between what is and is not possible thins, and anything imagined, good or bad, could happen. We dress in Halloween costumes to play with this idea of infinite possibility, including the possibility that we can transform. Our costumes conjure up magic, a sort of glamour around ourselves: we can dress for the job we want (celebrity, superhero) not the job we have (zombie, any character from The Office). This only works early in the night, of course. A couple of hours into any Halloween party and the fiddly bits of our costumes have been discarded, itchy wigs left like pelts of mythical beasts on the floor or on a lampshade. Later, at home, after you’ve scrubbed the remainder of Halloween makeup from your face, you might pause to look at yourself in the mirror, glimpsing a ghost behind you as that previously costumed self slides out a back door, an open window, into some other life you didn’t choose. We entered the night dressed as an other, cloaked in disguise, but we wake up on November 1st, the dawn of a seasonal new year, our same old selves. Change is frightening, but lack of change is sometimes a haunting of what could have been. Knitted Pumpkin This pattern works for a variety of sizes, so you can absolutely use bigger yarn and needles—you’ll just end up with bigger pumpkins. Different-sized pumpkins shown are all knit with... a cast on of 54 stitches, but some were slightly larger and knit for more than 2 inches. The biggest was 3.5 inches of fabric in height. Using worsted weight or D.K. yarn and knitting until fabric is 3 inches from cast on will yield a pumpkin approximately 3 inches in diameter. Pumpkin knitted as written below will yield a pumpkin approximately 2.5 inches in diameter and 1.5 inches tall. Feel free to experiment with the fabric length—the shorter the knitted fabric from cast on, the smaller the pumpkin. Materials Assorted yarn (40 to 60 yards per pumpkin), in fingering or D.K. weight 3 mm double-pointed knitting needles, or 3 mm circular needle in 9 inch length (2.75 mm/ U.S. 2 also works well) Tapestry needle for sewing in ends and assembly Stuffing for pumpkins, ideally polyester fill (I also often reuse yarn ends for stuffing) Pumpkin Cast on 54 stitches and join for working in the round. Place stitch marker to mark beginning of round and work as follows: K8, P1, repeat from * to * until end of round. Continue as established until fabric measures 2 inches from your cast-on edge. Then cast off all stitches knit-wise. Stem Cast on 4 stitches. Row 1: K1, P1, K1, P1 Row 2: P1, K1, P1, K1 Repeat those two rows until stem is 1 inch long. Cast off and weave in end for the top, leaving the long cast-off tail at the end to sew it to the top of your pumpkin. To assemble Using your tapestry needle, run your cast-off tail of yarn through every third loop on the cast-off edge and pull tight, like a drawstring, adjusting the fabric as you go. Sew any remaining gaps shut with a few stitches of the yarn. Turn over the pumpkin and, using the long cast-on tail or a new length of yarn, thread it through every third stitch of the cast-on edge. Before drawing it in tight like you did the other side, stuff the pumpkin with the polyester fill. Then pull the yarn tight to close off the pumpkin and finish with a few stitches in the centre to hold it in place. Using the long cast-off tail from your pumpkin stem, sew the pumpkin stem to the top of your pumpkin. The top can be whichever side of the pumpkin closure you would like it to be—there is not an official top or bottom to the pumpkin before you sew on the stem. brokenpencil 25th Anniversary Sale: Four-issue subscription & bonus anniversary compendium + The Lost Expert, the new novel by Hal Niedzviecki + Full access to our digital archives. 25 years of BP: every issue ever published ALL FOR JUST $25 BROKENPENCIL.COM/25YEARS Renews annually, cancel anytime. TADDLE CREEK NO. 47-C • HOLIDAY NUMBER, 2021 • $2.65 “The Most Wonderful Time of the Year,” by Pat Dorian. THE EPHEMERA Given that reducing frequency is so in vogue among mainstream magazines these days, Taddle Creek hopes you have enjoyed its recent zag into the world of bimonthly publishing. This rare opportunity to be somewhat seasonal following a near quarter century of semi-annual frequency certainly was a treat for the magazine. So much so, in fact, that Taddle Creek isn’t ready to return to its reduced schedule just yet. The magazine’s upcoming twenty-fifth volume will include one more number than usual. What usually would be Taddle Creek’s winter issue will be dated spring, to allow some space between it and this holiday issue, while summer will see one of the magazine’s rare bonus numbers—a “rarities and B-sides” collection of previously available but uncollected-in-print pieces, mainly fiction and poetry from the early days of the Taddle Creek Web site. This special issue will not be available on newsstands and will not be sent to subscribers (and, as such, will not count against readers’ subscriptions), though can be obtained by request, free of charge. Should live events be advisable by that time, there likely will be some sort of launch, at which copies can also be had. Finally, a fall issue will mark Taddle Creek’s twenty-fifth anniversary, with a giant-sized spectacular featuring many of the magazine’s regular contributors. If you’ve never read Taddle Creek before, its upcoming anniversary issue will leave you feeling that you have. Don’t miss it. —TADDLE CREEK Jessa paces across the cashew-coloured wall-to-wall broadloom of her cramped off-campus apartment, pursued by the cloying smell of her Chapagetti instant noodles. She is spending the evening alone, drinking flabby wine and resenting her ex-roommate Lena for getting into an exchange program and moving to France. This is how she has spent most evenings for the past seven weeks. She is resentful because it was her, not Lena, who first discovered the program, then spent the month leading up to the deadline daydreaming about sitting in a café in Nantes and falling in love with a brooding sculptor, while Lena actually compiled and submitted an application. The injustice of this burns Jessa like a chronic case of acid reflux. Her phone emits a short whistle. “Get here,” the text reads. It’s Wednesday, which means nineties karaoke at the pub, where Jessa usually loves to unironically belt out hits from the time of her birth. Tonight, she doesn’t feel like leaving the house, but she also doesn’t feel like ever again missing out on anything that might turn out to be exciting. With a resigned slump of her shoulders, she laces up her puffy boots and steps out into the crisp air. The undisturbed snow glitters in the light of street lamps, their buzz sawing through the still night. The air is so cold it stings Jessa’s hands and face. This sleepy residential street full of narrow Victorian houses sits next to campus, a few blocks from its pulsing heart. This is where Jessa always finds herself: adjacent to the action. She walks down the centre of the street, where the blanket of snow is flawless. No cars will cross her path. Her neighbours all have small kids, so instead of going out in the evenings, they prefer to bore Jessa with their chatty explanations about how it’s hardly worth having to pay for a babysitter and parking just to go to the movies, which, by the way, have gotten so expensive. She crosses the street, toward the single storey yellow-brick elementary school at the end of her block, and looks up at the moonlit field. It looks as if a blizzard is raging there, but the air around Jessa is undisturbed. The hairs in her nose freeze into tiny icicles. It takes several seconds for the scene to come into focus and start making any sense. Behind the school, in the gleaming white oval at the centre of the running track, a dozen, maybe fifteen, snowmen are throwing snowballs at each other. Not the round-bellied, carrot-nosed snowmen of Christmas carols, with pebble smiles and scarves wrapped around non-existent necks. These are man-shaped mounds of snow, with arms and legs and heads, all smooth and featureless, like Play-Doh figures come to life. Jessa moves out of the streetlight’s beam, not wanting to be spotted, but unsure by whom. She can’t stop watching, afraid to breathe or blink. They can’t see me, she thinks. They have no eyes or ears. The thought is so grotesque and funny that a chuckle escapes her chapped lips. The snowmen are bending, scooping, rolling snow in their mitten-shaped hands, throwing it, then bending again to restart the mesmerizing cycle. Some of the snowmen absorb the snowballs that land on their torsos with a muffled thud, while others disintegrate before her eyes, injured arms falling into a soft, powdery heap, only to reform moments later into another loose-limbed white marionette. Jessa sees a man on the far side of the field staring at the scene, laughing to himself. His rosy face peeks out of a charcoal parka, and she can see the puffs of his shallow breath. She opens her mouth to call to him and break the spell, but she’s interrupted by the crunch of footsteps behind her. She whirls around to see a couple walking toward her, embroiled in cozy conversation, arms linked. They walk past, strolling along the fence separating the snowy madness from reality as Jessa knows it. They don’t look up or appear to notice anything at all. Jessa wonders for a second if the snowmen are invisible to them, when a loud crack ruptures the silence and she flinches, ready to duck or crouch or run, dread rising in her chest. She turns toward the sound and sees the man in the charcoal parka. He’s swooning now, and the remains of a jagged, snow-encrusted rock of ice lie on the road in front of him. As the man turns toward her, she sees a crimson thread trickle down his temple, where he was struck. Jessa’s breath catches in her throat. She’s forgotten how to swallow, and her mouth is too dry to make sounds. An icy hand squeezes her heart as she comes to a ghastly realization: They can hurt us. The snowmen aren’t looking at the man. They almost knocked him out, but they don’t even know he’s standing there. Are they alive, Jessa wonders, or are they just a kind of weather? An unseeing storm that destroys without feeling? The man staggers, weaving as he hurries down the street, away from Jessa and the swirling mass of animated snow. Jessa is slower to react, her body leaden as she spins on the heels of her boots, snow squeaking under her. She looks around for the couple, to see if the loud noise roused their attention, but they’re gone. She tries to run quietly, but each footfall echoes with a loud crunch, her breath and the swish of her pants amplified in her ears. She runs past the school, down one side street, then another, weaving through laneways until she reaches the strip of bars marking the western edge of the campus. She sees three pink-cheeked girlfriends, arm in arm and stumbling, and she tries to calm her ragged breathing. The sight of drunk students makes her knees buckle with relief. A group of smokers spills out from the grey façade of a nondescript bar Jessa knows would be neither fancy nor divey enough for her friends, the refrain from “Sweet Home Alabama” trailing behind them. Jessa leans against a wall, elated to be among flesh-and-blood people. She brushes past the cluster of smokers and enters the bar, taking a deep, grateful breath of stale beer and mildew. The music is cranked and everyone is shouting, but it’s not crowded. She sees three empty stools at the bar and slides into the middle one, gesturing for a pint. The bartender slides it toward her and she downs a third in one gulp, her heart still thudding. Minutes pass, three, or maybe ten, and a dark puffy coat enters her peripheral vision. She glances to the right and sees a man, older than the average clientele, ease himself onto the next stool. She rolls her eyes. Not now, she thinks. The last thing she needs is a past-his-prime graduate student trying to make conversation. She starts to lift her numb body off the stool when the man turns toward her with a curt smile and she spots a red smear on his temple. A chill ripples through her body as the man orders a drink, his slender fingers emerging from the charcoal sleeves of his coat and closing around the bottle. She is surprised at the smallness of his hands. “I saw you,” she says, before her good sense can intervene. The man gives her a thanks–but–no–thanks look, but Jessa keeps staring, waiting for him to take another sip before she continues. “The field,” she says. “The snowmen,” and all the warmth slides off his face. He stands up, puts a hand on her elbow, and guides her to a nearby booth. They slide into the soft vinyl and lean in toward each other, their drinks almost touching, their hands vibrating with adrenaline. “At first I thought it was some kind of freak weather thing. A miniature tornado,” he says. “I don’t know if those exist.” “I thought it was a blizzard,” Jessa says. “I wanted to take a picture, but I just stood there,” he says, shaking his head. “I didn’t even think of that. I was so scared of attracting their attention.” “For one horrible moment I thought they were trying to kill me,” he says, touching his temple and staring past her. “Then I realized they weren’t even looking at me.” “I’m not sure they could see us. Or see at all,” Jessa says. “I’ve never . . .,” and he trails off, his eyes landing on the side of her face. “Have you?” “No,” Jessa whispers. “I hope I never do again.” “When I get home, I’m looking into cheap flights. Somewhere tropical,” he says with a tight laugh, running a hand through his thick hair. Jessa can’t stop staring at his hair, the colour of television static, a dizzying blend of black and grey. A volley of laughter blows in from the front door like a blast of wind, and they both flinch. The man’s eyes find hers and grab on. “Do you think they’re still out there?” he asks. “Should we go back?” Jessa drops her gaze to her hands, her knuckles turning white around the pint glass. The man isn’t as big inside his parka as she thought. He’s wiry, with a fine-boned face and a delicate neck. She takes another long sip, not wanting to answer. “I can’t believe I didn’t take a picture,” she says. “I take pictures of everything.” “We should do something,” the man says. “Alert people.” “I saw a couple pass by, but they didn’t see anything. Or they were just too interested in each other.” “Maybe it’s just us. We’re cursed,” the man says with a chuckle. “Or the field is cursed.” “Maybe it is,” Jessa says, too seriously. “Do you remember the old guy who froze to death in that same field a few years ago?” “What old guy?” “He was a coach at the school who slipped on the ice while he was cleaning up the athletic shed. Cracked his head open, and nobody found him till the next day. He might have survived except for the cold. It was pretty tragic.” “I remember the story,” the man says. “But he wasn’t old.” “He was at least forty.” A small smile crinkles the man’s face. “I’m forty,” he says. “And change.” “You don’t look it,” Jessa says, embarrassed. You look like a person, she thinks. “Thanks,” he says, shifting in his seat and looking away from her. “While we were out there, I kept thinking about my kid. We were building a snowman together two days ago.” It hadn’t occurred to Jessa that this man might be a father. What does a father look like? Can a father be just any person, sitting in a bar, wearing a parka? “When I was a kid,” he says, reading her mind, “I thought parents were this whole other species.” Aren’t they, Jessa thinks. “I thought, before you become a dad, you graduate to a higher level of understanding of the mysteries of life.” He smiles at her, a glint of tears in his hazel eyes. “Then people around me started having kids and I realized the terrible secret,” he says, leaning conspiratorially toward her. “Parents are just us. No different and no wiser than before. Just us, with less free time.” “I never thought my parents had any mysteries figured out,” Jessa says. “No?” “One time,” she says, “they forgot me outside in my stroller. We were coming home from a birthday party, and they spent the walk home arguing, I don’t know what about, because I don’t actually remember this. I was two. When they got home they parked the stroller by the back door and went in to unpack all their bags, and then my mom started cooking dinner and my dad went downstairs to do who knows what. They remembered me when my mom was calling everyone down to eat.” Jessa picks at the label of a ketchup bottle in the condiment caddy and clears her throat, embarrassed that she’s telling this to a stranger, but unable to stop. “I had fallen asleep,” she continues. “I was fine.” “I’m sorry,” the man says. “Now my mom tells the story as if it’s a funny example of how bonkers the early days were with three kids.” “Sometimes, even when you’re doing your best, it’s not enough,” he says. “There’s no forgiveness for the parent who tried hard and fell short.” “It was winter,” Jessa says. “I could have frozen to death. Anyway, it only happened once, but it’s a good example of their usual level of chaotic energy.” “What are their names?” the man asks. “Who?” “Your parents.” Jessa furrows her brow. “Maxim and Eileen,” she says. “I never think about them as Max and Eileen.” “I get it,” he says. “Did you ever forget your kid out in the snow,” Jessa asks. “No. But I’ve wanted to forget him a few times. And before you give me a look, let me assure you, my wife’s thought it more times than I have.” Jessa’s mouth curls into a crooked smile. “I never asked your name,” she says, taking in his winter tan and laugh lines. He whispers, “Roger.” A perfect dad name. “I’m Jessa,” she says. “Hi Jessa,” he says. “Where were you headed tonight?” “Just walking. My friends are at karaoke, but I wasn’t in the mood, so I thought I’d wander for a bit, try to get lost in my own neighbourhood, you know?” Earlier tonight I was thinking about how much I miss the days I could just do whatever I wanted with my evenings. I thought it’d be so nice to just stroll around, pretend to be free.” “It’s overrated,” Jessa says. “What is?” “Freedom. I spend most nights alone with my computer.” “Alone with a computer. Sounds like another sort of heaven.” Jessa smiles. “It must feel good to be needed?” “I guess,” he says. “So were you out just being free tonight?” “Not exactly. I was heading home from my studio.” “Are you a sculptor?” Jessa asks too quickly. Roger gives her a puzzled look. “No. It’s just a small recording studio in my friend’s office. I do a podcast with some friends.” “Have I heard it?” “It’s about travel. Or, right now, it’s about all the places we would travel to, if we didn’t have kids. We talk about food a lot too.” Roger runs his fingers through the salt and pepper waves of his hair, and Jessa is surprised to realize she’s kept count of every time he’s done it. Her body contracts around the pint of beer sloshing in her stomach. “I wanted to move to France, but my roommate did it instead,” Jessa says. “How did that happen?” “She actually applied for the year-abroad program, and I fucked up.” “I do that at least once a week,” Roger says. “Tell myself I’m going to start running again, or cut out sugar, or take a deep breath and count to ten before snapping at my kid. But then, you know. Life.” “My mom tells me I don’t have follow-through.” “Making big plans is fun,” Roger says. “Finishing things is another story.” “Maybe life made the right decision for me?” “To making decisions,” Roger says, raising his bottle. “Or letting life do it for you.” Jessa taps the bottle with her glass and opens her mouth to take a sip. “If you’d moved to France, you would have missed all this,” Roger starts, gesturing at their dingy surroundings, then trails off as they both remember the snowmen. “I need some air,” Jessa says, standing up and placing an awkward hand on Roger the dad’s shoulder. A fluttering sensation rises in her throat. She turns toward the door, slapping it open to take huge gulps of freezing air on the sidewalk packed with cigarette butts and sparkling snow. A moment later, Roger slides into the spot between her and the overflowing garbage can. “Let’s go,” he says. “Let’s see if they’re still there.” Let’s face it—the holidays can be a chaotic time for even the most organized people. There are living room windows that need to be spray-snowed, tinsel to be delicately strung, strand by strand, on the artificial tree, and all those presents that have to be wrapped using masking tape (once you discover your Scotch tape has run out). And then there’s the food! Cheese balls that must be lovingly rolled in chopped nuts, shortbread cookies requiring the intricate placement of maraschino cherry slivers, and rings of shrimp that require careful def thawing. Throw some rum-and-eggnog cocktails, a pumpkin pie, and a forty-seven-pound turkey into the mix and it’s no wonder many of us can barely muster the energy to return all of our gifts on Boxing Day. Thankfully, I’m here to the rescue. Or should I say, the Royal Bank employees behind the Royal Recipes: For the Love of Tiny Hearts community cookbook are here to the rescue. This recipe for Christmas Morning Wife Saver is easy to prepare, full of flavour, and guaranteed to give you the most precious gift of all this holiday season: time. In spite of its sexist name, you don’t have to be a wife to make this dish. A husband, an aunt, a distant third cousin, or even an elf could pull it off. If you know how to make a sandwich, you’re laughing. It’s that easy. What I appreciate about Christmas Morning Wife Saver is its thoughtfulness. Christmas breakfast rarely gets the care and attention it deserves. Everything is always about opening presents, checking to see if Santa took the carrots for his reindeer, and eating full boxes of Toffifee by 10 a.m. while wondering why your onesie is feeling a little snugsie. But that’s the glory of this recipe. Christmas Morning Wife Saver is essentially a strata made with bread, eggs, ham, and whole milk that you assemble the night before and bake in the morning, after adding a topping of crushed Corn Flakes and melted butter—because who couldn’t use more butter over the holiday season? A note: The recipe calls for a scattering of diced green pepper on top, but I also added red pepper. It’s important to use every opportunity available to add red and green accents on as many foods as you can at this festive time of year. You could also use pimento, sliced cherry tomatoes, or even chopped up chilies, if your family rolls that way. However, I would not use red maraschino cherries. Because cherries and Worcestershire sauce. The recipe also calls for a pound of shaved ham. I used a four-hundred-gram package, which seemed more than enough. In terms of taste, Christmas Morning Wife Saver is guaranteed to put the jingle in your bells. It’s cheesy, salty, and hammy, and the Corn Flake topping provides a perfect crunch. It will taste all the better as you watch the rest of your household tear into it quicker than they tear into their presents. All you’ll have to do is sit back in the new velour robe you’ll be returning on the twenty-sixth and savour a small moment of grace. While trying not to think about the forty-seven-pound bird waiting in your fridge. Christmas Morning Wife Saver Ingredients 16 slices of bread, crusts removed 1 pound shaved ham 450-gram package of cheddar cheese, grated 6 eggs ½ teaspoon salt ½ teaspoon pepper 1 teaspoon dry mustard 2 teaspoon Worcestershire sauce 6 shakes Tabasco sauce 3 cups whole milk ¼ cup minced onion ¼ cup finely diced green pepper ¼ cup finely diced red pepper ½ cup butter ⅓ cup crushed Corn Flakes Directions 1. In a buttered nine-by-thirteen-inch glass baking dish, lay out 8 slices of bread. Don’t overlap. 2. In layers, spread ham and then cheese evenly over bread. Top with remaining bread, making it look like a sandwich. 3. In bowl, beat eggs, salt, pepper, dry mustard, Worcestershire, Tabasco, and milk together. 4. Pour mixture evenly over top of sandwiches. 5. Spread onion and peppers over top. 6. Press down to wet bread with the egg mixture. 7. Cover tightly and refrigerate overnight. 8. In the morning, preheat oven to 350 degrees Fahrenheit. Melt butter and pour over top of dish. Sprinkle crushed Corn Flakes on evenly. 9. Bake, uncovered, for one hour. Let stand 10 minutes before serving. Ham and Cheese Breakfast Casserole Ingredients: - 1 package refrigerated crescent rolls - 1 cup shredded cheddar cheese - 1/2 cup diced ham - 1/4 cup diced red bell pepper - 1/4 cup diced green bell pepper - 1/4 cup diced onion - 1/4 cup butter, melted - 1/4 teaspoon garlic powder - 1/4 teaspoon salt - 1/4 teaspoon black pepper Instructions: 1. Preheat oven to 350°F (175°C). 2. Unroll crescent roll dough and separate into triangles. Place in a 9x13 inch baking dish. 3. In a bowl, mix together the cheddar cheese, ham, red bell pepper, green bell pepper, onion, melted butter, garlic powder, salt, and black pepper. 4. Spoon the mixture evenly over the crescent roll dough. 5. Bake for 25-30 minutes or until golden brown. Enjoy your delicious Ham and Cheese Breakfast Casserole! December’s build up is too much, too soon. Gatherings multiply exponentially and all of a sudden you need to buy (or make or bake) a lot of things all at once, and it doesn’t let up until one day the holiday suddenly is over. There are expectations—of gifts, family, friends, laughing, and joy—and the music declares it’s the most wonderful time of the year, insisting upon a joyous celebration of peak decadence. There must be lavish food, buckets of drink, the persistent sound of jingling bells that no one ever admits is super annoying, for fear of being labeled miserable. But it’s not like that for most of us, is it? Family is complicated. Ghosts of people, of events and times past, haunt us with their absence, in contrast to the abundance of everything we’re told we should be quaffing down. We eat too much and then feel bloated and lethargic. We make too many plans and then feel rushed and stressed. It’s supposed to be this magical, happy time, but it inevitably feels like an empty gesture, like we’re all missing out on something magnificent. A Hallmark movie happiness laced with shimmering lights and cozy sweaters and the scent of spiced cookies and wine. We’re doing all the things, so why doesn’t it feel like the carols say it should? I feel that while the holiday music gets it wrong, the old holiday fairy tales get it right. They are filled with the bittersweet moments of both happiness and sadness, and a fair bit of mortality. One of my favourites is Hans Christian Andersen’s story of the little match girl. An extremely poor girl wanders the wintry city streets on New Year’s Eve, trying to sell matches. She’s so cold she starts lighting one match after another for warmth, and with each match she lights a golden scene of holiday splendour appears before her: a living room with a fully decorated Christmas tree, a dining room with a lavish feast—including a cooked goose—laid out and waiting. I think about that story around the holidays when I embark on my favourite December tradition of putting on my coat and boots, all the woolly accessories, and going for a walk after dark (easy to do since it’s pitch black by five o’clock) to catch glimpses of Christmas trees and menorahs through windows. I love how many people tend to put up decorations near windows and then leave their lights on, glowing their colourful glow, sometimes flashing, making a merry little disco. Each is an apparition, a match struck against a season that otherwise is filled with the kind of dark that is edged in sharp teeth, a dark that is a head-clearing whiff of memento mori. Those walks remind me that it is impossible to appreciate those warm, bright living rooms full of people without the contrast of the cold, dark walks in the early twilight of winter. Not that every walk is a delight. On the winter days when it does not snow, and hasn’t for a long time, the wind bullies your face and you must carefully watch for patches of sidewalk pocked with ice. On those days, I scowl at the chore of being outside, away from the warmth of the great indoors, and stuff my mittened hands deeper into my pockets. But when it snows, everything is softened. The snow silences the wind, holds a mirror below the street lamps so their light is cast back up and radiates outward in all directions. And somewhere there is a faint melody of music, without jingling bells, and your face softens like the snow into something resembling a smile. Microwaveable Hand Warmers These hand warmers are small enough to tuck inside a pair of gloves or mittens without adding too much bulk. They’re great in pockets, too. You also can make them bigger if you like. Example is ½-inch thick when stuffed with rice. Materials One hundred per cent cotton or linen fabric (With repeated use, synthetic fibres can easily catch fire in a microwave, and sparkly fabric has metallic elements that might cause your microwave damage. If you are unsure of the material of your fabric, do not use.) Sewing needle One hundred per cent cotton thread (polyester thread will melt in the microwave) Scissors Approximately ⅓ cup of dried, uncooked rice (any type) per hand warmer Ruler, for measuring Instructions 1. Measure and cut out the fabric you will use for your hand warmers. A 2½-inch square will, when sewn, yield a hand warmer approximately 2 inches square. 2. Turn the fabric so the wrong side is facing out on both sides, and begin sewing the edges on one side. You want to make small, tidy stitches—blanket stitch would be a good choice, but a running stitch that is closer together would also work well. 3. Sew three sides, then turn your pouch inside out, so the right side of the fabric is now facing you. 4. Fill the pouch with the dried, uncooked rice, leaving some room to stitch it shut. You want the pouch to have a beanbag–like consistency, not be really stuffed and immobile. 5. Sew the open seam together carefully. 6. Repeat instructions for second hand warmer. To heat Heat up your hand warmers in the microwave for approximately twenty-five seconds and no more than thirty seconds. Be careful when removing hand warmers. If they are too hot, allow to cool a bit before putting them into your mittens, gloves, or pockets. Note that if the fabric gets wet to the point of saturation, you will need to discard the warmer. The rice may be partially cooked and likely get mouldy. I woke up huffing and nauseous that day at the clinic, my neck like a spike at the edge of the chair. I called her for the first time six weeks later, totally unaware of the spell. My swelling had gone down. My cough was less wet. She was shocked when I told her how sick I’d been. I remembered her necklace, a hanging gold cross, laying flat on her papery hospital gown. She had dyed blond strands in her pulled-back hair. A pecan-coloured forehead, plush-looking cheeks. I stared up, worm’s eye, at the coils of her profile. “You look pretty,” she said, as soon as I woke. She handed me a pink plastic hand mirror. My lips were skinless, like livers. “It takes at least twenty-four hours for the swelling to go down.” I saw girls being led into the clinic through my stunted peripheral vision. My nurse had a doll’s pucker. She took back the mirror. “If you have any problems,” she said, slipping me her card. I knew she was doing her job and lying to me. I already understood that plastic surgery reordered society. You were sliced and then let loose to climb up the ladder. It was metamorphosis, sanctioned by the state. And your family was free to psychologically manipulate. At home, I couldn’t stand up or shower. I didn’t want to brush my teeth. My mother begged me to get out of bed. Go outside, see your friends, they won’t even notice, she said. But I tracked each new cell of topographical lip skin. I’d become amphibian. After I’d told my nurse on the phone that I’d been in the hospital for a week, she said, “Oh God. Thank God. Thank God you called.” Then she paused for a very long time. I waited in the kitchen, on our phone attached to the wall. There was an air pocket in the wallpaper; the lines didn’t sync. “Why?” I said, into the void. My nurse was mixed, model-like. I imagined her partying life. She cleared her throat a few times. Pieces of our wallpaper were not glued down right. Sweat seeped under the receiver and penetrated my cheek. “Are you still there?” Her voice felt like a rush, the beginning of pain. I knew my mother was insulted that I didn’t want her face. “I think maybe it’s better…. Do you want to meet up?” I thought I’d called her out of boredom. I thought I’d called because I could. She told me to meet her at Mindu, outside the cafeteria. My saliva tasted bitter. It had been almost six weeks since my procedure. I’d met her just once at the clinic, before I got sick. She’d seen me unconscious. I forgot my sunglasses. I was not thinking straight. It took me thirty minutes to walk there through Novo Aleixo, where you could buy liver, intestines, and feet. Blades of grass floated in the bloody corners of butchers’ windows. Mindu Municipal Park was for tourists, with pink and yellow painted bridges in a maze. I pretended I didn’t see her walking up to me. Sun sliced my eyes. Children licked soft ice cream. I felt this force field between us. She wore bright red lipstick, a bathing-suit-style dress. She really looked like a model, a lingerie one. I saw a little roll of flesh above the line of her underpants. Kids ran around like puppies, mothers yanked arms like tails. Her hair was wild, all black. There were no more blond streaks. Immediately, I knew coming here had been a mistake. She squinted at my mouth. “Are you happy now?” she said. I licked my lips and folded them in. “You look good. It’s all healed. You look sexy,” she said. I could tell she was nervous, talking quickly, in spurts. My stomach was mangled. I felt like throwing up. “Hey. Looking sexy is a compliment.” We were the same height, the same body type. I felt like she could be my sister from another life. She asked if I wanted coffee, if I took sugar or milk. “Anything,” I mumbled. My face had been replaced. I wanted to get away from all the families. It was too hot for coffee. I watched her walk into the cafeteria, wiry spandex wrinkles around her waist. It felt as if my tongue was stuck in the ridges of the tube that children’s ice cream coils pushed through. My mother had led me into a factory for faces. I imagined an arena, everyone rapt when I spoke. When my nurse emerged from the building, she held out two Styrofoam cups. Her nipples looked like thumbprints. Dead leaves rose from the ground. I thought that with my new mouth, people would listen to me. “Thanks,” I said. My voice was hoarse. She kept looking over at me as we walked down the path. “Is it O.K.?” she asked. I nodded and scalded my tongue. The plastic top of my TADDLE CREEK 45 coffee leaked a pustule of foam. We approached a green, armless bench in front of a crooked rubber tree. “Here,” she said. I put my drink down on the bench, twisting to sit. “You have a bit on your nose,” she said, inching closer, reaching out. Before she could touch me, I swatted my own face. “Are you O.K. with us meeting?” I guessed that she was at least twenty-one years old. “Look, I just need to tell you something,” she said. I felt the wind blow through my ears to the bridge of my nose. “Since you came to the clinic, I can’t stop thinking about you.” She wasn’t looking at me. She was looking away. I forced myself to drink back more syrup and foam. “Fuck. Do you want to just hang out again?” I felt almost seasick. I liked how she said “fuck.” “Does that mean yes?” Yes. Completely struck dumb. After my procedure, to make me feel better, my mother said, “You better get ready. Boys are going to be crawling to you.” I thought about boys on their hands and knees looking up at my lips, the exact same way I’d seen hers from underneath. I thought about slapping the boys, how I’d seen people do to their pets. I’d tower over them and big-toe their heads to the ground. I hoped my mother was right. I’d never had a boyfriend. Men had always flocked to her bedroom. I heard her grunting most nights. But ever since going to Mindu to meet my nurse, I’d stopped telling myself stories about boys, dog-like. My mouth had turned into a plump glossy blossom. I saw things in images now. Like her swinging gold cross. Her black and blond stripes. Thumbprints circling in spandex, nipples printed through a dress. She was “fuckable,” I knew the guys in my class would’ve said. But the more days that passed since our coffee on the bench, the more it seemed, I guess, completely far-fetched. Like, why did she say was she thinking about me? And why did she want to meet again? Didn’t she know my real age? I felt my lips itch. I was sure she stroked every girl’s arms going under. She greeted every single one with that same mirror when they woke. I couldn’t function at school. I ate soft white ice cream and yogurt to cool myself down. I drank milk with a straw. I sucked slivers of ice. I tried lozenges, too. Questions got parsed in my head. What did her thinking about me actually mean? And how did looking sexy fit in? I decided to put on lipstick for our second meeting. I wore a crop top and my jean short shorts. She’d arrived before me on our bench. She was sitting there smoking, with crossed legs in flip-flops, slick black hot pants, like a braided horse tail. God, what could I ever say to this person that wouldn’t make me sound dumb? Tree roots twisted in front of us. My thoughts rushed to the future. “Do you think I’m old?” she asked, bouncing her tightly crossed legs. “No,” I got out, squeezing my thighs till they hurt. I felt myself trying not to smile, staring up at the powdery sky. “Well, I feel like I’m old. And I feel like you think I’m old.” Before I could say no again, she told me she’d been working at the clinic for three years. She had a cosmetic assistant’s certificate and she wanted to go to nursing school. “You think that’s a good idea?” she asked, blowing smoke away from me. “I was a real fuck up in high school. I don’t know if I could pass.” My lips stuck together from the lipstick. The clouds were a graph made of pillows overhead. I tried to figure out if they were thickening or parting for the sun. “I need a better job,” she continued. “So that I can do music. I love house. You like house? All my friends are D.J.s.” I wondered which high school she went to. And what did “fuck up” mean? “I bet you’re really good at school,” she said. I tried to not think about how different I already knew that we were. I just tried to focus on saying something back to her. But I felt so embarrassed. I didn’t know house. My tongue lay in glue. I hadn’t told my mother where I was. She sighed and stood up, lighting another cigarette. Her white tank top billowed, her hot pants reflected the sun. I liked English class and Spanish. I liked reading true crime. The thing was, this whole time, I’d assumed she was a nurse. “I’m trying to quit,” she said, after a few puffs, throwing her cigarette on the ground. I knew I was disappointing her by being mute again. I stared at her red shellacked toes and junkyard cigarette butt. I dreamed of being an adult, escaping our house. My mother was teaching me how to clean chicken, how to separate eggs. “You need to learn how to function when I’m not here,” she said. We lived alone in our high-rise. It was always just us. I think my mother thought she was preparing me for the “real world.” “Look, I’m just going to say it.” Her eyes were glassy, laser-like. “I think maybe I’m in love with you.” My stomach felt like a balloon that had just popped. I was slouching in pain. I glared at the dry, broken ground. Dead leaves were burned here, I thought, to make mulch. I tried to stand up. She took a step toward me. “I have to go now,” I said. I felt bile rise. “Wait,” she said. But I started to run. The whole sky white and electric. There was no real world. I ran up the pathway, back to the cafeteria. I was sweating, so stupid. How could a woman be in love with me? I’d thought I’d loved this guy once, when I was thirteen. I felt sick. I felt dread. That was nothing like this. My flip-flops slapped the ground. Thinking about being in love was not the same as feeling it. What am I supposed to do? Write something about the guy on Wellesley Street who yelled at my wife? IT'S ALL THE CHINESE'S FAULT! THEY SHOULD BURN DOWN CHINATOWN! Or making a knot in a maple leaf stem and watching it survive all winter tied to a branch in Queen's Park? Maybe I should do something about the magical catalpa tree growing at the University of Toronto. Or maybe how I used a pair of binoculars to watch a red-tailed hawk capture and eat an entire pigeon... head, feet and all. Who would want to read a crass story about a friend who was in the middle of having sex with a prostitute when her cat started barfing and she lept off him... ...and while she cleaned up the cat puke he began to laugh nervously... heee heee What are you laughing at?! Um, the awkwardness of the situation. There is nothing funny about it. The strange structure in St. James Town is definitely worth consideration... GACK ...or daring to embrace a non-believer with a protective hug bag over my head. I suppose during this time we're all stuck with the same old stories. Canada’s PREMIUM BEER
In this issue... - Remembering Rita J. Bicknell - Grant Opportunities - Disaster Relief Fund - SEK is #AdAstraStrong - Grant Celebration - 2020 - 2021 Scholarships - Temporary Tax Changes A Memorial Tribute to Our Friend, Rita J. Bicknell The staff and Board of Trustees of the Community Foundation of Southeast Kansas were saddened to learn in April of the passing of Rita J. Bicknell, a lifelong philanthropist and co-founder of the Foundation. We choose to celebrate her by acknowledging her contributions across our community, to women’s health in Southeast Kansas, and to CFSEK. While undergoing cancer treatments in 2006, Rita observed the imbalances that exist in women’s healthcare. Being of curious mindset and with a giving soul, she began to explore and learn about these inequities. She was disheartened and saddened by the lack of financial resources to afford such things as transportation to cancer treatments, eyeglasses to perform a job effectively, or dental work needed to allow a woman to feel comfortable even applying for a job. As she started having conversations with like-minded ladies, the scope of a life-changing project unfolded. In 2007, the RJB Women’s Health Fund Giving Circle was formed with the mission “To improve the health and well-being of women by supporting education, increasing awareness and sharing quality of life opportunities to benefit all women in the region.” In 2013 that mission was expanded with the addition of... Rita J. Bicknell Memorial (cont.) another giving circle, the Circle of Friends. To date, over $300,000 has been granted through the two Women’s Health Fund giving circles to organizations that meet the needs and challenges of women in our community. Rita was grateful to the women who participated in the Giving Circle, and to the organizations who champion ways to help women one by one in our region. Rita’s vision will continue to be carried out by a group of compassionate women who are dedicated to the mission of the Women’s Health Fund. Contributions can be made to the Rita J. Bicknell Women’s Health Fund. Instructions for how to do so, along with remembrances from some of the many women who loved, respected, and admired her, are available on our blog (bit.ly/rjb-memorial). Today and always, Rita will be remembered for her charity and as a generous and gracious lady! 🌻 Current CFSEK Grant Opportunities August brings with it three grant opportunities for Southeast Kansas nonprofits. Our affiliates, the Fort Scott Area Community Foundation and the Girard Area Community Foundation, are currently accepting applications for their respective annual grant cycles. And until August 31, CFSEK is accepting Future Fund Giving Circle grant applications. The Future Fund is a giving circle made up of friends of Crawford County who pool their resources to make a difference in their communities. Grants are available for nonprofit organizations, schools, and religious and governmental institutions in Crawford County, Kansas. 🌻 Learn more about the Future Fund: bit.ly/cfsek-ff20 Get notified when grant cycles open: bit.ly/cfsek-email CFSEK Disaster Relief Fund Provides Support to Local Nonprofits Since March, the COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on our health, the businesses we rely on, the strength of our economy, and the way we live our daily lives. Through it all, countless volunteers and nonprofit organizations have worked tirelessly to support SEK residents when they needed it most. On June 25, the Community Foundation of Southeast Kansas announced that it has granted a total of $25,000 from the Disaster Relief Fund in support of the critical work being carried out by four local nonprofit organizations: - Catholic Charities Southeast Kansas Services - Salvation Army in Pittsburg, KS - The Lord’s Diner of Pittsburg - Wesley House The funds granted by CFSEK will be used to support these organizations' food-security and rent-and-utility-assistance programs. Thank you to each of these organizations and to everyone else working to improve our SEK communities! 🌼 The Community Foundation continues to accept donations to the Disaster Relief Fund. You can donate at http://bit.ly/cfsek-donate Learn more about the Disaster Relief Fund: http://bit.ly/drf-covid Area Organizations Prove SEK is #AdAstraStrong We are excited to share that CFSEK has been selected to receive a $10,000 donation from Blue Cross Blue Shield of Kansas as part of its #AdAstraStrong campaign. Earlier this summer, BCBS invited Kansas community foundations to share the stories of Kansans who have been helping others during the COVID-19 pandemic, offering to donate to five foundations whose stories BCBS picked to highlight on its blog. So far, we've published six #AdAstraStrong stories on Facebook and Twitter. In late July, BCBS chose one of those stories to include on its own blog, meaning that it will be donating to our Disaster Relief Fund. We're including the full text of the post BCBS selected for its blog (bit.ly/bcbs-hs) and truncated versions of our other posts on the following pages. Thank you, BCBSKS! The SEK Humane Society Helps Pets and Their People Stay Together Earlier this year, a rising wave of unemployment forced countless local families to make impossible choices. The Southeast Kansas Humane Society, like many other animal shelters throughout the country, saw increasing calls from individuals and families who had to give up their pets because they could no longer afford to feed them. The Humane Society, already over capacity and with no volunteer help because of the pandemic, couldn’t have taken in all those cats and dogs. So, the staff came up with an alternative solution that would enable desperate pet owners to have their cats and feed them, too (and also their dogs): They would start a free pet-food pantry, distributing pet food at no cost to Crawford County residents in need every Wednesday and Saturday. The pantry was launched on April 25. Within the first week, the new program had helped to feed 109 dogs and cats, distributing more than 400 pounds of food. The pantry was kept stocked through the generosity of local residents, businesses, and organizations; help from The Humane Society of the United States; and the tireless efforts of SEK Humane Society staff, who diligently worked to source inventory and made hours-long drives to collect pallets of food. By the time the program ended in early July, more than 6,000 pounds of pet food (that’s three tons!) had been given out to help feed hundreds of SEK cats and dogs. Thank you so much, SEK Humane Society, for all you’ve done to care for Southeast Kansas pets and their people! (View the original post here.) The City of Pittsburg and Local High Schools Team Up to Celebrate Graduates The Pittsburg City Commission proclaimed May 26 as Class of 2020 Day at a meeting attended by a senior representative from Pittsburg High School and St. Mary’s Colgan High School. The City also worked with Pittsburg Community Schools, St. Mary’s Colgan Catholic Schools, US Awards, Inc., and Miller’s Professional Imaging to create banners to be displayed in downtown Pittsburg recognizing PHS and SMC 2020 graduating seniors. (Original post.) Pittsburg Public Library Gets Creative to Keep Serving Patrons With its building closed to the public, the Pittsburg Public Library has spent the last several months innovating to keep serving its patrons, including by offering ebooks, creating a new Dial-a-Story phone line, scheduling online events, and providing curbside pick-ups and deliveries with its brand new bookmobile. (Original post.) Keep an eye on the PPL Facebook page (@PPLonline) to learn about their StoryWalk project, one of CFSEK's 2020 grant recipients! Jake’s Fireworks’ T-Shirts Raise Funds for Local Businesses In partnership with the Pittsburg Area Chamber of Commerce and over 70 more sponsors, Jake’s Fireworks created #PittsburgStrong T-shirts that it donated to local businesses, which sold them for $10 each and kept all the proceeds. This project helped raise $70,000 for local businesses impacted by stay-at-home orders. The Chamber of Commerce has a list of businesses with T-shirts still in stock on its website. (Original post.) The Community Health Center Moves Quickly to Address Urgent Testing Need CHC/SEK pulled out all the stops in response to an urgent need for widespread COVID-19 testing in Pittsburg. Within hours after a local meat-processing plant decided that all its employees would be tested for the virus, CHC leadership had developed a plan for drive-through testing. Over that weekend, staff tested over 550 individuals--and then they kept testing, opening their drive-through operation to the community at large. (Original post.) Miller’s Helps Businesses Reopen and PSU Students Return Safely In partnership with US Awards and the Pittsburg Area Chamber of Commerce, Miller’s manufactured 5,000 face masks and donated them to more than 300 local businesses for their employees to use. Then, in July, Miller’s did it again, announcing it would donate 7,000 Pitt State face masks to Pittsburg State University students for the fall semester. (Original post.) 🌸 Grant Celebration 2020 Update Each year during the spring and summer, the Community Foundation of Southeast Kansas and some of the funds we manage provide grants to organizations in the Southeast Kansas region for projects in arts and culture, human needs, children and youth activities, youth volunteerism, at-risk youth, and women’s health through competitive grant-application processes. Then, each fall we host a Grant Celebration to highlight the wonderful things CFSEK grantees are doing for our communities. This year, because of the continuing risks posed by COVID-19, we won’t be able to host the Celebration in person—but we’ll still be celebrating! Stay tuned for more details about Grant Celebration 2020. 🌸 In January 2020, CFSEK scholarship applications for the 2020-2021 school year became available for area students. CFSEK is home to more than a dozen different scholarship funds established by local residents, businesses, and organizations to help SEK students pursue a postsecondary education. Applications were due by March 15, and we are pleased to announce that the following students have received scholarships from the scholarship funds listed below. You can learn more about each of these scholarship opportunities by visiting bit.ly/SEKscholarships in your Web browser. Lee & Noretta Caldwell Scholarship - Darbi Forbes - Labette County High School - Alison Gardner - Southeast High School - Emma Humble - Fort Scott High School - Sydney Kielman - Girard High School - Macy Lindberg - Erie High School - Mariah Reeves - Parsons High School - Darci Summervill - Erie High School - Kasie Vincent - Erie High School - Trevor Yarnell - Erie High School Commerce Bank Scholarship - Grace Kafka - Pittsburg High School - Thomas Spachek - St. Mary's Colgan High School Craig Crespino Memorial Scholarship - MacKenzie Coester - Girard High School - Aubri Hoffman - St. Mary's Colgan High School Pat Forbes Scholarship - Andrew Lomshek - St. Mary's Colgan High School Stacy Goedeke Memorial Scholarship - Slater Blick - Kansas State University Haberbosch Family Scholarship - Ty Scharff - Marmaton Valley High School Bill House Hereford Foundation Scholarship - Tyler Black – West Elk High School - Braxton Butler – Madison High School - Joshua Butler – Cowley College - Wesley Jahay – Girard High School - Colby McManis – Girard High School - Lindsay Noland – Arkansas City High School - James Osburn – Sedan High School - James Rock – Cedar Vale High School - Kayla Signer – Oklahoma Panhandle State University - Madelyn Signer – Sedan High School - Jon Wells – Kansas State University Image credit: Forbes: Pittsburgstealer on Wikipedia; CC BY-SA 4.0; cropped and overlay and text added Gabriel John Ison Memorial Scholarship - Jordan Akins – Pittsburg High School - Anderson Meek – St. Mary’s Colgan High School - Scout Peery – Pittsburg High School - Marissa Vail – Pittsburg High School - Derek VanBecelaere – St. Mary’s Colgan High School - Abigail Voss – St. Mary’s Colgan High School Tyler Jeck Scholarship - Andrew Lomshek - St. Mary's Colgan High School - Derek VanBecelaere - St. Mary's Colgan High School Daniel & Jeannette Minnis Scholarship - Kyler Siebert - Pittsburg State University Dylan Meier Get Busy Livin' Scholarship* - Karma Fields – Frontenac High School - Alison Gardner – Southeast High School - Johnathan Goetting – St. Mary’s Colgan High School - Rylee Johnson – Pittsburg High School - Shay Mahnken – Pittsburg High School - Colby McManis – Girard High School - Jayden Meyer – Frontenac High School - Taylor Michael – Girard High School - Colin O’Brien – St. Mary’s Colgan High School - Laken Robinson – Pittsburg High School - Marissa Vail – Pittsburg High School - Taylor Wixson – St. Mary’s Colgan High School *GBL Dragon Award: Shay Mahnken; GBL KPREPS Player of the Year Award: Tyler Green - Mill Valley High School Joe & Margarita Sauer Scholarship - Molly Adams - Girard High School - Isabella Crumpacker - Girard High School A scholarship fund established with the Community Foundation of Southeast Kansas is another way families, friends, students, teachers, or colleagues can leave a legacy or establish a memorial and impact the future of our community. And CFSEK makes creating a new scholarship fund easy! Learn more: bit.ly/SEKscholarships Temporary Tax Changes To Know In March, Congress enacted the CARES Act. Among other things, the Act made several temporary changes to federal tax laws for tax year 2020, including: - An above-the-line deduction for up to $300 in charitable contributions of cash for individuals who claim the standard deduction. - Removing the 60% of AGI limit on the charitable deduction for cash contributions by individual taxpayers who itemize their deductions. - Increasing the limit on the charitable deduction for cash donations by corporations from 10% of AGI to 25%. If you are interested in taking advantage of these changes to help support SEK nonprofits, you should talk to your financial or tax adviser to understand how these opportunities affect you. Mark Your Calendars Match Day 2020 is December 1 Stay connected with CFSEK facebook.com/sekcf twitter.com/cfsek bit.ly/cfsek-li southeastkansas.org youtube.com/cfsek bit.ly/cfsek-email
SAPPHIRE RUSH NEAR KATARAGAMA, SRI LANKA (FEBRUARY – MARCH 2012) Vincent Pardieu, Supervisor of Field Gemology, GIA Bangkok; Emily V. Dubinsky, MS, Research Associate, GIA New York; Supharart Sangsawong, PhD, Research Associate, GIA Bangkok; and Boris Chauviré, Geology Msc. Degree Student, Nantes University, France Figure 1: A fine blue sapphire crystal from the new find near Kataragama, Sri Lanka. Photo: V. Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok. # TABLE OF CONTENTS: ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION: ............................................................................................................. 3 SAPPHIRE MINING AROUND KATARAGAMA – TISSAMAHARAMA BEFORE THE FEB. 2012 DISCOVERY: .................................................................................................................. 8 THE FEBRUARY 2012 DISCOVERY NEAR KATARAGAMA – TISSAMAHARAMA: ........... 9 The GIA Field Expedition (FE33): ....................................................................................... 17 Visits at the Mining site: .................................................................................................... 18 Witnessing the sapphire trade around Kataragama: .......................................................... 25 Geology of the new sapphire deposit near Kataragama: .................................................. 29 Field and Market Observations of Rough Crystals Seen Around Kataragama: .................. 38 SAPPHIRES FROM KATARAGAMA: A PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTION .............................. 45 Materials and methods ......................................................................................................... 45 Brief description of the reference samples selected and studied: ..................................... 46 Specimen 100305162359 ..................................................................................................... 47 Specimen 100305162360 ..................................................................................................... 52 Specimen 100305161800 ..................................................................................................... 57 Specimen 100305161771 ..................................................................................................... 60 Specimen 100305161828 ..................................................................................................... 62 The internal world of Kataragama sapphires ..................................................................... 65 Special Thanks: .................................................................................................................. 80 Annex A: Content from the National Gem & Jewellery Authority website published on March 1, 2012 .................................................................................................................. 81 Annex B: Interview in the Sunday Leader; Published March 4, 2012 ............................... 81 Annex C: GIA Field Gemology cataloguing System: .......................................................... 81 References: ......................................................................................................................... 82 ABSTRACT In February 2012 a new sapphire deposit was discovered at a road construction site near the town of Kataragama, situated in the Monaragala District of Uva Province, Sri Lanka. The area has been known as a sapphire-producing area since the end of the 1970s (Zwaan, 1981). The Sri Lankan authorities were swift to react when news of the find broke, and after a brief gem rush the deposit was secured and an auction over the mining rights was organized by the National Gem & Jewellery Authority (NGJA). Official mining activity commenced in March 2012. In collaboration with the NGJA, GIA organized two field expeditions to the area immediately upon learning of the discovery, in order to observe the rapidly evolving mining developments in the area and to collect samples for laboratory analysis and characterization. Field observations of mining activity detailed in this report describe the sapphire mining and trading situation at the mining site, and present some information about the geology of the area and a description of the sapphires observed during the expedition. It is believed that the deposit may be a primary deposit associated with a residual one, although this has not yet been confirmed. The sapphires found thus far are fine, unworn crystals or crystal fragments of notably large size, with fine blue color typically confined to a narrow rim around the surface. Particulate bands, negative crystals, healed and unhealed fissures, and crystal inclusions such as graphite, mica, and spinel are typical internal features. Rough crystals analyzed in the GIA Laboratory show moderate iron contents that are slightly higher than those typically observed in Sri Lankan sapphires from other deposits. INTRODUCTION: On February 23, 2012, Shamil and Armil Sammoon from Sapphire Cutters Ltd. (Colombo, Sri Lanka) informed GIA’s Bangkok Laboratory about a new find of blue sapphires located on the southeastern coast of Sri Lanka between Kataragama and Tissamaharama near the world-famous Yala National Park, one of Sri Lanka’s major areas dedicated to conservation and tourism. Yala hosts one of the world’s highest concentrations of leopards, along with numerous deer, elephants, and a variety of birds including stunning peafowls, whose blue-colored feathers are a difficult challenge to match even for the best Sri Lankan blue sapphires. Besides being one of the major tourist destinations in Sri Lanka due to the neighboring Yala National Park, the region has also been a very famous traditional Hindu and Buddhist pilgrimage center for many centuries, attracting thousands of pilgrims on weekends and holidays. Blue sapphires are not really something new in Kataragama: Since the end of the 1970s, blue sapphires have been found near Kataragama (Zwaan, 1982). They were discovered near Amaraweva, about 10 km from Tissamaharama in the direction of Kataragama and at Kochipadana about 5 km east of Kataragama in the direction of Yala National Park. According to Zwaan (Zwaan, 1981; Zwaan, 1982; Zwaan, 1986) at that time the sapphires were found in secondary deposits. Usually the stones were well-developed crystals with much less evidence of transport than other sapphires found elsewhere. in Sri Lanka. Consequently Zwaan believed that the primary was not located very far away, but he could not find it. In 2012 nevertheless the rumor was that the new deposit was producing some large and very beautiful sapphire crystal specimens in qualities never seen before in the region and possibly on the whole island (see Annex B). This new discovery created a tremendous interest among Sri Lankan miners and traders, and also among the island media and public as many people believed that stunning stones would be produced from that new find. That new deposit was seen as very good news by the Sri Lankan trade, because since the royal wedding of Prince William with Kate Middleton the demand for fine Sri Lankan sapphires has been very high. The beautiful aspect of the sapphire crystals produced also raised the interest of gemologists and geologists about the nature of the deposit. The stones were indeed remarkable euhedral crystals specimens presenting no indication of weathering, indicating that they were probably coming from a primary-type deposit. Primary sapphire deposits are known in Sri Lanka near Avisawella, Bakamuna, Wellawaya, and Kolonne, but except for Avisawella (to some extent) they are not known to produce truly gem-quality material. The discovery of a primary-type sapphire deposit producing gem-quality sapphire would be quite noteworthy and interesting for the scientific community, and would finally confirm Zwaan’s observations. Figure 3: Pagoda surrounded by paddy fields, a common sight near Kataragama. Photo: V. Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok. Figure 4: Simplified geological map of Sri Lanka with its main sapphire deposits. Map courtesy R.W. Hughes / Sapphminco, 2012. Figure 5: This Google Earth map shows the location of the new sapphire deposits (in red and yellow) recently discovered near Kataragama. The location of the other deposit in the area that has been known since the end of the 1970s is shown in white. SAPPHIRE MINING AROUND KATARAGAMA – TISSAMAHARAMA BEFORE THE FEB. 2012 DISCOVERY: Several studies of sapphires from the Kataragama – Tissamaharama area can be found in the gemological literature from the past 30 years (Zwaan, 1981; Zwaan, 1982; Zwaan, 1986; De Maesschalk, 1989; Hughes, 1997). Besides blue and yellow sapphires, Zwaan noted that the secondary deposits in the region also produce greenish blue spinels, garnets, zircons, tourmaline, beryl, scapolite, quartz, apatite, diopside, actinolite, sphene, and spodumene. Figure 6: Local people mining sapphire near Ittagama in 2010 using a dry sieve technique. Photo: V.Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok. In 2011 author VP visited the area while on a field expedition around Sri Lanka to collect sapphire reference samples for the GIA Laboratory Bangkok. During that expedition we witnessed some very low-scale sapphire mining. Local people mainly performed it illegally on land belonging to the Sri Lankan Forest Conservation Department. In a forest-covered area near Kochipadana we met a group of five miners who first fled when the author and his team arrived on site, fearing them to be rangers from the Forest Conservation Department. Upon their return the author was able to study their production (Figure 7). At Ittagama, an area close to Amarawewa, we met another small group of two miners (Figure 6) working the gem-rich soil using hand tools and some dry techniques to separate the sapphires from the reddish sapphire-rich ground. The gem mining sites visited were both secondary, residual-type deposits. The local miners were only interested by sapphires and were not collecting other minerals. The author did not observe gem-quality material from the few stones presented by the miners, but the low-quality sapphires seen from their production were found to be very similar to the stones studied and described by Zwaan in the 1980s. Figure 7: Yellow and blue low-quality sapphires seen from a miner working at Kochipadana in 2010. Photo: V. Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok. THE FEBRUARY 2012 DISCOVERY NEAR KATARAGAMA – TISSAMAHARAMA: According to the information gathered from the National Gem & Jewellery Authority (NGJA; see annex A), the deposit was discovered on February 15, 2012. However, some local people interviewed during the GIA Laboratory Bangkok field expedition to Kataragama reported that the deposit was first discovered as early as February 10, 2012, by workers on a road construction site between Kataragama and Lunuganwehera (located at 06°21'54"N, 81°16'20"E; see Figure 5). As is commonly the case in most gem rushes, rumors are plentiful and it is sometimes difficult to separate fact from fiction. While visiting the mining site prepared by the NGJA, the road construction site where the discovery was made, and also the homes of many locals in the Kataragama area, the authors asked a number of people to describe their version about what happened in Kataragama. In response to their inquiries they received a variety of stories. To provide to the reader as much information as possible about the atmosphere around Kataragama during the GIA expedition, we chose to integrate some of these stories into the report—even if we could not confirm them—as they are quite useful to providing a picture of the situation at the time of our visit around Kataragama (see Box C: Rumors and secrets around Kataragama). Most people agree that the new deposit was discovered on February 13, 2012, but a rumor persists that the discovery was made on February 10 by some workers while spreading some ground on the road construction site. In this version, during one dumping of a truck-load of earthen soil, the road suddenly became blue with hundreds of sapphire crystals. One or two construction workers (from Ratnapura and/or Kandy) filled their helmets with several kilos these fine sapphire crystals and then disappeared with their treasure. According to the rumor for three days the discovery remained quite confidential, until a brief rainfall that occurred on February 13, 2012. Thanks to the rain that washed away the dust, for a few hours blue sapphire crystals became easy to spot on the wet road construction site. People started to find blue gems and called for support from relatives and friends. Within a few hours an all-out rush ensued. It started with children and women from the neighboring villages coming with all the tools they could gather from their homes to first collect the stones, when the ground was still wet, and then the gem-rich soil when it became dry again. Thanks to cell phones, the news of the discovery spread like brush fire, and within hours thousands of people descended upon the discovery area. On February 14, 2012, between 10,000 and 30,000 people were reportedly busy mining on the road construction site. Eranga Basnayake, a Balangoda-based Sri Lankan gem miner and merchant, took the photographs shown in Figures 8 and 9 on that day as he rushed to Kataragama. Figure 8: Local people rushed to the road construction site near Kataragama on Feb 14, 2012. A frenzied mining effort using hand tools or even bare hands soon commenced. Photos: Eranga Basnayake. On the afternoon of February 14, 2012, the Sri Lankan police reportedly moved in to chase away the illegal miners and secure the construction site. While conversing with locals near the mining site, we were told the same story and some rumors about that event by a number of different people. All of them reported that on the evening of February 14 the police asked everyone to return home and remain indoors. Then during the entire night the local people said that they heard trucks going back and forth from the discovery site. Many locals suspect that the police, the army, or some other powerful group collected many truckloads of gem-rich soil during that time, possibly replacing the gem-rich ground with common soil. The authors could not confirm such rumors but heard them from many sources. After control of the discovery site was secured by the police, the NGJA was officially informed on February 15. The organization moved swiftly: The NGJA first visited the discovery site on February 17. They found out that the soil being used in the construction project had been supplied from a small peanut and chili farm located nearby (06°22'16"N, 81°17'18"E) that belonged to a private owner named Mr. Ranga. Figure 10: In March 2012, Sri Lankan police controlled access to the mining site near the road construction site located on the right side of the road just beyond the hill shown here. Photo: V. Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok. Figure 11: The road construction site where the discovery was first made, as seen on March 8, 2012. Photo: V. Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok. Figure 12: Mr. Ranga, the lucky 23-year-old Sri Lankan farmer who owns the farm where the sapphire discovery was believed to have been made. Photo: V. Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok. Box A: Mr. Ranga’s story about the new sapphire discovery near Kataragama Until a few weeks ago, Mr. Ranga was simply a young farmer working on a small farm producing chili, onions, tomatoes, and peanuts. He had a project to build a new house on his farm, which had a small hill on it and was located near the road construction project between Kataragama and Lunugamwehera. He learned that one of the contractors building the road was searching for sand and soil to spread on the road construction site. He volunteered to sell the ground from the hill on his land for 100 rupees (a little bit less than US$1) per tractor load. The contractor refused and proposed him 50 rupees per load. They agreed on that price and over the course of three months the contractor collected a just over 1000 loads from Mr. Ranga’s land. During that period, he checked every load of his land as it was removed and thus had a very precise knowledge of where his land was collected and on what part of the road it was subsequently spread on. According to Mr. Ranga on February 13 a small rain had fallen in the area. Some little boys from the nearby village began to find blue stones on the wet road. Soon, many people from the nearby village (mainly women) and further away started to come to the road construction site to collect gems. The news about the discovery spread rapidly and soon a kilometer-long stretch of the road construction site was full of people. Mr. Ranga estimated that more than 40,000 people were in the area, either searching for gems or selling water and food to the diggers. The people from the area had no knowledge about the stones and for the first few days mining occurred only along the road construction site. After this period some more experienced people inquired about the source of the soil that had been spread on the road. Mr. Ranga reported to the authorities that the earth had come from his farm. The area was then secured and sectioned off into 50 lots by the NGJA, of which 49 were auctioned on February 24, 2012 in Kataragama. Mr. Ranga told us that he had sold his farm and his house to one of the people who had come to mine the area for US$100,000 plus a mining partnership agreement. He said that he is now living in his mother’s house. When the author asked him if he had collected some nice big blue sapphire crystals himself on the road, he had said that sadly he had not been lucky about that and was only able to collect some small samples that he had quickly sold. When asked if he still had any samples, he answered that he only had a few low-quality stones. The author was able to buy these from Mr. Ranga as reference samples for the GIA reference collection (D3 type samples, according to the GIA field gemology cataloguing system; see Annex C for more details). He also added that he was in fact very disappointed not to have been able to find any big stones on the road like some of the other people who went there, but he is still hoping that when they mine the land under his house in the future, they will discover many big gems. The NGJA then had some discussion with the Forest Conservation Department, which owns the land in that area. They quickly came to an agreement to deal with the issue in order to ease the pressure from the numerous people anxious to mine the area. The ownership of 3.5 acres of land around Mr. Ranga’s farm (where the source of the sapphires was believed to be located after an on-site visit by experts from the NGJA), was transferred from the Forest Conservation Department to the NGJA. That land was further divided into 50 mining lots (see Figure 13). The size of the mining lots was typically very small (about ten meters by ten meters), enabling only gem mining at the surface with hand tools. The NGJA organized an auction on February 24 in Kataragama offering one-year mining rights on 49 of these lots. The auction brought in a record 271 million rupees (about US$2.5 million) in revenue for the NGJA despite the fact that the mining rights were given for only a year. Obviously the promising aspect of the nice-looking, large-size sapphire crystals found on the road construction site generated a great deal of interest and confidence in future prospects. Figure 13. Authorities divided the land surrounding the new Kataragama sapphire deposit into the 50 mining lots shown in this survey. These lots were auctioned on February 24, 2012. Photo: V. Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok. The news of the discovery and the record-breaking auction were widely reported in the local Sri Lanka media. The remaining lot (number 50 on the map Figure 13), was assigned to a special mining project for the benefit of low-income residents of the area. According to the NGJA chairman, 40% of the proceeds will be distributed to the landowners. The miners were allowed to move on their lots contingent upon payment of their bids by February 28, 2012, but most of them arrived on February 29 or March 1 at the same time as the field gemologists from the GIA Laboratory Bangkok expedition. Immediately in most mining lots small religious ceremonies were organized in order to please the local spirits and bring good luck to the miners. At the same time, access to the mining lots and the miners’ camps were prepared. Figure 15: A small shrine is left after the religious ceremony marking the opening of the mining site. Heavy machinery used to build access to the different mining lots is shown in the background. Photo: V. Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok. Figure 16: On March 1, 2012, the mining site is prepared by the NGJA. Photo: Andrea Heather Go. THE GIA FIELD EXPEDITION (FE33): Upon news of the discovery on February 23, 2012, a field expedition to the area was immediately organized by the GIA Laboratory Bangkok. Our objectives were to study the new deposit and obtain material for preliminary examination and characterization in the laboratory in order to be able to update the GIA’s Origin Specific Corundum Database. On February 28, 2012, a GIA Laboratory Bangkok team led by GIA Field Gemologist Vincent Pardieu with the support of gemologists Lou Pierre Bryl (F.G.A., Canada) and Andrea Heather Go (G.G., Canada) arrived in Colombo to visit the new area. Geologist and gemologist Boris Chauviré, at the time working in the field in Vietnam on blue spinel for his master’s degree in Geology in collaboration with author Vincent Pardieu, joined the expedition on March 6, 2012, for a second visit to the new deposit near Kataragama. On February 29, the GIA team met with NGJA officials, who arranged a special permit to visit the new mining area and provided contacts for several local NGJA officials and some miners. It was agreed that the GIA would share the research results with the NGJA. On March 1, the GIA team reached the mining area after a 5-hour drive from Colombo. During the first three-day-long visit (March 1-3) and then from March 7-8, 2012, author VP and his team conducted daily visits to the mining site with the support of officials from the NGJA. On these visits we usually followed sapphire “hunters” going from house to house to see if there were any stones worth buying. VISITS AT THE MINING SITE: During our regular visits to the mining site managed by the NGJA, we observed that the 3.5 acre area located at 06°22'16"N, 81°17'18"E, was being prepared to host an estimated 500 miners. The different mining lots had been well defined. The mining site was quiet and the whole installation appeared to have been well managed by the NGJA and the police. Within hours the miners started to arrive at their claims, and camps quickly sprung up on the recently cleared land. Meetings were regularly held between officials of the NGJA and the miners to speak about mining, but they also addressed logistical issues like the use of machinery or sanitation. We witnessed several officials and media representatives visiting the mining site while machinery was being used to build the access to the different lots according to the map (Figure 13). Miners began work immediately upon arrival, loading the potentially sapphire-rich soil into bags to be taken away for washing. The area is very dry and thus does not enable to miners to wash the potentially sapphire-rich soil covering their mining lot on site. The fact that washing was performed up to several kilometers away from the mining site did not permit the authors to see whether there was any production from particular mining operations. We were welcomed by the miners, who were very pleased to invite us to visit their operations. It was remarkable to find out that few of them had any knowledge or understanding of the geology specific to the mining site. Most of them were here obviously trying their luck. Figure 17: View of the mining site with lots defined by simple ropes as we saw it upon our arrival on March 1, 2012. Note the large rocks on the right; these were reportedly placed here to secure one of the areas believed to be among the best and to prevent unauthorized digging. Photo: Andrea Heather Go. Box B: An aside about mechanized mining versus gem mining using only hand tools in Sri Lanka During the FE24 expedition to Sri Lanka in March 2010, author VP and his team witnessed numerous gem mining operations across Sri Lanka using excavators and machinery (GNI 2010). Nevertheless, the use of heavy machinery was an issue in Sri Lanka and in June 2011 the NGJA stopped issuing licenses for mechanized mining. When author VP visited Sri Lanka again in January 2011, mechanized mining was much less common and many gem miners were quite unhappy about that. At Kataragama from March 1-6, 2012, only hand tools were allowed at the mining site. Some excavators were visible but they were used only to build access to the different lots and not for mining gems. However, the miners encountered problems with hard rock, and on March 07 during a meeting between the miners and Mr. W.H.M. Nimal Bandara, Director General of the NGJA, we witnessed an announcement that the NGJA would allow the use of excavators to remove heavy rocks that were problematic for the miners. On April 3, 2012, we learned from a Sri Lankan gem merchant visiting Bangkok that the NGJA decided the week before to reissue licenses for miners permitting them to use machinery under certain conditions while mining for gemstones in Sri Lanka. Box C: Rumors and secrets around Kataragama In most gem rushes, rumor is an essential ingredient of the frenzy surrounding the discovery of new gem deposits. Speaking with different local people and with the Sri Lankan gem merchants and miners from all around the country who came in Kataragama, the author heard many of these stories and rumors. It was very difficult to separate fact from rumor. Mr. Ranga himself was very keen to tell us about two stories: The first was that when the earliest miners came to his land they saw a huge snake. According to him, the animal was a gigantic white cobra that came out from a hole at the location where he believed the sapphire-rich soil had been taken to be spread on the road. Sadly the snake was killed, but Mr. Ranga believes that this snake was a kind of spirit that was showing them where the best stones were located. That same lot, lot number 2, is about 10 meters by 10 meters; it was later auctioned for a record-breaking amount of US$200,000 for one-year mining rights. We also heard another story about a monk who had lived in the nearby temple. That old monk, who has passed away a few years ago, used to say that in the area was a hidden “blue flower palace” (“Nilmatalasa” in Singhalese) that would make the villagers very rich the on day they were able to find it. It is interesting to note that such religious stories are to be expected around Kataragama, as the people in the area are known to be very religious. In fact, Kataragama is quite famous in Sri Lanka for its holy sites, and several important pilgrimages take place in the area each year. All types of rumors could be heard from people around the site, including one story about the workers believed to have collected kilos of gems on February 10 and then disappeared with their treasure, or another tale about many trucks that came to the area and took away most of the gem-rich soil during the night, before the NGJA secured the area, while the police helped by sequestering people inside their homes… Many people said also that during the first days of the discovery the local people had no real idea about the value of the gems. Many fine gems were then sold for merely a few dollars to the Chamila Company, the main local gem merchant, or to the first gem merchants from Colombo, Ratnapura, or Beruwalla who arrived on site. Then as the local people began to hear that the value of the gems they had collected was in fact much higher than the price for which many of them had been sold, everybody became hesitant to sell any gem at a reasonable price. We were told that this was the reason why, when we visited the area, the prices asked by the locals even for small low-quality gems were unbelievably high. Many merchants and locals were very reluctant to show any gem they had purchased or found, as they were afraid of the growing rumors. Visiting the new mining site after a rapid survey of the area, the author also found that most lot owners had no solid understanding of or experience working the type of deposit they were mining. The acquisition of the lots was clearly more the result of a gamble than of a careful study of the local geology. As some merchants told the author, in fact, most people were here to try their luck… We were regularly asked if in our opinion they had any chance to procure some sapphires from their lot. We had a simple answer: We were here to study the deposit, and in order to be able to say anything we must first see some sapphires coming from that place and study the geological context in which they were found. Only then would we—possibly—be able to provide an opinion based on our observations. Sadly during the five days we spent on site we were not able to see any sapphire in matrix and confirm that the site was a primary deposit as was suspected by the NGJA. From March 1-3, 2012, we visited the mining site twice a day to monitor the mining progress. We hoped to observe sapphires being mined from the area, which was reported by NGJA officials to be a primary deposit. Unfortunately, on March 3 the only gems that were found in kaolin-rich pockets were brownish green dravite-like tourmaline, spinel, garnet, and quartz. No sapphire had reportedly been found yet on the new mining site near Mr. Ranga’s house, so VP made a decision to extend his visit in Sri Lanka so that he could visit the mining area again on March 7-8, and give the local miners more time to continue digging and hopefully find some stones. On March 6 while LPB and AHG returned to Thailand, VP was joined by geologist-gemologist Boris Chauvire for the second segment of the expedition. Figure 20: Within a day the miners built tents and basic infrastructure in order to improve their working conditions in the dry and hot area. On March 2, the area already had the semblance of a mining site. Photo: Andrea Heather Go. Figure 21: On March 7, one week after the start of mining, the new mining camp appeared well organized. Photo: V.Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok. During that expedition authors VP and BC visited the mining site on March 7-8, 2012, and because the different mining groups had already been able to dig for a week, we could focus this time studying these diggings. That second visit was then very useful to get a better idea of the geology of the area. An additional positive point was the presence at the time of our visit of Gamini Zoysa, a well-known independent Sri Lankan geologist and gemologist who is very knowledgeable of the island and its gem deposits and who generously shared with us his experience and observations. Thanks to Gamini Zoysa the authors were also informed on March 7 that it was possible to visit the road construction site where a few hundred local people were still working. On the following day, March 8, the authors were able to visit the construction site located at 06°21'54"N, 81°16'20"E where the sapphires were first discovered around February 14. About 200 local people from neighboring villages were working there. Men, women, and children were digging here or there trying their luck. It was interesting to meet numerous local people who witnessed the discovery and to collect from them some stories and sapphire samples (B and C type samples; see Annex C) for the GIA reference collection. It was also interesting to see that some of these local people had in their pockets, not only genuine sapphires mined on the road near Kataragama but also some very skillfully carved synthetics and some waterworn stones that were probably mined far from Kataragama and possibly even treated. It is just a common occurrence in mining areas: Some people arrive with tools to dig the ground, other with money to buy gems, and some others carrying synthetics and stones they had problems selling believing that thanks to the local gem fever they will find a buyer… We could see on several occasions that the old “Dick Law” presented by Richard W. Hughes in “Ruby and Sapphire” (page 117) which states that “the closer you go to the mines and the more likely you are to be presented some synthetics or imitations” clearly applied here around Kataragama. As we left the mining site on March 8 we learned that several groups of miners had also decided to return home, as they had not been able to find any stones so far in the lot. According to some of them they will wait to get news about further discoveries before they consider resuming mining their lot. As of our departure on March 9, 2012, no sapphire had reportedly been found at the different mining lots around Mr. Ranga’s house auctioned by the NGJA. Beginning in April 2012, while contacting different miners met near Kataragama, and also corresponding with officials from the NGJA, author VP was told that during the first month of mining at the site organized by the NGJA, the miners had found sapphires washing from the soil collected off the top portion of their mining lot. The stones collected were mostly under ten carats rough, but they were also happy to have found some very nice sapphire specimens weighing up to 50 carats. Nonetheless, as of April 15, 2012, the authors had not yet received any report that sapphire had been found in situ in hard rock or in a pocket-type structure. WITNESSING THE SAPPHIRE TRADE AROUND KATARAGAMA: At the end of each of our daily visits to the mining site, thanks to the support of several Sri Lankan gem miners and merchants, we were able to enjoy some gem hunting around Kataragama. Figure 25: Following the rumors and hunting for big blue gems using a good car, scouts on motorbikes, and mobile phones. Photo: V. Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok. Each evening we typically joined one of the cars going from place to place to see if this or that stone they heard about was worth buying. Modernity—particularly with cell phones and cars and motorbikes—had a tremendous impact on gem trading in areas like Kataragama as gem buyers drive all over the countryside in their vehicles while speaking on the phone with their suppliers. It is a hunting game where some hunters seek good stones while others search for good customers. It is not without risks as many people in a gem rush get affected by a buying fever. Figure 26: A Sri Lankan sapphire buyer checks the clarity of a big blue rough sapphire in a private house near Kataragama. Photo: V.Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok. As usual when demand is high and when some afflicted with a gem buying fever lose their common sense and wisdom, unscrupulous people bring certain stones to sell at the gem rush area: These can be fine gems searching for a market, but also synthetics, imitations, or stones mined from other places. Understandably, gems are taken to where prices are good and where people are willing to buy them. A gem rush is a perfect place for that…Thus, during our visits to private houses around Kataragama, we were not very surprised to be offered synthetics, or stones more likely to have been mined from secondary deposits in Sri Lanka, Madagascar, or possibly also Tanzania. For buyers willing to buy only genuine sapphires from the area, the gem hunting game can be quite tricky. The first buyer to be on site will get a clear advantage, particularly if the local people don’t know much about gems. Then when competition arrives, buying strategies change because if a buyer wants to have first sight on fine large material, then it is important to be known as giving good prices. But too much exposure can also be dangerous…It is a tricky game, one that needs many years of experience or a lot of talent to master: During a gem rush more than in a quiet market taking place regularly here or there, speed is a key factor; but one should be very careful because in such places trust competes with greed, ignorance with knowledge, and wisdom with a gambling spirit. During the fever of gem rushes, some lucky poor people can become suddenly very rich while some overconfident rich players can lose a fortune and also their reputation buying the wrong stones. Figure 27: Kataragama villagers washing the gem gravels they collected on the road construction site in a lake near Kataragama. Photo: V. Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok. It was simply fascinating to witness this game between the buyer and seller in the surrounding villages, and funny to see that a shy-looking fellow who one day came to meet you on an old bicycle might visit you the next day with a big smile driving a brand new motorbike or a new car... During our stay in Kataragama we visited mainly local residents who had reportedly found sapphires from the gem-rich soil spread on the road construction site. We also tried of course to visit the local gem merchants, and particularly the Chamila Company, settled in the area for many years and known among the gem mining and trading community in Kataragama to have been very active buying sapphires from the new deposit from the time of its discovery. That last part turned to be the most difficult part of the expedition as these local merchants simply refused to meet us, telling us that they had no stones. That was very difficult to believe… The reasons for their refusal were probably multiple, and we speculated on them: Immediately after that discovery, merchants who had been established for years around Kataragama were among the first to buy sapphires. The rumor was that they had been able to buy kilos of these sapphires for essentially nothing, as the local people who mined along the road had no knowledge about sapphires, their qualities or characteristics, and their value. The situation changed rapidly in the days following the discovery: Competitors arrived and thanks to the media coverage and the news about the record-breaking auction, we were told that many local people sensed that they sold their stones too cheaply during the first days of the rush. With numerous buyers coming from all over Sri Lanka, the demand increased while at the same time, as most people hesitated out of fear of selling their stones too cheaply, prices within hours or days increased dramatically. The merchants who bought stones cheaply during the first hours and days of the rush were then reportedly under a great deal of pressure from both sides: First from the people who had come to believe that they sold stones for less than they were worth and consequently felt that they had been ripped off, but also from buyers arriving in the area from all over the country interested in seeing their stock with the intent to buy from them or just to get a better idea about production in the area. For many of them it was too much and—quite understandably—they wanted to be quiet. In March 2012 around Kataragama, as was the case for all the gem rushes the author has previously experienced, rumors and secrets were omnipresent. But thanks to the support from Nalin De Fonseka, Careem Hilmy, and Suchan Fernando, and despite the lack of collaboration by many local merchants, we were able to see many significant interesting large stones and also collect interesting specimens from multiple independent sources for the GIA reference collection (see the section on field observations of rough crystals below for details). Geology of the New Sapphire Deposit Near Kataragama: Sri Lanka, known sometimes as the “gem island”, has very old gem mining traditions, thanks to its specific geological background. The geology of Sri Lanka is very close to that of another gem-rich island: Madagascar. In fact, the two islands’ rocks are record the entire process involved in the assembly of Rodinia (a supercontinent formed from most or all landmass existing between 1.25 Gy and 750 My) and his dispersal followed by re-assembly of some of lands into Gondawana supercontinent between 1.3 Gy and 550 My (Kröner et al., 2003). The main process recorded in Sri Lankan rocks is the Pan-African orogeny (i.e., mountain-building tectonic event) between ~950 My (or 800 My according to some studies) and ~550 My (Widanagamage, 2011; Kröner et al., 2003; Meert and Van Der Voo, 1997). This orogeny led to the formation the supercontinent Gondawana which is constituted by present-day Africa, South America, and Persian Gulf along the western portion and India, Antarctica, Australia, Madagascar and Sri Lanka along the eastern portion (see Figure 30; Collins et al., 2012; Kröner et al., 2003; Dissayanake & Chandrajith, 1999). The location of Sri Lanka in Gondwana remains enigmatic, but rocks constituting this island are very similar to rocks in the Mozambique Belt formed by the Pan-African orogeny (Kehelpannala and Collins, 2006; Dissayanake and Chandrajith, 1999; Meert and Van Der Voo, 1997). Sri Lanka is mainly constituted by four complexes (without Cenozoic cover). From north to south, there is a Cenozoic cover, the Wanni Complex, the Highland Complex, and the Vijayan Complex. The last complex, named Kadugannawa, is at the boundary between Wanni and Highland Complex (Sajeev and Osanai, 2004; Kröner et al., 2003; Gunaratne and Dissayanake, 1995) see Figure 31. The Kataragama deposit is localized in the southern part of Sri Lanka on a klippe (a klippe is a remaining outcrop of a geological unit which is overthrusted onto a second unit) formed by rock of Highland Complex and surrounded by Vijayan rocks (Silva et al., 1981; Dissanayke et al., 2000). Figure 31: Simplified geological map of Sri Lanka. Map from Sajeev and Osonai, 2004. Cross section to explain Kataragama complex as klippe. HG is Highland Group (also named Highland Complex); KC is Kataragama Complex; VC is Vijayan Complex. Dotted line represents the Highland unit before weathering. Schema from Silva et al. 1981. Figure 32: A schematic representation of the Kataragama klippe (KC). Schema from Da Silva et al. 1981. The Highland Complex is constituted by Precambrian rocks (mainly sedimentary rocks; Dissanayke et al., 2000) dated about 2-3 Gy (Widanagamage, 2011; Sajeev and Osanai, 2004) which underwent a strong, high-grade granulite facies metamorphism about 550-610 My during Pan-African orogeny according to Widanagamage (2011) and about 1.1 Gy according to Kröner et al. (1987). The Kataragama complex is mainly constituted by garnetiferous charnockite, granulite (more or less garnetiferous), and limestone. Sometimes, a small-scale unit of quartzite, pegmatite, and gneisses with hornblende is described (Silva et al., 1981). This klippe is surrounded by another geological unit named the Vijayan Complex, mainly constituted by amphibolite facies metamorphic rocks (Dissanayke et al., 2000). This new deposit seems to be a primary-type sapphire deposit, meaning that unlike what is commonly found in the rest of Sri Lanka, the sapphires are not found here in gem-rich gravels resulting from the weathering of gem-rich rocks over millions of years of weathering. On the mining site, the authors did not see any stones in matrix, but the shape (very good crystal forms) and the aspect of these sapphires (not rounded as a result of weathering) give strong indication that this deposit is probably (at least partially) primary, as it is also possible that a residual deposit exists over a primary deposit. The geological map made by the Geological Survey and Mine Bureau of Sri Lanka in 2002 and shown in Figure 33 provides the geological context of the deposit. Figure 33: Detailed geological map of the area surrounding the new mining site. Map modified from “Kataragama-Tissamaharama-Yala,” number 21 geological map (2002), copyright Government of the Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. The deposit is localized near a limit between two geological units in the north side of the Bogahapelessa antiform. At the northwest, there is a garnetiferous quartzofeldspatic gneiss (formerly garnet granulite proper to the Kataragama complex) and in the southeast, there is a charnockitic gneiss (see map). Visiting the deposit on March 7-8, the authors could see that most of the area covered by the mining site is composed of granulite type rocks (similar to those described by the geological map), with a strong lineation carried by tubular quartz with a direction between N50E and N60E (see Figure 34). This rock (Figure 35) is mainly constituted by feldspar (about 80%), quartz (about 15%) and red to brown garnet (about 5%). Figure 34: Granulite type rocks with a strong lineation carried by tubular quartz with a direction between N50E and N60E seen on the mining site. Photo: V.Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok Figure 35: Details on the granulite type rocks samples collected on site in Kataragama by the authors. Photo: V.Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok In a small area of the mining site near the road (Figure 36), we could see several silica veins (mainly quartz and chalcedony) with a thickness between five millimeters to several decimeters. Figure 36: View on the outcrop visible on the mining site on March 02. Photo: V.Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok Around these veins, we noticed several decimetric lenses (Figure 37). The lenses were mainly composed of a white powder (probably kaolin) associated with graphite. Mica (white and millimetric, probably muscovite) was also found sometimes at the rims of some of these lenses. Figure 37: Kaolin rich lense seen on the outcrop on lot number 6 near Kataragama. Photo: V.Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok Miners told us several pocket like these were found, and some of these were filled with some bluish green to brown dravite-like tourmaline (see Figure 38). It was interesting to notice that the white kaolin-like powder observed on site in these pockets was very similar to white powder we saw inside many cavities and fractures from sapphire reportedly mined from the new mining site. Figure 38: Tourmaline crystal specimens found from pockets on the mining site. Photo: V. Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok. Silica-rich rocks surrounded all the pockets the authors were able to study on site. For corundum to be able to form, potential sapphire hosting rocks have to be depleted in silica. In the field, we could not see any silica-poor rocks to play the part of silica sponge and enable the formation of corundum from such pockets. But, studying the area geological map, we noticed that the Sri Lankan geologists who studied the area wrote about lenses (boudinage) of orthopyroxene-bearing mafic rocks into charnockitic rocks in the unit situated at the south of the mining site. Contingent on petrology of these mafic rocks, the interaction between these two rocks could potentially provide the right geological environment to produce sapphires, but the authors did not observe these rocks in the field during the brief expedition. It is nevertheless interesting to observe that the geological settings and the aspect of the sapphires found near Kataragama are not without similarities with other known sapphire deposits visited and studied by author VP at Andranondambo in the south of Madagascar (Schwarz, Petsch, et al. 1996) and near Avisawella in Sri Lanka (Kumaratilake and Ranasinghe, 1992), where sapphire are found in kaolin-rich pockets associated with mica. In Andranondambo, the geological context is nevertheless slightly different as these pockets are also associated with pyroxene and marbles, two minerals we did not observed at the mining site near Kataragama (Figure 39). In Andranondambo, a geologist with nearly five years’ experience working for SIAM, an Australian sapphire mining company excavating there since 2005, explained to author VP that he was using mica as indicator to find sapphire-rich pockets, and according to him, sapphires were only found in pockets with thick mica and a thick pyroxene rim. Near Kataragama the authors observed several pocket-like bodies composed of kaolin-like white powder associated with graphite and surrounded by a very thin layer of mica. These pockets did not contain any sapphires, but the presence of such pockets suggests to us that the area may possibly host pocket structures that could be the source of the sapphires found in Kataragama. The study of the inclusions in the Kataragama sapphires we collected is consistent with this supposition, as mica, feldspar, graphite, and green spinels are among the most common mineral inclusions found in these stones. Based on the field observations and the inclusion studies of these sapphires, the hypothesis that the sapphires from the new deposit near Kataragama originate from kaolin/mica/graphite-rich pockets seems to be the most likely explanation. Nevertheless, as the authors did not observe any sapphire-rich pockets on site, this hypothesis still needs to be confirmed. To confirm the nature of the deposit, assess its potential, and determine which mining strategy will be best to work it in the following years, a complete geological survey of the area should be planned. That survey should include not only the current mining site that was delineated by the NGJA and the Sri Lankan Forestry Department, but also the hill on the other side of the road building site on the south of the deposit. The reason for this recommendation is that during the field expedition to the mining site, the most promising areas were the areas where the kaolin-rich pockets were found; i.e., the areas close to the road-building site (Figure 13). Geological References: Collins A.S., Kinny P.D., Razakamanana T., (2012). Depositional age, provenance and metamorphic age of metasedimentary rocks from southern Madagascar, Gondwana Research, Vol. 21, p. 353-361. Dissanayake C.B., Chandrajith R., Tobsschall H.J., (2000). The geology, mineralogy and rare element geochemistry of the gem deposits of Sri Lanka, Bulletin of Geological Society of Finland, Vol. 72, part 1-2, p. 5-20. Dissanayake C.B., Chandrajith R., (1999). Sri Lanka-Madagascar Gondwana Linkage: Evidence for a Pan-African Mineral Belt, The Journal of Geology, Vol. 107, p. 223-235. Gunaratne H.S., Dissanayake C.B., (1995). Gems and gem deposits of Sri Lanka, National Gem and Jewellery Authority, 203 p. Kehelpannala K.V.W., Collins A.S., (2006). The role of Sri Lanka and associated continental blocks in the assembly and break-up of Rodinia and Gondwana: Introduction, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, Vol. 28, p.1-2. Kröner A. (1987). Zircon ion microprobe dating of high-grade rocks in Sri Lanka. The Journal of Geology, vol. 95, No. 6, p. 775 -791. Kröner A., Kehelpannala, Kegner E., (2003). Ca. 750-1100 Ma magmatic events and Grenville-age deformation in Sri Lanka: relevance for Rodinia supercontinent formation and dispersal, and Gondwana amalgamation, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, Vol. 22, p. 279-300. Meert J.G., Van Der Voo R., (1997). The assembly of Gondwana 800-550 Ma, Journal of Geodynamics, Vol. 23, No. 2-3, p. 223-235. Sajeev K., Osanai Y., (2004). Ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism (1150°C, 12 kbar) and multistage evolution of Mg-, Al-rich granulite from the central Highland complex, Sri Lanka, Journal of Petrology, Vol. 45, No. 9, p. 1821-1844. Silva K.P.L.E., Wimalasena E.M., Sarathchandra M.J., (1981). The geology and the origin of the Kataragama complex of Sri Lanka, Journal Natural Science Country Sri Lanka, Vol. 9, No. 2, p.189-197. Widanagamage I.H., (2011). Empa dating of Monazite from High grade metamorphic rocks along the Highland –Vijayan boundary zone, Sri Lanka, Thesis of Master of Science, Kent State University Graduate College. FIELD AND MARKET OBSERVATIONS OF ROUGH CRYSTALS SEEN AROUND KATARAGAMA: The sapphires the authors observed during the FE33 expedition to Kataragama were either fine crystal specimens or broken pieces with sharp edges and no indication of alluvial transport. Fissures and cavities were commonly filled with a white, powdery, kaolin-like material, and in some rare cases with brownish iron stain-like material. This was very different from what was observed for the samples collected by authors VP and AHG during a 2011 visit to two nearby secondary sapphire deposits at Kochipadana and Ittagama. The sapphires from these deposits known since the late 1970s (Zwaan, 1982; Zwaan, 1986) had in all cases fractures and cavities filled with brown to orange staining, which is common in secondary and detrital-type deposits. Based on these observations and the fact that the sapphires do not present any indication of weathering, it seems very likely that this new deposit is a primary-type deposit, but we could not confirm that possibility. Figure 40. Shown are a suite of rough crystals from the new Kataragama deposit, four of which were integrated into GIA’s research collection. The smallest stone shown weighs approximately seven carats. The sapphires from the new find are notable for their size. We saw several large sapphire specimens, the largest weighing close to 150 grams (see Figure 41). The stone had numerous fissures but hosted several gem-quality areas of fine color. Visiting the mining site and the homes of local people around Kataragama we heard several accounts of larger stones, and on the mobile phone of one of the local villagers we were shown photos of a sapphire crystal reportedly weighing about 300 grams (Figure 42). That stone had an interesting story, as it has been reportedly found on the road construction site by one person running to escape from the police on February 14, 2012. While fleeing the miner hit a rock and fell down, and when he checked the cause of his misadventure he found that it was a large sapphire crystal. True story or rumor? We will probably never know… Figure 41: Large sapphire crystal weighing approximately 300 carats, reportedly mined near Kataragama and seen in Colombo. Photo: V. Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok Unfortunately, the material from the new deposit near Kataragama is often very included with graphite-, mica-, and feldspar-like inclusions and numerous fissures. Nevertheless, highly transparent areas were visible in most of the specimens examined, and thus the author believe that it is reasonable to expect to see clean faceted gems weighing more than 20 carats produced from that new deposit. Many of the crystals studied will be challenging to cut because quite a few of the stones produced from that new deposit are of the “ottu type,” meaning that they show some fine blue color banding along the crystal faces, with a colorless core (see Figure 98). Some crystals also show bands of minute to coarse particles or silky areas, or both. Another potential challenge for the cutters is the rather strong dichroism (suggestive of moderate to high iron content) that is also observed in most of the new material. The noticeable greenish blue component that dominates the color appearance perpendicular to the c-axis of the crystals will present difficulty to the cutters who work this material if they decide not to cut the table of the stone exactly perpendicular to the c-axis of their rough. Figure 43. This 15 carat sapphire displays numerous opaque black inclusions. Photo: V. Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok. Figure 44. This sapphire crystal from Kataragama weighs approximately 46 carats. Note the strong color banding and colorless areas following the faces of the hexagonal bipyramid. Also note the numerous unhealed fissures. Photo: V. Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok. Figure 45: A silky sapphire crystal seen near Kataragama. This stone, weighing about 7 carats rough, was integrated into the GIA reference collection. Photo: V. Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok. Figure 46: A sapphire crystal specimen from Kataragama showing the very fine transparency that had impressed many gem miners and merchants when they first saw the new material from Kataragama. Photo: V. Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok. Several gem merchants we met onsite were excited by such “Kashmir-like” or “Burma-like” new material. As with other recent finds, it seems that a new gem deposit is producing stones that challenge the beauty of stones associated with from classic famous deposits. At the time of our visit the asking prices were already remarkably high. By the end of our visit we had not been able to see any faceted stones from the deposit, but the combination of strong dichroism, strong color banding, high transparency, and the presence of inclusions will obviously require from the cutters a very high level of expertise for such interesting new material to be properly faceted into fine gems. According to some reports from gem merchants we met in Colombo, many cutters are afraid to facet the new material as it is reportedly very challenging to facet, and many stones were thus polished into cabochons or were presented for sale as rough. Figure 48: The flat fragment of a broken sapphire crystal (approximately 20 carats) displays bands of fine blue color alternating with whitish bands of minute particles, and its center is filled with “chocolate” brown silk. Photo: V. Pardieu / GIA Laboratory Bangkok. SAPPHIRES FROM KATARAGAMA: A PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTION. MATERIALS AND METHODS As described in the previous sections, GIA collected a number of samples during its expeditions to the Kataragama locality. For this preliminary report the data for only five stones are summarized (Table 1). The samples were fabricated as optical wafers with two surfaces polished perpendicular to the c-axis of the crystal. Optical path lengths of the wafers were measured with a Mitutoyo Series 395 spherical micrometer with an accuracy of 2 microns. Table 1: The sapphires from Kataragama that are described in this report. \| Reference # \| Sample Category \| Weight (carats) \| Polished optical wafer orientation \| Wafer path length \| Color \| \|-------------\|-----------------\|-----------------\|-----------------------------------\|------------------\|------------------------\| \| 100305162359 \| E1 \| 10.246 \| c-axis ⊥ surfaces \| 5.808 mm \| deep blue / light blue \| \| 100305162360 \| E1 \| 7.726 \| c-axis ⊥ surfaces \| 7.806 mm \| deep blue / colorless (milky/silky) \| \| 100305161800 \| B2 \| 0.541 \| c-axis ⊥ surfaces \| 1.443 mm \| even light blue \| \| 100305162771 \| B2 \| 1.034 \| c-axis ⊥ surfaces \| 1.091 mm \| light blue / colorless \| \| 100305162828 \| B2 \| 0.123 \| c-axis ⊥ surfaces \| 1.111 mm \| light blue / colorless \| Gemological microscopy was performed on the sapphires from Kataragama using binocular microscopes with magnification ranging from 10 to 70x using both darkfield and brightfield illumination. Other lighting techniques, including the use of flexible fiber optic illumination, were also employed to investigate the internal characteristics of the study specimens. A custom-built horizontal microscope fitted with an immersion cell containing methylene iodide was also used to examine growth and color zoning. Photomicrographs of internal features were captured at up to 180x magnification with a Nikon SMZ 1500 system using darkfield, brightfield, and oblique illumination with a fiber optic light. Additional data were collected using a variety of analytical techniques. Chemistry was determined using a Thermo ARL Quant’X EDXRF Analyzer and LA-ICP-MS (Thermo X Series II) instrument; ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV–Vis–NIR) spectra were collected using an Hitachi U-2900 spectrophotometer (for unpolarized ordinary ray spectra) and a PerkinElmer Lambda 950 spectrophotometer operating with the general purpose optic bench, integrating sphere accessory, and dual polarizers (for polarized spectra); infrared spectra were collected using a Thermo Nicolet 6700 FTIR spectrometer operating with a 6x beam condenser accessory; and Raman spectra were collected using a Renishaw inVia Raman microscope fitted with a 514 nm argon ion laser. GIA uses two methods to analyze the chemical composition of a sample: energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectroscopy (LA-ICP–MS). The first method gives qualitative or semi-quantitative information on chemical composition (i.e., what elements are present, and their approximate concentrations), while the latter method provides a quantitative analysis (i.e., their precise concentrations). For the quantitative chemical analysis of gem ruby and sapphire samples, GIA uses a special set of synthetic corundum reference standards that contain known amounts of particular elements of interest. Analyses of gem corundum and of these standards allow us to calculate how much of an element is present in the gem corundum because we can compare it to the known quantities present in the standard. Pure corundum (aluminum oxide, $\text{Al}_2\text{O}_3$) is colorless, but the presence of either impurity elements (often substituting for aluminum) or defects in the atomic lattice can impart color. The more important impurity elements typically incorporated into corundum include chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), vanadium (V), and gallium (Ga). Certain elements, including beryllium (Be), can also be artificially introduced into corundum through a diffusion process by heating the material at very high temperatures in order to change its color. Brief description of the reference samples selected and studied: During GIA FE33 expedition to Kataragama, GIA Laboratory Bangkok Field Gemologist Vincent Pardieu collected 86 corundum samples from 13 different independent sources. The samples cover a wide extent of sizes, colors, clarity and overall quality. This is in compliance with the GIA Laboratory Bangkok protocols requiring that GIA Field gemologists should collect numerous reference samples as close as possible from the mine and from multiple independent sources. All the samples were properly documented in Bangkok according to GIA field gemology department protocols. The information collected in the field was confirmed by a brief study of all these samples at the GIA laboratory Bangkok. It was found that the internal and external aspect of these stones, collected from different independent sources, had enough similarities and specificities to validate that they were probably coming from a single source and had not been submitted to any treatment. After that preliminary control study, GIA Laboratory Bangkok research gemologists selected five samples collected on March 08th 2012 from 4 different independent sources to collect spectroscopic and chemical data for this preliminary study. The samples were fabricated as wafers in Bangkok in order to collect quality optical data to be used as reference for GIA gemologists. Besides these 5 samples, a selection of 22 other corundum samples was fabricated in order to study their inclusions. The inclusions in these stones were photographed and a selection of these photos is presented in this study in “The internal world of Kataragama sapphires” in the page 45 of that report. Specimen 100305162359 GIA reference sample 100305162359 (Figure 49) is an E1 type sample (see Annex C) collected on March 8th 2012 from a miner/gem merchant near Kataragama who obtained him reportedly from a local miner working on the road-building site. It’s color range from deep to light blue color. It is angular zoned with weak to medium blue color saturation (Figure 50 and Figure 51). The specimen weighs 10.246 carats and is particularly transparent. Twinning is present in this specimen (Figure 52), something that is unusual in Sri Lankan blue sapphires we have observed previously. Minute particles with a milky appearance were noted in colorless areas, while coarser particles were noted over some blue areas (Figure 50 and Figure 51). Polarized UV-Vis-NIR spectra (ordinary and extraordinary rays) were collected for the specimen using the PerkinElmer Lambda 950. The beam path was free of any visible inclusions and of the twin planes. The recorded spectra (Figure 53) show a UV cutoff at 306 and 307 nm, and a distinct band at 330 nm from pairs of trivalent iron (Fe$^{3+}$). Other trivalent iron features were observed: the 377 nm line (Fe$^{3+}$ pairs), 388 nm line (isolated Fe$^{3+}$ ions), and 450 nm line (Fe$^{3+}$ pairs) are clear. The overall line shapes of the spectra are similar to that which might be expected from some blue sapphires from Sri Lanka or Madagascar and certainly from Burma (Myanmar). The infrared spectrum collected for this stone was recorded through a deep blue area. The only feature recorded was at 3309 wavenumbers (cm$^{-1}$; Figure 54). When viewed under long-wave and short-wave ultraviolet (UV) light no reaction was observed, apart from a small area (outside the beam paths for the spectroscopic data) with a weak to medium orange fluorescence under long-wave UV light. The LA-ICP-MS chemical data (Table 2) were collected on each side of the specimen (eight spots total) on areas that appeared weak blue and did not contain particulate inclusions. For each spot between 1 and 4 parts per million atomic (ppma) of Ti was available (after subtracting out the Ti paired with the available Mg) to pair with Fe in a charge-transfer reaction that produces the blue coloration; this estimate corresponds with the visual observation of color and confirms that the analyzed elemental concentrations are reasonable. Figure 49: Several views of GIA reference sample 100305162359 (E1 type; see Annex C for a description of the classification system), seen here prior to fabrication and weighing 10.246 carats. The color is deep to light blue. This stone was collected from a miner in Kataragama. Figure 50: Colorless and blue areas within GIA reference sample 100305162359. Brightfield illumination, magnified 50x. Figure 51: The colorless areas on left are associated with milky bands of minute particles within GIA reference sample 100305162359. Coarser particles are seen over the blue area on right. Brightfield plus fiber optic illumination, magnified 50x. Figure 52: Twinning planes within GIA reference sample 100305162359. Cross-polarized light, magnified 30x. Figure 53: Polarized UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectra of GIA reference sample 100305162359. Ordinary ray shown in blue, and extraordinary ray shown in red. Optical path length: 5.808 mm. Weight: 10.246 carats. Color: Deep blue / light blue. Figure 54: FTIR spectrum of GIA reference sample 100305162359. Approximate path length: 5.808 mm. Weight: 10.246 carats, Color: Deep blue / light blue. Table 2: LA-ICP-MS chemical data for GIA reference sample 100305162359. Note: bdl for "below detection limit". \| Specimen 100305162359 \| Concentration (PPMA) \| \|-----------------------\|----------------------\| \| \| Be \| Mg \| Ti \| V \| Cr \| Fe \| Ga \| \| Spot1 \| bdl \| 20.05 \| 23.34 \| 4.60 \| bdl \| 580.54\| 9.71 \| \| Spot 2 \| bdl \| 17.45 \| 21.47 \| 4.60 \| bdl \| 551.33\| 9.51 \| \| Spot 3 \| bdl \| 15.69 \| 19.76 \| 4.12 \| bdl \| 540.38\| 8.69 \| \| Spot 4 \| bdl \| 19.54 \| 20.44 \| 4.80 \| bdl \| 565.94\| 9.30 \| \| Spot 5 \| bdl \| 14.76 \| 16.78 \| 4.00 \| bdl \| 562.29\| 8.13 \| \| Spot 6 \| bdl \| 16.86 \| 19.89 \| 4.92 \| bdl \| 591.50\| 8.54 \| \| Spot 7 \| bdl \| 14.68 \| 16.23 \| 4.52 \| bdl \| 569.59\| 8.48 \| \| Spot 8 \| bdl \| 15.77 \| 20.44 \| 4.72 \| bdl \| 562.29\| 8.51 \| Specimen 100305162360 GIA reference sample 100305162360 (Figure 55) is an E1 type sample (see Annex C) collected on March 8th 2012 from a miner/gem merchant near Kataragama who obtained him reportedly from local people mining on the road-building site. It has a deep blue / colorless (milky / silky) appearance. It is angular zoned with weak to medium blue color saturation (Figure 56 and Figure 57). The specimen weighs 7.726 carats and is particularly transparent. Bands of minute particles and needles are associated with colorless areas (Figure 56 and Figure 57), and negative crystals are present along with naturally healed fissures (Figure 59 and Figure 58). The beam path used for the UV-Vis and FTIR data was free of any visible inclusions. The recorded polarized spectra from the PerkinElmer Lambda 950 (Figure 60) show a UV cutoff at 306 and 307 nm and a distinct band at 330 nm. The 377, 388, and 450 nm lines are clear; the overall line shapes of the spectra are similar to that which might be expected from some blue sapphires from Sri Lanka or Madagascar and certainly from Burma (Myanmar). The spectra also resemble those collected for specimen 100305162359 (Figure 53). The infrared data show two distinct features at 3309 and 3161 wavenumbers (cm$^{-1}$; Figure 61). When viewed under long-wave and short-wave UV light no reaction was observed, except for a weak to medium orange fluorescence reaction in the colorless areas when the specimen was observed under long-wave. The LA-ICP-MS chemical data (Table 3) were collected from both colorless and blue areas of the specimen (eight spots total), spots 1 to 4 were from the colorless areas on the top and spots 5 to 8 were from light blue areas on the bottom. The data for spots 1 to 4 (colorless areas) showed Mg concentrations that were greater than those for Ti, and in the blue areas the Ti exceeded the Mg concentrations, leaving between 1 and 3 ppma of Ti to pair with the available Fe to produce the apparent blue color. Figure 55: Several views of GIA reference sample 100305162360 (E1 type; see Annex C), seen here prior to fabrication and weighing 7.726 carats. The color is deep blue / colorless (milky / silky). The specimen was collected from a miner in Kataragama. Figure 56: Bands of minute particles and needles associated with colorless areas within GIA reference sample 100305162360. Brightfield illumination, magnified 30x. Figure 57: Bands of minute particles and needles associated with colorless areas within GIA reference sample 100305162360. Fiber optic illumination, magnified 50x. Figure 59: Negative crystal within GIA reference sample 100305162360. Darkfield illumination, magnified 50x. Figure 58: Negative crystals and healed fissure within GIA reference sample 100305162360. Darkfield illumination, magnified 50x. Figure 60: Polarized UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectra of GIA reference specimen 100305162360. Optical path length: 7.806 mm. Weight: 7.726 carats. Color: angular zoned with weak to medium blue. Figure 61: FTIR spectrum of GIA reference specimen 100305162360. Approximate path length: 7.806 mm. Weight: 7.726 carats. Color: Weak to medium blue with angular zoning. Table 3: LA-ICP-MS chemical data for specimen 100305162360. Note bdl for "below detection limit" \| Specimen 100305162360 \| Concentration (PPMA) \| \|-----------------------\|----------------------\| \| \| Be \| Mg \| Ti \| V \| Cr \| Fe \| Ga \| \| Spot 1 \| bdl \| 14.34 \| 10.26 \| 4.44 \| bdl \| 507.52\| 14.04 \| \| Spot 2 \| bdl \| 12.75 \| 10.56 \| 4.84 \| bdl \| 558.63\| 14.57 \| \| Spot 3 \| bdl \| 13.17 \| 9.63 \| 4.08 \| bdl \| 522.12\| 14.13 \| \| Spot 4 \| bdl \| 13.67 \| 11.12 \| 4.52 \| bdl \| 533.08\| 14.19 \| \| Spot 5 \| bdl \| 9.98 \| 12.95 \| 4.56 \| bdl \| 565.94\| 15.36 \| \| Spot 6 \| bdl \| 11.49 \| 14.95 \| 4.56 \| bdl \| 587.84\| 15.74 \| \| Spot 7 \| bdl \| 11.24 \| 14.44 \| 4.80 \| bdl \| 598.80\| 15.50 \| \| Spot 8 \| bdl \| 10.65 \| 12.05 \| 5.00 \| bdl \| 613.40\| 15.97 \| Specimen 100305161800 GIA reference sample 100305161800 is a B2 type sample collected on March 08th 2012 from a villager mining the road construction site. The weight is 0.541 carats and the color is a quite even light blue. The UV-Vis-NIR absorption data were collected with the Hitachi U-2900 for this sample. The beam path used for data collection passed through a lightly saturated blue area. The path did not contain any visible particles, twinning planes, or other inclusions. The FTIR spectrum shows a very weak feature at 3309 wavenumbers. The stone showed a weak orange reaction under long-wave UV light on a small area out of the beam path. The LA-ICP-MS data were collected on both sides of the wafer in the same area as the UV-Vis measurement beam path. For this sample all ten data points were collected on areas that appeared to be light blue in color and did not contain any particles. Figure 62: The UV-Vis-NIR ordinary ray spectrum of specimen 100305161800, with photo of beam area (inset). Optical path length: 1.443 mm. Figure 63. FTIR spectrum of GIA reference specimen 100305161800. Approximate path length: 1.443 mm. Weight: 0.541 carats. Color: Even light blue. Table 4: LA-ICP-MS chemical data obtained from the front (spots 1-5) and the back (spots 6-10) of wafer sample 100305161800. Note: bdl for “below detection limit” \| Specimen \| Concentration (PPMA) \| \|----------------\|----------------------\| \| \| Be \| Mg \| Ti \| V \| Cr \| Fe \| Ga \| \| 100305161800 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Spot 1 \| bdl \| 17.20 \| 14.57 \| 3.75 \| 27.14 \| 507.52\| 8.80 \| \| Spot 2 \| bdl \| 14.68 \| 15.97 \| 3.56 \| bdl \| 525.77\| 9.30 \| \| Spot 3 \| bdl \| 11.16 \| 13.33 \| 3.63 \| bdl \| 525.77\| 9.33 \| \| Spot 4 \| bdl \| 12.16 \| 14.86 \| 3.95 \| bdl \| 529.43\| 8.86 \| \| Spot 5 \| bdl \| 12.75 \| 13.50 \| 3.80 \| bdl \| 514.82\| 8.72 \| \| Spot 6 \| bdl \| 12.58 \| 10.35 \| 3.49 \| 16.39 \| 485.61\| 8.42 \| \| Spot 7 \| bdl \| 12.25 \| 12.01 \| 3.84 \| bdl \| 518.47\| 9.01 \| \| Spot 8 \| bdl \| 11.58 \| 12.65 \| 4.16 \| bdl \| 562.29\| 9.36 \| \| Spot 9 \| bdl \| 14.18 \| 17.04 \| 4.00 \| bdl \| 544.03\| 8.80 \| \| Spot 10 \| bdl \| 16.11 \| 17.16 \| 4.32 \| bdl \| 606.10\| 9.01 \| Specimen 100305161771 GIA reference sample 100305161771 is a B2 type sample collected on March 08th 2012 from a villager mining the road construction site. The weight is 1.034 carats and the color is light blue to colorless. The UV-Vis-NIR absorption data were collected with the Hitachi U-2900 for this sample. The beam path used for data collection passed through a lightly saturated blue area. The path contained a few visible weak milky band associated with the blue color areas. The FTIR spectrum shows a very weak feature at 3309 wavenumbers. The stone had no reaction under either long-wave or short-wave UV radiation. The LA-ICP-MS data were collected on both sides of the wafer in the same area as the UV-Visible measurement beam path. For this sample all eight data points except #5 and #7 (which were collected on colorless zones) were on areas that appear to be light blue. Figure 66: The UV-Vis-NIR ordinary ray spectrum of specimen 100305161771, with photo of beam area (inset). Optical path length: 1.091 mm. Figure 67: FTIR spectrum of GIA reference specimen 100305161771. Approximate path length: 1.091 mm. Weight: 1.034 carats. Color: Light blue and colorless. Figure 68: Four spots where LA-ICP-MS chemical data were obtained on the front of the wafer sample 100305161771. See Table 5. Figure 69: Four spots where LA-ICP-MS chemical data were obtained on the back of the wafer sample 100305161771. See Table 5. Table 5: LA-ICP-MS chemical data obtained from the front (spots 1-4) and the back (spots 5-8) for wafer sample 100305161771. Note: bdl for “below detection limit” \| Specimen 100305161771 \| Concentration (PPMA) \| \|------------------------\|----------------------\| \| \| Be \| Mg \| Ti \| V \| Cr \| Fe \| Ga \| \| Spot 1 \| bdl \| 23.99 \| 63.88 \| 8.53 \| bdl \| 613.40\| 20.65 \| \| Spot 2 \| bdl \| 20.22 \| 40.59 \| 6.61 \| bdl \| 595.15\| 14.13 \| \| Spot 3 \| bdl \| 22.48 \| 66.87 \| 7.69 \| bdl \| 613.40\| 20.65 \| \| Spot 4 \| bdl \| 21.64 \| 40.84 \| 6.57 \| bdl \| 562.29\| 14.04 \| \| Spot 5 \| bdl \| 9.98 \| 9.97 \| 4.56 \| bdl \| 481.96\| 9.24 \| \| Spot 6 \| bdl \| 20.80 \| 54.51 \| 7.69 \| bdl \| 565.94\| 18.54 \| \| Spot 7 \| bdl \| 10.07 \| 10.05 \| 4.52 \| bdl \| 525.77\| 9.42 \| \| Spot 8 \| bdl \| 22.98 \| 60.05 \| 8.69 \| bdl \| 617.05\| 18.31 \| Specimen 100305161828 GIA reference sample 100305162828 is a B2 type sample collected on March 08th 2012 from a villager mining the road construction site. The weight is 1.123cts and the color is light blue to colorless. This tiny wafer (3mm by 3mm) was fabricated from the same rough as GIA reference specimen 100305161771. The UV-Vis-NIR absorption data were collected with the Hitachi U-2900 for this sample. The beam path used for data collection passed through a slightly milky (containing minute particles) lightly saturated blue area. The FTIR spectrum showed no features in the region of interest (~3000-3600 wavenumbers). The stone showed no reaction under long-wave or short-wave UV radiation. The LA-ICP-MS data were collected on both sides of the wafer in the same area as the UV-Visible measurement beam path. In this case: spots 1 to 4 were taken on a thin weak blue band containing particles, spot 5 was taken in a colorless area and spot 6 to 8 were taken in light blue areas containing few particles. Figure 70: The UV-Vis-NIR ordinary ray spectrum of specimen 100305161828, with photo of beam area (inset). Optical path length: 1.111 mm. Figure 71. FTIR spectrum of GIA reference specimen 100305161828. Approximate path length: 1.111 mm. Weight: 0.123 carats. Color: Light blue and colorless. Table 6: LA-ICP-MS chemical data obtained from the front (spots 1-4) and the back (spots 5-8) for wafer sample 100305161828. \| Specimen \| Concentration (PPMA) \| \|----------\|----------------------\| \| \| Be \| Mg \| Ti \| V \| Cr \| Fe \| Ga \| \| Spot 1 \| bdl \| 23.40 \| 33.13 \| 6.65 \| 25.29 \| 544.03 \| 17.52 \| \| Spot 2 \| bdl \| 22.15 \| 38.59 \| 6.77 \| bdl \| 584.19 \| 16.85 \| \| Spot 3 \| bdl \| 21.64 \| 46.00 \| 7.05 \| bdl \| 595.15 \| 17.96 \| \| Spot 4 \| bdl \| 23.24 \| 49.83 \| 7.17 \| bdl \| 628.01 \| 16.91 \| \| Spot 5 \| bdl \| 7.02 \| 6.39 \| 4.68 \| 23.02 \| 412.59 \| 15.24 \| \| Spot 6 \| bdl \| 22.98 \| 52.81 \| 7.09 \| bdl \| 606.10 \| 19.27 \| \| Spot 7 \| bdl \| 13.67 \| 26.83 \| 6.41 \| bdl \| 518.47 \| 18.92 \| \| Spot 8 \| bdl \| 23.32 \| 48.98 \| 7.81 \| bdl \| 595.15 \| 18.25 \| The internal world of Kataragama sapphires A microscopic study of the internal features seen in a large volume of this new material revealed many inclusions commonly seen in sapphires from classic Sri Lankan deposits in and around Ratnapura. Some unusual features were also noted. Strong blue to colorless color zoning, as seen in these new gems, is not unusual in Sri Lanka sapphires; e.g., in ottu-type specimens where the blue color is only present on the rim of the sapphire crystal while the core of the specimen is colorless. Such features, in addition to the dichroism, present a serious challenge for gem cutters. Besides strong color zoning, the new material also hosts many mineral inclusions, as well as healed and unhealed fissures, as is commonly the case with stones from primary-type deposits. Open unhealed fissures were observed in many specimens, as were healed fissures with well-developed fingerprint-like appearances. The most frequent mineral inclusions seen in these new Kataragama sapphires are graphite platelets, mica crystals, dark green spinel, zircons, negative crystals (filled commonly with CO$_2$ liquid / gas), and uraninite-like crystals. We were able to conclusively identify several biotite mica and green spinel crystals near the surface of rough crystals using Raman spectroscopy. Based on comparison of the morphologies of the analyzed inclusions with those in other samples, we are confident in our identification of mica and spinel inclusions in samples for which we were not able to collect analytical data. The sapphires commonly host also many different types of minute particles and needles (probably rutile), but also sometimes hematite- or ilmenite-type platelets. The minute particles and needles are usually seen forming bands and planes commonly oriented parallel to the prisms or to the basal pinacoid. The needles present may be short or long and thin; the short ones usually form dense bands or planes while the long thin ones are typically more loosely scattered inside the stones. Finally many of these sapphires also contained twin planes, which is an uncommon feature for Sri Lankan sapphires. The following figures are intended to provide a general overview of the types of inclusions encountered in sapphires from Kataragama. Figure 74: Healed fissures. Darkfield illumination, magnified 50x. Figure 75: Black high-luster crystal and negative crystal-like healed fissures. Darkfield and fiber optic illumination, magnified 30x. Figure 76: Small graphite-like crystals. The larger crystal at left is likely spinel, based on morphological similarity to a spinel inclusion identified with Raman spectroscopy in another sample. Darkfield illumination, magnified 50x. Figure 77: Dark opaque crystals associated with unhealed tension fissures. Darkfield illumination, magnified 50x. Figure 78: Bands of minute particles associated with colorless areas. Brightfield illumination, magnified 30x. Figure 79: Bands of minute particles associated with colorless areas. Darkfield illumination, magnified 30x. Figure 80: Bands of minute particles associated with colorless areas. Fiber Optic Illumination, 30x Figure 81: Bands of minute particles that appear to be associated with blue areas. Brightfield illumination, magnified 30x. Figure 82: When viewed perpendicular to the c-axis, these particles appear to be associated with blue areas. Brightfield illumination, magnified 60x. Figure 83: Negative crystal, graphite platelet, and particles and needles. Darkfield and fiber optic illumination, magnified 50x. Figure 84: When viewed along the direction of the c-axis, the deep blue-colored area is near the surface, while the particles are located in the colorless center. Brightfield illumination, magnified 30x. Figure 85: Negative crystal hosting needle-shaped crystals that are probably diaspore. Darkfield illumination, 30x magnification. Figure 86: A detailed of the negative crystal shown in the previous image (Figure 85). Brightfield illumination, magnified 60x. Figure 87: Twinning planes. Cross-polarized light, magnified 40x. Figure 88: Negative crystal associated with healed fissures. Darkfield illumination, magnified 50x. Figure 89: Black low-luster dark green spinel crystals. Crystals with similar morphologies in were identified as spinel using Raman spectroscopy. Darkfield and fiber optic illumination, magnified 50x. Figure 90: Surface-related thin blue color zoning and growth marks. Darkfield illumination, magnified 30x. Figure 91: Negative crystals and healed fissures. Darkfield illumination, magnified 50x. Figure 92: A uraninite-like crystal associated with unhealed tension fissures (left). Also shown is a dark crystal that is morphologically similar to other inclusions that were identified as spinel using Raman spectroscopy. Darkfield illumination, magnified 30x. Figure 93: Small opaque black crystals in clusters with a larger uraninite-like crystal associated with unhealed tension fissures. Darkfield and fiber optic illumination, magnified 30x. Figure 94: Negative crystals and healed fissures. Darkfield illumination, magnified 50x. Figure 95: Mica-like crystal that is virtually morphologically identical to crystals that were identified as biotite using Raman spectroscopy. Brightfield illumination, magnified 50x. Figure 96: Green crystals resembling inclusions that were identified as spinel using Raman spectroscopy. Brightfield illumination, magnified 50x. Figure 97: Colorless zircon-like crystals and blue surface-related color zoning. Brightfield illumination, magnified 50x. Figure 98: Blue surface-related color zoning. Brightfield illumination, magnified 20x. Figure 99: Negative crystals, minute particles, and needles. Darkfield and fiber optic illumination, magnified 50x. Figure 100: Colorless elongated zircon-like crystals and healed fissures. Brightfield illumination, magnified 50x. SPECIAL THANKS The authors would like first to thank Shamil and Armil Sammoon, from Sapphire Cutters Ltd (Colombo, Sri Lanka) to have been the first to inform us about that new sapphire discovery in Sri Lanka and for their support during the GIA FE33 expedition to Sri Lanka. We would like to extend these thanks - First to the Sri Lankan National Gem & Jewelry Authority (NGJA) and the different Sri Lankan authorities for their collaboration and support during that expedition. - Second to all the Sri Lankan miners and traders we met during that expedition and particularly to Manaram Dharmaratne, Nalin De Fonseka, Careem Hilmy, Suchan Fernando, Eranga Basnayake, Gamini Zoysa and Mr. Ranga for their collaboration before and during that expedition that was much appreciated. - Third to our field expedition companions and particularly Lou Pierre Bryl, Andrea Heather Go and Sunil Jayawickrama. - And last but not least to all the staff and the management at the GIA Laboratory Bangkok who gave a lot of support to the project. ANNEX A: CONTENT FROM THE NATIONAL GEM & JEWELLERY AUTHORITY WEBSITE PUBLISHED ON MARCH 1, 2012 http://www.srilankagemautho.com/st-currentevent.php ANNEX B: INTERVIEW IN THE SUNDAY LEADER; PUBLISHED MARCH 4, 2012 http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2012/03/04/sri-lankas-multi-billion-rupee-gem-haul/ ANNEX C: GIA FIELD GEMOLOGY CATALOGUING SYSTEM Cataloguing classifications: A Conditions: The stone was mined by the field gemologist. B Conditions: The field gemologist collected the stones at the mines after witnessing the mining. C Conditions: The field gemologist collected the stones from the miners at the mine, but without witnessing the mining. D Conditions: The field gemologist collected the stones from the miners, but not at the mine. E Conditions: The field gemologist collected the stones from a secondary source close to the mines. F Conditions: The field gemologist collected the stones from a secondary source in the international market. Z Conditions: The field gemologist was not able to obtain any information about the conditions under which the stone was collected. REFERENCES De Maesschalk A. A., Oen, I.S. (1989). Fluid and mineral inclusions in corundum from gem gravels in Sri Lanka. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 53: pp. 539-545. Hughes R. W. (1997). Ruby & Sapphire. Boulder, CO, RWH Publishing. Kumaratilake, W. L. D. R. A., and U. N. Ranasinghe (1992). Unusual corundum-bearing gem pockets at Avissawella and Getahetta, Sri Lanka, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 41 (No. 1): pp. 7–16. Schwarz D. E., Petsch J., et al. (1996). Sapphires from the Andranondambo region, Madagascar, Gems & Gemology Vol. 32 (No. 2): pp. 80–99. Zwaan P. C. (1981). Gemstones from the Tissamaharama area in Sri Lanka, Journal of the Gemmological Society of Japan, Vol. 8: pp. 51–60. Zwaan P. C. (1982). Sri Lanka: The gem island. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 18 (No. 2): pp. 62–71. Zwaan P. C. (1986). Gem minerals from the Embilipitya and Kataragama areas in Sri Lanka, Australian Gemmologist, Vol. 16 (No. 2): pp. 35–40.
INDONESIA COUNCIL OPEN CONFERENCE 2019 ANU CONFERENCE PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS 20-21 NOVEMBER ANU College of Asia and the Pacific Indonesia Institute We acknowledge and celebrate the First Australians on whose traditional lands we meet and pay our respect to the elders past, present and emerging. WELCOME TO THE INDONESIA COUNCIL OPEN CONFERENCE On behalf of the ANU Indonesia Institute I welcome you to ANU, and to Canberra, for the 2019 Indonesia Council Open Conference. As you can see from the program, the conference includes a wide range of panels and speakers, showcasing the richness and diversity of the contemporary research landscape on Indonesia. I particularly encourage you to attend the keynote speech on Wednesday afternoon, with the inspiring Laksmi Pamuntjak, and the plenary session on Thursday morning which focuses on the state and future of Indonesian studies. The ANU Indonesia Institute, the organiser of the conference, is a body established in 2017 to coordinate the wide-ranging research, educational, and outreach work related to Indonesia conducted across the ANU. The ANU has a heavy concentration on Indonesia, with more than 115 academic staff conducting Indonesia-related research. The Indonesia Project has been publishing the Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies since 1965, and running annual Indonesia Updates since 1983. The Menzies library has an extensive collection of Indonesian materials: if you have the time, why not drop in during your visit? I would like to thank the many ANU Indonesia Institute board members and volunteers who helped organise the conference, and the Sydney Southeast Asia Centre for co-sponsoring the keynote address. I wish you a successful and productive conference. Please say hello if you see me in the crowd. Edward Aspinall Director, ANU Indonesia Institute Conference venue The conference will be held at Crawford School of Public Policy, Lennox Crossing, Acton, ACT, on the southern end of the Australian National University campus. The conference dinner (by separate registration) will be held at University House. An ANU campus map can be found at anu.edu.au/maps. Getting to the conference venue By taxi Contact one of the following cab services to book a taxi: - Canberra Elite: 13 22 27 - Cabxpress: 1300 222 977 - Silver Service: 13 31 00 - ACT Cabs: (02) 6280 0077 Uber also operates in Canberra. As a general guide, a taxi from Canberra Airport to ANU takes around 20 minutes and will cost approximately $30-40, depending on traffic conditions. By bus Canberra’s public bus service, Transport Canberra, covers Canberra’s major tourist sites and the suburbs. The number 53 bus stops directly in front of the Crawford School. More information can be found at transport.act.gov.au or contact Transport Canberra on 02 6207 7611. On foot Allow around 30 minutes to walk from the Canberra city centre, or 15 minutes from New Acton, to Crawford School of Public Policy. Parking Limited paid visitor parking is available on Lennox Crossing across from the Crawford School, on Liversidge Street, and in the University House car park. Please note that visitors may park in ‘staff/permit only’ zones after 5pm. Before 5pm, parking fees apply. Visitors can use the GelloPark app to pay for parking on campus via their mobile phone, following a one-time registration. Please refer to carpark signage for guidance. Conference website More information, including the abstract book and copies of conference presentations and papers, will be made available on ANU Indonesia Institute website: devpolicy.crawford.anu.edu.au/annual-australasian-aid-conference/2019. Dietary requirements If you have advised us of any special dietary requirements, this information has been passed to our caterers. Please make yourself known to the catering staff during lunch and tea breaks and the conference dinner. Luggage storage If you have luggage that you’d like to set aside during the day, please use Seminar Room 2. Please be advised that luggage will not be locked away and conference organisers do not take any responsibility for lost or stolen items. Lost property Lost property can be handed in to the conference registration desk. Praying room Praying room is at Gardener’s Cottage, next to Stanner Building, just outside the main Crawford Building. Wifi Free wifi internet access is available for conference attendees. The login details are: Guest username: ANU_ICOC Guest password: ICOC2019 CRAWFORD MAP LEVEL 1 CRAWFORD BUILDING STANNER BUILDING ANZSOC / NSC Entrance Barton Theatre Acton Theatre Seminar Room 2 Weston Theatre Level 1 Foyer Lennox Room Griffin Room Registration Desks and Catering area Crawford School Courtyard Springbank Room Canberry Room Canberry Springbank Foyer CRAWFORD MAP LEVEL 2 CRAWFORD BUILDING STANNER BUILDING OLD CANBERRA HOUSE TUESDAY 19 NOVEMBER POST-GRADUATE WORKSHOP Weston Theatre, JG Crawford Building #132, Lennox Crossing, ANU \| Time \| Event \| Chair/Panel \| \|---------------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| 11am-12.30pm \| Building an academic career: Australia, Indonesia and beyond \| Chair: Eve Warburton, National University of Singapore Panel Edward Aspinall, ANU Burhanuddin Muhtadi, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah and Indikator Politik Indonesia Jacqui Baker, Murdoch University \| \| 12.30-1pm \| LUNCH \| \| \| 1-2pm \| Research career beyond academia \| Chair: Caroline Turner, ANU Panel Stephen Sherlock, UNSW Rachel Diprose, The University of Melbourne \| \| 2-3pm \| Small group discussions \| Facilitators \| \| 3-3.30pm \| AFTERNOON TEA \| \| \| 3.30-4.30pm \| Getting published in journals \| Chair: Arianto Patunru, ANU Panel Eva Nisa, ANU Marcus Mietzner, ANU \| \| 4.30-5pm \| Getting the most out of academic conferences \| Robert Cribb, ANU \| RECEPTION DINNER Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia at 6 Darwin Avenue, Yarralumla \| Time \| Event \| Details \| \|---------------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| 6.30pm \| Reception and welcoming dinner \| Dress code: Batik or business attire Participants to make their own way to the venue \| \| \| \| His Excellency Ambassador Kristiarto Legowo has kindly invited ICOC 2019 speakers and postgraduate workshop attendees to a dinner reception at the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Canberra. \| 9-10.30am SESSION 1 Panel 1A at Acton Theatre Gender and identity Chair: Eva Nisa, ANU “I waited so long until I got the chance to play in the soccer field!” Gendered play opportunities in Jakarta’s public spaces Fitri Arlinkasari, Queensland University of Technology, Universitas YARSI Boys will be boys? Men’s talk as homosocial engagement in male-dominated Whatsapp groups of cycling communities in Bandung Trisna Gumilar and Aquarini Priyatna, Universitas Padjadjaran Identity negotiation of Indonesian Muslim female students in the US and Australia Win Listyaningrum Arifin, ANU Panel 1B at Brindabella Theatre Identity politics and multiculturalism Chair: Farid F Saenong, ANU Ethnic mobilisation in Tanah Ulayat movements Song Xue, Fudan University In the name of piety: contesting (religious) citizenship practices in Yogyakarta Muhammad Khoirul Muqtafa, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Between unity and diversity: national identity and multiculturalism in Indonesia Budi Annaisa Sidi, University of Otago Panel 1C at Griffin Room Constitutionalism and the courts in Indonesia Chair: Melissa Crouch, University of New South Wales Attacking free expression and the rise of authoritarianism in Indonesia Herlambang P Wiratraman, Universitas Airlangga Constitutional (un)clarity: international law in the Indonesian legal system Arie Afriansyah, Universitas Indonesia Striking the right balance: winding back Indonesia’s ‘big bang’ decentralisation Rachel Diprose, The University of Melbourne Finding the right path to establish an election court in Indonesia Frits Siregar, University of New South Wales 9-10.30a SESSION 1 (continued) Panel 1D at Lennox Room What future for smallholder forestry? Chair and Discussant: Peter Kanowski, ANU Smallholders forestry in Indonesia: megatrends affecting development prospects to the year 2030 Lisa Robins, ANU Modern smallholders: understanding the diverse livelihoods of Indonesia’s farmers Digby Race, University of the Sunshine Coast Compliance of smallholder with Indonesia’s timber legality verification system: evidence from case study value chains in East Java Depi Susilawati, ANU Panel 1E at Seminar Room 3 Languages and education Chair: Andree Surianta, ANU From school to work: does vocational education improve labour market outcomes? An empirical analysis of Indonesia Dyah Pritadrajati, Kantor Staff Presiden, Republic of Indonesia Lecturer’s perceptions and their implementation of the new English curriculum at Indonesian universities Burhanudin Syaifulloh, University of Canberra Bahasa Indonesia for national unity: an analysis of language policies and the role of education Anita Dewi, Monash University Redefining library roles: using resources for academic and public engagement Rheny Pulungan 10.30-11am MORNING TEA 11am-12.30pm SESSION 2 Panel 2A at Acton Theatre Soft power and student mobility Chair: Elena Williams, Asia Society Soft power and the Australia Awards: Indonesians in Australia Emily Serong, Australia Awards Indonesia Soft power and youth initiatives: volunteering, mobility and getting to know each other Jemma Purdey, Monash University New Colombo Plan, scholarships, mobility Priyambudi Sulistiyanto, Flinders University Panel 2B at Brindabella Theatre History Chair: Robert Cribb, ANU The evolution of Javanese historiography Jarrah Sastrawan, The University of Sydney The Indonesia 1945-1950 research project: is the Netherlands approaching its post-imperial moment at last? Joost Coté, Monash University The origins of Indonesian populism: public debate in Occupation Java, March-June 1945 Gerry van Klinken, The University of Queensland How elections won the Indonesian revolution Robert Cribb, ANU Panel 2C at Griffin Room Theatre and literature Chair: Virginia Hooker, ANU Sakeco traditional oral literature of Sumbawa: a contextual analysis from religious messages to sensual jokes Fahrunnisa Hidayat, Universitaet Hamburg Sundanese poetry in the context of 1950s Indonesia: mediating Sundaneseness and Indonesianness; mediating Sundaneseness and Indonesianness Teddi Muhtadin and Cece Sobarna, Universitas Padjadjaran Gender, abject and space in ‘Dongeng Penebusan’, a short story by Mona Sylviana Rasus Budhyono and Aquarini Priyatna, Universitas Padjadjaran Yogya theatre reaches out Barbara Hatley, University of Tasmania 11am-12.30pm SESSION 2 (continued) Panel 2D at Lennox Room Climate change, communities and adaptation Chair: Abidah Setyowati, ANU Livelihood diversification in the climate variability regions of West Timor, Indonesia Paulus Liu, Regional Development Planning Agency of Kupang Local Government Company-community partnerships and climate change adaptation practices: The case of coffee smallholders in Lampung, Indonesia Ayu Pratiwi, University of Turku Understanding regional identities and development in Indonesia and Australia through multi-sited ethnography of community renewable energy and other initiatives Max Richter, Monash University and ANU Panel 2E at Seminar Room 8 Islamic movement Chair: Wildani Hefni, ANU Discussant: James J Fox, ANU Indonesian Muslim intellectuals and the transmission of reformist thought in the teaching of contemporary Islamic law: 1998-2010 Wildani Hefni, ANU Local tarekat and the state: Tarekat Shiddiqiyyah and its efforts to preserve nationalist values in Indonesia Rizqa Ahmadi, ANU The dynamics of a Muslim community movement in West Java: a study of leadership, commitment and welfare of Majelis Tarbiyah Shinta Dewianty, ANU Book Panel at Seminar Room 3 The politics of court reform: judicial change and legal culture in Indonesia Chair: Edward Aspinall, ANU Discussant: Fritz Siregar, University of New South Wales Speakers: Melissa Crouch, University of New South Wales Daniel Pascoe, City University of Hong Kong Herlambang P Wiratraman, Universitas Airlangga WEDNESDAY 20 NOVEMBER DAY ONE 12.30-1.30pm LUNCH Special session 1 at Weston Theatre. FILM SCREENINGS ReelOZInd! Australia Indonesia Short Film Festival 4.0 Special session 2 at Griffin Room FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION Student mobility and youth engagement Exploring student experiences of the Australia Awards, New Colombo Plan and other key bilateral initiatives in strengthening people-people relations. HISTORY OF THE INDONESIA COUNCIL Following the expansion of area studies relating to Asia in the early seventies, the Asian Studies Association of Australia was founded in Melbourne in 1976. In the next year, 1977, the Malaysia Society was the first ‘country association’ to be affiliated with the Association under the provisions of the new constitution. For almost another 25 years, Indonesianists were slow to organise themselves, despite their greater numbers. There were no associations, no conferences (apart from the Indonesia Update, sponsored by the ANU), and no scholarly journals other than the Indonesian Studies Bulletin administered by Stuart Robson and later Phillip Mahnken. For the most part, senior academics were oriented towards Leiden, London and Cornell, and regularly attended the American based Asian Studies Association conferences. In 1998, Harry Aveling convened the first meeting of Indonesianists at an ASAA Conference (University of NSW). The purpose of the meeting was to begin to build a corporate identity among Indonesianists and to gain a sense of what was happening in Indonesian Studies around the country. A second meeting was held at the 2000 ASAA Conference (University of Melbourne). A committee was elected, consisting of Harry Aveling (President), Greg Barton (Vice President), Charles Coppel (Secretary) and Kate McGregor (Postgraduate Representative). Jemma Purdey was later co-opted to the committee. A major recommendation of the meeting was the proposal to hold a low budget conference focusing on Indonesia in the alternative years to the ASAA Conference. There was a general agreement that these conferences should be open to all who wished to present papers, and that the participation of postgraduate students and early career academics would be particularly encouraged. Those speaking in favour of such a conference included Krishna Sen, Kate McGregor and Michele Ford. Charles Coppel circulated Indonesianists in August 2000 to see if there was sufficient support for such a project. There was and planning began soon after. ICOC 1 was held at the University of Melbourne in July 2001 and convened by Kate McGregor, Jemma Purdey, and Harry Aveling, with widespread assistance from many other volunteers and supporters. Over 90 persons attended ICCC 1, coming from Australia, Indonesia and the United States. The keynote address was delivered by Dr Herbert Feith and was entitled “Reaffirming Faith in the Project of Indonesia”. It was to be his last formal public activity in Australia before his untimely death. ICOC 2 was held in Canberra in 2003, convened by Robert Cribb. That conference launched the first Indonesia Council logo and website, designed by Elisabeth Jackson, which this site now replaces. The journey to build a home for Indonesianists in Australia had begun. 1.30-3pm SESSION 3 Panel 3A at Acton Theatre History shaping the future of Indonesia Chair: Johan Weintré, Asia Pacific International Research Forum The Ramayana, Pancasila and political mobilisation in India and Indonesia Balraj Singh Brar, Punjabi University The historical relationship of religion and state in the Indonesian archipelago Wasino, Universitas Negeri Semarang Historical and future landscape governance in rural West Sumatra Maskota Delfi, Universitas Andalas History, culture and local identity: Igniting development in Indonesia Johan Weintré, Asia Pacific International Research Forum The Pancasila and Panchasheel philosophy in the Indonesian and Nepalese context of development Shukra Raj Adhikari, Panel 3B at Brindabella Theatre Women candidates in the 2019 Indonesian elections Chair: Sally White, ANU What makes a good woman lose? Barriers to women’s electoral success in Indonesia Sally White, ANU Women as new political actors: a case study of women’s political advancement in the 2019 legislative elections in East Nusa Tenggara Longgina Novadona Bayo, Universitas Gadjah Mada New parties and the ambiguity of women’s identity in the 2019 legislative election: a comparative study of female candidates for the Indonesian Solidarity Party (PSI) Ulya Niami Efrina Jamson, Universitas Gadjah Mada Fighting in the dark: The success of women candidates in the 2019 legislative election Zusiana Elly Triantini, Universitas Islam Panel 3C at Griffin Room Memory and human rights Chair: Gerry van Klinken, University of Queensland Twelve years a stand: how Aksi Kamisan became the longest-running human rights movement in Indonesia Agniadi T, Amnesty Indonesia Analysing conversational elements of truth-telling within torture narratives Annie Pohlman, University of Queensland Blood on the stole: Catholic guilt and reconciliation Duncan Graham 1.30-3pm SESSION 3 (continued) Panel 3D at Lennox Room International relations I Chair: Astari Daenuwy, ANU Walls on the pendopo: the logic behind Indonesia’s cooperation in preventing onward irregular migration to Australia Carly Gordyn, ANU Australia’s involvement in Indonesia’s PRRI/Permesta rebellions Bradley Wood, ANU The role of Mick Shann in Australia-Indonesia relations in the 1960s John Monfries, ANU Panel 3E at Seminar Room 3 Social issues and protection Chair: John McCarthy, ANU Underlying causes of social vulnerability in the climate variability regions of West Timor Paulus Liu, Regional Development Planning Agency of Kupang Local Government Fate is in the hand of God, risk is in the hand of the passenger: understanding and managing social risks under the new social security era in Indonesia Victoria Fanggidae, The University of Melbourne Anxiety among the elderly in rural IndonesiaRedefining library roles: using resources for academic and public engagement Anggra N Cahyo, University of Toronto and Universitas Muhammadyah Jakarta Inequality in accessing social rights among rural older people in Indonesia: Variation across gender, region, and social class Muhammad Ulil Absor, ANU Panel 3F at Seminar Room 8 Corruption and administrative reform Chair: Andrew Rosser, ANU Corruption measurement at the sub-national level in Indonesia: A spatiotemporal analysis between perception and reality Zuhairan Yunan, Universitas Islam Academics in public office: a study of Academic Administrative Entrepreneurs (AAEs) as agents of policy transfer Ario Wicaksono, University of Canberra Patronage politics and public resources: the political economy of grant spending (Belanja Hibah) in decentralised Indonesia Fakhridho Susilo 3-3.30pm AFTERNOON TEA Book launch at Griffin Room Talking North: the journey of Australia’s first Asian language Author: Paul Thomas 3.30-5pm SESSION 4 Panel 4A at Brindabella Theatre Political parties, representations and Indonesian democracy Chair: Edward Aspinall, ANU Ideological representation beyond Left and Right: politician and voter preferences in Indonesia Diego Fossati, City University of Hong Kong Elite, masses and democratic decline in Indonesia Burhanuddin Muhtadi, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah and Indikator Politik Indonesia The inequality of representation in Indonesia: a study of mass-elite congruence on socio-economic preferences Eve Warburton, The National University of Singapore Do district political dynamics influence presidential voting patterns? Adrianus Hendrawan, ANU Panel 4B at Griffin Room International relations II Chair: Emirza Adi Syailendra Domestic bureaucratic politics and Indonesian foreign policy towards China Petrus K Farneubun, University of Groningen The challenges and opportunities of Indonesia’s foreign policy towards Pacific Island countries under Joko Widodo 2014-2019: an approach to Rosenau’s adaptive model Vrameswari Omega Wati, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan Panel 4C at Lennox Room Rethinking rural Indonesia today 1 Chair: Colum Graham, ANU Positioning Indonesia’s oil palm smallholders in the Anthropocene debates Rini Astuti Resource extraction, transnational influence and local livelihoods: the limits of supply chain governance in Indonesia’s mineral-rich regions Rachael Diprose, The University of Melbourne Vulnerability, food insecurity and livelihood transitions in rural Indonesia John McCarthy, ANU 3.30-5pm SESSION 4 (continued) Panel 4D at Seminar Room 8 Islam, politics, identity Chair: Eva Nisa, ANU Abdul Somad: ustadz jaman now Rheinhard Sirait, University of Western Australia Nahdlatul Ulama and the 2019 Presidential campaign Suaidi Asy’ari Civic media and Islamic embodiment in an Indonesian region Julian Millie, Monash University The autonomy of ideology? The case of Militant Islam Ian Chalmers Panel 4E at Seminar Room 3 Identity in creative communications Chair: Barbara Hatley, University of Tasmania Reconfiguring ideal masculinity: Class and gender politics in Indonesian cinema Evi Eliyanah, Universitas Negeri Malang Building familiarity through film: ReelOzInd! short film festival and Australia- Indonesia connections Jemma Purdey, Monash University The representation of low-class families in Arswendo Atmowiloto’s series, Keluarga Cemara Ida F Sachmadi, Universitas Padjadjaran Class, culture, and communication at the Indonesian Film Festival in Melbourne Meghan Downes, Monash University 5.15-6.15pm KEYNOTE ADDRESS Molonglo Theatre Claiming ownership of one’s freed selves: freedom, art and morality in Indonesia Laksmi Pamuntjak, author Chair: Elly Kent, ANU This event is co-sponsored by ANU Indonesia Institute and Sydney Southeast Asia Centre 7-9pm CONFERENCE DINNER Delhi 6 Restaurant, 14 Childers Street For those who have registered and paid for the conference dinner. END OF CONFERENCE DAY ONE 9-10.30am SESSION 5 Panel 5A at Acton Theatre Indonesian women’s activism in the twentieth century Chair: Katharine McGregor ‘And the writer remembered her work and she continued’: two lives of activism in the colonial-era Sumatran women’s newspaper Soenting Melajoe (1912-1921) Bronwyn Beech Jones, The University of Melbourne Women ‘going down to the base’: rural grassroots activism by women on the Left during Guided Democracy (1959-1965) Paula Hendrikx, The University of Melbourne Indonesian activism on sexual violence: narrating the experiences of so called ‘comfort women’ Katharine McGregor, The University of Melbourne Gerwani activist Sulami and Herstory of guerrilla struggle in the Indonesian revolution Ruth Indiah Rahayu Book Panel at Brindabella Theatre Author meets critics. Last chance for life: clemency in Southeast Asian death penalty cases Author: Daniel Pascoe, City University of Hong Kong Speakers: Mai Sato Carolyn Strange Don Rothwell Panel 5B at Griffin Room Islamic education Chair: James Fox, ANU Tracing ‘Green Islam’ and exploring local responses to ecological problems: an ethnographic study in Pesanten Annuqayah, Madura Mohammad Hasan Basri, University of Western Sydney Studying school leadership practice: an in-depth exploration in Indonesian Madrasah Aliyahs (Islamic-based senior high schools) Ummi Kultsum, University of Canberra 9-10.30am SESSION 5 (continued) Panel 5C at Lennox Room Rethinking rural Indonesia today 2 Chair: John McCarthy, ANU Village deliberation and state control: understanding state-led deliberation during the formulation of village development plans in Central Java Katiman Kartowinomo, ANU Analysing agrarian change in Sumba (NTT) from the perspective of the ‘invisible economy’ Jacqueline Vel, Leiden University The exemplary periphery and the administrative centre: a view from rural East Java Colum Graham, ANU Panel 5D at Seminar Room 8 Cultural, community and commodity Chair: Elly Kent, ANU Traditional craft and creative industry: social and economic uses Natsuko Akagawa, The University of Queensland Yayasan Mahakam Lestari: documenting cultural knowledge with the Craft Conservation Program Karen Cherie MacDonald, Mahakam Lestari Foundation Relationships between clothing and poverty based on perceptions and experiences of the local communities of South Sulawesi Indonesia: a human rights approach Naimah Talib Panel 5E at Seminar Room 3 Cities and migration Chair: Terry Hull, ANU The role of the new ecological paradigm on pro-environmental behaviour of Jakarta citizens Fitri Arlinkasari, Queensland University of Technology and Yarsi University Spatial structure of youth migration in Indonesia: does educational selectivity matter? Meirina Ayumi Malamassam, ANU Urbanisation, place-identity and city resilience in the face of disaster Nyoman Gede Maha Putra, Universitas Warmadewa 10.30-11am MORNING TEA 11-12.30am PLENARY SESSION Weston Theatre The state and future of Indonesian studies Chair: Jemma Purdey, Monash University Panelists Edward Aspinall, ANU David Hill, Murdoch University Nadirsyah Hosen, Monash University Eva Nisa, ANU 12.30-1.30pm LUNCH Special session at Weston Theatre. FILM SCREENINGS ReelOZInd! Australia Indonesia Short Film Festival 4.0 1.30-3pm SESSION 6 Panel 6A at Acton Theatre Divergent practices of gender ideology, masculinity and youth in violent extremism in Indonesia Chair: Sri Wiyanto Eddyono, Universitas Gadjah Mada Gender ideology, agency and women’s empowerment: preventing radicalism and violent extremism Sri Wiyanti Eddyono, Universitas Gadjah Mada Preventing intolerance and radicalism through women’s economic empowerment: lessons learnt from Indonesia Rizky Septiana Widyaningtyas, Universitas Gadjah Mada Masculinity and its impacts on empowerment and disempowerment of women in preventing violent extremism Arvie Johan, Universitas Gadjah Mada Panel 6B at Brindabella Theatre The constitution, the courts and the administration in Indonesia Chair: Fritz Siregar, Judicial independence: a threat to Indonesia’s democracy? Melissa Crouch, University of New South Wales Contesting marketisation and predatory rule: the 1945 Constitution, social rights and the politics of public services in Indonesia Andrew Rosser, The University of Melbourne Human rights and terrorism in Indonesia: a critical viewm Jayson Lamcheck, National University of Singapore The constitutionalisation of ‘religious values’ in Indonesia Nadirsyah Hosen, Monash University Panel 6C at Lennox Room Politics and political economies Chair: Edward Aspinall, ANU The political economy of outlaw motorcycle clubs in Indonesia Ian Wilson, Murdoch University A critical evaluation into a fundamental reform of the healthcare system in Indonesia: the case of BPJS Harun Harun, Universitas of Canberra Corrupt networks: social network analysis of a forest case Jacqui Baker, Murdoch University 1.30-3pm SESSION 6 (continued) Panel 6D at Seminar Room 3 Environmental and rural governance Chair: Katiman Kartowinomo, ANU From dystopia to utopian: Indonesia Vision 2045 - an experiment with Indonesian fire management policy makers Jonatan Lassa, Charles Darwin University Knowledge, policy and politics: epistemic communities and decision making in local environmental governance in Indonesia Laila Kholid Alfirdaus and S Rouli Manalu, Universitas Diponegoro Global Value Chain 4.0 for economic, social, and environmental upgrading: the experience of Indonesian palm oil B Endo Gauh Perdana, Universitas Gadjah Mada State-centrism in Indonesia’s rural water management: the impact of political-economic structures and contesting discourses Tadzkia Nurshafira and Husna Yuni Wulansari, Universitas Gadjah Mada Panel 6E at Seminar Room 8 Art history Chair: Caroline Turner, ANU Untranslated histories: Sanento Yuliman and Indonesian art history Elly Kent, ANU Noto Soeroto: thinking about Indonesian modern art Matt Cox, Art Gallery of New South Wales Japanese Bunkajin and the creation of Indonesian modern art Antariksa, KUNCI Centre for Cultural Studies 3-3.30pm AFTERNOON TEA 3.30-5pm SESSION 7 Panel 7A at Acton Theatre Women’s experiences in Indonesia Chair: Jemma Purdey, Monash University Empowering women with disabilities in university libraries: inclusive design and socioeconomic empowerment Gunawan Tanuwidjaja and Priskila Adiasih, Queensland University of Technology and Petra Christian University The use of body mapping to explore female adolescents’ understanding of physical body changes during puberty Christina Rony Nayoan, Deakin University and Universitas Nusa Cendana Being a woman Sufi in modern life: an anthropological study of women members of the Naqshabandiyyah Nazimiyah order Lailly Hafidzah, University of Western Sydney Gender economic inequality in Indonesia Irna Susrianti, Forum Komunikasi Masyarakat BKA (Community with Special Needs in Aceh) Young Women Unit Panel 7B at Brindabella Theatre Electoral politics Chair: Eve Warburton, The National University of Singapore The intricacies of Indonesian electoral reforms after the restoration of democracy Ronny Basista, Victoria University of Wellington Fragmentation within Majelis Taklim during the 2019 elections Nisaul Fadillah, University of Western Sydney Political homophobia in Indonesian electoral politics Gavin Height, La Trobe University Panel 7C at Lennox Room Recent changes in Indonesia-China relations Chair: Pierre van der Eng, ANU The changing Chinese image in Indonesian elections since 1998 Song Sue, Fudan University Understanding the intermestic dimensions of Indonesia’s China policy Greta Nabbs-Keller, The University of Queensland The impact of securitisation of China’s foreign investment in Indonesia on China-Indonesia relations under the ‘Belt & Road’ initiative Yue Pan Chinese investment and Chinese firms in Indonesia Tao (Sherry) Kong and Pierre van der Eng, ANU 3.30-5pm SESSION 7 (continued) Panel 7D at Seminar Room 3 Changing indigeneity politics in Indonesia Chair: Jacqueline Vel, The role of indigeneity NGOs in the legal recognition of adat communities and customary forests Yance Arizone Impediments in establishing adat villages: a socio-legal examination of the Indonesian village law Tody Sasmitha Changing indigeneity politics in Indonesia: main conclusions and implications for research agenda Jacqueline Vel and Kathryn Robinson, Leiden University and ANU Panel 7E at Seminar Room 8 Cyber-Indonesia Chair: Ruth Nikijuluw, ANU Indonesian cyberspace expansion: a double edged sword Thomas Paterson, ANU Solidarity in the digital age in Indonesia: precarious workers in the digitised transportation sector in Jakarta Diatyka Widya Permata Yasih, The University of Melbourne Examining determinants of e-payment use in Indonesia: do trust and financial literacy matter? Umi Julaihah, University of Canberra Information technology and economic participation: the case of Indonesian small business owners with disability Misita Anwar, Monash University Panel 7F at Griffin Room Islamic politics Chair: Julian Millie, Monash University Aksi Super Damai and the middle-class civilising mission Tzu-Chien Yen, ANU The place of Islam in Indonesian foreign policy in the post-Suharto era Ahmad Fuad Fanani, ANU Family and terrorism: rethinking the role of the family in terrorism Haula Noor, ANU END OF CONFERENCE DAY TWO PANEL 1A GENDER AND IDENTITY “I waited so long until I got the chance to play in the soccer field!” Gendered play opportunities in Jakarta’s public spaces Fitri Arlinkasari This paper focuses on children’s experiences of play and the contextual factors that regulate their opportunities to play within a public open space. The paper seeks to convey that in the Indonesian urban context, play is not accessible everywhere or for everyone as the play opportunities are regulated by the sociocultural context, particularly gender-related variables. Using a case study of two designated child-friendly public spaces in Jakarta, fourteen girls and twenty boys participated in observations, drawing activities, and interviews. Results show that gender stereotyping among children and their communities contributes to the gender-based play space, which later restricts opportunities for girls to play in public space. However, both boys and girls suggested that they have the same access to the public space and aspirations for play activities. Findings of this study can be used to design a better public space in the Indonesian urban context that promotes equal play opportunities across genders. Boys will be boys? Men’s talk as homosocial engagement in male-dominated Whatsapp groups of cycling communities in Bandung Trisna Gumilar and Aquarini Priyatna Examining conversations about women and the circulation of women-related images in male-dominated Whatsapp groups belonging to cycling communities in Bandung from 2017 to 2018, the paper argues that women are discussed in various conversation contexts primarily in a joking manner. Not only are such conversations considered normal and natural, but they also constitute an integral part of men’s talk. Conversations about women and the circulation of women-related images are means to build male friendship and brotherhood, which form the basis of the homosocial relations among members of male-dominated cycling communities. Seen from this perspective, cycling communities’ Whatsapp groups function as vehicles that perpetuate masculine values. Identity negotiation of Indonesian Muslim female students in the US and Australia Win Listyaningrum Arifin This study aims at exploring the problems faced by Indonesian Muslim female students in the US and Australia in dealing with intercultural communication. The language competence of the students is important as this is a part of the knowledge and skills required to be successful in intercultural communication. Thus, this study applies Ting-Toomey Identity Negotiation Theory to identify the strategies students use to engage in intercultural communication with other students, lecturers, supervisors, academic staff, and ordinary people. This study uses audio-transcribed videos, structured interviews, and survey questionnaires to investigate students’ strategies of intercultural communication in dealing with their identity negotiation. It also examines the issues and challenges facing female Muslim students and the role of intercultural communication ability in their identity switching. It appears that these students have positive strategies in dealing with intercultural communication and that the most significant problems they face come from their personal situation rather than their environmental situation. However, there is a positive identity switching among these students as an outcome of intercultural communication ability. Intercultural communication will be successful when they have positive self-acceptance in any situation. PANEL 1B IDENTITY POLITICS AND MULTICULTURALISM Ethnic mobilisation in Tanah Ulayat movements Song Xue The article tries to identify which method (institutional/non-institutional) of ethnic mobilisation is applied by activists in the course of reclaiming the rights of tanah ulayat. By comparing the cases nation-wide between 2006–2016, the article argues that the consolidation of ethnic solidarity contributes to the use of non-violent and institutional methods. In the name of piety: contesting (religious) citizenship practices in Yogyakarta Muhammad Khoirul Muqtafa In the last couple of years, violence cases have occurred quite often in Yogyakarta, a city once declared as a tolerant city in 2011. The violence targets religious minority groups such as Christians and Shi’i community. Those who committed violence defend their actions by arguing that the violence is sanctioned by religious teachings as part of being a pious and religious person. This argument undermines the fact that the minority groups, the target of the attacks, are also their fellow citizens. For those who committed violence, it seems as if religion comes before citizenship. Here, the tension between the religious membership and nation-state citizenship emerges and poses a question over the relationship between religion and citizenship. Religion and citizenship have long been seen as “hostile” to each other as citizenship is regarded as secular, but this paper argues differently. This paper will address several questions; firstly, how citizenship is conceptualised and developed by the religious communities in Yogyakarta; secondly, what kind discursive practices affect their conceptualisation; and thirdly, what kind of theoretical perspective related to religion and citizenship might be reflected from this particular case study of Yogyakarta. Between unity and diversity: national identity and multiculturalism in Indonesia Budi Annisa Sidi Presently, identity continues to be a salient issue in Indonesia, where an Indonesian identity coexists with people’s personal ethnic and religious backgrounds. Analysis on data gathered from lay people, university students and elites across Aceh, Jakarta, Maluku and West Java indicates that the Indonesian national identity is viewed as a civic identity, connected to themes such as citizenship. Ethno-regional identity fulfils a more intimate aspect, associated with themes such as kinship and community. While considered more personal, ethno-regional groups are also perceived as sub-nations of Indonesia. Meanwhile, religious identity is considered to be paramount for a person, affecting their fundamental understanding of good and bad. At the same time, Indonesia’s approach towards multiculturalism extends different degrees of recognition, accommodation, toleration and discrimination towards different socio-cultural groups, thus affecting how identity is experienced and understood by the population. Indonesia’s framework for multiculturalism favours the Muslim majority compared to other religious groups in Indonesia in an attempt to mollify political Islamism. A similar inequity in legal accommodation is not observable between different ethno-regional groups even though minority ethnic groups still face ongoing discrimination. This approach reflects the effort of the Indonesian state to accommodate diversity in the nation while maintaining its unity. PANEL 1C CONSTITUTIONALISM AND THE COURTS IN INDONESIA The Indonesian Constitution is an important text that governs the world’s third largest democracy. Emerging in 1998 from decades of authoritarian rule, Indonesia’s 1945 Constitution underwent a series of major amendments. A culture of constitutionalism in Indonesia has developed in connection with a robust civil society and ongoing advocacy campaigns for law and justice by legal advocates. The papers in this panel are part of a broader collaborative project that will explore and explain the critical and ongoing set of debates over the meaning and practice of the Indonesian Constitution. The papers explore themes of freedom of expression and the rise of authoritarianism, the domestic implementation of international law, the decentralisation of power, and the role and authority of the Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu). Attacking free expression and the rise of authoritarianism in Indonesia Herlambang P Wiratraman Indonesia’s democracy is challenged by the increasingly authoritarian model of governance (Power 2018; Wiratraman 2018, 2019; Heufer 2017). First, the political pattern established by the New Order continues to be influential; many practices are still rooted in its bureaucratic systems. This pattern was characterised by corruption and the use of political violence to resolve social-economic conflicts. Second, the state has shown a lack of political commitment to strengthen human rights, seemingly leading to circles of impunity (Wiratraman 2019). Unsurprisingly, the authorities readily reproduced numerous draconian laws which threatened public spheres, freedom of expression and opinion. Even worse, several attacks have been made on the right of citizens and groups to express their views through discussion, film screenings, art festivals, and even academia. Unfortunately, the government and its apparatuses have failed to protect such activities. Although the Constitution stipulates freedom of expression as a fundamental right, the words “… prescribed by statute” following the free expression article have proved problematic, even, adverse situation has been clearly shown under all regimes since independence (Bedner 2001; Wiratraman 2014). This paper aims to evaluate the development of freedom of expression as a fundamental freedom, especially in the context of the return of authoritarianism. Constitutional (un)clarity: international law in the Indonesian legal system Arie Afriansyah, Universitas Indonesia The Indonesian Constitution only delineates how Indonesia makes international agreements without addressing the implementation of such agreements in domestic law. In addition to that, Indonesia must implement decisions of international organisations in which Indonesia is a member, such as the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). Legal enforcers such as judges, police, and military officers are bound by the legality principle. This means that legal proceedings must be based on Indonesian law despite such norms originally come from international agreements. The only relevant law on international agreements (Law No. 24 Year 2000), unfortunately, does not provide clear mechanism for incorporating international rules into domestic law. Thus, the inadequacy of Indonesia’s position towards international law is made so much more difficult in the implementation at the domestic level. This paper examines Indonesia’s inconsistent practices in implementing international law and seeks some options to rectify the problem. Striking the right balance: winding back Indonesia’s ‘big bang’ decentralisation Rachael Diprose, The University of Melbourne Indonesia has achieved significant political and institutional reforms over the past two decades with many wide-sweeping changes introduced during the early years of democratisation. Four sets of amendments to the 1945 Constitution allowed for the enactment of Indonesia’s decentralisation laws, which were ratified in 1999 and revised again in 2004. These reforms transferred significant fiscal and political authority to the districts and municipalities, bypassing the once powerful provincial administrations and providing this level of government with only oversight and coordinating functions, unless sectoral imperatives cross-cut district boundaries. This went some way to addressing subnational demands for greater political and fiscal autonomy that had long beleaguered Indonesia’s central administration - complaints that policy responses were ineffectual in some regions or favoured other regions and groups, which in the extreme resulted in regional rebellions and separatist insurgencies. However, while the new centre-periphery bargain that was struck mitigated past tensions, it presented new opportunities, challenges and, in some cases, conflicts. Services are in many cases more readily accessible locally, and pockets of policy innovation suited to Indonesia’s wide-ranging and varied local contexts are evident. Yet, the substantial increase in the scale of actors vying for power and influence at the subnational level has introduced complexities to resolving disputes and seen larger numbers of actors pursuing predatory rent-seeking practices. Transnational actors have been able to bypass the centre in their efforts to access markets and resources by directly influencing subnational power brokers and authorities. Centre-periphery tensions over licensing authority have become increasingly acute when the licenses issued for land and resource use have overlapped or been unclear, and the central government struggled to respond to international and domestic complaints. In responding to these challenges, successive central administrations have sought to strengthen central powers in particular sectors, such as in mining. The most recent iteration of the decentralisation laws – the 2014 Local Governance Law – has also wound back the licencing authority of district and municipal governments in many of the most lucrative resource sectors to favour provincial governments. This was the tier of government that lost out in the initial ‘Big Bang’ decentralisation reforms. The question remains as to whether the emerging slow creep of recentralisation strikes the right balance in Indonesia’s centre-periphery and intra-periphery distribution of power and authority, learning from the lessons that brought about the initial reforms. Finding the right path to establish an election court in Indonesia Fritz Siregar, University of New South Wales After the General Election Law (Law Number 7 Year 2017) was enacted, an enormous authority was conferred on the Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu) to adjudicate election dispute. This authority leads to the question of whether Bawaslu could become a fully functioning election tribunal. In order to adjudicate election dispute and administrative violations, each Bawaslu member from the regency level, provincial level to national level needs to learn and act like a real judge in court. In addition, Bawaslu from the regency to national level must perform a judicial function and has a duty to excorogate a “judge” who could deliver a just decision in a very tight time frame. Two main questions need to be answered regarding Bawaslu’s authority. First, could Bawaslu become an election tribunal; and second, could Bawaslu become an election tribunal that possesses an authority to adjudicate election result dispute. This authority was temporarily possessed by the Constitutional Court according to Article 157 paragraph (2) Local Election Law (Law Number 10 Year 2016). It is also possible that Bawaslu has already become an election tribunal that possesses an election supervision function. If Bawaslu already possesses an election tribunal function, should Bawaslu make its own nomenclature that represents Bawaslu as an election tribunal. If Bawaslu is an election tribunal, should Bawaslu fall within the authority of the Supreme Court? There is also an option that Bawaslu could stand alone as an election tribunal outside the authority of the Supreme Court like the Commission of Information. PANEL 1D WHAT FUTURE FOR SMALLHOLDER FORESTRY? Smallholder forestry in Indonesia: megatrends affecting development prospects to the 2030 Lisa Robins This panel explores aspects of the future for smallholder forestry in Indonesia. The first paper outlines eight megatrends with major implications for smallholder forestry in Indonesia to the year 2030. Best, worst and more likely case scenarios are outlined as starting points for further research. The second paper reports on a recent household survey across five sites in Indonesia to obtain data of smallholders’ income and the importance of forestry. While most smallholders still report farming as their primary occupation and identify themselves as farmers, their families’ livelihoods are diverse and mainly supported by non-farm enterprises. The research found that conventional agricultural enterprises generated just 14% of household income. The high proportion of off-farm income for a range of smallholders has important implications for land management and rural development across Indonesia. The third paper explores the Indonesian Timber Legality Verification System (SVLK), which has been developed to combat illegal logging and associated timber trading. The study investigates SVLK compliance in value chains originating from smallholder forests on private land in East Java Province, and reveals that none of blockboard and plywood products from any case study chain are SVLK-compliant. Modern smallholders: understanding the diverse livelihoods of Indonesia’s farmers Digby Race Promoting smallholder forestry has been a policy response by many governments to support smallholders’ livelihoods, reduce deforestation of natural forests and increase supplies to assist and expand wood-based industries. Although smallholder forestry has yet to achieve its potential in Indonesia, there is increasing evidence that smallholders are willing to integrate different forestry options into their mix of enterprises that support their livelihoods. Recent research has used a household survey of a stratified sample of smallholders (n= 240) across five sites in Indonesia to obtain data of smallholders’ income and the importance of forestry. Results revealed interesting aspects about the composition of Indonesia’s rural economy, whereby many smallholders receive most of their income from off-farm sources (57% of income). While most smallholders still report farming as their primary occupation and identify themselves as farmers, their families’ livelihoods are diverse and mainly supported by non-farm enterprises. Even the mix of farming enterprises for smallholders is evolving, with commercial forestry a prominent land-use and source of household income in Indonesia (28% of income). This research found that conventional agricultural enterprises generated just 14% of household income. The enduring agricultural landscape of rural Indonesia appears to be masking the dominant activity of smallholders that is, generating most of their income from off-farm sources. The high proportion of off-farm income for a range of smallholders has important implications for land management and rural development across Indonesia. Supporting smallholders to acquire knowledge and skills related to a range of enterprises is important so they can successfully transition into Indonesia’s modern economy. Compliance of smallholder with Indonesia’s timber legality verification system: evidence from case study value chains in East Java Depi Susilawati The Indonesian Timber Legality Verification System (SVLK) has been developed to combat illegal logging and associated timber trading. SVLK was also part of Indonesia’s preparation entering a Voluntary Partnership Agreement under the European Union’s Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Action Plan. While SVLK was catalysed by concerns about the legality of wood originating from natural forests, it applies to all wood production in Indonesia, including that from smallholders. This study investigates SVLK compliance in value chains originating from smallholder forests on private land in East Java Province, Indonesia. The study followed value chains of blockboard and plywood products in East Java. There are specific SVLK requirements for each actor along the chains, from smallholders to final processors, other than for market brokers. Results reveal both specific and systemic issues with the architecture and implementation of SVLK in smallholder wood value chains. Specific issues related to particular forms of non-compliance by different actors. Systemic issues are related to the limitations of conformity declarations by small-scale actors, mechanisms for separating wood supply streams, and the adequacy of independent compliance monitoring. Consequently, none of the blockboard and plywood products from any case study chain are SVLK-compliant. These results suggest that the Indonesian Government should improve its work with other relevant stakeholders to address the system’s weaknesses in relation to small-scale actors. From school to work: does vocational education improve labour market outcomes? An empirical analysis of Indonesia Dyah Pritadrajati While vocational education is believed to provide students with the opportunity to learn specific job relevant, empirical evidence on the impact of vocational education on labour market outcomes is far from conclusive. Using a rich longitudinal household survey for Indonesia, this paper analyses the effects of different school types on four labour market outcomes: labour force participation, risk of unemployment, job formality, and income. To correct for endogeneity bias, this paper uses multiple instrumental variables, including parents’ educational backgrounds and the proportion of each school type in the district to reflect the supply of each school type. The results suggest that public vocational education provided better labour outcomes for women, relative to public general schools. However, no such difference is found for men. Moreover, the results suggest that many vocational schools, especially private ones, performed poorly in terms of their graduates’ job formality and income. For vocational education to truly improve labour market prospects for youth, greater attention needs to be paid to quality assurance as well as change in hiring practice. Lecturers’ perceptions and their implementation of the new English curriculum at Indonesian Universities Burhanudin Syaifulloh In 2012, a new curriculum of higher education in Indonesia known as the Higher Education Curriculum was introduced. The new curriculum places great emphasis on achieving global competency standards through internalisation of knowledge, behaviour, skill, competence, and the accumulation of working experience. This paper sketches my PhD research project in which I intend to investigate lecturers’ perceptions and their implementation of the new English curriculum at Indonesian universities. The urgency of doing this research is due to the fact that the implementation of a new curriculum in many contexts is often problematic, particularly in a classroom level (Hardman & A-Rahman 2014; Milgo 2016). I intend to employ a qualitative method for this study, with English lecturers (N = 15) as the participants of the study. The data would be collected through semi-structured interviews and classroom observations, and analysed through coding and examining data, making explicit patterns, and elaborating and formalising the data (Scott & Usher, 2011). The findings of this research are expected to provide important insights into curriculum development and implementation at classroom level and to contribute to the body of knowledge about curriculum design and evaluation in the EFL (English as a Foreign Language) Indonesian context. Bahasa Indonesia for national unity: an analysis of language policies and the role of education Anita Dewi The paper presents an analysis of Bahasa Indonesia (BI), which the Indonesian government has always considered one of the key points for ensuring the maintenance of national unity. The paper provides a rich and critical investigation of the government’s agenda on national unity as indicated in language policies. Another goal is to reveal how teachers experience and perceive the success of national unity agenda through the use of BI in schools. Data collection was conducted through a mixed-method approach. The paper analyses various texts on language policies in different periods, ranging from the early initiative of declaring BI as the national language in the pre-independence 1928 Youth Congress to the recently issued PUEBI. In addition, data was also gathered through questionnaires and follow-up interviews with school teachers in the Special Province of Yogyakarta (DIY). DIY was chosen because it bears the titles of Indonesian ‘city of students’ and ‘barometer of national education’. The questionnaire findings were used as a snapshot of teachers’ perceptions. Based on this snapshot, follow-up interviews were carried out with participants who agreed to do so. Redefining library roles: using resources for academic and public engagement Rheny Pulungan This presentation will showcase a range of library and academic activities focusing on the use of the Indonesian collection at the Monash University Library. This includes curriculum development of both academic content and research and learning skills, digitisation of rare collection, and Monash Indonesian seminar series. The presentation will demonstrate the key role that the Indonesian Collection and the Library staff have been playing in research and learning in the university. The engagement extends from internal stakeholders (e.g. faculties, researchers and students) to external stakeholders (e.g. community). This presentation will commence with showcasing the Indonesian resources including historical collection, Balai Pustaka collection, and contemporary collection. This is followed by how the resources are used in supporting both research and learning. The library resources and staff expertise have been heavily involved in the curriculum development and the delivery of teaching and learning activities. The presentation will also discuss the Library’s digitisation program and the role it plays in supporting research and learning, both within the university and internationally. Several unique, digitised Indonesian collection will be highlighted. To conclude, the Monash Indonesian Seminar Series will be discussed in demonstrating increased engagement with the wider community. PANEL 2 A SOFT POWER AND STUDENT MOBILITY Elena Williams Following DFAT’s 2017 Foreign Policy White Paper, the Australian Government in 2018 committed to reviewing its soft power initiatives aimed at increasing people-to-people understanding in our region. Many of these initiatives are centred around youth and education, and Indonesia is a key focus country. With the findings of DFAT’s soft power review to be released in 2019, this panel will examine how several of the Government’s key Australia-Indonesia youth initiatives—including The Australia Awards, The Australia Indonesia Youth Exchange Program, and The New Colombo Plan—are meeting the Government’s soft power targets, and to what extent these programs are having real impact on the lives, careers and academic pathways of young Australians and Indonesians. This panel brings together leading practitioners, academics and program managers at the forefront in managing these key Australia-Indonesia youth initiatives, and draws on their many years of experience contributing to soft power initiatives in the region. PANEL 2 B HISTORY The evolution of Javanese historiography Jarrah Sastrawan This paper considers the question of how the evolution of historical knowledge is conditioned by norms of textuality. I argue that the way texts are produced, handled, and received within a social environment offers a set of resources and constraints for the practice of history. I explore this hypothesis through the case study of the evolution of Javanese historiography in the second millennium CE. States on Java maintained historical records, mostly in the form of legal documents, since the 8th century, but the evolution of the island’s historiography has been far from smooth. I argue that a radical change in textual practices at the turn of the 16th century, associated with the decline of the bureaucratised agrarian state of Majapahit, caused the evolution of Javanese historical knowledge to diverge. The result of this divergence was at least two separate and conflicting bodies of Javanese historiography, which continued to develop along their own trajectories into the 19th century and remain unreconciled to the present day. The Indonesia 1945-1950 research project: is the Netherlands approaching its post-imperial moment at last? Joost Coté This paper surveys the aims, activities, interim outcomes and responses to the current, Dutch government funded, academic project reviewing the Dutch (and Indonesian) conduct in the 1945 – 1949 Indonesian War of Independence. The program, Independence, decolonization, violence and war in Indonesia, 1945-1950, involves three Dutch research institutes, seven research projects and dozens of researchers and, after some discussion, an Indonesian research group. This government-sponsored research project into the traumatic moment of decolonisation (in which Australia was also implicated) is a belated effort to open the lid on this dark episode in the Netherlands’ imperial past. It comes after several recent official Dutch government apologies for, and successful Indonesian initiated court cases seeking compensation in regard to, Dutch war crimes. The multi-focused project has also created a receptive public ‘climate’ in the Netherlands for personal and family memoirs, popular histories of the period, and public exhibitions of hitherto censored contemporary visual and documentary evidence, as well as sparking critical responses. These range from protests by veterans and ‘conservatives’ for besmirching Dutch reputation of its imperial achievement, to criticism from Indonesian groups questioning the likely outcome of a research program sponsored by the former imperial state. The origins of Indonesian populism: public debate in Occupation Java, March-June 1945 Gerry van Klinken The paper analyses over a hundred newspaper articles, published in the last months of the Pacific War, about the shape of a future independent Indonesia. Their 91 different authors came from the middle and upper levels of Indonesian society. The tropes they developed there proved to be persuasive in the revolution that was soon to follow, and far beyond it. Seventy percent of them dealt with political theory. Of these, four out of five can be categorised as “right-wing populist.” Explicitly rejecting liberal democracy, they breathed an ideology of authoritarian corporatism. At the same time, the paper will argue (in line with an influential analysis by Ernesto Laclau), they adhered to the democratic principle of the majority. Their narrative thus prefigures a theme in Indonesian politics that puzzles observers to the present day. “The people” (rakyat) have an ambivalent identity: at times a right-wing subject (nativist), at other times left-wing (socialist). Similar-sounding populist discourses can emanate from both dominant and dominated classes. How elections won the Indonesian revolution Robert Cribb Indonesia was the first colonised country in Southeast Asia to claim independence, but the independence declaration of 17 August 1945 was followed by four years of warfare and diplomatic negotiation before the final Transfer of Sovereignty in 27 December 1949. Much effort has gone into arguments over which element was more important in securing independence: diplomatic negotiation (including the careful management of the United States) or the armed struggle of the Indonesian armed forces in the countryside. This paper argues that the key to the failure of the Dutch authorities lay in the collapse of their political strategy. From 1947 to 1949, the Dutch attempt to create an electoral mandate for their view of a ‘moderate’ independence by holding elections throughout the territories they had occupied. The victory of pro-Republic parties in nearly all of these elections left the Dutch without a political format to combat the Indonesian Republic and their colonial struggle ended soon after. PANEL 2 C THEATRE AND LITERATURE Sakeco traditional oral literature of Sumbawa: a contextual analysis from religious messages to sensual jokes Fahrunnisa Hidayat Sakeco is an oral art performance in Sumbawa Island. It is known as Islamic music and contains philosophical meanings that depict messages of love to God and goodness in life. However, the development of sakeco has undergone many changes, especially in poems or lyrics that serve as a medium of communication and spread the teachings of Islam. Today, the lyrics of sakeco have changed; they are no longer only about the love of God but more about romance, youth, and even sexuality. Sakeco has undergone rapid growth and development in the last decade, but it is still rarely documented. The story in sakeco generally consists of an opening that contains a welcome greeting in Islamic salam then followed by the story in the form of a summary, and the last part is the closure which is usually a sensual joke. This paper examines the history and development of the art while analysing the poems’ meanings, from religious messages to sensual jokes, as the context for sakeco. Sundanese poetry in the context of 1950s Indonesia: mediating Sundaneseness and Indonesianness Teddi Muhtadin and Cece Sobarna This study explores the representation of Sundanese movement in Sundanese poetry. Referring to Aaart van Zoest’s theory of semiotics, this study dismantles the meanings in the Sundanese poems selected and elaborates on the ideology on which the Sundanese movement in Sundanese poetry was grounded within the frame of Indonesianness in the 1950s. The results show that syntactically, the choice of form and language in the poems indicates the representation of Sundanese movement within Indonesianness. While the choice of form signifies a movement to accept Indonesianness, the choice of language signifies a movement to maintain Sundaneseness. Semantically, iconic diagrammatic signs and iconic metaphoric signs occur significantly in the poems. The use of iconic diagrammatic signs places Indonesianness before Sundaneseness, and the use of iconic metaphoric signs suggests that Indonesianness can be expressed in terms of Sundanese tradition. Pragmatically, as the modes of representation suggest, a “middle course also grounded the Sundanese movement in Sundanese poetry in the decade,” that is, an ideology that sought to mediate between Sundaneseness and Indonesianness, between ethnicity and nationality, diversity and uniformity, tradition and modernity. Gender, abject, and space in “Dongeng Penebusan”, a short story by Mona Sylviana Rasus Budhyono and Aquarini Priyatna “Dongeng Penebusan” is a short story by Mona Sylviana, a contemporary Indonesian woman writer. The story juxtaposes the issues of gender, abjection, and space. Borrowing from the concepts of abjection from Kristeva and gendered space from Duncan, Koskela, Massey, Reus & Usandizaga, McDowell, and Spain, the article explores the ways in which Laksmi, the only woman character in the story, deals with Samsu, her abject former lover, who tells the other male customers about their past relationship. Since the story takes place in a coffeehouse that Laksmi runs, the article also looks into the ways in which Laksmi manages, and navigates her coffeehouse as a gendered space. Laksmi’s silent reaction neither confirms nor denies Samsu’s story. Her silence is active, not passive. It not only prevents her from being dragged back to the abject past, but also makes her remain a frightening abject in the eye of Samsu. Laksmi does not alter the order that makes the coffeehouse a masculine space. There are transactional relations that Laksmi needs maintain in order to keep the coffeehouse running. Instead of disrupting this gendered space, Laksmi negotiates and navigates it. Yogya theatre reaches out Barbara Hatley For many years, I’ve been investigating connections between theatre and society in Central Java, especially Yogyakarta—how performance reflects on the social experience and sense of identity of its participants. For the Javanese popular theatre form ketoprak, the coming to power of the New Order in the mid-1960s ended former leftist connections, while its legendary, historical stories continued to celebrate the Javanese cultural heritage and reflect the everyday experience of performers and audience members. Much Indonesian language modern theatre, meanwhile, problematised Javanese cultural tradition, depicting past kingdoms ruled by corrupt, flawed powerholders, and critiquing the state of the contemporary Indonesian nation. The ending of the Suharto era in 1998, the shift to greater regional autonomy and freedom of expression, was reflected in performance by vibrant celebration of the local folk arts, incorporating global elements and performances, dramatising real-life occurrences, and staged in local neighbourhoods. In recent years the focus on the local has intensified in much ketoprak and Javanese language modern drama activity supported by cultural authorities and aimed at preserving Javanese cultural identity. At the same time, however, several Yogya theatre groups are reaching out beyond Java, engaging with theatre artists and activities in other regions. Members of the main group involved, Teater Garasi, explain that having always experienced the world as Javanese they wanted to see how things looked from elsewhere. Given the history of Yogya performance in connecting with its social context, is there suggestion here of a more general widening of interest in and understanding of ‘the nation’? In what ways do performances involving Yogya groups with local artists in the regions reflect on social conditions there? How do the inward-looking and outward-reaching movements in Yogya theatre relate to one another? This paper attempts to address such questions. --- PANEL 2 D CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNITIES AND ADAPTATION Livelihood diversification in the climate variability regions of West Timor, Indonesia Paulus Liu This paper will discuss how agricultural households in the research regions of both rural (Kupang district) and semi-urban (Kupang City) have coped with the risks of climate variability through the creation of a portfolio of farming and non-farming livelihoods. Sample households diversify by complementing crop-production with livestock raising and/or paronisasi, and also engaging in income generating activities in other people’s farm or in the non- or off-farm sector, including self employment and gathering. However, differences in livelihood diversification can be observed between urban and rural sites, and between households. Such a differentiation can be attributed to various factors, including the availability and access to land and common property resources, as well as access to credit, markets, transport, services and related infrastructures. It is true that each household in both regions has its own range of options about types of livelihood activities. However, it is the bundle of capital to which households have access or entitlement that basically determines whether members of the households will diversify out of choice or necessity away from farm-based activities to non/offfarm activities in coping with climate variability related risks. Differences between households that determine certain types of livelihood activities are associated with ethnicity, household size, gender, as well as wealth group, ownership and access to assets. Social and/or kin-based networks, and household status and position within the village based on rights and claims to control access to key resources are also influential. Company-community partnerships and climate change adaptation practices: the case of coffee smallholders in Lampung, Indonesia Ayu Pratiwi Climate change affects agricultural production system and the livelihood of the smallholder producers. To help farmers increase their adaptive capacity, private sector may serve as an alternative to the government through company-community partnership. Such partnership aims to directly acquire agricultural production from the farmers while simultaneously increase their capacity through knowledge exchange, market access, and social capital. This chapter aims to examine the effects of company-community partnership upon the climate change adaptation and mitigation practices of the smallholders’ farmers, taking the case of coffee growers in Lampung, Indonesia. We found that farmers possessing motorised vehicle, larger farm size, and more active networks inside their locality, are more likely to join the company-community partnership. The partnership also positively affects the adaptive capacity of smallholder farmers in two ways. First, it improves their farm income thus reducing their income vulnerabilities; and second, through increased propensity to adopt resource-conserving and agroforestry techniques due to more opportunity for knowledge exchange and a higher degree of social capital. Understanding regional identities and development in Indonesia and Australia through multi-sited ethnography of community renewable energy and other initiatives Max Richter Regional livelihoods and lifestyles in Indonesia and Australia appear to display significant similarities and contrasts. However, in both countries physical distances and complex centre/region disparities tend to make it difficult to gain a deep appreciation of life in the regions, let alone with any comparative value. Analyses of regional development policies, demographic statistics and/or electoral voting patterns are some means through which to gain aggregated insights into comparative regional developments and situations. This paper reflects on an approach that foregrounds human interaction in local-level settings, and may be termed multisited ethnography of development ideas and projects. A major area of focus is local-level relationship building and research engagement activities around community renewable energy and tertiary-level capacity building. Attention is given to multi-scalar partnerships, local-level livelihoods and, to an extent, musical subcultures and other lifestyle markers. Sites include Kalimantan and Maluku in Indonesia and Gippsland in Victoria, Australia, with social research techniques or orientations deployed and/or observed including ethnography, sustainability science, landscape-lifescape analysis and ‘live-in’ concepts. Possibilities and limitations of volunteer tourism and student volunteer exchanges: a host organisation perspective in Indonesia Hannah Sutton. While tourism has been considered as a mechanism for the alleviation of poverty or environmental destruction, large-scale tourism can result in negative consequences for local communities. As mainstream tourism creeps towards small villages in Bali, the small coastal community of Desa Les came together to envision a different future for themselves. Well aware of the potential negative consequences from the mainstream tourism industry, two local Non-Government Organisations, Sea Communities and LINI (Indonesian Nature Foundation), have sought to utilise alternative tourism models, such as volunteer tourism and student volunteering, to target more conscious tourism in Desa Les, north Bali. Volunteer tourism (VT) and student volunteer (SV) programs are being adopted to assist them in achieving their missions of community development and conservation, while controlling negative impacts of overdevelopment in the tourism industry. Such exchanges reduce dependence on external forms of funding and can provide economic, social and environmental benefits that may spread beyond the organisations. However, not all exchanges are equal, and conflicts may arise at the expense of stakeholders. The NPO’s mediating role seeks to ensure a relatively balanced exchange between parties to cooperatively achieve their mission. Both case studies demonstrate the complex issues arising from the adoption of an approach that both benefits and distracts from their missions. Utilising Social Exchange Theory and approaches from economic anthropology, this thesis seeks to critically assess how the use of VT and SV can help or hinder NPOs’ ability to achieve their conservation and community development objectives. PANEL 2 E ISLAMIC MOVEMENTS The development of Indonesian Islam in the contemporary era can be seen from two aspects; intellectual development and religious movements. The development of a new Muslim intellectual tradition began with a new policy during the 1960s to broaden the networks of Indonesian lecturers in Islamic higher education institutions and introduce them to Western and Middle-Eastern traditions of critical scholarship. Elsewhere, we see the development of religious movements in rural areas identified with the emergence of Islamic spirituality in Indonesian Islam, namely tarekat (Sufi orders). The relationship of these local tarekat with the state has its own characteristics as we can see with the reinforcement of national identity manifested by tarekat Siddiqiyah. In another region, West Java, we see a very different type of Islamic movement namely Majelis Tarbiyah (MTb). The motivation of this religious movement is to improve the economic welfare of its members and it does this by intensifying economic activities and creating high levels of discipline and piety. This panel explores and examines various aspects of the dynamic intellectual and Islamic movement in Indonesia structured around identity, contribution, and contestation. Indonesian Muslim intellectuals and the transmission of reformist thought in the teaching of contemporary Islamic law: 1998-2010 Wildani Hefni In early 1970, the New Order of President Suharto restricted public discussion of Islam to its cultural forms. As a result, normative discourse about Islam, that is a textually based approach, dominated the developing discourse, especially in state institutions of Islamic higher education (UIN-IAIN). Religious learning in the IAIN system in Indonesia faced a crucial moment in its development because, firstly, it was located at the interface of different scholarly traditions, and secondly, it was positioned between state and civil society. The different scholarly traditions began with a new policy during the 1960s to widen the networks of Indonesian lecturers and introduce them to the Western and Middle-Eastern traditions of critical scholarship. The differences between those scholarly traditions makes it possible to identify specific characteristics that emerged in the development of the teaching of Islamic law in Indonesia. This research investigates the networks of modernising and intellectualising trends in teaching Islamic law after the New Order when the UIN-IAINs were permitted to play a more prominent role. By using Foucault’s theory of knowledge and power, this research contributes to identifying and analysing the networks of scholars of Indonesian Islamic law structured around theoretical approaches and networks of intellectual transmission. Local tarekat and the state: Tarekat Shiddiqiyyah and its efforts to preserve nationalist values in Indonesia Rizqa Ahmadi Indonesia’s tarekat (Sufi order) are not always in alignment with the state. Some tarekat distance themselves from the state, while others work more closely with it. It is argued that the Shiddiqiyah, a local tarekat with its roots in East Java and widespread in various regions in Indonesia, is an example of a tarekat that uses the strategy of ideological closeness with the state to resist external pressure from mainstream tarekat in Indonesia. But a closer look at recent findings reveals a different dynamic: the closeness of tarekat Shiddiqiyah ideologically with the state is in fact intended as a form of a contribution to the state. Tarekat Shiddiqiyyah stresses the usefulness of what it calls ‘love of the homeland’ in strengthening national identity from the perspective of Sufism. Further, tarekat Shiddiqiyyah has engaged in the local expression of universal Sufi doctrine. The actualisation of tarekat Shiddiqiyyah doctrine is manifested in business activities and establishing the organisation PCTAI (Brotherhood of Love for the Motherland of Indonesia), an organisation that accommodates a variety of religions and beliefs. Thus for the Shiddiqiyah, ideological closeness to the state is not simply an opportunistic strategy but a manifestation of a central doctrine. The dynamics of a Muslim community movement in West Java: A study of leadership, commitment, and welfare of Majelis Tarbiyah Shinta Dewianty This research discusses the success of the Islamic community in the Majelis Tarbiyah (MTb) in improving the economic welfare of its members. This research focuses on the impact of taking the pledge to MTb (baiat) and collective activities in intensifying economic activities and creating high discipline and piety. MTb is seen by the broader community as exclusive because it regards Muslims who have not taken the pledge to the Majelis as merely ‘nonprocedural’, not true, Muslims. It is not enough for Muslims to perform prayers, zakat, fasting and other Shari’a requirements; they are proper Muslims only when they have implemented the Shari’a syahadat, consensus of Islamic faith. The exclusivism of MTb is important to improving the financial security of its members but it also gives rise to mistrust and resentment within the broader Muslim community. The results of this study indicate that the MTbs is more successful in its efforts to improve members’ economic welfare because it creates a system of strict discipline. Key elements of this are the pledge, strong leadership, religious commitment, concrete economic programs. The results also show that the pledge plays a role in improving the spiritual, psychological, and economic conditions of the MTb community. ABSTRACTS BOOK PANEL THE POLITICS OF COURT REFORM: JUDICIAL CHANGE AND LEGAL CULTURE IN INDONESIA This book panel will feature several contributors and the editor of the volume The Politics of Court Reform: Judicial Change and Legal Culture in Indonesia (CUP 2019). Indonesia is the world’s third largest democracy and its courts are an important part of its democratic system of governance. Since the transition from authoritarian rule in 1998, a range of new specialised courts have been established from the Commercial Courts to the Constitutional Court and the Fisheries Court. In addition, constitutional and legal changes have affirmed the principle of judicial independence and accountability. The growth of Indonesia’s economy means that the courts are facing greater demands to resolve an increasing number of disputes. This volume offers an analysis of the politics of court reform through a review of judicial change and legal culture in Indonesia. A key concern is whether the reforms that have taken place have addressed the issues of the decline in professionalism and increase in corruption. This volume will be a vital resource for scholars of law, political science, law and development, and law and society. PANEL 3 A HISTORY SHAPING THE FUTURE IN INDONESIA The combination of these presentations offer a fresh perspective on how historical events have shaped opportunities for individuals and communities. Those occasions have enhanced competitiveness and instigated creative approaches to organisational structures in their time of exposure. The papers possess some diverse points of intersection commencing with the creation and spread of the Ramayana and the notion of the Pancasila, followed by the change of colonial influence, which provided unlike directives for several centuries. Relatively recently, a final accumulation of regional autonomy can be observed in an independent Indonesia. The various difficulties and rewards have driven the dynamics of human intervention and nature in rural landscapes and urban environments. In this century, they have set a framework of opportunities and prospects in a more global environment. Those are bound to spread among young minds and new entrepreneurs with visions made possible by electronic communication and in the newly established ASEAN Economic Community. By bringing these speakers and their particular papers together, it is hoped to stimulate an academic debate and trigger off beneficial interlocking concepts for future assessment. The Ramayana, Pancasila and political mobilisation in India and Indonesia Balraj Singh Brar In this paper I will be discussing the plurality of the Ramayana in South East Asia. The earliest documents implicate the embodied socio-religious ideals of the Ramayana in inscriptions found on the Indo-Chinese peninsula at Vo-canh, Vietnam. The knowledge of the Ramayana was also shown in the inscription of Val Kantel and in the Angkor area of Cambodia. In contemporary times, performances of the Ceritera Seri Rama in the wayang Siam in Kelantan or the 21st-century comics in Indonesia show that the Ramayana has retained its position as a significant classical text. This paper examines the different records related to the Ramayana in Asian countries, with a special nod to Indonesia and India. Both national constitutions recognise that cultural pluralism predated political pluralism and issues of democracy in the consciousness of their populations. The Indonesian concept of Pancasila places the individual at the apex for a unifying ideology. However, current research shows that political mobilisation is increasingly focused on identity in the politics of religion, ethnicity and language. Dealing with a historical shift away from the recognition of plurality, as noted in the Ramayana, becomes challenging in both countries. The historical relationship of religion and state in the Indonesian archipelago Wasino Records show the kingdoms that prevailed in pre-colonial times were created as instruments of religious exertions. This is noted by the various historical Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic kingdoms in the archipelago. The relationship changed when Dutch colonial directives altered the structure of the theocratic kingdoms by separating religion from state affairs. For about two centuries, the management of religion was carried out by external organisations. Islamic boarding schools, generally based in rural areas, represented an equal power outside the official state institutions. Since the early 20th century, organisations such as Sarikat Islam, Muhammadiyah, and Nahdlatul Ulama became the de facto people’s voice. In this setting, state and religion became instituted as noted in the first article of the Pancasila on the 18th of August 1945. Although a Ministry of Religion has been created in state management, Indonesia is a secular state. This paper will show that many members of the principle religious organisations, including non-Islamic ones, collaborate with the Ministry of Religion in a complementary manner. From 1945 to the recent 2019 election, a picture of duality of religion and state can be observed in Indonesia. Historical and future landscape governance in rural West Sumatra Maskota Delfi In the last few decades, commitments to sustainable landscape approaches have been prioritised. In Indonesia, the challenge in this approach is to analyse historical rural land management and design while improving future local governance systems to enhance nonconflicting land capacity for multiple ecosystem usage. Safeguarding biodiversity ought to enhance the future regenerative natural resources in the Solok district of West Sumatra. Since the introduction of Regional Autonomy, action plans have been identified that stakeholders may consider in improving the governance to achieve sustainable landscape goals. In this research, several approaches were taken. Firstly, “Focus Group Discussions” were undertaken with key stakeholders. Secondly, a “diagnostic conservation approach” was instigated to analyse the discussion outcome with the stakeholders and local citizens. Thirdly, a survey was carried out on local historical informal networks and formal institutions that manage the landscape. We found that although transformational dynamics have been initiated, obstacles to effective governance of the landscape still remain. The preliminary findings point to the need for institutions to enable cooperation for green economy policy objectives as established through the Presidential Regulation (No 16/2011). It aims to achieve institutional innovation and improved effectiveness of management in biodiversity and ecosystem services in rural landscapes. History, culture and local identity: igniting development in Indonesia Johan Weintré History has shaped the economic, political and social cultural landscape of the Indonesian archipelago. As a result of the geography of a water-rich and large country, culture and identity have grown in diverse ways. At the turn of this century, the introduction of autonomy and rapid development of electronic communication have given strength to regional independence and locally focused economic development. This research will focus on how local initiatives in remote Sumatra and Kalimantan have created new sources of earnings and opportunities for young entrepreneurs. Indonesia’s millennials are advancing in a surge of creating new businesses. It appears that issues at the heart of local culture fused with modern ideas are important in enhancing revenue and have positive social as well as environmental impact. Over the last 20 years, Indonesia has emerged as a middle-income country. It has seen growth in GDP and, at the same time, poverty has been cut in half, according to the World Bank. These changes are proving fertile grounds for future growth of young enterprises that are focused on returns in a changing world of the newly founded ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). The Pancasila and Panchasheel Philosophy in the Indonesian and Nepalese Context of Development Shukra Raj Adhikari The terms Pancasila and Panchasheel are the synonym of development in the Asian Context. The term Pancasila was specially coined by the Indonesian nationalist leader Sukarno on June 1, 1945. It reflects the thematic sense liberty and national unity with context of Indonesia. Sukarno argued that the future Indonesian state should be focused on the five principles: Indonesian nationalism; internationalism, or humanism; consent, or democracy; social prosperity; and belief in one God. The term Panchasheel is used as the foreign policy theory in countries such as Nepal and others. It reflects mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty; mutual non-aggression; mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit and peaceful co-existence. This paper is primarily focused on the discussion of the relevancy of both Pancasila and panchasheel in the development context of Indonesia and Nepal. Historical content analysis and emperical methods have been used to meet the essence of the objective. The whole political system of Indonesia has been guided by the Pancasila philosophy. In its preamble, the Indonesian Constitution (1945) sets forth Pancasila as the embodiment of the basic principles of an independent Indonesian state. Indonesia is heading towards prosperity under the guidance of Pancasila philosophy. Similarly, Nepal has also adopted the theory of Panchashheel to consolidate the relationship with its neighbours. In this way, we conclude that both Pancasila and Panchasheel have globally existed as an ideal philosophy in Indonesia and Nepal for enhancing foreign affairs and development issues. PANEL 3 B WOMEN CANDIDATES IN THE 2019 INDONESIAN ELECTIONS What makes a good woman lose? Barriers to women’s electoral success in Indonesia Sally White Despite a 30% quota for women candidates at all three levels of parliament in Indonesia, female representation remains low by international standards. In the April 2019 legislative elections, women ran as candidates in greater numbers than ever before, but their chances of being elected remained much lower than those of their male counterparts. In the lead-up to these elections, Australian and Indonesian researchers collaborated with the aim of taking a closer look both at the barriers women candidates face, whether at the individual or structural level, and conversely, at the factors that women candidates are leveraging to achieve electoral success. The papers in this panel are part of that collaborative research project. Three of the papers are based on qualitative fieldwork. Ulya Jamson’s team from UGM focused on the new political party that campaigned on gender issues, Partai Solidaritas Indonesia (PSI) in two different locations, Jakarta and Malang. The paper by Longgina Novadona Bayo, also from UGM, examines the emergence of a new type of female politician in East Nusa Tenggara, while the paper by Zusiana Elly Triantini’s team from UIN Mataram focuses on determinants of women’s success and failure in West Nusa Tenggara. The fourth paper, by Sally White, provides an overview of the factors that continue to limit the electoral success of Indonesian women at the polls based on overall findings from the research project and on the results of a new survey conducted by Lembaga Survei Indonesia into attitudes towards women candidates and women in politics more generally. Women as new political actors: a case study of women’s political advancement in the 2019 legislative elections in East Nusa Tenggara Longgina Novadona Bayo This research studies the phenomenon of women’s political advancement in terms of increasing numbers of women representatives at the local level. One of the dominant explanations tends to focus on kinship as the major factor, attributing the increase in women’s political representation to political dynasties and oligarchy. These studies tend to be elite bias, however. Unlike these mainstream studies, this paper argues that the grassroots pathway is the most dominant pathway of female politicians compared to elite pathways. Thus, this study contributes to the literature that tries to understand women’s political advancement from a non-elite perspective and focuses on women’s experiences in pursuing parliamentary seats. The main findings of this research demonstrate that, first, the presence of women is not always related to patrimonial networks and financial resources but because of the readiness for competition, the accumulation of long-term political experiences and women’s competitiveness. Second, the emergence of female politicians as political role models for women also contributes to the solidarity and solidity of women’s strength for struggling in electoral contestation. The presence of this ‘female politician as role model’ might indirectly reduce the institutional and cultural barriers faced by women. Third, the joint campaign (tandem) strategy adopted by female politicians was able to reduce political costs and enhance women’s electability. In conclusion, I argue that regardless of their backgrounds and political pathways, female politicians have become new actors in local politics. New parties and the ambiguity of women’s identity in the 2019 legislative election: a comparative study of female candidates for the Indonesian Solidarity Party (PSI) Ulya Niami Efrina Jamson Author: Amalinda Savirani, Ulya Niami Efrina Jamson, Listiana Asworo, Nuruddin Al Akbar This paper discusses female legislative candidates who are running for a new party, namely the Indonesian Solidarity Party (PSI), in the 2019 Legislative Election, in urban areas (DKI Jakarta) and in semi-urban areas (Malang Raya). PSI is one of four new political parties that have succeeded in becoming election participants in the 2019 legislative election. Although PSI did not surpass the 4% electoral threshold nationally and failed to win seats at the national level, the party won some seats at the local level, especially in urban areas. The research question to be answered is how new parties provide opportunities for women candidates; and how the party’s novelty influences the campaign machinery, strategies, and issues brought by female candidates during the campaign. There are three main findings in this study. First, PSI as a new party has provided opportunities for ordinary women to become legislative candidates, although it does not necessarily mean that they win a seat in the parliament. The female candidates do not have to compete with other candidates from the party’s elite as is the case in established political parties. Second, its novelty as a political party, which is characterised by the weak institutionalisation, however, has a positive effect on how the political machine work and campaign strategies in urban areas. On the other hand, it has a relatively negative impact for the candidates in semi-urban areas. Third, even though PSI’s national platform is oriented to women’s issues and interests, several forms of the ambiguity on women’s identity took place in campaign activities and interactions. Fighting in the dark: the success of women candidates in the 2019 legislative election Zusiana Elly Triantini In various studies, the discourse of the success of women in parliament tends to focus on political dynasty, patronage and clientelism. Political dynasty and patronage are often used to explain the success of women candidates in each election. However, this article presents research findings outside mainstream studies of women candidacy. Using the Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara context and borrowing the concept of the social network, this article will illustrate how women candidates become winners in a highly patriarchal society despite strong resistance from male candidates. Women candidates won seats in parliament by using friendship networks, organisations, media networks, cultural networks and several other networks, thereby breaking the political dynasty construction that has been used to portray female politicians. Moreover, in reality, women candidates with strong social networks are able to subvert the incumbent. This finding shows that there is progressive progress in women’s political journey in Indonesia. PANEL 3 C MEMORY AND HUMAN RIGHTS Twelve years a stand: how Aksi Kamisan became the longest-running human rights movement in Indonesia Aghniadi A weekly silent protest named Aksi Kamisan has been routinely held every Thursday in Jakarta, just in front of the Presidential Palace of Indonesia, by victims of human rights violations, their relatives, supported as well by representatives of CSOs and members of the public. Organised for more than 500 times spanning 12 years from 2007, the protest initially demanded that the government solve past human rights abuses. At least seven major human rights cases, namely the 1965 communist purge, the 1989 Talangsari incident in Central Lampung, the 2001 & 2003 Wamena and Wasior incidents in Papua, various kidnappings and unresolved shootings in the 1980s, the May 1998 riots and the disappearances of activists, and the 2004 murder of human rights defender Munir are continuously campaigned. Over the years, Kamisan has consistently gained political significance, spreading to 27 other cities in Indonesia and occupying public spaces that symbolise power as a site of protest. This protest’s political significance is becoming more apparent as it demands attention not only for the past human rights violations but also towards various abuses that already happened or are currently happening all over Indonesia. To some extent, Kamisan has become a ‘political amplifier’ for many people in various places demanding justice. Analysing conversational elements of truth-telling within torture narratives Annie Pohlman This paper presents the preliminary analysis of a small sample of recorded narratives given by survivors of torture during the 1965-66 mass violence. We conduct a close reading of three of these narratives using a combination of discourse analysis and anthropological and oral historical approaches. Drawing on work on linguistic anthropology, including work on high-stakes narratives in institutional settings, we show how these narratives are co-constructed by the teller and listener, and juggle a tension between constructing a reality that is perceived by participants as truthful and making the narrative tellable. We explore relationships between our method of analysis and methods for understanding torture narrative that have developed within a human rights’ advocacy frame, evolving as a genre which often links the performative act of witnessing to atrocity with claims to truth. Our analysis of recorded narratives pays careful attention to the semiotic resources used to perform while pointing to how they relate to making these narratives believable, and thus documentable instances of truth-telling. At the same time, we explore how all of this relates to the roles of tellers and listeners in the construction of these narratives. Blood on the stole: Catholic guilt and reconciliation Duncan Graham Last year Australian academic Dr Jess Melvin proved what had been long surmised - that the Indonesian military engineered the genocide following the 1965 ‘coup’. But the army wasn’t alone. It was backed by elements of the Catholic Church with links to spies and Australian political operatives. A key instigator was Jakarta-based Dutch Jesuit Joop Beek who trained cadres to be fervent anti-Communists. Their role in fomenting hate cannot be quarantined from the pogrom which took 500,000 or more lives. This remains a deeply sensitive issue across the archipelago. In East Flores between 800 and 2,000 Catholics were murdered by their pew neighbours while their priests only offered last rites. Despite earlier promises to open discussion of the killing times, President Joko Widodo has recanted; it’s unlikely there will be moves towards healing by his government. However, a truth and reconciliation commission initiated by the Church, alone or alongside liberals in other faiths, could start the process of restorative justice. Through field research including personal interviews with priests and laity, this paper will examine why some clergy ‘failed to distinguish between throne and altar’, betrayed their beliefs and shattered their congregations. It also asks how society can prevent similar events from recurring. PANEL 3 E SOCIAL ISSUES AND PROTECTION Underlying causes of social vulnerability in the climate variability regions of West Timor Paulus Liu This study seeks to explain the underlying factors and processes that shape people vulnerability in the research regions of West Timor, Indonesia. It argues that social vulnerability in the research areas is the result of a configuration of forces that are related and reinforce each other, and are not solely limited to climate stressors such as climate variability and extreme events; social, economic and political factors also contribute to the social vulnerability in the regions. Among all of these, underlying causes of social vulnerability in the regions are dependent on three main factors, namely (1) environmental degradation, (2) poverty and (3) differential access to resources. Fate is in the hand of God, risk is in the hand of the passenger: understanding and managing social risks under the new social security era in Indonesia Victoria Fanggidae The Indonesian government introduced the National Social Security System in 2014 for health and in 2015 for occupational related schemes. This new system aims to achieve universal coverage by 2019 for health and 2029 for occupational related schemes. It is a mix of social assistance and social insurance system. If considered non-poor, people are expected to pay their contribution fees or premium. As the social insurance component works like insurance, it promises to protect its members from health and old-age risks, once such risks materialise, if they enrol and pay their contribution fees regularly. However, people may perceive risk differently, and their perception might be shaped by their belief and everyday life experiences. This research intends to understand the ways in which people’s risk preconception and experience shape the way they perceive risk and their strategies to manage it, including their (social) insurance decision. Grounded theory methodology is employed to build a middle-range theory on social risk in non-Western context, an area that is less explored, especially in Indonesian context. The preliminary findings suggest that a mix-rationality is deployed when people deal with risk and uncertainty. This eclectic rationality is built upon the influence of modern life and institutions in people’s life, as well as their religion or belief system. Anxiety among the elderly in rural Indonesia Anggra N Cahyo The objective of this research is to study the factors determining the older population’s generalised anxiety disorder (GAD or anxiety) in rural Indonesia. This study discovers demographic, social, and physical condition factors as significant predictors of anxiety. Quantitative analyses were applied to the cross-sectional data from the 2016 Ageing in Rural Indonesia Study (ARIS) which involved 1,850 respondents aged 60 and older. It is suggested that the elderly who are female, financially poor, live outside Java, with less access to public health services, rarely meet non-co-reside family members, and suffer poor physical condition face the highest risk of anxiety among the elderly in rural Indonesia. This study highlights the effect of different category in geographical zone in predicting the risk of anxiety. It is found that anxiety is strongly associated with the physical condition predictors for those who live within Java. Inequality in accessing social rights among rural older people in Indonesia: variation across gender, region, and social class Muhammad Uli Absor Recently, public debate on inequality in relation to gender and social class has returned in all its intensity. However, little research attention has been given to investigating inequalities in access to social rights for elderly women and men in rural Indonesia. This paper aims to analyse existing social programs for older people, the state of access of older people to the elements of the social welfare program and the determinants of exclusion from these programs. The paper will describe the challenges for Indonesia in implementing social services for the elderly and will provide recommendations to improve services. Data is drawn from the Ageing in Rural Indonesian Survey. The Indonesian Government aims to provide social rights for older people through social welfare programs that can be grouped into five clusters: social assistance, social insurance, provision of health services, empowerment, and advocacy. Logistic regression analysis indicates significant variation and inequalities in access to government services among rural older adults depending on sex, living arrangements, age, health status, region and social class. This paper also highlights the challenges that affect the quality of services for the elderly, including very limited coverage, poor targeting, lack of concern from policymakers, decentralisation and lack of integration. --- PANEL 4 B INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS I International law and constitutional interpretation in Indonesia Luthfi Widagdo Eddyono The amendment to the Indonesia Constitution was carried out in 1999-2002. Shortly after that, a Constitutional Court was formed with the authority to examine the law. Since then, the conception of constitutional justice has become central to law enforcement in Indonesia. However, complex problems arise. One of the major issues concerns the international laws that were ratified by Indonesia before the constitution was amended. Can these international legal norms be confronted with the Indonesian Constitution in the judicial review forum conducted by the Indonesian Constitutional Court? This paper is a legal research using a conceptual approach and historical approach, as well as a case study in explaining the development of the judicial review in Indonesia and the position of international law in Indonesian national law. Walls on the pendopo: the logic behind Indonesia’s cooperation in preventing onward irregular migration to Australia Carly Gordyn Indonesia is not a signatory to the Refugee Convention and has no obligations to resettle refugees. Nevertheless, Indonesia works with Australia to prevent asylum seekers continuing their journey to Australia by boat. As a result, there are almost 14,000 recorded irregular migrants living in Indonesia, including those seeking asylum and those who have had their status determined and are found to be genuine refugees. This paper, based on interviews with Indonesian officials, asks why Indonesia works with Australia in preventing the movement of these people, resulting in added challenges for Indonesia. I find that Indonesia’s behaviour is guided by considerations of both logics of consequences and logics of appropriateness; however, the influence of these two logics varies in weight at different points in time. This is interesting to note, as Australia garners Indonesia’s cooperation through incentivised policy transfer, which exclusively exploits the logic of consequence. This article concludes by assessing the influence of prospective developments on cooperation. Australia’s involvement in Indonesia’s PRRI/Permesta rebellions Bradley Wood During the 1950s, Indonesia experienced significant political turmoil. By 1957, the PKI emerged as the largest political party in Java. In Sumatra and Sulawesi, there was growing dissatisfaction with the political trends in Java which developed into armed revolts against the central government. The US, UK, and Australia decided to use this opening of discontent in the outer-islands and covertly supported the rebellions to reverse these political trends in Java. This paper examines to what extent was Australia involved in the PRRI/Permesta rebellions and why? Based on primary sources, this paper traces the origins and extent of Australia’s involvement and cooperation with the US/UK in covert policy toward Indonesia during 1957-1958. This paper finds that Australia feared a communist government coming to power in Indonesia. In close cooperation with the US, Australia tacitly supported the PRRI rebellion in Sumatra as a form of leverage against the central government to influence its political orientation against communism. However, after the fall of the PRRI government, Australia did not support the Permesta rebellion in Sulawesi. Instead, Australia viewed the moderates in the central government and the Indonesian Army as the most viable anti-communist forces in Indonesia, which eventually became US policy. The role of Mick Shann in Australia-Indonesia relations in the 1960s John Monfries The Role of K C O (‘Mick’) Shann in Indonesian – Australian Relations in the 1960s Sir Keith (‘Mick’) Shann was Australian Ambassador in Jakarta at a crucial time in Indonesian – Australian relations. During his Jakarta posting from 1962 to 1966, he dealt directly with Sukarno, Subandrio, Malik, Suharto and all other key Indonesian leaders. His firm but engaging approach to the Indonesians contributed to the improbable survival of reasonably cordial relations with Indonesia during a time of constant conflict in Southeast Asia, notably the Cold War, the intensification of the Vietnam war, and persistent friction with China. Australia and its allies, and of course Shann himself wrestled with the many problems posed by Sukarno’s increasingly radical foreign policy, especially Indonesia’s “Confrontation” of Malaysia when actual armed clashes occurred between Australian troops and Indonesian-backed guerrillas in Borneo. Shann and the Australian Embassy strove hard to protect Australia’s interests in a hostile environment. In this paper, I draw attention to the Indonesian contribution to the maintenance of productive relations. I also discuss recent arguments that Shann was somehow complicit in the massacres of communists which darkened the emergence of Suharto’s New Order. PANEL 3 F CORRUPTION AND ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM Corruption measurement at the sub-national level in Indonesia: a spatiotemporal analysis between perception and reality Zuhairan Yunan With more than 17,000 islands with diverse cultures and languages, the corruption level in Indonesia is likely to be varied in different parts of the country. Therefore, understanding corruption in Indonesia requires investigation at its regional level. This study analyses the pattern of the regional perception of corruption published by Transparency International Indonesia and judicial report of crime retrieved from the Indonesia Supreme Court at districts and municipalities over the period 2001-2014 and envisage the possible factor that may affect this corruption measure. The study applies spatiotemporal analysis on the data, analysing the characteristics of various district and municipalities and regression to investigate the relationships. The preliminary result will show us the possible characteristics of areas with high corruption in terms of perception and sentenced incidents, how the various factors may contribute to determining the two measures, and what can be interpreted from this finding. Academics in public office: a study of Academic Administrative Entrepreneurs (AAEs) as agents of policy transfer Ario Wicaksono The aim of this paper is to evaluate the role and resources of academics-turned-senior bureaucrats as key agents of policy transfer in Indonesian administrative reform during the Reformation era (1998-2018). Indonesia has a long-standing tradition of appointing academics into public office. In this research, the concept of Academic Administrative Entrepreneurs (AAEs) will be introduced to better understand Indonesian administrative reform and the changing nature of Indonesian governance in a period of democratic transition. The investigation employed a range of qualitative methods including semi-structured, in-depth elite interviews, as well as documentary analysis. It is observed that policy transfer and change initiatives that come from AAEs tend to be effective at the level of incremental change, which involves a combination of different transfer mechanisms. Social, political and knowledge capitals serve as critical resources that enable AAEs to influence processes of change governance. The AAEs’ capabilities in developing multi-level governance networks and a coalition of change, utilising the windows of opportunity, managing different stages of policy cycles and in crafting institutions for learning during the policy transfer process also influential. In the end, it becomes apparent the effectiveness arose if AAEs possess a balance of personal and political characteristics, different forms of capital, and good timing in relation to the political salience of their expertise. Patronage politics and public resources: the political economy of grant spending (belanja hibah) in decentralised Indonesia Fakhridho Susilo Grant spending (Belanja Hibah) is a spending component under local government’s budget plan (APBD) that can strategically be used to enhance local development. At the same time, this budget component has been widely regarded as highly-politicised, used mainly by incumbents as a clientelistic strategy to garner votes during election times in Indonesia. This study is among the firsts to empirically examine how the sub-national political context in decentralised Indonesia, where informal patronage and clientelism in elections are prevalent, shape how state resources (i.e. hibah) is being distributed to recipients. Through a case study in the district of Tuban, East Java, combining qualitative methods and quantitative regression analysis, this study supports the assertion that the allocation of hibah is underpinned primarily by electoral-patronage motives. I argue that the clientelistic nature of this distribution can be explained by the highly competitive nature of executive office, which compels incumbent to resort more to clientelistic strategies in order to reward his political machineries. BOOK LAUNCH AUTHOR: PAUL THOMAS TALKING NORTH: THE JOURNEY OF AUSTRALIA’S FIRST ASIAN LANGUAGE What makes one nation curious about another nation? Curious enough that the study of the other’s culture and language becomes a natural commitment or something that could be described as a national project? This question lies behind much of the writing in this book as it explores the history, education policy and changing fortunes of the Indonesian/Malay language in Australia. While formal education programs are central to this discussion, individual effort and chance encounters with the language are also examined in the context of Australia’s evolving historical ties with its near neighbours. These relationships have grown in importance since the end of the Second World War, but Australians typically continue to view the region as ‘testing’. This is exemplified by the Australian–Indonesian relationship, the primary focus of this volume. While much has been written on the political relationship, this book builds its view of the two countries’ interactions on the cultural activity of language learning. This is, perhaps, the most fundamental of cultural activities in any effort to promote mutual understanding. PANEL 4 A POLITICAL PARTIES, REPRESENTATION AND INDONESIAN DEMOCRACY Indonesian political parties are core institutions of modern democracy, playing critical roles in organising, aggregating and expressing citizens’ interests and policy preferences through representative bodies. Yet Indonesian political parties are frequently seen as being weak, dysfunctional, and even damaging to democratic representation. Domestically, critics of the parties say they are captured by oligarchs, deeply corrupt, and do a poor job in representing the interests and views of ordinary voters. The academic literature echoes these criticisms, emphasising the clientelistic nature of the parties and their propensity to prioritise patronage over policy, but with debate on the extent to which they express varied policy and ideological positions. Papers in this panel re-examine Indonesian political parties, including by exploring the degree to which they vary in terms of ideological and policy positions, and the role they play in shaping electoral competition. Ideological representation beyond Left and Right: politician and voter preferences in Indonesia Diego Fossati How well do parties represent the ideological preferences of voters in new democracies? We answer this question by exploring the party system of Indonesia, often described as being dominated by parties which rely on clientelistic linkages with voters without offering significant programmatic alternatives. We reassess this proposition using an original survey of Indonesian legislators’ social and political preferences. We find that politicians’ preferences about economic policies are largely similar, and that the left-right ideological spectrum central to party systems in many advanced democracies has little relevance. However, legislators’ views on the role of Islam in public affairs show much variation. To explore the implications of this ideological cleavage for political representation, we develop a new measure of policy preferences about state-Islam relations, and match legislators’ survey responses with those of the general population. Our analysis indicates a high degree of congruence between voters’ and politicians’ ideological positions along party lines. We argue that despite the significance of clientelism, ideological representation structures political competition more than much existing research on Indonesia suggests. We also explore the relevance of our method and findings for studying representation in other emerging democracies – especially majority Muslim societies. ABSTRACTS Elites, masses and democratic decline in Indonesia Burhanuddin Muhtadi Indonesia’s democracy is in decline. Most analysts blame this shift on the actions of illiberal and reactionary elites; the public, meanwhile, are often cast as a democratic bulwark. Yet, like in other fragile democracies, moments of regression in Indonesia have come at the hands of popular and democratically-elected politicians. So, just how democratic are Indonesian citizens when compared to the politicians they elect? We answer this question using an original, representative survey of Indonesia’s provincial legislators, which we then compare to a general survey of the Indonesian population. We find significant differences between how elites and masses conceive of democracy, and between their level of commitment to liberal democratic norms. Contrary to expectations, we find elected elites are systematically more democratic and more liberal than voters. These findings challenge widely-held assumptions about the illiberal character of Indonesia’s political class. But they also suggest a public that is either indifferent to, or supportive of, an increasingly illiberal democratic order in Indonesia. The inequality of representation in Indonesia: a study of mass-elite congruence on socio-economic preferences Eve Warburton There are many reasons to be sceptical about the quality of political representation in Indonesia. Parties’ social and economic policy platforms are virtually indistinguishable, and politicians primarily seek linkages with voters through patron-client relationships, rather than programmatic promises. And like in many countries, Indonesia’s political elite do not look like the rest of the country - they are, on average, wealthier and more educated, and very few of them are women. Much evidence, therefore, suggests that popular preferences are poorly represented in the political arena. However, there is much that we do not know about this subject. In the comparative literature, democratic representation is often studied using survey research, which compares elite and mass attitudes on a range of policy issues. In this paper, we examine whether Indonesian citizens’ views about pressing socio-economic problems and economic interventions are reflected by, and congruent with, elected politicians. The results indicate striking congruence between citizens and the political class when it comes to supporting state intervention in the economy and market-distorting policies. However, when it comes to welfare policies and redistribution, we found significant differences in what politicians and the wider population felt the state should be providing its poor and under-privileged citizens. Do district political dynamics influence presidential voting patterns? Adrianus Hendrawan The recent Indonesian presidential election was marked by publicly expressed support for one or other candidate by a majority of district heads. Directly elected in separate elections, district heads have a strong hold on the local bureaucracy. Meanwhile, they have to work with district legislatures, comprising elected party representatives, in allocating public resources. Analysing local election results since 2005 and the past three presidential election results, this paper will present robust empirical findings on the influence of local political dynamics on presidential election results at the district level. It will specifically assess two aspects of district politics that may have influence: party coalitions of elected mayors and composition of local legislatures. The findings may have relevance for the strategies of local political actors and future presidential candidates. PANEL 4 B INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS II Domestic bureaucratic politics and Indonesian foreign policy towards China Petrus K Farneubun One of the main characteristics of post-Suharto Indonesian foreign policymaking is the prominence of civilians in the policymaking process, a dramatic shift from military-dominated regime to civilian supremacy. Although this evidence demonstrates a greater role of civilians in the making of foreign policy, the extent to which they have shaped the policy has not been well established empirically. Moreover, the key actors, particularly bureaucratic actor, who have played decisive or instrument role in foreign policymaking have not been identified or markedly underresearched, making the relationship between bureaucratic politics and foreign policymaking unclear. This research investigates the role of bureaucratic actors in Yudhoyono’s foreign policymaking towards China with a particular focus on two strategic partnership agreements signed by both countries in April 2005, which was upgraded to comprehensive strategic The challenges and opportunities of Indonesia’s foreign policy towards Pacific Island countries under Joko Widodo 2014-2019: an approach to Rosenau’s adaptive model Vrameswari Omega Wati The implementation of Indonesia’s foreign policy in each regime has its own characteristics, both continuity and change. The orientation of foreign policy during the administration of Joko Widodo (Jokowi) has shifted compared to his predecessor. Joko Widodo’s foreign policy can be described as inward-looking and couched in the jargons of pro-people diplomacy. This transformation is expected to provide a direct contribution to Indonesian society. Under his leadership, Indonesia is more selective in global engagement. The Pacific Islands is one of the regions that has received special attention from the Indonesian government because of the East Timor issue and, more recently, concerns over the Papua region. The domestic struggles and the political changes within the Pacific Island countries (PICs) have a potential impact on Indonesia’s foreign policy towards this region. In addition to responding to the external changes, Indonesia’s foreign policy also has great opportunity especially to fulfil its economic interest as one of Jokowi’s priority in conducting diplomacy. Using James N. Rosenau’s adaptive model of foreign policy, this paper contends that Jokowi’s foreign policy towards PICs is highly adaptive to cope with the changes in the external environment and maintain Indonesia’s essential structures. PANEL 4 C RETHINKING RURAL INDONESIA TODAY 1 Increasing trade protectionism, land certification and land grabs, social policy and village governance reforms, as well as environmental change, climate change and migration are among the forces driving social and political change in rural Indonesia today. Despite decades of rural livelihood diversification, agricultural production by smallholders still constitutes the basis of Indonesia’s rural economy. While many rural Indonesian households are wealthier, healthier and better educated than ever before, food poverty and marginalisation persist in some pockets of the countryside. Nonetheless, relative poverty and disparity have emerged as critical issues. Hence, the challenges facing analysts and policy makers today are distinctly different, calling for a rethinking of analytical categories and policy approaches. In this panel, we aim to bring together scholars who study social, economic, culture and politics in rural Indonesia in an attempt to understand changes taking place in an interdisciplinary way. We aim to spark theoretical debate regarding how we might best conceptualise these changes, what analytical frameworks are appropriate, and how can policy best contribute to dealing with the many challenges facing rural Indonesia today? Resource extraction, transnational influence and local livelihoods: the limits of supply chain governance in Indonesia’s mineral-rich regions Rachael Diprose Recent decades have witnessed rising concern about the social and environmental impacts of global production, investment and trade, particularly in the natural resource sectors where sustainability risks are often acute. This paper explores the ways global demand for resources intersects with the local dynamics of tin mining on the two major tin producing islands of Bangka and Belitung in Indonesia. It compares the effects of the Indonesian Tin Working Group—a multi-stakeholder initiative aimed at voluntary supply chain regulation, which was established to promote social and environmental safeguards—in these regions. While voluntary supply chain regulation continues to be widely promoted as a response to social and environmental concerns, its capacity to promote sustainable production has been widely questioned, particularly in the face of powerful political and economic drivers at local, national and global scales of intensive resource extraction. The paper explores the capacity of the working group to translate its influence into more ‘sustainable’ mineral production—its impact has differed markedly between the two islands, as a result of contrasting configurations of political power, livelihood strategies, and mobilisation of environmental and developmental discourses. This analysis has important implications for wider theoretical debates about the capacity of voluntary supply chain regulation to provide meaningful regulatory assurance functions, in the face of livelihoods concerns and resistance from deeply entrenched political economies of resource extraction—at both global and local scales. Vulnerability, food insecurity and livelihood transitions in rural Indonesia John McCarthy The literature frames rural transformations in terms of at least three patterned trajectories: pathways out of poverty and de-agrarianisation, diversification and migration, and accumulation and dispossession. However, how well do such framings help us understand contemporary changes in rural Indonesia? This paper draws together results from an Australian Research Council project across several critical key socio-economic and ecological contexts within rural Indonesia. Examining the patterns of risk and opportunity faced by rural people across these case studies, this paper contrasts the sources of vulnerability, food poverty and precarity as well as the opportunities for accumulation and agrarian progress both in and outside agriculture that are inherent to the experiences of rural people. In each case, we find dynamics of de-agrarianisation, adaptive diversity and rural stagnation that problematise settled ideas of ‘agrarian transitions’ or ‘truncated transitions’. This suggests that while change is occurring, it rarely occurs as expected. Moving beyond the classic deadlock in agrarian studies between agrarian optimists and their critics, and using a conjunctural analysis, the study finds patterns of rising consumption coinciding with persistent insecurity. Exploring how patterns of vulnerability, precarity and even food poverty persist in some contexts despite a fall in official poverty rates, the paper locates vulnerability and under-nutrition in an understanding of the political economy shaping specific rural contexts. This leads us to explain how, despite a fall in official poverty rates and significant progress for many, patterns of precarity, vulnerability and food poverty persist. Positioning Indonesia’s oil palm smallholders in the Anthropocene debates Rini Astuti The Anthropocene, a proposed geological epoch in which humanity is positioned as the key driver of planetary change, is providing new ways of framing human – environment relations. As with other earth ecosystems, tropical forests and peatlands have experienced major devastating transformations, related to deforestation, conversion to mono-agricultural use, human-made fire incidence, and other multifaceted human practices associated with disruption of environmental and climate systems at multiple scales. Critical development scholars highlight the usefulness of the Anthropocene theory in assessing the contribution of particular development models to earth systems change. The aim of this paper is to examine the position of oil palm smallholders in debates concerning the Anthropocene, focusing on Indonesia as a case study. Smallholder farmers were responsible for approximately 40% of Indonesia’s palm oil cultivation (11.9 million hectares) in 2016, and this is predicted to grow to over 60% by 2030. The area of smallholder oil palm has grown at an average rate of over 11% per annum since 2016 surpassing that of private companies at 5.5% annually. Mono-agricultural practices are eradicating forest and peatland biodiversity and gradually destroying the possibility that future users will be able to benefit from ecosystem services, or even live in those areas. However, in many areas in Indonesia, oil palm is also providing direct livelihoods to more than 4 million farmers; and more than 12 million Indonesians have escaped poverty through this crop. In this paper, we follow McGregor and Houston (2017) in employing Latour’s concept of propositions, to identify and assess three emerging approaches in Indonesia to address the transboundary impacts produced through the land use decisions of millions of rural smallholder farmers. The three propositions relate to diverse socio-technological advancement and good agricultural practices promoting intensification, certification, and alternative livelihoods. We examine each proposition by drawing on the political ecology perspectives, contextualising the socio-environmental dilemma facing smallholders oil palm production. PANEL 4 D ISLAM, POLITICS, IDENTITY Abdul Somad: Ustadz jaman now Rheinhard Sirait In the short space of less than two years, Abdul Somad has become Indonesia’s most influential digital preacher. This paper explores the ways in which Somad has been able to build popularity and influence amidst two unprecedented trends in Indonesia: the overwhelming Islamisation of Indonesian public life and the disorienting effects of digital media technology. By following his digital footprint in the online space and publications of books and offline sermons, I conduct content analysis of Somad’s media production and analyse audience responses to his content and live sermons. I show how Somad’s uses popular culture and religious spectacle to offer his followers “solutions” to becoming a better Muslim, often through regulating the minutiae of everyday life. I also examine Somad’s political allegiances and how he has astutely positioned himself with Indonesia’s Islamist politics. Civic media and Islamic embodiment in an Indonesian region Julian Millie Civic media and Islamic embodiment in an Indonesian region, by Julian Millie, Hawe Setiawan and Darpan. News dailies are held to be the paradigmatic ‘public-building’ media. They are idealised as inclusive media working for the interests of internally diverse publics, but theorisations of this have always struggled with the representation of religious voices. If an inclusive, plural public relies upon the suppression of individual, fragmenting voices in public deliberation, how can a news daily thrive in Indonesian regions where majority Muslim populations expect comprehensive representation of Islam in public discourse? Millie, Setiawan and Darpan made a real-time study of Pikiran Rakyat, a heritage newspaper in West Java, an Indonesian region with a significant Muslim majority. Although the deliberative and analytic work performed by this paper generally corresponds with that of other heritage dailies, the calendrical cycle of embodied practice is a striking structural influence on the paper. Its coverage is structured around the passage of calendrical observances followed by West Javanese Muslims. Through modes associated with ‘preaching’ such as exhortation, reflection and citation of Qur’an and Hadith, the daily succeeds in connecting three things: the embodied sequence of the Islamic calendar, Islamic knowledge and its institutions, and individual Muslim selves. Nahdlatul Ulama and the 2019 Presidential campaign Suaidi Asy’ari During the 2019 presidential election, Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), concerned with threats to Indonesia’s national unity, declared support to the incumbent president Joko Widodo, who ran with Ma’ruf Amin as his deputy. Although not all NU elites supported the pair, throughout the presidential election the competition was frequently framed as a battle between NU and the supporters of the rival candidates, Prabowo Subianto and running mate Sandiaga Uno. Joko Widodo supporters often depicted them as being supported by transnational Islamic movements. Opponents also questioned Prabowo’s position on Pancasila. The Islamist movements that supported Prabowo and Sandiaga Uno, on the other hand, accused Jokowi and Ma’ruf Amin of being supporters of communism. This paper is a work in progress on the ideological battle between the supporters of the two candidates. Its main purpose is to trace broadly the threats to national unity during the presidential election. Are transnational Islamic movements and Indonesian Communist Party serious threats to national unity or merely tools used during election campaigns? How do we assess the effect of Nahdlatul Ulama in this presidential election? Did the nomination of Ma’ruf Amin, NU’s supreme leader, successfully silenced accusations towards Jokowi? What has NU gained from positioning Ma’ruf Amin as Jokowi’s running mate? The autonomy of ideology? The case of militant Islam Ian Chalmers The extent to which an individual’s behaviour is shaped by the power of ideas is a central concern of virtually all the social sciences, particularly if it involves religious belief. This question has also long been a recurring theme in Indonesian studies, but has now taken on a new relevance. In recent decades, scholars of terrorism have tended to avoid ideological factors when explaining the causes of violent extremism, preferring accounts that emphasise more instrumental causes. However, recent suicide bombings in Indonesia and the advent of so-called ‘lone wolf’ militants seemingly acting beyond the reach of security agencies make it important to establish the nature of the link between violent acts and religious doctrine. Were these actors motivated primarily by particular religious teachings, perhaps involving the interpretation of an influential imam? Or were their motives more circumstantial and more tangible, involving factors such as personal rivalries, family ties, political interests or local community tensions? Drawing on interviews with militant activists, this paper suggests that we should reconsider the importance of doctrine and faith when accounting for jihadist actions. PANEL 4 E IDENTITY IN CREATIVE COMMUNICATIONS Reconfiguring ideal masculinity: class and gender politics in Indonesian cinema Evi Eliyanah In my presentation, I explore Indonesian filmmakers’ struggles in undermining the hegemonic masculinity ideal, bapakism, during 2000-2014, an era preceded by profound socio-political and economic shifts. Focusing on the filmmakers’ struggle around gender relations of production, I conducted textual analyses on two selected films: 7/24 (Seven Days/Twenty-Four Hours, 2014, Fajar Nugro) and Hijab (Veil, 2014, Hanung Bramantyo). In addition, I also conducted interviews with the filmmakers involved behind both production and analysed news as well as other media releases concerning both films. It is indeed observable in the films that the filmmakers criticise bapakism’s obsession of breadwinning practice and promote an alternative masculinity ideal, namely ‘new man’. The alternative does not force men to become the primary or sole breadwinners in their families, yet it maintains the centrality of income generating work as a feature of ideal masculinity. I argue that such political struggle was focused on the interests of the middle-classes and at the expense of lower classes. Eventually, while this struggle indicates new hope for the transformed representation of ideal masculinity on Indonesian silver screen, it is still riddled with middle-class biases. Building familiarity through film: ReelOzInd! short film festival and Australia-Indonesia connections Jemma Purdey Decades of research and policy development has highlighted the importance for the benefit of both nations of improving mutual understanding between Indonesians and Australians. The two countries are consistently described as ‘the most unlike neighbours in the world’ who in turn must come to terms with and take advantage of, their geographic proximity. To counter this narrative of cultural and historical separateness, researchers have pointed to the pre-colonial connections between ‘Australians’ and ‘Indonesians’ and from more contemporary history, Australians’ support for Indonesian independence post World War II. More recently, Australian government policy in particular, has (in fits and starts) promoted and supported cultural exchange, student mobility, language teaching, arts exchange and scholarships; and tourism and education links connect our countries like never before (Missbach & Purdey 2015). Nonetheless, data from surveys, polls and of media coverage in both countries, consistently indicates that in spite of our multiple points of contact, knowledge of each other remains poor. In her assessment of the bilateral relationship, UI researcher Fitriani (2012) pointed out that in part this was due to a lack of “the type of social and cultural interaction that could provide space for a relationship of familiarity and mutual understanding.” ReelOzInd! Australia Indonesia Short Film Competition and Festival emerged in 2016 as an initiative of the fledgling Australia-Indonesia Centre (AIC) and an experiment in creating such a space for this kind of connection — to offer a new and innovative platform for sharing our stories. Three years later, what has it achieved and what have been the challenges? The representation of low-class families in Arswendo Atmowiloto’s series, Keluarga Cemara Ida F Sachmadi This paper discusses how Keluarga Cemara, a series written by Arswendo Atmowiloto, represents a poor family in a small village in West Java, where they live as typical villagers. Keluarga Cemara, which literally means Cemara’s family, refers to a family of a father, a mother, and three children. Cemara is the middle child of the family and is arguably the more prominent one. The family had to move to the village following their family’s loss of wealth, resulting in their fall from being middle-class to low-class. This transition complicates their social attributes and characteristics. Focusing on the depiction of the family members and paying particular attention to how they are described in their interactions with people around them, as well as how they go about their daily life in their newly-obtained social level, the paper argues that the series displays the complexity of the categorisation of class and social groupings. Class, culture, and communication at the Indonesian Film Festival in Melbourne Meghan Downes This paper examines the evolving dynamics of the Indonesian Film Festival (IFF) in Melbourne, a yearly event organised by a committee of young Indonesian student volunteers. From its ‘forgotten’ original launch in 2002 through to its current incarnation (2006-2019), the festival has operated during a period of significant developments in the Indonesian film industry, a period that has seen frequent tension in Indonesia-Australia relations, as well as huge advances in digital technology and distribution. Drawing on perspectives from both audiences and organisers, I look at the festival’s history of shifting program choices, marketing strategies, and organisational structures, in order to explore the transnational cultural politics at work around IFF. Film festivals operate in the conjunction between heritage-making, profit-generating and cultural exchange, and are therefore highly revealing sites of analysis. The dynamics of the IFF (as a festival held in an Australian city, run primarily by upper-middle-class Indonesian students) reflect very specific conditions and histories, and I use this case to explore questions around social class, inter-cultural communication, and transnational media flows between Indonesia and Australia. PANEL 5 A INDONESIAN WOMEN’S ACTIVISM IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY In this panel our four speakers offer insights into various forms of women’s activism across the twentieth century. The papers reflect on what forms of activism women engaged in; who carried out activism and on behalf of who; and the related class, ethnic and gender dynamics of such activism. Beech Jones offers new insights into women’s everyday individual and collective action during the colonial era by focusing on two Sumatran women’s campaigns for education and against gendered injustice in the newspaper Soenting Melajoe (1912-1921). Using interviews and reports Hendrikk examines women’s grassroots activism in the era of Guided Democracy (1959-1965) and the campaign of turba, according to which middle class women went to rural villages to educate or learn from rural women. Rahayu analyses how Sulami, a survivor of the 1965 violence, employed historical fiction in a 1981 novel to narrate her experiences of the guerrilla war against the Dutch to challenge New Order narratives about leftist female activists. Finally, McGregor examines a 1997 publication on the so-called ‘comfort women’ of the Japanese occupation as a form of advocacy, which offers both an intersectional analysis of the system and the first life story of a survivor of sexual violence. ‘And the writer remembered her work and she continued’: two lives of activism in the colonial-era Sumatran women’s newspaper Soenting Melajoe (1912-1921) Bronwyn Beech Jones This paper traces the life-stories of two Sumatran women, Kamisah from Padang Panjang on Sumatra’s Westcoast, and Amna Karim, a teacher from Bengkulu, through their contributions to the Padang-based women’s newspaper Soenting Melajoe (1912-1921). Drawing upon the historian of India Anindita Ghosh’s (2008) idea that women’s emotive and imagery rich colonial-era print culture was both a site and mode of resistance, I seek to re-position Soenting Melajoe from a testament to editor Rohana Kudus’ heroism to an archive for women’s everyday individual and collective action. I first focus on Kamisah’s advocacy for women’s health and home industry, before examining her contributions to debates regarding women’s acceptable social roles and appearance in Minangkabau society. I then situate Amna Karim’s campaign to establish a girls’ school in Bengkulu within her broader agenda to empower her ‘Indies sisters’ and speak out against gendered injustice. Weaving their life-stories from letters and poetry, I compare the motivations, actions, risks, and results these women ascribed to their work within and outside the newspaper. Through close, slow modes of reflexive reading, we glimpse the complexities of these women’s lives and multilayered identities which open up alternative ways of narrating histories of Indonesian women in the colonial era. Women ‘going down to the base’: rural grassroots activism by women on the Left during Guided Democracy (1959-1965) Paula Hendrikkx This paper explores the contribution of women to grassroots activism by the Left in the era of Guided Democracy. It examines the concept ‘turun ke bawah’ (‘going down to the base’), a communist notion and practice meant to increase understanding of rural conditions among city dwellers and to educate peasants in the program of the party. First formulated by the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) in 1959, the slogan was adopted by a range of left-wing mass organisations, including the Indonesian Peasant Movement (Barisan Tani Indonesia, BTI) and the Indonesian Women’s Movement (Gerakan Wanita Indonesia, Gerwani). Drawing on primary source materials from both leadership and grassroots women activists, I examine the various ways in which women activists at different organisational levels used and thought about ‘turun ke bawah’. In line with the work of Zheng Wang (2016) who explores tensions between socialist discourse and feminist agendas among women activists in Mao’s China, I analyse the relationship and frictions between gender and class interests, and ideology and practice among Indonesian women’s activists who ‘went down to the base’. By approaching this type of left-wing grassroots activism from a women’s perspective, I aim to write women into the history of Indonesian left-wing activism. Indonesian activism on sexual violence: narrating the experiences of so called ‘comfort women’ Katharine McGregor The May 1998 riots and associated sexual violence directed at ethnic Chinese women has been heralded by feminists (Blackburn 2005, Wandita 1998) as a pivotal moment for opening up public discussion of sexual violence against women in Indonesia. This case and the new climate of reformasi led activists to publicly connect many cases of military sexual violence against women. Yet there were earlier precedents to these discussions. In this paper I examine how global attention to the issue of women subjected to enforced military prostitution by the Japanese army affected Indonesian feminist action in less direct ways especially through the Vienna declaration of 1993 on women’s rights, but also through activism related to surviving Indonesian women. In particular, I focus on the 1997 publication The Forced Suffering of Women: Stories from the Japanese Occupation as a culmination of activism on this issue and one of the first historical accounts to cover the life story of a survivor of human rights abuses. Furthermore, the work provided an intersectional analysis of the causes of women’s suffering within a system of sexual exploitation, going beyond the attribution of blame solely to the Japanese military and challenging ideas of shame commonly attached to survivors. Gerwani activist Sulami and her story of guerilla struggle in the Indonesian revolution Ruth Indiah Rahayu Sulami was an activist in the left-wing women’s organisation Gerwani (Indonesian Women’s Movement) who was imprisoned by the New Order from 1967-1984. In 1981, when she was in prison, she wrote a historical romance novel with the title Menanti Rembulan Ndadani (Waiting for the Full Moon). In this novel, she in fact narrates her experiences from 1948-1949, during the guerrilla war for national independence against the Dutch in Central Java. Through this novel, she aims to counter the Suharto regime’s negative and hateful propaganda about Gerwani (Wieringa 2002) to prove that many Gerwani activists were revolutionary women who contributed to Indonesia’s independence. Sulami tells of her experience through the protagonist named Danarti who leaves the comfort of the city and joins the guerrilla forces in the jungle. Danarti has an important role as a female leader, courier and spy, enabling her to move in new non-traditional spaces and allowing her new forms of personal liberty. In this paper, I examine Sulami’s strategy as a left-wing female activist of using fiction to challenge the New Order narrative about leftist female activists. Through this novel, Sulami instead reconstructs her story of the revolution. --- BOOK PANEL AUTHOR MEETS CRITICS – LAST CHANCE FOR LIFE: CLEMENCY IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN DEATH PENALTY CASES --- PANEL 5 B ISLAMIC EDUCATION Rethinking the public sphere: lessons learnt from Indonesian Islamic boarding schools (pondok pesantren) Asep Muizudin Muhammad Darmini One of the central issues on the contemporary public sphere is the challenge of the internet towards democracy. The optimists envision the internet as a new platform that enables transparency, discussion, and debate. In contrast, the pessimists perceive the internet as a threat of democracy as it is widening the gap between the information rich and the poor, strengthening the polarisation between different political ideologies, and spreading hoaxes and fake news. Interestingly, my fieldwork in two Pondok Pesantren in Tasikmalaya, West Java, has shown an intriguing reality of the public sphere in the era of the internet. The institutions, namely Cipasung and Miftahul Huda, have a strict regulation on the internet. Students in Cipasung are allowed to access the internet during a particular time, while students in Miftahul Huda almost have no internet access. Nevertheless, students in both institutions perceive their education as an enlightening experience. At the same time, the limitation of the internet access also opens to a new opportunity to redefine the educational strategies of the institutions. In Cipasung, the focus is to maintain the quality of information through anti-hoax movement, while educators in Miftahul Huda aims to strengthen the culture of discussion and debate through weekly forum. These strategies are important elements in developing a healthy public sphere prior to establishing the physical infrastructure of the internet. Tracing ‘Green Islam’ and exploring local responses to ecological problems: an ethnographic study in Pesanten Annuqayah, Madura Island East Java Mohammad Hasan Basri In recent decades, there has been a new trend of ‘Globalized Eco-Islam’ (Schwencke, 2012:10) and ‘green Islam’ (Gelling, 2009). Although it is too early to say that Indonesia is ‘the home of green Islam’ as identified by Peter Gelling (2009), my field research shows that pesantren becomes a signifier of that inclination. In other words, pesantren has a significant role in overcoming ecological problems based on Islamic teachings in Indonesia. This research paper is part of my ongoing PhD ethnographic study in Pesantren Annuqayah, Madura Island, East Java. There are three main findings of my fieldwork that will be presented in this paper. Firstly, Pesantren Annuqayah is one of the old pesantren (established in 1887) that was awarded Kalpataru (1981), just a year after this presidential award was launched (1980). Secondly, Pesantren Annuqayah plays an important role not only in improving education for local society but also in engaging local people to solve environmental and ecological problems. Lastly, to incorporate environmental initiatives and programs into the educational system of Pesantren Annuqayah, some fascinating programs have been developed, such as the ‘green curriculum’ (local subject that is inserted in national curriculum) and ‘green poetry’, as well as sustainable programs such as recycling, solar energy and conservation areas. Studying school leadership practice: an in-depth exploration in Indonesian Madrasah Aliyahs (Islamic-based senior high schools) Ummi Kultsum This qualitative research explores the school principal leadership practices to address challenges and develop the performance of Madrasah Aliyah (Islamic-based senior high schools) in Indonesia. Islamic-based schools are significant educational institutions since they provide Islamic education to the people of Indonesia, which is a predominantly Muslim nation. However, the principals still face substantial challenges such as school infrastructure and learning facilities, finances, leadership, teachers’ professional development, and community engagement. As a high level of leader in madrasah and the catalysts among the followers and stakeholders, the principals play a significant role. A multiple case study was conducted in the two areas of Indonesia South Tangerang and Bekasi. The research is significant in fulfilling the gap identified in the literature regarding leadership practices, especially in the context of Indonesian Islamic schools, and provides an in-depth analysis of the indigenous leadership practice in leading the Islamic-based school from the perspectives of principals and teachers. The research reveals a predominance of Islamic values and the uniqueness of Indonesian cultures. It sheds light on the indigenous leaderships, such as catalytic, servant, and kinship leadership. Furthermore, the research provides insight into leadership development, school improvement, and community engagement in madrasah aliyah. Those are significant recommendations to the government, school members, and stakeholders. --- PANEL 5 C RETHINKING RURAL INDONESIA TODAY 2 Increasing trade protectionism, land certification and land grabs, social policy and village governance reforms, as well as environmental change, climate change and migration are among the forces driving social and political change in rural Indonesia today. Despite decades of rural livelihood diversification, agricultural production by smallholders still constitutes the basis of Indonesia’s rural economy. While many rural Indonesian households are wealthier, healthier and better educated than ever before, food poverty and marginalisation persist in some pockets of the countryside. Nonetheless, relative poverty and disparity have emerged as critical issues. Hence, the challenges facing analysts and policy makers today are distinctly different, calling for a rethinking of analytical categories and policy approaches. In this panel, we aim to bring together scholars who study social, economic, culture and politics in rural Indonesia in an attempt to understand changes taking place in an interdisciplinary way. We aim to spark theoretical debate regarding how we might best conceptualise these changes, what analytical frameworks are appropriate, and how can policy best contribute to dealing with the many challenges facing rural Indonesia today. Village deliberation and state control: understanding state-led deliberation during the formulation of village development plans in Central Java Katiman Kartowinomo Democratic quality is both determined by the level of participation and also how decisions are made. Consequently, it is important to understand the process of decision-making as well as factors that shape the process. Using a deliberative democracy framework, this study assesses the Musyawarah Desa (village deliberation) in several Javanese villages following village governance reforms that aim to increase the effectiveness of village governance structures in rural Indonesia. The paper analyses how villages make decisions during the formulation of village development plans. It considers how deliberation and decision-making work at the village level and how patterns of deliberation and decision-making influence outcomes, exploring the role of state in the formulation process. The study also discusses how, even while the forum of Musyawarah Desa works as the arena for power contestation amongst village actors, village elites and higher-level governments remain influential in directing decisions. Although village elites control the decision-making through offstage process, the state has a dominant role in onstage deliberation. Finally, the paper considers the role of social relations, leadership and actors’ interests in shaping the village decision-making process and outcomes. Analysing agrarian change in Sumba (NTT) from the perspective of the ‘invisible economy’ Jacqueline Vel Our recent research in Sumba (NTT) on the household economy, poverty and how people make ends meet in daily life has resulted in large amounts of data. However, there is also a considerable part of the story that has not yet been told, namely information on the ‘invisible economy’ that household surveys normally miss out. The invisible economy in Sumba consists of three kinds of local economies that co-exist with the monetary economy: the ceremonial, the daily barter and the illicit economy. Famous economic anthropologists argued many decades ago that traditional (or alternative) economies differ from the modern free-market economy because economic decision making is fundamentally embedded within a broader framework of (local) socio-political relations. Contrary to the expectation that traditional economies would vanish when the market economy and capitalist relations enter the area, such economies apparently persist. This paper discusses how people living in villages in East Sumba have been dealing with major agrarian changes in their island. How are the strategies for coping with crisis as well as for escaping from poverty shaped by the alternative rationalities of the local hybrid economy? Where the ‘invisible economy’ exists, what are the consequences for research on agrarian change? The exemplary periphery and the administrative centre: a view from rural East Java Colum Graham Relations between the Indonesian state and countryside are increasingly dependent on material support. From a broad view, increased material distribution to the countryside in the absence of state extraction is supposed to better enable the persistence of rural surplus populations. More localised accounts of state support into rural communities observe how new distributional claims inform emerging political dynamics of eligibility. Based on long term fieldwork in a village in Bojonegoro, East Java called Kalijati, this paper questions the role of state support in its community’s persistence. Known subsidies for agricultural production, the primary source of income for the vast majority of Kalijati’s households, are the most openly criticised forms of state support, whereas less openly criticised are state supports for service delivery and welfare. The basis of villagers’ critique is what particular state supports do for households’ persistence understood in terms of indebtedness. By placing household debt at the centre of analysing the role of state supports in rural Indonesia, a clearer understanding of its emerging distributional politics is possible. PANEL 5 D CULTURE, COMMUNITY AND COMMODITY Commons people: managing music and culture in contemporary Yogyakarta Nuraini Juliastuti My research is about musicians, visual artists, music collectors, fans, curators and cultural activists, participating in the popular discourse of music through relevant music activities. It narrates these people, with some of their music-based plans and initiatives. It also narrates the implementation of the plans and initiatives takes place in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It takes place in an urban media infrastructure setting. I employ self-organising, collectivism, and institutionalisation of cultural production as useful concepts to define the alternative milieu. It is this milieu that shapes the production of tools and ways of organising a series of actions on managing music, culture, and life. Music, which also serves as a commons, emerges as a horizon of possibilities, or a means, to be managed and maintained for different purposes. I propose sustainability as a shared imagination of what doing music means. The articulation of such imagination informs the structure of the dissertation. The structure articulates the questions brought about by managing commons; they are the questions about a sense of security, sustainability, and documentation. It provides insights into what aspects that the people need to work on when they think about music. Traditional craft and creative industry: social and economic uses Natsuko Akagawa According to UNESCO, the creative industry sector of the Indonesian economy constituted about 7.1 per cent of export income in 2014. The government’s Creative Economy Agency (Bekraf) estimates that in 2019 the creative economy’s contribution to Indonesia’s GDP will exceed 12 per cent. This paper examines the way the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage listing of Indonesian batik has been integrated into national programs to achieve economic as well as political objectives, and is utilised at the community and individual level to generate income. It also demonstrates how UNESCO listing has provided positive incentive for communities and individual artists to recalibrate community interest and involvement in a traditional craft and generate support for a national ‘creative industries’ policy. The paper poses the question in how far the use of the Convention to serve politically and economically motivated instrumental objectives is subverting the original cultural aims of UNESCO. Yayasan Mahakam Lestari: documenting cultural knowledge with the Craft Conservation Program Karen Cherie MacDonald Karen Cherie Macdonald will talk about a Craft Conservation Program (CCP) project in East and North Kalimantan documenting cultural knowledge associated with the fibre arts. The fibre, or plaited arts, are traditionally practised by the 400 Dayak ethnic groups in Kalimantan. Communities proudly acknowledge that their material culture is unique and valuable, but often the underlying cultural context (beliefs systems, ritual functions and meanings of symbols) has been allowed to dissipate and disappear. Traditional sunhats, rattan mats and many forms of basketry are now the material expression of fragile cultural traditions. The CCP, part of the Mahakam Lestari Foundation, began a project in 2016 to capture and record the knowledge of CCP staff and the women artisans in the Dayak communities supported by the Foundation. The CCP has worked with seven communities since 2008 to perpetuate culturally significant Dayak plaited handicrafts in order to improve women's livelihoods and build sustainable communities. These projects have renewed interest in the communities and this knowledge on the making of fibre art, formerly almost lost, is now orally transmitted to the next generation. It was the more intangible knowledge, often associated with ceremony and tied to former religious beliefs, that is rarely known. The paper explores the challenges and highlights of this documentation project about gathering, developing and sharing this intangible knowledge. Relationships between clothing and poverty based on perceptions and experiences of the local communities of South Sulawesi Indonesia: a human rights approach Naimah Talib This research highlights how lack of clothing can create, reinforce, and perpetuate perceptions and experience of poverty, both in intrinsic and instrumental ways. Lack of clothing could enhance feeling of shame, stigmatisation and humiliation, and could reinforce the poor’s perceptions of poverty. In instrumental ways, lack of clothing has hampered local communities to access their economic, political, and socio cultural rights. A three week fieldwork was conducted in Makassar and Pangkajene, South Sulawesi. Data collection was conducted through interviews and FGDs with targeted participants (using the proxy of participants of Rice for Welfare and Program Keluarga Harapan). Gender played roles, especially in bearing impacts of lack of clothing and how it blocks the poor to access their basic rights. This thesis suggests that first, a multidimensional poverty measure which could capture shame, stigma, and social exclusion could be useful to address poverty problem, and second, social assistance programs should be design and implement in a more gender sensitive way as the findings show that social policies could turn back burdening women disproportionately, and enhancing shame and stigma of the poor in general. The role of the new ecological paradigm on pro-environmental behaviour of Jakarta Citizens Fitri Arlinkasari According to the Indonesian index of environmental quality in 2014, the environmental quality of Jakarta is the poorest among Indonesia’s thirty-three provinces. The emerged environmental problems in Jakarta are also contributed by the behaviour of the citizens that is not environment-oriented. To resolve the environmental conditions of Jakarta, the government and society need to work together toward the improvement of environmental quality by encouraging everyone to adopt pro-environmental behaviour (PEB). One of the factors that contribute to the configuration of pro-environmental behaviour is the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP)—individual belief about the environment that causes the individuals to realise the consequences that they would gain from their behaviour towards the environment. This study aims to test the impact of NEP on PEB. Three hundred and thirty two Jakarta citizens aged 21-65 years participated in this study. Two scales are developed and used in this research, namely General Ecological Behavior Scale (GEB) to measure PEB, and the NEP scale to identify the respondent’s belief on the individual and environment mutual relationship. Results indicated that NEP predicted PEB in about 2.7%, which means individual’s positive belief in the environment positively shape their environmental behaviour. Spatial structure of youth migration in Indonesia: does educational selectivity matter? Meirina Ayumi Malamassam It is broadly understood that migration works in a selective nature, particularly by level of education. Moreover, variations in migration intensity by education level within a country may indicate a discrepancy in human capital across regions. By using the multiplicative component method to analyse data from the 2010 Indonesia Population Census, this study examines the spatial interaction model of youth migration by highlighting migrants’ educational attainment. The spatial movements of young population have been a significant part of migration flows due to life-cycle events related to their transition to adulthood, such as higher education enrolment and labour market entry. The preliminary findings show that the interregional migration of young individuals is geographically unbalanced, particularly spatial flows by those who are currently studying in tertiary degree. Furthermore, the spatial pattern of working young migrants shows that Jakarta has high ratios of losing migrants with tertiary educational degree and gaining migrants with primary level of education and below. In addition, some regions outside Java Island have noticeable ratios of gaining labour migrants with high education level. The findings indicate the uneven patterns of youth migration play a part in human capital inequality across regions in Indonesia. Urbanisation, place-identity and city resilience in the face of disaster Nyoman Gede Maha Putra Urbanisation has changed many lives because it helps less fortunate people to find better jobs to feed their family, but it also raises some environmental concerns if not managed well. Urbanisation occurs because of imbalance in economic growth between different regions. Among the causes of imbalance economic growth is the establishment of the new government system with three levels: national-provincial-municipal. The implementation of such a system, since the independence of the Republic of Indonesia, has created centres of growth that attracted newcomers. On one hand, the newcomers help the city to work and thrive. On the other hand, they also need large amount of land, necessitate the city to transform. While cities in Indonesia were previously developed with traditional principles by the traditional inhabitants utilising natural resources, the arrival of newcomers causes immediate and large-scale change. Therefore, the one-time traditional city, which fit environmentally with the natural surroundings and culturally with the inhabitants, is nowadays packed with dense population craving for lands for development. A case study in Denpasar shows that economic consideration of urbanisation outweighs environmental and cultural attention. The city is, therefore, threatened by potential disaster and loss of identity. PANEL 6 A DIVERGENT PRACTICES OF GENDER IDEOLOGY, MASculINITY AND YOUTH IN VIOLENT EXTREMISM IN INDONESIA This panel discussed the role of community in preventing violent extremism. This panel is set up to present findings from research activities in 2017-2018 that was conducted in different settings of communities in 5 districts in Indonesia: Cirebon, Depok, Klaten, Sumenep, and Medan. The research finds there are different roles of female, male, and youth in their community either to support or to counter intolerance, radicalism and violent extremism. This panel will present lesson learn from different angles: gender, masculinity and youth. Gender ideology, agency and women’s empowerment: preventing radicalism and violent extremism Sri Wiyanti Eddyono Studies on violent extremism in Indonesia and elsewhere have discussed the increase of intolerant practices, and the existence of violent extremism and terrorism. A few studies investigate communal resilience and women’s strategies in preventing violent extremism. This paper discusses the approaches that need to be integrated in future research on violent extremism. The approaches are established on the basis of reflections from previous studies on community and women’s roles in preventing fundamentalism and violent extremism conducted during 2015-2018 in several sites in Indonesia (Poso, Jakarta, Depok, Yogyakarta, Sumenep, Klaten, Cirebon, and Medan). The first approach is to elaborate on different initiatives in communities and how the initiative can be escalated to prevent violent extremism. The second approach involves the integration of gender perspective and utilisation of the framework on women’s empowerment. The third approach brings the knowledge and the insight of research back to the community. Having these approaches will provide better understanding about the existing conditions on fundamentalism and violent extremism, the different settings that influence the rise of fundamentalism, and how the prevention program must be increased in addressing fundamentalism and violent extremism. Preventing intolerance and radicalism through women’s economic empowerment: lessons learnt from Indonesia Rizky Septiana Widyaningtyas Previous studies on women’s roles in violent extremism found that women could have various roles: they could be involved in, support or oppose the intolerant social attitudes. Programs have been established by development agencies to support women’s leadership for their activism in countering/preventing radicalism. There are questions on how effective or how far economic empowerment can prevent women from participating in radical movements. On the basis of research activities in several villages in Klaten, Central Java, in 2017-2018 with Monash Gender Peace Security Center, this paper discusses to what extent women’s economic empowerment can contribute to the strengthening of women’s agency. Women’s economic empowerment is defined as the opening space for women to participate in, contribute to and benefit from growth processes in ways that recognise the value of their contributions, respect their dignity and make it possible to negotiate a fairer distribution of the benefits of growth. This study applied multiple methods in gathering data with a feminist qualitative approach. This study finds that there are three elements that may influence the expansion or obstruction of women’s agency: the government attitudes and policies, NGOs and leadership of their community. Masculinity and its impacts on empowerment and disempowerment of women in preventing violent extremism Arvie Johan Hegemonic masculinity and its environment influence gender ideology and its practices throughout Indonesia. The primary thrust has come from the belief that men should be responsible husbands, fathers, and breadwinners. In the light of this, sensitive gender approach does not properly discuss the involvement of men in the strategies of empowering women. Starting from empirical research on a gender sensitive approach to empowering women for peaceful communities during 2017 – 2018 in five sites in Indonesia (Klaten, Sumenep, Depok, Cirebon, and Medan), this article analyses the fluidity of gender ideology as a social construct and how it has been influenced by family pattern on gender roles. The mainstream of social perspective on gender roles continues to emphasise hegemony of masculinity. Men and women who are unable and/or unwilling to fill this normative role are attempting to reach a compromise. Yet, this study finds that there is a negotiation process in practising gender ideology in which masculinity is also utilised by women to strengthen their roles both in the family and community. Thus this research concludes the important linkage between women’s role along with men’s roles and their involvement in empowering women and community to prevent violent extremism. Youth and their role in violence and the prevention of violent extremism Devita Kartika Putri This paper discusses how youth plays a role in both violent extremism and preventing violent extremism. Based on a research in 2018-2019 in Depok, Medan, and Cirebon district of Indonesia, it found that the spread of intolerance and radicalism often occurs on campus. Students, particularly freshmen, are considered as a strategic target to instil intolerant and radicalistic views due to their vulnerability, being away from their parents and having to adapt to a new environment. As for the media, campus sermons and other religious activities are used as student forum to promote such views. Furthermore, primordialism is also an issue as it limits students’ interactions to only with those of the same religion. The above phenomenon further calls for concern when religion is being politicised. As evident from Indonesia’s history, students and their organisations have valuable role in initiating movements for certain issues. As such, it opens the possibility where student movements may be motivated by religious politicisation to promote violent extremism. At the same time, however, student activities, movements, and organisations can also serve as media to promote tolerance and prevent violent extremism. --- PANEL 6 B THE CONSTITUTION, THE COURTS AND THE ADMINISTRATION IN INDONESIA The Indonesian Constitution is an important text that governs the world’s third largest democracy. Emerging in 1998 from decades of authoritarian rule, Indonesia’s 1945 Constitution underwent a series of major amendments. A culture of constitutionalism in Indonesia has developed in connection with a robust civil society and ongoing advocacy campaigns for law and justice by legal advocates. The papers in this panel are part of a broader collaborative project that will explore and explain the critical and ongoing set of debates over the meaning and practice of the Indonesian Constitution. These papers explore themes of judicial independence, social rights, terrorism, and religious values. Judicial independence: a threat to Indonesia’s democracy? Melissa Crouch Is Indonesia’s judiciary and its claims to judicial independence a threat to Indonesia’s democracy? Since 1998, major efforts to reform the courts have taken place. This includes the ‘one roof’ (satu atap) reforms that transferred control over management and administration of the courts from the executive to the Supreme Court; the creation of a Constitutional Court; the establishment of a new Judicial Commission to ensure judicial accountability; and the introduction of a range of specialised courts. Through a series of cases, the powers of the Judicial Commission have been compromised and the notion of ‘judicial independence’ expanded to include significant autonomy without meaningful accountability. In this paper, I suggest that initial efforts to balance judicial independence with accountability have been compromised. This resonates with the theoretical work of Holmes and Fiss, who suggest that there are particular risks and dangers in granting judicial independence as part of a democratic transition. In the case of Indonesia, the persistence of corruption jeopardises the integrity of judicial independence and makes judicial accountability impossible to attain. The example of Indonesia offers lessons on constitution-making and court reform for countries in a transition to democracy. Contesting marketisation and predatory rule: the 1945 Constitution, social rights and the politics of public services in Indonesia Andrew Rosser Following the collapse of the New Order in 1998, the Supreme Deliberative Council (MPR) amended the 1945 Constitution to, among other things, incorporate new provisions providing for better protection of social rights. This paper assesses the impact of these changes, focusing on provisions related to the rights to education, health and water services. The paper argues that i) along with other political and legal changes following the collapse of the New Order, these provisions contributed to a wave of litigation aimed at challenging neoliberal reform of public services and predatory control over public service providers; and ii) the extent to which such litigation has been successful has depended significantly on several factors: the institutional design of the court system as amended since the fall of the New Order; the presence of support structures for legal mobilisation; the ideology of the courts and judges; and the roles and willingness of litigants to pursue redress. Broadly speaking, it is argued, this litigation has served to promote fulfilment of the rights of the poor and marginalised, although gains have largely come through better access to services, while issues of improving quality have been less prominent. Human rights and terrorism in Indonesia: a critical view Jayson Lamcheck In the face of increasing state repression in the name of countering terrorism, human rights advocates have focused on articulating a model of counterterrorism that would be compatible with respect for human rights. While this move might bring amelioration to certain individual victims, it accommodates the problematic discourse of terrorism which often forms part of the very conditions that breed human rights violations in the first place. It risks the “legitimisation and perpetuation” of the discourse of terrorism, “rather than its dismantling or destruction.” (Jackson 2016, 122) In this talk, I present illustrations of this dynamic from Indonesia. I look at the attachment of a human rights language to Indonesia’s police-led approach to counterterrorism, and the role that plays in inoculating police abuse from scrutiny. The presentation concludes with the idea of disentangling human rights advocacy from counterterrorism. A disentangled advocacy would reaffirm and advance the critique of the discourse of terrorism while recovering the practice of human rights from minimalism or the tendency to think small and the aversion to politics. The constitutionalisation of ‘religious values’ in Indonesia Nadirsyah Hosen In two different sections of the Amendment to 1945 Constitution, the phrase ‘nilai-nilai agama’ (religious values) are mentioned. First, in article 28J(2) on limitations of constitutional rights, and, second, in article 31(6) on the duty of government to uphold these values in education. The main question is: how far must the State endorse ‘Religious Values’ in public life as a constitutional requirement? My presentation will examine the interpretation of the phrase ‘Religious Values’ in the constitutional cases decided by the Indonesian Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi) and evaluate the context of socio-legal politics in Indonesia. --- PANEL 6 C POLITICS AND POLITICAL ECONOMIES The political economy of outlaw motorcycle clubs in Indonesia Ian Wilson This paper examines international Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs (OMC) and their arrival, indigenisation and political and economic ‘mainstreaming’ in Indonesia. While OMCs are listed as proscribed criminal organisations in many parts of the world, in Indonesia clubs such as Bandidos, SatuDarah and Mongols enjoy high-level political patronage. Initially arriving via Australian, European and American outlaw clubs seeking new economic opportunities and refuge from domestic policing regimes, OMCs have been transformed as local members have taken charge of local chapters. The anti-establishment subculture of OMCs has been translated into existing patterns of militarist culture resulting in clubs being less criminal ‘outlaw’ and more well-resourced and disciplined entrepreneurs with members including serving police and military. The economic interests of clubs have spanned from security industries to the mining and agricultural sector. International scholarship has identified OMCs as “organised criminals without borders” with brand and image marketable commodities used to expand criminal interests transnationally. The Indonesia case suggests that this assessment fails to sufficiently consider the ways in which the local political economic context can significantly constrain and reshape OMCs. A critical evaluation into a fundamental reform of the healthcare system in Indonesia: the case of BPJS Harun Harun This study critically evaluates the nature and structural impacts of a universal health care system introduced by post-Suharto administrations in Indonesia. Our study is driven by the lack of critical analysis of social and political factors, actors, and unintended consequences of New Public Management (NPM) in health sector reforms in emerging economies. To fill the literature gap, this study not only examines the impact of the economic and political forces surrounding the introduction of a universal health insurance program in the country, but also offers insights into the role of actors and undesirable effects of fundamental reforms that have occurred in Indonesia since 2014. The authors find the introduction of a democratic political system following the collapse of an authoritarian regime in 1998 opened an opportunity for national political elite and international financial aid agencies to introduce a universal social security administration agency called BPJS (Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial). The policy aims to cover all healthcare services of citizens and eligible residents of the country. Although the introduction of the system has increased the coverage of health service for the nation’s citizens, this effort still faces several problems that include (a) the raise of deficits, (b) resistance from medical professionals, and (c) politicians’ tendency to blame BPJS’s management for its failure to pay the costs of healthcare services. This shows that policy making of this system was primarily motivated by the interests of the national political elite and international agencies without seriously considering key barriers to the effectiveness of BPJS operation in the long term. This study contributes to the health policy literature by showing that uncarefully designed universal health care system could undermine the core values of health care services and threaten the sustainability of the medical profession in Indonesia. The study also offers suggestions for a better policy making in this sector in Indonesia and beyond. Corrupt networks: social network analysis of a forest case Jacqui Baker How is corruption money spent? Existing assumptions are that corruption is a dyadic exchange, where two actors participate in a single corrupt transaction. However, anecdotal evidence from KPK investigators suggests that in large scale corrupt activity, corrupt offenders move large sums of graft money both abroad and domestically across complex networks of actors. By “following the money”, this paper aims to understand how the proceeds of corruption are distributed, transferred, or laundered domestically or abroad. By mapping both material and non-material exchanges, one key insight of this data will be to establish how major graft cases involving billions of rupiah are driven by networks of individuals, parties, organisations and businesses across the private, public and not for profit sector who seek to gain from its proceeds and who “institutionalise” corruption. What are these networks, how do they operate and whose interests do they serve? This paper will present findings from a collaborative project between the KPK and the Chr. Michelsen Institute which uses social network analysis to illustrate what a “socially networked” map of corrupt exchanges can tell us about the dynamics of corruption and anti-corruption in forestry in Indonesia. --- PANEL 6 D ENVIRONMENTAL AND RURAL GOVERNANCE From dystopia to utopian: Indonesia Vision 2045 - an experiment with Indonesian fire management policy makers Jonatan A Lassa About 20 million people in Sumatra and Kalimantan experienced dystopian realities where the survivors had been constantly exposed to highly polluted haze for months in the El-Nino year 2015. Some pockets of these regions have been constantly under annual haze pollution for about two decades. Neighbouring countries have been affected on regular basis. The forest fire disaster in 2015 caused disruptions and delays of flights and supplies for up to four months in many cities and towns. Health costs had been tremendous and health risk remains facts to be seen in the future. The popular Indonesian President, Joko Widodo showed a determination to turn the dystopia into utopia and further into eutopia - a positive future reality that can be achieved with the right policy. This research examines utopian ideas shared by Indonesian officials who have been dealing with forest fires in the last five years at different levels. It particularly analyses changes in the utopian ideas among the same participants in three DFAT/Australian Awards funded workshops in Indonesia and Australia conducted during October 2017 and March 2018. This study also compares and analyses different utopian thoughts from presidential level to the present 2045 vision. Knowledge, policy and politics: epistemic communities and decision making in local environmental governance in Indonesia Laila Kholid Alfirdaus and S Rouli Manalu This research is about the complex relations between knowledge, policy and politics under the notion of “epistemic communities” in area of environment and natural resource. It is realised that epistemic communities are crucial to make sure policy being made is based on prudent assessment on policy risks and advantages. However, it is not rare to find questions in the involvement of epistemic community, when the extractive/natural resource policy is found to have weak scientific justifications. For this purpose, this research discusses two cases in Indonesia. The first is the establishment of a cement factory in Rembang in Kendeng mountainous area. In this case, scholars and experts are divided into two groups: those who argue that the mining operation is safe, on the one hand, and those who see the project as inappropriate considering the weak capacity of the environment in the area. The second relates to oil palm plantation. In this case, the issue is not only whether to plant or not, but also whether to use persuasive or confrontative approach to encourage corporations obey the environmental standards. From this study, it is clear that public policy is about politics, even when it is designed to involve “expectedly” non-political entity, namely academics. Global Value Chain 4.0 for economic, social, and environmental upgrading: the experience of Indonesian palm oil B Endo Gauh Perdana The Industrial Revolution 4.0 endorses a high-speed transfer of information that promotes digitalisation and innovation across many sectors of industries allowing them to thrive by increasing productivity, profitability, product quality and performance. However, the utilisation of digital technology, especially in agricultural sector where sustainability practices are essential to be addressed, requires effective governance for upgrading strategies. As one of the main export commodities and a key driver of the economy, the palm oil industry in Indonesia is in alert to face the challenges brought about by the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This research draws from the latest work of Gerrefi and Joonkoo Lee on Global Value Chain. In the framework of horizontal industrial cluster and vertical global value chain governance, the theory examines how governance and upgrading trajectories produces economic upgrading which correlates to social and environmental upgrading. This research argues that the role of technology supports as well as accelerates the upgrading strategies. A set of data are collected from literature of multidisciplinary perspectives in addition to statistical data on the palm oil industry. The GVC analysis of Indonesian palm oil industry will be used as a map to understand the complexity of how actors operate in every cluster of governance. Economic upgrading is not always associated with social and environmental upgrading. Therefore, a strong linkage between actors suggests that the Fourth Industrial Revolution is relevant and essential to enhance synergy to cater for economic, social and environmental dimensions in order to harness the potential of sustainable development. State-centrism in Indonesia’s rural water management: the impact of political-economic structures and contesting discourses Tadzkia Nurshafira and Husna Yuni Wulansari This paper seeks to capture the impact of state-centric logic in Indonesia’s water provision in rural, remote areas. Two issues emerged from the narrative of the state as the sole primary regulator of water management. First, it confines the private sector’s role to financial provision and business concession applied only to big companies in more urbanised areas. Second, it acknowledges local communities merely as consumers or constituents without allowing their own preferred mechanism of water management. These issues are problematic in the rural context as the state is unable to be present completely throughout the process of providing water management and infrastructures (e.g. pipeline networks) in a geographical-constrained areas with minimum or no water idle capacity. Meanwhile, private, small-scale and informal water providers and local collective mechanism have been present as the main available solutions to the absence of the state. Informed by Cultural Political Economy approach (Jessop and Sum 2013), this paper argues that state-centric water governance is situated by the configuration of political-economic structure, which is characterised by Jokowi’s economic nationalism, and contesting discourses of water as public, common, or economic goods. This configuration determines which actors and solutions are preferred in addressing the problems. As a consequence, local communities and small-scale private actors mechanism in rural areas are excluded from the existing water governance, while the government is unable to secure a sustainable and affordable daily basis water provision for some rural communities. --- PANEL 6 E ART HISTORY Untranslated histories: Sanento Yuliman and Indonesian art history ABSTRACTS Elly Kent Eminent Indonesian art critic and historian Sanento Yuliman, who passed away in 1992, looms large over Indonesian art history. His perspicuous and prescient texts firmly position Indonesian modern art in continuity with what came before, “emerging in the midst of living art traditions.” Yuliman’s artistic ideology sits in conjunction with his proposition of “continuity” across traditional and modern forms, yet maintains that the autonomy of the artist, and the notion that art has evocative, emotional and experiential power, is the guiding principle of Indonesian art. His insistence on the deconstruction of binary oppositions such as tradition and modernity, high and low art, abstraction and realism, and his rejection of the notion of rupture and progress as the fundamental principals of modernist art, align with what is now an increasingly dominant discourse in the theories of philosophers and critics such as Jacque Ranciere and Kobena Mercer. Yet Yuliman’s writing, which addresses most of Indonesia’s now most prominent contemporary artists and is strongly influential on art discourse in Indonesia, remains largely untranslated, and inaccessible to most scholars of Asian art outside Indonesia. This paper examines Yuliman’s propositions within a broader global context and argues for his place at the forefront of contemporary art theory. Noto Soeroto: thinking about Indonesian modern art Matt Cox Noto Soeroto was born in 1888 into the Paku Alam royal house, a family that played a significant role in producing talented cultural ambassadors in the fields of art, journalism, music, literature and education. In 1923 in The Hague, Noto Soeroto began publishing Oedaya, a bilingual journal covering art, politics and culture through his own publishing house Adi Pustaka. Because it was published in both Dutch and Indonesian, it was appealing to two audiences and was critical in establishing a dialogue between Europe and Indonesia. The art reviews and artist profiles that appeared in this early journal were significant in initiating artistic discourse around a national form of art. While the dominant narrative of Indonesia modern art attributes the beginning of a modern discourse to S. Sudjojono and his writings from the mid-1930s, this paper argues that Noto Soeroto’s criticism advanced an argument for an Indonesian identifying artistic expression on the international stage as early as the mid-1920s. Japanese Bunkajin and the creation of Indonesian modern art Antariksa Throughout the Japanese occupation (1942–1945), the Japanese authorities sought to mobilise Indonesian artists for propaganda in support of the ‘Greater East Asian War’. In an unprecedented event in Indonesian art history, art came under centralised supervision, and the idea of art collectivism became an important platform for serving and disseminating the idea of Greater East Asian Co-prosperity Sphere. One art organisation in particular focused on the development of nationalist arts during the Japanese occupation, namely Keimin Bunka Shidosho (Institute for People’s Education and Cultural Guidance; better known as Pusat Kebudayaan or Cultural Center). Established in April 1943 as an auxiliary organisation of Sendenbu (the Propaganda Department), its tasks were to promote traditional Indonesian arts, to introduce and disseminate Japanese culture, and to educate and train Indonesian artists. It comprised separate sections for film, literature, painting and sculpture, theatre and dance, and music, and each section was co-chaired by Japanese bunkajin (men of culture) and Indonesian artists. In my paper, I will discuss the role of Japanese bunkajin in mediating the occupier and the occupied, the commander and the commanded, especially during the crucial early stages of Japanese occupation. In this role, they solicited and received assistance from influential figures, including Indonesian nationalist artists and members of the intelligentsia, and collaboratively created the foundation for Indonesian modern art. PANEL 7 A WOMEN’S EXPERIENCES IN INDONESIA Empowering women with disabilities in university libraries: inclusive design and socioeconomic empowerment Gunawan Tanuwidjaja and Priskila Adiasih The Persons with disabilities right is regarded as significantly important by the United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (PwDs). Therefore empowerment strategies are needed to remove the barriers faced by PwDs. In the Indonesian context, Act No. 8 the Year 2016 recognises the rights of Person with Disabilities. Unfortunately, the UNCRPD has yet to be implemented in many inaccessible educational facilities. Therefore, Inclusive Design (ID) framework is really needed especially because of the University’s Library role as the central service for higher degree education and community hub. The research attempts to answer the research question of: “What are the barriers and success points of the implementation of Inclusive Design in Indonesia?” The research will be conducted with qualitative methods in PCU library in Indonesia. It will involve decision makers, architects, librarians, and students with disabilities. An introductory project in Petra Christian University had been conducted in 2017-2018. The temporary findings show that PCU Library accessibility improvement was proposed following inclusive redesign methods. The barriers to ID implementation is the limited awareness of decision-makers and the limited number of librarians. Besides that, the Special Assistance Corner and Disability Service is constructed in PCU Library causing more educational access to PwDs and reducing poverty of PwDs especially the Women with Disabilities. Additional women empowerment will be conducted by PCU Library such as the Products’ Packaging Training for Medium and Small Enterprise (MSE) in Pagesangan, Jambangan. The use of body mapping to explore female adolescents’ understanding of physical body changes during puberty Christina Rony Nayoan Puberty is an inevitable stage of development that will be experienced by all adolescents. During this phase, female adolescents experience drastic changes in their physical, physiologies and physiological aspects of their life. Body mapping is a visual data collection method that enables the participants to communicate creatively and in a more reflexive way. This study used body mapping to explore the understanding of physical changes among junior high school female students in Kupang, Indonesia. Ten junior high schools were purposely selected to participate in the study and data was collected from June to October 2018. There were 45 female students participating in the body mapping through interviews. It is clear from their body mapping that puberty was only signified by the growth of breast and hips, as those were the features commonly pointed out by the participants. They also indicated the growth of hair around the genital and underarms. However, these characteristics were mentioned only by older participants who already experienced menstruation. Their understanding of pubertal development was only limited to the changes in the outer body. The inner body development remained a mystery for these young female participants. Therefore, it is important to equip young female adolescents with puberty preparation for their future reproductive health. Being a woman Sufi in modern life: an anthropological study of women members of the Naqshabandiyah Nazimiyyah order Laily Hafidzah This research paper is based on my PhD fieldwork in the Naqshabandiyah Nazimiyyah Sufi order in Indonesia by conducting participant observation and in-depth interviews with women members of this Sufi order in Jakarta. It is to reflect and examine prominent scholars’ thought on women and Sufism. Ahmed (1992: 98) claims that Sufism offers a chance of ‘an independent and autonomous life’ for women. Women also brought a significant contribution to the development and spiritual vitality (Sultanova 2011). Buehler (2016) even predicts that women will continue to become more prominent in Sufism activity. Some main findings are as follows. First, the members of Naqshabandiyah Nazimiyyah Sufi order are mostly dominated by urban women whose socio-economic position is middle and upper class in the social strata. Second, women’s involvement in the Sufi order enhances their economic position. One of the women members states that she has gained more opportunity in economic and business since she started participating in rituals. Third, some members reveal that they receive a spiritual guidance from Grand Syeikh, and lastly, members perceive that Sufism is in line and not contradictory to modernity. Gender economic inequality in Indonesia Irna Susrianti One of the main problem faced by many developing countries is gender inequality, and Indonesia no exception to that. This research examines the root of gender economic equality. The result of the research shows that women economic inequality is affiliated with many cultural and structural barriers existing in society. While women and men have equal right to economic participation, the reality is that women encounters complex problems caused by strong social norms, patriarchy and fundamentalism especially in the era of growing of populism during the last few years. The indicators used in the research are Female and Male Human Development Index (HDI), Education Participation, Labor Force Participation, Business ownership and Land ownership. While the opportunity of men and women to enter secondary education is almost equal, the labor force participation rate is highly unequal where men encounter of 83.9 percent and women only 50.9 percent, which is very low by international standard. Furthermore, Female HDI is still below Male HDI. Furthermore, women in Indonesia also face gender pay gap in the informal sector and hardly get promoted to important positions, in both informal and formal sectors, which leads to the low participation of women in decision making and development planning. PANEL 7 B ELECTORAL POLITICS The intricacies of Indonesian electoral reforms after the restoration of democracy Ronny Basista The paper traces the process of the Indonesian electoral system reforms since the restoration of democracy in 1998 and seeks to explain how the reforms following each successive election since 1998 have shaped the Indonesian democracy. To this end, the paper addresses two primary enquiries: first, to identify primary stakeholders essential in initiating and conducting the reform process, and such stakeholders’ objectives for pursuing such a goal; and second, to outline the decision-making cycle and the policy process involved, especially in terms of methods of debating the proposed policies in the parliament and the decision-making process. Pertinent to such enquiries, the paper shall illuminate the inner dynamics of electoral reforms in Indonesia, the state’s party system fragmentation and its consequences for the future of Indonesian democracy. Furthermore, and critically, the paper outlines the scrimmage of interests among the most decisive stakeholders in the Indonesian political ecosystem, the so-called ‘Gods’ (Dewa). In particular, the paper addresses the role played by political elites whose efforts to reform the system have been motivated by the desire to improve governability but also by the need to maintain and protect their own interests. Fragmentation within Majelis Taklim during the 2019 elections Nisaul Fadillah Majelis taklim is a Muslim neighbourhood prayer group in Indonesia. Majelis taklim are now widespread across the country. A national survey claims that the network of majelis taklim is larger than any other social religious network involving Muslim women, with the majority in the lower classes of Indonesian society. During the regime of Soeharto, majelis taklim was identified as one national political vehicle to support the regime. After the fall of the authoritarian regime, majelis taklim were encouraged to be more independent and self-funded following the spirit of democratisation. The 2019 election was identified as a polarising election with campaigns by each presidential candidate aiming to appeal to Muslim and non-Muslim voters. This polarised the population across Muslim and non-Muslim and within Muslim communities. As a heterogenic institution, majelis taklim experienced polarisation and also fragmentation at the national and local levels. This paper focuses on patronage practices within majelis taklim in the local setting of Jambi Province in Indonesia. It reports on focus group discussions with majelis taklim members and individual interviews with majelis taklim leaders, preachers, politicians, and electoral brokers. The data identify potential fragmentation within majelis taklim. Political homophobia in Indonesian electoral politics Gavin Height Beginning in early 2016, Indonesian political elites began publicly calling for crackdowns on LGBT Indonesians, with the Defence Minister going so far as to claim the LGBT community was a greater threat to the nation than nuclear war. The homophobic discourse has commonly been attributed to Indonesia’s apparent shift to religious conservatism, but other factors have further exacerbated Indonesia’s ‘moral panic’, including the ease of communication through social media, and heightened global attention to sexual and gender minorities following the US’s legalisation of marriage equality. This paper examines to what extent homophobia has featured in the context of electoral politics in Indonesia. In the 2019 presidential and parliamentary elections, discourse regarding gender and sexual minorities was largely absent from the official national campaigns. However, at the local level, some legislative candidates did engage in vilifying and securitisation discourse as a tactic in their personal campaigns, along with unofficial ‘black campaigns’ against specific candidates on social media. When viewed through the framework of political homophobia, in which sexual and gender minorities are framed as threats to the nation and as an ‘other’, the Indonesian case is but one recent example of a modular toolkit used by actors for political gain. PANEL 7 C RECENT CHANGES IN INDONESIA-CHINA RELATIONS Bilateral relations between Indonesia and China reach back hundreds of years. They accelerated after China became a WTO member in 2001. Bilateral trade increased. China imported more raw materials from Indonesia. Indonesia imported more manufactured goods from China. Chinese companies heeded the call of China’s government for them to ‘go out’ in search of overseas investment opportunities, also in Indonesia. More Chinese consortia were awarded major infrastructure projects in Indonesia. President Xi Jinping’s 2013 articulation of the Belt and Road initiative bolstered that trend. Bilateral relations intensified and diversified. Greater numbers of Chinese tourists arrived in Indonesia, more Indonesians took up studies in China. Chinese agencies supported the growth of Chinese studies at universities in Indonesia, and Indonesian studies programs at universities in China increased. These changes are partly an outcome of government agencies desiring a better mutual understanding. They are also the outcome of more mobile younger generations taking an interest in neighbouring countries. But how well do Indonesia and China understand each other after more than 15 years of expanding bilateral relations? The purpose of this panel is for papers to discuss some salient aspects of the bilateral relations and encourage a potentially wider-ranging discussion with the audience. The changing Chinese image in Indonesian elections since 1998 Song Xue In the 2019 Indonesian presidential election, the China factor is so entrenched throughout the electoral campaigns that it almost penetrated into all the discussions related to the campaign, including, but not limited to employment and Chinese immigrant workers, communism and religious rights in China, infrastructure funding and debt trap conspiracy, the direct meddling of Chinese government in the Indonesian presidential election. It is not common for a foreign country to exert such an influence on any Indonesian general election since 1999, given that Indonesia’s strategic position is largely inward-looking and not used to giving excessive attention to global geopolitical transitions or foreign policies. This study looks into how the China factor gradually became a focal point in the Indonesian presidential elections and the changing image of China throughout 1999-2019 by analysing reports in Indonesian newspaper outlets and social media postings during the campaign periods. Understanding the intermestic dimensions of Indonesia’s China policy Greta Nabbs-Keller Robert Putnam’s ‘two-level game’ theory, which demonstrated how governments’ requirement to satisfy both domestic constituencies and international actors imposed constraints on foreign policy behaviour, has particular salience in the case of Indonesia-China relations. Despite the two countries’ growing economic convergence and the significant expansion in bilateral engagement over the past two decades, relations have remained constrained by a ‘persistent ambiguity’ on Indonesia’s part. During the 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial elections, the opposition coalition which mobilised against ethnic Chinese incumbent, Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Ahok), was successful in invoking a Suharto-era narrative based on the ‘triangular threat’ posed by Indonesian communism, mainland China and the ethnic Chinese minority. With its roots in Indonesia’s political history, characterised by a deep enmity towards Beijing and its support for communist subversion in Southeast Asia, opponents of Ahok successfully exploited the racism in hardline Islamic circles and in negative public perceptions about both China and Indonesia’s ethnic Chinese community. This paper examines how the rise of identity politics in Indonesia, spurred by an alliance between hardline Islamic forces with an increasingly illiberal and destabilising party political opposition, has seen the re-emergence of old tropes about an amorphous Chinese threat. By exploring the intermestic dimensions of Indonesia-China relations, it demonstrates how uncertainty about Beijing’s economic and political predominance in Southeast Asia is conflating with lingering resentment toward Indonesia’s ethnic Chinese minority with implications for Indonesia’s China policy. The impact of securitization of China’s foreign investment in Indonesia on China-Indonesia relations under the ‘Belt & Road’ initiative Yue Pan Since the beginning of the 21st century, bilateral relations between China and Indonesia have become increasingly close. However, under the ‘Belt & Road’ Initiative, there have been many negative public opinions during the process of China’s investment in Indonesia. China’s investment in Indonesia, originally in the economic field, has become a security issue threatening Indonesia’s national security through the process of securitisation. According to the theory of the Copenhagen School, securitisation is to politicise public issues into national security issues to be raised as the highest priority. Therefore, securitising actors can claim a right to deal with threats through extraordinary measures. This securitisation of China’s investment in Indonesia has impacted on Indonesia’s politics, economy and society. It has also hurt the investment confidence of Chinese enterprises, and even casts a shadow over the bilateral relations between China and Indonesia. Fortunately, given the interests and interdependence of both countries, in the long run, the negative impact of securitisation is limited. Indonesia is still an important investment destination for Chinese companies, and, compared with the USA and Japan, China may be the best partner for Indonesia. Chinese investment and Chinese firms in Indonesia Tao (Sherry) Kong and Pierre van der Eng Available data on the flows and stocks of Chinese FDI in Indonesia suggest that they have increased significantly since 2004. Further analysis indicates that these data give an incomplete impression of the activities of Chinese firms in Indonesia. The paper substantiates this by analysing other quantitative data, as well as individual investment cases. It discusses four specific characteristics of Chinese investment in Indonesia: (a) activities of Chinese companies in Indonesia are only partially reflected in the available investment data; (b) Chinese investment is concentrated in mining and project construction and management, rather than manufacturing industry, unlike other foreign direct investment from other countries; (c) Chinese firms received concessions in terms of expatriate employment and suppliers that reduce the backward linkages of their investment; (d) several Chinese investment projects were based on over-optimistic assessments of their commercial viability, which will require Chinese investors to reflect on their strategic objectives in Indonesia. PANEL 7 D CHANGING INDIGENEITY POLITICS IN INDONESIA This panel launches the special issue on “Changing Indigeneity Politics in Indonesia: from Revival to Projects” published in The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology around November 2019 (check: https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rtap20/20/4). The issue is written by an international and multi-disciplinary team of authors and consists of 11 papers with an epilogue article by Tania Li. In this panel we aim to discuss the main conclusions of the collection. The role of indigeneity NGOs in the legal recognition of adat communities and customary forests Yance Arizona A main assumption of indigeneity NGOs in Indonesia is that state recognition will strengthen indigenous people’s rights to their land and forests against ongoing or future dispossession. In Indonesia, legal recognition has become central to the approaches of indigeneity NGOs’ campaigns, while the local realities and problems among indigenous communities seem to receive less attention. Has legal recognition of indigenous communities turned into a national NGO project that does not solve the communities’ land and forest related problems? In this article (co-authored by Muki Wicaksono (Epistema Institute, Jakarta) and Jacqueline Vel (Leiden University), we compare two locations where communities have succeeded in obtaining state recognition. By focusing the analysis on the steps in the recognition processes from articulating community problems to eventually solving them, we show how indigeneity NGOs have had a dominant role, but achieved limited success. Instead of resulting in community autonomy and tenure security, the legal recognition process reproduces the state territorialisation over customary forests and communities. Impediments in establishing Adat Villages: a socio-legal examination of the Indonesian Village Law Tody Sasmitha As adat revivalism has begun to influence regulatory, legal, and administrative outcomes in Indonesia, adat (tradition or custom) has also found a place in one of the largest policy reforms reshaping Indonesia’s local governance systems: The Village Law. The 2014 Village Law includes a specific mechanism for villages to be recognised as “adat villages”. However, five years after promulgating this law, no adat villages have yet been completely established. In this paper, I take a socio-legal approach to examine the challenges of adat village establishment. A case study in South Kalimantan illustrates how the district government utilised the flaws in the legislation to undermine a customary community’s demand for recognition and to justify the stagnation of adat village establishment in their area. In a broader context, adat recognition through the 2014 Village Law tends to incorporate adat into the existing administrative village, instead of empowering the adat communities. Changing Indigeneity politics in Indonesia: main conclusions and implications for research agenda Jacqueline Vel and Kathryn Robinson The articles in the special issue analyse how adat (customary law) is currently mobilised, interpreted, codified, and contested in its multiple manifestations in Indonesia. Adat has become a powerful asset in tourism development, a tool in identity politics, an argument used against and in favour of land dispossession, a weapon against immigrants, and a legal tool for breaking the power of the forestry ministry. A main conclusion that adat revivalism during the first decade of reformasi has transitioned into the proliferation of ‘adat projects’ that mostly serve the interests of smaller and more localised actors. What remains of the adat social movement? What’s next for adat projects in the emerging political developments unfolding in Indonesia? How do the conclusions contribute to wider academic debates about indigeneity? What would be the new approach to adat studies? Indonesian cyberspace expansion: a double edged sword Thomas Paterson Indonesia’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is growing at a healthy 5.1 per cent per year. A significant portion of new growth in recent years has been generated by cyberspace expansion and the creation of new cyber-based businesses in the e-commerce sector. These businesses have been able to thrive due to the rising number of Indonesians connecting to the Internet. As of 2017, Indonesia had approximately 143 million internet users, which will further increase as the economy grows. Digital connectivity in Indonesia has created many positive economic opportunities but has also led to problems with cybercrime, cyber-amplified religious intolerance and disinformation. Indonesia’s slow moving and inadequate legislative environment results in cyber criminals using the archipelago as a haven for their activities. Problems with low rates of digital literacy means Indonesians citizens are highly vulnerable to pervasive disinformation campaigns. To address these issues, the Indonesian government has announced a limited range of measures to try and improve digital literacy and combat some of the issues in its cyberspace. Although some of these measures are positive, they include problematic proposed legislative revisions and an automated censorship system, which could assist in the censorship of legitimate political expression intentional or otherwise. Solidarity in the digital age in Indonesia: precarious workers in the digitised transportation sector in Jakarta Diatyka Widya Permata Yashih This paper examines the explosion of collective organisations and actions among drivers in the digitised transport sector amidst the transformation of patterns of work under neoliberal capitalism in Indonesia. The rise of the digitised transportation sector conditions the expansion of work practices that conditions the atomisation of the workforce, whereby workers personalise the problems and solutions of the work situations, challenging collective organisations and actions. Collective organisations and actions do occur among workers in the digitised transport, motivated by grievances over work situations and made possible by the imperfection of managerial control. However, the atomisation of the workforce produce a fragile individualised solidarity, whereby the practices of solidarity among workers are motivated majorly by personal interest and gains. Such form of solidarity is produced in a context where precarious employment practices has been normalised and an organised working-class movement has been weakened by decades of authoritarianism. Through interview with 45 drivers of Grab and GoJek, two prominent ride-hailing apps in Indonesia, this paper aims to response to works that inspire optimistic claims on collective actions and organisations. While celebrating the occurrence of collective actions and organisations, the works neglect the process that atomise the workforce and its impact on solidarity. Examining determinants of e-payment use in Indonesia: do trust and financial literacy matter? Umi Julaihah Studies on technology acceptance have provided valuable insights for managers and authority on how people adopt and use such technology. This study aims to identify factors affecting user acceptance of electronic payment in Indonesia, especially debit cards, as the most commonly used form of electronic payment in this country. Although debit card use is rapidly increasing, the evidence shows that people still prefer to use debit card for cash withdrawals rather than direct purchasing. This study applies the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use Technology (UTAUT) framework with some modifications to accommodate the financial sector’s characteristics, such as incorporating trust and financial literacy. Security and religious beliefs are also incorporated as trust antecedence. Five hundred forty-one responses from the online survey were collected and analysed using Partial Least Square–Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM). The findings show that trust became a crucial determinant for attitude toward using debit cards, followed by social influence and facilitating condition. In contrast, performance expectancy, effort expectancy and financial literacy did not significantly affect people’s use of debit cards. The insignificant role of performance expectancy and effort expectancy could indicate that most respondents are experienced users, as they were already familiar with using debit cards. Information technology and economic participation: the case of Indonesian small business owners with disability ABSTRACTS Misita Anwar The economic participation and well-being of people with disabilities are inherently paradoxical. While it is recognised that employment and work are enabling and that the ability to gain an income is empowering and even life-changing, the mainstream job market can be debilitating, exploiting, and reinforcing structural inequality and barriers for people with disabilities. This is the case with the Internet and in the digital economy, where the promise of technology to overcome social barriers exists alongside digital exclusion of people with disabilities whose online activities vary depending on their disability, digital skills, and socioeconomic conditions. Diversity model, the new model of disability is based on definitive acceptance of human diversity which is beyond the dichotomy concept of ability/disability (Palacios et.al, 2012). The model embraces the concept of ‘functional diversity’ as a much more meaningful and positive concept than ‘disability’. The aim of this research is to explore ICT appropriation, particularly mobile devices by small business owners with disability. This research will incorporate this ‘functional diversity’ concept where the point of departure is that human beings are diverse in terms of their capability to function (Palacios et.al, 2012). This enhances the analysis and yields superior sensitivity, given that diverse functions (attained with the aid of ICT) are much more susceptible to being restricted or invalidated because the design of those ICTs renders them inaccessible, high cost or because of a lack of such technologies (Toboso, 2010). Preliminary findings show that ICT plays important role in assisting small business owners with day to day business operations but, more than that, the ICT characteristics used to convert other resources into capabilities could significantly alter the ways in which people with disability can achieve valuable goals for their well-being. PANEL 7 F ISLAMIC POLITICS The success of the Islam Defence Action movement, the increasing visibility of symbols associated with fundamentalist strands of Islam, and the mainstreaming of fringe Islamic figures and their hard-line views. These are just some of the recent developments which contribute to a growing concern about the rise of “conservative” Islam in Indonesia and its association with growing intolerance, sectarianism and even terrorism. However, the nature of so-called conservative Islam, its association with the resurgence of Islamic piety in society, its significance in electoral politics, its association with violent extremism, and even the terminology used to describe it are all hotly contested. To address these issues, this panel aims to bring together people studying different aspects of Islam and politics and initiate a conversation on the recent changes in the religious landscape of Indonesia. Aksi Super Damai and the middle-class civilising mission Tzu-Chien Yen Why did the people who participated in the Islam Defence Action (Aksi Bela Islam; Aksi) movement portray themselves as peace loving and tolerant? Indonesian society is deeply divided on their opinions of the Aksi. But a consensus lurks beneath the heated polarisation – it seems that even the protestors themselves deem it important to frame their movement as inherently peaceful, tolerant, and above all, orderly. After riots and disorder marred the Aksi 411, the movement began calling itself Aksi Damai, or peaceful action. Volunteers made a concerted effort to collect litter off the streets and protect plants from being trampled. This aspiration to be seen as peaceful and orderly stood in sharp contrast with emotional calls for jihad, revolution, regime change, and the occasional chants about killing Ahok. Based on the experiences of my informants who participated at the Aksi, I view these peace-projection efforts as an attempt to reconcile the tension between my informants’ desire to be a part of the ummah (Muslim community) through the Aksi and their sense of uneasiness with its raucous heterogeneity. Their positionality as self-pietising middle-class Muslims and political neophytes took them to the streets where they were confronted with the unruliness which they had to both account for and manage. Through this analysis, I highlight the role of indeterminacy and ambiguity in the entanglement of politics and Islamic revival. The place of Islam in Indonesian foreign policy in the post-Suharto era Ahmad Fuad Fanani The place of Islam in Indonesian foreign policy in post-Suharto Indonesia is a new phenomenon similar to the promotion of democracy. In previous eras, Islam was marginalised in foreign policy making though its role was utilised in domestic politics. This reveals that there are dynamics and change in Indonesian foreign policy making in which Islamic voices are considered an asset in Indonesian diplomacy. This phenomenon confirms that Islam still plays a significant role in Indonesian politics although the votes for Islamic parties have declined significantly. This paper explains the role of Islam in Indonesian foreign policy during the SBY (Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono) era. This paper argues that Islam influences Indonesia’s foreign policy making as a result of the rise of political Islam during the post-Soeharto era and the international environment after the 9/11 attacks. Although its role is limited, Islam plays a greater role in SBY’s foreign policy. making, particularly in the field of cultural diplomacy, conflict resolution, and maintenance of peace. This paper begins by examining the Islamic factor in domestic politics during SBY era. Then, it analyses several cases that reveal the influence of Islam in Indonesian foreign policy. This paper will also explain the limits that Indonesia faces when placing Islam in its foreign policy. Family and terrorism: rethinking the role of the family in terrorism Haula Noor In May 2018, three families in Surabaya, East Java, were involved in a series of suicide bombings. All were members of Jamaah Ansharud Daulah (JAD), the leading pro-Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) organisation in Indonesia. These attacks shocked Indonesians, including experienced jihadists, as it was the first time that entire families, including their children, had perished in coordinated jihadist operations. The Surabaya bombings sparked intense discussion in the community and among researchers about radicalisation within jihadist families. The role of these families and their children in the Surabaya bombings was unprecedented in the history of Indonesian jihadism. This paper asks: What factors influenced parents to ‘martyr’ their children in this operation? Did these bombings represent a new and more extreme form of jihadist operations in Indonesia? I will use a psycho-social approach to argue that the Surabaya bombings mark a sharp shift in parental notions of responsibility for their children’s welfare. These JAD parents were convinced that their children’s participation in the suicide bombing would help ISIS’ struggle and also ensure that they would enter heaven because of their virtuous actions. ANU College of Asia and the Pacific 9 Fellows Road Acton ACT 2601 Australia T +61 2 6125 4289 E firstname.lastname@example.org W indonesiainstitute.anu.edu.au CRICOS Provider #00120C
2022 YEAR IN REVIEW Marshfield Clinic Research Institute # Table of Contents Cancer Care and Research ................................................................. 2 Conducting clinical trials and research to improve prevention, early detection, care delivery, and patient outcomes for cancer patients. Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health .................. 4 Research on disease occurrence, risk factors, prevention, and treatment with a major focus on vaccines and cancer. Center for Precision Medicine and Research ..................................... 6 Combining research on the human genome with biomedical informatics and applying that knowledge to health care. Fritz Wenzel Center for Clinical Research ........................................... 8 Conducting clinical trials in many specialty areas, integrating hand-in-hand with clinical care. National Farm Medicine Center ......................................................... 10 Conducting research on human health and safety with communities associated with rural and agricultural life. Integrated Research and Development Laboratory ............................ 12 Offering a unique research portfolio and diverse lab services ensuring the success of Research and Clinical endeavors. Office of Research and Sponsored Programs ...................................... 14 Providing essential resources to support research and community outreach through a dynamic administrative environment. Office of Research Computing and Analytics ..................................... 16 Providing full service technology and data support for the research being conducted at the health system. Marshfield Clinic Health System Foundation ....................................... 18 Partnering with individuals and organizations to enrich lives in our communities by supporting advancements in research. --- ## Marshfield Clinic Research Institute Oversight Board ### Marshfield Clinic Health System Physicians, Scientists, and Leaders - Corey M. Cronrath, D.O., M.P.H. - Service Line Medical Director, Occupational Health - Marshfield Clinic Physician - Class A Member - Scott J. Hebbring, Ph.D. - Research Scientist, Center for Precision Medicine Research - Marshfield Clinic Research Institute - Marshfield Clinic Health System Leader - Member-at-Large, Executive Committee - Krista Hoglund, A.S.A., MAAA - CEO, Security Health Plan - Marshfield Clinic Health System Leader - Matthew J. Jansen, M.D. - Medical Director for Division of Education - Marshfield Clinic Health System Leader - Chair, Executive Committee - William F. Melms, M.D., M.H.A. - Interim Executive Director, Marshfield Clinic - Marshfield Clinic Physician - Class A Member - Adedayo Onitilo, M.D., Ph.D., MSCR - Medical Oncologist and Hematologist - Marshfield Clinic Physician - Class A Member - Tammy Simon, R.N., M.S.N. - Vice President, Institute for Quality, Innovation, Patient Safety - Marshfield Clinic Health System Leader - Secretary, Executive Committee ### Community Members - Matt Berrier - Owner, Associated Sales and Leasing - Member-at-Large, Executive Committee - Brent Bergman - President/CEO, Alliance Collection Agencies, Inc. - Vice-Chair, Executive Committee - Ashley Fredrick, M.B.A. - Owner/Realtor, NextHome Hub City - Brian Forrest - Owner, Maple Ridge Dairy - Martin (Marty) Loy, Ph.D. - Dean, College of Professional Studies - University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point Improving care through research We each have our unique story. In this last year, I have spent a lot of time talking to our teams and team members about the meaning of their work: what motivates and inspires them. My favorite conversation to have with colleagues is about the journey that led them to a career in research. For some, the story is a process, following a long and winding road or an unclear path. For others, the story started as a childhood dream: dressing in a white coat for Halloween or asking for a microscope for a birthday. For many, the story is personal: firsthand experiences which manifested in a drive for care innovation. During these discussions, it intrigues me to learn how each member of our team has found their way to Marshfield Clinic Research Institute (MCRI). Some colleagues grew up in the area or in Wisconsin and stayed to raise families, or stayed because it is their home. Others ended up here by chance, without a strategy for how MCRI would be woven into their intentional plan. Regardless of the path taken, MCRI is a place that holds incredible meaning to each of us. Serving in the executive director role, I have been incredibly fortunate to meet with many people in our communities, people who support our research mission through words and actions. They too have stories to share about their journey to supporting research as well as why they choose to advocate for the work that we do at MCRI. Do not be afraid to share your story or ask others to share theirs. Each story helps to assemble the larger tale of research and makes the work conducted at MCRI historical. We all have a desire to conduct the research that makes a difference. While every story is different, each is deeply personal and passionately conveyed, and patients are an overarching theme. People are at the core of what we do. The work conducted and supported at MCRI may impact a single patient – or a large population of patients. Our charge is to continue researching, learning and discovering so that the people with whom we share our community have access to the kind of care that is informed by cutting-edge research and discovery. As we reflect on our 2022 accomplishments, our influences on patients, and our impacts on important policy decisions shaping our collective future, we find much to celebrate. Above all, we find connections to each other, to our patients, and to our communities, which are reminders of why and how we got here. Jennifer Meece, Ph.D. Interim Executive Director Marshfield Clinic Research Institute Mission We enrich lives through discovery, translation and application of scientific knowledge that improves health and well-being. Vision We will innovate and define the future of health care for generations. Our research will be the source of innovation for the future of disease and injury prevention and integrated health care locally and globally. Values • Discovery: Will be the foundation of the overall activities of the research group. • Translation: A major effort will be made to apply our discoveries in the health care setting. • Dissemination: Results of work done will be distributed broadly on a timely basis. • Teamwork: Will be a hallmark of the research group. • Excellence: Will be the standard for all research and program activities. • Collaboration: Partnerships both internal and external will be sought and encouraged. Blood testing for ctDNA could be the cancer test of the (near) future A biopsy is a common, yet invasive, process that removes tissue to test for diseases such as cancer. But what if there were another way that were less invasive and could detect cancer sooner? MCRI’s Cancer Care & Research Center is part of two national clinical trials looking at blood tests that detect circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). As a tumor grows, cancer cells die and release its DNA into the bloodstream. The first clinical trial, CORRECT-MRD II by Exact Sciences, enrolls patients who have undergone complete surgical resection for Stage II or III colorectal cancer within the last six months. Blood samples drawn every few months for 3-5 years will be analyzed to detect a potential reoccurrence of colon cancer. The NRG-GI005 (COBRA) study evaluates the use of ctDNA as a predictive biomarker. Finding ctDNA in the blood means small amounts of cancer likely remain after surgery. Cancer detected with this test would be too small to find with other tests. Thus, testing for ctDNA levels may help distinguish those patients with colon cancer who would benefit from receiving chemotherapy from those who would not. “Hopefully this is another avenue of doing a blood test rather than an invasive test or a CT scan for recurrence of cancer,” Dr. Demet Gokalp Yasar said. “Many things that were once part of clinical trials, have become standards of care. Research leads to new developments and treatment methods.” Deana Jansa, an oncology research nurse who works with Dr. Gokalp Yasar, helps coordinate the recruitment for the ctDNA clinical trials. As the Research Institute expands its presence in rural Wisconsin, Jansa said patients appreciate having the opportunity to participate in research. “Patients in the Northwoods are very open to being part of research and clinical trials, and we need people from all walks in life to participate,” Jansa said. “The trials might not help the patient now, but they want to participate so they can help someone in the future.” “The intent of this testing is that we detect cancer at its earliest point possible, even before we see the tumor using traditional methods. When we catch cancer early, we have an increased chance of a better health outcome for the patient.” Demet Gokalp Yasar, M.D., Hematologist/Oncologist Marshfield Medical Center-Minocqua WiNCORP recognized for clinical trial accruals The National Cancer Institute recognized Cancer Care and Research Center physicians for oncology clinical trial accruals, CCRC partners with Gundersen Health System and ThedaCare to form Wisconsin National Community Oncology Research Program (WiNCORP), which is a NCI-supported network that brings cancer prevention clinical trials and cancer care delivery research to people in their communities. WiNCORP received the Platinum Award for excellence for exceptional patient enrollments, the highest level of recognition. Individual honors went to Adedayo Onitilo, M.D. (Weston, Stevens Point), Platinum; Isaac Yeboah, M.D. (Marshfield), Gold; Seth Fagbemi, M.D. (Marshfield), Gold; Patcharin Tanawattanacharoen, M.D. (Eau Claire), Silver; and Demet Gokalp Yasar, M.D. (Minocqua), Silver. Health System Cancer Care & Research commitment to research and patient wellbeing Adedayo Onitilo, M.D., Ph.D., MSCR, was re-elected to the SWOG Cancer Research Network Board of Governors. This network is a global cancer research community that designs and conducts publicly-funded clinical trials, including those funded by the National Cancer Institute. Dr. Onitilo was selected to represent Marshfield Clinic Health System because of its three-year average annual accrual rate into cancer clinical trials and its commitment to high standards of quality. The honor, Dr. Onitilo said, is truly a team effort: “Congratulations also goes to all oncology physicians and the other service lines that we collaborate with daily. Special thanks to our research staff, as well. We are lucky to have an organization that appreciates research and provides us with a platform to serve our patients and community.” Clinical Research Unit coming to Marshfield Medical Center-Weston Efforts to support research have been a key part of the Health System since the founding of the Marshfield Clinic Research Institute in 1959. These efforts continue and adapt into the future with the addition of a Clinical Research Unit at the Marshfield Medical Center (MMC) in Weston. Team members will use the space to continue already active research projects and clinical trials in the Wausau-Weston region, further integrating staff and resources into MMC-Weston’s working environment. “An expanded physical presence at MMC-Weston will offer the opportunity for more research projects than we’ve traditionally supported,” said Vice President of Medical Affairs Dr. Keshani Bhushan. “We welcome this expansion with open arms, in order to help pioneer the future of health care in our community.” For many years, doctors have looked for treatments to prevent memory loss, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease in their elderly patients. Some recent studies have suggested that drugs called statins, commonly prescribed for lowering blood cholesterol, may help prevent dementia and cognitive decline. About one in three U.S. adults over age 75 without heart disease take statins, but more information is needed to understand the role and benefits of statins. In partnership with Duke and Wake Forest universities, MCRI is currently participating in a new research study called PREVENTABLE (Pragmatic Evaluation of Events and Benefits of Lipid-Lowering in Older Adults). This study investigates how taking a common statin medication, Atorvastatin (40 mg daily), can help adults aged 75 and over prevent dementia and heart disease. “PREVENTABLE is a remarkable study for many reasons,” said Jeffrey VanWormer, Ph.D., who is leading the local PREVENTABLE study team in Marshfield. “Statins have long been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events, but there is little prior research in elderly populations.” PREVENTABLE is the largest randomized-controlled trial ever conducted exclusively in older adults. It will eventually include 20,000 participants from over 100 sites across the U.S., including large healthcare and Veterans’ Administration systems. Study participants without heart disease or dementia are randomly assigned to receive either Atorvastatin or a placebo, and are then followed over five years to examine key outcomes, including new dementia, cardiovascular disease (e.g., heart attack, stroke), and mild cognitive impairment. With over 300 study enrollees to date, MCRI is among the top three PREVENTABLE recruitment centers in the U.S. Participants can join the study in person or remotely at home by phone or video. Study follow-ups can also occur online, by phone, and using electronic health records, and participants receive their assigned study drug by mail. The results of the PREVENTABLE trial will not be available for several more years, but this study will fill several evidence gaps regarding the usefulness of statins for healthy aging. The PREVENTABLE trial is funded by the U.S. National Institute on Aging and is conducted in partnership with the Alzheimer’s Association. To learn more about the PREVENTABLE trial and why it is important, visit the study website at www.preventabletrial.org. Improving future care Cancer’s burden on the patients we serve and their families remains incredibly high. Creating a research platform that can be used by researchers for years to come can help uncover ways to prevent cancer, detect it earlier, and improve the health of cancer survivors. This is the goal of the Connect study, which aims to recruit 7,600 Marshfield Clinic Health System patients. “We need research and we need people that are willing to participate so we can make advances in health care,” said Roxy Eibergen, the first participant to sign-up for the study. The importance of sharing internationally Several CCEPH investigators traveled to Northern Ireland to present research findings at the “Options for the Control of Influenza” conference. This is the only global scientific meeting with a dedicated focus on influenza. Kayla Hanson, M.P.H., gave a presentation on the effectiveness of the cell-based influenza vaccine; Jennifer King, M.P.H., presented results from a clinical trial of the immune response to influenza vaccination and a study of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness; Maria Sundaram, Ph.D., presented results from an influenza B vaccine effectiveness study; and Joshua Petrie, Ph.D., presented results of a study of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in the local community. Networks to improve care The Health Care Systems Research Network (HCSRN) aims to improve individual and population health through research that connects the resources and capabilities of learning health care systems. Robert Greenlee, Ph.D., M.P.H., served as the 2021-2022 elected Governing Board Chair and was invited to deliver the State of the Network plenary address at the annual HCSRN conference. Dr. Greenlee also presided over the annual spring board meeting prior to the conference and attended the network award ceremony following his presentation. Trauma research Data show that low-density population areas have higher rates of trauma fatalities, thus quality rural trauma care and research can be a challenge. With the support of the health system, MCRI leaders across the institute conducted interviews and selected a candidate to help begin to fill this gap in our communities. Heather Rhodes, Ph.D., trauma scientist, joined MCRI in 2022. Rhodes stated that she “was drawn to MCRI to fulfill my passion and purpose in improving the quality of care in trauma and acute care surgery.” Real-time impact Throughout the pandemic and beyond, Maria Sundaram, MSPH, Ph.D., an infectious disease epidemiologist and associate research scientist, has been responding to clinician and patient questions regarding COVID-19. In 2022, Dr. Sundaram was featured in interviews with the New York Times and The Atlantic on COVID-19 epidemiology. From March 2020 to March 2022, she was a weekly COVID-19 guest expert for the BBC World Service Radio. A dedicated leader Edward Belongia, M.D., joined the research institute in 1995 after completing an Epidemic Intelligence Service fellowship and working at Minnesota Department of Health. At that time, the center consisted of two M.D./Ph.D. level scientists and a small number of support staff. Since Dr. Belongia’s appointment to center director in 2001, he has provided strong scientific leadership for a diverse epidemiology research group. Under Dr. Belongia’s leadership, the center’s scientific productivity and funding have increased dramatically thanks to the outstanding scientists, administrators and support staff who are committed to our research mission and consequential epidemiology. While Dr. Belongia will step down from the director role after 2022, he will remain with the institute as a senior research scientist and will continue to lead projects that improve overall care in areas of vaccine efficacy/effectiveness, immunogenicity, and vaccine safety. The Center for Precision Medicine Research (CPMR) continues to engage translational research for better understanding the genetic basis of diseases and for improving patient care. It has emphasized the discovery of human disease biomarkers including repurposing such biomarkers for U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved cancer therapeutics through cancer cell lines. CPMR’s achievements towards this goal were highlighted in 20 peer reviewed publications in 2022. Breast cancer is all too common, but what if there was a minimally invasive diagnostic test to identify early breast cancers? The research of Dr. Srinivas Sathipati, Ph.D., concerns discovering microRNA-based biosignatures for the prediction of cancer diagnosis and survival. “These microRNAs tell us who has cancer and who doesn’t, with more than 95% accuracy,” Sathipati said. “If the researcher developed minimally or non-invasive methods for the diagnosis, it would be a breakthrough in cancer diagnosis.” CPMR’s work in 2022 was diverse and encompassing. Zhi Wen, M.D., Ph.D., a cancer biologist, has employed mouse multiple myeloma cell lines and high-throughput screening of FDA-approved drugs. Together, these cell lines and screenings contribute to combinatorial therapy with Trametinib and Ponatinib and can ameliorate drug-resistance and relapse of multiple myeloma. Using a cohort of more than 60,000 patients, Scott Hebbring, Ph.D., and Patrick Allaire, Ph.D., report with a high degree of confidence that shortening of the telomere (ends of the chromosome) is closely linked to a wide spectrum of diseases. Such associated diseases, range from multiple forms of cancer, infectious disease, to cardiovascular disease. Using a cohort of Marshfield Clinic Health System multiple sclerosis patients, Sanjay Shukla Ph.D., and colleagues showed a link between patient’s genetic susceptibility and gut microbiome dysbiosis in multiple sclerosis. CPMR, meanwhile, showed both the financial and clinical benefits of pharmacogenetics testing in acute coronary syndrome patients. A wide team of investigators collaborated on the research, including Milind Shah, M.D., Cardiology; Paul Thompson, M.D., Family Medicine; pharmacists Emili Leary, PharmD.; and Noah Budi, PharmD., geneticists and molecular biologists, Hebbring and Shukla. Finally, Tonia Carter, PH.D., is working to identify genetic variants that cause congenital heart defects and how treatments could target underlying genetic mechanisms. “If the researcher developed minimally or non-invasive methods for the diagnosis, it would be a breakthrough in cancer diagnosis.” Srinivas Sathipati, Ph.D. Contributing to a national effort Led by Scott Hebbring, Ph.D., and Sanjay Shukla, Ph.D., the Wisconsin consortium of the prestigious National Institutes of Health-funded All of Us Research Program has continued to collect data on Wisconsin participants. This national program aims to gather data from at least 1 million people living in the U.S. to accelerate research and improve individualized health care. The Research Institute and external partners have enrolled 32,000 Wisconsin participants. All of Us Research Program enrolling in more locations Marshfield Clinic Health System began enrolling participants for the All of Us Research Program at several new locations in 2022. New enrollment sites include Marshfield Medical Center-Eau Claire, Marshfield Medical Center-Weston, and the Mosinee, Rhinelander, and Eagle River centers. Pharmacogenomics certificate program The Certificate in Pharmacogenomics combines the field of pharmacology with the field of genetics to provide pharmacy students with foundational knowledge of how genes affect an individual’s response to medications. This certificate program, supported in part by the Clinical and Translational Science Award program through the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, has been offered by MCRI since the summer of 2018. To date, 30 students have completed the unique two-week (80 hour) training experience. These students undertake their clinical careers understanding how to use the personalized genetic information of patients for better drug recommendations. Pharmacogenomics alerts In 2019, CPMR and the Office of Research Computing and Analytics collaborated for MCRI to join other large academic health systems in implementing pharmacogenomic alerts aimed at helping patients get the right drug at the right time and at the right dose. “We are trying to implement customized clinical care using genetics,” stated Scott Hebbring, Ph.D., research scientist at the Center for Precision Medicine Research, at the project’s launch. Over the past four years, the research team has contributed countless hours executing the current 24 alerts existing within the medical record. These alerts allow providers the ability and opportunity to understand more about each patient’s individual response to medications. Each winter RSV causes mild, cold-like symptoms that most people can shake off in a week or two; however RSV can be serious for infants. But what if there was a vaccination that could reduce the symptoms and reduce RSV’s risk for causing serious inflammation or infection in the airways? Marshfield Clinic Researchers Peter Johnson, M.D., OBGYN; and Keith Pulvermacher, M.D., Pediatrics; are researchers with MCRI’s Fritz Wenzel Center for Clinical Research and are local principal investigators for national studies of RSV vaccines. Dr. Johnson is part of Pfizer’s MATISSE (MATernal Immunization Study for Safety and Efficacy), an ongoing randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled Phase III clinical study aimed toward evaluating the safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of its vaccine when administered to pregnant participants to help protect their infants from RSV disease after birth. Vaccine efficacy of 81.8% for preventing severe lower respiratory tract illness was reported through the first 90 days of life. The efficacy against severe illness was 69.4% for infants through the first six months. Marshfield Clinic Research Institute enrolled 11 mothers and 11 infants of the more than 7,400 pregnant women in this study. Dr. Pulvermacher is involved in a study with Merck’s MK1654 RSV drug, clesrovimab, a monoclonal antibody. The primary objectives of this phase 2b/3 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study are to evaluate the efficacy and safety of clesrovimab in healthy pre-term and full-term infants. It is hypothesized that clesrovimab will reduce the incidence of RSV-associated medically attended lower respiratory infection in an infant’s first 150 days post-dose compared to placebo. MCRI has enrolled several participants in this nation-wide study of 3,300 participants. Study results are anticipated in 2024. “If ultimately beneficial, this product will give us a much needed tool to help combat RSV in the most vulnerable age group,” Dr. Pulvermacher said. Dr. Keith Pulvermacher and Dr. Peter Johnson not only see patients, but also are involved in the RSV research that is behind the care they provide. Keith Pulvermacher, M.D. Peter Johnson, M.D. Bardet-Biedl syndrome drug, studied at Marshfield Clinic, approved by FDA The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a chronic weight management drug for Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) patients. Rhythm Pharmaceuticals’ Imcivree (setmelanotide) injection for adult and pediatric patients 6 years of age and older is the first drug approved specifically for chronic weight management in patients with BBS, a rare genetic disease associated with early-onset childhood obesity. MCRI led the way by enrolling the most participants in the Rhythm-sponsored study and enrolling the youngest participant, said Jeremy Pomeroy, Ph.D., associate research scientist at MCRI. Clinical Trials Day raises awareness The Association of Clinical Research Professionals leads Clinical Trials Day, a celebration that raises awareness of clinical trials and of clinical research as a career option among the greater public. It’s no exaggeration to say that clinical trials save the lives of Marshfield Clinic Health System patients every day. MCRI undertakes more than 100 clinical trials across Marshfield Clinic Health System at any given time. “Clinical trials performed at Marshfield Clinic have given patients and their families hope, extended the quality of their life, and helped bridge the gap between research and care delivery,” said Bobbi Bradley, M.P.H., M.B.A., Institute Research Administrator. “Every advance we make helps make a difference in the health of the communities we serve.” To find a clinical trial offered at MCRI, visit www.marshfieldresearch.org/clinicaltrials. Acclaimed pediatric nephrologist retires In 2022, MCRI wished a fond farewell to Bob Haws, M.D., Center for Clinical Research director. Dr. Haws practiced clinically as a dedicated pediatric nephrologist with a deep passion for the BBS community. In 2014, he established the Clinical Registry Investigating Bardet-Biedl syndrome (CRIBBS), an international registry that examines the health of individuals with BBS. Dr. Haws also served as the Director for the Treatment Center for Bardet-Biedl syndrome from inception in 2013. Under his leadership, the Center was officially recognized as the Center of Excellence for Bardet-Biedl syndrome in 2019. Dr. Haws is continuing his support of patients through humanitarian efforts abroad. Global Day encourages people to take action to raise awareness The second annual Bardet-Biedl syndrome Global Day is recognized across the world on September 24. At Marshfield, the day holds a special significance as members of the BBS Center for Excellence provide care to patients with BBS on a daily basis. “Families travel to Marshfield from around the world due to the camaraderie and expertise they know they will receive. The Health System is a home away from home for those affected by BBS,” said Dr. Kelsie-Marie Offenwanger, child and adolescent psychologist. If you are a provider interested in participating in clinical research, contact Steve Theis, research navigator with the MCRI Office of Research and Sponsored Programs, at ext. 9-4496. Travis Serocki has trained extensively to prepare for his role as Owen-Withee-Curtiss Fire & EMS District Chief. When responding to a call for a tractor that overturned in September 2022, the practice and training he and his department underwent at National Farm Medicine Center’s Agricultural Rescue Training possibly saved the tractor operator’s life. Techniques learned at the training allowed rescuers to quickly and safely lift the tractor off the farmer, who was discharged from the hospital later that day with no more than bumps and bruises. “Rescue operations on farms require specialized training,” Serocki said. “The farm environment contains machinery, chemicals, toxic gases and other hazards that firefighters don’t normally encounter. The classroom and hands-on sessions at Agricultural Rescue Training help us keep both our farm patients and ourselves safe.” The National Farm Medicine Center first offered farm rescue training in 1981, helping more than 1,400 firefighters and emergency responders learn the latest rescue techniques while navigating agricultural hazards. With that generation of local first responders retiring, a greater need to train the next generation emerged. Farm Medicine reintroduced the training in 2021 through philanthropic support from the Auction of Champions. In October 2022, more than 70 people from 31 fire and EMS agencies participated in the training. Perhaps most importantly, 18 people were specifically trained to teach rescue techniques to other emergency responders, further spreading Farm Medicine’s training to fire and EMS departments across rural Wisconsin. The training includes a classroom session on another Farm Medicine program, Rural Firefighters Delivering Agricultural Safety and Health (RF-DASH). This program equips responders with safety consultation capabilities and farm hazard mapping strategies that they can share with farmers. Both Agricultural Rescue Training and RF-DASH are being adopted by fire departments across North America. “Historically, many rural fire departments had members who grew up on farms, but that has changed,” said Casper Bendixsen, Ph.D., director, Farm Medicine. “These trainings can help emergency responders feel more confident, not only on the rescue side, but on the injury prevention side as well.” Serocki says word is getting out. “Interestingly, the patient under the tractor last September had watched the tractor rollover rescue demonstration at Wisconsin Farm Technology Days (a demo hosted by Farm Medicine), so he understood what we were doing while we were doing it.” National Children’s Center director testifies before Congress Barbara Lee, Ph.D., director of the National Children’s Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety, testified Sept. 7 before the Workforce Protections Subcommittee of the House Committee on Education and Labor. The hearing, “Children at Risk: Examining Workplace Protections for Child Farmworkers,” covered the current state of federal child labor laws and protections and policy proposals to improve them. The sub-committee invited Dr. Lee to provide perspective as an expert on health and safety issues facing child agricultural workers. 25th anniversary of National Children’s Center The National Children’s Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety celebrated 25 years of preventing injuries associated with the agricultural worksite, one of the nation’s most hazardous worksites and the only one where children of any age may be present. Early accomplishments include the development of guidelines for parents to match chores with their child’s developmental and physical capabilities. Follow-up data demonstrated a 56% decline in youth farm injury rates from 1998 to 2009. The center was established in 1997 with funding from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sebold Award Farm Medicine Director Casper Bendixsen, Ph.D., was selected as recipient of the 2022 Gwen D. Sebold Fellowship for Outstanding Research. The fellowship has been given by D. David “Dewey” Sebold since 1988 to recognize an outstanding researcher and support continued research in his or her field. “The Sebold Fellowship is a wonderful reminder that we’re making meaningful contributions to the community,” said Bendixsen. “I’m very appreciative of the Sebold family and Marshfield Clinic Health System Foundation. This award represents the positive energy produced when donors engage with our research teams. I’m humbled, to be sure.” National Farm Medicine Center serves key data and reports Public roadways remain a persistent site for fatalities related to farmwork-related fatalities, according to the Wisconsin Farm Related Fatalities report published this year. The report and others like it have been facilitated through a partnership that includes NFMC, MCRI, the University of Wisconsin (UW) Madison Division of Extension, and UW’s College of Agricultural and Life Sciences. One important database compiled by NFMC for the creation of the reports has been AgInjuryNews.org, an interactive online tool built from publicly-available news reports and containing more than 4,000 cases. Today, researchers across the country use AgInjurynews.org for research, and it has been featured in numerous peer-reviewed articles. Research makes child care a Farm Bill priority The nation’s two largest farmer advocacy groups, American Farm Bureau Federation and National Farmers Union, have voted to include child care/early childhood education in their Farm Bill policy priorities. That’s gratifying news for Florence Becot, Ph.D., and her colleagues, whose research is being used to develop solutions to support the health, safety and economic viability of the farm population. Congress will debate the Farm Bill in 2023. The Farm Bill is the primary agricultural and food policy instrument of the federal government. “As rural researchers, our conversations with policymakers suggest that there may be bipartisan support to help increase access to affordable quality rural child care as lawmakers hear from families,” said Becot, an investigator with the National Children’s Center. Remembering Dr. Gunderson Paul Gunderson, Ph.D., former director of the National Farm Medicine Center (1992-96) and MCRI (1994-2000), died on Dec. 17 while clearing snow at his farm in Harvey, N.D. He was 82. During his years in Marshfield, Paul led Farm Medicine to national prominence, beginning with its establishment as one of the first National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) agricultural research centers. He helped broaden the scope of Farm Medicine’s research to include not only farm-related injury and exposure, but also medical illnesses related to farm exposures, particularly in the area of cancer. Tick-borne diseases: Improving care through translational and clinical research Translational and clinical research advance patient care. Where the former implements advances made in basic research to clinical care, the latter documents safety and efficacy of such advances through clinical trials. MCRI researchers and Health System providers have advanced both aspects of research to improve patient diagnosis and care for those experiencing tick-borne illness. We live in the Midwest’s epicenter for Lyme disease, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, and Powassan virus. These diseases spread through the bite of the Ixodes scapularis tick, colloquially known as the deer- or black-legged tick. Ticks carry both acute and chronic diseases, with more serious outcomes in certain populations. While most tick-borne diseases are readily treatable when recognized early, misdiagnosis of certain infections may result in serious outcomes. Accurate diagnosis is based upon patient history, clinical findings, and laboratory diagnostic tests. “Unfortunately, in the case of Lyme disease, laboratory tests based upon detection of bloodstream antibodies may not be positive early in the infection when clinical symptoms first appear,” said Thomas Fritsche M.D., Ph.D., Emeritus Researcher. “Reliance upon such tests may give the false impression that the patient is negative, requiring additional testing at a later date should a strong suspicion of infection exist.” Improving laboratory test accuracy when patients first present to their provider has been an important goal for researchers and the diagnostics industry. The Research Institute is recognized internationally for its development of improved diagnostics through participation in studies sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Bay Area Lyme Foundation, and through partnerships sought by diagnostics and pharmaceutical industries for clinical trial participation. Recently, the Integrated Research and Developmental Laboratory (IRDL) and Marshfield Labs participated in a national clinical trial sponsored by Zeus Scientific. This trial led to the first FDA approval of a novel diagnostic algorithm that enhances assay sensitivity early in infection. The algorithm also improves test specificity; participation in similar studies with other companies have followed suit. Other novel industry-supported research being conducted by IRDL and Marshfield Labs includes the detection of cellular immune responses prior to appearance of bloodstream antibodies. MCRI scientists are recognized for their breadth in publications examining tick and disease organism ecology, immune responsiveness, clinical disease presentation, clinical diagnostics, and disease epidemiology. The Health System also participates in a phase III clinical trial assessing the safety and efficacy of a novel Lyme vaccine candidate with promise in earlier phase studies. Giving back to our community In continued partnership with Soup or Socks and the Marshfield Area Community Foundation, Inc., Krystal Boese, assistant manager-research for IRDL, coordinated, encouraged, and collected donations from MCRI staff. Donations were collected in efforts to keeping area children warm this winter, having the best snow day, and ensuring that children had their best first day of school. The total collected for these three events included 488 items and a total of $490. Giving back to our system Over the summer, IRDL staff sold vegetables from their gardens to raise $1000 for the Marshfield Clinic Health System Palliative Patient Care fund. They also collected over 100 blankets for the Marshfield Child Advocacy Center. These are given to comfort children who’ve endured trauma or abuse. The total collected for these two events included 116 blankets and a total of $1,000. Surprise visit For more than a year, IRDL staff ran over 6,000 tests a week to support multiple COVID-19 vaccine and epidemiological studies for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). These efforts resulted in a surprise visit from Dr. Mark Thompson, the deputy chief of science for the Epidemiology and Prevention Branch of the CDC Influenza Division. During the visit Dr. Thompson noted that “the results from the laboratory work you all have done has given us the first estimate of the vaccine’s effectiveness now for the first wave post-vaccine, for the Delta wave and chances are you will be one of the first to do it for the Omicron wave.” Broad impacts The tests and results not only affect clinical care at MCRI, but also have an impact on care provided across the country. The COVID-19 tests for adult populations conducted by IRDL and the corresponding results have been in use by the CDC since January 2021. On January 13, 2022, the CDC published an article that depicted the changes in vaccine effectiveness among COVID-19 vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals from January-September 2021. Clinical trial begins Dr. Matt Hall, M.D., infectious disease physician and clinician researcher is leading the Pfizer Phase 3 clinical trial at MCRI. Vaccine Against Lyme for Outdoor Recreationists (VALOR) trial investigates the efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of their investigational Lyme disease vaccine. While the trial is worldwide, MCRI is the only research site in the Midwest. The trial has already enrolled more than 4,000 adults and 300 children. Research administration means more than filing paperwork, and the Office of Research and Sponsored Programs (ORSP) touches nearly everything the Research Institute does. From grants and support before research begins to helping publish articles raising standard of care for patients everywhere, ORSP is the bridge between our scientists and study teams to funding agencies and sponsors. Of the countless proposals that pass through ORSP on a yearly basis, few reach the stunning sums of the $20 million infrastructure project awarded to MMC Park Falls. Grants and contracts specialists in ORSP worked diligently to process and accept the award, which was announced by Gov. Tony Evers in March 2022. Brian Nikolai continued working with Integrated Research and Development Laboratory (IRDL) to secure additional COVID-19 research funding as a subrecipient. “Our IRDL lab was THE lab that processed specimens” for sponsors, he recalled, work that drew national attention. Supporting research also means supporting publications. Marie Fleisner, editorial specialist, helped with several papers that saw print in 2022, including one on kidney failure and diabetes related to Bardet-Biedl syndrome, “The One-and-a-Half syndrome with Trigeminal Cephalalgia,” and a chapter entitled “Rural and Agricultural Environments.” Publication venues included Clinical Genetics, Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology, and the book Children’s Environmental Health. She also assisted with a paper on cancer care during the COVID pandemic in Nigeria. David Puthoff, scientific writer, helped with publication of “The gut microbiome molecular mimicry piece in the multiple sclerosis puzzle” in Frontiers in Immunology and an article, “Childcare for farm families: A key strategy to keep children safe yet largely absent from farm programming,” for Frontiers in Public Health. The ORSP team implemented new tracking, filing, and grant application tools and systems in 2022 and Project Manager Madalyn Palmquist helped the Research Institute more efficiently manage its data. The COVID-19 pandemic altered workflow as many staff worked remotely and ORSP transitioned from paper circulation and hand-off to remote and hybrid productivity. “The pandemic taught us the importance of adjusting our workflow to meet our business needs and we can smoothly move forward in our electronic world,” Palmquist said. An incredible accreditation effort Every five years, the Food and Drug Administration conducts routine inspections of Institutional Review Boards. Marshfield Clinic’s IRB was inspected in 2022, a massive undertaking that involved nearly all of the 15 ORSP staff, the IRB Chair, and colleagues from the Office of Research Computing and Analytics, aiding as FDA inspectors combed through years of records and procedures. The inspection was a success, with no findings. Re-accreditation from the Association for the Accreditation of Human Research Protection Programs (AAHRPP) helps ensure organizations conducting human research maintain the highest ethical standards. After a multi-year process of record and document review, the Health System and MCRI’s Human Research Protection Program welcomed AAHRPP site visitors to meet with members across the Research Institute. Their glowing review commended MCRI’s research culture, especially our commitment to research and trials in rural areas. They also complimented our data integration, research protections, security review, and IS expertise in IRB review. Journal marks 20 years of publishing research Clinical Medicine & Research (CM&R), a peer-reviewed publication released quarterly, reached its 20th year in 2022. Publications in CM&R are indexed in major U.S. and international databases of scientific information, which allows the potential for research outcomes to impact patient care at home and across the world. The 30 published 2022 articles were from authors around the world, including seven from Marshfield Clinic Health System authors. More than a thousand articles based on original scientific medical research on topics such as clinical research, preventive medicine, epidemiology, rural medicine and translational medicine have been published since 2003. Ethics Committee supports tough situations The Marshfield Clinic Health System Clinical Ethics Committee serves as an interdisciplinary group of professionals from Health System hospitals, clinics and administrative offices who are responsible for developing and updating policies surrounding common medical ethical issues, case reviews, and consultations. “We offer educational sessions on such topics as principles of biomedical ethics, ethics and pediatrics, spirituality and ethics, ethical considerations in gerontology, end of life decisions, medical futility, and advance directives and power of attorney for health care,” said Elizabeth Buchanan, Ph.D., director of ORSP and committee coordinator. Oral Health research spotlight The American Medical Association Journal of Ethics published a MCRI-authored article that detailed improvements in diabetes care at the Health System after integrating medical and dental electronic health records. The article was authored by Neel Shimpi, B.D.S., Ph.D., associate research scientist at the Center for Oral and Systemic Health and Elizabeth Buchanan, Ph.D., director of the ORSP and staff senior research scientist. Their paper demonstrated and validated that integrating medical and dental care, supported by use of informatics, can deliver high-quality care at reduced cost. Revealing personalized care recommendations through data integration What if changes in your DNA could make you more susceptible to serious side effects of a commonly prescribed medication? Precision Medicine, an emerging area of healthcare, helps clinicians understand so-called “drug-gene interactions” with enormous implications for use of certain medications. These insights can be communicated to your healthcare provider as “pharmacogenetic alerts” and have been available in our homegrown, electronic medical record (CattailsMD) for years for specific research populations and across specific medications. When the Health System implemented Cerner, an integrated medical record, across our ambulatory and acute care settings, the Office of Research Computing and Analytics (ORCA) had an opportunity and an obligation to bring forward those historical alerts. In addition to bringing the historical information into the new medical record integration, ORCA began expanding the scope of alerts with new genetic testing vendors. The new partnership ensures ongoing personalized care and safety of our patients. This work entails a defined orchestration of data movement via an HL7, or Health Level 7, integration. This integration allows for transfer of electronic data across disparate systems that follow a standard definition and format. Determining the appropriate steps for the alert to trigger and inform the care team has required the expertise and close partnership of many staff within the Center for Precision Medicine Research, Health System Lab Operations, Information Services-Interoperability and Integration Services, Provider and Pharmacy Solutions, Ancillary Solutions, and the ORCA team. Placing an order transforms the information flow into structured data that triggers the alert and makes associated documents available, ultimately informing the care team. Testing this process from end-to-end is a complex chain of events requiring inputs from each of these areas. Implementation is anticipated to occur in February 2023. “We are working hard behind the scenes to facilitate communication of these pharmacogenetic alerts to clinicians to help improve patient safety and plan to further improve upon and expand these alerts over time.” Lynda Kubacki-Meyer, ORCA director Biospecimen tracking in REDCap ORCA’s REDCap team is paving the way in REDCap to allow tracking of biospecimens. Their Biospecimen Tracking External Module makes specimen tracking possible in REDCap and has caught the eyes of many in the REDCap community. Medical studies contain thousands of samples, and the REDCap module employs efficient coding that allows staff to enter and track these samples quickly. The most challenging part has been setting up validation, which provides accuracy when entering samples. The module is expected to be complete in early 2023 with a release to the REDCap community for global utilization. Research Analytics and OneSystem ORCA collaborates with other MCRI Centers, internal and external scientists, quality and care delivery staff, and clinicians. Together, they identify and incorporate appropriate data sources, develop data models or tools, and deliver analyses that accelerate scientific discovery analysis from bench to bedside, thus improving the delivery, quality, and safety of care. In 2022, the team continued to assist clinicians and researchers in determining the feasibility of their research projects and supporting the data and analytical needs for their approved research studies. 2022 was a year of incorporating and understanding new data sources. With all acute and ambulatory sites converted over to Cerner by early 2023, it was a journey to investigate and understand where new workflows were introduced, the impact to downstream data sources, and the process for identifying where these new sources reside in our data repositories. Through collaboration with MCHS IS and the Analytics Center of Excellence, ORCA was able to confidently apply these new sources to feasibility requests, research studies, and data models. Oral health support tools improve clinical decision A study team developed a key tool for integrating its medical and dental electronic health records. By alerting primary care providers to conduct a visual oral examination of patients with diabetes, the tool supports clinical decisions in oral health. It has resulted in additional referrals from the providers for dental care. In addition, a similar tool was created for dentists using informatics techniques. The study team screened patients for risk of developing diabetes using their medical and dental records. This enabled dentists to refer patients at high risk of developing diabetes to physicians. “The establishment of medical-dental interoperability, via EHR integration, supported development of informatics tools and integrated service delivery which facilitated patients’ access to prevention and management interventions for chronic diseases such as diabetes,” said Dr. Neel Shimpi, associate research scientist at the Center for Oral and Systemic Health. The name Frederick J. “Fritz” Wenzel is legendary at Marshfield Clinic Health System. Fritz Wenzel has helped shape the organization both through his professional career and as a philanthropist. His legacy has culminated with a $1 million donation from his son, Tom Wenzel, to name the Fritz Wenzel Center for Clinical Research in honor of his father. Fritz Wenzel served as executive director of the Health System from 1976-93 and was instrumental in its growth and success. He also served as the interim director of the Research Institute and continues to serve on the Health System Board of Directors. “Having worked with Fritz when he served as the interim director of the Research Institute, his commitment to more full integration of research into the Health System’s mission was evident every day,” said Jennifer Meece, Ph.D., current Research Institute interim director. “He continually advocated with leadership the importance of the Research Institute in making our system of care different and better. This opportunity to honor Fritz and support medical research is a demonstrable testimony to his passion for making a difference in health care and research.” The Wenzel family has a long history of supporting the Health System, including establishing the Fritz Wenzel Science Conference. This milestone $1 million gift to research from Tom Wenzel will be used to create an endowment that expands MCRI’s applied and translational research programs, expanding access to research for patients across the Health System and improving health in our rural communities. When the gift was announced, Fritz also announced a $250,000 donation to add to his son’s support. “Each of his gifts has been extremely thoughtful, but the $1 million gift announcement to honor his dad was a day I’ll always remember,” said Teri Wilczek, chief philanthropy officer at Marshfield Clinic Health System Foundation. “For Fritz to show his gratitude and continued support with another $250,000 donation of his own made it even more special. The Wenzels are a remarkable family and their dedication to our mission is inspiring.” Golden Autumn Moon The Auction of Champions, presented by Miron Construction, raised nearly $250,000 to support the work of the National Farm Medicine Center. “Auction of Champions continues to mean an incredible amount to our rural community,” said Tiffany Halan, Foundation director of operations. Themed as The Golden Auction and held Sept. 15 at RiverEdge Golf Course in Marshfield, the annual gala generated proceeds to support trauma research and other programs dedicated to keeping farmers healthy, happy, and safe. Golf Fore Research On August 16, 144 golfers teed off at Lake Arrowhead Golf Club in Nekoosa to support the 23rd Golf Fore Research, presented by The Boldt Company and Solarus. This year’s event raised nearly $65,000 to support pediatric cancer and cancer research at the Research Institute. The funds will help provide essential resources to researchers as they continue to find better ways to screen, diagnose and treat cancer. Through this support MCRI can “continue to make a difference in the lives of the patients we serve by offering access to clinical trials and care they might otherwise be able to obtain or may have to travel great distances to obtain” said Jennifer Meece, Ph.D., Research Institute interim executive director. Cruise for a Cause Dan and Linda Neve continued to support cancer research right here in Wisconsin by cruising for the cause of research and healthcare. Dan travels across the state and country year-round, raising funds at car shows. He ends each year in Wisconsin Dells during the first weekend of October with a golf tournament and a car show of his own. In 2022, Cruise for a Cause made a donation of $160,267 to Marshfield Clinic Health System, bringing their total donations over the last 12 years to nearly $1 million! Security Health Plan supports aid for those affected by Huntington’s disease Security Health Plan’s Employee-Driven Corporate Giving Program is helping achieve the goal of creating local awareness and support for people living with Huntington’s and their families one step closer to reality. The Security Health Plan donation will go toward community resources and clinical research. “Researchers are actively investigating the genetic mutation that causes Huntington’s and finding ways to lessen the severity of Huntington’s symptoms,” said Debbie Zwickey, social worker with the Huntington’s Disease Society of America (HDSA). --- Interested in supporting the work at Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, visit marshfieldclinic.org/giving or contact Rikki Harry, Director Philanthropic Programs, Marshfield Clinic Health System Foundation, firstname.lastname@example.org or 715-387-9247. BY THE NUMBERS Rural Roots 65 clinical locations in 45 communities 713,947 people in the 33 counties we serve 45% of the population are our patients Investigators and Staff 304 active Researchers 45 Ph.D. and M.D. Scientists 124 Clinician Researchers 222 Research and Support Staff Projects 292 new and continuing reviews completed by the Institutional Review Board 20 Resident research projects supported 51 active clinical trials 25 active clinician-lead clinical trials 26 active MCRI-lead clinical trials 20 active donor-funded projects ## Awards - 118 external grants and contracts received - 41 new and continuing Marshfield Clinic Health System grants and contracts - 77 new and continuing Research Institute grants and contracts - 15 new donor-supported projects awarded - 59 new and continuing clinical trial contracts received ## Publications and Media - 39 authors cited on Research Institute publications - 131 unique Research Institute publications - 2 Opinion Letters to Editor - 101 Original Research - 1 Original Research Letter to Editor - 26 Published Abstracts - 1 Review - 963 digital mentions of “Marshfield Clinic Research Institute” on news media, health care, research and blog websites. - 10 media releases distributed that focused on research ## Research Environment - 11 Hospitals - 65 Clinical Locations - 10 Dental Clinics - 1,600+ Providers - 13,000+ Employees - 350,000+ Unique Patients ## Financial Overview - $36,197,512.70 in external grants and contracts awarded (includes state, private and federal) - $9,540,624.46 awarded to support Marshfield Clinic Health System projects - $26,656,888.24 awarded to support Research Institute projects - $2,407,559.80 in support utilized from our donors - $8,221,619 awarded to support clinical trials Marshfield Clinic Health System 1000 N Oak Avenue Marshfield, WI 54449 marshfieldresearch.org 715-387-5241 • 1-800-782-8581 © 2023 Marshfield Clinic Health System, Inc. All rights reserved. Written permission to reproduce or transmit this document in any form or by any means must be obtained from Marshfield Clinic Health System, Inc.
The Samaritan Update "Mount Gerizim, All the Days of Our Lives" September/ October 2014 Vol. XIV - No 1 Your link to the Update Index Future Events It has been 3653 years since the entrance into the Holy Land This counting began on the Sixth Month of the Year of Creation (Samaritan’s typical calendar) It has been 6442 years since Creation 1st day of the 8th Month 3653- October 23, 2014 1st day of the 9th Month 3653- November 22, 2014 1st day of the 10th Month 3653- December 21, 2014 [Calculated by: Priest Yakkiiir [Aziz] b. High Priest Jacob b. ‘Azzi – Kiriat Luza, Mount Gerizim] Auction: Fine Judaica: Books, Manuscripts, Ceremonial Objects & Art by Kestenbaum & Company November 13, 2014, 3:00 PM EST New York, NY, USA Lot 309 Estimated Price: $8,000 - $12,000 Description: Samaritan Scroll of the Pentateuch ["Torah Shomronit "] Manuscript on paper, written in Samaritan (Paleo-Hebrew) script in 156 columns. Scribe: Joseph son of Ab Hasda, High Priest of Nablus. Light wear, few taped repairs. Height: 20 inches. While traditional Jews maintain twenty-four Biblical books as canonical, Samaritans accept only the first Five Books of Moses. Moreover, there are a tremendous number of textual differences between the Pentateuch utilized within each tradition. Furthermore, Samaritans write their Scrolls in the so-called 'paleo-Hebrew' script, one of the earliest versions of the Hebrew alphabet. Paleo-Hebrew was the only way Hebrew was written, by all groups, until the Babylonian exile in the 6th century BCE. Jews then gradually began to adopt Aramaic as a spoken language and adapted its script to Hebrew. By the end of the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE, they had abandoned the paleo-Hebrew script entirely, but the Samaritans continued to use it - as they do to this day - for the writing of Hebrew, Aramaic, and eventually even Arabic. See JTS Catalogue, Scripture and Schism-Samaritan and Karaite Treasures from the Library of the Jewish Theological Seminary (2001). Nablus, 20th century. http://www.invaluable.com/auction-lot/-1-c-F80D6C4421?utm_source=inv_kwalert&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=keywordalertlive&utm_term=2 ~~~~~~~~~ Arabic and Hebrew Bibliography on the Samaritans Haseeb Shehadeh has drafted a work of Arabic and Hebrew Bibliography on the Samaritans. This bibliography was published separately in A.B.-The Samaritan News in 11 April 2006. You can view and save this PDF at http://shomron0.tripod.com/articles/ArabicBiblionSamaritans.pdf ~~~~~~~~~ The Samaritan Inscription from Thessaloniki Η Αρχαία Εβραϊκή νεκρόπολη της Θεσσαλονίκης/The Ancient Jewish necropolis of Salonica Posted by Abravanel, the Blog στο 14/03/2010 It is an extraordinary luck that one of them, the impressive cubiculum of Veniamin/Benjamin is accessible to the public. This specific tomb, the oldest site of Jewish interest in Thessaloniki, is located inside the Administration building "K. Karatheodorii" of the campus of the Aristotle University where the photos originate from. Is this everything we have? As persons familiar with the archaeological background of the site told me, there is material which has not been yet identified as Jewish or we have testimonies for inscriptions which have been lost. I shall limit myself into mentioning that there is absolutely no research on the Samaritan Jewish community of the city, which existed alongside the Rabbinical Jewish one which survives today; and this despite it's existence has already been proven – indicatively I lay here a Samaritan inscription that I was told that it has not been published. The arrival of a new wave of archaeologists has given a new push in the research of Jewish presence in Ancient Greece and personally I believe the immediate future will present us with pleasant surprises. Until then I advise you to venture into the campus of the Aristotle University to see the Jewish graves and in particular the one of Veniamin in the photograph above – one does not often get the chance to contact Ancient Jews! I must give thanks to the blog Η καλύβα ψηλά στο Βουνό which found and published the text of Pramateftis. I also need a big thanks to Dr. Lakov Schiby for the pictures of the excavations and to Mayor Rishon for the rest of the photos and the study of the bibliography. See: link or https://abravanei.wordpress.com/category/thessaloniki/page/2/ See Lifschitz, B. and J. Schiby. “Une synagogue samaritaine à Thessalonique,” Revue Biblique 75 (1968) 368-378. Mayor Rishon’s blog “Une inscription grecque d’origine samaritaine trouvée à Thessalonique” in The Greek and Hebrew Bible Collected Essays on the Septuagint. Emanuel Tov, Brill: Leiden 1999. 513-517 ‘While these merchants may or may not have been Jews, it is certain that at about this time, probably just at the end of the 4th century (according to an inscription found near the church of Panaghia Chalkeon), there was a Samaritan synagogue in Thessaloniki, founded by the celebrate sophist Siricius, from Neapolis in Judaea. According to topographical studies of Byzantine Thessaloniki, there was in the Omphalos district, near today’s Syngrou, Antigonidon and Philippou Streets, a Jewish quarter known as “palaia [old] Hebrais” Source: http://www.macedonian-heritage.gr/Contributions/20010704_Nar.html#fn17 The Samaritan inscription from Thessaloniki was inscribed in Greek, with Numbers 6:22-27 placed between the Samaritan Hebrew berakhot. James Purvis mentions that this inscription can be placed from the 4th-6th century, in the Byzantine period. ~~~~~ The Five Colleges of Ohio Digital Collections http://dcollections.oberlin.edu/cdm/ Photo left: 3rd Century Samaritan Synagogue Inscription from Nablus Photos from the collection of The Professor Herbert G. May Teaching Collection on Biblical Archaeology and the Bible http://dcollections.oberlin.edu/cdm/ref/collection/palestine/id/4900 At right photo of the Samaritan inscription at Nablus http://dcollections.oberlin.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/palestine/id/5159/rec/5 Professor Herbert G. May had a profound interest in the use of visual aids in teaching. His contributions to the Oberlin College School of Divinity's lantern slide collection include images from companies, books, and his own private images taken during his work on archaeological sites and personal trips to Palestine and the Middle East during the 1930s-1960s. Also included are photographs taken by Mrs. Helen May, Olaf Lind (an employee of American Colony Photographers), other Oberlin College professors (most notably Kemper Fullerton), and Mrs. Lydia Einsler of Jerusalem (friend of Herbert May). http://dcollections.oberlin.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/palestine Also see the search results: A Call from Samaritan Husney Cohen (Facebook) Many visitors and foreign tourists keep on visiting the Samaritan synagogue in the old city of Nablus, even though the Samaritans had stopped praying and worshiping God in this synagogue since they left the old city because of the earthquake that happened in 1927, but to see this holy place full of garbage and rubbish! It's something very frustrating. I wonder if the Palestinian government has restored old town houses and alleys and streets and entrances, then why not restore the Samaritan synagogue as well? (Samaritan priest Husney Cohen is the manager of the Samaritan Museum on Mount Gerizim.) Costume and likeness of the present Samaritan priest, Rabbi Amram and his family at Nablous, the ancient Sychar Description: Rabbi Amram with his family at Nablus; from 'Jerusalem and Holy Land. Being a collection of Lithographic Views and Native Costumes from drawings taken on the spot by Mrs. Ewald,' London, 1854; Repository/Location: Jewish Museum London; Creator: Day & Son [Create]; Date of creation: 19th century, mid [Production]; 1854/ [Production] see larger image War In Palestine With Arabs AKA War In Palestine 1948 Film This 1948 Black and white film with no sound captured footage of the 1948 War in Nablus. While most of the film shows the Arabs fighting, there is a short segment of the Samaritans. Beginning at 5:00 - 6:23 minutes into the film you will see the Samaritans gathering, entering the Samaritan synagogue and praying. Abrisha b. Phinhas b. Yitzhaq b. Shalma was High Priest (1943-1961). The Copyright is from the British Pathe, their link is http://www.britishpathe.com/ This film link: http://www.britishpathe.com/video/war-in-palestine-with-arabs-aka-war-in-palestine/query/Samaritans March of Time—outtakes—Jaffa, Nablus. Palestine, 1938 National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) This black and white, silent film from 1938 shows a Samaritan Priest and Samaritan children dancing in front of their white tents on Mount Gerizim. Most likely during the days following Passover. The film section is between 5:53 and 6:25. The priest appearing in the film appears to be 'Amram b. Yitzhaq b. 'Amram b. Shalma, who later began High Priest, 1961-1980. Matzliach b. Phinhas b. Yitzhaq b. Shalma was High Priest during 1933-1943. http://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/fv1712 You can also see clips here http://footage.framepool.com/en/shot/209456975-passover-samaritans-mount-gerizim-palestine-1920-1948 The Samaritan high priest in front of his synagogue. About two hundred Samaritans still live in Nablus (Shechem) and worship on Mount Gerizim. Above Photo from From the Nile to the Waters of the Damascus. By William Arndt, St. Louis, Canocordia Pub. House [1949] page 69. [The High Priest was Abisha ben Phinhas ben Yittzhaq ben Shalma (HP 1943–1961)] Johanna Spector Project, Jewish Theological Seminary of America Description: Dr. Johanna Spector recording the cantillation of prayers by the Samaritan High Priest Amram Ben Yitzhak in Jerusalem, Israel, circa 1951. Pursuit of an “Unparalleled Opportunity” This post-war photograph shows Archibald C. Harte (1865-1946), on the right, having tea with the Samaritan high priest in Jerusalem. Harte went to Palestine to establish an Association in Jerusalem after the war. Source: Association Men, 46 (January 1921): 224. http://www.gutenberg-e.org/steuer/archive/chapter/16.html# [The person in the center of the photo is the Samaritan High Priest Yitzhaq ben Amram ben Shalma ben Tabia. He was born in 1862– pasted on Dec. 2, 1932 at age 70. He was High Priest #121 (1916–1932)] Late High priest, Saloum Yitzhak Awarded Medal of Honor Star high class Special thanks to Mr. President from the family of the late priest, Saloum Yitzhak Award Medal of Honor Star high class Ramallah-mountains-State of Palestine President Mahmoud Abbas, of the deceased priest, Saloum Imran Ishak, former member of the Palestinian Legislative Council, and past high priest of Samaritan sect, the order of the star of honor of Supreme class. The medal recognizes, the high priest of Abdullah, the son of the late descriptor Aaron Isaac, in the presence of senior members of the cult, and his daughter Haya and his granddaughter pan, and in the presence of Fatah Central Committee member Mahmoud Al-Aloul, the head of the Presidential Office Hussein Al-araj, the Adviser, diplomat Majdi Khalidi. And the granting of sovereignty of the deceased high priest Salloum, the medal in recognition of his struggle and national excellence in the service of the Samaritan sect, maintaining its identity as an integral part of the fabric of our society, and in appreciation for his efforts and contributions to strengthening national unity, and activating the role of the Samaritans to achieve peace and stability during the term as a member of the Palestinian Legislative Council. Also see video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9zXKeIScrQ&list=U Ceremony honoring Mr. Hashim Shawa by the Samaritans (Nablus 09/17/2014 WAFA awarded Samaritan, chairman of the Bank of Palestine, Hashim Shawa, Sam 'key to Mount Gerizim', in recognition of the bank on the tender and his service to a wide private, and the Palestinian people in general. High Priest of the Samaritans, Abed-El ben Asher ben Matziach, and Sam 'key to Mount Gerizim', for Showa, in a ceremony on the summit of Mount Gerizim, the presence of the governor of Nablus, Akram Rajoub, and Mayor Ghassan Shaka, and a number of representatives of the departments and institutions and personalities of the city and the Samaritans, said committee secretary Samaritan Isaac Radwan. The Bank of Palestine clear imprint in the community support has always, in order to preserve it as an integral part of the Palestinian people. He thanked all the organizations that support the Samaritans, explained president of the Association Myth. Jacob Cohen expressed that the Assembly is seeking to accomplish many activities aimed at introducing the cult Samaritan through exhibitions, seminars and meetings youth pointed out that the Assembly considers granting the medal estimated Chairman of the Bank of Palestine in recognition of its tender permanent and continuous, and its contribution to the unlimited support members of the community. Chief Youth Club Samaritan Ismail spectrum that Mount Gerizim has long embraced the peace-loving people of the three religions, and thanked the management of the Bank for their continued support for the team sect in basketball, it was always a race to provide all support and assistance to members of the community. The price of Shawa, generous gesture for the Samaritans, stressing that it considers an integral part of the components of Palestinian society, and stressed the bank's commitment and interest in economic development, construction and support of the various centers and institutions as a patriotic duty, even to reach the desired goal in the establishment of an independent state with its capital in Jerusalem. mentions that the 'key Gerizim,' and Sam discretionary Samaritan grant to one of the characters or supporting institutions of the Samaritans, in recognition of their efforts and giving and would stand alongside members of the community, and their contribution to the support of some of the projects and activities of their own, on the grounds that they represent the smallest and oldest sect exists in the world maintain their religion and rituals and culture and language The customs and traditions, and living in peace as part of the Palestinian people. headed Prize Committee priest of the Samaritan community, and share it, committee Samaritan, and the Association of Samaritan Legend, and the Youth Club Samaritan considered Samaritan of the oldest and most prestigious communities, and numbering about 780 people, live half of them on the top of Mount Gerizim, south of Nablus. B.o / M.j Nathaniel Blessed Memory 1952-2014 Nathaniel, son of Jacob ben Avraham Ben-Peretz (62) his last pilgrimage holiday weeks in 2014 (photo) Nathaniel suddenly passed away of heart failure at Wolfson Hospital in Holon, a Tsedaka son Nathaniel, son of Jacob, son of Abraham Perez, and 62 springs. His sudden death shocked all members of the community and admirers of the International Bank where he worked for 35 years, mostly as a senior auditor in the various branches of the Bank of Israel, until he had retired early due to light late mother's illness, her welfare until she died. http://www.tapuz.co.il/blog/net/ViewEntry.aspx?EntryId=4696232&ref=share Louise Hitchcock’s Impression of the Samaritan Passover From “Architectures of Feasting” 2008 ‘I am no longer a neutral observer, but am drawn into another world of experience and sensation. There is no longer understanding through science or intellect: the description of architectural features or artifacts, the cataloguing of pottery types, the dating of archaeological remains, the categorization of literary tropes and similes, debating the precise meaning of particular ancient words, the clinical description of preparing a ritual sacrifice, or imagining oneself into the past through the descriptions found in ancient literature. How does one give shape to the intangible realm of the senses? Abandoning the sanitized world of modernity for an afternoon, I have crossed a spiritual threshold from the profane order of things into the sacred order of intimacy. It is a place of Georges Bataille’s concept of heterology, transporting the participant into the world of otherness and the sacred through fasting, the intense heat and sense of danger of the ire-pit, a growing anticipation and transformation heightened through rhythmic chanting; there is also a purposeful formlessness, where oppositions of pollution and purity; disgust and desire; subject and object; inside and outside all collapse. I draw closer to the ire pit. Then, feeling the intense heat, I retreat, fearing the crowd pressing ever closer. I repeat this again and again, drawing closer then pushing backwards through the crowd in a near panic. The chanting seems to have been going on for hours, has it been just one hour or a few minutes? Chronographic time loses all meaning. I am here, yet also far away. There is excessiveness: of lavish monumental architecture maintained for its use on rare occasion. It is the location of Bataille’s accursed share: making sacred through sacrifice, with lames consuming skins, legs; the entrails and fat piled high on the burning altar; excessive consumption, an act that is wasteful, decadent, and other in a modern world driven by use-value and apprehended through statistics. Everywhere I look there is flesh and blood, and gore and guts. The air is redolent with the stench of burning hides, fat, unguents, and sawdust; the smoke and fat infused atmosphere creates a haze and a smell that permeates everything around me and through me, and as I am drawn further in, abhorrence melts into “anxious fascination.” I am changed forever. Architectures of feasting whether at Mt. Gerizim in the present or Myrtou-Pighades (and many other places) in the past defined spaces of the ceremonial, the processional, the visceral, sacred, and the other, intensified by a heightening of the senses and the construction of the sensational. They gave and do give form to the formless. They were and are places of raw, overwhelming experience and performance that resist “domestication,” sanitation, idealization, and romanticization.’ Louise HITCHCOCK (University of Melbourne) WRD’s Jim Ridolfo Connects with Samaritan Community LEXINGTON, Ky. (Oct. 20, 2014) —As a graduate student at Michigan State University in 2008, Jim Ridolfo embarked on what he thought was a short-term research project that diverged from his dissertation work. This “secondary” project on Samaritan manuscripts has led to nationally funded, award-winning research for Ridolfo, now an assistant professor in the University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences’ departments of Writing, Rhetoric and Digital Studies and Jewish Studies. Continue reading at University of Kentucky News http://ukpr-srp001546srs.net.uky.edu/content/wrds-jim-ridolfo-connects-samaritan-community New Mail Station In Late August 2010, Mount Gerizim had a new mail box station positioned under the management of Abu Abed. (Photo right) An Inscribed Samaritan Stone Slab The inscription reads: ‘Yahweh our God Yahweh the single (and) the only One, the God of the sky and land, and all in it. Yahweh, arise against Shalem (Jerusalem)’. The stone was purchased in Shechem in 1967, from Ab-Hizda, who later became the High Priest. Ex Itzhak Einhorn collection, Tel Aviv. http://www.archaeological-center.com/en/auctions/38-099 Sold in 2009 Holy Land Photo A late Samaritan Inscription found on Mount Gerizim (partially restored—lower left quarter of the inscription). The Samaritan Temple on Mount Gerizim was first built around 450 BC, rebuilt around 200 BC, and then destroyed by John Hyrcanus ca. 110 BC. The inscription is now displayed in the Good Samaritan Inn Museum on the road between Jerusalem and Jericho. http://holylandphotos.org/browse.asp?s=1,2,6,438,440&img=ICHMMG21 Collections: The Jewish Museum Samaritan Torah Case (Tik) [photo right] Matar Ishmael ha-Ramhi, active mid-16th-early 17th century Damascus (Syria), 1568 Copper: inlaid with silver 25 1/4 x 8 in. (64.1 x 20.3 cm) http://thejewishmuseum.org/collection/22404-torah-case-samaritan-torah-case-tik Robert Garrett Collection of Samaritan Manuscripts 1200-1903 Creator: Garrett, Robert, 1875-1961. Title: Robert Garrett Collection of Samaritan Manuscripts Dates: 1200s-1903 Size: 5.0 boxes Call number: C0744.06 Storage note: This collection is stored at Firestone Library. Requests will be delivered to Manuscripts Division, RBSC Reading Room. Location: Princeton University. Library. Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections Manuscripts Division, One Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 USA Language(s) of material: Hebrew, Samaritan Aramaic and Arabic. This collection contains 52 manuscripts written in the Samaritan alphabet, a writing system used by the Samaritans for religious writings in Hebrew, Aramaic, and occasionally Arabic. Contents include fragments from the Samaritan Pentateuch and liturgical pieces. http://findingaids.princeton.edu/collections/C0744.06 J. Rendel Harris Collection Series 2 Hebraeo-Samaritanus 14th century 1.0 Manuscript RH 22 Pentateuch manuscript 1300-1400 1.0 Manuscript Codex of 219 leaves in clamshell box. Manuscript of fine vellum. Leaves are 12 x 15.5 inches. There is only one column on the page except in some poetical portions, which are bi-columnar. 33 lines to the page. Century of creation: Originally thought to be 11th century by Robert W. Rogers. Later scholars think it is from the 14th century. Contents: Contains the Pentateuch. Condition: Somewhat yellow with age. The corners of the leaves are destroyed in places, and the loose leaves at the beginning and end are somewhat cracked and broken. Ink somewhat brown. First leaf is broken. Text is missing up to Gen. 4:14. Second leaf begins with Gen. 6:17. Text ends incompletely at Deut. 30:18. http://www.haverford.edu/library/special/aids/harris/j_rendel_harris_collection_fa.pdf Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in Amsterdam Inventory of the Oriental manuscripts of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in Amsterdam. Leiden: Ter Lugt Press 2006, pp. 72-73 Samaritan collection in 1 volume of various titles: al-Mugniya fi Kitab at-Tawti’a, Qawanin al-Miqra, Maqala fi Mulakhkhas Sharh Suwar Balaq, Hikaya Manqula min al-Mabsut al-Ibrani, Maqala, Maqala fi Tafsir al-Ilmtihanat, Masa’il fi Tafsir al-Ilmtihanat, Masa’il min al-Kitab al-Sharif, Kitab al-Tawba. Authors: Il’azar b. Finahas b. Yusuf, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim b. Farag b. Maruth al-Samiri, Abu Sa’id al-Samiri, Muwaffaq al-Din Sadaqa (b. Munaga) al-Isra’ili, Ghazal b. al-Duwayk, Abu al-Hasan b. Ghana’im b. al-Hakim al-Nafis ibn Kuthar and unknown. The Burgess Manuscript Collection Special Collections & University Archives, University of Oregon Libraries Ms 19 [unknown] Samaritan rituals, 19c. [Now Known] http://library.uoregon.edu/ec/exhibits/burgess/contents.html Recently the Library expressed interesting in their Samaritan manuscript by sending six randomly scanned pages which in turn were sent to Samaritan scholar and Historian Benyamim Tsedaka. He comments, "It is not easy to find out to which festive Shabbat this manuscript related since you have sent to me 6 pages that could be to any of the festivals or the Shabbat close to them. But it is easy to identify the famous copyist Abraham b. Yishmael b. Abraham from the Marhib household of the Samaritans in Nablus that was very active and copied many prayer books of good quality in the first half of the 19th century. You have a treasure." This Samaritan Hebrew liturgy is the work of Abraham b. Yishmael b. Abraham, who was the head of the Marhib clan in his time. He signed as a witness in the ketubbahs (marriage contracts) in Pummer (1820) Firk., Sam. X, 71(1829) and 90 (1830). Press-mark: ? Catalogue Number: unknown Catalogue and publication history: The Samaritan Update (Vol. XIV, No. 1) (http://shomron0.tripod.com/2014/septoct.pdf) Dimensions: unknown Subject: Sabbath Liturgy Languages and scripts: Arabic and Samaritan Hebrew. Date: early nineteenth century (1820-30) Scribe: Abraham b. Yishmael b. Abraham, (Marhib clan) Provenance: originally Shechem, previous owner unknown Codicology and codicography: ? Summary of one sample folio: ? Van Kampen Collection c. 13th century Samaritan Pentateuch in Samaritan and Arabic on display. Valmadonna Trust Library 14 c. Samaritan Pentateuch See Schoenberg Database of Manuscripts Philadelphia Bibliographical Center and Union Library Catalogue. Union List of Microfilms, Cumulation 1949-1959. By Eleanor Este Campion. Ann Arbor: J.W. Edwards, 1961 c 286 4 Pentateuch B3 --------Pentateuch. Samaritan. 1875. [Frankfurt a. M., 1875-76] 1v. /n:NN; p:DLC Scheide Library Fragments of that were copied from Leviticus in the 14th century from the Samaritan Pentateuch was given by Robert Garrett, class of 1897. (Garrett Samaritan 42 and 43.) The Scheide Library is associated with the Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, but is privately owned. The Scheide Library is located in Firestone Library and holds very significant collections of Bibles in manuscript and print, including a Gutenberg and a 36-line Bible; medieval manuscripts and incunabula; printed books on travel and exploration; Americana; music manuscripts of Johann Sebastian Bach and Ludwig van Beethoven; and other materials. For an overview, see The Scheide Library, The Princeton University Library Chronicle, 37, no. 2 (Winter 1976). Also see For William H.Scheide: Fifty Years of Collecting (Princeton, 2004) Open by appointment only: Paul Needham, Librarian email@example.com Firestone, 1-18-F (609) 258-3241 The Harris Free Public Libraries & Museum, Preston: catalogue of manuscripts, lithographs, and printed copies of the Scriptures, exhibited to illustrate the means by which the Bible has been transmitted, until the production in A.D. 1611 of the "Authorized Version": with fifteen plates, also a brief account of the sources, and the previous history of the Bible in England / by W.T. Whitley. Preston [Lancashire]: G. Toulmin, 1911. Page 15 “6. Facsimile of leaf from a Samaritan Codex. This is the old style of Hebrew writing adopted from Tyre, perhaps by Solomon, and used till after the days of Ezra. Since then it has been abandoned to the Samaritans, the remnant of whom still own a few copies of the law.” An Exhibition of Bibles of Ancient and Modern Times, Selected, Arranged, and Described by Victor Hugo Paltzits. [New York] The New York Public Library, 1923 Page 6 “Pentateuch. Samaritan. Manuscript written in 1231-1232 A.D. This manuscript is written in the archaic form of the Hebrew characters, the Phoenician Hebrew, and is one of the finest extant. It was the law used by the Samaritans at nablous in Samaria, whose remnant still worships near jacob’s Well, at the ancient Shechem. There is much controversy as to the age of the oldest Samaritan manuscript Pentateuch extant, some believing it to be of the third Christian century. The codex exhibited is owned by the New York Public Library, purchased in 1895. The written colophon gives the name of the scribe and the time when it was written, thus: “I. Abraham son of Israel, son of Abraham, so of Joseph the prince, King of Israel have written this copy of the Holy Law for myself in the name of my son in the year 629 of the Ishmaelites (Mohammedans), which is 3200 years after the Children of Israel settled in the land of Canaan and 5993 years after creation of the world.” The manuscript volume has 549 leaves. Pentateuch. Samaritan. Manuscript written in 655 A.D. Two pages of reproductions are exhibited from a manuscript which was delivered at Heidelberg, Germany, into the hands of W. Scott Watson, on June 13, 1896, having been sent to him by Jacob, the High Priest of Nablous. Watson says it is dated in the year 35 of the Hegira (began July 11, A.D. 655), and is the earliest dated manuscript of the Hebrew text of any portion of the Old Testament known to be in existence.” Catalogue of the Printed Books and manuscripts forming the Library of Frederic David Mocatta, Esq., 9, Connaught Place, London, W. compiled by Reginald Arthur Rye. London: Harrison and Sons. 1904. Page 437-438: Liturgies. Samaritan Service book. [Samaritan Dafter.] 176 leaves. Manuscript on paper. 4o. 7 5/8”, in two columns, 21 to 29 lines to a full page… Dated A.H. 1203 (1788-89 C.E.) [See full description at the above titled link] Page 544: Moses. Leden Moses nach Auffassung der jüdischen Sage. See Leipzig…. Story of the life of Moses in Arabic and Samaritan beginning with a quotation from Exodus ii. 1-10, in Samaritan characters…. p. 262-3 see Neubauber. See Mocatta Library http://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/a-z/mocatta-library For Sale from a Private Collection ($55,000.00) Medical Compendium including JĀLĪNŪS, Kitāb-i ‘lal-i a’rād-I (GALEN, On Diseases and Symptoms?); a Medical Text in Hebrew (unidentified); and ‘ALĪ IBN AL-‘ABBĀS AL-MAJŪSĪ, Kāmil al-šinā’ah al-tiḥbīyah (The Complete Book of the Medical Art ["The Royal Book"]); and other texts In Judeo-Arabic and Hebrew (with later additions in Samaritan and Arabic), manuscript on paper. Catania (Sicily), c. 1452 ii (modern paper) + original binding + ii (original paper flyleaves) + 307 + i on paper, contains three separate bifolios with a Samaritan writing, all Samaritan folios are written on paper with the watermark “Pirie’s Old Style” of a well-known nineteenth-century British manufacturer, other folios with the bell watermark intersecting at 90 degrees with the chain-line, no parallels in Piccard, bound out of order with some folios missing between ff. 277-278 the front board of the original binding (198 × 137mm.) made of the reused paper leaves, pressed together, decorated and covered with writing, is preserved beneath two modern flyleaves, followed by two original flyleaves, and then 14 folios, all attached upside down with no original foliation, ff. 1 and 2 decorated with a geometric pattern, Samaritan parts are written in red ink, from f. 15 the text is written in Sephardic semi-cursive with the chapter titles and explicits in square script, all ruled in plummet, 27 lines to a page (justification 155 × 95 mm.): ff. 15-18 in Judeo-Arabic, ff. 21-22 in Samaritan script on nineteenth-century paper with some Arabic marginalia (27-28 lines to a page, justification 115 × 66 mm.), ff. 23-24 blank, ff. 25-39 in Hebrew written by two hands, the first 4 folios with more cursive oriental features, then, 269 folios (ff. 40-307) in Judeo-Arabic, 252 folios of which are foliated in Hebrew characters, but some folios are lost and quires are rebound in a wrong order (e.g., after f. 61 [original foliation] follows 79, after 94 follows 63-78, then 95 and so forth), ff. 83v-85: the table of contents of the following chapters, hand changes on f. 211, long marginalia on ff. 211v, 281, 281v, some folios seem to be lost between f. 277 and f. 278, lightly stained and damaged from damp throughout the manuscript although no writing is obscured. Bound in modern brown buckram. Dimension varies: 151× 110 mm.; 176 × 130 mm.; 195 × 135 mm. Additional, non-medical works were bound with ben Shalom’s compendium in the nineteenth century. The mixture of Samaritan and Arabic writings, with some on paper of a British manufacturer, suggests that in the nineteenth century the manuscript was owned by a Palestinian Samaritan. http://www.textmanuscripts.com/manuscript_description.php?id=3366&%20cat=Science+%26+Medicine& http://www.textmanuscripts.com/descriptions_manuscripts/TM%20776%20Judeo-Arabic%20Medical%20Compendium.pdf ~~~~~~~~ Early Photographers F. M. Good- The Samaritan Pentateuch, Shechem American Colony- Scenes at the Samaritan camp on Mt. Gerizim during the Passover, circa 1920 Sir. H. MacMichael- The Chief Samaritan, Nablus, 1941 O. Tweedy- 9 photos of the Samaritan Passover 1931 on Mount Gerizim and 1 of the Samaritan scroll [From the index at http://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/mec/MEChandlists/HPME-Catalogue.pdf] Harold B. Lee Library Slide Collection Dates: 1979-1984 Materials include 7 slides taken between 1979 and 1984 regarding Samaritans. Extent: 7 slides Creator: Ogden, D. Kelly (Daniel Kelly), 1947 Call Number: MSS 8214 Series 212 Repository: L. Tom Perry Special Collections; Photograph Archives; 1130 Harold B. Lee Library; Brigham Young University; Provo, Utah 84602; http://sc.lib.byu.edu/ http://findingaid.lib.byu.edu/viewItem/MSS%208214/Series%20212 University of Birmingham CMS/ACC325 Z1 Photograph album (1926-1938) Samaritan Passover Ceremony. A List of the Samaritan Websites of Samaritan Israelites http://www.israelite-samaritans.com/ Samaritan Legend Association Samaritan Legend Association - Facebook http://samaritans-mu.com/oldfolders/eng/index.html http://samaritans-museum.com/ https://twitter.com/Samaritanmuseum Samaritan Museum \| فيس بوك – Facebook Samaritan Paradise Restaurant & Bar – Facebook http://www.the-samaritans.com/ ~~~~~~~~~ Future & Recent Publications The Samaritans: History, Texts, and Traditions By Stefan Schorch Walter De Gruyter Incorporated, Nov 15, 2015 - 330 pages The Samaritan Version of Saadya Gaon’s Translation of the Pentateuch Critical Edition and Study of Ms. BL OR7562 and Related Mss. By Tamar Zewi, (University of Haifa) Brill: Publication Date: Unknown See http://biblia-arabica.com/ Samaritan Cemeteries and Tombs in the Southern Coastal Plain: The Archaeology and History of the Samaritan Settlement outside Samaria (ca. 300-700 CE) by Oren Tal AAT 82 Printed edition in production. Mosaics of Faith: Floors of Pagans, Jews, Samaritans, Christians, and Muslims in the Holy Land By Rina Talgam Penn State University Press: Hardcover – July 3, 2014 Heirs to Forgotten Kingdoms, Journeys Into the Disappearing Religions of the Middle East By Gerard Russell Perseus Books Group 10-21-2014 In this spellbinding journey across the past and present of the Middle East, a former diplomat takes us into the fascinating religious communities that have survived for centuries under Muslim rule. [Please note that the cover to the left is the US edition, while the cover below right is the UK edition of the same book] Despite its reputation for religious intolerance, the Middle East has long sheltered many distinctive and strange faiths: one regards the Greek prophets as incarnations of God, another reveres Lucifer in the form of a peacock, and yet another believes that their followers are reincarnated beings who have existed in various forms for thousands of years. These religions represent the last vestiges of the magnificent civilizations in ancient history: Persia, Babylon, Egypt in the time of the Pharaohs. Their followers have learned how to survive foreign attacks and the perils of assimilation. But today, with the Middle East in turmoil, they face greater challenges than ever before. In Heirs to Forgotten Kingdoms, former diplomat Gerard Russell ventures to the distant, nearly impassable regions where these mysterious religions still cling to survival. He lives alongside the Mandaeans and Ezidis of Iraq, the Zoroastrians of Iran, the Copts of Egypt, and others. He learns their histories, participates in their rituals, and comes to understand the threats to their communities. Historically a tolerant faith, Islam has, since the early 20th century, witnessed the rise of militant, extremist sects. This development, along with the rippling effects of Western invasion, now pose existential threats to these minority faiths. And as more and more of their youth flee to the West in search of greater freedoms and job prospects, these religions face the dire possibility of extinction. Drawing on his extensive travels and archival research, Russell provides an essential record of the past, present, and perilous future of these remarkable religions. Chapter 5. The Samaritans Numbering just over 750 people, the Samaritans are the smallest community featured in the book. They keep the customs of the people of Israel as they were before the fall of the Jewish Temple, including with an annual sacrifice of lambs at Passover. At the same time, they are not actually Jewish: they trace their ancestry back to the ten so-called "lost" tribes of Israel, have a special reverence for Mount Gerizim near the West Bank city of Nablus, and hold Palestinian as well as Israeli ID cards. My book "Heirs to Forgotten Kingdoms", celebrating seven of the Middle East's most endangered faiths, will be published on 21 October in the US and 20 November in the UK. The historian Tom Holland described it as "unbearably poignant...so learned and so beautifully written", Kwasi Kwarteng MP said it was "brilliant" and the writer and journalist James Traub called it "a loving tribute to the ancient and the strange". It took four years of my life to write, and draws on personal encounters with followers of these religions in order to present an accessible, lively set of portraits. I'll be at Yale University on 11 November to speak about the book, will be taking part in a discussion at the New America Foundation in Washington DC on 13 November at 12.15 pm, and will be speaking on it at Harvard on 17 November. [Tell me](#) if you want to come to any of these, and I'll make sure you're invited. On 26 November in London, I'll be celebrating the publication of my book "Heirs to Forgotten Kingdoms" with a book launch at Daunt's in Marylebone and it would be wonderful if you could join me. Email invitations will go out nearer the time, but if you could click [here](#) and let the publisher know that you'd like to come, we'll add you to the list. Meantime if you want to pre-order the book, that's possible either [here](#) (UK) or [here](#) (US). And if you want to let others know about the book, there is a Facebook item [here](#) which you can share if you want to! Thanks so much for reading this - and I am sorry to send this so impersonally, and doubly sorry if (because I've got more than one email for you, and don't know which to use) you get it more than once. I won't be sending out other emails, because I know how much people hate Spam - so if you want to have more news about this book or (perhaps, who knows?) any future ones that I write, I suggest you follow me on Twitter. But most of all I hope to hear from you personally, or see you at one of these events! Best wishes Gerard Russell http://gerardrussell.com/ https://twitter.com/GSJRussell/media ~~~~~~~~~ A Samaritan Gold-Faience Finger Ring, circa 6th Century A.D. (SOLD) The ancient gold finger ring set with a faience gem. The octagonal shank is of square cross section and supports a rectangular setting. The joint between the setting and hoop is strengthened by three gold granules on either side of the shoulders. The ring was reportedly found near Mount Gerizim, the traditional home of the Samaritan community in Israel. Inner diameter: 1.58cm wide x 1.28cm high; Weight: 5.1g Editor's comment: Just because someone makes a statement concerning an object like this, it may or may not be true. ~~~~~~~~~ From the Editor First off, if you have watched the film of the Samaritans in 1938 that was displayed above then you may have noticed that some of the Samaritans spend the days of Passover in wood framed huts and not tents. I have included some references that I have located while researching. I hope you will find them interesting as I did. Here is a Samaritan book of Exodus online: [Book of Exodus](#) in Hebrew written in Samaritan characters, colophon in the Samaritan language, giving the Samaritan and Hebrew alphabets side by side ... ] [Jerusalem, 1864] An interesting statement in the book by Michael H. Abraham D'Assemani, The Cross on the Sword: A History of the Equestrian order of the holy sepulcher of Jerusalem, [Chicago: Lithographed by Photopress, Inc.] 1944 on page 177. About 200 descendants of the old Samaritans remain in Sichem. Clinging closely to the ancient tradition and deposed by the political hegemony, they make Sichem their headquarters and even a rival of Jerusalem itself. The manuscript of the Pentateuch in Phoenician characters, a parchment folded on two large golden rolls, is kept in a synagogue at Sichem. At this point it is pertinent to mention that the author, through the courtesy of the high priest of the Samaritans, was the first person to whom the privilege was extended of talking movies of this manuscript. The Samaritans dress altogether in white for their services, all using the same quality of material, rich and poor alike. Lights are extinguished on Friday evening; and bloody sacrifices are offered on Mount Gerizim at the Rasch, Pentecost, and the Feast of Tabernacle. First, the Samaritans only do the Passover Sacrifice. No animal sacrifices are made on/for Pentecost and the Feast of Tabernacles. Second, and the most important of this book, is the mention of filming the Samaritan Pentateuch. I have sent off an email to the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem to try to locate the film and have not received a positive answer as of yet but the requesting email has been forwarded to other individuals for further investigation. Further on page 178 a brief note of the number of Samaritans is 200, yet on page 5 gives a more actuate number of 182, according to a government statistics estimate. ~~~ 'Letters from Africa, by Signor Travideani, or Oveiro to Canova, the Sculptor.' [selection from page 6] A visit to Madras: being a sketch of the local and characteristic peculiarities of that presidency in the year 1811. London: Printed for Sir R. Phillips and Co., 1821 "Neapolis, or Napolosa, lies upon the ruins of Sichem, and here, returning from Siloa, I found the ancient Samaritans, or Cuteans, who were praying from error, by a well, believed to be Jacob's. I taught them the truth, which doctrine excited against me no small disturbance; so far, that the said Samaritans, thinking me one of their brethren, wished by all means to retain me in the country; and what is more singular, exacted that I promise marriage to a woman of their sect. The Christians of Napolosa took up my defence; whence, getting off at my hazard, foreseeing the favour of the former, I took shelter in Samaria, where there is no vestige of the importunate Samaritans. I wrote to you, that, with the exception of some columns, there is nothing interesting in Sebaste." The Samaritans still joke today with outsiders marrying their ladies but of course that is not permitted! ~~~ The Letters of Peter Lombard (Canon Benham) Edited by Ellen Dudley Baxter with a Preface by the Archbishop of Canterbury. By William Benham, London: Macmillan and Co., 1912 [quote from page 115-116]. "I fully believe this view to be the correct one, and that the Samaritan race, and the northern Palestinians, are descendants of the Ten Tribes. The Samaritan Jews then claim, and, I believe, rightly, to be descended from Ephraim and Manasseh. How they got possession of this priceless manuscript of the Pentateuch is a piece of history which plenty of books will tell." ~~~ A comment from the book Divine Intention: How God's Work in the Early Church Empowers Us Today by Larry Shallenberger, page. 195 'Terry Giles' book on the Samaritans was invaluable in helping me catch up on this rich culture. Anderson and Giles, The Keepers: An Introduction to the History and Culture of the Samaritans (Grand Rapids: Henderson Press, 2002).' The book of Sahllenberger did not interest me, but it was the reference in the book mentioned above in The Keepers. For me to see more and more people speaking and learning about the Samaritans is exciting. When I first learned of the existence of the Samaritans, information was far from reach, even the local library had very little information. I still have the photo copied pages on file. In the past 15 or so years, the internet opened up a great amount of so much wonderful information and obtainable sources. Today, there is so much knowledge, grant you, but still there is some bad informed sited. Yet, they can be an overwhelming source to interact with. Not only is there information but contact information, either between the typical internet researcher and the happy connected scholar. It is exciting as I suppose as when the first printed books that appeared. When reading through Alan Crown’s Samaritan Scribes and Manuscripts, where I noticed the book that was in Forbes Library (#478 on page 431) was said to be missing back in 1989. I emailed the library and am waiting for a response to see if they may have located it in the past few years. --- Catalogue of Ancient & Modern Editions of the Scriptures, with other Sacred Books and Manuscripts. By S. Brainard Pratt, [Boston? 1890]. Page 5 “Samaritan Pentateuch, two leaves only, containing parts of the twenty-seventh, twenty-eighth, and thirty-second chapters of the Book of Numbers. Parchment; age not known, but probably of the thirteenth or fourteenth century. Size of leaf, 4 1/2 x 3 1/2 inches. An account of this manuscript was given by Professor Isaac Hall, in the Proceedings of the Oriental Society, May, 1881.” This catalogue is from the Library of S. Brainard Pratt, Boston. --- Oriental manuscripts of the John Frederick Lewis collection in the Free library of Philadelphia: a descriptive catalogue with forty-eight illustrations by Muhammed Ahmed Simsar. Philadelphia: The Library, 1937 Page xvi “Another interesting volume in the collection is a copy of Samaritan Liturgy (No. 150), dated 1859, and written in cursive Samaritan script with some headings in Arabic.” Page 216 “Samaritan Manuscript 150 A copy of the Samaritan Liturgy with some headings and notes in Arabic. It consists of prayers, largely in prose, and of hymns composed for recital on the great feasts and fasts and the Sabbath. Folios 158, of which the last seven are blank; 8 inches by 5 ½ inches; 24 lines to a page, written on native glazed paper in cursive Samaritan script. Some headings and notes are written in Arabic characters. The verse sections are in a different hand and run 21 lines to a page in double columns. The binding is of red leather with flap, the outside covers of which are blind-tooled in geometrical patterns. The inside covers are lined with plain paper. Folios 1-9 contain a short preface which is followed by a table of contents. The last folio of the interdiction bears the date 1266 A.H. (1849 A.D.), but the name of the scribe does not appear.” Comment from the Editor, I think the correct date is the later in the fuller description. It appears that James Montgomery helped with the information on the manuscripts. --- Catalogue of Oriental languages and Literature, Part II. Offered by Bernard Quaritch, 15 Piccadilly, W. No. 130, London, January, 1893. Page 6, item 91 “Bible. Samaritan MS. Of a portion of the Old Testament: Leviticus x, 15-xx, 48, and Numbers II, 10-v, 5-Hebrew in Samaritan characters, written on 16 leaves of vellum in long lines 36, 37, or 38 lines per page; bound as a square folio book, in hf. Morocco Syria, Sec. xv. Brought by Mr. Henry Duckworth from Nablus about 1855. Samaritan MSS. are excessively rare. This is the only one which has been in my hands for over thirty years.” --- Catalogue of the Library of the late Bishop John Fletcher Hurst: to be sold at auction / by the Anderson Auction Company. New York: The Company, 1904-05 Page 394 “3129 Oriental manuscript. Manuscript in Samaritan Hebrew Characters. Liturgy and Hymns. Small 4to, in the original Oriental leather. 18th Century. 3130- Manuscript in Samaritan Hebrew. The Book of Exodus. Small 4to, in the original Oriental half leather binding. 19th Century. 3131- 3133- Hebrew Samaritan manuscript. Small 4to, in the original half leather. Circa 1800.” 3135- "This is the Book called the Sufficient containing 32 chapters, which we will recount in this book, each by turn, please God, by Muhadhdhib ad-Din Yusaf ibn Salamah ibn Yusauf al-Askari." (Exposition of the Mosaic Law and Institutes according to the Samaritans, written originally in A.D. 1041). Arabic manuscript, dated 1153, of the Hedjrah [1740]' also in the same volume, a Commentary on the Genealogies of Moses. Folio, original half leather. 3136- Arabic Manuscript. Translation of the Samaritan Pentateuch. 18th Century (some leaves supplied by a later scribe). Small 4to, paper. In Oriental leather slip-case. 3137- Arabic Manuscript. The Book of Joshua, according to the Samaritans. Small 4to, original Oriental half leather binging. 18th Century. 3138- Arabic manuscripts. Two in one volume; the first on the Birth of Moses, the other (by a different scribe) on the death of Moses. From the Samaritan version, A.H. 944 [1537]. Illuminated title. Small 4to, original Oriental half leather. 18th Century. [Also shown are some Samaritan scholarly books: page 411, #3289 (Nutt); #3290 (Brull) and page 501, #4091 (Schwarz), #4092 (an account of the Samaritans in a letter...) and two copies #4093, and 4094 by Brull.] Bishop John Fletcher Hurst had visited the Samaritans in March 25/6 1871. "He saw the Samaritan copy of the Pentateuch in the sanctuary. Visited the high priest Amon- who gave him his autograph in Samaritan and Arabic." P.179 from John Fletcher Hurst, a Biography by Albert Osborn, New York: Eaton & Mains, 1905. Hurst wrote "The Oldest and Smallest Sect in the World" in 1880. ~~~ American Book-Prices Current. A record of Books, manuscripts, and Autographs Sold at Auction in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, From September 1, 1904, to September 1, 1905, with the Prices Realized. Compiled from the Auctioneer's Catalogues by Luther S. Livingston. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1905 Vol. 11, 1905, Page 523 [Arabic] -- Eighteenth Century Arabic manuscript, being a translation of the Samaritan Pentateuch. Sm. 4ro, paper, in leather case. Hurst. A., Mar. 20, '05. (3136) $11.00 -- Eighteenth Century Arabic manuscript being the Book of Joshua. According to the Samaritans. Sm. 4to, orig. hf. Leath. Bdg. Hurst, A. mar. 20, '05. (3137) $11.00 ~~~ The Collector. A Current Record of Art, Bibliography, Antiquarianism, Etc. Vol. II., No. 16, July 1, 1891. Publisher Alfred Trumble, New York. Page 193 "Mr. C.[Charles] F. Gunther, of Chicago........... His most valuable acquisition Mr. Gunther esteems to be an old Samaritan manuscript of a portion of the Old Testament, including the Books of Job and of the prophets. He obtained it from the rabbis at Nablous in Samaria, and they gave it an age of 500 to 600 years before Christ. His manuscript is very carefully wrapped in silk and enclosed in a silver case. Mr. Gunther will exhibit his curiosities at the World's Fair." ~~~ Chicago Historical Society Bulletin. Volume III, No. 4, Chicago, October, 1925. Page 30-31 "The Charles F. Gunther collection of Foreign books and manuscripts belonging to the Chicago Historical Society is to be sold during the winter at the galleries of the American Art Association in New York City. The first sale will be in November. The Gunther Collection is truly a remarkable one, in manuscripts especially which cover a period from Assyrian cuneiform tablets of 2000 to 1500 B.C. through all ages and countries down to modern times, being of the highest historical interest and value." From the Editor: Gunther died in 1920, the Chicago Historical Society purchased the bulk of his collection. The Society is now known as the Chicago History Museum. The whereabouts of the Samaritan manuscript is not known. There is a book that may shed light if I could only locate it: Selections from the Charles F. Gunther Collection. Sold by the Chicago Historical Society. 2 vols. American Art Association, New York, 1925-6. Catalogue of the Valuable Library of the later Rev. James H. Todd, D.D. S.F.T.C.D. ex-President of the Royal Irish Academy, Precentor of Saint Patricks’s Cathedral, Etc., Etc. Composing Select Biblical Literature: The History, Antiquities, and language of Ireland; Miscellanea, Embracing Many Works of Rarity, with Copious Manuscript Annotations; and an Important Collection of Patristic, Irish, and other manuscripts on Vellum and Paper; to be Sold by Auction. By John Fleming Jones... on Monday, Nov. 15th, 1869. Dublin: 1869. Page 44, item # “797 Exodus in Samaritan character, Jerusalem 1864”. From the Editor: After the publication, it appears that someone hand wrote a name of ‘Zuarich’ who may have purchased the book for a hand written 2/, most likely 2£. An interesting search revealed the following curiosity: “On the second leaf of his [CLARKE, CHARLES (1718-1780)] unlucky ‘Conjectures’ he had announced the speedy publication of what was to have been his chief performance, entitled ‘The Hebrew Samaritan, Greek, and Roman Medalist.’ The work never appeared, possibly from the fact that the author had become convinced of the danger of trifling with numismatics.” Lord Kitchener and his work in Palestine. By Samuel Daiches, London: Luzac and Co., 1915. pp. 61-2 “The paragraphs that follow are all very interesting. Let us listen to this passage: “I returned by the village of Awertah, which is very pleasantly situated amongst olive-groves, and well supplied with water. It is famous for the tomb of Eleazar (wl ‘Azeir), which is held in high veneration by the Mohammedans, Jews, and Samaritans. I had to search for the tomb of Phinehas; but though there are three other sacred places, the inhabitants knew nothing of Phinehas. The three others are Sheikh el Mansury, Neby el Mefuddil, and el ‘Azeirt, and in each there are Samaritan inscriptions. In Neby el Mefuddil the inscription is plastered up. The people are very obliging, and all the sacred places are kept in excellent repair. A Samaritan told me that Sh. El Mansury was the tomb of Phinehas according to their records, but it seems more probable from the positions on the ground that e; ‘Azeirat, which corresponds with el ‘Azeir, should be the site. The place is evidently very ancient; there are many rock-cut tombs, wine-presses, cisterns, and a fine spring of water. The people told me that el ‘Azeir was a very great Neby next to Mohammed, and that he had even lived before the Prophet of God.” Letters from Egypt and Palestine. By Malrbie D. Babcock. New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1902. Pp. 95-97 [letter was written in April 1901] Nabulus. ‘After lunch we climbed Mount Gerizim, where the ruins of the Samaritan Temple are, and the altar which they use now, killing seven lambs, according to the ancient rites. Heaps of bushwood are by the altar, ready for the celebration three days from today. It is the sole survival of the Mosaic ritual, the narrow thread of the great stream of sacrifice which came down through the old dispensation. The Samaritans number but a hundred or so. In their synagogue Nabulus (Shechem), the oldest in the world, they worship, a few tatters of the Samaritan nation. We saw their new Pentateuch, which dates from the Maccabees more than a century B.C., and a still older one, no one knows how old. We had to have a good protection through the streets of this city, for it is thoroughly Moslem and fanatical, and as it was we had curses hurled at us, and occasional stones. The filth and degradation of their streets passes belief, but never gets past the senses. The face of the Samaritan High Priest was beautiful, thoughtful, and refined, and sent my thoughts swiftly to the Good Samaritan. I wish Tissot could have had this face in his pictures of the Saviour. The priest’s name was Jacob Aaron. He is of the lineage of the Tribe of Levi, and lives on the tithes of his people. He trains the few Samaritan children in his care in the Law of Moses.’ ~~~ Through Palestine with tent and donkey, and travels in other lands, by Carlton Danner Harris, Baltimore: Southern Methodist Publishing Company, 1913, page 68. “A mile and a half from Jacob’s well is Nablus, ancient Shechem. Dismounting from our donkeys at the gates and threading our way through numerous crooked, narrow, dirty streets, we reached at last the synagogue of the Samaritans- a small, whitewashed chamber, which contains the old Samaritan Pentateuch that is never exhibited except in the presence of the high priest. He was sent for and he quickly came with several members of his household, bearing the precious document in a silver case with a cover of green Venetian fabric and exposed it to view. The high priest solemnly affirmed that it was 3,576 years old, the oldest manuscript in existence, and that it was written by the grandson or great grandson of Aaron, but some of the critics say it is not more than 2,000 or 2,500 years old, but even then it is a rare treasure. There are about one hundred and seventy of these original Samaritans left of a once powerful people, who for centuries held this central part of Palestine against the Jews, and they maintain their feasts on Mt. Gerizim, as generations before them have done. The high priest has a fine face, in which dignity and simplicity are blended, We heard that he expects to wait thirty-eight years for the coming of the Messiah, and if He does not come in that time, he will lead his people to the acceptance of Jesus Christ as their Lord.” Editor’s comment: Obviously Harris must have spoken to a missionary concerning the coming of the Messiah. In any case the Samaritans still today have retained the same convictions as their fathers before them. ~~~ Whitechapel Art Gallery Exhibition of Jewish Art and Antiquities, Nov. 7 to Dec. 16, 12 Noon to 10 p.m. The event took place in 1905 at the gallery on High Street, Whitechapel. Among the items displayed as the catalogue informs us, are the following: Item 901 Samaritan Pentateuch. Small writing. Item 907 Samaritan Pentateuch, with Arabic translation. Item # 1055 Model of Pentateuch. These, professing to be models of the most ancient Pentateuch in the world, in possession of the Samaritan Jews at Nablus (Schakem), are sold in their Synagogue. Item #1198 Festival Prayer Book of the Samaritan Jews. Lent by Marcus N. Adler, Esq. ~~~ The following is a guide book of the exhibition galleries of the British Museum as seen in A Guide to the Exhibition Galleries of the British Museum, Bloomsbury. [London]: Printed by the order of the Trustees, 1895. Of those items displayed: A Samaritan inscription (Deuteronomy vi. 7; xxiii, 15; xxviii. 8). From Nablus [page 148] A Samaritan Pentateuch; A.D. 1356. The earliest dated Samaritan MS. In the Department. [page 280] ~~~ ‘Notes’ page 321 from Folk-lore of the Holy Land. Moslem, Christian and Jewish by J.E. Hanauer, London: Duckworth & Co. [1910] 5. The belief in the protective power of the name יהוה or YHVH is shared by the Samaritans equally with the adherents of orthodox Judaism. I have in my possession the photograph of a Samaritan charm written on parchment, said to be several centuries old, and to have been used by generation after generation of “the foolish people that dwell in Sichem” (Ecclus. 1.26), in order to cure sick folk of their ailments. It is written in seven columns divided from each other by lines of Samaritan writing in larger characters than those covering the greater part of the document. A framework of two lines of such writing runs along the four sides of the whole, and, on examination with a magnifier, is easily decipherable as containing the account of the overthrow of Pharaoh and his hosts in the sea. The columns are divided into sections by from two to five lines of similar writing (the names of Jehovah, the words “And Moses Prayed,” etc.), whilst between the divisions are paragraphs of small and closely written lines. The size of this precious document, for which the trifling sum of 5000 francs was coolly asked, is shown by the scale of centimeters photographed with it. It was in a terribly dirty and torn condition, having been worn, rolled, and folded up into a bundle about 2 ½ inches cube, and apparently next the skin. About the middle of the eighth column is a “zair ‘geh” table, with letters arranged inside squares, like that shown by Lane, vol. i. p. 356.” Lane appears to be Edward William Lane who wrote An Account of the The Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, written in Egypt during the years 1833, -34, and -35, partly from notes made during a former visit to that country in the years 1825, -26, -27, and -28. Vol. I, London: John Murray, 1871. And the page reference number appears to be 328 and not 356 as mentioned at least in this publication I located. There is no mention of Samaritans in Lane’s book. ~~~~~~ Past Publications Maybe you did not know who was on the cover of Jerusalem 1948, The Arab Neighbourhoods and their Fate in the War, Edited by Salim Tamari, The Institute of Jerusalem Studies: Jerusalem, 1999, 2nd edition 2002 The photo was taken by Khalil Raad (1854–1957). His entire archive was donated to the [Institute of Palestine Studies](http://btd.palestine-studies.org/). The photo to the left was used for the cover of the Jerusalem 1948 book, but there is further information from the website [http://btd.palestine-studies.org/](http://btd.palestine-studies.org/) that gives us more information. ‘The occasion for this gathering is unknown; the location, Nablus; the date, ca. 1925.’ See [http://btd.palestine-studies.org/content/gather-around](http://btd.palestine-studies.org/content/gather-around). The bearded man standing in the middle row second from left is a Samaritan. At that time the Samaritan High Priest was (1916-1932) Yitzhaq b. 'Amram b. Shalma. The location is said to be unknown, but a look at the ceiling that consists of 2x4 rafters and 1x3 purlings topped by vegetation, can this be a Samaritan succah? Is this house in the Samaritan Quarter? While we are here, there is also another of Khalil Raad's photo of the Samaritan Passover from the early 1930s. Below right. See http://btd.palestine-studies.org/content/celebrating-passover ~~ Goldstein, Israel (1896- ) My World as a Jew: the Memoirs of Israel Goldstein / vol. 2, New York: Herzl Press: Cornwall Books, 1984 (section from page 181) "....These private excursions began shortly after the Six-Day War, when my brother, Morris, rabbi of Congregation Sherith Israel in San Francisco, paid us a visit. He and his wife, Adeline, were on their first pilgrimage to the Holy land. I took him with me on a tour of the "West bank," in the course of which we visited the Samaritans near Nablus, close to biblical Samaria and Shechem. There, we met with the Samaritan high priest, Amram ben Yitxhak, spiritual leader of an ethnic group that claims descent from survivors of the Northern Kingdom of Israel whom the conquering Assyrians permitted to remain in the land. In Roman times, the Samaritans had been powerful and numerous, but over the centuries they had been reduced to a few hundred souls as a result of constant persecution by the Byzantines, Turks, and Arabs. Between 1948 and 1967, one group of Samaritans had held fast to its holiest site on Mount Gerizim, overlooking Nablus, then under Jordanian rule, while other scattered clans had reestablished themselves in Holon, near Tel Aviv. If anything, the protection extended themselves to the Nablus Samaritans by the Hashemite kingdom of Jordan had intensified local Arab hatred for these wretched "infidels." ...They were obviously unaware of Ben-Zvi's death four years earlier, in April 1963. We were shown the place on Mount Gerizim where they continue to sacrifice the korban Pesah, and heard a description of that ancient Passover ritual, which Rabbinic Judaism abandoned after the destruction of the Second temple. I recalled my first visit to the Samaritans in 1932, when I had been delighted to receive a gift from the high priest of the period; the opening chapter of Bereshit, the Book of Genesis, handwritten in their ancient script. Just under a year later, in the spring of 1968, Bert and I paid another visit to the Samaritans on the eve of Passover, when we witnessed their paschal sacrifice of sheep on Mount Gerizim. According to their tradition, this is the place God chose for His sanctuary. Amram be Yitzhak officiated at the ceremony, which drew many curious Jewish visitors. We also saw an ancient Torah scroll they prize and which, they claim, is several thousand years old. Since June 1967, the two branches of the Samaritan community have established close contact, facilitating the increase of marriages and a revival of their communal and religious life." Elementale quadrilingue: a philological type-specimen (Zürich 1654) reproduced with a commentary by John Huehnergard, Geoffrey Roper, Alan D. Crown and the editor J. F. Coakley; 13 pp., in black and purple. Paper: Zerkall mould-made. Cased, 33 x 23 cm. 2005. In 1654 the Zürich printer J. J. Bodmer published a broadside entitled Elementale quadrilingue, supposedly a guide to reading Samaritan, Arabic, Hebrew, and Syriac, by the famous Johann Heinrich Hottinger; but really, not so much a work of philology as a specimen of types newly made by the punchcutter Balthasar Köblin who was then working for him. This type-specimen survives in a perhaps unique copy in Houghton Library, unrecorded until lately. Our edition includes a same-size facsimile, with commentary devoted to Hottinger and to the three new types (Arabic, Syriac, and Samaritan). The commentary is hand-set in Monotype Walbaum and various founders' types in the relevant languages from the Jericho Press collection. One hundred copies, $75 or £45 http://www.jericho-press.com/ Du Sinaï à l'Euphrate : Samaritains, Assyriens, Druzes, Derviches, Hassidim By Paul-Jacques Callebaut [Paris] Casterman, 1992 ISBN 10: 2203602031 / ISBN 13: 9782203602038 Bibliography #862 From London: Maggs Bros. Book seller's catalogues Maggs Bros. Ltd. was established in 1853 and is still in business today. Manuscripts, Incunables, Woodcut Books and Books from Early Presses. London: Maggs Bros. [Dealers of Fine & Rare Books, Prints & Autographs] Catalogue No. 395, [1920] Page 32 The Samaritan Pentateuch 72 Pentateuch. Manuscript of the Samaritan Pentateuch (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy). Samaritan manuscript of excessive rarity, written on Syrian white paper, in black, in the original ancient Samaritan characters. Small folio, original Samaritan binding of leather with flap. XIXth Century. +++This Manuscript was bought from the Samaritan High Priest in 1913. The Samaritans, who lived at Nablus, to the number of 450, the site of ancient Samaria, are said to have been totally wiped out by the Turks during the recent war.” This Pentateuch is also listed in No. 404 catalogue of 1921 on page 146. Judaica and Hebraica: Manuscripts and Early Printed Books Illustrative of the History, Martyrdom and Literature of the Jews. London: Maggs Bros.[Dealers of Fine & Rare Books, Prints & Autographs] Catalogue No. 419, [1922] Page 1: “1391 A.D. [I] The Book of Deuteronomy in Hebrew, in Samaritan Characters.” Samaritan manuscript of Deuteronomy (the Fifth Book of Moses), beginning with the third chapter, till the end of the Hebrew Pentateuch, written on a scroll of vellum (measuring 10 feet 5 ½ inches by 13 ½ inches), damaged in places at top and bottom. Shechem (Nablus in Palestine), dated 1391 A.D. £52 10s” [Continues with Jewish Encyclopedia] Then on pages 63 “1682-1937 A.D. [104b] Samaritan Arabic Manuscript. A collection of various pieces neatly written in single and double columns on 204 leaves of paper, in Samaritan and Arabic characters. Small 4to, Oriental flap binding. Nablus (in Palestine), about 1682-1837 A.D. £52 10s The contents are as follows:- (I.) Description of a vision of Sadakah al Haftawi, also called Al-Haruni, Al-Levi. (The vision took place in the year 1506.) (II.) Makalat-al-Asrar Wal Ashhar. Explanations of Bible readings, in Samaritan and Arabic, copied in the year 1837 A.D. The author is called Ibrahim. (III.) Arabic and Samaritan Bible readings in parallel columns. (IV.) Kitab El-Asatir, or the Samaritan Apocalypse of Moses (in Arabic). This manuscript is apparently the only copy known in Arabic of an unknown and hitherto unpublished Apocalypse. Dr. M. Gaster is publishing for the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland the Samaritan text of this unknown Apocalypse from the copy in his possession, which is the only one known in Samaritan. (V.) Verses in Arabic, in praise of the Patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. (VI.) A Dictum of Abu’ Said, on certain passages of Scripture. Abu’ Said, or as he is better known as Levi ben Japheth, was a Karaite scholar who flourished in Jerusalem in the first half of the eleventh century. He was considered one of the greatest authorities among the Karaites. Second Dictum of Ghazal ibn Duwaik. Finished in the year 1721 A.D. (VII.) “On the manner of the Divine Mission of Moses.” Composed in the year 1782 A.D.” For your amusement: £52 10s back in 1922 compared to day is around £2,224.10 ~~~~~~ Links A Samaritan Sukkot by Steve Lipman The other "People of Israel" Qantara.de-Sep 26, 2014 by Laura Overmeyer Samirilerin Arş Bayramı hazırlığı TRT Haber-Oct 7, 2014 Samirilerde Arş Bayramı Son Dakika-Oct 8, 2014 Les samaritains fêtent Souccot en Israël et en Palestine LA RÉDACTION \| LE 08.10.2014 À 11:29 Samaritans celebrate Sukkot Xinhua 2014 A Samaritan man arrange fruits into circles on the ceiling of his house during the celebration of Sukkot, or Feast of the Tabernacles, at Mount Gerizim .. Samaritans in Nablus The other "People of Israel" http://en.qantara.de/content/samaritans-in-nablus-the-other-people-of-israel They hold dual citizenship and speak both Arabic and Hebrew fluently. The small Samaritan community in Nablus sees itself as the custodian of the "true religion of the Israelites". Its members support a two-state solution, yet deliberately distance themselves from the Middle East conflict. Laura Overmeyer paid them a visit СУККОТ У ДОБРЫХ САМАРИТЯН: ФОТО-РЕПОРТАЖ Фото-отчеты из путешествий / Метки: Экскурсии, Израиль A Samaritan Sukkot by Steve Lipman. TheJewishWeek.com http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/lens/samaritan-sukkot Samaritaner in Nablus Das andere Volk Israel http://de.qantara.de/inhalt/samaritaner-in-nablus-das-andere-volk-israel Sie haben drei Staatsbürgerschaften und sprechen fließend Arabisch und Hebräisch. Selbst sieht sich das kleine Volk der Samaritaner als Hüter der "wahren israelitischen Religion", befürwortet eine Zwei-Staaten-Lösung, distanziert sich jedoch bewusst vom Nahostkonflikt. Laura Overmeyer hat die Samaritaner-Gemeinde in Nablus besucht. Israelite-Samaritan Sukkot A Fruity Sukkah Made from the Four Species by Benyamim Tsedaka Photo credits Ori Orhof, Modi'in, Israel. Nablus Guide: The Samaritans Samaritans slaughtered sheep and burn the carcass, according to the Book of Exodus [Arabic] Samaritans gather on top of Mount Gerizim to become ... www.aa.com.tr Another view of Sukkot. The Jewish Voice http://www.jvhri.org/the-news/community/1553-another-view-of-sukkot Masralarabia.com Youtube The Samaritans of Nablus and the pilgrimage to celebrate the departure of the Israelites from Egypt https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYSaBZiuO2k Minority Religions in the Middle East Under Threat, Need Protection The Yazidis are one of many minority religious groups that have survived in the Middle East for thousands of years. Others include the Copts, the Samaritans, and the Zoroastrians. But with the increasing radicalization of Islam and other political pressures, these groups face an uncertain future. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141026-yazidis-middle-east-iraq-islamic-state-religion-world-ngbooktalk/ ~~~~~~~~~ Old News The National: Best photography from around the world, April 14 http://www.thenational.ae/blogs/national-view/best-photography-from-around-the-world-april-14#8 Members of the Samaritan sect place large sheep skewers into an oven during a traditional Passover sacrifice ceremony on Mount Gerizim, near the West Bank city of Nablus. Mohamad Torokman / Reuters Water is More Precious than Gold Anera Sept. 30, 2009 http://www.anera.org/stories/new-water-network-in-mount-gerizim/ ~~~~~~~~~ Journals Gallagher, Edmon L. “Cult Centralization in the Samaritan Pentateuch and the Origins of Deuteronomy” Vetus Testamentum, 2013, Vol. 64, Issue 4, pages 561-572 Magen, Y. The Gathering at the President’s House http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_eng.aspx?sec_id=36&subj_id=286 Overmeyer, Laura “Das andere Volk Israel” Qantara.de 2014 http://de.qantara.de/inhalt/samaritaner-in-nablus-das-andere-volk-israel ~~~~~~~~~ Biblio Abusood, Loay (Al-Quds Open University) Flavia Neapolis Samariae (Nablús, Palestina). Estudio arqueológico del urbanismo y arquitectura de época romana. 2007 d’Aquin, J. G. (Georges) Pélerinage en Terre-Sainte. Paris: Gaume, 1866 Arndt, William From the Nile to the Waters of the Damascus. St. Louis, Canocordia Pub. House [1949] D’Assemani, Michael H. Abraham The Cross on the Sword: A History of the Equestrian order of the holy sepulcher of Jerusalem, [Chicago: Lithographed by Photopress, Inc.] 1944 Aveiro, Pantaleão de Itinerario de terra sancta, e suas particularidades. Lisboa: Em casa de Simão Lopez, 1593 Babcock, Maltbie D. Letters from Egypt and Palestine. New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1902 Bartlett, William Henry Walks about the City and Environs of Jerusalem. London: Hall, Virtue & Co. [184?] Beauvau, Henry de Relation journalière du voyage du Levant. A Toul: Par Francois Du Bois, 1608 Benham, William The Letters of Peter Lombard (Canon Benham) Edited by Ellen Dudley Baxter with a Preface by the Archbishop of Canterbury. London: Macmillan and Co., 1912 Besant, Walter Thirty Years’ Work in the Holy Land: (A Record and a Summary) 1865-1895. Palestine Exploration Fund. London: A. P. Watt & Son 1895 Bonar, Horatus The Land of Promise: Notes of a Spring-journey from Beersheba to Sidon. London: James Nisbert & Co., 1858 Bowman, John “An Arabic Hijab Manuscript and Jewish and Samaritan Phylacteries” (1994) Breytenbach, A P B Die herfsfees en die koningsrite by Bet-El as interteks van Amos 7: 1 0-8: 14 en Hosea 9: 1-9 (1997) Brèves, François Savary de; Jacques DuCastel Relation des voyages de Monsieur de Breues, tant en Grece, Terre Saincte et Aegypte qu’aux Royaumes de Tunis et Arger : ensemble un traicte faict l’an 1604 entre le Roy Henry le Grand et l’Empereur des Turcs et 3 discours dudit sieur. Paris: Gasse, 1628 British Museum. Department of Manuscripts Catalogue of Additions to the Manuscripts in the British Museum in the Years 1848-1853. London: British Museum, 1868 Burgo, Giovanni B. de Viaggio di cinque anni in Asia, Africa, & Europe del Turco. Milano, ca. 1686. Vol. 1, Vol. 2 Carus, Paul “The Samaritans” Open Court Vol. 22. No. 627, August 1908 pp. 488-491 Charmes, Gabriel Voyage en Paelstine, Impressions et souvenirs. Paris: Calmann Lévy, 1891. Clark, William G. Rambles among Ruins. Chicago: Fleming H. Revell, 1887 Cobern, Camden M. Recent explorations in the Holy Land and Kadesh-Barnea, the "lost oasis" of the Sinaitic peninsula, Meadville, Pa., Pub. for the World's Bible Conference by the Tribune Pub. Co. [1914] Collar, Anna Caroline Folly (University of Exeter) Networks and Religious Innovation in the Roman Empire. Thesis 2008 (doc.) Connor, James See: Jowett, William: Christian researches in the Mediterranean from 1815 to 1820: In furtherance of the objects of the church Missionary Society. London 1822. Pp. 424-425. Cook, Augusta By Way of the East, or, Gathered Light from out Travels in Palestine, Egypt, Smyrna, Ephesus, etc./by Augusta Cook; with an introduction by Marcus Bergmann. London: Robert Banks & Sons, 1908 Crawford, James Ludovic Lindsay List of Manuscripts, Printed Books and Examples of Bookbinding exhibited to the American Librarians on the Occasion of Their Visit to Haigh Hall. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1897 Daiches, Samuel Lord Kitchener and his work in Palestine. London: Luzac and Co., 1915 Deems, Charles F. The Light of the Nations New York: Gay Brothers & Co. [1884?] Dunning, H. W. (Harry Westbrook) To-day in Palestine. New York: James Pott & Co. 1907 Edwards, M. A. Philip in Palestine. Philadelphia: James S. Clayton, 1865 Ewald, Heinrich The History of Israel. Translated from the German. / Edited, with a Preface and Appendix, by Russell Martineau. London: Longmans, Green and Co. 1869-86 Fahrngruber, Johann Nach Jerusalem: ein Führer für Pilgerfahrten und Reisen nach und in dem Heiligen Lande. Würzburg: Leo Woerl, [1890] Finn, Albert Henry The Starting Place of Truth. London: Marshall Brothers, [1919] “Written Communications” Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute. London: [etc.], Victoria Institute. 1920, pp. 171-173. Franklin, George Edward Palestine Depicted and Described. London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd. 1911 Gaster, Moses The Biblical Lessons: A Chapter on Biblical Archaeology. London: G. Routledge & Sons, 1913. “Samaritan Phylacteries and Amulets.” Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology. London: Published at the Offices of the Society. Vol. 37, 1915: March 10: pp. 96-107, May 12: pp. 135-144; June 9: pp. 163-174; vol. 38, 1916: February: pp. 70-79, March: pp. 96-104. November: pp. 186-195, December: pp. 202-222, vol. 39, 1917: January: pp. 16-26; February: pp. 45-50; “Comments”. Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute. London: [etc.], Victoria Institute. Vol. 45, 1913, pp. 208-209 Gaster, Theodor Herzl Passover: Its History and Traditions. New York: H. Schuman [1949] Geden, A.S. “Written Communications” Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute. London: [etc.], Victoria Institute. 1920, pp. 167-169. Harkness, Henry Law Sketch of a Tour in Egypt and the Holy Land. London: S. Partridge [1869] Harris, Carlton Danner Through Palestine with tent and donkey, and travels in other lands. Baltimore: Southern Methodist Publishing Company, 1913 Hitchcock, Louise A. “Architectures of Feasting” 2008 Holbach, Maude M. Bible Ways in Bible Lands: an Impression of Palestine by Maude M. Holbach; with 32 illustrations from original photographs by Otts Holbach. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner 1912. Holmes, T. Heart and Thought memories of Eastern travel. Bolton: J. W. Gledsdale, 1887 Hooght, Everardus van der Sefer 'Esrim ve-arba'ah = Biblia Hebraica : ... notisque Masoretarum... : ad editionem Hooghtianam... : adjicetur variae lectiones Pentateuchi Hebraei et Hebraeo-Samaritani. Londini: Typis et sumptibus Samuel Bagster, 5599 [1838 or 1839] Sefer 'Esrim ve-'arba ah = Biblia Hebraica : versibus, capitibus et sectionibus interstincta : notisque Masoretarum Keri et Chetib instructa : ad editionem Hooghtianam accuratissime adornata : adjiciuntur variae lectiones Pentateuchi Hebraei et Hebraeo-Samaritani. Londini: Typis et sumptibus Samuel Bagster, 1820. Hooper, Francis John Bodfield Palmoni: an essay of the Chronological and Numerical Systems in use among the Ancient Jews. To which is added an appendix, containing an examination of the Assyrian, Egyptian, and other ancient chronographacies, etc.. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1851 Hopkins, William Exodus, a corrected Translation, with Notes critical and explanatory. London: Printed for J. Johnson, No 72, St. Paul's Church-Yard, M. DCC. LXXXIV. [1784] Hymes, David C. (University of Wales) A Pluriform Analysis of Numbers 10.11-14.45 (2010 Thesis) James, John Courtenay The Language of Palestine and Adjacent Regions, etc. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark 1920 [see pages 111-114] Katsh, Abraham Isaac The Antonin Genizah in the Saltykov-Schedrin Public Library in Leningrad New York, Institute of Hebrew Studies, New York University, 1963 [c1962] Kelley, William V. (Editor) “The Samaritan Passover.” The Methodist Review. Vol. 102, 1919, September 1919 pp. 796-801 “The Samaritan Pentateuch.” The Methodist Review. Vol. 102, 1919, November 1919 pp. 964-970 “The Samaritans.” The Methodist Review. Vol. 102, 1919, July 1919 pp. 603-636 Kim, Kyung-Rae (Phd Thesis) ‘Iyunim ba-yahas ben ha-nosah ha-Shomroni le-Targum ha-Shiv'im (Studies in the relationship between the Samaritan Pentateuch and the Septuagint) Yerushalayim : ha-Universitâh ha-‘Ivrit / 754, 1994. 394 pages. Knoppers, Gary N. Aspects of Samaria's Religious Culture During the Early Hellenistic Period 2011 Kuh, Clemens, Institut für Papyrologie, Heidelberg Das Dorf Samareia im griechisch-römischen Ägypten. Eine papyrologische Untersuchung (English Title: The Village Samareia in Graeco-Roman Egypt. A Papyrological Study) Master's thesis 1996 Lias, Rev. Chancellor “Written Communications” Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute. London: [etc.], “Journal of the Victoria Institute, or Philosophical Society of Great Britain.” Victoria Institute. 1920 vol. 52, pp.169-171. “Comments”. Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute. London: [etc.], Victoria Institute. Vol. 45, 1913, pp. 203-205 Lightley, J. W. “The Samaritans and the Pentateuch” The London Quarterly Review Vol. 133, April, 1920, pp. 250-253 Meerson, Michael On God Supreme: A case Study of Religious Tolerance and Survival JGRChJ7 2010 pp. 32-50 Merrill, George E. The Parchments of the Faith. Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society. 1894 Meshorer, Ya'akov and Shraga Qedar Samarian Coinage, Israel Numismatic Society, Israel, 1999 Moore, Allan Through Syria and Palestine; a Trip by Canadian Missionaries. [England: Wakefield? S.s. 1895?] “The Samaritan Pentateuch, and Philological Questions connected therewith.” Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute. London: [etc.], Victoria Institute. Vol. XLV 1913, pp, 183-199, 205-208. Neubauer, Adolph “Sect among the Jews.” Papers read before the Jews College Literary Society during the session 1886-7. London: Jewish Chronicle, 1887 pp1-12 Nodet, Étienne Colloque Samaritan Studies, University of Papá, Hongrie (20-25/7/2008): “The Samaritans as Heirs of the Ancient Israelites” Oliver, George Fletcher A Trip through Bible Lands and Europe; a journalistic record of a tour made in the summer of 1914, just before the world-wide war. Champaign, Ill: Louden & Flaningam press, 1915 Orchard, H. Langhorne “Written Communications” Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute. London: [etc.], Victoria Institute. P169. Poe, Sophie A. Ten Months on the Wing. Roswell, N.M.: Old Santa Fee Press. 1916 Ranyard, Ellen Henrietta Fresh Leaves in the Old Testament Part of the Book and its Story. London: W. MacIntosh 1869 Ranyard, L. N. Fresh Leaves in the Book and Its Story. New York Robert Carter and Brothers. 1878 Reed, Talbot Baines A History of the Old English Letter Foundries, with notes, Historical and Bibliographical, on the Rise and Progress of English Typography. London: Eliot Stock, 1887 Rhoades, Joseph Francis The Arabic Versions of the Pentateuch in the Church of Egypt,; A Study from manuscript Sources (IX-XVII Century). [Leipzig, Printed by W. Drugulin] 1921 Robertson, Edward Catalogue of the Samaritan manuscripts in the John Rylands Library Manchester, Volume II The Gaster Manuscripts. Manchester: The Joh Rylands Library, 1942 Rouse, M. L. “Comments”. Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute. London: [etc.], Victoria Institute. Vol. XLV 1913, pp, 202-203 Sailman, M. The researches in the east, or, An important account of the ... ten tribes of Israel: giving an authentic detail of their religion, customs, and manners, from their first being driven from the land of Judea, until the beginning of the seventeenth century; also the very singular proceedings of that extraordinary imposter ... Shabtha Tzevi; with the interesting letters sent by the ... Samaritans to the Jews in England in the year 1703 .... London: Printed by E. Justins ... for the author, 1818. Saint-Aignan, Laurent De La Terre Sainte, Description topographique, historique et archéologique de tous les lieux célèbres de la Palestine ... précédée d'une lettre de Mgr. l'évêque d'Orléans. Paris: C. Dillet, 1864 Sayce, Professor "Comments". Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute. London: [etc.], Victoria Institute. Vol. 45, 1913, p. 208 Schorch, Stefan The Samaritan Version of Deuteronomy and the Origin of Deuteronomy 2012 In aeternum et ultra: Traces of eschatology in the Samaritan text of Gen 8:22 and Exod 15:18 / Die Vorstellung eines Zeitenendes nach Gen 8,22 und Ex 15,18 2014 Seaton, Daniel P. The land of Promise: or The Bible land and its Revelation: Illustrated with Several Engravings od some of the Most Important Places in Palestine and Syria, Philadelphia, Pa.: Pus. House of the A.M.E. Church, 1895 Sellin, Ernst Gilgal: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Einwanderung Israels in Palästina. Leipzig : Deichertsche Verlagsbuchhandlung Scholl, 1917. Sharpe, Samuel The History of the Hebrew nation and Its Literature: With an Appendix of the Hebrew Chronology. London: Williams and Norgate, 1980 Sixdenier, Guy-Dominique "Les samaritains" Living Past, 1, 1999 Smith, Daniel Cuneorum clavis. The primitive alphabet and language of the ancient ones of the earth ... From the papers of the late Daniel Smith. Ed. by H. W. Hemsworth, esq. London: Printed for the Editor, 1875 Strauss, Friedrich Helon's pilgrimage to Jerusalem: a picture of Judaism, in the century which preceded the advent of our Savior. Tr. From the German of Frederick Strauss [by John Kenrick] Boston: W. D. Ticknor 1835 Кизилова, М. : Якерсон С.М. Еврейские сокровища Петербурга. Свитки, кодексы, документы [1]. Спб.: «Арка», 2008. Thirtle, J. W. "Comments". Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute. London: [etc.], Victoria Institute. Vol. XLV 1913, pp. 200-202. Thomas, Margaret Two Years in Palestine & Syria. London: John C. Nummo. 1900 Thomson, J. R. H. "The Pentateuch of the Samaritans: When they got It, and whence." Faith and Thought. "Journal of the Victoria Institute, or Philosophical Society of Great Britain." London: [etc.], Victoria Institute. Pp 142-165, 174-176. Unknown author Book of Exodus in Hebrew written in Samaritan characters, colophon in the Samaritan language, giving the Samaritan and Hebrew alphabets side by side ... [Jerusalem, 1864] Usko, John Frederick A Vocabulary, Hebrew, Arabic, and Persian, by the Late Miss E. Smith. To which is Prefixed, a Praxis, on the Arabic Alphabet. London: A.J. Valpy, 1814 Warner, David S. Glimpses of Palestine and Egypt. Chicago: W.B. Rose, 1914. Whittingham, George Napier The Home of Fadeless Splendor; or, Palestine of Today. With a Forward by Sir Arthur Wigram Money. Illustrated with 16 etchings and maps by B. C. Boulter, and 8 coloured plates by Stanley Inchbold. New York: Dutton [1921] Wiener, Harold M. “Written Communications” Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute. London: [etc.], Victoria Institute. Vol. 54, 1920, pp. 165-167. “Comments”. Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute. London: [etc.], Victoria Institute. Vol. 45, 1913, pp. 165-167 Witkam, Jan Just Inventory of the Oriental manuscripts of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in Amsterdam. Leiden: Ter Lugt Press 2006, pp. 72-73 “The Oriental manuscripts in the Juynboll Family Library in Leiden” Journal of Islamic Manuscripts 3 (2013) 20-102 Wiener, Harold M. “Written Communications” Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute. London: [etc.], “Journal of the Victoria Institute, or Philosophical Society of Great Britain.” Victoria Institute. Pp 165-169 Young, Robert The hexaglot Pentateuch; or, The five books of Moses, with the corresponding Samaritan, Chaldee, Syriac, and Arabic, ed. by Robert Young. The history of Adam. Edinburgh, R. Young [1852?] ~~~~~~~~ The Samaritan Update is open to any articles that are relative to Samaritan Studies. Submit your work to [The Editor](mailto:firstname.lastname@example.org) ~~~~~~~~ TheSamaritanUpdate.com, is a Bi-Monthly Internet Newsletter Editor: Larry Rynearson. 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ALEXIS JOURNAL OF PUBLIC POLICY & LAW Public Policy & Women Empowerment AJPPL ALEXIS JOURNAL OF PUBLIC POLICY & LAW Volume 1, Issue 1 2014 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Mradul Yadav MANAGING EDITOR Tanya Agarwal SENIOR EDITOR Badapbiang T. Dkhar ASSOCIATE EDITORS Akash Paul Lakra Riya Prem Raj PROOF READERS Ragini Gupta Rachita Rana BOARD OF ADVISORS Ms. Rama R. Iyer Mr. Aditya Singh Ms. Kanan Dhru PUBLISHED BY: ALEXIS FOUNDATION FOREWORD Wishful thinking is not sound public policy. - Bjorn Lomborg I am extremely glad to learn that the Public Policy Department of Alexis Foundation is publishing a journal titled ‘Alexis Journal of Public Policy and Law’. The theme of the inaugural edition of this journal is Public policy & Women Empowerment which is a matter of great significance in the current scenario. It is a proud moment for all of us at the Alexis Foundation that a high quality research journal has been completed by our team members. I believe this journal will motivate and inspire all our team members to work with more passion and diligence. Here, I would like to appreciate the efforts made by the Editor-in-Chief of the journal in mentoring the research associates to give their best. I truly believe in the words of Bjorn Lomborg because sound public policy is a result of ever evolving human values like freedom, justice, equality and liberty. These human values are relative to conditions and cannot be treated as absolute in isolation. Therefore, in order to formulate sound public policy we have to understand these values is right perspective. In the end, I would congratulate the editorial board and contributors for the hard work they have put in to complete this journal. Aditya Singh Chairman and Managing Trustee Alexis Foundation # TABLE OF CONTENTS ## ARTICLES 1. Suicidality Among South Asian Women: Risk and Protective Factors Geethpriya Jha 2. Assessing The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Gender Equality: Way Forward Towards Women Empowerment or a Retrograde Step Chinmay Deshmukh 3. Protecting India’s Women: The Need For Criminalization of Marital Rape and The Criminal Amendment Act, 2013 Badapbiang T. Dkhar ## NOTES AND COMMENTS 4. Political participation of ‘Hynniewtrep’ Women in the ‘Dorbar Shnong’ of Meghalaya Theilin Phanbub 5. Implications of Protection of Women in India under Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013 Aphune K. Kezo The term South Asian is used to encompass all individuals whose ethnicity originates from countries found in the Indian subcontinent. Coming to South Asian women, in particular, seems that they are duty bound to withstand and endure a lot of societal pressure. With that being said, family honor or ‘izzat’ apparently lies with a woman’s demure in the marital home. It is her duty to keep family ties intact; despite having marital problems and domestic violence. Such pressure is seen to have triggered many of these women resort to suicide. In this paper the author shall discuss the cause and effects of societal pressure on South Asian women. The author shall also briefly discuss the cultural aspects of suicide and religious beliefs along with interventions to the same. Further, the author shall also look into the risk and protective factors of suicide amongst these women. Social Worker, Independence Care Systems, New York. She has done her Masters in Social Work from Columbia University School of Social Work. Address: Independence Care System, 257 Park Ave S, New York, NY 10010, United States. E-mail: geetpriya.jha[at]googlemail.com. I. INTRODUCTION There are a number of risk and protective factors which can either exacerbate or diminish suicidal behavior among South Asian women. Risk factors include marital violence/domestic violence, problems with in-laws, traditional gender roles and the concept of family honor, or ‘izqat’, issues related to immigration, including lack of English proficiency, financial dependency on husband, acculturation and lack of access to services; cultural stigma around addressing mental health issues; racism and discrimination.$^1$ Protective factors for this population include having children, being in a non-abusive marriage, having a good outlook on life, acquiring coping skills, good communication with parents and having parental attachment, social support, and living in a neighborhood or community with other families of South $^1$ Guraj, G., Issac, K., Subbakrishna, D.K., Ranjani, R., Risk Factors for Completed Suicides: A Case-Control Study from Bangalore, India, 11(3) INJURY CONTROL & SAFETY PROMOTION, 183-191 (2004). [Hereinafter Guraj, 2004]. Asian descent.\textsuperscript{2} In particular, this paper will explore the issue of domestic violence as it relates to suicidality while also examining and considering many important aspects of South Asian culture. Domestic violence has been shown to be highly prevalent among South Asian population, as well as being a major risk factor for suicide.\textsuperscript{3} Therefore, this paper will address culturally competent interventions of domestic as well as other suicidal factors. II. RATES OF SUICIDE AMONG SOUTH ASIAN WOMEN Disproportionately high rates of suicide and attempted suicide have been found among a population of ethnic South Asian women.\textsuperscript{4} The term South Asian is a word used to encompass all individuals whose ethnicity originates from countries found in the Indian subcontinent. These countries include India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and Nepal.\textsuperscript{5} When looking at South Asian women who are living in the United Kingdom, it has been found that they have nearly double the suicide rate of Caucasian women, and 2.5 times that of South Asian men.\textsuperscript{6} Reportedly the group of married South Asian women is highly spotted when looking at completed suicide rates.\textsuperscript{7} This is not only true for the United Kingdom, but also for India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. \textsuperscript{2} Id. \textsuperscript{3} Anitha, S., \textit{Legislating Gender Inequalities: The Nature and Patterns of Domestic Violence Experienced by South Asian Women With Insecure Immigration Status in the United Kingdom}, 17(10) \textit{VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN}, 1260-1285(2011). [Hereinafter Anitha, 2011]. \textsuperscript{4} Hicks, M., & Bhugra, D. \textit{Perceived causes of suicide attempts by U.K. South Asian women}, 73(4)\textit{Am. J. of Orthopsychiatry}, 455-462 (2003). [Hereinafter Hicks & Bhugra, 2003]. \textsuperscript{5} Id. \textsuperscript{6} Id. \textsuperscript{7} Id. According to Manoel et. al., approximately 30 per cent of cases of suicide worldwide are committed in India and China.$^8$ The suicide rate in India alone is equivalent to that of four European countries with the highest number of suicides: Russia, Germany, France, and Ukraine. The suicidal ideation/attempts within the Indian subcontinent—Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Sri Lankans are higher among married women than men. The diasporas further enhances the vulnerability of suicidal nature as the woman’s resilience and protective factors are weakened with the immigration. According to Ahmed et al., women of South Asian origin in the United Kingdom have higher rates of attempted suicide as compared to other ethnic groups.$^9$ This study found the attempted suicide rate among younger Asian women to be 2.5 times that of white women and seven times of South Asian men. III. SELF-TERMINATION’S OF LIFE: RELIGIOUS VIEW It is evident that all the prominent religions that exist in Indian subcontinent have an acceptable view on suicide under certain circumstances. In Hinduism, the act of self-sacrifice leading to voluntary termination of one’s bodily existence is treated separately and not viewed as suicide. According to Shastras (Hindu scriptures), life termination is sanctioned through one of the following ways: (i) ‘sariaranipata’: collapse of body (ii) ‘mahaprasbithana’: setting on journey (iii) ‘prayopavesa’: abstaining from food and awaiting death (iv) ‘sanadbi’: eighth and last stage of yoga. Hinduism recommends the self-termination of life under the following circumstances: (i) when one is unable to perform duties prescribed by the shastras $^8$ Jose Manoel Bertolote, Alexandra Fleischmann Suicide and Psychiatric Diagnosis: A Worldwide Perspective, 1(3) WORLD PSYCHIATRY 181-185 (Oct 2002), available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1489848/ $^9$ Ahmed, Kamran; Mohan, Rajesh A.; Bhugra, Dinesh, Self-Harm in South Asian Women: A Literature Review Informed Approach to Assessment and Formulation, 61(1) Am. J. OF PSYCHOTHERAPY (2007). (ii) self-sacrifice for the larger good of the society, which includes promises or vows made to oneself or public (iii) when one has been able to achieve spiritual integration and can leave the world without any attachment (iv) when someone has committed sins/he is allowed to commit suicide by throwing oneself in the fire. In Jainism, a religion that branches out of Hinduism, a planned scheme of fasting and mortification is an approved form of self-termination of life. In Buddhism, it is thought that suffering is an indispensable part of life and necessary for attaining nirvana; however, when suicide is done for greater good, it is considered acceptable. A Buddhist text advocates that “to burn one’s body as an offering is certainly more meritorious than to kindle lamps at shrine”. In Islam suicide is forbidden; however in Indian Islam, under the Hanafi school, purging at an old age is permitted so that one directly goes to God after death. Therefore, many South Asian religions regard suicide as a noble deed when done for greater good. IV. SUICIDE, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, AND CULTURE The high prevalence of suicidal behavior among South Asian women can also be explored in light of the cultural expectations of women, especially within the institution of marriage. It has been suggested that the prominent cultural expectation of submission by women to both men and elders has played a significant role in the suicidality of South Asian women.$^{10}$ These views have played a large role in the development of certain socio-cultural factors that are associated with the rates of suicide among this population. These socio-cultural factors include family disputes over marriage and lifestyle, unhappy arranged marriages, marital conflict, and in-law disputes.$^{11}$ A study by Hicks and Bhugra found that three factors – violence by husband, being trapped in an unhappy marital $^{10}$ Hicks & Bhugra, 2003 $^{11}$ Id. Thompson, N., & Bhugra, D. Rates of deliberate self-harm in Asians: Findings and models, INT’L REV. OF PSYCHIATRY, 12, 37-43. (2000). situation and depression – were endorsed most frequently and strongly as causes of suicide attempts among South Asian women.\textsuperscript{12} Domestic violence has been found to be a significant risk factor for suicide among South Asian women.\textsuperscript{13} International studies of marital violence among South Asians have found rates of 34% in Pakistan, 47% in Bangladesh, 17% to 40% in India, and 35% to 40% in America.\textsuperscript{14} Thus, it appears that domestic violence is a reality for many South Asian women. Marital violence has been found to be a major predictor of anxiety and depression in Pakistani women, and studies have found that such maladies increase one’s risk of attempting suicide.\textsuperscript{15} When looking at a population of British South Asian women who sought help against domestic violence, it was found that 13% had attempted suicide and 67% had contemplated suicide.\textsuperscript{16} It has also been found that when compared to Caucasian women who had attempted suicide, South Asian women who had attempted suicide were more likely to have been assaulted physically or verbally.\textsuperscript{17} There are a number of reasons why domestic violence increases a South Asian women’s likelihood of attempting suicide, and these factors revolve around the idea that the escape from the situation is not a possible choice.\textsuperscript{18} Divorce is not an option that many South Asian women have; as it is viewed in a highly negative practice. Many South Asian women are socialized into believing that divorce is a \textsuperscript{12} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{13} Anitha, 2011; Hicks & Bhugra, 2003; Dasgupta, S.D. \textit{Charting the Course: An overview of domestic Violence in the South Asian Community in the United States}, 9 (3) \textit{J. OF SOCIAL DISTRESS & THE HOMELESS}, 173-185, (2000).[Hereinafter Dasgupta, S.D. (2000)] \textsuperscript{14} Supra note. 10 \textsuperscript{15} Kumar, S., Jayaseelan, L., Suresh, S., & Ahuja, R.C. \textit{Domestic Violence and its Mental Health Correlates in Indian Women}, \textit{The Br. J. OF PSYCHIATRY}, 187, 62-67(2005). \textsuperscript{16} \textit{Id}. Hicks & Bhugra, 2003. \textsuperscript{17} Bhugra, D., & Desai, M., \textit{Attempted Suicide in South Asian Women}, \textit{ADVANCES IN PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT}, 8, 418-423, (2002). \textsuperscript{18} Gill, A., \textit{Voicing the Silent Fear: South Asian Women’s Experiences of Domestic Violence}, 43(5) \textit{THE HOWARD J.}, 465-483(2004). [Hereinafter Gill, 2004] disgrace to the family.\textsuperscript{19} These women, not wanting to bring shame to their family name, therefore, remain in an abusive relationship and endure the violence. The burden of keeping the family together entirely rests on women, as the idea is prominent that even in abusive relationships the women should strive to keep the family intact.\textsuperscript{20} This view to keep the family together at all costs continues to remain prominent as a result of the cultural glorification of women’s suffering.\textsuperscript{21} South Asian societies are more likely to revere women who endure violence for the sake of their family’s togetherness.\textsuperscript{22} In some cases, the rigid gender hierarchy within marriage leaves suicide as the only option to come out of an abusive relationship. For example, in Sri Lanka, many women attempt to commit suicide in front of their husband or husband’s friends and relatives so that they may invoke repentance over the abuse in their husband. V. SITA, AN ICON OF WOMANHOOD AND SUFFERING Goddess Sita is considered an ideal example for any Hindu wife. In Ramayana, a Hindu mythological book, Goddess Sita endorses wives unquestionable devotion towards their husband as seen in the following lines from Sita in the Ramayana, “Even if a husband should be poor, and of a disreputable character, he should be ungrudgingly obeyed by the like of me; not say about one who is crowned with qualities, kind, self-controlled, of steady affection, righteous souled and dear as a father or mother”. The above mentioned lines by Goddess Sita demand blind following of her husband even though such person is not worthy of any respect. Such a statement implicitly glorifies the tolerance of abuse in marriage and in some way legitimizes it. Further on, in Ramayana, despite Sita’s endless acts of devotion to her husband Rama, she was demanded proves \textsuperscript{19} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{20} Dasgupta, S.D., 2000. \textsuperscript{21} Waters, A.B., \textit{Domestic Dangers: Approaches to Women’s Suicide in Contemporary Mabarashtra, India}, 5 \textit{Violence Against Women}, 525-547 (1999). \textsuperscript{22} Dasgupta, S.D., 2000. of her chastity because the people of his kingdom had doubted her character. Sita’s response to this injustice was to end her life as sati, suicide by jumping into the fire, and to return to the mother goddess. Therefore, Sita sets the ideal example for Hindu women by being a subdued wife, and also demonstrates suicide as the only solution to injustice done in marriage. VI. OTHER CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN SOUTH ASIAN COMMUNITIES Domestic violence in South Asian families is not only characterized through the physical and verbal abuse by the intimate partner, but also includes abuse by the mother-in-law.\textsuperscript{23} Khan and Reza found that one reason why South Asian women committed suicide was because of problems with their mother-in-law.\textsuperscript{24} As a result of the dominant construction of ‘izzat’, a word that means honor in South Asian communities, women have the burden of upholding their family’s honor.\textsuperscript{25} Thus, a woman’s husband’s extended family feels that they have the right to police that woman’s behavior and prevent any deviation from the enforced norms of their society.\textsuperscript{26} This task is usually a responsibility of a female family member who, in most cases, is the mother-in-law. Thus, many South Asian domestic violence victims speak about the emotional abuse and controlling behaviors exercised by their partner’s female family members. These female in-laws also make sure to monitor that the woman does not speak out about the abuse she suffers at home, thus they prevent the women from socializing and seeking help.\textsuperscript{27} \textsuperscript{23} Supra note. 13 \textsuperscript{24} Khan, M.M. & Reza, H. \textit{Attempted suicide in Karachi, Pakistan}, Suicide and Life Threatening Behaviour, 28, 54-60 (1998). \textsuperscript{25} Chew-Gaham, C., Bashir, C., Chantler, K., Burman, E., & Batsleer, J., \textit{South Asian Women, Psychological Distress and Self-Harm: Lessons for Primary Care Trusts}, 10(5)HEALTH & SOC. CARE IN THE COMMUNITY, 339-347; See also Anitha, 2011; Chew-Graham; Gill, 2004. \textsuperscript{26} Anitha, 2011. \textsuperscript{27} Anitha, 2011. In addition to the in-laws role in preventing a woman from leaving a domestic violence relationship, immigration factor is another significant reason as to why South Asian women stay in domestic violence relationships.\textsuperscript{28} A study conducted in the United Kingdom found that marriage was seen as one of the few means of settlement in the UK for individuals from South Asia.\textsuperscript{29} Women who come to the United Kingdom to join their husband do so on a two year probationary period. If within this period the marriage breaks down then the woman faces deportation to her home country. Thus, it was found that this risk was another reason why South Asian women did not leave their violent husbands. However, in an effort to rectify this situation, a stipulation has been added which states that if a woman is being harmed in her relationship and she can provide relevant proofs, then she is no longer at risk for deportation. However, research shows that women feel they need to secure economic and emotional support before leaving abusive relationships.\textsuperscript{30} As recent marriage migrants are unlikely to be financially independent, and also lack English proficiency and thus cannot obtain a job, they rely on their abusive partner, and this is another reason why they refrain from resisting violence.\textsuperscript{31} VII. INTERVENTIONS FOR SUICIDALITY IN SOUTH ASIAN COMMUNITIES According to Worchel & Gearing, “working from a culturally competent perspective remains an area of concern in the field of suicidality”.\textsuperscript{32} An exploration of the literature shows that there is indeed a gap in the research on interventions \textsuperscript{28} Burman, E., Chantler, K., & Batsleer, J., \textit{Service Responses to South Asian Women Who Attempt Suicide or Self-harm: Challenges for Service Commissioning and Deliver}, \textit{Critical Soc. Pol.}, 22(4), 641-668 (2002). Also see Raj, A. & Silverman, J.G. \textit{Immigrant South Asian Women at Greater Risk for Injury from Intimate Partner Violence}, Am. J. Pub. Health, 93, 435-437 (2003). \textsuperscript{29} Anitha, 2011. \textsuperscript{30} \textit{Id}. \textsuperscript{31} \textit{Id}. \textsuperscript{32} Worchel, D., Gearing, R., \textit{Suicide Assessment and Treatment: Empirical and Evidence-Based Practices}, (2010). for South Asian women. The following section will explore what culturally relevant research is available to guide suicide prevention and intervention among South Asian women facing domestic violence. Graham et al. convened four focus groups of South Asian women in the United Kingdom to explore the question of how to improve self-harm and suicide services for South Asian women.\textsuperscript{33} The focus groups were conducted in English, Urdu, and Punjabi and consisted of women of Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and Indian backgrounds. All the women had a history of self-harm or suicide attempts. These women told the researchers that for many South Asian women, there are so many barriers to services that these women will often not seek help until they are at a point of crisis. These barriers include: the concept of ‘izzat’ or family honor, which keeps women closely tied to their families, the acknowledgement of the community grapevine, meaning that a woman’s attempt to get help could easily get back to her family or other members of her community, the presence of language barriers, and the fear of racism or lack of cultural understanding from mental health practitioners. This last point, in particular, is very concerning as research from Burr indicates that mental health professionals often take stereotypes of South Asian communities as facts, resulting in misdiagnosis and inadequate treatment.\textsuperscript{34} Mental health practitioners should be aware that when a South Asian woman is seeking services, it may be because her situation is so dire that she has overcome all these barriers to seek treatment. Therefore, suicide prevention strategies for this population should be rapid and require a quick response from professionals.\textsuperscript{35} \textsuperscript{33} Graham, C., Bashir, C., Chantler, K., Burman, E., Batsleer, J. \textit{South Asian Women, Psychological Distress and Self Harm: Lessons for Primary Care Trusts}, 10(5) HEALTH &SOC. CARE IN THE COMMUNITY, 339-347(2002). [Hereinafter Graham et. al. 2002] \textsuperscript{34} Burr, J., \textit{Cultural Stereotypes of Women from South Asian Communities: Mental Health Care Professionals’ Explanations for Patterns of Suicide and Depression}, 55(5) Soc. SCIENCE & MEDICINE, 835-845(2002). \textsuperscript{35} Graham et al., 2002. The participants in Graham et al. also spoke about the need for further education in the South Asian community about mental health services.\textsuperscript{36} They recommended providing advertising for mental health services in a variety of South Asian languages in places where South Asian women naturally gather. They also recommended providing outreaches to South Asian girls in schools. They suggested that mental health organizations could partner with South Asian specialty groups in order to raise awareness and that mental health professionals could come into South Asian communities to do face-to-face promotions of services. Clearly, there is a need for intervention at the community/macro level in order to increase access to suicide/self harm services, and mental health services in general. However, other research indicates that while community-based suicide prevention programs are useful for increasing public consciousness about suicide, they have limited efficacy in actually reducing suicide rates, unless the program is long-term and succeeds in establishing an enduring community-based support network.\textsuperscript{37} The women in the focus groups also acknowledged that their self-harming behaviors or attempts of suicide were often in response to social isolation.\textsuperscript{38} In another study from the United Kingdom on the perceived causes of suicide attempts by South Asian women, it was found that feeling trapped and isolated in an unhappy family situation was a major precipitant of suicide attempts.\textsuperscript{39} This indicates that group interventions could be particularly helpful for this population. Indeed, the women in the Graham et al. focus groups said that facilitated self-help groups for South Asian women would be helpful to them.\textsuperscript{40} However, there are no empirical studies at present that explore whether or not self-help groups would be \textsuperscript{36} Id. \textsuperscript{37} Fountoulakis, K., Gonda, X., Rihmer, Z., \textit{Suicide Prevention Programs through Community Intervention}, 130 J. OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS, 10-16(2011). \textsuperscript{38} Graham et al., 2002. \textsuperscript{39} Hicks & Bhugra, 2003. \textsuperscript{40} Graham et al. 2002 helpful for South Asian women. A study on youth living in isolated rural communities in the United States found that participation in a lifesavers peer-support suicide prevention program increased knowledge about suicide prevention, positive attitudes about suicide prevention, and self-esteem.\textsuperscript{41} General research on adult suicide indicates that social connectedness is a major protective factor against suicide.\textsuperscript{42} Clearly, more research is needed to see whether or not creating groups for South Asian women in order to increase support and break social isolation would be effective in reducing self-harm and suicide attempts. There are few interventions on the individual level specifically designed for South Asian women; however, there are recent developments in the literature which will be responding directly to the needs of this population. In response to rising rates of suicide and self-harm among South Asian women in the United Kingdom, a trial by Husain et al. will examine the efficacy of a culturally adapted manual assisted Problem Solving Therapy (C-MAP).\textsuperscript{43} The trial protocol consists of eight sessions of problem solving over three months and will measure whether the treatment results in decreased hopelessness and suicidal ideation in comparison to treatment-as-usual for self harming behaviors. Treatment-as-usual was described as the typical referral process from a primary care physician or ER doctor to outpatient mental health services. The C-MAP treatment consists of a manualized guide, based on the principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy and including evaluation of the self-harm attempt, crisis skills, problem solving skills and cognitive techniques to manage emotions, negative thoughts and relapse. The authors write that this \textsuperscript{41} Walker, R., Ashby, J., Hoskins, O., Greene, F., \textit{Peer-Support Suicide Prevention in a Non-Metropolitan U.S. Community}, 44(174) \textit{ADOLESCENCE}, (2009). [Hereinafter Walker et al., 2009]. \textsuperscript{42} Supra note 30. \textsuperscript{43} Husain, N., et. al., \textit{Prevention of self-harm in British South Asian women: study protocol of an exploratory RCT of culturally adapted manual assisted Problem Solving Training (C-MAP)}, 12(159) \textit{TRIALS} (2011). [Hereinafter Hussain et. al. 2011] manual was chosen because people who self-harm “have poor problem-solving skills which may lead to hopelessness and depression”; so, this manual is meant to boost problem-solving skills in a culturally relevant manner. Husain et al. writes that for the majority of their participants, the precipitant of their self-harming behavior was interpersonal family conflict.\textsuperscript{44} Therefore, culturally relevant case scenarios were selected, and sections were added to the manual specifically addressing family conflict. The manual was translated into Urdu, with consideration given to the cultural adaptation of phrases and concepts. The participants choose whether treatment was provided at home or in the hospital. The outcomes of this trial have not yet been published, but it is encouraging to see that efforts are being made to adapt therapeutic interventions to specific cultures. \section{VIII. INTERVENTIONS FOR DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN SOUTH ASIAN COMMUNITIES} In most of the South Asian communities domestic violence continues to be a challenging problem largely because of the stigma of admitting such information is profound.\textsuperscript{45} Not only is it profound but many South Asians who report and end up in court drop domestic violence charges due to divorce, immigration, and housing pressure.\textsuperscript{46} According to research done by Yoshihama cases of reported domestic violence were seen in Asian groups, African-American, Whites, Hispanics, American Indians/Native and Alaskan Natives, but not in South Asian groups. The only report made was the prevalence of domestic violence amongst the South Asian community.\textsuperscript{47} Although, younger South Asian victims of domestic violence \textsuperscript{44} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{45} Priesser, A. B., \textit{Domestic Violence in South Asian Communities in America}, 5(6) \textit{Violence Against Women}, 684-699 (1999). [Hereinafter Priesser, 1999] \textsuperscript{46} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{47} Yoshihama, M. & Dabby, C., \textit{Facts \& Stats: Domestic Violence in Asian, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Homes}, Asian \& Pacific Islander Institute on Domestic violence, A PROJECT OF TIDES CENTRE, (2009), available at: http://www.apidv.org/files/Facts.Stats-APIIDV-2012.pdf who are born in the United States are more likely to seek services than older immigrant women, cultural differences between the victims and local social service institutions as well as service providers continue to be an issue,\textsuperscript{48} which also leads to a large gap of institutional services provided for South Asians. With that said, there are several advocacy and intervention issues amongst this population. For instance, service providers need to have adequate training and resources to address the multifaceted needs of South Asian clients.\textsuperscript{49} When South Asian women seek assistance from advocates or service providers, they are faced with communication problems. For instance, a woman stated her counselor didn’t understand she could not report her husband to the police because he had her passport.\textsuperscript{50} Another woman explained she was unable to fully seek services due to her cultures’ high respect for family life and was embarrassed about telling her family about the abuse. In mainstream American society domestic violence is seen as a non-issue among South Asians because the population is stereotyped as a trouble-free community and the women will not come forward to make official complaints.\textsuperscript{51} Despite this stereotype most South Asians recognize that the extended or joint family may also be a structure in which violence is tacitly sanctioned.\textsuperscript{52} In these South Asian communities family structure can be a barrier to a woman seeking outside help, just as it can provide her with stability, safety, and interdependence.\textsuperscript{53} Domestic violence within the South Asian community occurs not only between the spouse and woman, but between a woman and her in-laws and the community at \begin{footnotes} \item[48] Priesser, 1999. \item[49] \textit{Id.} \item[50] \textit{Id.} \item[51] \textit{Id.} \item[52] \textit{Id.} \item[53] \textit{Id.} \end{footnotes} large.\textsuperscript{54} According to the Project AWARE survey among 169 South Asian respondents who were married at the time of the survey, 5.7% reported having experienced emotional abuse by in-laws. The proportion of women who reported emotional abuse by in-laws was significantly higher among those reporting partners’ violence in their current relationship (15.4%) than those who did not report such violence.\textsuperscript{55} The reason for this may be that certain practices and traditions have legitimized the subordination of women to elders in South Asian cultures.\textsuperscript{56} When abused, issues such as obedience to family elders, upholding family honor, fear of losing children and religious practices may influence victims to suffer in silence.\textsuperscript{57} It is very important for service providers to understand that cultural and familial ties creates tension and conflict that contributes to the ongoing silence of South Asian victims of domestic violence. In order for intervention strategies to work amongst South Asians the cultural, historical and ethnic contexts must be taken into consideration.\textsuperscript{58} According to Das and Kemp stress therapists need to keep in mind the degree of acculturation that the client has undergone in the mainstream culture and the type of ethnic identity the client has developed.\textsuperscript{59} These two reasons are the ongoing influences in determining identity, which is why counselors and therapists need to become educated in specific cultural values and the status of women in relation to the community.\textsuperscript{60} \textsuperscript{54} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{55} Supra note. 23. \textsuperscript{56} Priesser, 1999. \textsuperscript{57} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{58} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{59} Das, A. K. & Kemp, S.F. \textit{Between two worlds: Counseling South Asian Americans} 5 J. OF MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING, 19-44 (1997). \textsuperscript{60} \textit{Id.} Dasgupta and Warrier developed tools, specifically designed for interventions with South Asian clients of particular interest, focusing on cultural understanding of values such as tolerance, discipline of children, dating, marriage and public versus private behavior.\textsuperscript{61} For instance, in South Asian cultures there are various devices that work to mitigate the victim’s plight such as, the feeling ‘others are watching’ sways the abuser’s behavior.\textsuperscript{62} Other times, it is the victim’s knowledge that she can go to an older relative or back to her family that helps her cope with the situation.\textsuperscript{63} However, we must recognize that most of these intervention methods are founded on interdependence and are compatible with a South Asian woman’s understanding of herself.\textsuperscript{64} Most South Asian women who settle in America with their husband lose the factors that have helped her to define herself and organize her personal life in her native culture.\textsuperscript{65} Friends who replace relatives, the importance of social weight of family members dwindles, and they lose influence on the couple. As a result, the victim of violence becomes more dependent on her husband. IX. CONCLUSION AND FURTHER QUESTIONS Amongst the South Asian community suicide and domestic violence are closely linked. In this population, women who are victims of domestic violence self-harm or attempt suicide due to several barriers that prohibit them from seeking help. These barriers include the concept of family honor, which keeps them closely tied to their families, the fear to seek help because it may easily get back to her family or other members of her community, the lack of cultural understanding from mental health providers and social isolation. In order for interventions to work, \textsuperscript{61} Dasgupta, S.D. & Warrier, S., \textit{In Visible Terms: Domestic Violence in the Asian Indian Context, A Handbook for Intervention}, (1995). \textsuperscript{62} Id. \textsuperscript{63} Id. \textsuperscript{64} Id. \textsuperscript{65} Id. mental health practitioners must strip away from the stereotype that this population is passive and issues such as domestic violence do not exist. Instead, practitioners must be culturally competent and understand what an essential role the family and community plays as an integral part in the South Asian community in order to provide effective services. Assessing the Impact of Trade Liberalization on Gender Equality: Way Forward Towards Women Empowerment or a Retrograde Step Chinmay Deshmukh* Even though trade is a fundamental economic phenomenon, it has significant consequences for social, and principally gender, equality. International trade and investment have a substantial influence on labour markets and working conditions, affecting women in particular because of their generally lower skills and weak bargaining power. Contrary to the general assumption that trade policies and agreements are class, race and gender neutral, there exists a strong relation between gender and trade. Trade policies, like any other economic policy, are likely to have gender differentiated effects because of women’s and men’s different access to, and control over, resources, and because of their different roles in both the market economy and the household. This paper is an attempt to analyze the relationship between women’s empowerment and trade liberalization policies. This paper basically examines whether trade liberalization and increasing regional trade agreements can bring changes in the socio-economic conditions of women in India. After charting out the history of trade liberalization in India starting from 1991, this paper attempts to examine the impact of trade liberalization and regional trade agreements on the status of women in India. Variation in pre-liberalization status of women in India and the level of empowerment in post liberalization India allows us to investigate whether women have been benefited from, or bore a disproportionate share of the burden of liberalization. It also highlights the opportunities and challenges that trade liberalization policy and regional trade arrangements in India offer women and recommends certain measures to ensure gender equality through trade liberalization. * Research Associate, Alexis Department of Public Policy. Fourth year student B.P.Sc. (Hons.), LL.B.(Trade Law Hons.), National Law University, Jodhpur-342304(Batch of 2015), E-mail: chinmaydeshmukh1[at]gmail.com. I. INTRODUCTION Promoting gender equality is one of the eight Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations. Equal rights between men and women enshrined as a fundamental human right in the UN Charter, and many international conferences have been held to further that goal.$^1$ The potential paths to achieving this goal are many. An oft-cited path is to raise global awareness on the issue and to directly campaign for change. Another possibility may be to integrate poorer and less- $^1$Anh-Nga Tran-Nguyen & Americo Beviglia Zampetti, Trade and Gender Opportunities and Challenges for Developing Countries, UN INTER-AGENCY NETWORK ON WOMEN AND GENDER EQUALITY TASK FORCE ON GENDER AND TRADE, (2004), available at: http://unctad.org/en/docs/edm20042_en.pdf [Hereinafter Nguyen & Zampetti]. developed economies into world markets by encouraging trade liberalization. The world trading system has witnessed an increasing number of regional integration initiatives in recent times. The basic premise of such initiatives is to liberalize trade among the members by granting tariff concessions for, or eliminations of selected products.$^2$ Trade liberalization is widely seen as a driving force behind economic growth and poverty reduction. Proponents of neoliberal economics suggest that trade liberalization is a driving force for gender equality. They regard free markets as the best mechanism for the narrowing of gender gaps. This is based on the assumption that trade produces growth, and that growth will open up opportunities for better education, more jobs, higher income, more credit and better opportunities for women entrepreneurs.$^3$ India embarked on the path of slow and steady liberalization of the economy in the early 1990’s. Wide ranging economic reforms were introduced in 1991. In marked contrast to the post-independence developmental strategy of self-reliant economic growth in the current reforms are aimed at making the economy more efficient through increased market orientation. In this restructuring of the economy and its accelerated integration into the world market, women are depicted as winners, in particular women in export manufacturing, information and communication, and services.$^4$ Women, as a group, are economically more disadvantaged than men, especially in developing countries, where women constitute the economically poorest segment $^2$ Sejuti Jha, Utility of Regional Trade Agreements: Experience from India’s Regionalism, ASIA-PACIFIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING NETWORK ON TRADE WORKING PAPER SERIES, No. 99, (April, 2011), available at: http://www.unescap.org/tid/artnet/pub/wp9911.pdf [Hereinafter Jha]. $^3$ Christa Wichterich, Trade? – A Driving Force for Jobs and Women’s Empowerment? Focus on China and India, FES BRIEFING PAPER 7, (May 2009), available at: http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/global/06389.pdf [Hereinafter Wichterich]. $^4$ Wichterich, supra note 4. with estimates ranging anywhere between 60 to 70 percent.\textsuperscript{5} Studies estimate that over 70 percent of the world’s poor are women. However, gender still has not been considered a relevant category of analysis in international trade and is largely ignored at the theoretical, empirical, and policy design of international trade.\textsuperscript{6} Against this backdrop, questions arise as to how the costs and benefits of trade can be evenly distributed by gender, and whether trade rules and policies deepen, or, on the contrary, reduce existing gender inequalities. There is, therefore, a need to assess the impact of trade on gender equality in order to assist countries in designing appropriate strategies and policies to support the objective of gender equality in the context of an open multilateral trading system.\textsuperscript{7} II. THE STORY OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION IN INDIA Trade liberalization, loosely defined as a move towards freer trade through the reduction of tariffs and other barriers, is generally perceived as the major driving force behind globalization. Rapidly increasing flows of goods and services across national borders have been the most visible aspect of the increasing integration of the global economy in recent decades.\textsuperscript{8} This integration into the world economy has proven to be a powerful means for countries to promote economic growth, development, and poverty reduction. It has raised living standards around the world. Most developing countries have shared in this prosperity; in some, incomes \textsuperscript{5} Shahid Ahmed, \textit{Trade Openness and Gender Empowerment: An Assessment}, Draft Report prepared under UNCTAD- Govt. of India- DFID Project ‘Strategies and Preparedness for Trade and Globalisation in India’, (2008), available at: http://s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/www.unctadindia.org/ContentPages/53048370.pdf. \textsuperscript{6} Wichterich, \textit{supra} note 4. \textsuperscript{7} Nguyen & Zampetti, \textit{Supra} note 1. \textsuperscript{8} Eddy Lee, \textit{Trade Liberalization and Employment}, DESA Working Paper No. 5, (Oct. 2005), available at: http://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2005/wp5_2005.pdf [Hereinafter Lee]. have risen dramatically, including India, Vietnam, and Uganda, which also experienced faster growth and more poverty reduction.\textsuperscript{9} As a group, developing countries have become much more important in world trade. Many developing countries have substantially increased their exports of manufactures and services relative to traditional commodity exports: manufactures have risen to 80 percent of developing country exports.\textsuperscript{10} India too, after following the policy of self-reliance for more than four decades, was compelled by the balance of payment crisis, and initiated wide ranging economic reforms in 1991. India’s post-independence development strategy was one of national self-sufficiency, and stressed the importance of government regulation of the economy. Cerra et al. characterized it as “both inward looking and highly interventionist, consisting of import protection, complex industrial licensing requirements, and pervasive government intervention in financial intermediation and substantial public ownership of heavy industry.”\textsuperscript{11} In particular, India’s trade regime was amongst the most restrictive in Asia, with high nominal tariffs and non-tariff barriers, including a complex import licensing system, an “actual user” policy that restricted imports by intermediaries, restrictions of certain exports and imports to the public sector (“canalization”), phased manufacturing programs that mandated progressive import substitution, and government purchase preferences for domestic producers.\textsuperscript{12} The 1991 reforms covered macro-economic stabilization programmes addressing \textsuperscript{9}David Dollar, \textit{Globalization, Inequality, and Poverty since 1980}, World Bank, (2001), ftp://www.econ.bgu.ac.il/Courses/Globalization_and_Development/Notes/Globalization-inequality-and-poverty.pdf. \textsuperscript{10}IMF, \textit{Global Trade Liberalization and the Developing Countries}, (Nov. 2001), http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2001/110801.htm. \textsuperscript{11}Cerra, Valerie & Sweta Saxena, \textit{What Caused the 1991 Currency Crisis in India?}, International Monetary Fund, IMF WP/00/157 (October 2000). \textsuperscript{12}Petia Topalova, \textit{Trade Liberalization, Poverty And Inequality: Evidence From Indian Districts}, NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper 11614, (Sept. 2005), available at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w11614.pdf?new_window=1. fiscal and current account imbalances and exchange rate regimes. These reforms also sought to evolve an industrial and trade policy framework to promote efficiency, reduce the bias in favour of excessive capital intensity and encourage an employment oriented industrialization. Reforms in industrial policies provided the direction of reforms in other areas such as trade and finance. Industrial reforms sought primarily to remove licensing requirements, which posed significant barriers to entry, and prevented the manufacturing sector from taking advantage of economies of scale.\textsuperscript{13} Simultaneously, trade policy liberalization sought to create an environment to provide a stimulus to export and reduce the degree of regulation and licensing control of foreign trade. This was achieved by progressively dismantling the complex system of import licensing, phased reduction in customs duty and the gradual removal of quantitative restrictions on imports. In the past two decades of trade liberalization India has taken binding obligations at bilateral and multilateral levels. Multilaterally, as a result of the Uruguay Round of Trade Negotiations, India bound its customs duty on two third of the industrial products. At the bilateral level, India gradually allowed zero duty imports on substantially all trade from Sri Lanka, Singapore, SAFTA, ASEAN, Korea, Japan and Malaysia.\textsuperscript{14} Since the RTAs came into force India’s trade, both exports and imports, has increased with most of its RTA partners, as indicated by the official trade statistics.\textsuperscript{15} In order to intensify trade liberalization, give a massive push to exports and generate employment, in 2000 a new export-oriented policy was launched. This involved the establishment of Special Economic Zones as a kind of \textsuperscript{13} Rashmi Banga & Abhijit Das, \textit{Twenty Years of India’s Liberalization: Experiences and Lessons}, UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION (2012), available at: http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/osg2012d1_en.pdf. \textsuperscript{14} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{15} Jha, \textit{supra} note 3. extraterritorial space with regard to domestic regulation, tariffs, duties and trade operations. Following the model of SEZs in China, the aim is to enhance domestic investment, attract foreign investment and promote export production as an engine for economic growth.\textsuperscript{16} The central strategy is to secure a greater share of the global market in industry, trade and services through increased productivity. A growing number of global corporations are now established in India. They offer new employment opportunities for the emerging middle classes, which is said to have expanded as a result of the globalization of the economy.\textsuperscript{17} However, [trade liberalization]….has also been one of the most contentious aspects of globalization. The primary criticism levelled against international trade agreements from a gender perspective is that the measurement of international trade in terms of a net economic benefit and market-based criteria has largely ignored societal imbalances, which in turn results in long-term trade inefficiencies. This criticism is supported by the fact that Article XX of the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT), which allows for the reconciliation of trade and non-trade related norms in the trade context, is silent on the issue of women's rights. Trade agreements have also been criticized for reducing the policy space afforded to national initiatives in general, and the same may well apply to the empowerment of women and their participation in formal economic activities.\textsuperscript{18} Critics of trade liberalization have also blamed it for a host of other ills, such as rising unemployment and wage inequality in the advanced countries; increased exploitation of workers in developing countries and a “race to the bottom” with respect to employment conditions and labour standards; the de-industrialization \textsuperscript{16} Wichterich, \textit{supra} note 4. \textsuperscript{17} Ganguly-Scrase & Vandenbroek, \textit{supra} note 5. \textsuperscript{18} Sheila Kiratu & Suryapratim Roy, Beyond Barriers: The Gender Implications of Trade Liberalization in Southern Africa, IISD, (2010), available at: http://www.iisd.org/tkn/pdf/beyond_barriers_gender_south_africa.pdf. and marginalization of low-income countries; increasing poverty and global inequality, and degradation of the environment. These views have spread in spite of the fact that the benefits of freer trade, in terms of improved allocation of resources and consequent gains in productive efficiency and economic growth, are a basic tenet of mainstream economic analysis.\textsuperscript{19} Keynesian economists such as Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz and Dani Rodrik, as well as feminist economists, question the alleged effects of the current trade liberalization agenda on poverty elimination, fair distribution and gender equity. They highlight the growing inequality and social disparity as the adverse outcomes of an economy that is obsessed with constant growth and subordinates social concerns to competitiveness. Feminists stress that competitive advantage often comes at a heavy price, in the form of discrimination against women and gender gaps.\textsuperscript{20} Wealth of research available shows that trade policies, like any other economic policy, involves and affect men and women differently.\textsuperscript{21} This gender differential is informed by and based on the gender division of labour (both in the market and the household), women’s and men’s different access to and control over resources such as assets, rights and time, and also cultural ascriptions of gender stereotypes and norms. \textsuperscript{19} Lee, \textit{supra} note 11. \textsuperscript{20} Stephanie Seguino, \textit{Gender Inequality and Economic Growth: A Cross-country Analysis}, in \textit{WORLD DEVELOPMENT} 1211–30 (2000). \textsuperscript{21} See Marzia Fontana, \textit{The Gender Effects of Trade Liberalisation in Developing Countries: A Review of the Literature}, (Oct., 2003), available at: http://www.ciedur.org.uy/adm/archivos/publicacion_200.pdf; Sheila Kiratu & Suryapratim Roy, \textit{Beyond Barriers: The Gender Implications of Trade Liberalization in Southern Africa}, IISD,(2010); Ernesto Aguayo-Téllez, \textit{The Impact of Trade Liberalization Policies and FDI on Gender Inequalities: A Literature Review}, WORLD BANK, (2012); Chinhui Juhn et al., \textit{Trade Liberalization and Gender Inequality}, 103(3) \textit{AM. ECON. REV.: PAPERS PROCEEDINGS} 269–273 (2013). III. GENDER IMPLICATIONS OF ECONOMIC REFORMS IN INDIA A. How Trade Affects Women? Theoretically, the neo-classical view is that trade will open the economy to greater competition and therefore allocate labour to its most productive use, so as to minimize costs. Gender discrimination, and resulting wage differentials, are economically costly insofar as it leads to an allocation of resources that do not maximize output. This would suggest that trade liberalization, and increased competition, would provoke a decrease in the gender differential in wages. Another view, based on the Heckscher-Ohlin model, points to the factor-price equalization effect of trade. Countries abundant in unskilled labour tend to specialize in unskilled labour-intensive exports. Demand for lower-skilled labour will therefore rise. The wages of unskilled labour will thus increase relative to skilled labour. This effect also points to a narrowing of the gender wage gap in developing countries opening of trade, since women are often employed in lower-wage, lower-skilled jobs than men. Women’s participation in the global economy and national labour force can serve to interrogate and modify gender relations and ideologies.$^{22}$ Trade liberalization has enabled women in many countries to realize their earning potential in the labour market and to achieve economic independence. Income generated from the employment opportunities in the growing export sectors has also led to greater empowerment of female labour. The increased demand for casual or contract workers to cope with market fluctuations in the post liberalization period has led to a rise in the number of informal sector workers, of which a substantial number are women. Beyond job creation, evidence shows that trade liberalization has heightened women’s autonomy and resulted in $^{22}$Ganguly-Scrase & Vandenbroeck, supra note 5. benefits for future generations through investments in human capital.\textsuperscript{23} However, the effects of trade liberalization and economic globalization on women, in particular, so far have been mixed. For example, while in a large number of cases, trade in general has improved women's empowerment and livelihood, in some other cases, the benefits accrued by women from trade liberalization have been marginal, relatively lower than those accrued by men. Worse, in some other cases, trade liberalization has also exacerbated gender inequalities and women's economic and social status.\textsuperscript{24} However, for many women, more integrated markets have resulted in an improvement in their economic and social status. They include the millions of women workers newly absorbed into the global production system for whom wage employment has brought higher incomes. Wage employment has also given some women greater economic independence and more control over household resources, and has often raised their social status.\textsuperscript{25} Though not in itself biased against a particular gender, or “gendered”, trade may have gendered impacts on societies due to the existence of gendered social structures. Thus, while trade may not be the source of gender disparities, it may act as a “magnifying glass” and worsen existing disparities. On the other hand, trade may also open new opportunities for women and men regardless of gender. Trade policies, like any other economic policy, are likely to have gender differentiated effects because of women’s and men’s different access to, and control over, resources, and because of \textsuperscript{23}Jeni Klugman & Elisa Gamberoni, \textit{Gender and Trade: A fresh look at the evidence}, INTERNATIONAL TRADE FORUM MAGAZINE, (July 1, 2012), available at: http://www.tradeforum.org/Gender-and-trade-A-fresh-look-at-the-evidence/. \textsuperscript{24}UNCTAD, \textit{Mainstreaming Gender in Trade Policy: Considering women in the design and implementation of trade policy}, Geneva: UNCTAD (2009), available at: http://unctad.org/en/Docs/ciem2d2_en.pdf. \textsuperscript{25} Veena Jha & Shahid Ahmed, \textit{Export Orientation of the Economy and Women’s Empowerment: Empirical Evidence from India}, paper presented at Workshop on Gender in Global and Regional Trade Policy: Contrasting Views and New Research, (Apr. 2006), available at: http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/csgr/events/workshops/2006ws/gender_and_trade/veena_jha_revised.pdf. their different roles in both the market economy and the household.\textsuperscript{26} Because of socio-cultural structures and their traditional role as homemakers, women suffer a disproportionate share of the harmful consequences of liberalization and are less able than men to take advantage of the benefits. The gender-differentiated effects of trade liberalization are felt at the macro level, meso and micro levels, and are the result of differences between women and men in their access to assets, human capital, labour markets and labour earnings. At the macro level, gender gaps in market participation may narrow, if sectors that expand through trade liberalization are more female intensive than the sectors that shrink. The inverse holds true. At the meso level, public provision of important social services that favour women might be undermined if loss of government revenue through reductions in tariffs leads to cuts in such services. Finally, at the micro level, trade liberalization may extend or reduce female control over household spending, depending on whether trade liberalization creates or destroys sources of independent income for women.\textsuperscript{27} i. Potential Effects of Trade Liberalization on Women\textsuperscript{28} The following table summarizes the potential effects that trade liberalization has on the status of women: \begin{table}[h] \centering \begin{tabular}{\|c\|c\|} \hline \textbf{Potential Effects} & \textbf{Description} \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{table} \textsuperscript{26}Marzia Fontana, The Gender Effects of Trade Liberalisation in Developing Countries: A Review of the Literature, (Oct. 2003), available at: http://www.ciedur.org.uy/adm/archivos/publicacion_200.pdf. \textsuperscript{27}Id. \textsuperscript{28}Trade Liberalization, Gender and Development: What are the Issues and How Can We Think about Them? Presented by Organisation of American States at Second Ministerial Meeting, Washington D.C. (April, 2004), www.oas.org/cim/REMIM%20II/CIM-REMIMII-doc.4.ing.doc. \| Issues \| Potential Positive Effects \| Potential Negative Effects \| \|------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| 1. Employment \| Increase in quantity of jobs available \| Poor quality of opportunities due to growing competition \| \| \| New alternatives to existing employment \| Insecurity of employment \| \| \| Greater quality in terms of income and work conditions with development of new industries \| Increase in part-time work, home based work, day-laboring and piece-based remuneration \| \| \| Opening of new markets for goods and crafts, in particular traditional crafts \| Loss of traditional sector of activities and of business because of foreign competition \| \| 2. Public Service Availability \| More efficient and more adapted services in response to women’s specific demands. \| Decrease in service availability in some areas because not deemed profitable. \| \| \| \| Increase in the cost of services and medicines. \| \| 3. Price effects \| Growing availability of cheaper foodstuff and goods. \| As local production is displaced, gradually rising price of goods and greater sensitivity to fluctuating exchange rates. \| \| 4. Wage gap \| Unclear whether trade liberalization can have any effect on the wage gap \| Competitive pressure may drive wages down as firms seek to minimize costs \| B. Impact of Trade Liberalization on the Status of Women: Problems in India Public discourses since the nineteenth century has centered on two opposing categorization: labour force participation of poor women and widows and the employment of upper class women in high status professions. While the former could be tolerated because it was an absolute necessity, the latter was not only desirable, but also a moral obligation, a sense of public duty. For the rest, women’s entry into the workforce signaled a loss of respectability. This was not only for the women themselves, but it also meant a loss of familial status. Throughout the past five decades empowerment through employment has been the general developmentalist agenda of the post-colonial state irrespective of the ideologies of various political parties. Nowadays, although developmentalism has been replaced by neo-liberalism, empowerment of women is a critical component of the rhetoric of the latter.\textsuperscript{29} Opening up the economy to global influences has offered some critical challenges to the notions of female dependency. Trade expansion over the last forty years has brought about an increase in labor-intensive exports in India. Employers in these industries have predominantly hired women, and the growth of exports such as textiles and clothing, shoes, jewellery, and electronics has almost always been accompanied by a significant increase in female wage employment in the formal sector. Increase in female wage employment have given women greater access to income, and have changed their position in society. Numerous studies point to the change in women’s status and bargaining power within the household as well as obtaining greater control over household resources.\textsuperscript{30} But the impact has not always been positive, a large amount of literature which examined the impact of trade liberalization on wage structure in both developed \textsuperscript{29}Ganguly-Scrase & Vandenbroeck, \textit{supra} note 5. \textsuperscript{30}Jane Korinek, \textit{Trade and Gender: Issues and Interactions}, OECD Trade Policy Working Paper No. 24, (2005) http://www.oecd.org/tad/35770606.pdf. and developing economies concluded with surprising findings.\textsuperscript{31} Contrary to the Heckscher-Ohlin model which predicts that wage inequality should rise in skilled labour abundant (developed) economies but fall in less skilled labour abundant (developing) economies, most researchers have found that trade liberalization increased wage inequality in both developed and developing economies.\textsuperscript{32} In India, women’s work in the vast informal and tiny sector is often insecure, temporary or part-time, with little protection and few fringe benefits. Female employment has long been concentrated in the ‘informal’ sector, and gender segregation has cut across both the ‘formal’ and ‘informal’ sectors. Deregulation of labour markets, fragmentation of production processes, de-industrialization and new areas of export specialization have all generated increased demand for low-paid, ‘flexible’ female labour. Women’s labour is thus increasingly integrated into global production, but in a fragmented form with contradictory consequences. In a country such as India, which was never gender-friendly, unbridled competition has meant a rise in the relative degree of neglect of women’s health and nutrition.\textsuperscript{33} The sudden growth of export-based activities has not been accompanied by corresponding improvements in the infrastructure. There are problems related to accommodation, water, sanitary facilities, medical care etc. Many women workers have been forced to stay at distant locations. Hence women like all other employees may not be experiencing improved standard of life though income level \textsuperscript{31} For example, Hanson and Harrison (1999) found the skilled/unskilled wage gap grew in Mexico during the 1980s. Robbins (1996) and Wood (1997) showed that inequality also grew in Hong Kong, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Uruguay and Mexico. Similarly, Das (2002), found increasing income inequality in Mexico and Chile. \textsuperscript{32} Aguayo-Tellez et al., \textit{supra} note 2. \textsuperscript{33} National Productivity Council, \textit{Impact of Trade and Globalisation on Gender in India}, Prepared under UNCTAD- Govt. of India–DFID Project ‘Strategies and Preparedness for Trade and Globalisation in India’, available at: http://s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/www.unctadindia.org/ContentPages/53048362.pdf [Hereinafter National Productivity Council]. have increased.\textsuperscript{34} While women represent 48% of the total population of India, they constitute only 31% of the employment market.\textsuperscript{35} Women workers constitute a very low segment of total employment in the organized sector. Only 4.06% of the women are employed in the organized sector while the remaining 95.93% are employed in the unorganized sector.\textsuperscript{36} Women’s employment is the highest in the traditional low wage activities like Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing. The occupational distribution of the female workforce indicates the gender segregation of tasks and the underlying reality of low levels of education and skill formation among the female workers, which confines them mostly to low paid, unskilled jobs compared to their male counterparts.\textsuperscript{37} For most Indian women, urbanization and the pattern of industrial development did not mean expanding opportunities for employment. Agriculture still accounts for the largest chunk of women workers. Work participation of women in India has remained low, though what is normally expected is an increase in the rate especially in urban areas where the impacts of globalization are more pronounced. The share of women in total employment has shown a stagnating trend both in rural and urban areas where it has remained at around 29 per cent and 17 per cent respectively with a marginal decline during the period of liberalization and export oriented growth. Unlike many other countries, India presents a regressive picture in terms of participation of women in paid employment. The process of feminization, with export-oriented manufacturing industries at the margin, has not been large enough to counteract other forces, which contribute to the downward \textsuperscript{34} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{35} Nisha Srivastava & Ravi Srivastava, \textit{Women, work, and employment outcomes in rural India}, XLV (28), Economic and Political Weekly, (July 10, 2010). \textsuperscript{36} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{37} National Productivity Council, \textit{supra} note 35. pressure on women’s work participation rates.\textsuperscript{38} As globalization induces plantations to become capital-intensive and chemical-intensive, women bear the disproportionate costs of both displacement and health hazards. Though women carry the heavier work burden on production, they get lower remuneration because of gender discrimination. When increased global trade leads to dumping of agricultural products, in many cases this leads to a drop in farm product prices. Women are hit the hardest because their incomes go down further. An attempt has been made to capture the impact of trade and globalization on the daily earning of the workers and empowerment of the female workers through an econometric estimation. It was found that workers in the Horticulture, Dairy and Textile industry benefited in recent times. In the remaining sectors the wage rate has not improved much. One major finding of the econometric exercise is that female workers earn less than male workers irrespective of industry, region or location.\textsuperscript{39} IV. WHAT POLICY MEASURES COULD BE ADOPTED? A gender-sensitive approach to trade involves a vision of trade as an essential component of efforts to eradicate poverty and promote sustainable, people-centered development. This implies that in order to effectively mainstream gender, the current debate on the possible positive or negative effects of trade liberalization on gender equality, and vice-versa, must be understood within a broad context and framed in relation to overall development objectives, such as those defined by the Millennium Development Goals. \textsuperscript{38}Id. \textsuperscript{39}Id. A. Creating Gender Sensitive Trade Policy Gender sensitive trade policy can be used as an important tool in the hands of policymakers to enhance gender equity in terms of work participation rate and returns to labor, directly in tradable sectors and indirectly in other sectors of the economy. It may also target to lower the vulnerabilities created in tradable sectors for women. In order to pursue a gender sensitive trade policy, one of the first requirements is to identify the treatable sectors which may directly and indirectly generate higher women employment in the economy. In this context, UNCTAD-Commerce Ministry, Government of India-DFID project on “Strategies and Preparedness for Trade and Globalization in India” which is an aid for trade initiative of UK government seeks to gender sensitize the Indian trade policy.$^{40}$ B. Need for increased Scientific Research Efforts to Understand the Gender-Differentiated Impacts of Trade Liberalization There is an urgent need to alter the widely held notion of gender neutrality of trade effects. To this end, there is need to produce evidences based on scientific approaches. Moreover, the existing research and upcoming research in this field must be communicated in intelligible format to policy makers. The most important challenges, in this regard, are the absence of gender disaggregated data, absence of incentive in the economic research, lack of skills and expertise to analyse the gender dimensions of international trade and lack of well informed stakeholders, specifically in unorganized and informal sector. If gender disaggregated data is $^{40}$Rashmi Banga, Gender Sensitisation of Trade Policy in India, (March, 2009), available at: http://www.intracen.org/uploadedFiles/intracenorg/Content/About_ITC/Where_are_we_working/Multi-country_programmes/Women_and_trade/Gender%20sensitisation%20of%20trade%20policy%20in%20India.pdf. available and gender elasticities are estimated, it can also be utilized effectively to examine overall impact of international trade from gender perspective.\textsuperscript{41} C. Increased Focus on Education and Skills Generally women are not imparted good education in most of the families as a part of traditional practices. Girls are married off at an early age, though a law prohibiting child marriage exists in India. Women are not entitled to equal family property rights across most of the states. Women’s education and skill accumulation are the most important factors determining the impact of trade on women’s employment and the gender wage gap. As long as women remain less qualified than men, they are likely to remain in lower paying, less secure jobs, even if better-paying jobs become available through trade expansion. Education and skills, especially IT skills, can provide greater employment opportunities to women and enhance their power to negotiate wages and other work conditions.\textsuperscript{42} D. Conservation of Environment Degradation and destruction of coastal habitats and pollution, overexploitation of Fisheries resources and salinization of groundwater are common in the coastal belt of India. Given that the burden of gathering water and fuel wood is often on the shoulders of women, the tasks associated with daily survival are becoming increasingly onerous and time consuming. As several coastal villages, in India lack toilets and sanitation facilities, the problems faced by women as a result of decline in tree cover are enormous. Thus, environmental protection becomes an equally important task. E. Ensuring Women’s Access and control over Key Assets Due to the unequal access to these economic and financial resources, the commercialisation and mechanisation of export sectors in developing economies \textsuperscript{41} Ahmed, \textit{supra} note 7. \textsuperscript{42} \textit{Id}. have often resulted in ‘masculinisation’ of the sector. Unless women gain broader access to credit, land, and information, they will be segregated to low-return sectors and their capacity to penetrate male-dominated exporting sectors will be constrained.\textsuperscript{43} F. Protection Against Cultural biases and gender norms A strong political will and support from the upper strata of national governments and the international community for gender mainstreaming is an essential requirement. Further, women’s equal participation at all decision-making levels must be promoted e.g. Trade unions, trade and industry associations, trade and finance ministries, and the WTO. Linkages of experts in the area of gender and trade should be established where they are missing, and intensified where they are already in place, including the development of collaborations between national and international organizations and civil society. G. Ensuring Secure Working Conditions and Arrangements In almost all countries, women are overrepresented in part-time work, temporary labor, particularly in manufacturing and agricultural sectors. Although the part-time nature of this work may be considered better for women due to their reproductive responsibilities, it often subjects women to job insecurity and lack of benefits, and women generally remain as low wage earners in a pool of unskilled workers.\textsuperscript{44} While these sectors offer more employment opportunities to women than men, women are concentrated in the low-skilled jobs, with minimal job security and lower wages. Thus better working conditions must be ensured for women. Laws in \textsuperscript{43} Elissaios Papyrakis et al., \textit{Gender and Trade: A Review of Theory and Evidence}, (2009), http://www.uea.ac.uk/documents/439774/542576/WP17.pdf/0be76ed8-132c-4b10-bfab-face52888d7c. \textsuperscript{44} Kate Higgins, \textit{Gender and Free Trade Agreements: Best Practices and Policy Guidance}, (Oct., 2012), available at: http://www.nsi-ins.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/2012-Gender-and-Free-Trade-Agreements-Best-Practice-and-Policy-Guides.pdf. this regard need to be drafted taking into consideration the special needs of women workers. V. CONCLUSION Women empowerment and trade have multidimensional linkages. As gender inequalities are multidimensional, even women who may gain in one dimension, such as employment, may lose in another, such as leisure time. On the one hand, paid employment can potentially give them greater control over income and increase their status and bargaining power within households or communities. Further, increased control over income is likely to increase women’s own well-being and that of their children. At the same time, women become incorporated into the paid workforce as ‘inferior’ sellers of labour, reflecting both inter-class disadvantage vis-à-vis capital and intra-class disadvantage vis-à-vis male workers. But we can’t ignore that the process of globalization and trade liberalization is no longer a reserved route which influences only those that participate in trade. The impact of globalization reaches every sector and unit of the societies irrespective of their level of contribution in the process. This has imposed the obligation to formulate trade policies incorporating apprehensions of all affected. Women empowerment is one area which has, so far, remained out of the orbit of trade policy formulation in many countries, especially developing countries. One of the main tasks faced by trade policy makers is to guarantee gender equity in the sharing of gains of trade. Therefore, it is essential to measure the effect of trade on gender employment and remunerations in different sectors; ascertain the sectors where gender disparity is high which would imply that any growth of trade in that sector will further intensify gender inequality; ascertain the sectors which provide a possibility for improving gender equality; and consequently formulate sector-specific policies. Protecting India’s Women: The Need for Criminalization of Marital Rape and the Criminal Amendment Act, 2013 Badapbiang T. Dkhar* Forceful sexual intrusion by a husband against his lawful wife is called marital or spousal rape. In India there are no specific criminal laws governing marital rape; blinded by the exemption clause under Section 376 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), it is still one among many countries that still allow husbands to rape their wives with little consequence or none. The lacunae in Indian criminal law and the implied consent theory about marriage have subjected married women to heinous acts against them. It is often seen that such crimes are left unheard due to social stigmatisation and lack of legal protection. Thus, in this article I shall be addressing the need for the criminalisation of marital rape with respect to India’s Penal Code. I shall be looking into the socio-legal aspects of the same and the past legislations and recommendations made by the Indian Government. It has been more than 30 years since the Law Commission made a report to include the criminalisation of marital rape; yet, the Criminal Amendment Act, 2013 avoided the topic once again. If the recent Criminal Amendment can increase the degree of punishment against gang-rape, harassment and the like then why are we still holding back? It is clear that rape is rape why should wives be deprived of state protection. Research Associate, Alexis Department of Public Policy. Fourth year student B.P.SC(Hons.), LL.B. (I.P.R. Hons.), National Law University, Jodhpur-342304 (Batch of 2015), E-mail: badapbiangdkhar[at]gmail.com I. INTRODUCTION In recent times India has been brought to lime light as a country that is unsafe for women. To our dismay this could not be truer as we have recently witnessed the most gruesome crime against a young psychotherapy student in Delhi.$^1$ She was brutally gang raped on a bus till the point where she had to be hospitalised and eventually died due to critical injuries. This terrible crime more commonly known $^1$Delhi gang rape: All four accused sentenced to death, THE HINDU, Sep. 14, 2013, available at: http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-gangrape-all-four-accused-sentenced-to-death/article5123772.ece. as the ‘Delhi gang rape case’ brought a huge public uproar with the demand for more stringent laws with respect to the punishment of sexual offenders. The repercussions of such public opinion have moulded public policy leading to the amendment of India’s criminal law by way of the Criminal Amendment Act, 2013 (hereinafter Act of 2013) dubbed as ‘India’s anti-rape law.’ Though a lot of positive changes have been made in the said Act; India is still one among many countries that does not criminalise spousal rape. With much disappointment it must be stated that the crimes against women have increased by 7.1 percent since 2010.$^2$ The number of rape incidences that were recorded in 2011 was 24,206 indicating a rise of 9 percent from the previous year.$^3$ Figures show that majority of the victims of rape were girls under the age of 14, while 19 percent were teens between the ages of 14 and 18.$^4$ Disturbingly, in almost 94.2 percent of cases offenders were known to the victims, those involved were family members, relatives, and neighbours.$^5$ To make the matter worse the exemption clause under Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (hereinafter IPC) shields marital rape. This section is clearly a lacuna in law as it states that sexual intercourse of a man with his wife not being under the age of sixteen is not rape. Much discontentment is also seen with the recent Act of 2013 which has failed to address the issue of spousal rape. In this paper the author shall be discussing the optimistic amendments made under the new Act of 2013 and the legal problems that arise with marital rape. Part I of this article presents a historical overview of marital rape; Part II deals with a brief description of the status of rape victims in Indian society and the social attitudes $^2$ National Crime Record Bureau Statistics, http://ncrb.gov.in/ (last visited on Sept. 16, 2013) $^3$ Sudha G Tilak, Crimes against women increase in India, ALJAZEERA, Mar. 11, 2013, available at: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/12/2012122991735307545.html $^4$ Id.* $^5$ Id. towards it; Part III presents a brief discussion on India’s legislative reforms on rape law; Part IV deals with the problems in prosecuting marital rape such as the implied consent theory of marriage and the exemptions under statute. Thus, the main focus of this paper is on criminal law amendments and the need to protect women against the licence to rape post marriage. II. MARITAL RAPE IN INDIA Marriage is considered to be a sacrosanct institution between husband and wife. However, this ‘sacred bond’ often veils sexual cruelty and other forms of brutality in the household. Marital rape is one such brutality which is not a consensual act but a violent act of perversion done by a husband against his legal wife. Amongst all crimes against women, marital rape seems to be one of the most under reported crimes in the country with little statistics available.$^6$ The reason behind this might be the lack of awareness and the exemption under IPC Section 375. Traditional societies such as ours, often attach rape with being unclean and hence the fear of stigmatisation by victims is quite common. Furthermore, it is often seen that Indian society celebrates the birth of a male child while the girl child is seen to be burdensome thus, she is suppressed. The strict rod of patriarchy dictates that men will be men to dominate over woman kind, and she a dutiful wife fulfilling her husband’s every wish. In a study done by the International Institute of Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, it was reported that 26 per cent of women in Pune, 23 per cent in Bhubaneswar and 16 per cent in Jaipur often have sex with husbands against their desire.$^7$ --- $^6$ Infra note 45. $^7$ Mihika Basu, Marital rape is an ugly reality, The Indian Express, Apr. 30 2013, available at: http://www.indianexpress.com/news/marital-rape-is-an-ugly-reality/1109618/. The study further revealed that drinking has been one of the major causes of non-consensual sex in marriage. S K Singh, who headed the research, said: “This is marital rape. Overall, 2 per cent of women in Bhubaneswar and 6 per cent in Jaipur and Pune said their last sexual intercourse had some component of alcohol. The use of alcohol was three times higher in slum areas as compared to non-slum areas in cities. Twelve per cent of women in Pune slums, 5 per cent in Bhubaneswar and 9 per cent in Jaipur slums reported use of alcohol during their last intercourse.” Clearly these statistics indicate that women are victimised and sexual intrusion in marriage does exist; thus, women require a better state protection. Furthermore, in a report given by The Times of India, Tarun Goomber, a criminal lawyer indicated that most Indian women avoid sharing details of sexual abuse by their husbands.$^8$ He stated that: “Most women restrict their complaints to mental and physical harassment. Very few come forward to share cases of marital rape. Also, even if they do, there is no law that can book a husband for rape if the wife’s age is more than 15 years.”$^9$ Such is caused by societal prejudice against women and cultural beliefs which are often narrow. The blame game happens and women are stained with shame and become outcastes if rape is reported. Women are not sexual slaves; they all deserve to be treated with respect and dignity regardless of sex. These kinds of social attitudes lead to dual victimisation. Such attitude should be replaced with compassion and rehabilitation opportunities should be provided to the traumatised victims. Most importantly, society needs to be educated and social awareness should be the focus to ward off such prejudiced attitudes. $^8$ Naziya Alvi Rahman, Stir against marital rape: Yes, it happens, The Times of India, Feb. 14, 2013, available at: http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-14/delhi/37099318_1_girl-child-sexual-assault-rashmi. $^9$ Id. III. A BLAST FROM THE PAST Intolerant attitudes towards women can also be traced down in history when women were treated as chattel. The word rape is derived from the Latin word ‘rapio’ which means ‘to snatch’. It literally means a forcible seizure and this element has become the characteristic feature of the offence. Narrowly defined, it is the ravishment of a woman without her consent by force, fear or fraud or the carnal knowledge of a woman by force against her will. From the words used to describe violation of women such as snatch and seizure, one can infer that the treatment of women was like that of property. In ancient India, sexual offences were considered to be one of the most heinous crimes against a woman which were punishable by law. As per Hindu Law, they were divided into two classes the first being rape or Sahasa and the second, adultery or Stri Sangraba. The code of Manu prescribes corporal punishment for such crimes against women. In British India, Thomas Macaulay took his seat as Law Member on the Supreme Council under the charter of 1833, where he took on the task to frame provisions for India’s modern anti rape law. He included sections 359 and 360 in the IPC as offences of rape against women to which the punishment for such crimes were specified therein, however marital rape was not defined in the said statute. Moving on to the history of marital rape exemption, it can be traced back to seventeenth century England in C.J., Sir Matthew Hale’s --- 10 Vandana, Sexual Violence Against Women 67 (2009). 11 Id. at 68. 12 Id. 13 Id. at 94. 14 Id. 15 Id. at 95 As cited in Sir Edmund C. Cox, Police and Crime in India 9 (1976). book Historia Placitorum Coronae which has received much criticism, as it states that: “But the husband cannot be guilty of a rape committed by himself upon his lawful wife, for by their mutual matrimonial consent and contract the wife hath given up herself in this kind unto her husband, which she cannot retract.” Sir Matthew Hale offers no citation to support this statement; briefly examining this point it is observed that husbands may not be charged with the rape of their wives, as per the “cautionary rule” of matrimonial consent. The Cautionary rule is a rule of practice to assist judges with analysing evidence. It requires judicial officers to exercise caution before adopting the evidence of certain witnesses on the ground that the evidence of such witnesses is inherently and potentially unreliable. To the present day this rule remains an integral element of rape trials in many Anglo-Saxon jurisdictions. However, the doctrine of marital rape was for the first time discussed in the appellate court of England in R v. Clarence, though the defendant was not charged with rape the case became a precedent for a wife to protect herself from non-consensual sex as opposed to Sir Hale’s biased statement. Furthermore, in England the first attempt to prosecute a husband for marital rape was in the case of R v Clarke where the court held that consent had been revoked due to non-cohabitation. It was the first of a number of cases in which the courts found reasons not to apply the exemption made by Lord Hale. Nevertheless, it took more than a hundred years for England to criminalize marital rape since the Clarence case was examined. --- 16 Matthew Hale, The History of the Plea of the Crown (1778). 17 G. Geiss, Lord Hale, Witches and Rape, 5(1) Brit. J. L. & Soc’y (1978) [Hereinafter Geiss]. 18 Id. 19 Nikki Naylor, Chapter Eleven: The Survival of the Cautionary Rule, Women’s Legal Centre, available at: http://www.ghjru.uct.ac.za/sexual-offence-bill/Cautionary-Rule.pdf 20 Supra note 15. 21 R v. Clarence, (1888) 22 Q.B.D 23. 22 R v. Clarke (1949) 2 All ER 448. In 1991 by a unanimous decision given by the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords, marital rape exemption was abolished in a decision in R v R.$^{23}$ Here, Lord Keith of Kinkel stated that the lower court’s contortions of marital rape exemption were illogical, it was held, that “the fiction of implied consent has no useful purpose to serve today in the law of rape”$^{24}$ and that the marital rights exemption was a ‘common law fiction’$^{25}$, Consequently R’s appeal was dismissed, and he was convicted for committing the crime. Thence the beginning of the criminalisation of marital rape in Common Law England. Most common law countries such as Australia, South Africa and Canada have also followed suit and abolished marital rape law exemption. Australia legislatively removed marital rape immunity in all jurisdictions from 1976.$^{26}$ Australian Law Section 73(4) of the Criminal Law Consolidation Act, 1935 provides that ‘No person shall, by reason only of the fact that he is married to some other person, be presumed to have consented to an indecent assault by that other person.’ Furthermore, this common law exemption of spousal rape was also repealed in Canada in 1983.$^{27}$ South Africa has explicitly removed ancient common law belief of spousal rape. Section 5 of the Prevention of Family Violence Act 1993 states ‘Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any law or in the common law, a husband may be convicted of the rape of his wife.’$^{28}$ --- $^{23}$ R v. R (1992) 1 A.C. 599, House of Lords. $^{24}$ Geiss, Supra note 15 at 617. $^{25}$ Geiss, Supra note 15 at 623. $^{26}$ Oxford University, The Reform of India’s Sexual Violence Laws, Jan. 2013, available at: http://denning.law.ox.ac.uk/news/events_files/2013.1__Submissions_on_Indian_Sexual_Violence_Laws.pdf (last visited Oct. 14, 2013). $^{27}$ Id. at 4. $^{28}$ Id. at 4. IV. INDIA’S LEGAL POSITION ON MARITAL RAPE A. Marital Rape exemption under Section 375 As a result of deep cultural norms and patriarchal values, domestic violence is viewed as a private family matter that should be settled within the home without any need for external intervention.\textsuperscript{29} Therefore the burden lies on the women as she is being bound by such social norms. Section 498\textsuperscript{30} of the IPC is an available remedy against violence and cruelty within marriages; however, these were limited in approach and did not address the immediate relief and support.\textsuperscript{31} Adding to the problem, victimised women in India wishing to challenge sexual abuse by their husbands are being denied state protection, due to the general marital rape exemption under Section 375 of the IPC. Here only two groups of women are covered under this statute, those below the age of fifteen and those separated from their husbands. Thus, marital rape is not a criminal offence under the Penal Code. Punishment for the rape of a girl below twelve may be imprisonment for ten years or more, while the rape of a girl under fifteen years carries a lesser sentence if the rapist is married to the victim.\textsuperscript{32} When a man has \textsuperscript{29} Lawyers Collective, \textit{Staying Alive: On the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act} 3 (2005) (hereinafter \textit{Staying Alive}). \textsuperscript{30} IPC § 498A- Whoever being the husband of the relative of the husband of a woman, subjects such women to cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine. \textsuperscript{31} \textit{Staying Alive}, \textit{Supra} note 29 at 4. \textsuperscript{32} IPC § 376 states the punishment for rape.—(1) Whoever, except in the cases provided for by sub-section (2), commits rape shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than seven years but which may be for life or for a term which may extend to ten years and shall also be liable to fine unless the woman raped is his own wife and is not under twelve years of age, in which cases, he shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years or with fine or with both. carnal intercourse with a woman against her will or without her consent the offence of rape is said to be committed.\textsuperscript{33} Therefore, hiding rape behind the veil of marriage is a flawed exemption to rape; after all intercourse without consent is rape irrespective of being married or not. \textit{B. Law Commission Reports} The Law Commission in its 42nd Report advocated the inclusion of sexual intercourse by a man with his minor wife as a criminal offence but the Joint Committee that reviewed the proposal dismissed the recommendation. The Committee argued that a husband could not be found guilty of raping his wife whatever be her age. Sex seems to be the part and parcel of a marriage. In 1983 section 376-A was added in the IPC criminalizing the rape of a judicially separated wife by her husband.\textsuperscript{34} However, this legislation does not abolish marital rape and seemingly grants a husband to rape his legal wife as the exception under Section 375 still remains.\textsuperscript{35} The 172\textsuperscript{nd} Law Commission Report looked at the case of \textit{Sakshi v. Union of India and Others}\textsuperscript{36} in order to set certain recommendations for rape laws. Sakshi, an organization involved in issues of women and children filed a writ petition to the Supreme Court asking for guidelines concerning the definition of rape in the IPC along with the inclusion of marital rape. The Supreme Court observed that the 156\textsuperscript{th} Report of the Law Commission did not look into the precise issues raised in the writ petition. Thus, in August 1999 the Honourable Court directed the Law Commission to deal with these issues afresh. After detailed consultations and \textsuperscript{33} Daulat Ram Prem, \textit{Cross Examination: Arguments & Instructive Trials}, 525 (8\textsuperscript{th} ed. 2001). \textsuperscript{34} \textit{LAW COMMISSION OF INDIA}, 42ND REPORT, \textit{INDIAN PENAL CODE}, ¶ 16.115, at 277 (1977). § 376A was added based on the recommendations of the Joint Committee on the Indian Penal Code (Amendment) Bill, 1972 along with the 42\textsuperscript{nd} Law Commission Report. \textsuperscript{35} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{36} \textit{Sakshi v. Union of India and Others} 2004 (5) SCC 518. reviews with the organization, the Law Commission released its 172\textsuperscript{nd} Report on the Review of Rape Laws in 2000. The Report proposed that the definition of “sexual assault” could be adopted in place of the existing definition of rape in Section 375 IPC as “it is wide, comprehensive and acceptable”. It also suggested that Section 376 should be modified and that a new section namely Section 376E should be added with the title ‘unlawful sexual conduct’. The explanation to proviso (2) of Section 375 of IPC should be deleted and the age of wife as explained in the aforementioned section should be raised from ‘fifteen’ to ‘sixteen’. It also anticipated that there was a need to amend Section 509 of the IPC by providing harsher punishment where the offence set out is committed with sexual intent. Additionally, the Justice Verma Committee Report also recommended that the exception allowing marital rape should be removed. It also included that marriage or an intimate relationship may not be regarded as a mitigating factor justifying lower sentences for rape. Thus, so far we have seen that all these recommendations echo one common goal of erasing spousal rape. C. Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 After years of discussion, the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 (hereinafter PWDVA) came into force in 2006. Here, the Act offers a civil remedy for crimes against women including marital rape; it also provides protection against other forms of sexual perversions and domestic violence. --- \footnote{Law Commission of India 172nd Report on the Review of Rape Laws, 2000 available at: http://www.lawcommissionofindia.nic.in/rapelaws.htm (last visited Aug 16, 2013).} \footnote{Report of the Committee on Amendments to Criminal Law, Jan. 23, 2013 available at: http://www.prssindia.org/uploads/media/Justice%20verma%20committee/js%20verma%20committee%20report.pdf (last visited Oct. 14, 2013).} \footnote{Peter Foster, \textit{India Outlaws Wife-Beating and Marital Rape}, THE TELEGRAPH, Oct. 27, 2006 available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1532567/India-outlaws-wife-beating-and-marital-rape.html.} PWDVA provides protection against sexual violence in a live-in-relationship or marriage given that it is life threatening and can be grievously hurtful.\textsuperscript{40} However, it is quite unsatisfactory as violence against women should be seen as a criminal offence rather than just a civil wrong. Considering marital rape as a criminal offence punishable by law would act as a prevention of such acts in future. One must however acknowledge the fact that the Legislature in India has tried to make the punishment for sexual offenders more stringent, this is seen in the Criminal Amendment Act, 2013. Recently, those who were involved in the ‘Delhi gang rape case’, the Court declared, were to be punished with a death sentence on September, 2013.\textsuperscript{41} The Indian civil community saw this as justice served which is believed to be a clear example of deterrence. \textit{D. Criminal (Amendment) Act, 2013} Nevertheless, the recent Criminal Amendment Act of 2013 satisfies some of the requirements that were previously proposed in the Law Commission 172\textsuperscript{nd} Report of 2000. Section 375 has given a clearer and more expansive meaning of rape under subsection (a) which now includes penetration of penis in the mouth, urethra or anus of a woman which is against her will.\textsuperscript{42} Furthermore, it has also incorporated the age of consent from 16 to 18 years. The punishment for rape under section 376 has become more stringent with the addition of Sections 376A, 376B, 376C and 376D. Wherein, Section 376A relates to intercourse with a husband during separation without the consent of his wife. The punishment for \textsuperscript{40} Lawyers Collective Women’s Rights Initiative, \textit{Ending Domestic Violence Through Non-Violence: A Manual for PWDVA Protection Officers}, at 3, available at: http://www.lawyerscollective.org/files/Soft%20copy-PO%20Manual.pdf. \textsuperscript{41} \textit{Delhi gang-rape case: Death sentence for all four convicts}, \textit{THE TIMES OF INDIA}, Sept. 13, 2013, available at: http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-13/india/42039872_1_advocate-v-k-anand-four-convicts-delhi-high-court. \textsuperscript{42} \textit{The Criminal (Amendment) Act, 2013}. the same may extend up to two years. Further, Section 376B punishes a public servant, Section 376C is punishment against the Superintendent of a jail and Section 376D punishes the management or staff of a hospital. In these cases punishment will be given to those who take advantage of the victim’s position. Accordingly such sexual intercourse, not amounting to the offence of rape, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years and shall also be liable to fine.$^{43}$ Rape under the new law outlines life imprisonment as the maximum sentence. It also sets down the death penalty for repeat offenders and those whose victims are left in a ‘vegetative state’. Gang rape has been recognised as an offence, while sexual harassment has been redefined to include unwelcome advances with sexual overtures and showing pornography without consent.$^{44}$ In addition, police and hospital authorities would be imprisoned up to two years if they fail to register a complaint or treat a victim. Stalking and voyeurism has been addressed as crime with punishments up to seven years. Even though there are many positive reforms with respect to criminal amendment Act of 2013, it still has its shortcomings. One of which is the non inclusion of marital rape. Many NGO’s and women activists have criticised this non inclusion. For instance, Sudha Sundararaman, General Secretary, All India Democratic Women’s Association in a newspaper report had said, “The Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance has been undertaken hastily. When the Government is trying to improve the overall legal system, it should not have done an arbitrary $^{43}$ § 376B, § 376 C and § 376 D, IPC. $^{44}$ Maitreyee, President signs new anti-rape bill: Are all women safe now?, One India News, Apr. 3, 2013 available at: http://news.oneindia.in/2013/04/03/new-strong-anti-rape-bill-are-all-women-safe-now-1185281.html pick-up of issues. The definition of sexual violence has been widened with the inclusion of acid attacks and stalking. But why leave out rape within marriage?”\textsuperscript{45} It is rather disappointing that the Criminal Amendment has still not addressed marital rape after years of discussion and recommendations. The various criminal law reports and the recommendations given by the Justice Verma Committee in January 2013 have all fallen to deaf ears. Legislature needs to wake up and realise that the punishment of marital rape is of equal importance to protect women. In the latter part of this paper I shall be analysing some of the possible reasons why marital rape has not yet been made a criminal offence. V. Analysing Marital Rape Prosecution A. Implied Consent Theory of Marriage Most likely, some of the reasons why marital rape has not been criminalised might have its roots in the consent theory of marriage. The contract theory of marriage in Sir Matthew Hale’s \textit{Historia Placitorum Coronae} establishes the notion that “By their mutual matrimonial consent and contract the wife hath given up herself in this kind unto her husband, which she cannot retract.”\textsuperscript{46} This 1736 year old doctrine therefore provides that in marriage the husband has the licence to rape his wife giving him absolute immunity against the commission of a wrongful act. This was a practise in common law jurisprudence until it was made illegal in England in 1991. If we still follow Hale’s doctrine then it would be a contradiction to the Indian Constitution. It would also go against the spirit of International Humanitarian Law which emphasizes on the right to protect human life and dignity. Thus, consent to \textsuperscript{45} Aslesha Kadian, \textit{It’s time we recognise marital rape for the crime it is}, \textit{The Hindu Business Line}, Mar. 13, 2013, available at: http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/on-campus/its-time-we-recognise-marital-rape-for-the-crime-it-is/article4505339.ece [Hereinafter Kadian]. \textsuperscript{46} Hale, \textit{Supra} note 15. marriage does not mean consent to rape and torture within that particular marriage. B. Privacy Principle One of the most compelling rationale behind the marital rape exemption is fostering marital harmony and intimacy by protecting the privacy of the marital relationship.\textsuperscript{47} Marriage in India is a private family affair that should be allowed its space without any state interference as it would disturb the reconciliation process between husband and wife. The complaints of marital rape will break the very thread that binds husband and wife and the big Indian family together. The rationale behind this is definitely misguiding by stating that all marriages are true to the ideal conception of the harmonious and intimate nature of marital relations.\textsuperscript{48} Most commonly it is also seen that there is a constant fear in a woman’s mind due to social stigmatisation and family ties. The saas-bahu relationship and family within the house of the in-laws is one major cause for gagging such abuse. In India the wife generally lives in the in-laws household and often she is made to keep silent on such family matters. However, it is a fact that the state has no interest in preserving a deteriorated marriage and marital rape is one of the strongest signs of such deterioration. The justice system is at its place to serve and protect victims of such heinous crimes encouraging forced cohabitation with a sexual predator would be a contradiction of its very establishment. Once again the privacy principle is another example of faulty assumption for not criminalising marital rape. \textsuperscript{47}Note, \textit{To Have and to Hold: The Marital Rape Exemption and the Fourteenth Amendment}, 99(6) HARV. L. REV., 1268 (April, 1986). \textit{See Griswold v. Connecticut}, 381 U.S. 479, 486 (1965) (holding that the Constitution implicitly protects the right to marital privacy). \textsuperscript{48}Id. C. Evidentiary Difficulties “Prove rape by my husband, for God’s sake,” Anne Tebedo argued; while she voted against a 1988 bill to make forced sexual intercourse in marriage a crime (rape) in her state. She strongly emphasised the critical dangers of newly introduced legislation as according to her, if a woman is having problems, she might abuse it. All of a sudden she gets tired of him and she yells ‘Rape!’$^{49}$ Evidentiary problems make marital rape difficult to prove due to exemptions in law. This view is rooted in the belief that vindictive wives may take the upper hand and threaten their husbands with fabricated rape claims to avenge upon personal wrongs, this is a clear reflection of discriminatory attitude towards women. Yet in cases of rape by strangers such beliefs do not come into the picture, there is no rigid rule that there must be corroboration of evidence of the prosecutrix in rape cases as seen in Bhoginbbhai Hirijbbhai v. State of Gujarat.$^{50}$ Then why should it be any different in spousal rape? Rape is one of the most under reported crimes, women in general and wives in particular are afraid to file legitimate complaints of rape due to the social stigma associated it. Our culture tends to crucify such women thus feeding into a secondary form of victimization through public humiliation and by the judicial system in the prosecution process. The evidentiary argument against marital rape would be a red herring meant to distract from the actual facts of the case. Marital rape is the same as any forceful sexual intrusion by a man against a woman, thus such an evidentiary rational is irrelevant. D. Failure to Amend Exemptions of Rape under Statute Nowhere in our Constitution can we find reference for the differential treatment between married and unmarried women. It should also be articed that since the $^{49}$ D. Russel, Rape in Marriage, New York, Macmillan (1982). $^{50}$ Bhoginbbhai Hirijbbhai v. State of Gujarat AIR 1983 SC 753. very inception of the Indian Penal Code in 1860, India, much like that of other legal systems, regard rape as a crime as stated in IPC Section 375, but much to our disappointment marital rape is an exception to this section, it states that: “Sexual intercourse by a man with his wife, the wife not being under sixteen years of age is not rape.” This exception is in clear contradiction to Article 21 of the Indian Constitution which is a fundamental right protecting life and personal liberty, and which also entails the right to ‘live with human dignity free from exploitation’ as interpreted in the case of Olga Tellis. With no definite mention of marital rape in the Indian Penal Code and with an exception like this, it makes it very difficult to prosecute a husband raping his wife as there are no established laws in this regard. E. Protection of Life and Personal Liberty under Article 21 Article 21 is a fundamental right under the Constitution of India; it enshrines the protection of life and personal liberty of a person. In the case of Suchita Srivastava v. Chandigarh Administration, an orphan woman aged 19-20 who was suffering from mild mental retardation was found pregnant and was asked to abort the child as per the provisions of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy act, 1971. The Supreme Court in this case held that: “There is no doubt that a woman’s right to make reproductive choices is also a dimension of “personal liberty” as understood under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. It is important to recognise that reproductive choices can be exercised to procreate as well as to abstain from --- 51 CHAP. XVI § 375, The Indian Penal Code 1860. 52 Olga Tellis and others v. Bombay Municipal Corporation and others, AIR1986SC180. 53 Suchita Srivastava v. Chandigarh Administration, (2009) 9 SCC 1. 54 M.P JAIN, INDIAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 1191 (6th ed. 2010). procreating. The crucial consideration is that a woman’s right to privacy, dignity and bodily integrity should be respected.” In Madbukar Narayan Mardikar⁵⁵ the Supreme Court protected the right to privacy of a prostitute. The Court held that even a woman of easy virtue is entitled to her right as and when she likes.⁵⁶ Thus, by way of interpretation the Supreme Court recognises that a person has a choice and right over his or her own body under Article 21. If un-married women have a right to their bodily safety then why are Indian wives left behind from the protection against such sexual exploitation? The exemption under IPC section 376 is, thus, clearly erroneous and in contradiction to the Constitution of India under Article 21. F. International Obligation and Women’s Protection India has become a party to the Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against Women (hereinafter CEDAW) on the 30th of July 1980 and ratified it on the 9th of July, 1993.⁵⁷ Herein, the Indian Government as with all signatories to the CEDAW declared that “violence against women constitutes a violation of basic human rights and is an obstacle to the achievement of the objectives of equality, development and peace.”⁵⁸ In addition, the CEDAW also stated that “Violence against women means any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivat- --- ⁵⁵ Maharashtra v. Madhukar Narayan Mardikar, AIR 1999 SC 495. ⁵⁶ Jain, Supra note 54 at 1237. ⁵⁷ United Nations Treaty Collection, Chapter IV Human Rights, Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against Women, (Dec. 18, 1979), available at: https://treaties.un.org/pages/viewdetails.aspx?src=treaty&mtdsg_no=iv-8&chapter=4&lang=en. ⁵⁸ Women and Violence, available at: http://www.un.org/rights/dpi1772e.htm. Article 5 of the CEDAW requires that all member states should modify cultural practices of sexual prejudice and stereotypes. Indian legal jurists have also taken notice of CEDAW under Chapter 2 of the Justice Verma Report. The Chapter talks about ‘Gender Justice and India’s Obligations under International Conventions.’$^{60}$ The Report under the said chapter paid emphasis on the recommendations made by the CEDAW in February 2007. CEDAW recommended that the country should ‘widen the definition of rape in its Penal Code to reflect the realities of sexual abuse experienced by women and to remove the exception of marital rape from the definition of rape.’$^{61}$ As a member country, India is required to follow the provisions by CEDAW and amend its marital rape exemption under the IPC. However, it is saddening to know that till date the issues of marital rape find no mention in the Indian criminal laws. VI. CONCLUSION Presently the exemption clause under section 375 is seen as a panacea for problems of investigating and prosecuting spousal rape. Though the recent Criminal Amendment Act, 2013 is a deterrent for crime against women yet it aborted the issue of marital rape. The Indian Parliament made a tragic flaw by not addressing the issue under Sections 375 and 376 thus, sacrificing the anti-rape security of married women. It is clear that marital rape is a human rights violation and not just a crime of passion. Under India's international obligations, the government is required to take action to eliminate marital rape. Most common law countries like Canada, Australia $^{59}$ Art. 1, UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women A/RES/48/104 85th plenary meeting Dec 20, 1993. $^{60}$ Supra note 34. $^{61}$ Kadian, Supra note 45. and South Africa have already amended and abolished the marital rape exemption in their legal texts. Indian Parliament must officially repeal section 375 of the IPC and remove it from the sphere of judicial interpretation and discretion. In addition, section 376E should be added to describe the punishment specifically for marital rape as recommended under the 172\textsuperscript{nd} Law Report. Repealing section 375 will aid in enlightening the Indian population that marital rape will not be tolerated by the government. In addition, rape in marriage and during separation should be treated as one and the same. Therefore, we need a completely different section regarding marital rape so as to avoid future complexities and ambiguities in the prosecution process. The punishment and explanation of marital rape as a criminal offence has been missed out in this year’s Criminal Amendment Act, however it is never too late to improve the law. Most importantly awareness spreading and capacity building is the need of the hour because many Indian women are still unaware of their legal rights and where they can reach out. Societal stigmatisation and the belief that women are subservient to men should seize and women need to be empowered. Such beliefs endanger the life of both urban and rural women, rape is rape and marriage is not an excuse for such a heinous act of violence. The first step in order to empower and educate women to stand up against such inhumane acts would be to abolish the existing marital rape exemption. We have had words piled on words now it’s time to act. This brief comment discusses my thoughts on women empowerment and what it means for a progressive nation like India. I start by addressing the wisdom of our forefathers in their inclusion of the right to equality under the Constitution of India, 1950. Further, I have briefly discussed the role of women in ‘Khasi’ or ‘Hynniewtrep’ society and the right to freedom that is given to them. At the same time I have also addressed the arbitrariness of the non-inclusion of women in traditional institutions like the village durbars in Meghalaya and ‘panchayats’ in other parts of India. I have tried to show the importance of women leadership at the grassroots for empowering women. In conclusion, I have emphasized that it is the society’s mindset that needs to change in order to truly empower women. Chairperson of the Meghalaya State Commission for Women Government of Meghalaya. She is an active social worker and has contributed towards the development of women in the state. This article is an adaptation based on one of her speeches addressing the need of having more female representation in politics. Address: 36 Lachaumiere, Shillong-793001 Meghalaya, India. E-mail: theilinphanbuh[at]yahoo.in. I. INTRODUCTION Human development is one of the main attributes of a growing and developing nation. It is crucial that both men and women work together to bring about progress in the society and the country as a whole. Thus, the role of a woman is equally as important to that of a man. With that being said it was not that long ago when women were only seen in the domestic arena and were not given the right to vote, let alone participate in politics. It was a gradual transition in the history of mankind that women were given equal opportunities as seen in modern India today. Once India was emancipated from British rule, our forefathers founded the Constitution of India in 1950. It was based on the principles of equity and non-discrimination, giving equal rights and opportunities to all of its citizens irrespective of caste, creed, sex or religion. The enactment of such liberal laws paved the way for Indian women to foster leadership in the field education, health, social work, politics, administration and the like. India, after independence saw a number of women in leadership positions. Mrs. Indira Gandhi was such an example when she became India’s first female Prime Minister in 1966. It is no longer uncommon to see more women in Parliament taking the yoke of authority. Power and authority is no longer just a “Man’s Job”. Women these days are seen in various leadership positions in both national and state politics. Some examples are Smt. Meira Kumar (first woman Speaker to the Lok Sabha), Agatha Sangma (Member of Parliament Tura Constituency in Meghalaya), Jailaitha (Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu), Sonia Gandhi (Chairman of the Indian National Congress) and Smt. Sushma Swaraj to name a few. These women have reached such heights because of their education and confidence. This is also because of the foresight of our forefathers that enshrined the right to equality under the Constitution of India.$^1$ In this article, I would be emphasising on the leadership role of women in society right from the grassroots’. I shall be looking into the history of the seat of power of women in Meghalaya referring to ‘Khasi’ women in particular. I would also reflect on the overall importance of women participation in every aspect of a developing nation. II. NEED FOR WOMEN PARTICIPATION AT THE GRASSROOTS It was during India’s freedom movement that Mahatma Gandhi encouraged women to come out of their huts to join the freedom struggle. He said that “no country is free where women population are tied to the kitchen”. Mahatma Gandhi’s main focus was on India’s grassroots, the rural poor and the destitute. He wanted to enable them to move out of their vicious poverty and dependence into a state of self-reliance and sustainable development. In doing so he centred his attention around village industries where both men and women participated together. The spinning of the cotton wheel was seen as a symbol of self-reliance and ‘sawaraj’ Even today we see Gandhian philosophy being followed in our national policy. Wherein, former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi strove to eradicate $^1$ Article 14, The Indian Constitution, 1950. poverty in her ‘garibi hatao’ campaign. The Government in recent times have launched other programmes with the intention to benefit rural poor like Panchayati cooperative etc. However these programmes failed to benefit the rural poor. This was due to factors such as lack of awareness of women’s rights, illiteracy and education. These factors are some of the main obstacles in all spheres of human development. Delhi may be India’s capital and Mumbai the centre of India’s finance but the heart of India lies in the villages. The grassroots is the backbone of the Indian economy where tonnes of food and raw materials are derived from. Women in these villages are one of the most important pillars of society. With this being said, if we do not educate them, we are losing out on a large demographic of able workers in the country. Thus, the development of a nation also requires the education, health and economic self reliance of women especially in villages. Women have impacted every sphere of life be it in the society as a community leader, amongst family members, a professional, as an educator or mother to her children. Every strong structure requires a strong foundation. Women are the base and foundation of society. She is her child’s first teacher and friend hence, she can shape one of the nation’s future leaders. Therefore, at present it is very essential that women at the grassroots level be made literate and trained in leadership and advocacy so that she can pass these skills to her children as well. At present after almost sixty five years of India Independence rapid strides have been made in many fields. The Women’s Reservation Bill is one such effort to increase women participation in Parliament. Nevertheless, it is yet to be passed by the Lok Sabha. Till date we have not been able to see many women leading traditional institutions like the ‘Hynnientrep Durbars’. III. SOCIAL CHANGE AND WOMEN IN INDIGENOUS POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS IN MEGHALAYA When the Government of India declared year 2001 as the year of women empowerment, women all over the country welcomed it with great enthusiasm. The declarations seem to indicate the seriousness of the government to involve more women in the process of social and economic developments. However; women are still facing problems of gender discrimination, oppression and exploitation. They still suffer from widespread social and economic problems such as illiteracy, poverty, malnutrition, maternal and infant mortality, social customs, and neglect of the girl child, child marriages, female foeticide and other problems which hinder the progress of women. Therefore if we want to empower women, we must stress firmly on their socio-economic development and also make them conscious of their rights. So when they are aware of their rights they will be able to fight back and make more significant changes in the society. For instance the ‘Khasi’s’ or ‘Hynniewtrep’ people are an indigenous community found in the state of Meghalaya. This community along with the ‘Garo’ community follow a matrilineal system as opposed to a patriarchal system. David Roy describes Meghalaya’s matrilineal heritage by saying that ‘a man is the defender of the woman, but the woman is the keeper of his trust’. Thus, in the ‘Hynniewtrep’ community both men and women have specific roles to play. Women take care of the household economy and are custodians to property while men take care of the defence and administration of the tribe. In the ‘Hynniewtrep’ society a woman is put --- 2 National Policy For The Empowerment of Women (2001), available at: http://www.wcd.nic.in/empwomen.htm (last visited March 5, 2014). 3 David Roy is a well known Khasi author and scholar. He has written several books and papers on Khasi heritage and culture. 4 About Meghalaya, The Official Portal of the Government of Meghalaya, http://meghalaya.gov.in:8080/megportal/stateprofile, (last visited March 4, 2014). on a high pedestal as she is the life giver and care taker. Thus, the clan lineage is followed from the woman’s side of the family. Though, ‘Hynniewtrep’ women are empowered in terms of freedom to work and to live as they please, they are deprived of taking up administrative leadership in the ‘Khasi’ Parliament or ‘Dorbar Hima’. Only adult men are allowed to be members of this elite traditional institution, for years women have been voicing the arbitrariness of this tradition. However, the times are changing and ‘Hynniewtrep’ women today also participate and are elected as part of the ‘Dorbar Shmong’ which is similar to the village ‘Panchayat’. Empowerment through law is no doubt very essential, but law by itself can bring little change if other conditions do not change. Such changes are brought about by intrinsic mutation of human mind. Social change comes about when a large body of minds think alike and take steps to translate the thoughts into action. Therefore for that matter it is important that women should be in the policy decision making body. It is at this level that women will be able to take a decision concerning women’s problems, because it can be understood better through a woman’s eyes. Therefore in this context we need women who can build up and preserve an independent opinion. We need educated women who can connect and give better perspective to illiterate and young women in society. IV. POLITICAL LEADERSHIP OF WOMEN IN MEGHALAYA AT PRESENT As seen in traditional institutions, politics and administrations were considered the prerogatives of men as far as Meghalaya is concerned. At the village level the ‘Dorbar’ or village council is traditionally headed by the headman. Thus, this level of administration is completely under the domain of men. As mentioned earlier women are restricted from attending durbars, unless specifically called for specific purposes when the services of women are required. While women have a say in household matters, all major areas of decision making are dominated by men. Although some years back, some durbars located in the city of Shillong welcomed women representatives in the executive body of the village council. This has raised the status of ‘Khasi’ women in the administration field. By inducting women in the ‘Dorbar Shnong’ we will be able to handle more problems faced by society. Nevertheless, women in politics are not a recent development in Meghalaya. In 1935 prior to independence, the then governor of Assam created a reserve seat in the Shillong assembly constituency of Assam. In the election held in 1937 two candidates Smt. Mavus Dunn Lyndogh and Smt. Berlina Diengdoh contested the seat.$^5$ The former won the seat and became minister in the Muhammas Sadulla ministry from 1939 to 1941 and again from 1942 to 1945.$^6$ She was the first lady from the North East and the second in India to hold the office of a minister. The next phase was the participation of women of Meghalaya in the Lok Sabha Election. Mrs. Bonily Khongman won the seat in the first general election held in 1952. For the first time, we saw a ‘Khasi’ woman at the Lok Sabha entering parliament as the first lady M.P. from the Assam region. She also had the privilege of leading an Indian delegation to the United Nations in 1957. With the creation of Meghalaya in 1972, more women from ‘Khasi’ and ‘Garo’ Hills had been entering the fray of national politics. Miss Percilina Marak became the first MLA in the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly. The number of women members have also increased with time. So far we have seen women MLA’s such as Marian D. Shira, Maysalin War, Roshan Warjri, Deborah Marak, Irene Lyndogh and Jopsimon Phanbuh. Further at present we have Ms. Ampareen Lyndogh and four other women MLA’s at the Meghalaya Legislature. Perhaps once the $^5$ Women Empowerment in Meghalaya, Meghalaya Human Development Report (2008), available at: http://megplanning.gov.in/MHDR/8.pdf (last visited March 5, 2013). $^6$ Id. Reservation Women’s Bill is put in place we will see many more educated, far sighted women entering politics. V. CONCLUSION In conclusion I would like to emphasize that empowerment of women will be more meaningful only if we first achieve some basic objectives. These basic tenets of women empowerment would be to create awareness regarding social evils, control population, build health infrastructure for maternal care and most importantly to spread literacy. The media can also play an important role in bringing awareness to the public, on health and other women issues. We cannot achieve these goals by laws alone we need the society to become liberal and accept women as a contributing factor towards the country’s progress. It is the mother who is a child’s care giver, friend and most importantly a teacher. She is the one who can shape the nation’s future. Let the invisible hands of the mother who have shaped the destiny of the nation be heard. It is time that these hands are given due recognition. Before the year 2013, women at the workplace were protected by general provisions criminalising sexual assault under the Indian Penal Code and the guidelines under Visbhakha v. State of Rajasthan. The push for gender equality at workplace was prompted through series of violations between the year 2012 and 2013. The 2013 Criminal Law Amendment Act, came into being with women’s protection as the primary focus. Law-makers were urged to fill the vacuum pertaining to transgressions at workplace through the formulation of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 (hereinafter ‘the Act’). The objective of this paper is to analyse the applicability and the scope of the Act towards protection of women. Project Officer, Prison Reforms Programme, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Delhi. She has done her Graduation in Law and Policy Science from National Law University, Jodhpur. Address: 55A, 3rd Floor, Siddharth Chambers, Kalu Sarai, New Delhi-110016. E-mail: aphune.kezo[at]gmail.com. I. INTRODUCTION: INCEPTION OF THE LAW India recognised the need for gender equality when it signed the Convention on the Elimination of all form of Discrimination against Women (hereinafter ‘CEDAW’), 1979 on July 30, 1980 and ratified it on July 9, 1993. It was only in the Vishakha Judgment$^1$ that the Supreme Court had for the first time relied on CEDAW and laid down ‘the Guidelines’. This made it mandatory for all organisations, in both public and private sectors, to provide a sympathetic and reformatory mechanism to enforce the right to gender equality at workplace.$^2$ However, in Medha Kotwal Lele v. Union of India$^3$ the Supreme Court recognised that the Vishakha Guidelines were not implemented. --- $^1$ Vishakha v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 7 SC 1993. $^2$ Veena Gopalakrishnan & Vikram Shroff, India’s New Law on Prohibition of Sexual Harassment at the Work Place, The Chamber’s J., 31(March 2014). [hereinafter Veena Gopalakrishnan & Vikram Shroff] $^3$ Medha Kotwal Lele v. Union of India, (2013)1 SCC 297. The draft of the Protection of Women against Sexual Harassment at Workplace Bill was first introduced and approved by the Union Cabinet in 2007.$^4$ For a period of two years, the Bill had been amended and re-introduced in the Lok Sabha between 2010 and 2012.$^5$ The Lok Sabha finally passed the Bill on September 3, 2013. The Rajya Sabha followed suit, passing the Bill on February 26, 2013. The Bill then got the President’s assent on April 23, 2013 and published in the Gazette of India as Act no. 14 of 2013. The final Act and Rules came through notification by the Ministry of Women and Child Development on December 9, 2013.$^6$ II. SIGNIFICANT FEATURES OF THE ACT A. The Definition Clause The Act defines the term “sexual harassment”$^7$ as inclusive of any one or more of the following:- a. Physical contact and advances; or b. A demand or request for sexual favours; or c. Making sexually coloured remarks; or d. Showing pornography; or e. Any unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature. Some circumstances \textit{may} be treated as sexual harassment at workplace if it includes the following$^8$:- a. promise to preferential treatment; or b. threat of detrimental treatment; or $^4$ Veena Gopalakrishnan & Vikram Shroff’, Supra Note 2 at 32. $^5$ Id. $^6$ Id. $^7$ § 2 (n), Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 [hereinafter ‘the Act of 2013’]. $^8$ § 3 (2), the Act of 2013. c. threat about her present or future employment status; or d. interferences with her work or creating an intimidating or offensive or hostile work environment for her; or e. humiliating treatment likely to affect her health and safety. By virtue of Section 3 (2), these circumstances can contribute significantly as evidence pointing to sexual harassment. According to the Act, an “aggrieved woman”$^9$ entitled to seek redress is a woman of any age, whether employed or not, who claims to have been subjected to any act of sexual harassment. It is a comprehensive term that includes not only the women employees, but any woman subjected to workplace harassment. Another important term is “Employee”$^10$ defined under the Act, which includes any person employed on regular, temporary, ad hoc or daily wage basis, either through an agent or contractor, with or without the knowledge of the principle employer, whether for remuneration or voluntary basis. The persons, thus, included under the term employee, may be a co-worker, a contract worker, probationer, trainee, apprentice or any other such names. The term “workplace”$^11$ has been defined to include not only the usual place of employment but any place visited by the employee arising out of or during the course of employment including transportation provided by the employer for undertaking such journey. B. Complaints Mechanism The Act specifies that all employers of a workplace having more than 10 (ten) employees must set up an Internal Complaints Committee (ICC) to investigate allegations of sexual harassment. At the District level, the Government is required --- $^9$ § 2 (a), the Act of 2013. $^10$ § 2(f), the Act of 2013. $^11$ § 2 (o), the Act of 2013. to set up a Local Complaints Committee (LCC) to investigate complaints against an employer where the Internal Complaints Committee has not been constituted. The ICC is to be constituted by a Presiding Officer, not less than two members, an External member from an NGO or association committed to women’s rights. The Presiding Officer must be a woman employed at a senior level at the workplace and the two members are chosen amongst employees and must preferably have legal knowledge or experience in social work. The Presiding Officer and other members of the ICC can hold office as members for not more than three years. The procedure of making a complaint requires that the aggrieved woman must submit six copies of the written complaint, along with the supporting documents, with the names and addresses of the witness to the ICC or LCC within three months from the date of the last incident. The law makes provisions for third parties to file the complaint on behalf of the woman, in situation where the employee is unable to make the complaint on account of physical capacity, mental capacity or death. Upon receipt of the complaint, one copy of the complaint must be sent to the respondent within seven days. The respondent should then file his reply with his list of documents, names and addresses of witnesses within ten working days. The inquiry must be completed within 90 days from receipt of the complaint. The inquiry report must then be issued within ten days from completion of the inquiry. The employer is then directed to act on the recommendations of the committee within 60 days from the receipt of the inquiry report. The respondent may appeal within ninety days from the date of the recommendations. C. Penalties and compensation The remedies provided by the ICC or LCC may be one of the following as interim relief:- a) Transfer of the aggrieved woman or respondent to any other workplace; b) Grant of leave to the Aggrieved Woman up to a period of three months (such leave is in addition to the paid leave that the Aggrieved Woman is entitled to under other applicable laws); and c) Restraining the respondent from reporting on the work performance of the Aggrieved Woman or writing confidential reports and assigning the same to another person. Penalties imposed on the non-compliance of the Act may consist of compensation of Rs. 50,000 in first instance. In the cases of repeated violations, punishments may include cancellation of an employer’s license or registration to do business, provided by the Government. Punishments prescribed under the service rules of the organisations can also be applied. If an organisation does not have service rules, it may resort to disciplinary action including written apology, warning, reprimand, censure, withholding of promotion, withholding of pay rise or increments, terminating the respondent from service, undergoing a counselling session, carrying out community service or deducting the wages of the respondent payable as compensation to the aggrieved woman. D. Duties of the Employer The Act provides additional duties to the employer in order to ensure protection against sexual harassment. These include$^{12}$: a) To provide a safe working environment, which includes safety from other persons; b) To display, at any conspicuous place in the workplace, the penal consequences of sexual harassment and the order constituting the Internal Committee under the Act; $^{12}$ §19, the Act of 2013. c) To promulgate policies, organize workshops and awareness programs at regular intervals for informing employees of the provisions of the Act, and to conduct orientation programs for the members of the Internal Committee in the manner prescribed by the Rules; d) To provide necessary facilities to the Internal Committee for dealing with complaints and conducting inquiries; e) To assist in securing the attendance of the respondent and other witnesses before the Internal Committee; f) To make all relevant information available to the Internal Committee in relation to a complaint under the Act; g) To provide assistance to the Aggrieved Woman if she chooses to file a complaint in relation to the offense under the IPC or any other law; h) To initiate action under the IPC or any other law against the respondent, or if the Aggrieved Woman so desires, in cases where the respondent is not an Employee, in the Workplace at which the incident of sexual harassment took place; i) To treat Sexual Harassment as misconduct under the service rules and initiate action for the same; and j) To monitor the timely submission of reports by the Internal Committee. III. ANALYSIS The law has confronted many platforms at which a woman may be subjected to sexual harassment. The usage of the term “unwelcome” advances can be ambiguous enough to be construed to mean that determination sexual harassment should be based on consent. This consent basis determination has been removed by the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 2013 that as widened the scope of what “consent” means. The law on protection of women’s rights must not deal with the violation in the view of evaluation of the woman’s dignity and morality. There must also be an unbiased constituting body of members within the ICC and LCC. Having the organisation’s own employees to constitute as members of the ICC makes room for impartiality in the investigation process. The organisation must then make sure to have members whose personal interests will not come into conflict with the deliberation of the complaint by ensuring an impartial body empathetic to women’s rights. i. The Act is not Gender Neutral As is apparent from the title of the Act, the Act extends its protection solely to women. Only an ‘aggrieved woman’ may make a complaint of sexual harassment at the workplace under the provisions of this Act. Therefore men may not avail of the grievance redressal mechanism created by this Act in case they suffer instances of sexual harassment. This argument was presented to the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Human Resource Development by various men’s organizations and groups$^{13}$ before the Bill was passed. The main concerns raised were that it is incorrect to presume that only women can be victims of sexual harassment, that gender should not be given precedence over human rights, that employees should be under a duty to provide a safe working environment to all employees and that there was no data to claim that sexual harassment is faced only by women.$^{14}$ It was further pointed out that sexual harassment laws in a number of countries such as Denmark, U.K., Italy, Ireland, Finland, Germany, Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands are gender neutral.$^{15}$ $^{13}$THE DEPARTMENT RELATED PARLIAMENTARY STANDING COMMITTEE ON HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, 239$^{th}$ REPORT ON THE PROTECTION OF WOMEN AGAINST SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT WORKPLACE BILL, 2010 at ¶ 3.2 (2011). $^{14}$ Id. $^{15}$ Id. at ¶ 3.3. These arguments were ultimately rejected, the Committee’s justification being that ‘while there may be incidents of men facing sexual harassment at the workplace, nobody can deny the fact that given the traditional power equation in our society, it is women who face the disproportionately larger brunt of this scourge.’\textsuperscript{16} It was suggested that there is a need to conduct surveys/studies with regard to sexual harassment of men and women at the workplace.\textsuperscript{17} Alternatively, it was suggested that employers can be mandated to report cases of male sexual harassment in their annual report. These arguments are not convincing. There is research that shows that men may be the victims of sexual harassment even if the most predominant form of harassment is men harassing women.\textsuperscript{18} Though there is a need to carry out studies on sexual harassment of men in India,\textsuperscript{19} there have been reports of such incidents in India.\textsuperscript{20} Therefore, even if the number of female victims of sexual harassment is far larger than the number of male victims, depriving the male victims of grievance redressal merely because they are numerically fewer in number is unjustified. With regard to the suggestion regarding research on sexual harassment of men, such a recommendation is valid, but to base a decision on whether or not men should be protected under sexual harassment laws merely on the numerical incidence of harassment, which such research would reveal is not justified. And as for the recommendation that employers be mandated to include instances of male sexual harassment in their Annual reports, it would be absurd to encourage men to report these incidents but not give them any relief. Understandably, this suggestion was \textsuperscript{16} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{17} \textit{Id.} at ¶ 3.5. \textsuperscript{18} VICTORIA PRUIN DEFRANCISCO, CATHERINE HELEN PALCZEWSKI, COMMUNICATING GENDER DIVERSITY: A CRITICAL APPROACH, 211 (2007). \textsuperscript{19} Supra note 13 at ¶ 3.5. \textsuperscript{20} Kritika Kapoor, \textit{Men too are Victims of Sexual Harassment}, THE TIMES OF INDIA, SEP. 15, 2012, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/man-woman/Men-too-are-victims-of-sexual-harassment/articleshow/16336627.cms not incorporated in the Act as it now exists. The law should be amended, and made gender neutral like the sexual harassment laws that exist in various countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union countries and Pakistan. ii. Possibility of Bias in the Internal Complaints Committee A majority of the members of the Internal Complaints Committee as per the act are supposed to be from amongst the employees within the workplace. This leads to a very high possibility of bias in the Committee, especially if either party holds a high-rank in the workforce. With an in-house dispute resolution process, it is highly possible that the complainant is dissuaded from complaining, in order to preserve the image of the organization. It is also possible that professional interests of the members of the Internal Complaints Committee would compromise the fairness of the Committee’s decision. The case of Jaya Kodate v. Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University$^\text{21}$ is an example of the situation that could result because of bias in the ICC. As observed in the judgment in this case, the ICC members themselves put the defense of the respondents to the aggrieved woman, the respondents were not compelled to enter the witness box, one of the ICC members was a probationer who could be dismissed by the management at any time, there was a lack of cooperation between the ICC members and the report submitted by the majority was prepared without undertaking the exercise of joint deliberations. The Court observed that these were all ‘grave errors sufficient to give rise to a reasonable apprehension in the mind of any aggrieved woman and to cast doubt on independence of the ICC.’$^\text{22}$ The Justice Verma Committee, in its analysis of the Sexual Harassment Bill was of the view that structure mandating the setting up of an Internal Complaints $^{21}$Jaya Kodate v. Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University, W.P No.s 3349, 3450 and 3451 of 2013. $^{22}$Id. Committee was counter-productive to the ends sought to be met’ because ‘the in-house dealing of all grievances would dissuade women from filing complaints and may promote a culture of suppression of legitimate complaints in order to avoid the concerned establishment falling into disrepute.’\textsuperscript{23} The Committee had recommended that it would be better to set up an Employment Tribunal to receive and adjudicate all complaints.\textsuperscript{24} The proposed tribunal was to comprise of two retired judges, eminent sociologists and one social activist.\textsuperscript{25} The disadvantages of such a system would be that it lacks the accessibility and convenience the present system provides for by providing for a forum to address grievances at each workplace. The result of creating a single tribunal to deal with all complaints for a particular region would be possible overburdening of the tribunal with cases, which would mean that obtaining relief in each individual case would be a long drawn out process as it is with civil trials. An alternative solution to the problem could be to increase the number of external members on the ICC from just one, as is the case in the present law. This would increase the objectivity in the inquiry process because under the present system; a single external member could easily be overruled. iii. Punishment for Employer for certain offences under the Act Under the Act, the punishment prescribed for the employer for failure to constitute an ICC, failure to take action according to the recommendations of the ICC, failure to submit an annual report and contravention of any provisions of the Act is a fine of up to fifty thousand rupees, and in case of second conviction, twice the first punishment or withdrawal of business license or registration. Punishing the employer with withdrawal of business license would indeed have a powerful \textsuperscript{23} \textit{Report of the Justice Verma Committee on Amendments to Criminal Law}, 131 (2013). \textsuperscript{24} \textit{Id.} at 130. \textsuperscript{25} \textit{Id.} at 131. deterrent effect, however it would also impact innocent parties such as lower ranking workers in the workforce. A number of stakeholders had expressed this concern before the Parliamentary Standing Committee arguing that; this would result in closure of the business which would affect employees and vendors dependent on the operations of the workplace inspite of their not committing any uncalled for action.\textsuperscript{26} For this reason, the Committee had recommended that the Ministry modify the provision in such a way so as to penalize the employer in a way that does not affect innocent lives.\textsuperscript{27} However this modification was not made. The Act should therefore be amended so as to prevent innocent parties from being affected. It is also recommended that the maximum fine be increased as a sum of fifty thousand rupees may not be a significant enough deterrent for a number of employers who have extremely deep pockets. iv. Absence of an Anti-Retaliation Provision When a complaint is filed by an aggrieved woman against a high ranking person at the workplace, there is always the possibility of her being threatened into withdrawing the complaint or subjected to detrimental treatment in her employment. The present Act does not contain a provision penalizing such conduct. Therefore, an anti-retaliation provision should be inserted in the Act, making it an offence to intimidate or threaten or subject to detrimental treatment the employment of any person who is in the process of making a complaint, or has already made a complaint under the Act.\textsuperscript{28} Similar provisions exist in Australia, Canada, the European Union, the United Kingdom and the United States of \textsuperscript{26} Supra note 13 at ¶ 25.2. \textsuperscript{27} Id. at ¶ 25.4. \textsuperscript{28} Oxford Pro Bono Publico, Submission to the Committee on Human Resource Development, Rajya Sabha, 13 (Feb. 2011). America.\textsuperscript{29} A suggestion to this effect was one of the recommendations of Oxford Pro Bono Publico’s submission to the Committee on Human Resource Development in 2011. v. Duties of the District Officer As per the present Act, the duties of the District Officer are limited to monitoring the timely submission of reports and to take measures as may be necessary for engaging non-governmental organizations for creation of awareness on sexual harassment and the rights of women.\textsuperscript{30} Some of the duties of the employer as per the Act\textsuperscript{31} should be extended to the District Officer as well. The reason for this is the unorganized sector forms about 86% of the workforce\textsuperscript{32} and it is this population that the LCC will cater to. For the LCC to effectively benefit this section of the population it is necessary that the LCC is also required under the law to organize workshops and awareness programs, to publicize the order constituting the LCC and to provide assistance to the aggrieved woman if she chooses to file a complaint under the Indian Penal Code. A large percentage of the unorganized sector consists of persons who are uneducated and may not be aware of the very existence of the LCC. It would be unrealistic for the employer alone in the unorganized sector to take the aforementioned responsibilities because many of them could be possibly unaware of the law themselves. Also, the Act does not contain any provision to ensure the accountability of such employers. The only solution to enable the LCC’s effectiveness would be to allocate these crucial responsibilities to the LCC. \textsuperscript{29} § 94, The Sex Discrimination Act, 1984, see also §.14.1 of the Canadian Human Rights Act, Article 7 of the Council Directive 2002/73/EC, S.27 of the Equality Act, 2010, S 2000(e)-3(a) of the U.S. Code. \textsuperscript{30} § 20, the Act of 2013. \textsuperscript{31} § 19, the Act of 2013. \textsuperscript{32}NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR ENTERPRISES IN THE UNORGANIZED SECTOR, REPORT ON CONDITIONS OF WORK AND PROMOTION OF LIVELIHOODS IN THE UNORGANIZED SECTOR, .21 (2007). IV. CONCLUSION By categorically prohibiting sexual harassment and attempting to provide a convenient grievance redressal mechanism for aggrieved women, the Act marks an important step in the right direction and is a significant addition to the endeavours being made to empower women in India. It is significant because sexual harassment at the workplace largely goes unreported and there exists a culture of trivialization of such acts despite the immense negative impact they have on a person’s personal and professional life. By providing women the right to seek relief for these acts and creating facilities for the same, the Act seeks to encourage women to speak up when they suffer sexual harassment and undo the culture of trivialization. It is therefore a commendable effort at making workplace safer for women this would in turn aid workforce productivity and economic development. The issue related to gender neutrality needs to be addressed so that workplace can be safer for all employees irrespective of gender. Some other important concerns such as the possibility of bias in the Internal Complaints Committee must be examined in detail if the Act is to achieve what it is meant for. The legislation has only been in force for a short while and more issues might develop at the implementation stage. Also, the Act is an addition to existing criminal laws and labour laws and how it will co-exist in this network of laws will also be better understood as the law is applied over time. This is why it is very important that the working of the Act is periodically reviewed and studied in detail so that the necessary amendments are made so as to best serve the purposes of the intended beneficiaries of the Act. It is only then that gender equality would be achieved at the workplace.
Research within the field of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) illustrates that biomedical interventions contribute to a measurable decrease in autistic symptoms.$^1$ These children have high levels of heavy metals, chemicals, viruses, yeast, bacteria and/or parasites.$^2$,$^3$,$^4$ ASD kids are typically put on detoxification protocols which can have adverse effects on their sensitive systems, frequently resulting in a “healing crisis” or worsening of their symptoms. Each child is biochemically unique, requiring an individual approach to detox. One thing that remains consistent among all ASD children is the significant role a healthy liver plays in rebuilding overall health and increasing neurological function. Studies show that their liver function is impaired$^5$,$^6$,$^7$,$^8$ prior to a detoxification protocol and becomes further compromised when given western medications. This paper discusses the benefits of preparing the liver, in particular, Phase I and Phase II liver detoxification pathways prior to initiating detox. Restoring liver metabolism significantly increases the utilization of other biomedical treatments leading to a greater quality of life for ASD children and their families. Environmental Toxins Cause an Imbalance in Phase I and II Function Making the Detox Process Much More Challenging Research shows that when Phase I detox pathway is more efficient than Phase II, lead to a higher risk for adverse health effects when exposed to environmental toxins.$^9$ When there is an imbalance or the liver is overburdened, the liver’s ability to filter becomes impaired. Many of these toxins, heavy metals & chemicals are fat soluble and incorporate themselves into adipose tissue where they may stay for many years. The brain and the endocrine glands are fatty organs, and are common sites for fat-soluble toxins to accumulate. Symptoms may include brain dysfunction, hormonal imbalances and adrenal gland exhaustion. Phase I Liver Detox Pathway Converts a Toxic Chemical Into a Less Harmful Chemical This is achieved by various chemical reactions; such as oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis. Excessive amounts of toxic chemicals such as pesticides can disrupt the P450 enzyme system of this pathway by causing over activity or ‘induction’. The metabolites from this incomplete detoxification process are potentially more harmful than their original toxic compounds. It is important for health that these toxic compounds are not allowed to build up as they contribute to oxidative stress.$^10$,$^11$ For children with ASD, oxidative stress can present as low levels of glutathione and metallothionein, hypersensitivity to environmental toxins, food sensitivities, immune dysfunction, low stomach acid, increase in candida, and inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract and brain. Substances that cause over activity during Phase I are caffeine, dioxin, saturated fats, organophosphorus pesticides, paint fumes, sulfonamides, exhaust fumes, and pharmaceuticals. Phase II Liver Detox Pathway This is called the conjugation pathway, where the liver cells add another substance such as cysteine, glycine or a sulfur molecule to a toxic chemical or drug, to render it less harmful. The conjugation molecules... are acted upon by specific enzymes to catalyze the reaction step. Through conjugation, the liver is able to turn drugs, hormones and various toxins into excretable substances. The toxin or drug becomes water-soluble, so it can then be excreted from the body via watery fluids such as bile or urine. When Phase II is slower than Phase I, as found in ASD children,\textsuperscript{13} these children experience cold or flu-like symptoms, rashes, irritability, increase in anxiety, OCD, regression in skills when they initiate detoxification protocols without preparing their liver for detoxification. “Leaky Gut”, Yeast, Bacteria and the Liver Additional pressure is put on the liver when “leaky gut” is present. Large food molecules, bacteria, fungi, parasites and their byproducts can pass straight into the bloodstream and be presented to the liver for detoxification. The overload of toxins and heavy metals in the environment increases the processing of metabolic wastes created by cell and organ activity which contributes to further stress on the liver.\textsuperscript{14} When the dumping of intestinal toxins occurs on a regular basis, the liver becomes saturated. It can no longer detoxify the poisons, and they are returned to the blood for circulation. This leaves the door open for yeast and bacteria to become systemic. Symptoms of “leaky gut” in ASD children include: food sensitivities, bloating, rashes, irritability, poor concentration, malabsorption, and undigested food in stools, mental and behavioral regressions after eating certain foods. Immune System Most children with autism have a substantial immune abnormality of some type.\textsuperscript{15} “Leaky gut” activates the immune and autoimmune systems. The immune system makes antibodies against the larger molecules because it recognizes them as invading substances. Due to this hyper-stimulated state, excessive inflammatory chemicals like histamine are produced, and in some cases, auto antibodies. When the immune system is overloaded on a regular basis, it is spread thin over a wide array of territory defending the gut, cleaning the blood, fighting inflammation, and warding off pathogens. If histamines become too high, ASD children present with some of the following: hyperactivity, compulsive behaviors, depression, intense mood swings, perfectionism, strong wills, explosive anger, anxiety, hair pulling, lack of focus, scripting, high libido, inappropriate giggling, aggression, change in bowel movements, a craving for salt, frequent urination and rashes. From here the lymphatic system will attempt to collect and neutralize the toxins, but unable to send the toxins to the liver, the body essentially becomes toxic.\textsuperscript{16} Ammonia and the Liver Liver failure is associated with high ammonia levels.\textsuperscript{17} A wide range of the toxic substances produced in a toxic bowel is sent on to the liver, which is the body’s primary detoxification site. During the digestion of proteins, a number of harmful bacteria, including Clostridia, Eubacteria, and Peptostreptococci, produce toxic ammonia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is the result of a perfectly normal process. A healthy liver detoxifies the ammonia by turning it into urea, which is passed out of the body into the urine. When leaky gut syndrome is present, the ammonia remains unprocessed and enters the bloodstream, invading the central nervous system. This is the causal factor of many dangerous symptoms, such as minimal hepatic encephalopathy and the brain is affected.\textsuperscript{18} In children on the autism spectrum we see these signs of excess ammonia; lethargy, seizures, ataxia, unclear thinking, extreme sleepiness, “Spinning Thoughts” i.e. repeating thoughts, OCD type behavior, forgetfulness, trouble concentrating, confusion, and agitation. Multi strain probiotics are helpful in treating an unhealthy liver by preventing the absorption of ammonia from the colon; once again indicating the strong relationship between the liver and the gut.\textsuperscript{19} When probiotics reach the intestines, they are welcomed by the friendly bacteria as a good food source. Through fermentation, the bacteria turn probiotics into lactic and acetic acids. This has the natural effect of reducing the pH level of the large intestine, making it far more acidic. When a high level of acidity is present in the intestines the ammonia remains in its ionized form. In this form, it is not passed on to the liver or diffused into general circulation through the blood. This reduces the toxic load on the liver and reduces ammonia levels throughout the body, including the brain. pH An acidic condition robs the body of oxygen and enables harmful pathogens to thrive. If young patients are too acidic, they can not assimilate nutrients efficiently from the foods they eat or the supplements they take. The body will be forced to pull essential minerals like calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium from the organs and bones to neutralize the acids. \textsuperscript{13} Toxicol Ind Health 1998 Jul-Aug;14(4):553-63. Autism: xenobiotic influences. PMID: 9664646. \textsuperscript{14} Lindros KO, Jarvelainen HA. Metab Brain Dis. 2005 Dec; 20(4):293-8. Chronic systemic endotoxin exposure: an animal model in experimental hepatic encephalopathy. \textsuperscript{15} Studies done by Reed Warren Ph.D. at Utah State University, Sudhir Gupta MD Ph.D., a clinical immunologist at the University of California at Irvine Medical School, and others indicate \textsuperscript{16} Dr. Ron Grisanti http://www.drronisanti.com/Mucosal%20Barrier.htm \textsuperscript{17} Limited capacity for ammonia removal by brain in chronic liver failure. Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe, Fundacion Valenciana de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Avda del Saler, 16, Camino de las Moreras 46013, Valencia, Spain. \textsuperscript{18} Comparison of probiotics and lactulose in the treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in rats. Jia L, Zhang MH. Department of Digestive Diseases, Affiliated First People's Municipal Hospital, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangdong, China. \textsuperscript{19} Comparison of probiotics and lactulose in the treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in rats. Jia L, Zhang MH. Department of Digestive Diseases, Affiliated First People's Municipal Hospital, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangdong, China. As children drain acidic waste through their urine the inner terrain comes into balance. A healthy first morning urine pH should be within the range of 5.5-6.2 with a healthy saliva pH of 6.8 – 7.2.\textsuperscript{20} Saliva pH represents what the body is holding or pH homeostasis. The first morning urine pH represents the metabolic waste we are able to excrete. An alkaline first morning urine pH indicates liver congestion; or a holding onto toxins. Testing the first morning urine pH is an effective way to see if the body is able to get rid of acidic waste efficiently. At the beginning of therapy, the majority of ASD children test consistently with high first morning urine pH, over 6.2, and low saliva pH, less than 6.8, which indicates liver congestion and an over acidic condition. Sulfhydryl group chelators and several western medicines have been noted to alkalinize first morning urine.\textsuperscript{21} Vitamin & Minerals Deficiency of vitamins and minerals are prevalent within the autism community with vitamin B-6, B-12, zinc, magnesium and calcium being discussed the most. As OAT, (Organic Acid Urinary Tests)\textsuperscript{22} show, when liver function improves and the pH have come into healthy range many children are able to utilize nutrients from food and supplements more efficiently. Parents report a need to reduce certain mega doses of vitamins and minerals when this occurs. Cholesterol, Fatty Acid Metabolism and the Liver Two common factors in autism spectrum disorder are low levels of cholesterol and an impaired fatty acid metabolism.\textsuperscript{23} Studies show children with autism, are low in cholesterol -not due to a limited intake but rather an inability to make cholesterol. Cholesterol is produced by the liver and other organs in the body via a complex metabolic pathway. The cholesterol that the liver produces is vital to strengthening the membranes of each and every cell in the body. Bile acids, a by product of the cholesterol metabolism, are made in the liver and are the “detergents” of fat metabolism; they are also signaling molecules that provide the body with key information about the state of the liver.\textsuperscript{24} Symptoms of fatty acid deficiencies in ASD children are skin conditions (dry, bumpy, eczema), diarrhea, fatigue, aggression, failure to thrive, eating disorders, excessive thirst, immune deficiency, hyperactivity, and impaired wound healing.\textsuperscript{25} Organic Acid Urinary Analysis. Developed to assess efficiency of cellular energy production, metabolic toxicity problems/detoxification functions, functional vitamin, mineral and amino acid deficiencies and neurotransmitter metabolism. In addition, this analysis provides important information about clinically significant gut flora imbalances by detecting elevated levels of metabolic waste products from bacteria and yeast. A Case Study: 1 year old girl, presented with typical symptoms of autism, no receptive language or communication, didn’t play with toys, no pointing, no babble, apraxic, no back and forth interactions. bowels were impacted requiring a daily enema, elevated liver enzymes, extreme eczema - she looked like a burn victim. Child is put on a biomedical heavy metal detoxification protocol (TD DMSA) with our addressing liver function. Six months on this protocol and a baseline OAT is performed. See results below. \| Fatty Acid Metabolites \| Baseline Test \| Post Test \| Ref. Range \| \|---------------------------\|------------------\|--------------\|---------------\| \| 3-hydroxybutyric \| 408.46 \| 14.89 \| 0.0-10.0 \| \| Acetoacetic \| 686.27 \| 47.48 \| 0.0-10.0 \| \| adipic \| 13.17 \| 10.40 \| 0.0-12.0 \| \| suberic \| 7.75 \| 1.95 \| 0.0 -2.0 \| \| Toxic Indicators \| \| \| \| \| pyroglutamic \| 27.08 \| 43.56 \| 20.0-115.0 \| \| Vitamin Indicators \| \| \| \| \| Ascorbic \| 129.11 \| 9471.5 \| 10.0-200.0 \| \| Kreb Cycle \| \| \| \| \| Citric \| 138.38 \| 371.10 \| 180-560 \| \| Yeast Metabolites \| \| \| \| \| Arabinose \| 238.09 \| 87.89 \| 0.0-47.0 \| \| glyceric \| 12.20 \| 9.59 \| 0.0-10.0 \| \textsuperscript{20} 2003 Timothy Ray OMD LaC The pH Management of Heavy Metal Detox \textsuperscript{21} http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/BioRaynaturaldetox \textsuperscript{22} Great Plains Laboratory 800-288-0383 http://www.greatplainslaboratory.com, Genova Diagnostics 800-522-4762 www.genovadiagnostics.com \textsuperscript{23} Fatty Acids in Dyslexia, Dyspraxia, ADHD and the Autistic Spectrum Alexandra Richardson, D.Phil (Oxon), PGCE \textsuperscript{24} Bile acids, receptor key in regenerating livers by Ruth SoRelle, M.EH, \textsuperscript{25} Fatty Acids in Dyslexia, Dyspraxia, ADHD and the Autistic Spectrum Alexandra Richardson, D.Phil (Oxon), PGCE Child’s first morning urine pH is 6.8 and saliva is 8.0, both severely out of healthy range. Liver Life is incorporated into her TD DMSA heavy metal detoxification protocol starting with one drop of Liver Life 2x per day. Next day, she has bowel movement with out inducing for first time in several months. Daily independent bowel movements continue on Liver Life and pH’s come into range, eczema completely resolves, liver enzymes come into range. Three months after introducing Liver Life another OAT is performed. OAT results show that Liver Life enabled her to decrease yeast overgrowth, improve the Krebs cycle, and regulate excessive fatty acid oxidation, increase glutathione levels as well as increase nutrient absorption. The excessive levels of Ascorbic indicate that the high doses of nutritional supplements can be lowered, she is assimilating nutrients from her food and supplements more efficiently. Case Outcome: Patient, now 3 years old, is Neural Typical, very healthy, and advanced in all areas, “currently talking circles around other children her age”. Mom says: “Liver Life enabled me to do the treatments that my daughter needed. It was exactly what we were looking for.” Symptomology commonly reported when Liver Function is compromised in ASD Children: - Yeast and bacterial infections - Food intolerances/allergies - Seasonal allergies/high histamines - Significant decrease in absorption of nutrients from food and supplements - Decrease in verbal and non-verbal communication skills - Impaired digestive function - Decreased cognitive ability - Lack of focus - Sensory overload - Emotional outbursts - Skin rashes/conditions (i.e. eczema) - Disrupted sleep How does this help with heavy metal and chemical detoxification? When liver structure and function are impaired or congested, all systems in the body become aggravated, toxins “back up” in the body and signs of a healing crisis ensue. In children on the spectrum this has been seen as “regressing” and symptoms appear as stated above. This process is reversible by giving substances that feed the liver allow it to do the job nature intended: eliminate, manufacture, and store. Improving liver function in ASD children increases the efficacy of allopathic and integrative treatments as well. When the liver function has been restored in ASD children; their doctors, parents and teachers report: - better social skills - increased communication - appropriate speech - more focus - improved comprehension - ability to do school work - more calm - consistency in day to day abilities - better absorption of nutrients from foods - able to decrease mega doses of vitamins and minerals - decrease in food sensitivities - healthier bowel movements While liver function is the primary subject of this paper – all other organs of elimination must also be addressed. In order to maintain optimum efficacy of the chosen chelator, the preparation of the organs associated with detox is more important than the methodology of the chelator. We see and hear of success with many different chelators. Success is equal to how well the organs of elimination are prepared and supported during these interventions. “If more poison is mobilized than can be excreted or neutralized, the poisons redistribute into otherwise healthy tissue and continue to cause cell death, dysfunction or mutation. This produces the symptoms of a ‘healing crisis’, which is really a misnomer for either a crisis of poor case management, the disturbing chemical interaction of mercury with ammonia, acute infections due to the withdrawal of the antimicrobial effects of various heavy metals, or candida die-off symptoms, (which are actually a sudden release of the heavy metals bound into the yeast cell wall as the yeast dies).” How to improve the livers’ structure and function: Foods Whole organic foods contain 300 times$^{27}$ more nutrients than processed foods. These nutrients provide energy and materials for our cells to rebuild. - Eat plenty of fresh fruits and lightly cooked vegetables especially dark green, leafy vegetables and orange, yellow, purple, and red colored fruits and vegetables — they contain living enzymes, fiber, vitamin C, natural antibiotic substances, phyto-nutrients and they are excellent support for Phase I detox pathway. - Eat sulfurous veggies (broccoli, cabbage, etc.) — they assist Phase II detox pathway - Eat foods that increase glutathione levels in the body. Asparagus, watermelon and broccoli are good sources of glutathione while papayas and avocados help the body to produce glutathione. - Supplement digestive enzymes to assist absorption of nutrients needed to restore the alkaline reserve, decrease the stress on the liver and optimize digestion. $^{26}$ 2006 Timothy Ray, L.Ac. OMD Explore! For the Professional, Volume15, Number 5 $^{27}$ https://www.bioray2000.com/uploads/OrganicFoodsareHealthier.pdf How to improve the livers’ structure and function: Remedies & single ingredients – Liver Life is a food for the Liver. Liver Life\textsuperscript{28} is a certified organic blend of live medicinal mushrooms and herbs, a synergistic formula that restores healthy liver function and opens Phase I and II detox pathways. There is a common misconception regarding the use of medicinal mushrooms when candida is present. The high polysaccharide content in some medicinal mushrooms makes them a viable remedy in treating candida. Each quality ingredient listed below contains valuable properties that contribute to “feeding” the liver. \textbf{Himematsutake (Agaricus Blazei)} – modulates the immune system, supports digestive health, speeds up the healing process, and inhibits histamine production. This medicinal mushroom also filters the blood by engulfing and destroying viruses, bacteria, yeast, heavy metals, pollutants and bits of dead tissue. \textbf{Red Root (Jersey Tea)} – assists in the removal of toxins, tissue wastes, acids, and cellular debris. It improves blood circulation, helps to decongest, drain and transport lymph fluids. This herb also has anti inflammatory, antispasmodic, and antimicrobial properties. \textbf{Milk Thistle Seeds} – prevent penetration of liver toxins into the interior of the cell, decongests the liver, prevent the depletion of glutathione, decrease inflammation, purifies the blood, protects the kidneys, protects against free radical damage. \textbf{Olive Leaf} – It prevents pathogens from reproducing and creating more microbes within the body and has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Olive leaf increases the flow of bile and tonifies the liver. \textbf{Coriolus Versicolor} – stimulates the antigen-presenting cell function of macrophages which help to stimulate and strengthen overall immune function. It enhances the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells, contains powerful antibacterial and antioxidant capabilities. \textbf{Ganoderma Lucidum (Reishi)} – modulates the immune system, inhibits histamine release, restores homeostasis, enhances natural killer cell activity, and increases the production of interleukin and interferon. Also, has an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antioxidant property. \textbf{Grifola (Maitake)} – contains unique beta-glucan called D-fraction which protects the body by stimulating immune cells, protects liver tissue from environmental toxins, inhibits both the accumulation of liver lipids and the elevation of serum lipids, activates macrophages and aids the body in adapting to physical and emotional stress. \textbf{End Note} We have seen hundreds of cases where children on the spectrum are put on a moderate to extensive heavy metal detoxification protocol without support for the organs of elimination. Many parents report their children are unable to follow through with the recommended protocol due to significant symptoms of a “detox reaction”. Valuable healing time is lost. Monitoring pH values is easy for both the parent and child; it’s a tool that parents can use to “see” if their child is draining acids. Restoring the liver’s metabolism is a simple, yet profound step in a successful detox protocol for ASD children; improving health and vitality while insuring a gradual and effective detoxification. \textsuperscript{28} Call BioRay, Inc. (949) 305-7454 (www.bioray2000.com) or Scientific Bio-Logics (714) 847-9355 (www.sbiologics.com) to order Liver Life and other BioRay products.
BREAKFAST AND BREADS Breakfast Bagel (G, E, C, S, L, SS) - With a fried egg, smoked ham, melted cheddar cheese, and butter - €4.95 (Served till 11.30) Fisherman’s Glory (L, G, E, F, S, SS) - Scottish smoked salmon, creamy scrambled eggs and rucola, in a toasted bagel - €7.95 (Served till 11.30) El Clasico (G, L, C) - Smoked ham and cheddar cheese toasted sandwich - €4.95 (Served till 11.30) Eggs Guevara (G, L, GC, S, M) - Poached egg served on a toasted brioche loaf slice with sautéed garlic mushrooms, crispy bacon, white truffle cream and Parmesan shavings - €6.65 (Served till 11.30) Senor Ingles - Full English Breakfast (G, GC, S, E, L) - Two fried eggs, two sausages, baked beans, sautéed garlic mushrooms, bacon, grilled tomato, hash browns, toast and butter - €10.95 (Served till 11.30) Huevos a la Mejicana (E, SH, C, L) - Fried eggs in a sauce of cherry tomatoes, peppers and courgette, corn nachos and sour cream, spiced with cumin, parsley, paprika and a touch cayenne pepper - €7.85 Roast Beef Bun (G, E, GC, SH) - Thinly sliced roasted beef chuck with pickled red onions, horseradish mayo and fresh rocahu, served in a toasted brioche bun - €13.95 Cuban Bun (G, C, E, L, S, M, SH) - Smoked ham, thinly sliced slow-cooked pork belly, pico de gallo, cheddar cheese, gherkins, and mustard spread in a toasted brioche - €9.85 Artichoke Salad (V) - A bountiful fresh salad with artichoke hearts, roast bell peppers, pickled cucumbers, pear onion, cherry tomatoes, black olives, fresh rucola leaves, and tossed in our own lemon vinaigrette, served with a side of quinoa - €12.45 Grilled Chicken Salad (SH, C, GC, L) - A moderately spicy Achioté (American flavours) marinated chicken with pico de gallo, radish, black beans, sweetcorn, pickled red cabbage, coleslaw and shredded iceberg lettuce leaves, tossed in our own cilantro cream dressing - €13.45 Pearl Couscous & Grilled Halloumi Salad (SS, L) - Pearl couscous mixed with chopped cucumber, sliced red onion, cherry tomatoes, radish, black olives, pomegranate seeds and grilled Halloumi cheese. Seasoned with paprika, parsley, cumin and mint, and tossed in a Tahini dressing - €11.65 Korean Style Pork (N, S, SH) - Grilled, marinated fat-free fillet of pork with a spicy, sweet chilli paste and cucumber and carrot kimchi, salted peanuts and coriander - €14.95 Six Pack Revolution Salmon Salad (F) - Poached fresh salmon, served with chopped cucumber, sliced yellow bell pepper, carrots and avocado, served with quinoa, lime juice, a touch of coriander and a pinch of pepper - €14.95 Six Pack Revolution Mexican Black Bean Chili (V, SH, GC) - Black beans, red lentils, red bell peppers and onions simmered in a garlic, chilli and tomato paste, richly flavoured by a cumin, coriander and paprika spice mix - €10.95 Achioté Grilled Chicken Breast (N, L, SH, G) - Moderately spicy, marinated and grilled chicken breast with mixed sliced bell peppers and onion, dressed with a salsa verde, a smoky three-chilli sauce and sour cream, served with a side of Cuban rice - €18.75 The Vegan Burger by Moving Mountain (V, M) - A grilled vegan patty with fresh rucola, sliced tomatoes, tangy mango chutney, in a toasted wheat bun, served with fries - €16.85 Focaccia Integrale con Rucola e Ristotta (V, G, LC) - Wholemeal focaccia topped with fresh basil pesto, ricotta cheese, and rucola - €9.95 HOUSE BURGERS Add a portion of fries to your order for only €2.00. Chimi Y Churi (G, L, SH) - A juicy minced pork patty, with a green apple and fennel slaw, dressed with a tangy chimichurri dressing, served in a toasted brioche burger bun - €6.50 Barbacao (G, L, C, N) - Pulled slow-cooked pork with hash browns, pickled carrot, cabbage slaw, red onions and our in-house made BBQ sauce, all served in a brioche bun - €6.50 El Pollito (G, L) - Grilled chicken thigh with a garlic aioli dressing, sliced cucumber and red onions, served in a brioche bun - €6.50 El Pezito (G, F) - Beer-battered white fish fillet with a fresh and zesty coleslaw, dressed with our in-house made tartare sauce, served in a toasted brioche bun - €6.50 La Berenjena (G, S, SH) - Deep-Fried breaded aubergine, coated in a Korean sweet chilli glaze, with a sesame slaw and fresh cucumber slices, served in a toasted brioche bun - €6.50 El Primero (G, L, GC, M, E) - Our basic burger with one beef patty, melted American cheese, our in-house special burger sauce and pickled cucumber - €6.95 Cuba (G, L, S, GC, M, E) - Two patties of succulent minced beef served in a toasted brioche burger bun with red sliced onion, sliced tomato, pickled cucumber, iceberg lettuce and our in-house special burger sauce - €10.45 El Pollo Supremo (G, S, L, E, SH) - Country style deep-fried breaded chicken breast topped with a smoky sweet chilli sauce, pickled red onion and pickled cabbage slaw, served in a toasted brioche bun - €10.95 Santa Clara (G, L, S, M, E) - Double patties complimented with a tangy blue cheese spread, red onion slices, crispy iceberg lettuce leaves, pickled cucumber slices; a smothering of Ranch sauce, served in a toasted brioche bun - €10.95 Havana (G, L, GC, S, M, E) - Our classic two patty burger garnished with our all new in-house burger sauce, crispy streaky bacon, sliced tomato, sliced onion, pickled cucumber, iceberg lettuce and melted American cheese, garnished with crisp-fried onion rings - €12.95 Santiago (G, L, S, GC, M, E) - Our classic double patties with iceberg lettuce, tomato slices, fresh onion, pickled cucumber, pickled mushroom, pickled red onion, pickled cucumber and melted American cheese, dressed with our in-house burger sauce and mushroom ketchup, served in a toasted brioche burger bun - €12.95 Trinidad (G, L, E, GC, S, M, SH) - Two beef patties, crisp fried streaky bacon, one fried egg, sliced onions and tomatoes, pickled cucumber, iceberg lettuce, dressed with guacamole and our Cuba burger sauce, served in a brioche bun - €12.95 GRILLS AND MAINS Our grills and mains are served with fries and rice or salads. Grilled Salmon with Corn Salsa (G, F, L, C) - Grilled fresh salmon accompanied by a tasty sweetcorn salsa with onion, bell peppers, celery and marrows, cooked in white wine, butter and thyme, with a hint of lime and a touch of fresh coriander - €24.25 BBQ Pork Ribs (M, S, L) - A half rack of slow-cooked pork ribs glazed in BBQ sauce - €18.95 Pollo a la Plancha (GC, SH, M, N, Q) - Flame-grilled, achioté marinated chicken thighs served with a pineapple salsa and fresh coriander, served with a smoky-sweet chilli sauce on the side - €19.45 Prime Beef Rib-Eye Steak (S) - Grilled to your taste and served with a wedge of lemon - €28.85 Pork Stilo Milanese (L, G, SH) - Herb breadcrumb-crusted, pan-fried pork chop, served with fresh rucola and cherry tomato, with a balsamic vinegar and salsa verde dressing - €24.85 Chipotle Grilled Pork Belly (L, CE, SH) - Slow-roasted pork belly with a tangy chipotle glazing, served on refried beans and with a piquant salsa verde dressing - €22.85 Ropa Vieja (C) - Traditional Cuban slow-cooked pulled beef stew with bell peppers, olives, onions, and celery. Served with a side of rice with kidney beans and sweetcorn - €19.45 PASTA AND RICE Wholemeal and gluten free pasta are also available at an extra charge of €2.00. Pesto Picante de Camarones (F, G, L, SH) - Spaghetti pasta and shrimps tossed in a red chilli, basil, pine nuts and garlic pesto sauce with a sprinkling of gran cheese - €15.95 Penne tal-Midjala (G, L, GC, E, S, N) - Penne tossed in our own basil pesto, with chicken, cherry tomatoes, mozzarella fior di latte, onions, garlic and a dash of cream - €13.95 Pappardelle Carne y Habanero (G, L, E, SH) - Pasta with a pulled beef ragu, habanero-flavoured cream cheese and a touch of parsley - €14.95 Truffle Elote (L, G, N) - A creamy onion, mushroom and sweetcorn risotto, with a truffle-flavoured cheese sauce - €12.95 Cajun Rice (F, C, GC, SH) - An explosion of colour and taste. Long grain rice with chorizo sausage, chicken breast, mussel meat and prawns, cooked with bell peppers, celery, onion, garlic and seasoned with a Cajun spice mix and thyme - €13.75 CUBA KIDS Pasta alla Napoletana (G, GC, S, V) - Spaghetti or penne with home-made tomato sauce and grana padano (80g) - €5.75 Pasta con Prosciutto e Crema (G, L) - Spaghetti or penne with cream, ham and grana padano (80g) - €5.75 Chicken Strips and Fries (G, S, E) - Breaded chicken strips and fries - €7.95 Super Wudy Pizza (G, L) - Tomatoes, mozzarella fior di latte and Wudy sausage - €6.45 El Niño Burger (G) - 120g fresh beef patty, a squeeze of ketchup in a soft brioche bun and accompanied with fries - €7.95
As the Kentucky Horse Park Foundation looks forward to celebrating the 25th anniversary of Southern Lights this season, it also looks back at the event’s earliest beginnings with gratitude. Launching an event of this scale required not only the support of the local community, but also a collective leap of faith by the KHPF board. The KHPF feels tremendous appreciation for the foresight of those involved in the event’s inception. Linda Green, a current member of the Kentucky Horse Park Foundation Advisory Board, was instrumental in the event’s founding. At the time, she was serving as the Chair of the Equine Division for Lexington Arts & Cultural Council (LACC, now LexArts). She had been privately considering a holiday lights event at the Kentucky Horse Park, and she mentioned this in passing one day after an LACC meeting. Others quickly expressed enthusiasm for the idea. The Lexington Herald-Leader was quick to come on board through the encouragement of Events Coordinator Linda Morgan. The Lexington Convention and Visitors Bureau, led by David Lord, applauded the idea as it had been looking for ways to stimulate tourism during the winter. And the KHPF Board offered their support by agreeing to take out a loan to get the project off the ground. Linda Green and Linda Morgan worked tirelessly with others that first year, securing sponsors, designing light displays, and contracting the construction of the displays. It was a true community effort, with Kentucky Utilities assisting with the electrical needs, the Herald-Leader donating the advertising, and numerous other local organizations stepping up to the plate. Green felt it was important for the event to be affordable and for it to expose individuals to the Kentucky Horse Park, so from the very first year, the event included not only the driving tour, but also attractions guests could enjoy on foot. “I wanted there to be free things to do. I always wanted to keep it affordable for families,” Linda recalls. This is a tradition that has continued and flourished throughout the event’s history. Green remembers the opening night of the event. At 3:00 that afternoon, it became apparent that there was not enough electricity to light up the courtyard. Jamshid Baradarin, Director of Maintenance at the time, scoured every store in the region, gathering up all available extension cords. Linda recalls leaning out the Visitor Center Women’s restroom window while KHP Maintenance Manager Charley Wright fed extension cords to her to be plugged in. Guests were just starting to arrive for the kick-off party. The inaugural Southern Lights was a great success, and in January, Green’s phone started ringing. Corporations that had previously turned down sponsorship requests asked if they could secure a spot for the next year. The three-year loan the KHPF had taken out was paid off after the second year, and the event began to turn a profit. Green is thrilled to see Southern Lights grow and flourish. She is proud that KHP Foundation has remained committed to affordable pricing and attractions that expose guests to the Kentucky Horse Park. Most importantly, she is grateful for the support of those that shared her vision and helped make a lighted driving tour a priceless holiday tradition for thousands of families from across the region. As the season has changed abruptly to Autumn, I find myself thinking about the importance of tradition in a time of change. There are so many traditions associated with the Kentucky Horse Park that I love and celebrate. I love seeing the hundreds of beautiful trees on the KHP grounds changing to vibrant colors before they drop their leaves. I love seeing the KHP horses frolic in the pastures at the first temperature drop after a hot Kentucky summer. I love seeing them begin to don blankets and grow shaggy winter coats in anticipation of the temperature changes ahead. I love seeing the campers in the campground decorating their campsites first with Halloween pumpkins and goblins, and then with festive holiday lights. I love walking with my own family – two-legged and furry four-legged – each year in the Southern Lights Stroll. I love wearing the Stroll t-shirts I have collected from each year we have participated. I love that while we are often half-frozen before the night is over, it always feels like the first step in kicking off the holiday season as a family. I love working at Southern Lights and watching the guests come in to take their “annual family photo” in front of the giant tree or with Santa or Frosty. I love seeing grandparents witness their now grown children bringing their grandchildren to enjoy the same holiday traditions at Southern Lights that they have enjoyed together as a family over the past 25 years. I love the opportunity to re-connect with so many friends and supporters through the Foundation’s year-end fundraising efforts. It is such fun to write personal notes on letters, receive notes and contributions in return, and share my sincere gratitude with so many who love the park as much as I do. As with all things in this world, the Kentucky Horse Park is always changing. I appreciate and embrace the growth and change as I know that it is required to keep the park healthy and relevant in an ever-changing world. But I also cling to the traditions that make this place so special and meaningful. Thank you, dear friends, for providing your financial gifts and volunteer time to help allow the Kentucky Horse Park to change, grow and improve where needed. But thank you also for always helping us protect and celebrate our beloved KHP traditions and preserve the park for future generations. With true gratitude, Laura Klumb Executive Director --- Board of Directors Ms. Ann Bakhhaus Mr. James C. Baughman, Jr. Mrs. Jane Beshear Mr. Derek Braun Stuart E. Brown II, DVM Ms. Elizabeth Caldwell Mr. Andrew R. Clark, DVM,MBA Ms. LuLu Lenihan Davis Mrs. Barclay de Wet Ms. Tawana Edwards Dave Fishback, DVM Mrs. Jennie Garlington Mr. Clay Green Mr. Bill Hilliard Mr. Andrew Jacobs Ms. Meg Jewett Mr. Bill Justice Mrs. Alston Kerr Ms. Teri Kessler Ms. Deborah H. Long Mrs. Deirdre Lyons Mr. Zeff Maloney Ms. Kathy Meyer Mrs. Judy Miller Mrs. Janie Musselman Mrs. Maegan F. Nicholson Mrs. Mary Jane Nuckols Mr. Orson Oliver Ms. Lynn Pedigo Mrs. Eloise Penn Mrs. Catharine Peterson Ms. Nicole Pieratt Mrs. Michelle Primm Mr. Tom Riddle, DVM Mr. Walt Robertson, Jr. Mr. Walt Robertson, Sr. Mr. Justin Sautter Mr. Paul A. Schwartz Mrs. Martha Slaughter Mrs. Jenny Sutton Mr. Richard Sturgill Mrs. Donna Ward Ms. Jane Winegardner --- Advisory Council Mrs. Nina Bonnie Mr. Alex Boone Mrs. Caroline H. Boone Mr. Luther Deaton, Jr. Mrs. Linda Green Mr. Greg Goodman Mrs. Mary Guinness Ms. Dell Hancock Mrs. Misdee Wrigley Miller Mr. Greg Simon Mr. Howard Simpson --- Officers KHP Foundation Chair Clay Green KHP Foundation Vice Chair Andrew Jacobs KHP Foundation Secretary Nicole Pieratt KHP Foundation Treasurer Orson Oliver KHP Foundation Executive Director Laura Harrison Klumb --- Kentucky Horse Park Foundation 4037 Iron Works Parkway, Suite 180, Lexington, KY 40511-8400 PHONE: 859-255-5727 FAX:859-254-7121 EMAIL: firstname.lastname@example.org Follow us on Facebook: Kentucky Horse Park Foundation Photography by James Shambhu unless otherwise noted. TREES OF KHP Trees like these make the Kentucky Horse Park a special place. Our green space sets us apart from other equine venues around the world. The Kentucky Horse Park and Kentucky Horse Park Foundation currently are working together with expert arborists to formulate a long-term plan to both care for our existing trees and plant new ones. We will have more information on this endeavor in a future newsletter, but in the meantime we will gratefully accept donations to help us with expenses related to the planning process. Please earmark your gift to the KHP Tree Fund if you wish to help us create this long-term plan. Kentucky Horse Park Foundation Awards More Than $27,000 in New Grants The Kentucky Horse Park Foundation is pleased to announce that over $27,000 has been awarded in grants to fund 5 projects proposed by the Kentucky Horse Park in the third quarter of 2018. The projects funded as part of the grant application period ending in October were: - $17,000 to be directed towards the 2018-2019 Field Trip Fund, a program that invites any Kentucky public school to visit the Kentucky Horse Park on a field trip free of charge. - $4,500 from the Paul Little Endowment fund to support the Digital Project Manager for the International Museum of the Horse. - $3,000 to be directed towards the International Museum of the Horse to pay the third year of a five-year licensing agreement with the American Museum of Natural History for “The Horse” exhibit components. - $1,325 to be directed towards the International Museum of the Horse to upholster museum office furniture. - $1,287 to be directed towards the KHP Mustang Troop to fund annual instructor re-certification. These grants were awarded through a formal application process, administered by the KHP Foundation Grants Committee, and approved by the full Board of Directors. The Kentucky Horse Park Foundation is dedicated to fulfilling its mission to support the efforts of the Kentucky Horse Park and is thrilled to partner with the park on these important projects! KHPF Celebrates Successful Battle in the Saddle Now in its 6th year, the Battle in the Saddle Celebrity Team Penning Event, held on September 28 in the Kentucky Horse Park Covered Arena, was an overwhelming success. Presented by Boehringer Ingelheim, this beloved event has become a tradition for equestrians and equestrian-enthusiasts from across the Bluegrass, and this year’s event was more thrilling than ever! A fundraiser for the Kentucky Horse Park Foundation, teams competed to pen a group of cattle in the quickest time, vying for Best Overall and the Farm Team Challenge awards. The competition featured a number of enthusiastic and energetic celebrities including: Marvin Bartlett (Anchor, Fox 56), Daniel Boone (American Pioneer played by George Dickson), Steve Cauthen (Award Winning Jockey), P.J. Cooksey (Award Winning Jockey), Claire Crouch (WLEX Anchor/Reporter), Pat Day (Award Winning Jockey), Amber Freeman (WTVQ News Anchor), Caitlin Halliwell (Miss Rodeo Kentucky), Chris McCarron (Award Winning Jockey), Jason Myers (WTVQ Chief Meteorologist), Rosie Napravnik (Award Winning Jockey), Andre Pater (Painter/Artist), Joe Sharp (Thoroughbred Trainer), Andrea Walker (WKYT News Anchor), and Cathy Wieschhoff (International Three-Day Event Rider). The 2018 Overall Winning Team was sponsored by Corner Woods Farm/Green’s Toyota and included Steve Cauthen, Terry Arnold, and Guy Mogge. Each Overall Winning Team member received a custom silver belt buckle designed by Montana Silversmiths, $150 Ariat gift card, and hay bags and product donated by Boehringer Ingelheim. This team also took first place in the Farm Team Challenge where they each received a $100 SmartPak gift card and gift basket donated by Bluegrass Podiatry. Hallway Feeds took second place in the Overall contest. Their team included Rosie Napravnik, Elijah McQuerry, and Morgan McQuerry. Each team member received an Ariat gift card. Riverview Farm took second place in the Farm Team Challenge. Their team included Chris McCarron, Lee Ann Ingram and Orrin Ingram. Each team member received a gift basket from Bluegrass Podiatry. (See sidebar for more results). The evening concluded with an After Party sponsored by Patterson Veterinary. Guests danced the night away to live music from The Ranahans. ◆ 2018 RESULTS OVERALL COMPETITION: GRAND PRIZE TEAM: 3 cattle penned in 1:20.72 Team #16 SPONSOR: Corner Woods Farm/Green’s Toyota CELEBRITY: Steve Cauthen RIDERS: Terry Arnold, Guy Mogge SECOND PLACE OVERALL: 3 cattle penned in 1:24.47 Team #2 SPONSOR: Hallway Feeds CELEBRITY: Rosie Napravnik RIDERS: Elijah McQuerry, Morgan McQuerry THIRD PLACE OVERALL: 3 cattle penned in 1:47.44 Team #19 SPONSOR: Equine Medical Associates CELEBRITY: Joe Sharp RIDERS: Lydia Davis, Megan Ruff HORSE FARM TEAM CHALLENGE: FIRST PLACE: Team #16 SPONSOR: Corner Woods Farm/Green’s Toyota SECOND PLACE: 3 cattle penned in 1:47.50 Team #14 SPONSOR: Riverview Farm CELEBRITY: Chris McCarron RIDERS: Lee Ann Ingram, Orrin Ingram THIRD PLACE: 1 cow penned in 3:49.03 Team #3 SPONSOR: Futurity Hill Farm CELEBRITY: Patti Cooksey RIDERS: Bill Hilliard, Polly Hilliard The Kentucky Horse Park Foundation is proud to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Southern Lights, beginning on November 16 and continuing through December 31. Please join us to celebrate this banner year as we usher in the holiday season with families from across Central Kentucky and beyond. Begin your evening by driving through three miles of light displays featuring holiday favorites and unique horse-themed scenes. Once you have traveled through the lights, you are encouraged to park in the Visitor Center lot and come inside to take a photo with Santa, explore the Holiday Vendor Fair, ride the popular mini train, introduce yourself to the exotic animals at the petting zoo, and enjoy miniature train displays. In celebration of twenty-five years, the KHPF is thrilled to offer a special anniversary attraction this year – free carousel rides on the Holiday Carousel, made possible through the generosity of Alltech! Please note that while the driving route is open every night, the additional Holiday Festival attractions are closed on Thanksgiving night and from December 24-31. WHEN: Nov. 16– Dec. 31 Driving Route open nightly; Non-driving attractions closed Thanksgiving and Dec. 24-31 TIME: 5:30 p.m. –10:00 p.m. WHERE: Campground Entrance of the Kentucky Horse Park 3785 Campground Road, Lexington, KY 40511 TICKETS: Monday–Thursday $17 per carload (up to 7 people) Friday–Sunday $27 per carload (up to 7 people) Extended Van or RV $37 (up to 15 people) Mini Bus $65 (up to 25 people) School Bus $80 Motor Coach $160 Kentucky sales tax included in ticket prices INSIDER TIP: We suggest you consider visiting Southern Lights on a weeknight – the lines are shorter and the ticket price is lower on Monday through Thursday evenings! Same great attractions! Also, arrive as close as possible to opening time (5:30 pm), and you will move through the driving route more quickly and have more time to visit our non-driving Holiday Festival attractions in the park’s interior! Lace-up for the Lights! It’s time to lace-up for a stroll through the lights! The Kentucky Horse Park Foundation is delighted to host the 17th annual Southern Lights Stroll and 5K on Thursday, November 15. Be one of the first to experience this year’s stunning displays as your race or stroll through the Kentucky Horse Park. Baby strollers and dogs on leashes are welcome. The 5K race will start at 6:30 p.m., and the stroll will begin shortly thereafter. The park has teamed up with 3 Way Racing to provide chip timing for the competitive 5K race, complete with awards. Pre-registration is encouraged for both the 5K and the stroll at: https://runsignup.com/Race/KY/Lexington/SouthernLightsStroll5K. Shirts are included for the first 2,000 adults registered. Please note children will not receive a shirt unless they register as an adult. Thank you to Ale 8-One and Coca-Cola for serving as our Sip and Stroll Sponsor! Other activities include a food drive for God’s Pantry and local animal shelters, mini train rides, and refreshments. For more information visit: southernlightsky.org Kentucky Horse Park’s International Museum of the Horse Receives Grant from Institute of Museum and Library Services The International Museum of the Horse (IMH) was honored to receive a 2018 Museums for America grant award from the Institute of Museum and Library Services. The IMH was one of 133 selected organizations from 472 applications received from across the country. The IMH will receive over $225,000 in federal funding, payable over two years, to support the development of an interactive website titled the Chronicle of African Americans’ in the Horse Industry. IHM will work with partners, collaborators, and advisors to collect, digitize, and share resources related to African Americans in the horse industry. The Chronicle will serve as a resource for K-12 students and teachers, college-level students and teachers, historians and scholars, on-site visitors, and African American descendants to connect with this important history. The IMH has developed a long-term, on-site exhibition to explore this topic on a distinctly local level, giving proper acknowledgement to those who worked to create an industry that is central to the regional and state economies. The exhibition highlights the important and forgotten roles of this population and the industry they served through an interactive online archive with exhibition and educational components. Such a focused and comprehensive archive does not currently exist anywhere else. The Kentucky Horse Park Foundation will be serving as fiscal agent for this award. “We are thrilled to work with the IMH on the execution of this grant, and we are honored to play a small role in bringing this project to fruition. The Kentucky Horse Park Foundation is dedicated to fulfilling its mission to support the efforts of the Kentucky Horse Park and congratulates the IMH on its great work,” stated Laura Klumb, Executive Director of the Kentucky Horse Park Foundation. Kentucky Horse Park Internship Program Every semester, the Kentucky Horse Park is delighted to welcome interns from colleges and universities in this region who serve the park in a wide variety of capacities. The program is a win-win for all involved, as interns receive invaluable real-life work experience while the park benefits from training a new generation of equine enthusiasts. Internships are available in virtually every department of the park, including the Breeds Barn, the Education Department, Special Events, and the Museum. The internship program is managed through the Kentucky Horse Park Volunteer Department under the leadership of Annie Martin, KHP Volunteer Coordinator. Securing an internship at the KHP is a competitive process, and interns are required to complete 160 hours of work over an 8 week period. During the Summer of 2017, the KHP was thrilled to welcome its first KHP Mounted Police intern, Georgia “Mills” Maloney. During her time at the park, Mills was responsible for Mounted Police stable duties including bringing horses in and out, bathing, feeding, exercising and even patrolling with the officers for special events. Throughout her internship, Mills worked over 300 hours in the Mounted Police barn. When asked about the value of her internship, Mills shared, “Everything I learned in my internship transferred to my entire equestrian life. It was completely invaluable, and the opportunity to work under Captain Rakes was such a gift. She is truly a horse whisperer, and she inspired me on so many levels.” Now a student at UK, Mills often comes out to check on the horses and say hello to the officers! The KHP Foundation was delighted to welcome Mills as a new member of the Man o’War Society in 2018 through her charitable donation. She chose to support the KHPF because she is passionate about the work of the park. She said, “The park is a special place because it showcases a wonderful animal in such a meaningful way, demonstrating its evolution through so many facets of our lives.” For more information about the KHP Internship Program, please contact Annie Martin at 859-259-4267. Champions’ Circle Society—Ensuring the KHP for future generations The Champions’ Circle Society recognizes those individuals who have included the Kentucky Horse Park Foundation in their estate plans or have contributed to the Kentucky Horse Park Foundation through a life-income gift. It allows the KHPF to thank donors during their lifetime and to recognize their commitment in a meaningful way. Becoming a member of the Champions’ Circle Society is quite simple. In fact, you have qualified for membership if you have informed us that you have named the Kentucky Horse Park Foundation in your will. You need not disclose the amount you intend to bequeath if you do not wish to do so. When you inform us of your intentions, we respect your wishes, regarding how you would like to be recognized or if you would prefer to remain anonymous. All details of your gift are held in the strictest confidence. For more information about the Champions’ Circle Society or making a planned gift to the Kentucky Horse Park Foundation, contact Executive Director Laura Klumb at 859-255-5727. Genie Redman’s lifelong passion for animals, particularly horses, can be traced back to her childhood. She grew up in Lake Forest, IL, contracted polio as a child, and was told she would never walk again. Her father was committed to her recovery and sought alternative therapies and treatments to retrain her muscles. Perhaps the most effective treatment came in the form of a small Shetland pony named Peppy. Peppy and Genie became fast friends, and Genie rode her daily through the woods surrounding her home. Genie’s therapist wanted her to swim, walk in the sand, and ride her pony every day, and after two years of intensive therapy, Genie was healed. Genie’s passion for horses continued throughout her life. She married and had two children, and through her husband’s work, lived in South Africa, Holland, and Italy. Eventually, her family moved back to the United States and settled in Ft. Thomas, KY. It was there that Genie met individuals who got her involved in fox hunting, a sport her family could enjoy together. Genie also became increasingly interested in purchasing horses that needed “fixing.” She liked the challenge of spending two or three years with a horse, retraining it, repurposing it as necessary and preparing it for the show ring, foxhunting, or pony club for the children. Genie and her children spent a great deal of time at the Kentucky Horse Park for family friendly shows. She eventually started looking for a farm that would be close to it. She found that farm in Paris in 2001. She lives there still and remains actively involved in rehabilitations, retraining, showing and foxhunting. When asked about her memories of times spent at the Kentucky Horse Park, she fondly recalls bringing her then eight year old son to the park in 1980 for a Robert Murphy show. She recalls him standing in the old elegant sales barn, looking out over the pastures and dressage show ring, with eyes as big as saucers. “He was so impressed, and he said, ‘I want our barn to be just like this.’” Genie has been a supporter of the Kentucky Horse Park Foundation for many years and often chooses to make her commitment through the donation of appreciated stock. Genie wants to support good programs for horses, people, therapeutic programs, conserving the land and education while also avoiding capital gains taxes. Many financial advisors suggest making a bigger impact by donating long-term appreciated securities directly to charity. Gifts of appreciated stock oftentimes allow you to increase your gift and your tax deduction at the same time. Genie says she trusts the KHP Foundation to be good fiscal agents of her donation and put the money to its best use at the park. When asked why she chooses to support the Kentucky Horse Park Foundation, she cites a number of reasons. She loves that every member of the family can participate in showing at a different level. She loves that there are retired horses living at the park who are cared for and whose stories get told. She loves that the park improves the quality of life for our region and beyond. But perhaps most importantly, Genie exclaims, “Because you do wonderful things for horses!” To learn more about making a donation of appreciated stock to the Kentucky Horse Park Foundation, please contact us at 859-255-5727, or visit our website, www.khpfoundation.org. The second annual Bluegrass Rockin’ Rodeo returns to the Alltech Arena November 16-17 featuring Family Fun Night on Friday and country star Dustin Collins on Saturday. This is the first event owned and operated by the Kentucky Horse Park, with all proceeds benefiting the park. Tickets are on sale now for $15 per night or $25 for both nights. After November 1st, tickets are $20 per night or $30 for both nights. Tickets can be purchased at kyhorsepark.com or at the door. WE HOPE YOU WILL JOIN US FOR A ROCKIN’ GOOD TIME! KENTUCKY HORSE PARK FIELD TRIP FUND ATTRACTS THOUSANDS OF CHILDREN! The Kentucky Horse Park Field Trip Fund kicked off again this September, providing thousands of Kentucky school children the opportunity to visit the Kentucky Horse Park on a free field trip. Through the support of the Kentucky Horse Park Foundation and its generous donors, all public Kentucky schools are eligible to visit the Kentucky Horse Park free of charge and apply for bus transportation assistance. Since its inception in 2016, the program has allowed over 10,000 Kentucky school children to visit the park. During their time at the park, students tour the International Museum of the Horse, meet retired racehorse champions, and are introduced to horse breeds from around the world. They gain exclusive access to the one of the world’s most renowned horse facilities, and they are given an experience that otherwise would be unavailable to them. The program seeks to serve 6,000 students during the 2018–2019 school year. The Kentucky Horse Park Foundation is so grateful to the sponsors that have made this program possible, including Copia Foundation, Thoroughbred Charities of America, US Bank Foundation, Kentucky Horse Council, Rouse Family Foundation, and Summerhill Farm. To support this effort, please contact the KHPF office at 859-255-5727. ◆ A Warm Welcome for Pony Moms and Dads The KHP Foundation and Kentucky Horse Shows LLC hosted Pony Parent Land* for its eighth year during the 2018 USEF Pony Finals. Competitors’ parents were treated to a relaxing oasis – an adults-only hospitality area at the Stonelea Pavilion which offered refreshments, complimentary massages, and a welcome respite from the frenzy of the competition. THANK YOU TO CARL MEYERS! The KHPF was honored to partner with celebrated Lexington clothing boutique Carl Meyers during the World’s Championship Horse Show in August. Carl Meyers’ owners Sherri and Neil Mosley dedicated 10% of sale proceeds during one day of the championship to the Nina Bonnie Endowment. The KHPF is so appreciative of not only this generous support, but also of the exposure provided by partnering with such a beloved local business. MAN O’ WAR SOCIETY BENEFIT REMINDER The Kentucky Horse Park Foundation is continually seeking ways to honor our Man o’War Society members and provide tangible benefits for their generous support. We wish to remind our donors of some changes that took place last year. In order to better meet the administrative needs of the Kentucky Horse Park, Man o’War Society parking benefits are now valid for a calendar year (rather than for twelve months from the date of gift). Essentially, this means that donors should consider making their annual gift prior to March 2019 to maximize the parking benefits they will receive in 2019. The KHPF thanks its Man o’War Society members for their unwavering support of the park! Please do not hesitate to contact the KHPF office at 859-255-5727 if you would like more information about the Man o’War Society. Kentucky Horse Park Foundation Donation Form Enclosed is my gift for $_____________________ Name ____________________________________________ Address __________________________________________ City/State/Zip _____________________________________ Phone ____________________________________________ Email _____________________________________________ I would like my donation earmarked for the following: PLEASE CHECK ONE ☐ Man o’ War Society ☐ Nina Bonnie Endowment Fund ☐ International Museum of the Horse ☐ Capital improvements ☐ Wherever it is needed most ☐ Other ______________________________ Use this form or save a stamp and donate online at www.khpfoundation.org Please charge my gift of $______ to the following credit card ☐ VISA ☐ Mastercard ☐ AMEX Card #: __________________________________________ Exp. Date _________________________________________ Cardholder _________________________________________ Signature __________________________________________ Kentucky Horse Park Foundation • 4037 Iron Works Parkway, Suite 180 • Lexington, KY 40511-8400 UPCOMING EVENTS November 15 Southern Lights Stroll November 16-17 Bluegrass Rockin’ Rodeo November 16-December 31 Southern Lights November 27-December 3 Good Giving Guide Challenge For a complete listing of all events at the Kentucky Horse Park, please go to www.KyHorsePark.com COMING SOON: The 2018 GoodGiving Challenge KHPF is delighted to announce it will participate again this year in The GoodGiving Challenge, scheduled for November 27 through December 3. The GoodGiving Challenge is an online giving campaign designed to make charitable giving easy and fun. A partnership between Blue Grass Community Foundation and Smiley Pete Publishing, the 2017 GoodGiving Challenge raised over $1.4 million for 120 participating Kentucky non-profits. There are many fun incentives for participation, and KHFF will be eligible to compete for endowment prizes throughout the 2018 Challenge. Please watch your email and KHFF social media channels for more information during this upcoming season of giving! ◆
A NEW SELECTIVE FILTERING ALGORITHM FOR IMAGE DENOISING Licheng Liu, Yicong Zhou, and C. L. Philip Chen Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Macau Macau, 999078, China. firstname.lastname@example.org. ABSTRACT This paper proposes a simple but efficient selective filtering algorithm (SFA) for removing the impulse noise in images. Integrating the noise detector with the relationship between a pixel and its neighbors, the SFA is able to efficiently detect and remove noise pixels while well preserving information pixels. Experimental results and comparisons demonstrate that the proposed SFA outperforms several existing denoising methods with respect to the visual effects and quantitative measure results. Index Terms— image denoising, impulse noise, noise detection, selective filtering. 1. INTRODUCTION Digital images are frequently contaminated by the impulse noise such as salt and pepper noise in the image acquisition processes, or during incorrect transmission and compression. Generally, the impulse noisy image can be described as [1] \[ x_{i,j} = \begin{cases} f_{i,j} & p = 1 - p_0 \\ s_{i,j} & p = p_0 \end{cases} \] (1) where $ f_{i,j}, s_{i,j} $ denote the original and corrupted pixels, respectively; $ p_0 $ is the noisy probability. For the salt and pepper noise in the grayscale image, $ s_{i,j} = \{0, 255\} $. In order to restore the images corrupted by the impulse noise, many filters and methods have been employed. The median (MED) filter is a common tool to remove the impulsive noise due to its good denoising performance [2]. However, the MED may also remove some desirable details in images. Therefore, several MED extensions were then proposed for obtaining better denoising performance. Examples include the weighted median (WM) filter [3], center weighted median (CWM) filter [4], and recursive weighted median filter (RWMF) [5]. These filters assign weights to emphasize the desirable pixels, obtaining improved filtering performance. Nevertheless, they process each pixel in the sliding window without considering whether it is noise or not. Recently, integrating with noise detectors, several filtering techniques have been developed. Some of them are based on the median filter, including the noise adaptive soft-switching median filter [6], contrast enhancement-based filter (CEF) [7], and modified decision based unsymmetric trimmed median filter (MDBUTMF) [8]. Using noise detectors, these methods are able to distinguish the noise pixels and noise-free pixels. Then the noise pixels are removed while the noise-free pixels remain unchanged. Others are based on the arithmetic mean filter. For example, the tolerance based selective arithmetic mean filtering technique [9, 10]. It uses the arithmetic mean filter to process the selected image pixels while ignoring the maximum and minimum pixel values. However, these techniques process an image using a single filter and may fail to remove the impulse noise in specific regions in the image. This paper introduces a new image denoising algorithm using the selective filtering technique for removing the impulse noise. It includes three types of classic mean filters, namely the weighted, harmonic, and contraharmonic mean filters. According to the noise detection results, the proposed algorithm adaptively chooses an appropriate filter for removing the impulse noise in different regions within an image. Using several simple traditional filters, the SFA yields promising denoising results which are better than the several state of the arts. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews three classic mean filters, which are used for the new selective filtering algorithm presented in Section 3. Simulation results and comparisons are shown in Section 4 and Section 5 reaches a conclusion. 2. BACKGROUND A mean filter in image processing works in a way that it performs a filtering operation by applying an $ N \times N $ sliding window to a source image and replacing the center pixel with a mean or weighted-mean value of the pixels within the sliding window. It is widely used for image smoothing. This section reviews three classic mean filters: the weighted, harmonic, and contraharmonic mean filters. They will be used in our proposed filtering algorithm. Let $ S_{ij} $ be a set of pixel coordinates within a sliding window with the size of $ N \times N $, centered at the point $(i, j)$; $ x(i, j) $ be the pixel intensity value at the location of $(i, j)$ in the noisy image; and $y(i, j)$ be the filtering output at the position $(i, j)$. The output of the weighted mean filter (WMF) is defined by, \[ y(i, j) = \frac{\sum_{(s,t) \in S_{ij}} w(s, t)x(s, t)}{\sum_{(s,t) \in S_{ij}} w(s, t)} \] (2) where $w(s, t)$ denotes the weight coefficient. The WMF is an extension of the arithmetic mean filter. Its output is a local average of the inputs with different weights for different positions. It can effectively remove the Gaussian noise and impulse noise with low density. The harmonic mean filter (HMF) is defined as, \[ y(i, j) = \frac{MN}{\sum_{(s,t) \in S_{ij}} \frac{1}{x(s, t)}} \] (3) The HMF works very well for removing the salt noise. The contraharmonic mean filter (CHMF) is defined as, \[ y(i, j) = \frac{\sum_{(s,t) \in S_{ij}} x(s, t)^{p+1}}{\sum_{(s,t) \in S_{ij}} x(s, t)^p} \] (4) where $p$ is a control parameter. The CHMF is able to efficiently eliminate the pepper noise when $p > 0$. ### 3. THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM In this section, we introduce a novel selective filtering algorithm (SFA) for image denoising. Because image contents may change significantly in different regions within an image, one single denoising filter for the whole image may be no longer appropriate. The underlying fundamental of the proposed SFA is to select an appropriate filter to remove noise in different regions within an image. This filter selection changes adaptively according to the image contents. The new SFA is illustrated in Algorithm 1. Notice that all images in the rest of this paper denote grayscale images with pixel intensity values within $[0, 255]$. For a noisy image $X$, set a sliding window $W$ with the size of $N \times N$. Let $S = \{x_{k,l} \| 0 < x_{k,l} < 255, x_{k,l} \in W\}$, that is, $S$ is the set which contains all the pixels with intensity value greater than 0 and less than 255 in the sliding window. And let $m = \|S\|$ be the number of pixels in $S$, $n_0$ be a small number (threshold), and $n_{dark}$ be the number of the pixels in the window whose intensity values are no more than 15. Analogously, $n_{bright}$ denotes the number of the pixels in the window whose intensity values are between 240 and 255. Then, we defined three non-overlapping dark, bright and gray regions as follows: 1. If $m < m_0 \land n_{dark} > n_{bright}$, the center pixel of the window belongs to the dark region in the image; 2. If $m < m_0 \land n_{dark} < n_{bright}$, the center pixel of the window belongs to the bright region in the image; 3. Otherwise, the center pixel of the window belongs to the gray region in the image. Algorithm 1. The proposed selective filtering algorithm Input: The input corrupted image $X$, with size of $K_1 \times K_2$ 1. Set the sliding window size of $N \times N$, thresholds $m_0$ and $T_0$; 2. Set the initial value for the pixel numbers $m = 0, n_{dark} = 0, n_{bright} = 0$; 3. $\text{for } i = 1 \text{ to } K_1 \text{ do}$ 4. $\quad \text{for } j = 1 \text{ to } K_2 \text{ do}$ 5. $\quad \quad \text{obtain the pixels within the sliding window with size of } N \times N, \text{ centered at the pixel } x(i, j)$ 6. $\quad \quad \text{Calculate and update the number, } m$ 7. $\quad \quad \text{if } m \geq m_0 \text{ then}$ 8. $\quad \quad \quad \text{Apply the WMF in Eq. (2) to these selected pixels, obtaining } y(i, j);$ 9. $\quad \quad \text{else}$ 10. $\quad \quad \quad \text{Calculate and update the pixel numbers, } n_{dark}, n_{bright}$ 11. $\quad \quad \quad \text{if } n_{dark} > n_{bright} \text{ then}$ 12. $\quad \quad \quad \quad \text{Apply the HMF in Eq. (3) to the sliding window, obtaining } y(i, j);$ 13. $\quad \quad \quad \text{else}$ 14. $\quad \quad \quad \quad \text{if } n_{dark} < n_{bright} \text{ then}$ 15. $\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \text{Apply the CHMF in Eq. (4) to the sliding window, obtaining } y(i, j);$ 16. $\quad \quad \quad \quad \text{else}$ 17. $\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \text{Apply the WMF in Eq. (2) to all the pixels in the sliding window, obtaining } y(i, j);$ 18. $\quad \quad \quad \text{end if}$ 19. $\quad \quad \text{end if}$ 20. $\quad \quad \text{if } \|y(i, j) - x(i, j)\| \geq T_0 \text{ then}$ 21. $\quad \quad \quad x(i, j) \leftarrow y(i, j)$ 22. $\quad \quad \text{else}$ 23. $\quad \quad \quad \text{leave the pixel value unchanged}$ 24. $\quad \quad \text{end if}$ 25. $\quad \text{end if}$ 26. $\text{end for}$ 27. \text{end for} Output: The restored image, $y(i, j)$ The proposed SFA first segments the input image into the dark, bright and gray regions. Then, each pixel is assigned to one of these three regions. The WMF, HMF, and CHMF are then selected for removing noise in the gray, dark and bright regions, respectively. The SFA also treats the salt and pepper noises separately. Notice that the salt noise (white spots) is more annoying in the dark regions in an image, the HMF, which is good at removing the salt noise, is utilized. On the other hand, because the pepper noise (black dots) is more revolting in the bright regions, the CHMF that can well suppress the pepper noise is then employed in the proposed SFA. Therefore, this new SFA can remove the impulse noise in the black and bright regions in an image while preserving the information pixels. 4. SIMULATION RESULTS In this section, the proposed SFA has been applied to various grayscale images with different features to assess its denoising performance. Filtering low corrupted images is more interesting because it requires precise detection of corrupted pixels to preserve details and edges in images [11]. We thus choose the noise density level no more than 50% for our simulations. Before simulations, several parameters should be predefined: the window size $N$, thresholds $m_0$ and $T_0$. According to our experiments, the window size does not effect the restoration results when the noise density is low. Besides, $m_0$ less than one third of the pixel number in the sliding window and $T_0 \in [15, 45]$ can obtain good denoising results. In this paper, the sliding window is set to $3 \times 3$, and the thresholds are set for $m_0 = 2$, $T_0 = 25$. Here, we select the Gaussian filter as an example of the center weighted mean filter in the proposed SFA. In our simulations, we also found that using the propose SFA iteratively can obtain better results, and repeat two times is the best choice. ![Image restoration using the proposed SFA with different salt and pepper noise levels. The top row shows the corrupted images; the bottom row shows the corresponding restored images using the proposed SFA. (a) 10%; (b) 30%; (c) 50%.](image) Fig. 1 shows the corrupted images with different noise levels and their corresponding restoration results using the proposed SFA. As can be seen, all levels of the impulse noise have been completely removed. The proposed SFA has been compared with several existing filtering methods such as the tolerance based selective arithmetic mean filtering technique (TSAMFT) [9], contrast enhancement-based filter (CEF) [7], and modified decision based unsymmetric trimmed median filter (MDBUTMF) [8]. \| Noise \| TSAMFT \| CEF \| MDBUTMF \| SFA \| \|-------\|--------\|-----\|---------\|-----\| \| 5% \| 33.17 \| 25.84 \| 31.06 \| 35.00 \| \| 10% \| 30.48 \| 25.56 \| 29.13 \| 33.60 \| \| 15% \| 28.49 \| 25.33 \| 27.56 \| 32.29 \| \| 20% \| 26.41 \| 25.02 \| 26.56 \| 31.23 \| \| 25% \| 24.68 \| 24.74 \| 25.35 \| 30.15 \| \| 30% \| 22.93 \| 24.38 \| 24.55 \| 30.12 \| \| 35% \| 21.77 \| 23.88 \| 23.48 \| 29.15 \| \| 40% \| 20.50 \| 22.38 \| 22.59 \| 27.88 \| \| 45% \| 19.21 \| 20.10 \| 21.93 \| 26.36 \| \| 50% \| 18.20 \| 19.62 \| 20.86 \| 24.88 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|-------\|--------\|-------\|---------\|-----\| \| 5% \| 0.938 \| 0.733 \| 0.922 \| 0.979 \| \| 10% \| 0.887 \| 0.725 \| 0.908 \| 0.969 \| \| 15% \| 0.841 \| 0.697 \| 0.898 \| 0.959 \| \| 20% \| 0.802 \| 0.707 \| 0.888 \| 0.949 \| \| 25% \| 0.768 \| 0.697 \| 0.877 \| 0.937 \| \| 30% \| 0.734 \| 0.687 \| 0.864 \| 0.924 \| \| 35% \| 0.701 \| 0.685 \| 0.850 \| 0.909 \| \| 40% \| 0.662 \| 0.665 \| 0.836 \| 0.892 \| \| 45% \| 0.611 \| 0.612 \| 0.816 \| 0.870 \| \| 50% \| 0.552 \| 0.533 \| 0.789 \| 0.834 \| The corrupted image in Fig. 2(b) contains 30% salt and pepper noise. This is a difficult case for removing the impulse noise because the original image contains a set of dark regions and several large bright areas with many small black dots. As can be seen from Fig. 2, the TSAMFT and MDBUTMF failed in the dark and bright regions. The CEF can remove the impulse noise, but it is over denoised, which causes a lot of blur effects on image edges. Fig. 2 (f) shows that the propose SFA not only removes the impulse noise efficiently but also preserves the details in background and bright regions. ![Image restoration by using different filtering methods](image) Fig. 3: Image restoration by using different filtering methods. (a)-(b) are the original and corrupted images; (c)-(f) are the restored images by applying different methods. (c) TSAMFT, (d) CEF, (e) MDBUTMF, (f) SFA. To quantitatively evaluate the filtering performance, the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM) [12] are chosen to measure the restored results. Generally, the larger PSNR and SSIM value is, the better quality of the restored image will be. The original image in Fig. 2(a) is corrupted by the salt and pepper noise with noise densities from 5% to 50%, respectively. The corrupted images are then processed by these four filtering methods. Table 1 shows the PSNR and SSIM scores of the restored results. As can be seen, the proposed SFA obtains the best values, which further demonstrates that the proposed SFA outperforms other three existing methods. ![PSNR measures of the restored results of different filtering methods](image) Fig. 4: PSNR measures of the restored results of different filtering methods. The image in Fig. 3(a) is the ‘face’ image containing bright areas with pixel values close to 255 and dark area with pixel values equal to 0. So this is an another difficult case for salt and pepper noise removing. The corrupted image in Fig. 3(b) is generated by adding 30% salt and pepper noise to the original image in Fig. 3(a). As can be seen from the restored results, the TSAMFT and MDBUTMF fail to remove noise while bring additional distortions to the dark and bright areas. The CEF obtains a better restoration result but loses some details and edges. The proposed SFA removes the impulse noise while preserving the image edges and the detail information in the dark and bright areas. Fig. 4 plots the PSNR measure of the restoration results of the ‘face’ image in Fig. 3(a) which was corrupted by the salt and pepper noise with noise densities varying from 5% to 50%, and Table 2 shows the corresponding SSIM scores. These quantitative results show that our proposed SFA gives the higher scores than the other three techniques. ### Table 2: SSIM value of the Restoration Results of ‘face’ image for Different Filtering Methods \| Noise \| TSAMFT \| CEF \| MDBUTMF \| SFA \| \|-------\|--------\|-------\|---------\|-------\| \| 5% \| 0.945 \| 0.814 \| 0.981 \| 0.982 \| \| 10% \| 0.903 \| 0.809 \| 0.969 \| 0.972 \| \| 15% \| 0.862 \| 0.804 \| 0.959 \| 0.961 \| \| 20% \| 0.829 \| 0.796 \| 0.946 \| 0.949 \| \| 25% \| 0.798 \| 0.790 \| 0.936 \| 0.937 \| \| 30% \| 0.758 \| 0.780 \| 0.921 \| 0.922 \| \| 35% \| 0.721 \| 0.769 \| 0.907 \| 0.911 \| \| 40% \| 0.667 \| 0.748 \| 0.889 \| 0.894 \| \| 45% \| 0.607 \| 0.686 \| 0.869 \| 0.873 \| \| 50% \| 0.529 \| 0.626 \| 0.843 \| 0.852 \| ## 5. CONCLUSION This paper has introduced a novel selective filtering algorithm for image denoising. The new algorithm takes into account the relationship between image pixels and their neighborhoods. It adaptively segments the images into three different regions and then selects a specific filter to remove the impulse noise in each region. The propose SFA uses several simple filters to yield excellent denoising performance. Experimental results and comparisons have demonstrated that the proposed algorithm is able to efficiently remove the impulse noise while well preserving the edges, bright and dark areas in images. The proposed algorithm outperforms three existing denoising methods. ## 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was supported in part by the Macau Science and Technology Development Fund under Grant 017/2012/A1 and by the Research Committee at University of Macau under Grants SRG007-FST12-ZYC, MYRG113(Y1-L3)-FST12-ZYC and MRG001/ZYC/2013/FST. 7. REFERENCES [1] I. Pitas and A. N. Venetsanopoulos, Nonlinear Digital Filters: Principles and Applications. Kluwer, 1990. [2] Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, Pearson Prentice Hall, 3 edition, 2008. 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PremChand, “Removal of high density salt and pepper noise through modified decision based unsymmetric trimmed median filter,” IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 287–290, 2011. [9] S. Kaisar, M. S. Rijwan, J. A. Mahmud, and M. M. Rahman, “Salt and pepper noise detection and removal by tolerance based selective arithmetic mean filtering technique for image restoration,” International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 271–278, 2008. [10] S. Deivalakshmi and P. Palanisamy, “Improved tolerance based selective arithmetic mean filter for detection and removal of impulse noise,” in 2010 International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS), 2010, pp. 309–313. [11] I. Aizenberg and C. Butakoff, “Effective impulse detector based on rank-order criteria,” IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 363–366, 2004. [12] Wang Zhou, A. C. Bovik, H. R. Sheikh, and E. P. 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Antarctic marine ciliates under stress: superoxide dismutases from the psychrophilic Euplotes focardii are cold-active yet heat tolerant enzymes Alessandro Pischedda$^1$, Kesava Priyan Ramasamy$^2$, Marco Mangiagalli$^1$, Federica Chiappori$^3$, Luciano Milanesi$^3$, Cristina Miceli$^2$, Sandra Pucciarelli$^2$ & Marina Lotti$^1$ Oxidative stress is a particularly severe threat to Antarctic marine polar organisms because they are exposed to high dissolved oxygen and to intense UV radiation. This paper reports the features of three superoxide dismutases from the Antarctic psychrophilic ciliate Euplotes focardii that faces two environmental challenges, oxidative stress and low temperature. Two out of these are Cu,Zn superoxide dismutases (named Ef-SOD1a and Ef-SOD1b) and one belongs to the Mn-containing group (Ef-SOD2). Ef-SOD1s and Ef-SOD2 differ in their evolutionary history, expression and overall structural features. Ef-SOD1 genes are expressed at different levels, with Ef-SOD1b mRNA 20-fold higher at the ciliate optimal temperature of growth (4 °C). All Ef-SOD enzymes are active at 4 °C, consistent with the definition of cold-adapted enzymes. At the same time, they display temperatures of melting in the range 50–70 °C and retain residual activity after incubation at 65–75 °C. Supported by data of molecular dynamics simulation, we conclude that the E. focardii SODs combine cold activity, local molecular flexibility and thermo tolerance. Polar marine organisms face a number of environmental challenges, in particular the adverse effects of cold on key biological processes and high oxidative stress$^1-2$. Low temperature greatly impairs enzyme activity and membrane fluidity, slows down secretory processes and affects the stability and activity of macromolecular machines (replication and transcription complexes, mitotic spindles, ribosomes) which depend on weak, noncovalent molecular interactions$^3-5$. To survive, “psychrophilic” organisms rely on adaptive changes, that include the up-regulation of genes encoding proteins involved in metabolite transport, the synthesis of cryoprotectors (mannitol, polyamines), increased membrane fluidity and the production of enzymes endowed with high activity at low temperature$^4$. Moreover, cold-adapted marine organisms from Antarctica are exposed to both high concentration of oxygen and to UV radiation (the latter due to the ozone depletion) that boost the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are involved in several physiological processes, such as cellular signaling pathways, resistance to microbial pathogens, apoptosis$^6$. Nevertheless, at high concentration ROS threaten essential cellular macromolecules, notably proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. As a consequence, antioxidant defences are of key relevance to aquatic polar living beings, as ROS control is required to balance their concentration and avoid cellular damage$^7$. One of the key players in this process are the ubiquitous metalloenzymes superoxide dismutases (SOD, EC 18.104.22.168) that catalyze the dismutation of superoxide anions into molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide $(\text{O}_2^- + \text{O}_2^- + 2\text{H}^+ \rightarrow \text{O}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O}_2)$$^8,9$. SODs are grouped into three protein families, based on the metal cofactor they contain and on the protein fold$^10$. Copper,zinc SODs (Cu,Zn SODs) are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes, in the chloroplasts of some plants and in the periplasmic space of bacteria$^11,12$. This group of SODs is often referred to as SOD1. SOD1s... are homodimers, with each subunit organized in eight antiparallel $\beta$ strands and three external loops\textsuperscript{13}. SOD3s, the Cu,Zn enzymes present in the extracellular fluids of eukaryotes, are similar to the previous ones but have tetrameric quaternary structure\textsuperscript{4,15}. Iron- and manganese-containing SODs (FeSOD and MnSOD) are believed to be the more primitive forms of SODs\textsuperscript{16,17}. FeSODs are found in prokaryotes and chloroplasts, while MnSODs are present both in prokaryotes and in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes. Several fungi possess both cytosolic and mitochondrial MnSODs\textsuperscript{18}. Cambialistic SODs, whose activity depends either on iron or on manganese incorporated in the same protein moiety, have been identified in a few classes of bacteria and eukaryotes\textsuperscript{19–21}. MnSOD and FeSOD can be either homodimers or homotetramers and share high similarity in sequence and structure\textsuperscript{22,23,24}, strongly suggesting a common evolutionary origin. In contrast, Cu,Zn and Mn/Fe SODs never shared a common ancestry, as shown by their distinctive amino acid sequences\textsuperscript{25} and completely different tertiary structures\textsuperscript{13}. The discovery of a nickel containing enzyme in \textit{Streptomyces} and cyanobacteria established a novel SOD group with a unique Ni-hook structural motif\textsuperscript{26}. This study focuses on one MnSOD and two Cu,Zn SODs, identified in the strict psychrophilic protist \textit{Euplotes focardii}, a hypotrichous ciliated protozoan isolated from the coastal seawaters of Terra Nova Bay in Antarctica\textsuperscript{27}. Under laboratory condition, \textit{E. focardii} has an optimal temperature of growth of about 4–5°C and is not viable above 12°C\textsuperscript{28}. We show that the two SOD families likely followed different evolutionary history. However, they share similar temperature-dependent regulation of expression and combine cold activity with thermo-tolerance, a feature that could have played a role in the successful colonization of the Antarctic marine habitat by this ciliate. Results Evolution of \textit{E. focardii} superoxide dismutases. Putative Cu,Zn SOD coding sequences identified by BLAST search in the \textit{E. focardii} transcriptome were reported in a previous work and named \textit{Ef}-SOD1a (accession number KF740481) and \textit{Ef}-SOD1b (accession number KF740482)\textsuperscript{29}. \textit{Ef}-SOD2 (MnSOD, accession number MG575644) is described in this work. The molecular evolution of \textit{E. focardii} SODs (\textit{Ef}-SODs) was studied in the frame of known SOD sequences from other species of ciliates. The data set included also the Cu,Zn SOD from the amoeba \textit{Dictyostelium} (\textit{Dp}-SOD1) as a non-ciliate member of the protista group and sequences (both Cu,Zn and Fe/Mn SODs) from Antarctic bacteria to have a reference describing cold-active SODs (Fig. 1). In the phylogenetic tree, SODs assemble in two separate clusters. The two clusters correspond to the different families, SOD1 and SOD2, defined based on the metal cofactors they contain (either Cu,Zn or Fe/Mn). Overall, the length of the branches is consistent with the low degree of sequence conservation highlighted also in the multiple sequence alignments (Figs S1 and S2). Within the Cu,Zn SOD (SOD1) family, \textit{Ef}-SOD1a and \textit{Ef}-SOD1b isoforms cluster in two different clades. The clade that includes \textit{Ef}-SOD1a contains SOD1 sequences from \textit{Euplotes} (\textit{Ec}-SOD1a), \textit{Stylonychia} (\textit{Sl}-SOD1) and \textit{Oxytricha} (\textit{Ot}-SOD1a and \textit{Or}-SOD1b) all of them belonging to the same class of ciliates (Spirotrichea). By contrast, the clade containing \textit{Ef}-SOD1b is more heterogeneous, since it groups SOD sequences from both Spirotrichea and Oligohymenophorea (\textit{Paramecium}, \textit{Tetrahymena} and \textit{Ichthyophthirius}) and that from \textit{Dictyostelium}. Cu,Zn SODs from Antarctic bacteria (\textit{Flavobacterium hibernum}, \textit{Nesterenkonia} sp.AN1 and... Figure 2. Expression levels of Ef-SODs in E. focardii cells. SOD mRNAs were quantified by qRT-PCR under growing laboratory conditions (4 °C) (A) and compared with values obtained under thermal stress (B) applied by incubating E. focardii cells at 0 °C (white bars) or 12 °C (red bars). Blue bars are the control levels detected at 4 °C. Results are reported as mean of three independent experiments. Errors bar represent standard deviation. Statistical differences (p-values) between the thermal stress conditions and the controls are all <0.05 (not reported). Planococcus antarcticus) are completely separated from the protistan group. Their position in the tree excludes a close phylogenetic relationship with the homologous sequences from the Antarctic ciliate E. focardii. By contrast, the bacterial and the protistan SODs of the Fe/Mn family (SOD2) cluster together in a single clade. In conclusion, the topology of the tree suggests that SOD1 evolutionary history would have witnessed multiple events of gene duplication followed by sequence diversification even inside homogeneous groups of ciliate and bacteria, whereas SOD2 sequences are more conserved. *Expression of E. focardii* superoxide dismutases.** In order to investigate how gene expression is regulated by temperature, we analyzed by qRT-PCR the transcription levels of SODs coding genes in E. focardii cells both at physiological temperature (4 °C) and under temperature stress that is after exposure either at 0 °C, a mild temperature drop, or at 12 °C, the highest temperature permissive for E. focardii growing. At the constant temperature of 4 °C, the three SOD genes are expressed at different levels, with the Ef-SOD1b mRNA nearly 20-fold higher and the Ef-SOD2 mRNA ca. 2.5-fold higher than that of Ef-SOD1a (Fig. 2A). After 1-hour shift at 0 °C both SOD1s were up-regulated (white bars in Fig. 2B), whereas at 12 °C a down-regulation was detected (red bars). Ef-SOD2 mRNA levels decreased both at 0 °C and at 12 °C (Fig. 2B). Regulation effects of all Ef-SODs fainted with time, hinting to cell adaptation to the new temperature condition (see results at 2 hours of incubation). Biochemical and conformational features of recombinant superoxide dismutases. A putative signal peptide of 18 amino acids was identified by PROTTER ver.1.0$^{30}$ at the N-terminus of Ef-SOD1a. In silico analysis of the 224 amino acids of Ef-SOD2 putative protein by MitoFates$^{31}$ identified at its N-terminus a 19... amino acid signal peptide for translocation to mitochondria. Based on these results, in the synthetic genes the corresponding nucleotide stretches were omitted (Fig. S3). Truncated Ef-SOD1a and Ef-SOD2 were produced in E. coli as soluble proteins and in the following are referred to as Ef-SOD2Δ and Ef-SOD1aΔ. Consistent with the lack of any predicted sequence for transport, the full-length Ef-SOD1b sequence was obtained at high yield. Recombinant proteins were produced by 16 hours cultures at 25°C in Zym5052 medium in the presence or in the absence of Cu and Zn (see materials and methods) for Ef-SOD1aΔ and Ef-SOD1b, with or without Mn in the case of Ef-SOD2Δ. Added metals did not produce any effect neither on cell viability nor on the amount of recombinant proteins (data not shown). Protein yields as determined after IMAC purification were 5.3 mg/L Ef-SOD2Δ, 3.1 mg/L Ef-SOD1aΔ, 39 mg/L Ef-SOD1b. We assayed for activity at 4°C and 27°C recombinant proteins produced both in the presence and in the absence of metal cofactors in the growth medium during the heterologous expression in E. coli (Fig. 3). Given assay temperatures were selected since the first one (4°C) is the optimal temperature of growth of E. facardii cells under laboratory conditions and the second one approaches the optimal temperature of most cold-active enzymes, included a phospholipase and an alpha-amylase previously characterized from this Antarctic ciliate28,33. Overall, the activity of Ef-SOD2Δ was poorly affected both by temperature and by added metals. The combined effects of temperature and metals on SOD1s are complex and are therefore described separately. We observed that the specific activities of Ef-SOD1aΔ and Ef-SOD1b increased by ~6–7 folds in the presence of metals available to cells during production. As for temperature dependence, Ef-SOD1a is more active (~25%) at the highest temperature, while Ef-SOD1b shows similar activity at 4°C and 27°C. Overall, the data presented demonstrate cold activity for all Ef-SODs. In order to gain a deeper insight into the temperature dependence and stability of the three SODs, we measured the residual activity of enzymes pre-incubated 20 minutes at temperatures in the range 5°C to 90°C. Figure 4. Effect of temperature on Ef-SODs activity and structure. (A) Samples of Ef-SOD1aΔ (black), Ef-SOD1b (red), Ef-SOD2Δ (blue) were incubated for 20 minutes at indicated temperatures. After incubation, residual activities were assayed at appropriate dilution at room temperature. Measured activity was normalized taking the initial activity as 100%. (B) Far UV CD spectra of SODs at 4°C. (C) Thermal stability of Ef-SODs. Ellipticity values were recorded at 215 nm (Ef-SOD1aΔ), 210 nm (Ef-SOD1b), 208 nm (Ef-SOD2Δ) during heating from 5°C to 90°C. Initial CD signal was taken as 100% for normalization. Recombinant proteins were produced in the presence of metal cofactors. We observed that both Ef-SOD1s were kinetically stable in the range 5°C–55/60°C, with midpoints at ~60°C for Ef-SOD1aΔ and of 55°C for Ef-SOD1b, whereas the activity of Ef-SOD2Δ kept constant from 5°C to 70°C. Pre-incubation above 70°C induced a sharp decrease in Ef-SOD2 activity with a midpoint of ~75°C. This set of experiments showed that Ef-SOD1 enzymes are less stable to temperature than Ef-SOD2. We showed previously (Fig. 3) that SOD1s specific activity is affected by metals. Nevertheless, we did not observe any difference in the temperature stability of proteins produced with and without metals in the medium (data not shown). Accordingly, the stability profiles are fully superimposable and in Fig. 4A we show results obtained with proteins produced in the presence of metals only. These data suggest that metals are relevant for specific activity but not for protein stability. One can hypothesize that Cu$^{2+}$ intracellular concentration is insufficient to saturate the overexpressed Ef-SOD1s, as reported for other SOD1s\textsuperscript{34,35}. With this information in our hands, it was of interest to check the impact of temperature on the proteins structure by circular dichroism (CD) analysis. Spectra obtained at 4°C and 27°C were identical. As shown in Fig. 4B, the CD spectra of Ef-SOD1s were similar with a peak at $\sim$210 nm. This profile is typical of proteins with mainly-$\beta$ structures and it is reported for other SOD1s\textsuperscript{36,37}. The two minima detected at $-208$ and $-222$ nm reveal high content of $\alpha$-helix structures in Ef-SOD2\textsuperscript{A}. These data are consistent with the 3D structural model described in a later section (Fig. 5). Thermal stability was investigated by CD analysis at fixed wavelength and temperature raising from 5°C to 90°C. The secondary structure of Ef-SOD2\textsuperscript{A} was unaltered in the range 5°C–60°C. Above 60°C, the CD signal was rapidly lost with a midpoint temperature (Tm) of 72.8°C ± 2.1. Above 40°C a dramatic loss of CD signal was detected in Ef-SOD1a\textsuperscript{A} and Ef-SOD1b samples, with a Tm of 58.4°C ± 2.3 and 51.3°C ± 1.5, respectively (Fig. 4C). *Structural models of E. focardii* superoxide dismutases.** In order to correlate functional analyses with structural information we modeled the 3D structure of Ef-SODs with SwissModel\textsuperscript{38} using the following templates: C. elegans Cu,Zn SOD1 (PDB: 3KBF) for Ef-SOD1a (sequence identity: 45%), chimeric SOD1 from Mus musculus and Homo sapiens (PDB: 3LTV) for Ef-SOD1b (sequence identity: 55%) and human mitochondrial SOD (PDB: 1VAR) for Ef-SOD2 (sequence identity: 44%). Templates were chosen based on high sequence identity with the target proteins and the high resolution of available 3D structures. Moreover, the oligomerization state is in agreement with that experimentally determine (see later). The quality of the structural models was estimated using the QMEAN function (Fig. S4). Structural models of Ef-SOD1s show the typical structure of Cu,Zn SODs (Fig. 5A and B) with a $\beta$-barrel composed by eight $\beta$-sheets containing two Greek key domains and two large loops\textsuperscript{13}. Out of these, the zinc-loop (Z-loop) (in yellow in Fig. 5 and in Fig. S3A) is involved in zinc coordination, while the charged residues-rich electrostatic loop (E-loop) (in blue in Fig. 5 and in Fig. S3A) is involved in guiding superoxide to the active site\textsuperscript{9}. Loops IV and VI (Figs 5 and S3A) are involved in the oligomerization of human Cu,Zn SOD1\textsuperscript{40,41}. Specific residues involved in the coordination of metal ions were identified in the structural models and in sequence alignments (Figs 5 and S3A). Consistent with the model, the Cu$^{2+}$ ion is coordinated by His$_{80}$, His$_{82}$ and His$_{154}$ in Ef-SOD1a and by His$_{51}$, His$_{53}$ and His$_{125}$ in Ef-SOD1b. Likewise, the Zn$^{2+}$ ion is coordinated by His$_{109}$, His$_{114}$ and Asp$_{117}$ in Ef-SOD1a and by His$_{76}$, His$_{86}$ and Asp$_{48}$ in Ef-SOD1b. His$_{97}$ and His$_{68}$ bridge Cu$^{2+}$ to a Zn$^{2+}$ ions in Ef-SOD1a and Ef-SOD1b, respectively. Sequence analysis reveals that the SOD1 E-loop is less conserved in ciliates than in higher eukaryotes, where it usually contains the electrostatic triad and a conserved arginine residue\textsuperscript{42} (Fig. S3A). Among ciliates, the “canonical” electrostatic triad is observed only in Ot-SOD1a and Ot-SOD1b from Oxytricha trifallax and Sl-SOD from Stylonychia lemnae (Fig. S1), while both Ef-SOD1a \textit{and} Ef-SOD1b contain a non-canonical triad (Fig. S3A). In the 3D model of Ef-SOD2, two long $\alpha$-helices at the N-terminus form a helical hairpin structure, while the C-terminus contains a three-stranded $\beta$-sheet flanked by four $\alpha$-helices on both sides (Fig. 5C). The Mn$^{2+}$ ion is coordinated by three His (His$_{46}$, His$_{94}$, His$_{188}$) and one Asp residue (Asp$_{184}$) conserved among MnSODs (Fig. S2 and S3B). In homologous enzymes the helical hairpin structure plays a key role in the formation and stabilization of the tetrameric structure\textsuperscript{43,44}. Indeed, in human MnSOD, the substitution of Ile$_{58}$ (boxed in Fig. S3B) with Thr destabilizes the tetramer and promotes a dimeric structure by perturbing the methyl group interaction network and hence impairing the oligomerization interface\textsuperscript{44}. We showed by SECS-MALS analysis (Table S2) that Ef-SOD2 is tetrameric, although it contains a Thr residue at an equivalent position (Thr$_{78}$, boxed in Fig. S3A). This might indicate that the interaction network involved in oligomerization of the human MnSOD is not conserved in Ef-SOD2. Recombinant Ef-SODs, were analyzed by SEC-MALS to determine their molecular weight and oligomerization state (Table S2). The molecular mass of Ef-SOD2\textsuperscript{A} is close to the theoretical mass of the tetramer, whereas the molecular mass of Ef-SOD1b is close to that expected for the dimer. Unfortunately, the high propensity of Ef-SOD1a to form aggregates interferes with MALS measurements. The comparison of SEC chromatographic profiles obtained for Ef-SOD1a and Ef-SOD1b, sharing similar molecular mass, suggests that Ef-SOD1a is a dimer because elutes at the same time of Ef-SOD1b (data not show). Molecular dynamic simulation. Most cold active proteins are endowed with higher either local or global flexibility than the mesophilic and thermophilic counterparts to cope with the reduction of dynamics and activity at low temperature\textsuperscript{45–47}. Therefore, we set up to investigate Ef-SODs by Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulations, in which the flexibility of monomeric and oligomeric conformations (dimers for Ef-SOD1s and tetramers for Ef-SOD2) was compared at 4°C and 27°C (Fig. 6), i.e. the same temperatures used for the enzymatic assays. Flexibility was estimated based on the average root-mean-square fluctuation (RMSF) values recorded for proteins both in the monomeric and the oligomeric form of the enzymes. Due to the limitations inherent to the use of 3D models, in the following we report only relevant differences (> 1.5 Å) observed in simulations performed at 4°C and 27°C. In SOD1 enzymes, RMSF differences detected at the two temperatures are small. In particular the E-loop of Ef-SOD1a is more flexible at 4°C than at 27°C, what might be of importance for catalytic activity in the cold (Fig. 6A). Moreover, loops I and V in the chain A (i.e. the first polypeptide of the dimer) of the dimeric form are highly flexible at 4°C, whereas loops I of the chain B (i.e. the second polypeptide of the dimer) is more flexible at 27°C. The RMSF profile of Ef-SOD1b shows no relevant differences in flexibility between the monomeric and the dimeric forms at both considered temperatures (Fig. 6B). Indeed, only loop I of chain A and loop V in both chains (Fig. 6B) of the native dimeric conformation are slightly more flexible at 27°C. However, such loop regions are localised on the opposite sites of the structure with respect to regions involved in subunits interaction$^{40}$, and are not assumed to be involved in protein stability. In the native tetrameric form of Ef-SOD2 but not in the monomer, the α7 helix in chain A, loop V in chain C and residues spanning 66–71 belonging to α1 helix of chain D exhibit higher flexibility at 4°C (Fig. 6C). The α1 helix is involved in protein oligomerization and may favour the formation of Ef-SOD2 tetramers at low temperatures. Worth of note, in some cases we observed differential effects of temperature among the subunits building the oligomer. These observations may surmise a non-equivalence of the subunits in the quaternary structure or non-symmetric long range effects of oligomerization, suggesting cooperativity of SOD subunits\textsuperscript{48}. To analyse more in depth the effects of temperature on ions-coordinating loops, the flexibility of His and Asp residues involved in ions coordination (i.e. His\textsubscript{109}, His\textsubscript{162}, His\textsubscript{165}, His\textsubscript{114}, Asp\textsubscript{177}, His\textsubscript{154} in \textit{Ef}-SOD1a and by His\textsubscript{31}, His\textsubscript{23}, His\textsubscript{76}, Asp\textsubscript{88}, His\textsubscript{83} and His\textsubscript{125} in \textit{Ef}-SOD1b and His\textsubscript{46}, His\textsubscript{94}, His\textsubscript{180}, Asp\textsubscript{184} in \textit{Ef}-SOD2) was evaluated using the root mean square deviation (RMSD) profile (Fig. S5A). Overall, Cu\textsuperscript{2+} coordinating His and Asp residues of \textit{Ef}-SOD1a and \textit{Ef}-SOD1b were slightly more flexible in the dimeric conformation, whereas Mn\textsuperscript{2+} coordinating residues of the \textit{Ef}-SOD2 were more stable in the tetrameric form. The stabilizing effect of oligomerization, reported in several proteins is therefore relevant for the tetrameric SOD2 enzyme but not for the two dimeric enzymes (Fig. S5A). A key role in the catalytic activity of Cu,Zn SOD is played by Arg residue which follows the electrostatic triad\textsuperscript{49}. This residue is conserved in both \textit{Ef}-SOD1s and is found in position 177 and 148 in \textit{Ef}-SOD1a and \textit{Ef}-SOD1b, respectively (Fig. S3A). MD simulations show that temperature and oligomerization state do not change the flexibility of these residues (Fig. S5B), suggesting that catalytic Arg flexibility is nor relevant for the activity of Cu,Zn SODs in the cold. Discussion \textit{E. focardii} is an obligate psychrophilic stenothermal organism restricted to live within a very narrow temperature range. Its optimal growing temperature is 4°C–5°C and cell death occurs over 12°C–15°C\textsuperscript{28}. Besides strict temperature requirements, a major issue for \textit{E. focardii} is oxidative stress since it experiences high dissolved oxygen typical of Antarctic marine environments\textsuperscript{2}. For these reasons, it allowed us studying the combined effects of oxidative stress and cold on key cell enzymes, superoxide dismutases. Transcriptomic analyses of other Antarctic marine organisms such as notothenioid fishes and the krill \textit{Euphausia superba} show that they overexpress catalases, glutathione peroxidase and SODs under physiological conditions, to avoid cell damages induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS)\textsuperscript{50}. Differently from SOD2, the SOD1 family was believed to be absent in protists\textsuperscript{10} until whole genomes sequencing revealed SOD1 encoding genes in a number of different ciliates\textsuperscript{49,51–53}. Recently, SODs from the mesophilic ciliate \textit{Tetrahymena thermophila} were described\textsuperscript{29}, showing their importance in the detoxification pathway in continued, elevated presence of metals in the environment. The evolutionary history of SODs is controversial. Fink and Scandalios suggested that bacterial and eukaryotic SOD1 sequences evolved from a common ancestor\textsuperscript{54}. Lee and co-authors proposed that SOD1 evolved rapidly in relatively recent times, differently from SOD2, which appear to have evolved at a relatively constant rate over the entire history of eukaryotes\textsuperscript{55}. The large differences between eukaryotic and bacterial SOD1s, highlighted also in the phylogenetic tree reported in this paper, do not surmise any obvious common ancestry inside the SOD1 family. Therefore, it was proposed that some eukaryotic Cu,Zn SODs would derive from horizontal gene transfer from the endosymbionts that gave rise to mitochondria\textsuperscript{11}. The discovery of the SOD1 family in several ciliates and other protists, including the amoeba \textit{Dictyostelium}, opened new scenarios. The phylogenetic tree reported in this work suggests that bacterial and eukaryotic SOD1s do not derive from a common ancestor. Furthermore, most of the SOD1 isoforms of individual ciliate species do not cluster together but rather belong to separated clades, including the SOD1 isoforms from \textit{Paramecium} and \textit{Tetrahymena}. This result suggests that the evolution of SOD1s may have witnessed several events of gene duplication and diversification, occurred very early in ciliate SOD1 genes, rather than horizontal gene transfer. By contrast, bacterial and eukaryotic SOD2s appear to derive from a common ancestor. Whatever was the evolutionary history, the study of todays \textit{E. focardii} SODs pinpoint some peculiarities in these enzymes that reflect a complex interplay of environmental pressures. Evolution of key cell enzymes is restricted by survival constraints. Nevertheless, gene duplication enlarges the kit of available catalysts and favors diversification. Moreover, SODs under study belong to two different families. Even though we do not have any direct evidence about the sub-cellular localization of the SOD isoenzymes within the ciliate cells, we assume from signal peptide characterized by \textit{in silico} analysis that \textit{Ef}-SOD2 is localized in mitochondria, \textit{Ef}-SOD1a could be either extracellular or membrane bound and \textit{Ef}-SOD1b is cytosolic (given the absence of the sequence of signal peptides). We report regulation of gene expression by temperature changes permissive for \textit{E. focardii} viability (0°C and 12°C). Both \textit{Ef}-SOD1a and \textit{Ef}-SOD1b expression is induced by a mild temperature drop, consistent with similar results from other Antarctic organisms. \textit{Deschampsia antarctica}, a plant adapted to the cold climate, overexpress antioxidant enzymes, including peroxidase, SOD and glutathione reductase that cope with damages by ROS\textsuperscript{56,57}. Noteworthy, when this plant was acclimated at 4°C the expression level of Cu,Zn SODs was higher compared to non-acclimated plants incubated at 13°C\textsuperscript{58}. Similar behaviour was observed for the MnSOD transcription after a mild cold exposure of the Antarctic yeast \textit{Glaciozyma antarctica}\textsuperscript{59}. In the bivalve \textit{Yoldia eightsi}, SOD activity is higher at low temperatures\textsuperscript{60}. Higher expression of SOD1s during the drop of temperature may be explained by the need to cope with the increased concentration of dissolved oxygen in cool water. Incubation at increased temperature causes a decrease in the mRNA levels of both enzymes that is partly recovered with time. Regulation of \textit{Ef}-SOD2 expression seem to be different. Changes of temperature (both down and up) induce a partial reduction of expression in the short time that is fully recovered within two hours. This would be consistent with the mitochondrial localization of this enzyme suggested by sequence analysis. Mitochondria in fact are exposed to high ROS concentration under any condition. We studied the temperature dependence of activity and the structural stability of SODs in a broad temperature range (4°C to 90°C). It is useful to recall that in most cases the optimal temperature of cold-active enzymes is higher than optimal temperature of organism growth and that an enzyme is classified as “cold active” if it retains activity at low temperature, independently on its optimal temperature\textsuperscript{1,62}. All three SODs are active at low temperature. At the same time, they retain high activity upon 20 minutes incubation up to 55/60°C. This feature is unusual in cold-active enzymes that are often heat sensitive and undergo inactivation and unfolding even at mild temperature. Nevertheless, thermo-tolerance or even thermostability of cold-adapted enzymes was reported previously. For example, Yang and colleagues reported 2.07 hours half-life at 70°C for a cold-active patatin-like phospholipase from \textit{E.focardii}\textsuperscript{53}. Similarly, cold active SODs from Antarctic bacteria such as \textit{Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis}\textsuperscript{3,64}, \textit{Exiguobacterium sp}\textsuperscript{65} and \textit{Alivibrio salmonicida}\textsuperscript{66} possess high thermal stability associated to catalitic activity in the cold. It has been previously proposed that structural flexibility and rigidity may co-exist in the same molecule in psychrophilic enzymes, because only domains involved in the conformational changes during catalysis need to be flexible\textsuperscript{62,67}. This is consistent with the observation that enzyme activity can be impaired by temperature before structural damage occurs\textsuperscript{61,62}. However, in our results the T\textsuperscript{m} describing loss of activity and protein unfolding are very close, and the small differences observed can be accounted for by the different experimental methods employed. Therefore, we propose that cold activity of \textit{Ef}-SODs is supported by the presence of restricted flexible regions sufficient for low temperature catalysis but not enough extended or mobile to unfold independently of the overall protein structure. Molecular dynamics simulation of the three \textit{Ef}-SODs revealed only minor differences in the temperature-dependent flexibility. This result is not in contrast with our experimental results; on the contrary, it confirms that \textit{Ef}-SODs are indeed flexible at both low and mild temperatures, and that slightly higher local flexibility at 4°C is sufficient for low temperature catalysis yet maintaining heat tolerance. In conclusion, \textit{Ef}-SODs combine cold activity with thermostability, a characteristic that may be due to the evolutionary origin of this ciliate before Antarctica broke up from Pangaea. In Cenozoic, due to Pangaea fragmentation the complete oceanic circulation around Antarctica and the decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations caused a rapid cooling of Antarctica and allowed glaciers to form. Unicellular organisms adapted at higher temperatures, once trapped in the cold Southern Ocean gradually adapted their enzyme structures to the new condition. The combined features of cold activity with overall structural robustness of \textit{Ef}-SODs seem to be functional to confer to key enzymes the ability to be functional under changing environmental conditions and could have been of advantage for the success of this ciliate in the colonization of the Antarctic marine habitat. Methods Strain and materials. E. focardii strains TN1 and TN15 isolated from sediment and seawater samples collected in Antarctica$^{27}$ were cultivated in a cold room at 4 °C in seawater and fed with the green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta. Escherichia coli strain DH5 α™ (Invitrogen, Waltham, USA) was the host for plasmid DNA amplification, while strain BL21 (DE3) (EMD Millipore, Billerica, USA) was used for recombinant protein expression. Random hexamer primers for cDNA synthesis were from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA USA) and oligonucleotides from Metabion (Metabion International AG, Steinkirchen, Germany). Q5® High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase was purchased from New England Biolabs (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA). Materials for SOD activity assay (cytochrome C, xanthine and xanthine oxidase), TRIzol reagent were from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, Missouri, USA). 2X SYBR Green Mix was purchased from Carlo Erba (Milan, Italy). RNA Extraction and cDNA synthesis. Cell cultures of E. focardii constantly grown at 4 °C were incubated at 0 °C, 4 °C and 12 °C, for 1 and 2 hours. Total RNA was extracted from ~20000 cells (representing a mix of both TN1 and TN15 strains) using TRIzol reagent (Sigma, Milan, Italy) according to manufacturer’s instructions. Isolated RNA was resuspended in diethylpyrocarbonate treated water (Sigma) and subjected to DNase I (from Carlo Erba, Milan Italy) treatment to remove genomic DNA. Total RNA concentration was measured at 260 nm with UV spectrophotometer (UV 1600PC). RNA integrity was verified by denaturing electrophoresis of a 2 μg sample on 1% agarose gel. DNase I-treated RNA samples were used as the template to amplify the E. focardii SSUrRNA gene to verify the absence of genomic DNA contamination. First strand cDNA was synthesized at 42 °C for 1 h from 2 μg of total RNA using random hexamer primers (5 ng/μl final concentration) and Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (Lucigen, Middleton, WI, USA). Quantitative real time PCR. The relative expression patterns of Ef-SODs coding genes were measured in cDNA samples from control (4 °C) and stressed (0 °C and 12 °C) cells by comparative-threshold qPCR using the SYBR green DNA-binding method$^{48}$. Quantitative real time PCR analysis was carried out in a final volume of 25 μl containing 12.5 μl of 2X SYBR Green Mix (Carlo Erba, Milan Italy), 10 μM of forward and reverse primers (Table S3), 1 μl of cDNA template (100 ng/μl) and 9.5 μl of nuclease-free water. The E. focardii SSUrDNA (GenBank ID: EF094961) gene was used for normalization. Amplification reactions were performed in triplicate in a Multicorlo qPCR MX3000P thermocycler (Stratagene, Milan, Italy) as follows: 95 °C for 2 min; 40 cycles (95 °C for 15 s, 55 °C for 1 min) and a final cycle (95 °C for 1 min, 55 °C for 30 s, 95 °C for 30 s). The relative ratio of each Ef-SOD gene was determined according to$^{59}$, by estimating the ΔΔCT, it correspond to \[ \Delta \Delta CT = \Delta CT_{unknown} - \Delta CT_{control} \] where ΔCT is the difference between the mean Ct of the target gene and the mean Ct of housekeeping gene. Ct is the PCR cycle number at which fluorescent signal is above the threshold that is set to exclude the fluorescent signal background. ΔCt is the Ct deviation of the control minus the sample of the target (SOD) or reference (housekeeping) gene. The unknown and control ΔCts in the ΔΔCT formula stand for stress and physiological condition respectively. Sequence analysis. The amino acid sequences of Ef-SODs were deduced by the Expert Protein Analysis System (http://www.expasy.org/). The theoretical molecular weight was determined by Expasy-ProtParam online tool (http://www.expasy.org/tools/protparam.html). Signal peptides were predicted using PROTTER ver.1.0$^{30}$ and MitoFates$^{31}$. Multiple alignments were performed by Clustal Omega. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by the Neighbour Joining algorithm$^{70}$ using MEGA5$^{71}$. Cloning of E. focardii superoxide dismutases sequences. Synthetic genes optimized for expression in E. coli (Genscript, Piscataway, NJ, USA) were cloned in frame with a C-terminal 6xHis-Tag into pET-21a vector (EMD, Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) between NdeI and XhoI sites to obtain, pET-21a [Ef-SOD1a], pET-21a [Ef-SOD1b] and pET-21a [Ef-SOD2]. QuickChange® PCR was performed to remove signal peptide sequences from Ef-SOD2 and Ef-SOD1a. Forward and reverse primer sequences are reported in Table S3. Reactions were carried out using Q5® High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase and Eppendorf Master-cycler (Eppendorf, Netheler Hinz GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) under the following conditions: 1 cycle (98 °C for 2 min), 25 cycles (98 °C 10 sec, 59 °C 25 sec for Ef-SOD2 or 51 °C 25 sec for Ef-SOD1a and 72 °C 180 sec), and a final cycle at 72 °C for 3 min. The deletion of signal peptide in pET-21a [Ef-SOD2Δ] and in pET-21a [Ef-SOD1aΔ] was assessed by enzyme restriction and by DNA sequencing. Recombinant proteins production and purification. Recombinant proteins produced by cells grown in Zym-5052 medium$^{7}$ were extracted as described$^{73}$. To evaluate the effect of metal cofactors on activity, copper (CuSO₄) and zinc (ZnCl₂) were added at 250 μM final concentration to cultures producing Ef-SOD1s, whereas manganese (MnSO₄) were added at the final concentration of 250 μM to Ef-SOD2 producing cultures. Proteins were purified at 4 °C by metal ion affinity chromatography on a nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid agarose resin (Jena bioscience, Germany). Samples containing protein at the highest concentration were pooled and buffer exchanged twice by gel filtration on PD10 columns (GE healthcare) against 200 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. Protein concentration was determined by the Bradford protein assay (Bio-Rad, California, USA), using bovine serum albumin as a standard. Activity assays. Enzyme activity was assayed according to McCord and Fridovich$^8$ using a Jasco V-530 UV/VIS spectrophotometer (JASCO International Co. Ltd., Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan). The activity assay was performed at 4 and 27 °C with Ef-SODs produced either in the absence or in the presence of the respective metal cofactor in the culture medium. Experiments were in triplicate. One unit of SOD was defined as the amount of protein required to inhibit the reduction of cytochrome c by the superoxide radical by approximately 50%$^8$. To study the effect of temperature on Ef-SODs activity, proteins were incubated 20 minutes at temperatures in the range 5 °C–90 °C and then assayed for activity at room temperature. Experiments were in triplicate. CD spectroscopy. CD spectra of 2 µM Ef-SODs were measured with a J-815 spectropolarimeter (Jasco Corp., Easton, MD, USA), using 0.1 cm path-length cuvette. Measurements were performed in the range 190–260 nm, with 0.2-nm data pitch and 20-nm/min scanning speed. All spectra were corrected for buffer contribution, averaged from two independent acquisitions, and smoothed by using a third-order least square polynomial fit. Thermal denaturation spectra were obtained measuring the CD signal in correspondence of the following minimum peaks: 205 nm for Ef-SOD1a$^3$, 215 nm for Ef-SOD1b, 210 nm and 208 nm for Ef-SOD2$^2$ fixed wavelength when progressively heating the sample from 5 °C to 90 °C. Measurements were performed in triplicate with a data pitch of 2 °C and a temperature slope of 0.5 °C/min. SEC-MALS. Oligomerization was studied by SEC–MALS analysis. 200 µl of protein (1 mg/ml) was injected onto Superose12 10/300 GL (GE Healthcare) and eluted with a mobile phase of 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, NaCl 150 mM, pH 7.5. Light scattering and refractive index were measured with a Wyatt Dawn Heleos detector (Wyatt Technology Corporation, Santa Barbara, USA). Protein modelling and simulations. 3D structures were modeled through the SwissModel server$^38$. Ef-SOD1a was modeled based on the structure of C. elegans Cu,Zn SOD1 (PDB: 3KBE; 45% sequence identity, resolution: 1.3 Å and 81% of coverage with Ef-SOD1a), Ef-SOD1b based on the structure of the chimeric SOD1 from Mus musculus and Homo sapiens (PDB: 3LTV; 55% sequence identity, resolution: 2.45 Å and 93% of coverage with Ef-SOD1b)$^7$$^4$, Ef-SOD2 was modeled based on the structure of human mitochondrial SOD (PDB:1VAR; 44% identity, resolution: 2.45 Å and 89% of coverage with Ef-SOD2)$^43$. Models were obtained in the dimeric form for Ef-SOD1s, and in the tetrameric form for Ef-SOD2. In order to compare the effect of temperature and oligomerization status on structure flexibility, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were performed. 3D Models complexed with Cu, Zn (Ef-SOD1s) or Mn (Ef-SOD2) were subjected to 100 ns MD simulations at either 227.15 K (4 °C) or 300.15 K (27 °C) under constant temperature and pressure (1 atm). 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Routine microsecond molecular dynamics simulations with AMBER on GPUs. 2. Explicit solvent particle mesh Ewald. Journal of chemical theory and computation 9, 3878–3888 (2013). 76. Case, D. A. et al. Amber 14 (2014). 77. Lindorff-Larsen, K. et al. Improved side-chain torsion potentials for the Amber ff99SB protein force field. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 78, 1950–1958 (2010). Acknowledgements This work was supported by the European Commission Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions H2020 RISE Metable – 645693. We thank Alberto Barbieri for help and advice in the SEC-MALS experiments. FC and LM were supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) Flagship InterOmics (cod. PB05), PRIN2015 (cod. 20157ATSLF) and Lombardy FRRB LYRA_2015-0010 Projects. Author Contributions A. Pischedda and M. Mangiagalli performed biochemical and biophysical experiments to characterize recombinant proteins. K. Priyan performed phylogeny and qRealTimePCR. F. Chiappori performed molecular dynamic simulations. L. Milanesi and C. Miceli conceived the project. S. Pucciarelli and M. Lotti conceived the project and wrote the paper. All authors have read and approved the manuscript. Additional Information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33127-1. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. © The Author(s) 2018
Sen. Liburd Wants Specific Proposals To Address Disparity Dilemma in Territory’s Property Taxes STORY ON PAGE 3 ACOE Ends Month-Long Public Comment Period on SEG Marina Plans Page 4 IGLA Prepares GHS Location for Aluminum Can Crusher and Baler Page 9 STJ Rescue Stops Transporting Deceased for V.I. Government Over Liability Concerns Page 5 Historic Artwork – Not For Sale Historic 1850 painting of Cruz Bay Battery by Fritz Melby will be on display at the St. John Historical Society Auction on Tuesday, March 10, at the Wetin Resort — but the valuable artwork is not for sale. STORIES ON PAGES 6 AND 17 Senator Liburd’s Concerns for Island Road Issues Include Safety Conditions and South Shore Road Access Page 2 Considering the Future of GBS – St. John Teens Discuss the Proposed Vocational School Page 9 Sen. Almando “Rocky” Liburd promises renewed effort to reopen roads through the V.I. National Park on the south shore of St. John, including Route 107 in Lameshur, the remotest area of the V.I. National Park, above. The former south shore access route has not been very welcoming in recent months and years with numerous, seemingly-bottomless potholes spanning the unpaved access road between Europa and Lameshur Bays which historically connected to Centerline Road. Sen. Liburd’s Concerns for Island Road Issues Includes Safety Conditions, South Shore Access By TOM OAT St. John Tradewinds* CRUZ BAY — St. John Senator at Large Almando “Rocky” Liburd wants the National Park Service and the federal government to take responsibility for island highway safety issues. On the heels of three serious motor vehicle accidents on St. John in less than three months involving eleven people with two fatalities within less than a mile of each other on federal roads within the Virgin Islands National Park, Sen. Liburd wants the federal government to take responsibility for roads through park properties. “Our roads are much more dangerous than people see them to be,” Sen. Liburd acknowledged in an interview with St. John Tradewinds. “Some areas are real dangerous.” Continued on Page 18 Understanding CBCC Forum March 9 “Understanding the Coral Bay Community Council as an organization – Answering Your Questions” is the topic of the next CBCC Forum on Monday, March 9, at 6 p.m. at the Johns Folly Learning Institute in Coral Bay. Understanding the Coral Bay Community Council as an organization – Answering your questions will include: How does a nonprofit organization run? How do we get grants and carefully follow the federal grant and IRS rules? What is it like to be a volunteer board member? What kinds of projects and studies should CBCC do in the future? How do we interact with other groups and government? Come and learn more about our successful 400-member 501c3 organization – and get involved! CBCC is also seeking your ideas for future goals and projects, and will provide briefs on some of our current projects. The Monday, March 9, presentation will begin at 6 p.m. and last about one hour at the Johns Folly Learning Institute in Coral Bay. Directions: on left side of Route 107, (Sign says Catholic Mass Sundays.) For more info, call CBCC’s office at 776-2099. SJHS’s Art Show, Fundraiser Mar. 10 The St. John Historical Society will host an art show and fundraiser at the Westin Grand Ballroom on St John from 5:30 to 8 p.m. on Tuesday, March 10. Coral Bay Open Mar. 14 at Skinny Legs It’s time to pull out those whacky costumes and trusty clubs, the “almost world famous” mini golf tournament Coral Bay Open is set for Saturday, March 14, at 2 p.m. at Skinny Legs. In addition to a fun-filled day of miniature golf action, the event will benefit the Island Green Living Association’s recycling program. You can help make St. John greener while putting around a hilarious course along the beautiful Coral Bay harbor area. No golf experience is necessary; just bring a good attitude and be ready to have fun while playing our whacky, mini-golf-ish, uniquely Coral Bay-style Open. The event will kick off at 2 p.m. with a shot-gun start. Teams of four can register at Skinny Legs for $150. Or sign up for $40 as an individual. There will be a prize awarded for Best Dressed Foursome, so get working on those costumes! The Coral Bay Open will also feature a raffle drawing for exciting prizes including stays at Gallows Point Resort and Grande Bay, a sunset cruise for 30 aboard Sadie Sea, charters with Knot E Buoys and Kiote and more. For more information call (340) 643-5313. See you there! St. John Rotary Club Adds New Venue In an effort to involve a larger segment of St. John in its membership and activities, the Rotary Club of St. John is changing its meeting time and venue to Wednesdays at 7:30 a.m. at Gallows Point’s beautiful Ocean 362 Restaurant. This new venue and earlier time will allow many business owners and employees to attend meetings and consequently to participate in our many community service events. St. John Rotary is also expecting to change the third Wednesday of the month to an evening meeting in order to appeal to a younger group, thereby guaranteeing that the club will prosper and grow in its dedication to the needs of the St. John community and of the world. The satellite club will continue to meet on Fridays at noon at Chateau Bordeaux. Sen. Liburd Wants Specific Proposals To Address Disparity Dilemma in Territory’s Property Taxes By TOM OAT St. John Tradewinds CRUZ BAY — The V.I. Senate is close to conducting hearings on the “very complex issue” of the impact of property tax on St. John landowners, but St. John Senator at Large Almando “Rocky” Liburd wants some specific proposals for solutions on the table. “I’m not inclined to (conduct a senate hearing) without having some proposals, something to discuss,” Sen. Liburd said in an interview with St. John Tradewinds on March 8. “We need some options.” “I don’t want to have a hearing without something to show — that we have something to present,” explained Sen. Liburd, who said he hoped to have some of those options outlined within “two to three weeks.” “I think the (Senate) president said he’s also trying to set up a task force,” Sen. Liburd added. Lt. Gov. Osbert Potter is also expected to visit St. John to discuss the property tax issue, the St. John senator added. From Martha’s Vineyard to Hawaii “We are looking at a number of tax structures” — from Martha’s Vineyard to Hawaii — “to see how we can find something that is constitutionally tested,” Sen. Liburd told Tradewinds. “I want to see something.” “Everything we do has to pass muster,” the St. Johnian senator added. “It’s taken some time, but the legislature has formulated a commitment.” “The property tax issue is important because it ties directly into the economy of the V.I.,” Sen. Liburd explained. “You have to handle it with a balance of delivering relief and sustaining a government.” “I’m optimistic that some relief will come,” the St. Johnian reiterated. “It goes across the board,” Sen. Liburd explained. “You have to find a formula that works for everyone.” The St. John senator proposes the government first look at the undeveloped land and set up a territory-wide rate and “see how it affects our taxation.” “You’ve got to do what you got to do,” Sen. Liburd acknowledged. “You’ve got to do what’s right.” Senator Encourages Appeals Process “The appeal process is still there,” Sen. Liburd reminded constituents. “Even though that is there, there is always a window for review,” Sen. Liburd added. “You can always go to the tax assessor and ask for a review.” “They are supposed to,” grant taxpayers a review of their bill. “(Property owners) should go in and try to get a review.” Meanwhile, Sen. Liburd is looking into adjustments to the territory’s property tax system including adding different assessment categories based on the type of structure, and different residential or commercial uses. “We are looking at all aspects of it,” Sen. Liburd said. “Then we will put it in draft.” “If we do it right it will bring some relief,” the St. John senator said. Considering the Future of GBS – St. John Teens Discuss the Proposed Vocational School By RAVEN PHILLIPS St. John Tradewinds CORAL BAY — The Guy Benjamin School was once a prolific institution that committed itself to molding young minds into the influential and industrial Virgin Islanders of the future. It now stands silent and empty. As negotiations over how the building should be used now are being hashed out, one idea has rung clearest over all others: a vocational school. Rather than reestablish the building as a full blown school, some people have suggested that it be transformed into school that focuses on specific occupations. Since the decision affects them and they remember the school well, the teenagers of St. John were given a chance to weigh in on the issue. Many teenagers love the idea of having a vocational school. “It would be great to learn different job skills. I haven’t seen anything like this since the Coral Bay Job Club. I think it is important that teens learn the skills they need for the jobs they want” one teen said. “I want to own my own busi- Continued on Page 16 ACOE Ends Month-Long Public Comment Period on SEG Coral Bay Marina Plans By JAIME ELLIOTT St. John Tradewinds After being extended twice, the Army Corps of Engineers deadline for public comments on Summers End Group’s controversial plans to construct a mega-marina in Coral Bay ended on Thursday, March 5. ACOE officials originally set the public comment period for three and a half weeks when they opened it on January 5. The January 30 deadline was first extended to February 15 and finally to March 5. The extensions were a result of the large amount of comments submitted opposing the marina, according to David Silverman, a community activist with the group Save Coral Bay. “A large part of the extensions was the level of comments they were receiving at ACOE’s office in Puerto Rico,” said Silverman. “They were realizing this was a controversial project and they wanted to give people ample time to submit concerns.” In the end more than 12,000 letters were submitted opposing Summers End Group’s proposed 145-slip mega marina and associated shore-side development project in Coral Bay, explained Silverman. “Over 12,000 letters were received from members of The National Parks Conservation Association,” Silverman said. “Over 1,000 individually written letters were received by St. John residents, property owners and visitors and we got close to 5,300 signatures on a petition against the SEG marina project.” ACOE officials in Puerto Rico had never seen that level of public comment before, Silverman added. “The ACOE Puerto Rico officials said that was an unprecedented level of public comment for their office,” said Silverman. “In large metropolitan areas you might see a large level of comments. The ACOE Puerto Rico office said that for a small, little community like Coral Bay to get that level of support was unprecedented.” Since forming in October 2014, Save Coral Bay — which was formed after Summers End Group’s proposal sailed through the local permitting process — also managed to raise more than $93,000 from 800 donors to finance a legal fight against the mega-marina. In addition to receiving more than 12,000 letters opposing the marina, ACOE officials also received Save Coral Bay’s official comments, a thick binder containing five expert reports, legal analysis and more. Working with highly respected national environmental law firms Sive, Paget & Riesel (who provide pro bono assistance) and Manko-Gold, Save Coral Bay comments included expert reports on the economy, fish habitat, endangered species, water quality impacts and navigation and marina design, as well as hundreds of pages of comments, legal analysis, Silverman explained. “It was a very complete and professionally done package of the concerns of the impact of the marina delivered with over 13,000 letters and the petition,” he said. “Over 12,000 letters were received from members of The National Parks Conservation Association. Over 1,000 individually written letters were received by St. John residents, property owners and visitors and we got close to 5,300 signatures on a petition against the SEG marina project.” — David Silverman, community activist, Save Coral Bay Silverman also created accurate scale video renderings of the project, which he submitted to ACOE officials as well. “We wanted them to have everything required to get a really, really accurate understanding of the how the proposal would look in the setting of Coral Bay,” said the community activist. Save Coral Bay has received letters of support from a range of national and local organizations including National Park Conservation Association, Mission Blue, Center for Biological Diversity, V.I. League of Women Voters and V.I. Conservation Association. After ACOE officials spend “whatever amount of time it takes” to read through the thousands of letters and hundreds of pages of official comments, the corps can take several possible actions, Silverman said. “They could outright deny the application, they could summarize all of the issues that were raised and ask the applicants to respond to the issues, they could — because of the level of controversy and the probable impact to the environment — require a full Environmental Impact Statement, or they could just got out and approve the application,” he said. If ACOE officials order Summers End Group to conduct an Environmental Impact Statement, studies could take years, Silverman added. “An EIS is a true piece of scientific research,” said the community activist. “It is conducted under the oversight of the federal agencies. It’s not a point in time study, it’s not saying ‘this is what is here today.’” “Often it is a longitudinal study saying ‘lets look at these issues over a period of time,’” he said. “By its very nature, it takes time. The federal agencies would identify the studies that would be required and would supervise the conduct of the studies in the sense of reviewing data. If it was not adequate they wouldn’t accept it.” At this point Save Coral Bay has done all it can in its fight against Summers End Group’s proposed marina, according to Silverman. Continued on Page 18 Audubon Plant Sale Pleases From tomatoes to tomatoes, the V.I Audubon Society’s annual Plant Sale at the Marketplace on Saturday, March 7, was once again a big hit as savvy shoppers mowed down the merchandise at the highly-anticipated annual event. Senator Liburd Promises Action To Secure Replacement Equipment for St. John Rescue By TOM OAT St. John Tradewinds CRUZ BAY — Sen. Almando “Rocky” Liburd is not all talk when he says he’s going to secure a new “Jaws of Life” for St. John Rescue. Three serious one-vehicle accidents in a three-month span involving the extrication of 11 victims with two fatalities – culminating in a six-hour extrication effort at a single-vehicle crash of a heavy crane on Kings Hill on Friday, February 20, have taken their toll on St. John Rescue volunteers and their equipment. The all-volunteer force was left looking for a new “Jaws of Life” extrication device. While St. John Rescue members were contemplating a fundraising effort for new extrication equipment at an estimated cost of “$21,730; $15,473 on sale,” Sen. Liburd said he would seek other sources for funds – including securing federal assistance through the VINP with the help of V.I. Delegate to Congress Stacey Plaskett. St. John Rescue volunteers had used the equipment in early January when they responded to a fatal early-morning car crash on Route 10 on January 10 less than 100 yards east of the intersection with Route 20 which killed one back seat passenger and trapped the driver and three injured passengers in the vehicle. December Wreck of Rental Jeep On December 22, the volunteers had responded to a rental Jeep accident in which a tourist family with two teenage children ended up injured and trapped in the vehicle after it went off the shoulder of the one-way section of Route 20 just a few hundred yards below the scene of the subsequent February crane crash. In the December accident, the rental Jeep went off the right shoulder of the one-way section of Route 20 dropping through the north shore forest from the intersection with Route 10 connecting Cruz Bay and Coral Bay at the intersection of Centerline Road and Kings Hill Road. The passengers appeared to have not been wearing seatbelts and all four victims suffered non-life threatening but serious injuries when they ended-up piled on each other on the windshield of the upended vehicle in the wooded ravine. The hours of use were too much for the rescue squad’s 12-year old equipment. “It’s just that they are so old,” Malacarne said of St. John Rescue most important equipment. “And, they are old school. They were when we got them 12 years ago.” St. John Rescue, meanwhile, welcomed new members to its board of directors, including the first non-rescue members, at its monthly meeting, March 4. “We all have jobs and the work suffers because we have to make it up,” Malacarne admitted of the impact of the volunteer rescue work on members. “We’re all self-employed and we have to make a living.” “It’s been really crazy,” Malacarne acknowledged. Historic Paintings on Display Are Highlight Of St. John Historical Society Fundraiser St. John Tradewinds The St. John Historical Society art show and fundraiser at the Westin Grand Ballroom on St John from 5:30 to 8 p.m. March 10, will offer a rare opportunity to view historical paintings of the Virgin Islands now held in private collections. One of the historical pieces of artwork on display will be an 1850 Fritz Melby painting, Cruz Bay Battery on St. John, (inset left) which was commissioned by Gov. Carl Hånschell (1809-1859). The painting hung at the battery on St John, which then served as the governor’s residence, until the Hånschell family took it with them to Lemvig, Denmark. The painting remained in the Hånschell family until it was acquired recently by a private St. John collector who graciously consented to loaning it to the Society for this event. Melbye was born in Denmark in 1826 but traveled and painted extensively throughout the Caribbean. He is credited with inspiring the young Camille Pissarro, the St. Thomas artist, to take up painting as a career. An original Pissarro sketch will also be on display at the fundraiser, and commentary on selected pieces of historical art will be part of the activities. The event, entitled A Look Backtime, will also feature local artists with their own works for sale with a portion of the artwork sales going to benefit the Historical Society, a raffle and a silent auction. Available for sale will be the work of several local artists, including Kimberly Boulon, Lucy Portlock, Janet Cook-Rutnik, Elaine Estern, Lisa Etre and George Hollander, with a portion of the artwork sales benefitting the society. A raffle and silent auction will include gift certificates from local restaurants such as Waterfront Bistro; Ocean 362, Vista Mare, Virgin Fire, the Lime Inn, Ronnie’s Pizza and the Fishtrap; a sunset sail and half-day sail on Cloud9; and hotel stays at Carambola Beach Resort & Spa, Estate Lindholm and String of Pearls. Other items include a private tour of the Cinnamon Bay Museum guided by National Park archeologist Ken Wild; a private tour of Sussanaberg conducted by Ronnie Jones; jewelry from R&I Patton; a Scandinavian dinner for six prepared by Robin Swank and Larry Boxerman; a whitening from St. John Dental; free car servicing from Community Motors; a gift certificate for fiberglass work by Mike Sheen; five out-of-print copies of Life in 5 Quarters; copies of St. John Backtime and St John Voices; a mahogany hand-turned pen by Pam Richards-Samuel; and a back issue of the American Folk Art Museum’s 1990 publication that featured an article on the Continued on Page 17 First Bank Completes Big Move It was a minor catastrophe to those who missed the warning signs when First Bank locked the doors at its downtown Cruz Bay branch at noon on Friday, March 7, to complete the bank’s move to its new location at The Marketplace at Enighed Pond, above. Work continued on the interior of the refurbished banking facility as the automatic teller machines were installed on the same day to allow a somewhat-seamless transition for the island’s only full service bank. First Bank had done business in Cruz Bay Quarter, across the street of Nazareth Lutheran Church since taking over the operations of Chase Bank in the 1990s. For several years it was the only financial institution serving the island of St. John. RENDEZVIEW — This 4 bed, 3 1/2 bath beachfront villa is a perfect for newlyweds, families, small groups & is a 5 minute drive to Cruz Bay. Just below the villa is a short path to Hart Bay beach which is perfect for beachcombing & snorkeling. This fabulous villa offers a combination sophistication and romantic charm. More than 20 members and prospective members filled the St. John Rescue headquarters on Thursday, March 5, to elect a new board of directors for the volunteer organization. St. John Rescue Stops Transporting Deceased for V.I. Government Over Liability Concerns St. John Tradewinds CRUZ BAY — There’s no free ride on St. John — not even for the deceased. Pending resolution of a long-festered dilemma of liability questions related to St. John Rescue’s transportation of bodies of deceased to the Muyrah Keating Smith Community Health Center, the island’s volunteer emergency squad can no longer serve that function. “St. John Rescue members have voted to discontinue transporting bodies until we have an agreement with DOJ,” St. John Rescue member Maya Matthews-Sterling wrote St. John Tradewinds on March 8. “We have not yet received such an agreement. Hopefully, we will meet next week with the new AG to further discuss the matter.” After months of operating in legal limbo after unofficially taking over the task of transporting persons who have died in accidents or of natural causes at home on the island, the St. John Rescue officials are waiting to hear back from the AG’s office on an official, formal agreement for providing the service to the community. “If we are administering first aid to and/or attempting to resuscitate a person and EMS is not able to transport them in an ambulance we will transport as we continue to work on the person,” Matthews-Sterling wrote. “Occasionally, the person we are working on is declared dead once we arrive someplace that has someone who is qualified to make this declaration (usually a doctor).” No Free Ride for Person Declared Dead “We will not, however, transport a person that has been declared dead,” the St. John Rescue spokesperson wrote. “Lately, St. John EMS has been taking them to MKSCHC which now has a working freezer that can store two bodies temporarily,” Matthews-Sterling wrote. “The DOJ will then send someone from St. Thomas to transport the body(ies) to the morgue on St. Thomas during hours when barges are operating.” Ending Legal Limbo St. John Senator at Large Almando “Rocky” Liburd is trying to solve the island’s volunteer rescue company problem with transporting the bodies to the island’s de facto morgue. St. John Rescue officials unofficially had taken on the responsibility of transporting bodies to MKSCHC to await transport to St. Thomas by the medical examiner as a community service, but the organization is still waiting for a formal arrangement and protection from liability. There has been progress, Malacarne acknowledged in February. “Sen. Liburd got me on a conference call with the acting attorney general,” Malacarne said. “The AG was hoping to indemnify us.” “We don’t want to be alone (with a body),” Malacarne explained in February. “It’s a question of liability.” “We’d still like to have an escort” when transporting a body in a St. John Rescue vehicle, Malacarne told a recent meeting of government officials. “God forbid we got into an accident and the body was damaged.” Sen. Liburd said he still expects a meeting between the parties will lead to an agreement that indemnifies St. John Rescue in transporting bodies. Island Green Living Prepares Gifft Hill Location for Arrival of Aluminum Can Crusher and Baler The approximately two million cans that arrive on St. John each year will soon be doing a lot less harm to the Virgin Islands environment thanks to the Island Green Living Association’s purchase of an aluminum can crusher and baler. The industrial aluminum can compactor/baler, which is currently en route to the island, was purchased through donations made by Eco Serendib Villa and Spa as part of a program that allocates a portion of the villa’s rental income from every reservation to preserving St. John. Villa owner Harith Wickrema has agreed to match total contributions made by Earth Day, April 22, up to $20,000 in an effort to encourage others to support IGLA’s recycling efforts. If $20,000 is raised by April 22, Eco Serendib will add another $5,000 to IGLA’s fund. The machine will operate at IGLA’s ReSource Depot in a space that has been donated by Storage on Site. In the span of just one minute, the can crusher uses 59,000 pounds of compaction force to crush 600 cans at a time into a 12” x 12” x 6” bale. The bales will then be collected, palletized, and shipped off island to be recycled; IGLA is working with shipping companies in the hopes of securing donated space in one of the many containers that leave the islands empty. The can compactor will eventually operate entirely off-grid. IGLA, which is partnering with the St. John Community Foundation on this project, is seeking additional donations to purchase a photovoltaic panel system to provide power to operate the compactor/baler and future equipment for recycling glass, plastic, and other recyclables. Brad Cannrud and The Link Group have already made a generous donation of $10,000 to get this project started. Angel Electric and Solar Supply have offered to donate time and equipment at cost to get it up and running. Until the panels are in place, the can compactor will be run by a temporary diesel generator. IGLA plans to build a roof over the can crusher using an existing structure at the Storage on Site Gifft Hill location, with the purpose of supporting the PV panels and collecting water to wash the cans prior to crushing. Labor for the roof’s installation has been offered by Stronghouse Construction. Several island restaurants have expressed interest in purchasing the crushed cans for use in their kitchens. VINP Honored in Final Event of 2015 Season at Boulon Fine Art Gallery Kimberly Boulon Fine Art Gallery will be presenting the final event for the 2015 “An Evening With The Arts,” Visual and Performing, series opening Friday, March 13, at the Marketplace in Cruz Bay, St. John, from 5 to 8 p.m. The theme is PERSPECTIVES: ST.JOHN, VIRGIN ISLANDS interpreted in Art through Water - Fire - Earth - Air - Spirit. March’s Event is entitled THE PRESENT: Crossroads, and honors the Virgin Islands National Park for preserving and protecting the natural and cultural resources of the majority of St. John and its surrounding waters. Twelve Visual Artists will showcase their one-of-a-kind creations while St. John School of the Arts (SJSA) will be performing. A raffle of a Kimberly Boulon painting benefits SJSA with 100 percent of the ticket sales. Tickets are $10 ea or 6 for $50. View the painting at the Gallery (or on Kimberly’s website) and purchase tickets there Tues. and Thurs. 10 to 5 p.m. or call SJSA at 340-779-4322. You do not need to be present at the event, which is free to the public, to win. Please go to www.kimberlyboulon.com for more information. CORAL BAY OPEN “ALMOST WORLD FAMOUS” MINI GOLF TOURNAMENT DATE SATURDAY March 14, 2015 TIME 2 PM SHOTGUN START PLACE SKINNY LEGS, CORAL BAY AWARDS RECEPTION After Party at Skinny’s! Prize Awarded for “Best Dressed” Foursome SIGNUP @ Skinny’s Call 643-5313 for info SPONSORSHIPS $150 = 4 PERSON TEAM $ 40 = INDIVIDUAL $100 HOLE SPONSORS $ 20 AWESOME T-SHIRTS $15,000 in RAFFLE PRIZES PROCEEDS BENEFIT St. John Community Foundation RECYCLING ST JOHN Francis Bay oil painting by Kimberly Boulon, above. Mahogany “Star Box” by Jon McKay, left. “Island” Bracelet by Michael Banzhaf “Nauti Nite” Lightechture by George Hollander More Than 1,000 Runners and Walkers Brave St. John Hills in 19th Annual 8 Tuff Miles By JAIME ELLIOTT St. John Tradewinds A total of 1,046 runners and walkers of all ages and abilities hoofed it across the challenging hills of St. John in the 19th Annual 8 Tuff Road Race on Saturday morning, February 28. Hosted annually by Peter Alter and a team of about 400 volunteers on the last Saturday in February, the well-organized race from Cruz Bay to Coral Bay has drawn a steadily increasing number of participants and an impressive talent pool. This year’s race saw Jessica Rice repeat as the women’s winner. Rice, 39, of Needham, Massachusetts, set the course record for women last year at 56 minutes and three seconds. Rice followed up that performance with another win, crossing the finish line this year in 57 minutes and 39 seconds. Ruth Ann David, 41, of St. Thomas, finished second in the women’s race with a time of one hour and 19 minutes. Twenty-three-year-old Emily Egelhoft-Whalen from North Carolina was the third woman to cross the finish line in Coral Bay with a time of one hour, six minutes and 22 seconds. On the men’s side, it was a first time win for Paul Jones, 39, of North Carolina who finished third overall last year. This year, Jones crossed the finish line 52 minutes and 34 seconds after setting out from Cruz Bay. St. Thomas resident Shane De Gannes, 42, finished second with a time of 53 minutes and 28 seconds. Javan Anthony Lapp of North Carolina finished third with a time of 53 minutes and 37 seconds. The first St. John resident to finish this year’s 8 Tuff Miles was up and coming runner Evan Jones. The 15-year-old athlete has continued to improve, finishing this year’s race in seventh place with a time of 56 minutes and eight seconds. While top runners cross the finish line in under an hour, the race draws a huge field of participants with wide range of ages and abilities. This year’s youngest 8 Tuff Milers were seven years old while oldest person to finish was a mere 83 years young. Among those more than 1,000 runners and walkers in the race, were Jordan Mangues, Aaron Hale and Jaclynn Larington who ran to raise funds for Team River Runner, a program dedicated to teaching adaptive kayak skills to wounded veterans. Mangues, along with Hale, a blind veteran, and Larington, began 8 Tuff Miles at the very back of the 1,046-person pack. They raised money for each of the 703 people they passed en route to the finish line which they crossed together after one hour, 30 minutes and 17 seconds. The runners hoped to raise about $7,000 for Team River Runner’s St. John leadership program. The event would not be possible without the 400 volunteers, organized by Race Director Peter Alter who oversees all aspects of the day, from the start line to the awards ceremony. While this year’s start line was missing the customary U.S. Coast Guard fly over — nixed due to Department of Homeland Security budget cuts — the highlight of the opening ceremony was Shikima Jones’ stirring rendition of the American Anthem. Nineteen years after starting a little race from Cruz Bay to Coral Bay, Alter these days spend just about all year preparing for the last Saturday in February. It is the positive comments he gets from participants that keeps dedicated to 8 Tuff Miles, the race director explained. “What keeps me going really are all the positive comments I get from people after the race,” said Alter. “I get lots of nice emails from people and walking around town some of the tourists who are still here a few days after the race will come up to me and thank me.” “People take a minute to stop doing what they are doing to come over and say, ‘Hey you know, this is a great event,’” Alter said. “All that positive feedback is really great.” While Alter has no specific plans for the race’s 20th celebration next year, which will be on Saturday, February 27, he hoped to have his key volunteers back again. “There are a lot of people looking forward to that last Saturday in February,” said Alter. “I hope that my volunteers continue to hang with me. There are so many key volunteers; everyone helps.” In addition to setting up, breaking down, handing out fruit, medals and more, there are more than 150 volunteers who hand out water along the race course. This year, Alter — who runs the race each year — took time to thank those volunteers. “I enjoyed my race this year,” said Alter. “It was a little different. I took my time and I enjoyed walking through each water station, thanking the volunteers.” “I really enjoyed myself,” Alter said. By all accounts, the 1,045 other participants in the 19th Annual 8 Tuff Miles also enjoyed themselves. For more information on the race and a full list of results, go to www.8tuffmiles.com. St. John’s Exercise Hot Spot! Pilates Worx Healthy Bodies Do Pilates! The Lumber Yard Complex Cruz Bay, St. John For more information or to book an appointment, call 877-249-WORX (9679) or visit www.pilatesworx.com Time-honored exercises and the latest equipment to treat and strengthen the entire body. On the Market A feature dedicated to special homes on the market listed with Tradewinds real estate advertisers* Exclusive One Peter Bay Has It All — White Sand Beach, Views, Breezes and More By JAIME ELLIOTT St. John Tradewinds Anyone dreaming of the postcard perfect Caribbean retreat — think gin clear water and a powder white sand beach steps from your expansive pool and luxurious family beach house — will fall in love with One Peter Bay. The three bedroom home sits on a full 1.1 acre parcel of land in the upscale Estate Peter Bay neighborhood, a gated enclave nestled within the pristine Virgin Islands National Park on the island’s famed North Shore. The address says it all, explained Merry Nash of Islandia Real Estate/Sea Glass Properties. “If you want to be right on a white sand beach on the island’s North Shore, One Peter Bay is the house for you,” said Nash. “This is a charming family beach house with only a few short steps from the private pool in the courtyard to the white sandy beach right on the water at famed Estate Peter Bay.” One Peter Bay is situated to take full advantage of the cooling trade winds coming in off the nearby Caribbean Sea. The pod-style home is centered around a large, free form pool, deck and courtyard. Enter through the decorative iron gate the top of the driveway and be ready to be swept off your feet by the tropical beauty of One Peter Bay. The home is about 5,000 square feet with an additional 3,500 square feet of outdoor living space. Lush, tropical gardens, 100 feet of private palm fringed powder beach front and a path to Peter Bay Beach are only a few steps from the large pool. With plenty of space to lounge in the sun or stretch out in the shade, with your toes in the sand or dangling in the pool, you won’t have any reason to leave. An outdoor grill and bar area will have you whipping up gourmet lunches for all your friends. Inside the shared living area at One Peter Bay, find an expansive great room with a towering exposed beam ceiling. The open plan, country style kitchen features custom tile work and a center island. The cozy library, office, bar with hard wood details is the perfect place for a night cap and a few pages of reading before turning in for the night. The master bedroom suite at One Peter Bay features a private terrace just off the hot tub and a second covered verandah facing the pool. The en suite bathroom boasts double vanities and an outdoor native stone shower. The two guest suites are nestled in a separate pod allowing for the utmost in privacy. The en suite bedrooms feature private terraces and indoor and outdoor showers. Situated on one of the most beautiful shorelines in the world, One Peter Bay is designed to embrace outdoor living. All of the rooms open by pocket doors to the outside, allowing for a seamless enjoyment of the tropical sun and cooling breezes. One Peter is Bay is currently not listed on the MLS. For more information on the home, including the price, contact Nash at (340) 642-2246 or via email at firstname.lastname@example.org. Sybil Sings the Blues Longtime St. John snowbird Sybil Lefferts joined guitarist-vocalist Erin on stage at Castaways in downtown Cruz Bay to delight the audience with classic song. Best of Both Worlds Friday Night Fête Features Jeweler Ann Larkin-Roy on Friday, Feb. 13 St. John Tradewinds The Best of Both Worlds Fine Art and Craft Gallery is pleased to invite the public to a series of Friday Night Fêtes with the next event featuring Jeweler Ann Larkin-Roy, on Friday, March 13, from 6 to 9 p.m. at Mongoose Junction, St. John. Ann Larkin-Roy is a native of Canada who has lived on St. Thomas since 2010. Jewelry has been her passion and she handcrafts all jewelry pieces locally in the islands. Each piece is created with inspiration from the beauty of the Caribbean Sea and is a wonderful reminder of the stunning nature of the Virgin Islands. Her sense of style is shown in beautiful pieces from delicate lariats to beaded earrings and necklaces. Best of Both Worlds is constantly changing displays to highlight the eclectic and diverse art and jewelry offered. Come and explore many new items and enjoy a glass of wine as Ann discusses her work. To go with the wine that will be served in the gallery, Virgin Fire will be providing a delicious selection of appetizers to enjoy as well as Live music by Inner Visions, next door to Best of Both Worlds. For more information, please contact Best of Both Worlds at 340-693-7005 or by e-mail at email@example.com Relocation Notice Visit our new branch located in Estate Enighed The FirstBank Cruz Bay Branch has relocated to The MarketPlace, 5000 Estate Enighed, St. John. The new FirstBank MarketPlace location will offer: - A full service staff for retail banking, consumer lending and commercial services. - Extended lobby hours - Express deposit service - Night depository for business clients - 24 Hour ATM access to the largest network across the islands Branch Hours: Monday-Friday, 8:30am-4:00pm firstbankvi.com FirstBank Virgin Islands is a division of FirstBank Puerto Rico. Member FDIC. Intercessor Ministries Geared Towards Assisting St. John Youth Intercessor, International Ministries, Inc. is a not for profit organization formed and located on St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. We are here to assist individuals in our community. That assistance is especially geared towards the youth of our community. From July 26 to July 31, Intercessor International Ministries, Inc., will be conducting our first Evangelistic Crusade. We write to ask for sponsorships for our organization as we embark on a mission to uplift the community which without donations from individuals like you, would not be possible. Donations help sustain our organization and benefit the community which we serve. In the near future we would like to work towards getting our youth choir group sponsored so they could join other youth groups in Georgia and Florida at upcoming youth revivals. We are counting on your support. We promise that we will not be telephoning you, but we do hope that you will respond positively to our written request. Remember that your gift may be tax-deductible! Your donation will be recognized in our program book throughout the year. Thank you in advance for your support! Sincerely, Freda Baly-Abramson I Sure Am Glad I Live Here If the stupid Republicans and the stupid Democrats would stop becoming leaders of this country to build their egos and fill their pockets and become leaders of this country because they wanted to lead us to a better situation; we would be starting to solve the climate change problem instead of kicking the can down the road. Republicans, the party that thinks government should be almost nonexistent, except to help people make money and the Democrats the party that wants the government to make sure everyone gets taken care of but doesn’t bother to pay enough attention to make it work. We have a very, very stupid system that if you become “poor” because you lose your job, because you were too old, or because you were hurt, or the company eliminated 2000 employees or because your family was always poor, you get taken care of by the government giving you money. Even more stupid is the elimination of benefits if you start to get healed or work legally again and you still can’t make enough to keep your house. So you don’t try to get a legal job. The R’s and the D’s leaders could create a country where everyone could take care of each other but this goal is long gone by the time they run for office, if they ever had it. Instead of trying to get the citizens of this community, America, to get together and work together for all their benefit, they use the differences to run for office. No solutions, just positions: gay, abortion, guns, anger, attack, befuddled ways to correct the problems, and the more and the louder they shout the more likely they will get elected, as long as they can convince enough rich people that they will “be da man”. In spite of them in some ways we are progressing. We are beginning to agree that it is not good to have sex with kids. It was not that long ago that tribes would allow men to have sex with girls until they became fertile. Now priests, football players, billionaires, and fathers and brothers can’t have sex with kids because they might get caught and not be forgiven for it. The same change is happening in race, religion, politics, and our daily lives, we are beginning to treat each other better and we can do this whenever we get a chance. If American leaders want to continue politicks let them, here we can try to be nice to each other. I went to meet Osbert Potter at his office about two years ago to give him some CD’s of the Pistackle Theater “Stopping crime at the Roots” kids program. He said thanks and kept walking to the door and I told him not to run for office again because he was doing so well at the PBS programing on St. Thomas. It is very, very good. There are a lot of local programs and the selections of PBS progress that they choose to broadcast be very good. I guess now I have to hope that Potter does as well in helping this community to get on the right path. B. Greg Miller Corrections The image printed with an article entitled “Janet Cook-Rutnik in Women to Women 2 Show at Ponce History Museum in Puerto Rico” in last week’s edition was incorrectly identified. The image was of Mandy Thody’s ceramic piece not artwork by Janet Cook Rutnik who also exhibited in the show. The information accompanying photographs of the annual St. John Cancer Fund Light Up the Night program in the February 23 issue of St. John Tradewinds incorrectly referred to the beneficiary of the event which is the St. John Cancer Fund. Cancer Fund Thanks Supporters for Fundraising Success It takes a village to maintain a grassroots movement such as the St. John Cancer Fund. Formed in July 2012, the St. John Cancer Fund’s mission is to provide support both financial and personal for StJohnians battling cancer. The founding members’ goal is complete transparency in our fund raising efforts and financial matters. St. John Cancer Fund does not restrict how the funds are utilized by the patient, but rather serves as a support in their journey. The St John Cancer Fund is managed financially by Community Foundation VI (CFVI). The St John Cancer Fund does not pay any administrative fees to CFVI. 100% of all monies raised are granted to St John patients. Since 2012, the fund has assisted over 30 St John patients and their families. If you or someone you know is battling cancer, please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.org or visit our website www.stjohncancerfund.org February 2015 was our first annual fund raising campaign. The St John Cancer Fund hosted three events: Feb 21-22, 2015- Light Up the Night Feb 27, 2015- Pasta in the Park – hosted by Cruz Bay Landing March 1, 2015- The Oppenheimer Beach Recovery Party The St John Cancer Fund members are eternally grateful to the community and visitors of St John for their generosity and support. The combined events raised is over $70,000 (and counting). These events would not be possible without the support of our volunteers, sponsors, local businesses and individuals who donated their time, talent and products. THANK YOU!! LIGHT UP THE NIGHT SPONSORS Mongoose Merchants Association Health Care Connection- EC Gas-Splash Transportation Services Ocean Grill Island Style Weddings Massage Magic at Cancel Bay VERY SPECIAL THANKS TO: Virgin Islands Orthopedics and Sports Medicine St John Hardware VI Eco Tours Gallows Point Resort Continued on Page 19 Beach-to-Beach Power Swim Registration Opens The 12th annual Beach-to-Beach Power Swim Sunday, May 24, in the protected waters of Virgin Islands National Park along the north shore of St. John will consist of three simultaneous events: • Short Course, Maho to Cinnamon (1 mile) • Intermediate Course, Maho to Trunk (2 ¼ miles) • Long Course, Maho to Hawksnest (3 ½ miles) The long course may be swum solo or as part of a 3-person relay team. There is also an “Assisted” category for swimmers using masks, fins and snorkels. Registration is now open and it will be limited to 350 swimmers. Advance registration is available through May 1 at $50 for adults and $30 for youth 17 and under. From May 2-22, registration will be $65 for adults and $30 for youth. In the unlikely event that places are still available, late registration will be available at the pre-race meeting, which will be held on Saturday afternoon, May 23, at Cinnamon Bay Campground, at $85 and $50 for adults and children, respectively. To register: On-line at: www.friendsvinp.org/swim By phone at: 340-779-4940 In person on St. John at: Friends of the Park Store, Mongoose Junction; Connections in Cruz Bay and Coral Bay. In person on St. Thomas at: Caribbean Surf Co in Red Hook and Havensight In person on St. Croix at: SCUBA, Christiansted Full information about the swim is available at www.friendsvinp.org/swim. All swimmers are strongly urged to review the course details and competition rules on this website. For further information or if you have questions, please e-mail: email@example.com, or call: 340-779-4940. PERMANENT CAMPING ONLY Accommodations were so tight someone decided to camp in the Cruz Bay Cemetery in early March. Community Calendar St. John Tradewinds welcomes notices of community-oriented, not-for-profit events for inclusion in this weekly listing. Call 776-6496, e-mail firstname.lastname@example.org or fax 693-8885. Monday, March 9 — “Understanding the Coral Bay Community Council as an organization – Answering Your Questions” is the topic of the next CBCC Forum on Monday, March 9, at 6 p.m. at the Johns Folly Learning Institute in Coral Bay. Tuesday, March 10 — The St. John Historical Society will host an art show and fundraiser at the Westin Grand Ballroom on St John from 5:30 to 8 p.m. on Tuesday, March 10. Saturday, March 14 — Join IGLA and the St. John Community Foundation for the Coral Bay Open “Golf Tournament” on Saturday, March 14, at Skinny Legs. Shotgun start at 2 pm. You don’t have to be a golfer to participate. This year, the proceeds from this fund raiser have been designated to support recycling efforts on St. John. Sunday, March 15 Join Laurie Herrick at the Unitarian Universalist Fellowship Service on Sunday, March 15 at at 10 a.m. at Gifft Hill School Lower Campus for the topic: Attention is the Beginning of DevotionMary Oliver said: “Attention is the beginning of devotion”. This service will explore “to what or whom do we give our energy and resources?” In a world with abundant opportunities, innovations and inventions, do we focus more on the things that happen to come our way or on the things to which we have the highest commitment? Friday and Saturday, January 29-30, 2016 — Broadway Comes to St. John 2016 has been scheduled for Friday, January 29 and Saturday, January 30! --- ALCHOLICS ANONYMOUS MEETINGS All meetings are now open. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday 6 p.m. Nazareth Lutheran Church, Cruz Bay; Thursday 7 a.m. Nazareth Lutheran Church, Cruz Bay; Sunday 9:45 a.m., Hawksnest Bay Beach; Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday 6 p.m. at Moravian Church, Coral Bay NARCOTICS ANONYMOUS MEETINGS Narcotics Anonymous has open meetings from 6:30 to 7:30 p.m. every Saturday at St. Ursula’s Church. AL-ANON MEETINGS For Al-Anon meeting location and times, please call (340) 642-3263 --- WHAT DO YOU THINK? Next Letter Deadline: Thursday, March 12th IGLA’s Aluminum Can Crusher and Baler Continued from Page 9 agreed to separate their cans for IGLA to recycle, and the SJCF already has an entire container full of cans ready to be crushed, gathered from the collection sites found adjacent to many island dumpsters. IGLA will call on the V.I. Waste Management Authority St. John residents for help with continuing to collect cans, whether by adopting certain collection bins or donating to the cost of paying for the collection and delivery of the cans to the crusher. The can crusher is poised to make a big impact on the preservation of the Virgin Islands environment, but IGLA and the SJCF need the cooperation of the community and financial support to keep the machine running. To donate, please visit www.iglavi.org or call... Historical Society’s Historic Art Sale Also Offers Raffle of Opportunities and Array of Auction Items The St. John Historical Society’s A LOOK BACKTIME-Historic Art Show and Sale in the Grand Ball Room of the St. John Westin from 5:30 to 8 p.m. on March 10 will offer a raffle stacked high with opportunities and an impressive array of unique silent auction offerings that you won’t want to miss – in addition to the historical art on display, the local art for sale, music by Bo, light hors d’oeuvres and a cash bar, thanks to the generosity of businesses and individuals throughout the territory. Raffle prizes include: First prize, at more than $1,000 in value, is a two-night stay for two at the villa String of Pearls; a sunset sail on Cloud 9; $200 gift certificates from Ocean 362 and Waterfront Bistro; and a $25 gift certificate from Lime Inn. Other prizes include: - Round trip on the Love City Car Ferry - One-hour massage from Tropical Palms - Manicure and pedicure from Nancy’s Nail Spa - $50 gift certificate from Pesce in St. Thomas - $50 gift certificate from Pink Papaya - $25 gift certificate from Lime Inn - $50 gift certificate from Cruz Bay Landing - Pizza and a six pack of soda from Ronnie’s Pizza - Books: St. John Backtime, St. John Voices and Adrift on a Sea of Blue Light The cost is $5 per ticket or five tickets for $20. You don’t have to be present to win. Items for the silent auction include: - Emerald and diamond ring donated by one of our members - Restaurant gift certificates from Ocean 362, Virgin Fire, The Terrace Restaurant, the Fish Trap Restaurant, Da Livio, Lime Inn and Vista Mare - Two-day stays at Carambola Resort on St. Croix and Estate Lindholm on St. John - Teeth whitening and cosmetic consultation from St. John Dental - $200 gift certificate from Michael Sheen Fiberglass - Walks and/or tours with Eleanor Gibney, Ken Wild and Ronnie Jones - Danish Christmas dinner for six from Robin Swank - Vintage Lisa Etre tray - Jewelry from Vikki Willis’ Lotus Moon Studio - St. John basket charms with chain by R&L Patton - Two-hour “Mini Mud” class from Pottery in Paradise - Half-day sail for two on Cloud 9, donated by Diana Hall - Mahogany-framed tile from Elaine Estern - Paddle board rental for two from Arawak Expeditions - Framed etching by R.W. Birch, donated by Janet Cook-Rutnik - Hand-turned wooden pens, donated by Pam Richards-Samuel - $125 gift certificate for a car servicing from Community Motors - Framed water color from Lucy Portlock - Two ceramic hanging pendant lights from Catherine Perry - Matted print from Christian Wheatley - Two unmatted water colors from Robert Willis - Wooden bowl and two hours of instruction for hand-turning wood, donated by Avelino Samuel - Mahogany light box from George Hollander - Water color, donated by Livy Hitchcock - Several out-of-print books, including “Life in Five Quarters,” donated by Robin Swank and Larry Boxerman - Two books, donated by Eleanor Gibney - An article on the St. John basket by Bernie Kemp, donated by Diana Hall - Framed painting, “Sunset Harbor” by R. Youle, donated by an anonymous member All proceeds from the raffle and silent auction will be used to move the society one step closer to realizing its long-term goal of having a home of its own. See more of our plans for a “Cultural and Historic Resource Center” on the web at http://stjohnhistoricalsociety.org/visit/cultural-and-historic-resource-center/. Historic Paintings on Display Are Highlight Of St. John Historical Society Fundraiser Continued from Page 6 St. John market basket by Bernie Kemp Music by Bo Magnie will complement light hors d’oeuvres and a cash bar. The historical society suggests a minimum donation of $25 per person at the door. The St. John Historical Society is a membership-based, non-profit organization that has served the St. John community for the past 41 years. Its mission is to document, preserve and share with the public the history of this very special island. This has been achieved with the help of numerous professional historians, crafts people, artisans, musicians and educators who have brought this island’s rich history to life. Through its collections, publications, media, educational programs, field trips, special events and more, the organization has been and continues to be the leading resource for discovering St. John. To learn more, visit the society’s website at http://stjohnhistoricalsociety.org/. Sen. Liburd’s Concerns for Island Road Issues Continued from Page 2 Focusing Attention on Closed Roads In fact, Sen. Liburd intends to re-focus on his continuing effort to force the NPS to open up long-closed island roads which the VINP has allowed to fall into disrepair and out of use – including the continuation of Route 20, known as King’s Hill Road, through the Carolina Valley to Route 107 on the shore of Coral Harbor from the south side of its intersection with Route 10 at the landmark Colombo stand; the completion of Route 108, the Bordeaux Mountain Road, from below Maney Peak to Route 107 on the shore of Coral Harbor; and the reopening of Route 107 from Salt Pond Bay thorough Europa to connect with Route 108 on Bordeaux Mountain. “We going to open up those roads,” Sen. Liburd said firmly. “We need to.” “The park and I are going to sit down,” Sen. Liburd told St. John Tradewinds. “I’m getting all of the roads opened up.” “The part of the agreement is they are supposed to maintain these roads.” The St. John senator said. “Instead what they have done is let them for into disrepair.” From increased traffic safety signage and guardrails on hazardous portions of existing roads through the VINP to the thorny issue of reopening and improving unmaintained or closed historical roads through the south shore of the park, Sen. Liburd says it is time to address St. John road issue. “It’s something we can look at for sure,” Sen. Liburd told St. John Tradewinds. about improved traffic safety on VINP roads in the aftermath of the series of serious accidents. “It’s about protecting our people so it is something we need to address.” “I intend to meet with the National Park Superintendent (Brion Fitzgerald),” Sen. Liburd said. “The fact that congress appropriates money for roads, I would like to see what monies were sought (by the VINP) to address our roads, to see what they asked for and if they got any at all.” “At every chance, guard rails and protection should be maintained,” Sen. Liburd reiterated. “There has to be some type of safety consideration.” ACOE Ends Month-Long Public Comment Period Continued from Page 4 “We have to sit back and let the process work,” he said. “We did our job. We got an excellent set of comments in and we have confidence that the federal agencies will take the right steps.” The group is also confident that V.I. government officials will wait to hear ACOE’s decision on Summers End Group’s application before taking action locally, Silverman added. “We know that the legislature has not taken any action on the permit applications and we know that the governor has not taken any action and I believe that a prudent thing to do would be to wait and see how the federal agencies view the project,” said Silverman. While waiting to hear from ACOE — and the local Board of Land Use Appeals — Save Coral Bay officials will keep an eye on the Moravian Church’s proposed hotel and marina project in Coral Bay and look forward to working proactively, Silverman added. “We also want to do other things that were in our mission statement which was to support the small, sustainable improvement to Coral Bay infrastructure that will ensure the health of Coral Bay for future generations,” said the community activist. “That means looking at municipal docks that would allow people to come and utilize the amenities of the restaurants and shops or getting fuel and pump out facilitates available and improving mooring practices.” “Once we get this immediate threat off the radar we can start talking with Coral Bay Community Council and churches and the yacht club and get all parties together and try to come up with a shared vision and create an action plan to ensure the right things are done,” said Silverman. “We want to not have to be reactive, but we proactive.” For more information about Save Coral Bay, check out http://savecoralbay.com. Crimes of the Week Crime Stoppers asks that you to continue to help make the Virgin Islands a safe place to live, work, and raise a family. If you know something, say something, as law enforcement cannot control crime without your help. The smallest bit of information may help solve these cases. Step up and be part of the solution. St. John: On November 18, 2014 about 9:15 a.m., police responded to a call about a man who was found motionless in his home in the area of Hansen Bay. If you have any information concerning the death of Edward Hutton Netherland, please let us know. St. Thomas: On February 11th about 6:40 a.m., police were dispatched to Building 10 in Tutu High Rise because a man had been shot and was lying in a vehicle. Upon arrival officers found 21-year-old Leroy Rawlins of St. Kitts dead from gunshot wounds. If you have any information about this murder, please say something. If you have any information on who is bringing illegal weapons into the Territory, please let us know. You can reach us by calling 1-800-222-TIPS (8477); by texting “USVI” plus your message to CRIMES (274637); or by visiting www.CrimeStoppersUSVI.org. If your tip leads to an arrest or recovery of stolen property or illegal drugs or weapons, Cancer Fund Thanks Supporters for Fundraising Success Continued from Page 14 Carefree Getaways Key Management Dr Weisher Sargent Brown & VI Police Department The Avengers Officer Steven Payne JESS Students and Faculty DJ Adonis Dancing Classrooms Lauren & Bo Boheme T-Bird Cirqutacular Entertainment In the Sand Band Gina Wellner Island Fire Frankie Jamison Inner Visions Mark Wallace Methodist Church choir Shikira Smith Jesse Richards Claudine Scatliffe Daniels Local and Tasty Catering Queen of Tarts Sam and Jack’s Deli Brenda Wallace Ronnie Klingsberg Elaine Estern Art by Amy St John Viki Brown Bajo el sol Wendy Brackman David Lamb GOLDEN TICKET SPONSORS CRANDALL ON ST JOHN, BILLY AND TONI BRANNER, HANK AND KAREN SLODDEN, GALLOW’S POINT RESORT RECOVERY PARTY DONATIONS ST JOHN CATERING, ST JOHN BREWERS, ST JOHN MARKET, DRINK, JOES RUM HUT, COLUMBOS SMOOTHIE STAND, WATERFRONT BISTRO, VISTA MARE, BELLOWS, STARFISH, SKINNY LEGS, BEACH BAR, TAMARIND COURT, HIGH TIDE, SOGOS, LIME INN, WOODY’S, CASTAWAY’S, RHUMBLINE’S, JAKE’S, The FISH TRAP, PARROT CLUB, BAREFOOT COWBOY, DOLPHIN MARKET, CAFÉ LIVIN, QUIET MON PUB, BANANA DECK, SHIP WRECK, PINE PEACE MARKET, BRIAN CHAPMAN, JUDITH WHITLEY, CONCORDIA, TOURIST TRAP, CRUZ BAY LANDING, MERCHANTS MARKET. – St. John Cancer Fund Officials ## St. John Tradewinds Business Directory ### Accommodations - Caribbean Villas & Resorts - tel: 1-800-338-0987 or locally 340-776-6152 - Island Getaways - 888-693-7676, islandgetawaysinc.com - email@example.com - Suite St. John Villas/Condos - tel: 1-800-348-8444 or locally at 340-779-4486 ### Architecture - Crane, Robert - Architect, AIA - tel: 776-6356 - P.O. Box 370, STJ, VI 00831 ### Art Galleries - Bajo el Sol Gallery - Located in Mongoose Junction - tel: 340-693-7070 - Kimberly Boulon Fine Art Gallery - Located at The Marketplace - 340-693-8524 ### Banking - Firstbank - Located in downtown Cruz Bay - 340-776-6881 ### Furniture - Carlos Furniture - 340-693-0016 - Located at Tutu Park Mall on STT - Free delivery and setup to St. John ### Green Building - Island Green Building Association - check www.igbavi.org for Seminar Series info and ReSource Depot inventory ### Insurance - PGU Insurance - Located at The Marketplace - 776-6403; firstname.lastname@example.org - Theodore Tunic & Company - Phone 775-/7001 / Fax 775-/7002 - www.theodortunick.com ### Jewelry - R&I PATTON goldsmithing - Located in Mongoose Junction - 776-6548 or (800) 626-3445 - email@example.com ### Landscaping - Alfredo’s Landscaping - tel: 774-1655 cell 513-2971 - P.O. Box 91, St. John, VI 00831 - Coral Bay Garden Center - tel: 693-5579 fax 714-5628 - P.O. Box 1228, STJ, VI 00831 ### Real Estate - 340 Real Estate Company, LLC - 340-643-6068 or 340-779-4478 - firstname.lastname@example.org - www.340realestateco.com - Holiday Homes of St. John - tel: 776-6776 fax 693-8665 - P.O. Box 40, STJ, VI 00831 - email@example.com - Islandia Real Estate - tel: 776-6666 fax 693-8499 - P.O. Box 56, STJ, VI 00831 - firstname.lastname@example.org ### Restaurants - Fish Trap Restaurant and Seafood Market - tel. 693-9994, Closed Mondays - La Tapa Restaurant - tel: 693-7755 - Open 7 Days a Week - Ocean 362 - American Contemporary Cuisine - For reservations, call 340-776-0001 ### Skinny Legs - “A Pretty OK Place” - tel: 340-779-4982 - www.skinnylegs.com ### Services - C4th Custom Embroidery - tel. 779-4047 - Located in Coral Bay ### Wedding Services - Weddings by Katilday - www.stjohnweddingplanner.com - 340-693-8500 - Consulting, Travel Coordination, Accommodations --- ### Answer to March 8 Cryptoquip: MASSIVE PREHISTORIC REPTILE THAT MAY HAVE BEEN THE ANCESTOR OF A FAMILY OF BRITISH NOVELISTS: BRONTE-SAURUS. --- ### Crossword \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10\| 11\| 12\| 13\| 14\| 15\| 16\| 17\| 18\| 19\| \| 20\| \| \| \| \| \| 21\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 23\| \| \| \| \| \| 24\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 26\| \| \| \| \| \| 27\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 33\| 34\| 35\| 36\| 37\| 38\| 39\| 40\| 41\| 42\| 43\| 44\| 45\| 46\| 47\| 48\| 49\| 50\| 51\| \| 56\| \| \| \| \| \| 57\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 65\| 66\| 67\| 68\| 69\| 70\| 71\| 72\| 73\| 74\| 75\| 76\| 77\| 78\| 79\| 80\| 81\| 82\| 83\| \| 84\| \| \| \| \| \| 85\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 93\| 94\| 95\| 96\| 97\| 98\| 99\| 100\|101\|102\|103\|104\|105\|106\|107\|108\|109\|110\|111\| \| 115\|116\|117\|118\|119\|120\|121\|122\|123\|124\| ### BETWEEN THE EXTREMES ACROSS 1. Like humans 7. Turn about 13. Bundt holder 20. Extra belly 21. 86-Across in eastern Kansas 22. Constructed in advance 23. Site of many a yoga class 25. Film part of the world 26. Like some braking systems 27. Freezing cold 29. One adding seasonings 30. Not a word 31. Mumbai, vis-à-vis India 33. "Blow" co-star Johnny 37. Bicolor whale 39. Reprieve 40. Clearasil competitor 41. "Daddy" star 45. Forget to include Papyrus plants, e.g. 48. Bit attached to a cob 50. Civil War prez 52. Fictional Scarlett 56. Pitcher's throw 57. Science also known as bionomics 59. Fire on 61. Comedian Kevin 63. What melts in a meltdown 65. Lawyer's assignment 68. Airport rental 69. Stir in, say 70. "Listen up!" DOWN 1. Notes following re 2. Major Norse deity 3. Film director Martin 4. Literature Nobelist 5. Fast Amtrak offering 6. Enzyme-filled cell 7. U2's genre 8. Flamenco dance cry 9. Dance from Buenos Aires 10. Take a stab at 11. Louise's film sidekick 12. Movie weird 13. "— Sharkey" (old sitcom) 14. Inverse trig function 15. — cool head 16. Online missives 17. Maria's Villa 18. Farewells, to François 19. Close 24. Wound result 28. Producer for Eminem 31. Begat King 32. Rimmer-turned-baron Sebastian 33. Erte's genre 34. Designer von Furstenberg 35. Bacon, e.g. 36. Carrot greens—dropping 38. Capital of New Hampshire 42. Tennis pro 44. With 94-Down, restless 46. Mail-slot spot 47. Evaluations of resistance to sudden impact 49. Adjusted, as floor tiles 50. Up 'n years 51. Win 'n hair 53. Oodles 54. One-in-a-million 55. Suit to — 58. Mandate 59. Climb aboard 60. Oscar de la — 62. Vertex 64. Count — (cereal brand) 68. Snarly dogs 66. Adopt- — (kennel program) 67. Fix as a dog 69. Bain — 73. French for "nothing" 74. Biotech material 75. Says "I told you so!" 76. Eyelid woe 79. Writer Umberto 81. Sarcasm 82. Trim (down) 83. Pack away 85. Puzzle with pictures 87. Ideas 89. ER extras 90. Samsonar 91. "The Swimmer" author John 93. Detroit of "Guys and Dolls" 94. See 44-Down 95. "La Isla" — (Madonna hit) 97. Pretends to be 98. Patron 100. Master cook 103. "Sade" (1967 film) 104. Not from a major studio 105. "Please, I'd like to help" 107. Before-surgery 110. Potting soil 111. Swiss river to the Rhine 112. Mass resign 113. Ticket leftover 114. Notice 116. In position 118. Vardalos of the screen Classifieds Real Estate Coral Bay Domain 16 units on 8 lots Off grid-solar-wind Compost-H2O recovery Pre-const, $397,500 www.domain-llc.com 3 ACRE LOT ABRAHAM FANCY Adjacent to National Park Gentle grade, easy build. Convenient beach access. $819,000. Peter Briggs John Foster R. E. 340-513-1850 For Rent FOR RENT: GUINEA GROVE APARTMENTS One and two bedroom apartments with washer/dryer, stove and refrigerator, across the street from Westin Resort. $1050-$1700 per month. Contact Carolyn at St. John Properties, 340/693-8485 PASTORY ESTATES CONDO FOR RENT Furnished 2 bedroom, 2 bath, Cathedral ceiling, Clean tile, $2,300 Pool, deck, Ocean view. 340 228-1710 Commercial/Retail EVERYTHING YOU NEED ON EVERY LEVEL GREAT PLACE TO SHOP, DINE AND WORK COME JOIN US WE HAVE SPACES AVAILABLE — RETAIL, OFFICE OR STORAGE 340-776-6455 STORAGE: SECURED LOCKERS, AUTOS FROM $35 MONTH. 643-3283 COMMERCIAL OR RETAIL SPACE available for rent, located on Centerline Road, Bordeaux Mountain, starting @ $2,125/mo. Call 1.480.626.7571 or 340.626.4946. for further information. Commercial Space Available OFFICE/RETAIL SPACE AVAILABLE FIRST MONTH FREE with one year lease At The Lumberyard Downtown Cruz Bay, Where St. John Does Business For more information: For Space Call Nick For more information, call Nick at (340) 771-3737 St. John Tradewinds SUBSCRIPTIONS TRADEWINDS PUBLISHING LLC Send check payable to Tradewinds Publishing LLC P.O. Box 1500 St. John, VI 00831 1 YEAR SUBSCRIPTION $90.00 USD Name _______________________________________________________ Address _____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Telephone ____________________________________________________ Email ________________________________________________________ ## 2015 Seminar Series January 2 – April 12, 2015 Call 340.779.4940 to book today! ### MARCH MARINE BIOLOGY SAUL • Mar. 1, Sun. • 8:45am – 3:00pm Meet: National Park Visitor Center dock FLAGPOLE; Bring: Lunch, water bottle, towel, & sunscreen; Seminar Fee: $85 Mem / $95 Non Mem • Max Group: 27 FULL MOON HIKE • Mar. 5, Thurs. • 5:00pm – 8:30pm Meet: Salt Pond parking lot; Bring: Snack, water, wear hiking shoes, Flashlight or headlamp; Seminar Fee: $25 Mem / $35 Non Mem • Max Group: 20 LOVANGO SUSTAINABLE LIVING & DESIGN TOUR • Mar. 7, Sat. • 9:30am – 1:30pm; Meet: Friends of the Park Store; Bring: Lunch, water, sunscreen, hat, & wear bathing suit & hiking shoes; Seminar Fee: $55 Mem / $65 Non Mem • Max Group: 20 PADDLEBOARD, HIKE, & SNORKEL • Mar. 8, Sun. • 9:30am – 12:30pm Meet: Skinny Legs parking lot to carpool to Hansen Bay; Bring: Lunch, water, swimsuit, water or hiking shoes, towel, hat; Seminar Fee: $60 Mem / $70 Non Mem • Max Group: 10 LAMESHUR BAY/VIERS TOUR • Mar. 9, Mon. • 10:00am – 2:00pm Meet: Lameshur Bay parking lot; Bring: Notebook & water; Seminar Fee: $45 Mem / $55 Non Mem • Max Group: 20 TRADITIONAL BROOM MAKING • Mar. 11, Wed. • 12:45pm – 2:45pm Meet: St. John School of the Arts • Bring: Yourself; Seminar Fee: $45 Mem / $55 Non Mem • Max Group: 10 CANEE BAY KAYAK, HIKE & SNORKEL ADVENTURE • Mar. 13, Fri. • 9:00am – noon; Meet: National Park Visitor Center; Bring: Lunch, snacks, water, towel, hat & sun protection Seminar Fee: $60 Mem / $70 Non Mem • Max Group: 10 MANGROVE SNORKELING BOAT TRIP • Mar. 14, Sat. • 9:00am – 3:00pm Meet: National Park Visitor Center dock at 8:45am; Bring: Lunch, water, snorkel gear, towel, sunscreen, hat; Seminar Fee: $85 Mem / $95 Non Mem • Max Group: 18 PEPPER SAUCE MAKING AT HANSEN BAY • Mar. 15, Sun. • 11:00am – 3:00pm Meet: Skinny Legs to carpool to Hansen Bay; Bring: Lunch, water, notebook, pen, camera, swimsuit, towel, snorkel gear (optional); Seminar Fee: $55 Mem / $65 Non Mem • Max Group: 20 TROPICAL LIGHT PHOTOGRAPHY • Mar. 16, Mon. • 8:00am – noon Meet: Friends of the Park Store; Bring: Camera, batteries, memory cards, water & notebook; Seminar Fee: $45 Mem / $55 Non Mem • Max Group: 15 MEDICINAL HERBS • Mar. 18, Wed. • 12:30pm – 2:30pm Meet: St. John School of the Arts; Bring: Notebook & pen; Seminar Fee: $35 Mem / $45 Non Mem • Max Group: 25 ARCHAEOLOGY & SEAFOOD TRIP • Mar. 25, Wed. • 9:45am – 3:00pm Meet: National Park Visitor Center dock at 8:45am; Bring: Lunch, water, sunscreen, swimsuit & towel (optional); Seminar Fee: $65 Mem / $75 Non Mem • Max Group: 28 TAINO POTTERY • Mar. 27, Fri. • 10:00am – 1:00pm Meet: Pottery in Paradise, Coral Bay (behind Pickles Deli, Rt. 107, Coral Bay) Bring: Snack, water; Seminar Fee: $55 Mem / $65 Non Mem • Max Group: 8 TROPICAL GARDEN TOUR II • Mar. 28, Sat. • 10:00am – 3:00pm Meet: Friends of the Park Store, Mongoose Junction to carpool; Bring: Lunch, water, sunscreen; Seminar Fee: $55 Mem / $65 Non Mem • Max Group: 20 MAHO/WHISTLING CAY KAYAK & SNORKEL ADVENTURE Mar. 29, Sun. • 9:45am – 1:00pm; Meet: Maho Bay parking lot; Bring: Lunch, water, wear swimsuit, towel, hat, sunscreen, camera; Seminar Fee: $55 Mem / $65 Non Mem • Max Group: 8 ### APRIL HIKE WITH THE “SUPER” • Apr. 1, Wed • 9:00am – 3:00pm Meet: National Park Visitor Center; Bring: Lunch, hat, water, sunscreen Seminar Fee: $55 Mem / $65 Non Mem • Max Group: 6 FULL MOON HIKE • Apr. 2, Thurs. • 5:00pm – 8:30pm Meet: Salt Pond parking lot; Bring: Snack, water, wear hiking shoes, flashlight or headlamp Seminar Fee: $25 Mem / $35 Non Mem • Max Group: 20 LEINSTER BAY GUIDED SNORKEL & HIKE • Apr. 11, Sat. • 9:00am – 3:00pm Meet: Annaberg parking lot; Bring: Lunch, water, sunscreen, & snorkel gear; Fee: $40 Mem / $50 Non Mem • Max Group: 15 LIONFISH BOAT ADVENTURE • Apr. 12, Sun. • 9:30am – 3:00pm Meet: National Park Visitors Center dock; Bring: Lunch, water, sunscreen, towel, snorkel gear (optional); Seminar Fee: $55 Mem / $65 Non Mem • Max Group: 10 Holiday Homes of St. John “The Company that gives back to St. John” COMPLETE REAL ESTATE SERVICES • ST. JOHN’S OLDEST REAL ESTATE FIRM • SERVING ST. JOHN FOR 55 YEARS! Located at the Marketplace • (340) 776-6776 • (340) 774-8088 • email@example.com TOLL FREE: 1-800-905-6824 • WWW.HolidayHomesVI.com --- HALF MOON HOUSE Red Bay beachfront is the setting for this uniquely modern home, built with top quality construction, privacy and serenity. MERMAID FALLS Spectacular villa in Prince Peter Bay area, 5x5 with island stone, fine mahogany doors, verandas, pool & waterfall, North Shore views. BEACH GARDEN Ultimate privacy & actually stunning Bali inspired 4x4.5 home, 1 ac w/ ocean, sea & sounds of surf! EXCELLENT rental income! CINNAMON BAY ESTATE 3X4, pool, spa, 1 car garage in CATHERINE-BERG borders National Park, stunning views of Cinnamon Beach & British Virgin Islands. KALORAMA Classic modern home, 5x4, superbly designed & finished, 40 ft. pool, large terrace, outdoor living in Virgin Grand Estates. GULL COTTAGE Waterfront elegance on Great Cruz Bay with 3 bedrooms, 3 baths, waterside pool & deck and gorgeous entertaining areas. --- WALK TO BEACH: “SEA WAVES” 4x4.5 pool w/ Hert Bay, exquisite construction, w/ with interior stairway, perfect for children, private, Lush landscaping. VILLA LE VIRGE Pt. Renegados, South Shore views from 4x4 villa, masonry, great beaches, sand store work, tropical gardens, tastefully furnished. VILLA MADELINE A classic stone and tile roof exterior, with a modern luxurious 2x2.5 interior plus pool and bar-b-que deck, overlooking Coral Bay! PARADISE ON THE ROCKS Two units (2x2 and 1x1) home, Coral Bay ocean views and mountain breezes. Private property, magnificent lush landscaping and more. SEA CLIFF Cute cottage with sweeping water views in Calabash. Bound lots of development potential from this 3 ½ acre site. --- YOU CAN SEE FOREVER! Exceptional, unobstructed Mt views to BVIs. Two independent cottages offer generous wrap porches, lush gardens, & living options. GIFT HILL GEM Quiet neighborhood, 2 unit home (2x1 up / Studio down), both units have pleasant view to Pillsbury Sound, lush gardening opportunities. COQUI COTTAGE Caribbean cute and ready to be loved! Studio layout with king bed, a solid masonry building makes a great start on this .5 acre lot. GALLOWS POINT CONDO Unit 9C - 1x1.5 lat w/ private deck/patio, common beach, pool and spa. Rental permit & concierge swcs. on property. Walk to town! RAINBOW’S END BATTERY HILL CONDO 2X1, clean and updated, 2x2 rated poolside condo is close to town w/ nicely landscured grounds. Seller says make an offer! OWN A MONTH IN A LUXURY HOME 3 BR/3.5 BA or 4 BR/3.5 BA Villa in upscale Virgin Grand Estates. 3,000 sq ft villa w/ STT & sunset views, pool, AC & more. --- LOTS OF LAND LISTINGS! from $54,678 from $75,000 from $89,000 SHOEMERS GUT from $130,000 from $130,000 from $145,000 CHOCOLATE HOLE HANSEN BAY hillside & WATERFRONT VIRGIN GRAND ESTATES MOTIVATED SELLERS!! from $110,000 CALABASH BOOM from $188,000 from $199,000 from $225,000 CONGO GROVE FREEMAN’S GROUND UPPER MONTE BAY/RENDEZVOUS LOVATO GAY PETER BAY/NORTHSHERE WESTIN TIMESHARES SOME SELLER FINANCING!! South shore from $250,000 from $595,000 from $1,500,000 from $3,999/wk --- SEARCH ENTIRE ST. JOHN MLS, VIEW PROPERTY VIDEOS AND NEWSLETTER/SALES HISTORY AT WWW.HOLIDAYHOMESVI.COM firstname.lastname@example.org • Approved supplier of real estate for the VI Economic Development Commission. --- ISLANDIA REAL ESTATE O: 340-776-6666 F: 340-693-8499 www.IslandiaRealEstate.com \| www.SeaGlassProperties.com FOR SALE The Islandia Building $2,250,000 \| 10,450 sqft \| Estate Enighed The Islandia Building offers beautiful water views from this three story, steel framed office building in downtown Cruz Bay. Features include: full occupancy with long-term tenants, 24,000 gal cistern plus city water and sewer hooked up, handsome stone retaining walls, new air handlers, lots of parking, storage room below building, short walk to ferry dock and car barge, generous balconies and private bath rooms on each floor and great water views over Pillsbury Sound to St Thomas. Adjoining parcel 18-15, currently used for parking, is included in sale and is R-2 zoning. Seller financing possible. Merry Nash \| email@example.com \| 340-776-6666 --- We Do Vacation Rentals! ST. JOHN HISTORICAL SOCIETY Presents A Look Back in Time: HISTORIC ART SHOW AND SALE Tuesday, March 10, 2015 5:30 to 8:00 p.m. The Westin St. John Resort & Villas Grand Ballroom Please join us for a display of historical Virgin Islands artwork held in private collections, commentary on the historical art by local enthusiasts, local art for sale, silent auction and raffle. Light hors d’oeuvres and live music • Cash bar Suggested donation: $25 at the door • Dress: Island Fancy A fundraiser to support the St. John Historical Society For more information e-mail firstname.lastname@example.org or call Lonnie at 340-344-4303
Hexanucleotide Repeats in ALS/FTD Form Length-Dependent RNA Foci, Sequester RNA Binding Proteins, and Are Neurotoxic Youn-Bok Lee,1 Han-Jou Chen,1 João N. Peres,1 Jorge Gomez-Deza,1 Jan Attig,1,4 Maja Stalekar,3 Claire Troakes,1 Agnes L. Nishimura,1 Emma L. Scotter,1 Caroline Vance,2 Yoshitsugu Adachi,4 Valentina Sardone,1,7 Jack W. Miller,1 Bradley N. Smith,1 Jean-Marc Gallo,1 Jernej Ule,1 Frank Hirth,1 Boris Rogelj,1 Corinne Hourat,2 and Christopher E. Shaw1,* 1Department of Clinical Neuroscience, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AF, UK 2MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, London SE1 1UL, UK 3Department of Biotechnology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 4Department of Neurology, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AF, UK 5Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK 6MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK 7Department of Public Health, Neuroscience, Experimental, and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy Correspondence: firstname.lastname@example.org http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2013.10.049 SUMMARY The GGGGCC (G4C2) intronic repeat expansion within C9ORF72 is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Intraneuronal neuronal RNA foci have been observed in ALS and FTD tissues, suggesting that G4C2 RNA may be toxic. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of 38× and 72× G4C2 repeats form intraneuronal RNA foci that initiate apoptotic cell death in neuronal cell lines and zebrafish embryos. The foci colocalize with a subset of RNA binding proteins, including SF2, SC35, and hnRNP-H in transfected cells. Only hnRNP-H binds directly to G4C2 repeats following RNA immunoprecipitation, and only hnRNP-H colocalizes with 70% of G4C2 RNA foci detected in C9ORF72 mutant ALS and FTD brain tissues. We show that expanded G4C2 repeats are potently neurotoxic and bind hnRNP-H and other RNA binding proteins. We propose that RNA toxicity and protein sequestration may disrupt RNA processing and contribute to neurodegeneration. INTRODUCTION Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) causes progressive muscle weakness and spasticity due to the degeneration of motor neurons. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) causes changes in personality, language, and behavior due to the degeneration of neurons in frontal and temporal lobes. Both are fatal within 3–5 years of symptom onset. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that these two disorders are phenotypic variants of common pathological processes involving the deposition of TDP-43 (Neumann et al., 2006) or FUS (Vance et al., 2009). A common basis for ALS and FTD came from genetic linkage studies that identified a locus on chromosome 9p21 in familial ALS-FTD (Vance et al., 2006) and genome-wide association studies in sporadic ALS and FTD (Shatunov et al., 2010). The underlying mutation was subsequently shown to be an expansion of the GGGGCC (G4C2) repeat within intron 1 of C9ORF72 (DeJesus-Hernandez et al., 2011; Renton et al., 2011). This mutation accounts for 20%–80% of familial and 5%–15% of sporadic ALS and FTD in North American and European populations (DeJesus-Hernandez et al., 2011; Renton et al., 2011; Smith et al., 2012). The size of the repeat in ALS and FTD cases has been estimated by Southern blotting to range between 700 and 1,600 repeats (DeJesus-Hernandez et al., 2011). The mean number of G4C2 repeats in controls is two; 95% have less than eight repeats (Smith et al., 2012). The mechanism by which the G4C2 intronic repeats cause neurodegeneration is unknown. Decreased tissue levels of the C9ORF72 transcript implicate a loss of protein function due to haploinsufficiency (DeJesus-Hernandez et al., 2011; Renton et al., 2011). Recent reports describe the aggregation of peptides due to repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation (Mari et al., 2013b) as previously described in SC82 (Zu et al., 2011). Antibodies against poly-(Gly-Ala), (Gly-Pro), and (Gly-Arg) peptides selectively label p62-positive, TDP-43-negative neuronal inclusions that are the pathological hallmark of mutant C9ORF72 cases (Al-Sarra et al., 2011), but evidence that peptide aggregation initiates neurodegeneration is currently lacking. The identification of intraneuronal neuronal RNA foci containing G4C2 repeats in ALS and FTD tissues (DeJesus-Hernandez et al., 2011) is similar to other intronic repeat expansion disorders, including myotonic dystrophy, fragile X tremor ataxia syndrome, and several spinocerebellar ataxias (Todd and Paulson, 2010). RNA foci in myotonic dystrophy sequester and deplete... muscle-blind-like protein (MBNL1), ultimately causing widespread RNA splicing abnormalities and degeneration of affected tissues (Miller et al., 2000). The fact that overexpression of MBNL1 can rescue the phenotype caused by the C9TG repeats implies that loss of MBNL1 is one of the key drivers of cellular degeneration (Kanadia et al., 2003a). In order to determine whether expanded G4C2 transcripts might be toxic and sequester RNA binding proteins, we generated G4C2 with 8×, 38×, and 72× repeats and expressed them in cell lines, primary neurons, and zebrafish embryos. Here, we demonstrate that the longer repeat lengths generate RNA foci that are toxic to neurons and bind the RNA binding proteins SF2, SC35, and hnRNP-H. hnRNP-H directly binds to G4C2 RNA and colocalizes closely with RNA foci in transfected cells and the brains of human C9ORF72 ALS and FTD cases. Our findings indicate that G4C2 repeat expansions are potentially toxic, sequester RNA proteins, and may initiate neurodegeneration in mutant C9ORF72 ALS and FTD. RESULTS Using direct ligation we generated constructs containing 8×, 38×, and 72× G4C2 repeats, which were cloned into an untagged plasmid vector (Figures S1A–S1D). Following transfection into neuronal (SH-SY5Y) cell lines, intranuclear G4C2-positive RNA foci were detected by RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in all cell types expressing 38× and 72× repeats, but not in cells expressing 8× repeats (Figure 1A). The mean number of foci per cell was six for 38× repeats and 12 for 72× repeats (Figure 1E). These were expressed in a range of human nonneuronal cells (CV1, HEK, HeLa) and primary rat cortical neurons (Figures 1F–I). The RNA foci were resistant to RNase and DNase treatments (Figures S1E and S1F), consistent with the description of G4C2 DNA repeat hairpin loops forming G quadruplexes in vitro (Fratta et al., 2012). In order to determine whether the length of the G4C2 repeat affected nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of the transcript, we cloned the 8×, 38×, and 72× repeat constructs into the 3′ position of EGFP expression vectors (Figure S2A). Equivalent transcript expression was detected by RT-PCR and northern blotting for 8×, 38×, and 72× repeat vectors (Figures S2B and S2C). Again, 38× and 72×, but not 8×, repeats or EGFP alone, generated G4C2 RNA foci in SH-SY5Y cell lines (Figures 2A–2D). After 24 hr we observed that a significant proportion of cells with intranuclear RNA foci expressed little or no EGFP (19% ± 1.9% for 38× and 23% ± 1.8% for 72× repeats) (Figure 2E). The absence of EGFP in cells containing foci implies nuclear retention of mRNA containing longer repeats and that foci form shortly after transcription precluding nuclear export. In a time course experiment we observed that the number of SH-SY5Y cells bearing RNA foci decreased dramatically over 72 hr. This was most marked in foci-positive cells that were EGFP negative, such that by 72 hr there was a >90% decrease in the number of cells showing foci for 38× and 72× G4C2 repeats (Figure 2E). Cells with foci that also expressed EGFP (demonstrating nuclear export and cytoplasmic translation) showed a more modest decrease of 30% (EGFP-G4C2 38×) and 21% (EGFP-G4C2 72×), respectively (Figure 2E). In order to determine whether this decline in numbers was due to toxicity induced by RNA foci, we measured the expression of the apoptosis marker Annexin V by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). FACS analysis showed that the proportion of EGFP-positive cells expressing Annexin V was 3-fold higher for 38× repeats and 5-fold higher for 72× repeats compared... A SH-SY5Y G4C2 foci B EGFP-G4C2x8 C EGFP-G4C2x38 D EGFP-G4C2x72 E Complete G4C2 RNA retention EGFP+ve cells which contain foci (%) 24h 48h 72h F Partial G4C2 RNA retention EGFP+ve cells which contain foci (%) 24h 48h 72h G Activated Caspase-3 G4C2 Merge DAPI H Activated caspase-3 + ve cells (% of populations) I PARP Actin SH-SY5Y HEK-293 J EGFP K EGFP-G4C2x8 L EGFP-G4C2x38 M EGFP-G4C2x72 N TUNEL positive cells / Embryo EGFP EGFP-G4C2x8 EGFP-G4C2x38 EGFP-G4C2x72 Legend on next page) to 8× repeats (Figure 2F). To investigate this further, immunocytochemistry (ICC) for activated caspase-3 was performed; it showed that in SH-SY5Y cells, RNA foci dramatically enhanced the activation of caspase-3 (Figure 2G). To quantify the induction of apoptosis by G4C2 foci, we counted caspase-3-activated cells in both foci-negative and foci-positive cell populations. We found no change in the proportion of caspase-3-activated cells above background (3.2% ± 1.2%) in SH-SY5Y cells expressing 8× repeats but a dramatic increase in cells with foci from 38× (37% ± 2.7%) and 72× (34% ± 6.9%) repeats (Figure 2H). Interestingly, HEK293 cells expressing G4C2 38× or 72× showed no evidence of apoptosis despite abundant G4C2 foci (Figure 2H). Accordingly, poly(A+)-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage was detected in 38× or 72× repeat transfected SH-SY5Y cells, but not in HEK293 cells (Figure 2I), suggesting that neuronal cells may be more vulnerable to apoptotic cell death triggered by G4C2 RNA foci. We next sought to test for length-dependent G4C2 toxicity in vivo by injecting the EGFP constructs with 8×, 38×, and 72× repeats into zebrafish embryos. DNA injection leads to mosaic distribution of the DNA and expression in only a small portion of the embryonic cells. Embryos were injected at the one-cell stage and analyzed at prim-5 (approximately 24 h post-fertilization). Expression of the EGFP-G4C2 8× repeat did not increase the number of apoptotic cells above EGFP alone (Figures 2J and 2K); however, injection of the 38× or 72× G4C2 repeat constructs (Figures 2L and 2M) resulted in a significant increase in TUNEL-positive cells of 0.8- and 1.4-fold, respectively (graphically represented in Figure 2N). G4C2-positive RNA foci detected by FISH were only observed in 72× embryos, but not in 8× embryos (Figures 2O and 2P). The majority of 72×-transfected cells that had G4C2-positive RNA foci were also active caspase-3 positive (Figure S2D). TUNEL and active caspase-3-positive cells showed nuclear condensation and fragmentation confirming apoptotic cell death (Figures 2P and 2Q). Thus, evidence from cellular and in vivo assays indicates that longer G4C2 repeats lead to the nuclear retention of transcripts, forming RNA foci that are RNase resistant and potently toxic. To investigate whether RNA processing proteins were bound to the G4C2 RNA foci, we probed transfected SH-SY5Y cells with antibodies to 30 different RNA-binding proteins based on their known or predicted ability to bind GC-rich sequences, including heterogeneous nuclear proteins (hnRNP) and serine-arginine (SR) proteins involved in splicing and trafficking (Tables S1 and S2). We found that antibodies to three proteins colocalized with the G4C2 RNA foci: hnRNP-H, serine-arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SF2), and serine-arginine-rich splicing factor 2 (SC35). hnRNP-H showed the closest association with the foci with almost complete overlap, compared to the distribution of SF2 and SC35 (Figures 3A and 3B). DT-43 was not mislocalized in any cells with RNA foci. To determine whether these proteins are physically binding to G4C2 RNA, we extracted nuclear lysate from SH-SY5Y cells, incubated it with biotin-labeled G4C2×72 RNA, and performed RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP). Western blots of the eluate were probed for all three proteins, but only hnRNP-H was detected (Figure 3C). To further validate the interaction between G4C2 repeats and hnRNP-H, we performed RIP using rat brain nuclear lysate. hnRNP-H was pulled down from rat brain lysate by G4C2×48 RNA, but not by control RNA of the same length (300 nt), implying that hnRNP-H binds specifically to G4C2 repeats (Figure 3D). Sequestration of hnRNP H by G4C2 RNA foci is expected to reduce the amount of hnRNP-H available and reduce its splicing efficiency on specific RNA targets. hnRNP-H is required for the efficient inclusion of exon 7 into the mature TARBP2 RNA (Xiao et al., 2009). We therefore compared the effect of expanded G4C2 repeats and knockdown of hnRNP-H on TARBP2 exon 7 inclusion. Lentiviral constructs expressing sh-hnRNP-H knocked down hnRNP-H with an efficiency of 95% in SH-SY5Y cells (Figure S3), which dramatically decreased the inclusion of exon 7 into TARBP2 (Figure 3E). A more modest decrease in exon 7 inclusion was also observed in SH-SY5Y cells stably transfected with 72× G4C2. Figure 2. Loss of G4C2 Foci–Positive Cells Is Due to Apoptotic Cell Death in Culture and In Vivo* (A–D) SH-SY5Y cells were transfected with EGFP-tagged G4C2 constructs. G4C2 RNA foci (red) were found only in cells transfected with EGFP-G4C2 38× and EGFP-G4C2 72× repeats. Many cells with RNA foci were negative for EGFP (arrows in C and D), implying near-complete nuclear retention. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue) (scale bar represents 10 μm). (E) The percentage of cells with G4C2 foci by FISH that did not express EGFP were counted at 24, 48, and 72 hr posttransfection (E), as were foci-positive cells that did express EGFP (E'). Foci-positive cells declined in number, most marked in red, showing greater nuclear retention (EGFP−). In all experiments, a total of 250 cells from three independent transfections were counted, and results are presented as mean ± SD. (F) EGFP-tagged G4C2 plasmids were transfected into SH-SY5Y cells, stained with the early apoptosis marker Annexin V, and analyzed by FACS. Cells expressing 38× and 72× repeats showed 3- or 5-fold higher levels of Annexin V, respectively, than did cells expressing 8× repeats. (G) G4C2 foci–positive SH-SY5Y cells were found positive for activated caspase-3 (scale bar represents 5 μm). (H) G4C2 RNA foci–positive SH-SY5Y cells, but not HEK293 cells, express activated caspase-3. Caspase-3 activation was scored in 250 foci–positive cells per coverslip, and three coverships were analyzed per experiment. The background level of active caspase-3 was estimated by counting the frequency of active caspase-3–positive cells in the foci–negative population. (I) Western blot of PARP cleavage in control or G4C2-transfected SH-SY5Y and HEK293 cells. Actin was used as a loading control. (J–M) Apoptosis in vivo was analyzed by TUNEL staining in zebrafish prim-5 embryos injected with plasmids mosaically expressing EGFP (J), EGFP-G4C2 8× (K), EGFP-G4C2 38× (L), or EGFP-G4C2 72× (M). The number of TUNEL-positive cells (red) increased in the embryos injected with 38× and 72× repeats (L and M) (scale bar represents 200 μm). (N) Quantification of all embryos (n = 5) from three independent experiments is presented. Error bars show the standard error for each sample, and p values (p < 0.0001, *) are also determined. (O) G4C2 RNA foci (red) were found only in zebrafish embryo cells injected with 72×, but not with 8× repeats. EGFP expression is green. (P and Q) High-resolution images of TUNEL-positive (P and P') and active caspase-3 (Q and Q') from zebrafish embryo cells injected with 72× (scale bar represents 10 μm). Nuclear staining is blue. See also Figure S2. A SC35 G4C2 G4C2+SG35 hnRNP-H DAPI Merge All Relative intensity G4C2 foci SC35 hnRNP-H B SF2 G4C2 G4C2+SF2 hnRNP-H DAPI Merge All Relative intensity G4C2 foci SF2 hnRNP-H C Input Bead Bead + G4C2 x 0 Bead + G4C2 x 72 SC35 hnRNP-H SF2 D HeLa Total Frontal Cortex (Nucleus) Cerebellum (Nucleus) Frontal Cortex (Cytoplasm) Cerebellum (Cytoplasm) Bead Bead + RFP RNA (300 nt) Bead + G4C2 x 48 (268 nt) hnRNP-H E Control sh-Control sh-hnRNP-H TARBP2 Percentage 100 75 50 25 0 274 bp 270 bp 146 bp F EGFP EGFP-G4C2 x 8 EGFP-G4C2 x 38 EGFP-G4C2 x 72 TARBP2 Percentage 100 75 50 25 0 274 bp (in) 270 bp 146 bp (ex) plasmids (Figure 3F). Thus, the presence of G4C2 repeats has a similar effect on the splicing of TARBP2 exon 7 to hnRNP-H knockdown and is consistent with the effect of hnRNP-H sequestration by G4C2 foci. Having determined that three RNA binding proteins colocalize with G4C2 RNA foci in cells, we sought a similar association in human tissues. We optimized our FISH protocol (adapted from DeJesus-Hernandez et al., 2011) and observed abundant RNA foci in the cerebellum and less abundant foci in the frontal cortex and temporal lobes of ALS and FTD patients carrying the C9ORF72 expansion mutation (confirmed by repeat primed PCR and Southern blot, n = 5) that are absent from controls (n = 5) (Figure S4; Table S3). Discrete intranuclear neuronal RNA foci were larger in the cerebellum (~500 nm) compared to the cortex (~200 nm) and were most frequent in neurons adjacent to Purkinje cells (Figures 4A and 4B). By combining FISH for RNA foci and immunofluorescence for the foci-associated RNA binding proteins identified in transfected cells, we demonstrated that SF2 and SC35 rarely colocalized with G4C2 RNA in cerebellum, being present in <5% of foci, whereas hnRNP-H showed striking colocalization overlapping almost with ~70% of foci (Figures 4C–4F). We have therefore confirmed the presence of RNA foci in ALS and FTD patients with pathological G4C2 intronic expansions in C9ORF72 and demonstrated that they bind RNA-binding proteins, being most closely associated with hnRNP-H. DISCUSSION** The G4C2 expansion mutation in C9ORF72 is the most common gene defect associated with ALS and FTD in the European population. Several mechanistic hypotheses are emerging, including the loss of the C9ORF72 encoded protein, RNA-mediated toxicity (DeJesus-Hernandez et al., 2011; Renton et al., 2011), and toxic dipeptides from repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation (Mori et al., 2013b). Our results provide experimental evidence that RNA containing longer G4C2 repeats causes cellular toxicity in a length-dependent manner in transfected cells and in vivo and may contribute to neurodegeneration in C9ORF72-related ALS and FTD. Cellular toxicity was associated with the nuclear retention of transcripts containing 38× and 72× repeats and the appearance of RNA foci. By placing the repeats 3′ to EGFP we were able to monitor nuclear export and show that transfected neuroblastoma cells, but not HEK cells, declined in number over time because of apoptotic cell death. This was most marked in those showing the greatest nuclear retention and foci, indicating cell type and neuron-specific toxicity of longer G4C2 repeats. These data suggest that similar to trinucleotide diseases (Hirth, 2010), cellular toxicity of hexanucleotide repeat expansion directly correlates with G4C2 repeat length, indicating that the longer the repeat, the more toxic its nature. In order to explore the sequestration hypothesis, we screened antibodies to 30 RNA binding proteins in G4C2 72×-transfected neuroblastoma cells and demonstrated colocalization of G4C2 RNA foci with SF2, SC35, and, most strikingly, hnRNP-H. Overexpression of 72× G4C2 and knockdown of hnRNP-H had a similar effect on the splicing of a target RNA TARBP2, consistent with the sequestration of hnRNP-H. Using biotinylated 72× RNA, we were only able to pull down hnRNP-H, indicating that is able to interact with G4C2 RNA. On probing human cerebellar ALS and FTD tissues, we detected a striking colocalization of hnRNP-H with 70% of RNA foci. We did not detect changes in the distribution or colocalization with RNA foci in human tissues for pur-α (Xu et al., 2013) or hnRNP-A3 (Morii et al., 2013a) to suggest sequestration, as had previously been postulated. Our findings suggest that the sequestration of hnRNP-H and other RNA binding proteins may play a mechanistic role in neurodegeneration associated with the C9ORF72 mutation. Our observation that longer stretches of G4C2 RNA form neurotoxic foci and bind specific RNA binding proteins is similar to other intronic microsatellite expansion disorders (Todd and Paulson, 2010). Expanded CUG (DM1) and CCUG (DM2) intronic repeats generate RNA foci in cells, in animal models, and in patients with myotonic dystrophy. The foci bind and deplete muscle-blind-like proteins (MBNL1, 2, and 3), causing widespread RNA splicing abnormalities and degeneration of affected tissues (Miller et al., 2000). The fact that MBNL1 knockout mice develop key aspects of human DM and that overexpression of MBNL1 in Drosophila and mice can rescue the phenotype caused by the CTG repeats implies that loss of MBNL1 is one of the key drivers of cellular degeneration (Kanadia et al., 2003b). --- Figure 3. SC35, SF2, and hnRNP-H Colocalize with G4C2 Nuclear Foci, but hnRNP-H Binds to G4C2 RNA Transcripts (A–B) SH-SY5Y cells were transfected with a plasmid expressing 72× repeats and probed 24 hr after transfection for G4C2 by FISH and immunocytochemistry (ICC). (A) And (B) Endogenous SC35 (A) and SF2 (B) were detected by ICC using a DyLight-488-labeled secondary antibody, hnRNP-H was simultaneously detected by ICC using a DyLight-649-labeled secondary antibody. The intensity of endogenous SC35, SF2, hnRNP-H, and G4C2 foci were analyzed by Leica line profile tools (scale bar represents 5 μm). (C) Biotin-labeled G4C2×72 RNA transcripts were synthesized and used for RNA pull-down of SH-SH5Y lysates; G4C2×0 transcripts were used as control. Partial colocalization of SC35 and SF2 is seen with the RNA foci, whereas hnRNP-H shows very close colocalization. Only hnRNP-H coprecipitated with G4C2×72 RNA. (D) Biotin aptamer-labeled G4C2×48 RNA transcripts were synthesized and used for RNA pull-down of rat brain lysates (Supplemental Experimental Procedures). RNA of equivalent length to G4C2×48 (300 nt) was used as a control. hnRNP-H coprecipitated with G4C2×48 RNA. (E) Splicing assay of TARBP2 exon 7 shows that G4C2 RNA sequestration of hnRNP-H impairs RNA processing. Comparison of hnRNP H knockdown and control SH-SY5Y cells validates that hnRNP H promotes inclusion of TARBP2 exon 7. (F) Analysis of TARBP2 exon 7 splicing in SH-SY5Y cells stably transfected with C9ORF72 repeats. Inclusion of TARBP2 exon 7 is decreased in cells expressing G4C2×72 but is not affected in cells expressing lower repeat numbers, PCR products including (in) or excluding (ex) the regulated alternative exon are marked on the right. Average quantification values of exon inclusion (yellow) and exclusion (blue) are shown. Error bars show SD of three replicates. To test significance, the ratio between exon 7 inclusion and exclusion was calculated and tested by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s honestly significant difference test. See also Figure S3. hnRNP-H binds strongly to G-runs in intronic sequences to enhance exon skipping (Xiao et al., 2009) and G-rich RNA quadruplexes (Millavei et al., 2012). hnRNP-H binding is known to inhibit the nuclear export of RNA containing expanded CUG repeats associated with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) (Kim et al., 2005). It is a component of the splicing enhancer complex that activates alternative splicing of c-src in neurons (Chou et al., 1999). Thus, the nuclear retention and aggregation of G4C2 RNA may be enhanced by hnRNP-H binding, which could in turn facilitate further G4C2 RNA binding in a positive feedback loop to generate large RNase-resistant foci. This would result in the sequestration of hnRNP-H itself, other RNA binding proteins, and multiple RNA transcripts, leading to significant dysregulation of RNA processing and toxicity. We did not observe TDP-43 binding to G4C2 repeats or mislocalization in our cellular models as has been described in C9ORF72 mutant ALS and FTD cases, and it is not yet clear whether TDP-43 misaccumulation is mechanistic in these cases. The observation that RAN translation generates dipeptides in C9ORF72 mutant cases is of great interest (Mori et al., 2013b). Recent evidence has emerged that RAN polyglycine peptides are present in cellular and Drosophila models of fragile X tremor ataxia syndrome and in patients carrying the CGG expansion and that cell death could be prevented by the suppression of RAN translation (Todd et al., 2013). Toxicity due to RNA foci and RAN translation are not mutually exclusive, and their relative contribution to repeat-associated neurodegenerative disorders requires further investigation. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Detailed Experimental Procedures are described in the Supplemental Experimental Procedures. Patient Samples All cases were provided by the Medical Research Council (MRC) London Neurodegenerative Diseases Brain Bank (Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London) and were collected and distributed in accordance with local and national research ethics committee approvals. See Table S3 for case details. FISH with Immunofluorescence Cy3-labeled C9orf24 x8 RNA probes were synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies and used as antisense probes. Cells were fixed in 4% PFA for 15 min and washed with PBS. Then cells were incubated with 70% ethanol overnight (16 hr) at 4 °C. The next day, the cells were rehydrated in PBS for 15 min and permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 5 min. Following this, the coverslips were incubated with prehybridization buffer (40% formamide, 2×SSC) for 15 min. Probes were used at working solutions of 5 ng/µl and diluted in hybridization buffer (40% formamide, 1 mg/ml HMRNA, 10% dextran sulfate, 2×SSC). Following overnight hybridization at 48 °C, coverslips were washed three times in 2X SSC at room temperature for 15 min each. These were then washed with PBS three times for 15 min each. Coverslips were treated with RNase A/T1 mix (Fermentas, 1:50,000) for 5 min at room temperature and washed with PBS three times for 15 min each. For double immunostaining with FISH and immunofluorescence, coverslips were fixed for 1 hr, then coverslips were incubated with primary antibodies (Table S2), and the appropriate secondary antibodies were used. DAPI (Sigma) was used for counterstaining. Leica confocal SP systems were used for high-resolution imaging. FISH for Human Tissue Sections from frontal and temporal cortices and cerebellum were provided as 10% formalin fixed paraffin-embedded blocks. To perform FISH, paraffin was removed with xylene, and sections were rehydrated in an ethanol series (100%, 95%, 70%) for 3 min per step. These slides were incubated in 0.3% Sudan black for 5 min and washed with water. Next, slides were treated with proteinase K (20 µg/ml, TBS [pH 7.4]) in a 37 °C water bath for 20 min. Next, slides were treated with ice-cold 20% acetic acid in 1× TBS for 2 min and then incubated in prehybridization buffer (40% formamide, 2×SSC) for a further 15 min. Probes were used at working solutions of 5 ng/µl and diluted in hybridization buffer (40% formamide, 1 mg/ml HMRNA, 10% dextran sulfate, 2×SSC). Following overnight hybridization at 48 °C, slides were washed three times in 2X SSC at room temperature for 15 min each. These were then washed with PBS three times for 15 min each. Statistics Statistical analysis was carried out using GraphPad Prism 5. For one-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to compare the abundance of TUNEL-stained cells in zebrafish. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was considered at p < 0.0001 (*). SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION Supplemental Information includes Supplemental Experimental Procedures, four figures, and three tables and can be found with this article online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2013.10.049. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project was funded by a Strategic Grant Award from The Wellcome Trust and Medical Research Council (MRC) (089701), the Motor Neuron Disease Association, the American ALS Association, Heaton-Ellis Trust, an MRC grant (G0900888), the National Institutes of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, the Psychiatry Research Trust, and the Parkinson’s UK/Maria’s Sewell Foundation Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under the grant agreement number 259867. J.A. is supported by the Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds. 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The C9orf72 GGGGCC repeat is translated into aggregating dipeptide-repeat proteins in FTLD/ALS. Science 339, 1335–1338. Neumann, M., Sampathu, D.M., Kwong, L.K., Truax, A.C., Micsenyi, M.C., Chou, T.T., Bruce, J., Schuck, T., Grossman, M., Clark, C.M., et al. (2006). Ubiquitinated TDP-43 in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Science 314, 130–133. Renon, A.E., Majounie, E., Walte, A., Simón-Sánchez, J., Rollinson, S., Gibbs, J.R., van der Brink, J.C., Laaksovirta, H., van Swieten, J.C., Myllykangas, L., et al.; ITALSGEN Consortium (2011). A hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9ORF72 is the cause of chromosome 9p-linked ALS-FTD. Neuron 72, 257–268. Shatunov, A., Mok, K., Newhouse, S., Weale, M.E., Smith, B., Vance, C., Johnson, L., Veldink, J.H., van Es, M.A., van den Berg, L.H., et al. (2010). Chromosome 9p21 in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the UK and seven other countries: a genome-wide association study. Lancet Neurol. 9, 986–994. 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Question Paper Name: Mughal India 1550 1605 30th Sep 2020 S1 Subject Name: Mughal India 1550-1605 Creation Date: 2020-09-30 13:30:25 Duration: 180 Number of Questions: 100 Total Marks: 100 Display Marks: Yes Mughal India 1550-1605 Group Number: 1 Group Id: 89951459 Group Maximum Duration: 0 Group Minimum Duration: 120 Show Attended Group?: No Edit Attended Group?: No Break time: 0 Group Marks: 100 Is this Group for Examiner?: No Mughal India 1550-1605 Section Id: 89951463 Section Number: 1 Section type: Online Mandatory or Optional: Mandatory Number of Questions: 100 Number of Questions to be attempted: 100 Agra was a 1. Provincial headquarter 2. Capital city 3. Port Town 4. Village Town Options: 89951421235. 1 89951421236. 2 89951421237. 3 89951421238. 4 Ain-i-Akbari was written by 1. Abul Fazal 2. Badauni 3. Patrick Geddes 4. Akbar Options: 89951421239. 1 89951421240. 2 89951421241. 3 89951421242. 4 The markets in the fort was along the 1. River banks 2. City gate 3. Chowk 4. Mandi Options: 89951421243. 1 89951421244. 2 89951421245. 3 89951421246. 4 Sir Patrick Geddes started his research from 1. Bombay University 2. Calcutta University 3. Delhi University 4. Madras University Options: 89951421247. 1 89951421248. 2 89951421249. 3 89951421250. 4 Prof. Nurul Hassan wrote an article on morphology of 1. Bohranpur 2. Delhi 3. Surat 4. Bengal Options: Question Number: 6 Question Id: 8995145344 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 Provincial Headquarter in Gujarat was 1. Ahmedabad 2. Trombay 3. Surat 4. Cambay Options: 89951421255. 1 89951421256. 2 89951421257. 3 89951421258. 4 Question Number: 7 Question Id: 8995145345 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 The fort is always located along the 1. Market 2. River 3. Hinterland 4. Mandi Options: 89951421259. 1 89951421260. 2 89951421261. 3 89951421262. 4 Question Number: 8 Question Id: 8995145346 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 Borhanpur was a 1. Port Town 2. Capital City 3. Market Town 4. Village Town The fort at Agra was constructed by 1. Babur 2. Akbar 3. Humayun 4. Shahjahan Agra was compared to a 1. Persian city 2. Deccan city 3. European city 4. Portuguese city Delhi was constructed by 1. Ali Mardan Khan 2. Ustad Hamid Khan 3. Shah Alam 4. Humayun Water was supplied in Shahjahanabad by 1. Pumps 2. Pipes 3. Canals 4. Persian Wheel The capital changed from Agra to Delhi during the reign of 1. Shahjahan 2. Akbar 3. Jahangir 4. Sher Shah Agra was founded by 1. Babur 2. Sikander Lodi 3. Ibrahim Lodi 4. Sher Shah At the end of 16th century Agra was visited by 1. Ralph Fitch 2. Bernier 3. Modav 4. Tavernier The wholesale market of Agra was at 1. Fatehpur 2. Sikandra 3. Pahargunj 4. Moti Bagh The heart of Shahjahanabad was 1. Chandni Chowk 2. Fais Bazar 3. Jama Masjid 4. Fatehpur Water is brought into the palace of Shahjahanabad by 1. Persian wheel 2. Well 3. Pump 4. Canals The cash crop Patna produced was 1. Rice 2. Opium 3. Cotton 4. Wheat Burhanpur began to develop under 1. Aurangzeb 2. Akbar 3. Shahjahan 4. Sher Shah Question Number: 21 Question Id: 8995145359 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 Fine quality muslin was manufactured in 1. Surat 2. Patna 3. Dhaka 4. Bengal Options: 89951421315. 1 89951421316. 2 89951421317. 3 89951421318. 4 Question Number: 22 Question Id: 8995145360 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 Lahore was famous for the production 1. Ammunitions 2. Opium 3. Cloth 4. Cotton Options: 89951421319. 1 89951421320. 2 89951421321. 3 89951421322. 4 Question Number: 23 Question Id: 8995145361 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 Tabakat-i-Akbari was written by 1. Akbar 2. Prof. Moosvi 3. Nizamuddin Bakshi 4. Al-Biruni Question Number: 24 Question Id: 8995145362 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 The Golden Age of Urbanisation was the era of the 1. Guptas 2. Mughals 3. Sultanate 4. Marathas Question Number: 25 Question Id: 8995145363 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 The retail market was in each 1. Chowk 2. Maidan 3. Mohalla 4. Village Question Number: 26 Question Id: 8995145364 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 The first capital of Delhi was 1. Mehrauli 2. Tughlaqabad 3. Ferozshah 4. Daulatabad The raw silk market near Murshidabad was 1. Qasim Bazar 2. Mandu 3. Dhaka 4. Malda The middlemen in the port-towns were called 1. Shahbandars 2. Dalals 3. Kasbas 4. Subadar Masalipatnam port was under the Mughals after the capture of 1. Golconda 2. Delhi 3. Murshidabad 4. Hooghly Options: 89951421343. 1 89951421344. 2 89951421345. 3 89951421346. 4 Question Number: 29 Question Id: 8995145367 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 Ram Charit Manas was written in 1. Sanskrit 2. Gujarati 3. Braj Bhasa 4. Bengali Options: 89951421347. 1 89951421348. 2 89951421349. 3 89951421350. 4 Question Number: 30 Question Id: 8995145368 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 Amir Khusro was the contemporary of 1. Akbar 2. Allah-ud-Din Khalji 3. Shivaji 4. Humayun Options: 89951421351. 1 89951421352. 2 Adigrantha was compiled under the order of 1. Guru Arjun 2. Guru Gobind 3. Guru Nanak 4. Guru Angad Rajtarangini was written by 1. Tulsi das 2. Malik Muhammad Jayasi 3. Kalhana 4. Kalidas Janam Sakha, contains the quotes on 1. Guru Nanak 2. Allah-ud-din Khalji 3. Mira Bai 4. Ramdas Kabindra Paramacharya wrote the biography of 1. Shambhuji 2. Shahaji 3. Shivaji 4. Balaji Bajirao Mira Bai was the princess of 1. Kashmir 2. Mewar 3. Patna 4. Bengal Padmavat written on the story of 1. Allah-ud-Din Khalji and Padmini 2. Krishna and Radha 3. Hira and Ranjha 4. Akbar and Jodha Bai The Ramayana was translated into Gujarati by 1. Bahlem 2. Kalhana 3. Mira Bai 4. Ramdas The Nabya Naya literature flourished in 1. Varanasi 2. Amber 3. Nabadwip 4. Agra Question Number: 39 Question Id: 8995145377 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 The first scholar who translated the Mahabharata into Marathi language was 1. Swami Eknath 2. Tukaram 3. Vishnu Das Naam 4. Ramdas Question Number: 40 Question Id: 8995145378 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 Swami Eknath was taught by 1. Janardhan Swami 2. Tukaram 3. Swami Ramdas 4. Tulshidas Options: 89951421391. 1 89951421392. 2 The Vaishnava Padabali was written in 1. Bengali 2. Hindi 3. Oriya 4. Marathi Options: 89951421395. 1 89951421396. 2 89951421397. 3 89951421398. 4 The Rashulbijoy Kavya was written by 1. Syed Sultan 2. Mukundaram 3. Krishna Das Kaviraj 4. Tukaram Options: 89951421399. 1 89951421400. 2 89951421401. 3 89951421402. 4 Akbar got three Sanskrit texts translated by 1. Birbal 2. Man Singh 3. Badauni 4. Abul Fazal Vaishnava literature was first started by 1. Vrindabana Das 2. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 3. Dakhin Rai 4. Kalidas Ketakidas Khemananda wrote 1. Manasa Mangal 2. Chandi Mangal 3. Sitala Mangal 4. Janani Mangal The title Kabi-kankan was used by 1. Bipradas Piplai 2. Mukundram Chakraborty 3. Krishna Das Kaviraj 4. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu Gita Govinda was written by 1. Tukaram 2. Tulsidas 3. Jaydev 4. Ramdas Question Number: 48 Question Id: 8995145386 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 The story of Behula is part of the 1. Chandi Mangal 2. Manasa Mangal 3. Kalika Manga 4. Sitala Mangal Question Number: 49 Question Id: 8995145387 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 The biographer of Humayun was 1. Din Panah 2. Khwandamir 3. Abul Fazl 4. Birbal Question Number: 50 Question Id: 8995145388 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 Purana Quila was constructed by 1. Humayun 2. Akbar 3. Sher Shah 4. Ibrahim Lodi The tomb of Humayun was built by 1. Mirza Ghiyasuddin 2. Abul Fazl 3. Atka Khan 4. Akbar Options: 89951421435. 1 89951421436. 2 89951421437. 3 89951421438. 4 The Buland Darwaza was built at the 1. Purana Quila 2. Lahore Fort 3. Fatehpur Sikri 4. Agra Fort Options: 89951421439. 1 89951421440. 2 89951421441. 3 89951421442. 4 The women in Fatehpur Sikri would go to the 1. Nagina Masjid 2. Jama Masjid 3. Bara Masjid 4. Moti Masjid Question Number: 54 Question Id: 8995145392 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 The Moti Masjid in Agra Fort was built by 1. Aurangzeb 2. Jahangir 3. Shah Jahan 4. Akbar Question Number: 55 Question Id: 8995145393 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 The gate on the west of the Shahjahanabad fort is called 1. Lahori gate 2) Agra Gate 3) Jamuna Gate 4) Kashmiri Gate Options: 89951421451. 1 The canal which brought water from the Jamuna is called 1. Jilukhana 2. Nahari Bihist 3. Hamam 4. Charbag Imtad-ud-Daullah’s Tomb was built by 1. Mumtaz Mahal 2. Nur Jahan 3. Shah Jahan 4. Jahangir Taj Mahal was designed and built by 1. Ustad Hamid 2. Jeronima 3. Itmad-ud-Daula 4. Isha Khan The Imperial studio of painting was set up by 1. Akbar 2. Humayun 3. Abul Fazl 4. Babur In a painting Akbar was seen to be supervising the construction of 1. Agra Fort 2. Imperial Studio 3. Fatehpur Sikri 4. Delhi Fort Question Number: 61 Question Id: 8995145399 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 In a painting Akbar was shown to have thrown down 1. Adam Khan 2. Abul Fazl 3. Mir Sayyid Ali 4. Bairam Khan Options: 89951421475. 1 89951421476. 2 89951421477. 3 89951421478. 4 Question Number: 62 Question Id: 8995145400 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 The prisoners of war were seen to hold 1. Skins of animals 2. Tin barricades 3. Weapons 4. War Boats Options: 89951421479. 1 89951421480. 2 89951421481. 3 89951421482. 4 Question Number: 63 Question Id: 8995145401 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 In the painting the emperor who was re-directing the source of water in the garden was 1. Akbar 2. Babur 3. Humayun 4. Jahaneir Question Number: 64 Question Id: 8995145402 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 Figurative art was resisted by the 1) Ulemas 2) Afghans 3) Mughals 4) Kazis Question Number: 65 Question Id: 8995145403 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 The practice of touching the feet of the emperor is called 1. Ibadatkhana 2. Gulistan 3. Sijda 4. Jannat Question Number: 66 Question Id: 8995145404 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 The practice of touching the feet of the emperor is called 1. Ibadatkhana 2. Gulistan 3. Sijda 4. Jannat Mahamanga was Akbar’s 1. Aristocrat 2. Governess 3. Minister 4. Mother Akbar held huge religious conferences in the 1) Ibadatkhana 2) Tasvirkhana 3) Malwa 4) Jilukhana Mahamanga was the mother of 1. Abul Fazl 2. Adam Khan 3. Abdus Samad 4. Bairam Khan Options: 89951421503. 1 89951421504. 2 89951421505. 3 89951421506. 4 Question Number: 69 Question Id: 8995145407 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 Abdur Samad and Mir Sayyid Ali were from 1. Kabul 2. Persia 3. Delhi 4. Lahore Options: 89951421507. 1 89951421508. 2 89951421509. 3 89951421510. 4 Question Number: 70 Question Id: 8995145408 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 The illustration of Jahangir Namah was commissioned to 1. Bishandas 2. Mir Sayyid Ali 3. Shah Abbas 4. Lal Options: 89951421511. 1 89951421512. 2 The symbol of the Safavid dynasty in the Mughal paintings is 1. Lion 2. Sheep 3. Bull 4. Camel Question Number: 72 Question Id: 8995145410 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 The Badshah Namah which is the biography of 1. Akbar 2. Jahangir 3. Shah Jahan 4. Aurangzeb Question Number: 73 Question Id: 8995145411 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 In a painting Jahangir holds up the portrait of 1. Shah Jahan 2. Humayun 3. Akbar 4. Dara Shikoh Jahangir’s birth was ascribed to the saint 1. Moin-uddin Chisti 2. Salim Chisti 3. Shah Abbas 4. Itimad-ud-Daulah Ainayat Khan died due to 1. Narcotics 2. Injury 3. Ailment 4. Age Shah Shuja was the Subedaar of 1. Gujarat 2. Patna 3. Bengal 4. Malwa The book called ‘Parties and Politics at the Mughal Court’ was written by 1. Sir Jadunath Sarkar 2. Satish Chandra 3. James Mill 4. Peter Mundi The principle buyers of Biyana indigo were the 1. Dutch 2. Persians 3. Portuguese 4. French Question Number: 79 Question Id: 8995145417 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 The port that was closed by the vandalism of the Dutch was 1. Surat 2. Hoogly 3. Masalipatnam 4. Cambay Question Number: 80 Question Id: 8995145418 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 The civil war was between Aurangzeb and 1. Shivaji 2. Nadir Shah 3. Dara Shiko 4. Mirza Hakim The first region taken over by the English was 1. Delhi 2. Bengal 3. Golkonda 4. Surat Periodisation of Indian history was introduced by 1. Vincent Smith 2. Peter Mundi 3. Ashin Das Gupta 4. William Irvine There was an all-time rise of Hindu mansabdars during the reign of 1. Akbar 2. Auragnzeb 3. Shah Alam 4. Sher Shah The fall of the Mughal Empire due to cultural backwardness was prophesied by 1. Jadunath Sarkar 2. Athar Ali 3. Irfan Habib 4. Asin Das Gupta Niccolò Manucci was a traveler from 1. China 2. Morocco 3. Italy 4. France In 1739 Delhi was occupied by 1. Nadir Shah 2. Ahmed Shah Abdali 3. Mahadaji Scindhia 4. Timur The downfall of Surat was linked to the decline of the Mughal Empire by 1. William Irvine 2. Count of Modav 3. Asin Das Gupta 4. R. C Majumder In 1720 the jagirdar of Awadh was 1. Sadat Ali Khan 2. Musaffar Alam 3. Nawab Mir Kasim 4. Murshid Quli Khan The system of jagirs of the Marathas was called 1. Saranjam 2. Mansabdari 3. Mulkgiri 4. Zamindari Kasim Bazar was famous for 1. Opium 2. Silk 3. Indigo 4. Rice Man Singh became the first mansabdar under 1. Shivaji 2. Jahangir 3. Akbar 4. Humayun In Bengal, revenue was collected by 1. Jagat Seth 2. Mir Kasim 3. Musaffar Alam 4. Mir Jafar Mughal Empire extended from Delhi to Palam during the reign of 1. Aurangzeb 2. Humayun 3. Shah Alam 4. Sher Shah The Marathas supported the English in killing 1. Shah Alam 2. Tipu Sultan 3. Murshid Quli Khan 4. Man Singh Officers who were responsible for the collection of revenue in the Mughal Empire were the 1. Mahajans 2. Qanungos 3. Peshwas 4. Ulemas The destruction of Delhi and Agra was described by 1. Abul Fazl 2. Mahadji Sindhia 3. Count of Modav 4. Birbal Question Number: 97 Question Id: 8995145435 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 The Bhakti saint who was not a worshiper of Krishna, was: 1. Vallabhacharya 2. Mirabai 3. Surdas 4. Ramananda Question Number: 98 Question Id: 8995145436 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 Who said – ‘the Universe is the Veda, the Creation is the Quran’? 1. Kabir 2. Bulle Shah 3. Rajjab 4. Guru Nanak Question Number: 99 Question Id: 8995145437 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 Which of the following was not one of the three chief Sufi orders in India? 1. Shuttari 2. Chisti 3. Suhrawardi 4. Firdausi Question Number: 100 Question Id: 8995145438 Question Type: MCQ Option Shuffling: No Is Question Mandatory: No Correct Marks: 1 Wrong Marks: 0 Namdev, a great Bhakti saint of Maharashtra, was the disciple of: 1. Jnaneshwar 2. Visoba Khechar 3. Tukaram 4. Eknath 89951421632. 2 89951421633. 3 89951421634. 4
Curriculum Register NOVEMBER 16, 2020 This publication contains proposed curriculum changes, organized into the following sections: I. Request to Include Proposed Degree Program in Academic Master Plan, which includes a brief description of programs the academic colleges are interested in creating. Please note, these are not fully developed curriculum proposals, but rather possible degree programs the colleges would like to implement in the future. II. Campus-Wide Proposal Sharing, which includes a synopsis of course and program proposals that have been submitted for review to their department curriculum committee and program faculty, and new program proposals that have been approved by the Board of Trustees to appear on the CSUDH Academic Master Plan; All proposals must complete each step in the curriculum review process: - [New Degree Programs & Program Modifications](#) - [New & Modified Courses](#) Moratorium for Proposals in Campus-wide Sharing Stage: The Campus-wide Sharing section of the Curriculum Register contains only a summary of the curriculum proposal. There will be a 10 working-day moratorium, starting from the publication date of the Curriculum Register, during which departments, deans, or individual faculty may raise objections or concerns to the proposing faculty and College Curriculum Committee. After the College Curriculum Committee has been contacted with objection, the objector has 10-working days to review the entire proposal and submit a formal objection in writing. Please review the [Process for Objections to Curriculum Proposals](#) for more information related to the objections process. Moratorium Date: November 30, 2020 Once the moratorium date has passed for campus-wide sharing and no objections are received, the proposal will continue through the stages of the curriculum review process. The Office of Academic Programs produces the Curriculum Register. Any questions or comments should be directed to the Office of Academic Programs at [email@example.com](mailto:firstname.lastname@example.org) or at (310) 243-3308. REQUEST TO INCLUDE PROPOSED DEGREE PROGRAMS IN ACADEMIC MASTER PLAN College of Arts and Humanities ................................................................. 6 No submissions received ........................................................................... 6 College of Business Administration & Public Policy .................................. 6 Master of Science in Financial Economics .................................................. 6 Master of Science in Management of Information Systems and Technology .... 12 College of Education .................................................................................. 16 Doctor of Education in Leadership for Justice in Education ....................... 16 College of Extended & International Education ........................................ 19 No submissions received ........................................................................... 19 College of Health, Human Services, & Nursing ........................................ 20 Bachelor of Science in Public Health ......................................................... 20 Doctor of Public Health ............................................................................. 26 Doctor of Nursing Practice ........................................................................ 35 College of Natural and Behavioral Sciences ............................................ 38 Bachelor of Arts in Biophysics .................................................................. 38 Bachelor of Science in Biophysics .............................................................. 38 CAMPUS WIDE PROPOSAL SHARING ......................................................... 44 College Of Arts And Humanities .................................................................. 44 NCR 291 Psychology of Peacebuilding (Course Modification/UDGE D1) ........ 44 NCR 390 Fundamentals of Conflict Resolution and Peacbuilding (Course Mod/UDGE F4) .44 NCR 391 Restorative Justice (New Course/UDGE F3) .................................. 44 Bachelor of Arts in Africana Studies (Program Modification) ........................ 45 Bachelor of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies (Program Modification) ............ 45 Bachelor of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies: American Studies (Program Discontinuation) ..45 Bachelor of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies: Global Studies (Program Discontinuation) .....46 Bachelor of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies: Comparative Cultures (Program Discontinuation) ................................................................. 46 Bachelor of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies: Environmental Studies (Program Discontinuation) ................................................................. 46 IDS 320 Perspectives in Human Studies: Global Los Angeles (Course Modification) .......... 46 IDS 320 Perspectives in Human Studies: LGBTQ America (Course Modification) ........ 46 IDS 326 Perspectives in Human Studies: American Consumerism (Course Mod) ........ 46 IDS 326 Perspectives in Human Studies: The California Experience (Course Mod) ........ 46 IDS 326 Perspectives in Human Studies: Aging in America (Course Mod) ............... 47 IDS 330 Topics in Civilization: Los Angeles in Film and Literature (Course Mod) ........ 47 IDS 336 American Studies in the Humanities: Los Angeles in Film and Literature (Course Modification) ................................................................. 47 IDS 330 Topics in Civilizations: US Ethnic Literature (Course Modification) ............ 47 IDS 336 American Studies in the Humanities: US Ethnic Literature (Course Mod) ........ 47 IDS 336 American Studies in the Humanities: LA Detective (Course Mod) ........................................... 48 IDS 340 Professional Writing (New Course) .......................................................................................... 48 IDS 350 Interdisciplinary Topics in Environmental Studies: Earth, Wind, and Fire (Course Modification) .................................................................................................................................................. 48 IDS 350 Interdisciplinary Topics in Environmental Studies: Animal Behavior (Course Modification) .................................................................................................................................................. 48 IDS 350 Interdisciplinary Studies in Environmental Studies: Environmental Health (Course Modification) .................................................................................................................................................. 49 IDS 350 Interdisciplinary Topics in Environmental Studies: Epidemics (Course Modification) .................................................................................................................................................. 49 IDS 489 Research Methods (Course Modification) .................................................................................. 49 College Of Business Administration & Public Policy ............................................................................. 50 Bachelor of Science in Business Administration: Management & Human Resources Concentration (Program Modification) .............................................................................................................. 50 FIN 487 Fixed Income Securities and Valuation (New Course) ................................................................ 50 College Of Education ............................................................................................................................... 50 No submissions received ......................................................................................................................... 50 College Of Extended & International Education .................................................................................... 50 No submissions received ......................................................................................................................... 50 College Of Health, Human Services, & Nursing .................................................................................... 51 Doctorate of Occupational Therapy (New Program) .............................................................................. 51 OTR 512 Human Anatomy (Course Modification) .................................................................................. 51 OTR 527 Foundations of Kinesiology for OT (Course Modification) .................................................. 52 OTR 547 Neurological Foundations of Occupation (Course Modification) ........................................ 52 OTR 722 Clinical Fieldwork I in a Pediatric Setting (New Course) .................................................. 52 OTR 732 Clinical Fieldwork I in an Adult Setting (New Course) ...................................................... 53 OTR 742 Clinical Fieldwork I in an Adolescent Setting (New Course) ........................................... 53 OTR 752 Clinical Fieldwork I in a Geriatric Setting (New Course) .................................................. 54 OTR 592 Fieldwork IIA (Course Modification) ..................................................................................... 54 OTR 593 Fieldwork IIB (Course Modification) ..................................................................................... 54 OTR 713 Occupational Therapy (New Course) ..................................................................................... 55 OTR 723 Clinical Reasoning in Occupational Therapy: Pediatric Conditions and Case Analyses (New Course) .................................................................................................................. 55 OTR 733 Clinical Reasoning in Occupational Therapy: Adult Conditions and Case Analyses (New Course) .................................................................................................................. 56 OTR 743 Clinical Reasoning in Occupational Therapy: Adolescent Conditions and Case Analyses (New Course) ........................................................................................................ 56 OTR 753 Clinical Reasoning in Occupational Therapy: Geriatric Conditions and Case Analyses (New Course) .................................................................................................................. 57 OTR 714 Introduction to Population Health (New Course) ................................................................... 57 OTR 724 Person, Environment, Occupation, and Health Promotion in Pediatric Populations (New Course) .................................................................................................................. 58 OTR 734 Person, Environment, Occupation, and Health Promotion in Adult Populations (New Course) .................................................................................................................. 59 OTR 744 Person, Environment, Occupation and Health Promotion in Adolescent Populations OTR 754 Person, Environment, Occupation, and Health Promotion (New Course) .......................................................... 59 OTR 537L Assessments in Occupational Therapy (Course Modification) ................................................................. 60 OTR 557L Assessments in Occupational Therapy Practice: Adult (Course Modification) ........................................... 61 OTR 517L Assessments in Occupational Therapy Practice: Adolescence (Course Mod)............................................ 61 OTR 577L Assessments in Occupations in Therapy Practice: Geriatrics (Course Mod)................................................ 62 OTR 719 Therapeutic Activities and Group Dynamics Across the Lifespan (New Course) ........................................ 63 OTR 539L Intervention in Occupational Therapy Practice: Pediatrics (Course Mod)............................................... 63 OTR 559L Intervention in Occupational Therapy Practice: Adults (Course Modification) ....................................... 64 OTR 519L Interventions in Occupational Therapy Practice: Adolescence (Course Mod) ........................................ 64 OTR 579L Interventions in Occupational Therapy Practice: Geriatrics (Course Mod)................................................ 65 OTR 715 OTD Research Portfolio I: Intro to Reasearch Portfolio: Literature Review (New Course) .......................... 66 OTR 725 OTD Research Portfolio II: Methodologies in Quantitative Research (New Course) .................................. 66 OTR 735 OTD Research Portfolio III: Quantitative Research Project (New Course) .............................................. 66 OTR 745 OTD Research Portfolio IV: Methodologies in Quantitative Research (New Course) .................................. 66 OTR 755 OTD Research Portfolio V: Quantitative Research Project (New Course) .................................................. 68 OTR 701 The Historical Analysis of Occupational Therapy Profession (New Course) ............................................. 68 OTR 780 OT Professional Development Seminar: Occupational Therapy Code of Ethics (New Course) ..................... 67 OTR 781 OT Professional Development Seminar: The Reflective Occupational Therapist (New Course) .................. 68 OTR 782 OT Professional Development Seminar: Effective Communication and Team Dynamics (New Course) ........ 69 OTR 783 OT Professional Development Seminar: Program Development and Funding of Occupational Therapy Services (New Course) ........................................................................................................ 69 OTR 784 OT Professional Development Seminar: Administration & Managements (New Course) .......................... 69 OTR 785 OT Professional Development Seminar: Adaptive and Assistive Technology and Devices (New Course) ........................................................................................................................................... 69 OTR 786 OT Professional Development Seminar: Group Interventions (New Course) ............................................. 70 OTR 787 OT Professional Development Seminar: Ergonomics (New Course) .......................................................... 70 OTR 788 OT Professional Development Seminar: Leadership and Advocacy (New Course) ...................................... 70 OTR 789 OT Professional Development Seminar: Business Aspects of Practice (New Course) .................................. 71 OTR 790 OTD Capstone Portfolio I: Needs Assessment Identifying an Occupational Therapy Problem (New Course) .... 71 OTR 791 OTD Capstone Portfolio II: Evidence-Based Practice: Reviewing Best Intervention (New Course) ........... 71 OTR 792 OTD Capstone Portfolio III: Capstone Experience (New Course) ............................................................ 72 OTR 793 OTD Capstone Portfolio IV: Capstone Project I (New Course) ............................................................... 72 OTR 797 OTD Capstone Portfolio V: Capstone Project II (New Course) ............................................................... 72 College Of Natural And Behavioral Sciences ........................................................................................................... 73 MAT 134 Statistics & Probability- Supported ........................................................................................................... 73 University Library ....................................................................................................................................................... 73 No submissions received ........................................................................................................................................... 73 This page intentionally left blank. Request to Include Proposed Degree Programs in Academic Master Plan The following program proposals have been submitted for review to their college dean and the Provost to be included in the 2021-2022 Academic Master Plan for review by the Board of Trustees. College of Arts & Humanities No submissions received from the College of Arts & Humanities. College of Business Administration & Public Policy \| Title of Proposed Program \| Financial Economics \| \|---------------------------\|---------------------\| \| Degree Designation (e.g., BS) \| MS \| \| Projected Implementation Date \| Fall 2021 \| \| College \| Business Administration and Public Policy \| \| Department \| Accounting, Finance, and Economics \| Contact Name(s) and Email(s) Jennifer Brodmann email@example.com Mahmoud Salari firstname.lastname@example.org Bingsheng Yi email@example.com Sherine El Hag firstname.lastname@example.org Meghna Singhvi email@example.com 1. Delivery mode of program: Fully Face-to-Face □ Hybrid ☒ Fully Online ☒ 2. Support Mode: State-Support □ Self-Support/Extended Education ☒ 3. A brief summary of the purpose and characteristics of the proposed degree program: The mission of the CSUDH Master of Financial Economics (MSFE) program is to prepare the next set of business leaders to address the issues faced in their organizations and communities. Students will engage in applied, hands-on active learning to build the skills needed in advanced business decision-making. Courses will focus on transferable skills that are needed in all industries, which include budgeting, forecasting, entre/intrapreneurship, data analysis, digital and interpersonal communication, corporate social responsibility, and sustainability. The MSFE program will provide resources for students to advance in their careers through networking events, seminars, panel discussions, career advisement, tutoring, and applied research projects with faculty and industry mentors. The program will offer flexible instruction through online and hybrid courses with in-person courses taught in evenings and weekends. 4. List the program learning objectives: Graduate students will: a. Demonstrate an in-depth knowledge base to conduct advanced decision-making through creative and holistic approaches from the current theories in economics and finance. Students will read and develop a deeper understanding of the current economics and finance theories and literature that address the current issues that organizations face to be able to provide innovative and effective solutions. b. Demonstrate problem-solving skills to provide sustainable, socially responsible, and long-term solutions that look beyond short-term profits. Students will build a knowledge base on sustainable finance, corporate social responsibility, and business strategy to be able to address current issues businesses face in the digital economy. c. Demonstrate advanced critical thinking and data analysis to make informed decisions. Students will build quantitative and writing skills through conducting data analysis, case studies, and research reports. d. Demonstrate team and community building skills to drive innovation and impact. Students will develop advanced oral and written communication that motivates team and community building. Students will be well-versed in conducting oral and written presentations of case studies and research analysis. Students will acquire the soft skills to be able to network across a spectrum of cultures and business leaders. e. Demonstrate ethical leadership through an in-depth understanding of empathy, management, corporate social responsibility, and sustainability. Students will be well-versed in evaluating all of the stakeholders while making business decisions. Students will adopt a new mindset looking beyond profits and steering business to think about purpose and overall business impact on the community. 5. Suggested CIP code: 52.0601 6. For new degree programs that are not already offered in the CSU, provide a compelling rationale explaining how the proposed subject areas constitutes a coherent, integrated degree program that has potential value to students and that meets CSU requirements for an academic program at the undergraduate or graduate level. CSUDH is currently providing a Finance Concentration for undergraduate business administration majors. This graduate program allows students to obtain a Financial Economics graduate degree after graduating with their Bachelor’s in Business Administration so they can be more competitive in the job market and acquire the knowledge and skills needed to advance into upper management positions. This program will help students be equipped with the needed analytical tools and advanced finance economic theory to pursue leadership positions in organizations in the South Bay Los Angeles. The curriculum was developed to satisfy the market demands for employers within the area. Surveys were administered to students and employers to develop the program. There is currently only one other graduate Financial Economics program in the Los Angeles area, but this program is a MA in Economics with a Financial Economics option. The emphasis on finance, sustainability, and hands-on real-life application differentiates our MSFE program from this program and other MSFE programs. We are using more applied techniques which will help our students compete in the new economy. We have structured our courses in accordance with the needs of graduates in the business community, through labor market research in the surrounding area as well as reviewing regional market trends. Because of this, we have included courses in Sustainable Finance, Data Science in Finance, Business Data Analysis and Modeling, International Finance, CSR and Environmental Management, Seminar in Business Strategies, Managerial Finance, and Entrepreneurial Finance. Analysis through Skillabi has matched our curriculum with careers in the South Bay area, which include Economics and Data Science, 7. The program’s fit with the campus mission and strategic plan: Our program helps minority students attain leadership positions in different industries because we will provide them with a broad array of courses that are in high demand in the current economy. The MSFE program aligns with the campus mission and strategic plan by retaining students through offering an accelerated program so that CSUDH undergraduate business students have the opportunity to pursue a graduate degree in one year after graduating with their bachelor’s degree. There is a current shortage of minority business leaders in corporate board rooms and at the C-suite level and many of our students look for a Masters’ opportunity to network and gain access to these coveted positions. We will provide a learning environment and a platform where our students can network with alumni of CSUDH who are today’s business leaders. We will be able to bridge the gap between our students and industry leaders with the help of a dynamic MSFE program. The MSFE program aims to provide advanced finance and economic course to an underserved and diverse student population. Our program will help underrepresented minority students gain competitive skills as they make their foray into the new economy. This program is tailored to meet the needs of the Los Angeles business community. Any business administration major undergraduate with a Finance Concentration with a minimum GPA average of 2.5 can be in the program. All prospective candidates can apply meeting the admission requirements. We expect that our Financial Economics MS program will have a diverse student cohort as a true reflection of our own undergraduate classes. We anticipate that the program will be attractive to our own undergraduate students in finance. 8. Anticipated student demand: Provide projections in the table below and identify the evidence you have used to make these projections (e.g., US Bureau of Labor Statistics). The below schedule reflects the (minimum expected) Finance Concentration graduates at CSUDH \| \| At Initiation \| After 3 Years \| After 5 Years \| \|--------------------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| Number of Majors (Annual)\| 70 \| 80 \| 90 \| \| Number of Graduates (Cumulative) \| 144 \| 190 \| \| Based on our projections from 2018 New, Continuing, and Registered CBAPP business students, we have come to a minimum expected initial enrollment of 20 Financial Economics MS students, which is 37% of the projected amount shown below. \| Year \| Type of Student \| Number of Business Students \| Number of Finance Majors \| Percentage of Business Students that are Finance Majors \| Projected number of students enrolled into MSFE from Finance Majors (at 5%) \| Projected number of students enrolled into MSFE from business students (at 2%) \| \|------------\|---------------------\|-----------------------------\|--------------------------\|--------------------------------------------------------\|--------------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| 2018 \| Continuing and Registered \| 1555 \| 124 \| 7.97% \| 6 \| 29 \| \| 2018 \| New and Registered \| 846 \| 74 \| 8.75% \| 4 \| 15 \| \| Total \| \| 2401 \| 198 \| 16.72% \| 10 \| 44 \| 9. Workforce demands and employment opportunities for graduates: Describe the demands and opportunities, as well as the evidence you have used to make these claims. When compared to the nationwide distribution, Los Angeles area employment was more highly concentrated in 8 of the 22 occupational groups, which includes business and financial operations. The mean hourly wage for business and financial operations in Los Angeles is higher than the national average at $64.75 and comprises of 6.1% of the total employment in Los Angeles. (source: occupationalemploymentandwages_losangeles) Target Occupations \| Occupation \| Jobs (2019)* \| % Change (2019-2024)* \| Median Earnings \| Annual Openings* \| \|-------------------------------------------------\|--------------\|-----------------------\|-----------------\|------------------\| \| Management Analysts \| 267,227 \| +10.3% \| $41.18/hr \| 31,686 \| \| Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists \| 167,510 \| +13.71% \| $30.56/hr \| 22,780 \| \| Financial Managers \| 138,329 \| +10.81% \| $62.01/hr \| 14,205 \| \| Financial and Investment Analysts, Financial Risk Specialists, and Financial Specialists, All Other \| 127,387 \| +6.10% \| $39.18/hr. \| 13,171 \| \| Economists \| 8,415 \| +5.44% \| $50.50/hr. \| 735 \| \| Growth (2019 - 2024)* \| \|-----------------------\| \| +9.97% \| \| +13.71% \| \| +10.81% \| \| +6.10% \| \| +5.44% \| 10. Other relevant societal needs: Our research has shown that CSUDH alumni tend to stay in the South Bay area even after graduation and they continue to contribute to the growth of our area decades after they have graduated. This will have a positive spillover effect with students and the communities they reside and serve. The ripple effect of the success of our students can be seen in the growth of the South Bay area in the past decade. Our program will continue to build business leaders who not only care about their own growth but care about the growth of their entire community. 11. An assessment of the required resources and the campus commitment to allocating those resources: Provide a narrative description of resources that will be needed at initiation, after three years, and after five years. Note: Approval of this proposal by campus entities represents the campus commitment to allocating these resources. The new Innovation and Instruction Building is expected to serve the business students starting from Fall 2021. Our Financial Economics MS students will be utilizing new facilities and technology either online or on campus classes. Students will be preparing projects in every course as part of their studies. Any registered student in a Financial Economics MS class will have the opportunity to utilize the library resources either by physically being there or virtually via the internet. The new Innovation and Instruction Building will be the hub for Financial Economics MS Program. This building will be a technologically enhanced one when completed. Classrooms will have computers, TV screens and internet facilities. Both students and instructors will be utilizing technological advances in these classrooms. The program will not need any additional support resources from any other department. The Accounting, Finance, Economics, and Law Department professors are capable to teach the proposed courses and our new building will provide the necessary infrastructure to run the classes. The new Innovation and Instruction Building is expected to serve the business students starting from Fall 2021. Our Financial Economics MS students will be utilizing new facilities and its technologically enhanced classrooms. This building is under construction and is expected to open up its doors by Fall 2021. The building is a modern and a larger facility that will enhance the education of all undergraduate and graduate programs at CBAAP. 1. Delivery mode of program: Fully Face-to-Face □ Hybrid □ Fully Online ☑ 2. Support Mode: State-Support □ Self-Support/Extended Education ☑ 3. A brief summary of the purpose and characteristics of the proposed degree program: The MS in MIST Program is designed for people with a variety of backgrounds to gain STEM skills in the context of business applications in order to survive and thrive in the on-demand economy that drives business models to become increasingly digitized. Information systems and technology constantly reshape enterprises and consumers, and thus increasingly whether businesses can become and stay competitive depends on their competence in IT and data management, and the MS in MIST Program will enable the student to leverage advances in information systems and technology to achieve optimal performance and sustainable growth in their chosen fields. 4. List the program learning objectives: a. Learning Goal #1: Students will be able to apply and manage their IS and IT knowledge and skills to business functionality. Learning Objectives: Demonstrate advanced IS and IT knowledge and skills in, 1. Cutting-Edge Information Systems and Underlying Technology 2. Software Development Principles 3. Data Management 4. System Analysis and Design 5. Internet Architecture and Applications 6. Systems Operation & Administration b. Learning Goal #2: Students will have the knowledge to integrate functional business processes in an enterprise information system Learning Objectives: Able to provide IS and IT solutions to complex business problems, requiring also in-depth knowledge in, 1. Business Fundamentals 2. Business Functions 3. Processes, Data, and Systems Integration c. Learning Goal #3: Upon graduation, the student, as an IT professional, will be highly ethical and knowledgeable in globalization. Learning Objectives: Demonstrable knowledge of IT professional ethics and digital globalization: 1. Ethical issues related to information privacy, accessibility, property, and accuracy 2. Ethical guidelines for computing professionals 3. Copyright and intellectual property infringements 4. Global aspects of IS and IT issues 5. IT outsourcing management 6. Global project planning, management, implementation, and maintenance d. Program-Level Learning Goal #4: Upon completion of the program, the student will be able to play a leadership role in delivering IT solutions. Learning Objectives: Demonstrable proficiency in creating, supporting, and directing teams collaboratively to achieve organizational goals by leveraging IT. 5. Suggested CIP code: 52.0201 6. For new degree programs that are not already offered in the CSU, provide a compelling rationale explaining how the proposed subject areas constitutes a coherent, integrated degree program that has potential value to students and that meets CSU requirements for an academic program at the undergraduate or graduate level The mission of the College of Business and Public Policy is to educate the leaders who shape the future. This is accomplished by providing an opportunity to acquire an advanced degree in management of information systems and technology so that the graduates from the degree program will possess a well-rounded skill set that consists of all three fundamental components, namely managerial, functional, and technical. This program is a capstone program offering a carefully designed combination of ten courses that will help students with various backgrounds gain significant skills of IS and IT in the context of business opportunities and solutions, with which students can build their skill set on top of their college education in their chosen fields and thus become versatile at taking on emerging challenges due to rapid advances in technology and science and from the ever-changing business environment. 7. The program’s fit with the campus mission and strategic plan: The Graduate PLOs are aligned with the Institutional Learning Goals. Institutional Learning Goals - Having completed general education and disciplinary specific curriculum at the baccalaureate level, a CSUDH graduate will: 1. Think critically and creatively and apply qualitative and quantitative reasoning to address complex challenges and everyday problems locally and globally. (Critical Thinking) 2. Communicate clearly and collaborate effectively in a range of social, academic, and professional contexts, both orally and in writing. (Communication) 3. Locate, evaluate, and effectively use information in pursuit of discovery as preparation for continuous lifelong learning. (Information Literacy) 4. Demonstrate expertise in a specialized discipline of study and the ability to integrate its ideas, methods, theory and practice. (Disciplinary Proficiency) 5. Develop knowledge of diversity and multicultural competencies and ways to use that knowledge to promote equity and justice at local and global levels. (Engaged Citizenry) The following table indicates the proposed degree program would continue to help students develop skills consistent with the institutional learning goals but at a much-advanced level. \| Institutional Learning Goals (ILG) \| Program-Level Learning Outcomes \| \|-----------------------------------\|----------------------------------\| \| ILG #1 \| PLO #4 \| \| ILG #2 \| PLO #4 \| \| ILG #3 \| PLO #2 \| \| ILG #4 \| PLO #1 \| \| ILG #5 \| PLO #3 \| 8. Anticipated student demand: Provide projections in the table below and identify the evidence you have used to make these projections (e.g., US Bureau of Labor Statistics). \| \| At Initiation \| After 3 Years \| After 5 Years \| \|--------------------------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| Number of Majors (Annual) \| 60 \| 80 \| 90 \| \| Number of Graduates (Cumulative) \| \| 200 \| 360 \| Evidence: There are 256 Business Administration and Management schools located within California ([https://www.universities.com/find/california/best/business-administration-and-management-degrees](https://www.universities.com/find/california/best/business-administration-and-management-degrees)). There were 1,391,054 students enrolled in 4 year post-secondary education schools in 2014-2015 period in California ([https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/trendgenerator/tganswer.aspx?sid=2&qid=2](https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/trendgenerator/tganswer.aspx?sid=2&qid=2)). CSU enrollment in Fall 2016 is 478,638 and CSUDH enrollment is 14,731 ([http://www.calstate.edu/as/stat_reports/2016-2017/f16_01.htm](http://www.calstate.edu/as/stat_reports/2016-2017/f16_01.htm)), and such enrollment numbers have gone up gradually since then. California has an economic growth rate of 4.2% ([http://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-hiltzik-california-econ-growth-20160722-snap-story.html](http://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-hiltzik-california-econ-growth-20160722-snap-story.html)). Assuming this growth rate will repeat itself for the next five years then the students in the proposed degree program will be (in line with the growth rate) 80 in 3 years and 90 in five years. 9. Workforce demands and employment opportunities for graduates: Describe the demands and opportunities, as well as the evidence you have used to make these claims. Of the best 100 jobs for years selected by the US News & World Report, many require substantial skills of IS and IT, such as application software developer, web developer, database administrator, information system analyst, etc. and many of them are also among the fastest growing occupations. Also, according to the US Department of Labors (2016), IT job growth is estimated at 21% from 2019 to 2029, which is the fast-growing occupation among high paying jobs in fields other than health service. In particular, an article, by Public Policy Institute of California and entitled “California’s Need for Skilled Workers,” states that a workforce that cannot meet or attain sufficient training for in-demand jobs is thus unable to take advantage of economic opportunities. Moreover, the skills of the state’s workforce will have an impact on California’s national and international competitiveness: the failure to meet workforce needs could limit or alter the state’s economic growth (retrieved on 9/15/2020 at https://www.ppic.org/). It also mentioned that retraining is important to fill the skill gap. 10. Other relevant societal needs: As organizations and companies increasingly depend on IS and IT to survive and thrive, they seek employees with substantial skills in IS and IT, and thus many with a college degree need significant retraining in order to improve their marketability. To serve such needs, most of our sister campuses in the CSU system have MS degree programs in fields relevant to IS and IT. For example, as shown in Appendix A, CSU Fullerton has two MS degree programs in IS and IT, respectively, and together with seven concentrations. With the same level of accreditation, we should have comparable programs to serve various segments of the students in this region and even in the country as the effectiveness of online education is much improved. 11. An assessment of the required resources and the campus commitment to allocating those resources: Provide a narrative description of resources that will be needed at initiation, after three years, and after five years. Note: Approval of this proposal by campus entities represents the campus commitment to allocating these resources. CIS 577 – Internet Architecture and Applications CIS 576 – Enterprise Systems for Business Processes Integration CIS 550 – Project Management CIS 532 – System Analysis and Engineering CIS 522 – Data Management CIS 521 – Software Methodology OMG 502 – Advanced Topics in Operations Management CIS 502 – Advanced Topics in Information Systems FIN 500 – Advanced Topics in Finance MGT 500 – Human Behavior in Organizations The above 10 courses have been designed to help students meet the program-level learning outcomes in par with the standards set forth by AACSB International. Appendix A – MS Programs in IS and IT at CSU Fullerton \| CAMPUS \| DEGREE \| UNITS REQUIRED \| MAJOR (CONCENTRATION) \| VIDEO \| FORMAT \| PROGRAM CODE \| SOURCE \| APPLY \| \|--------\|--------\|----------------\|-----------------------\|-------\|--------\|--------------\|--------\|-------\| \| Fullerton \| MS \| 30 \| Information Technology (Information Technology Management) \| Online \| Campus \| 05065 \| Get Started \| \| Fullerton \| MS \| 30 \| Information Technology (Data Science) \| Online \| Campus \| 05065 \| Get Started \| \| Fullerton \| MS \| 30 \| Information Technology (Information Technology - General) \| Online \| Campus \| 05065 \| Get Started \| \| Fullerton \| MBA \| 39 \| Business Administration (Evening/Flex) (Information Technology) \| Face-to-Face \| Campus \| 07021 \| Get Started \| 1. Delivery mode of program: Fully Face-to-Face □ Hybrid ☒ Fully Online □ 2. Support Mode: State-Support ☒ Self-Support/Extended Education □ 3. A brief summary of the purpose and characteristics of the proposed degree program: School leaders have stages in their careers and the School Leadership Program (SLP) in the College of Education at California State University, Dominguez Hills has been developing and supporting the beginning and middle stages of school leaders in California for decades. Building on the demonstrable success of CSUDH graduates, providing an Educational Doctorate in Leadership is the next logical step as our graduates continue to lead and transform schools, colleges, non-profit organizations, and government agencies. The Ed.D. program will continue to build on the successes of the School Leadership Program by providing a supportive cohort model for educators who are working full-time. High quality instruction that reflects the best thinking and practices of leadership have always been at the core of the SLP. The courses in the proposed Ed.D. will be taught by an experienced, and dedicated faculty that bring a wealth of working knowledge and skills for leading large organizations. The concepts provided in the coursework will be supported by a coaching network as candidates apply those concepts to their current work so that the skills of leadership become habit. The School Leadership Program develops leaders with an adaptive mindset who use their heart and minds to engage courageously and humanistically to create excellent learning environments. Using the lenses of critical pedagogy, generative dispositions, and habits of mind, leaders build and foster restorative school cultures that manifest learning, critical thinking, voice, debate, and collaboration. Creating systems that support the growth for all, with the moral commitment to the most under-served populations, equity, justice and critical consciousness are ensured. With lenses of culture, dignity, social responsibility and informed citizenry, communities of activism thrive and transform. 4. List the program learning objectives: Candidates will be rounded in equity and social justice, learning, leadership and actualization resulting in excellence for all and empowering activism that transforms our world. The Ed.D. program will be organized around the following goals: 1. Visionary Purposefully demonstrate humanism and an ethic of care, situated in respect for cultural contexts. Candidates will develop and nurture a vision of their organization that honors each and every person they work with and the contributions that they can make to the mission and vision of the organization. 2. Instructional Leader Create inclusive and collaborative spaces that foster innovative and improved teaching and learning outcomes that reduce academic opportunity gaps. Candidates will implement systems of support and assessment that develop and maintain high quality instructional systems focused on reducing disparities in learning outcomes. 3. Administrator Develop leaders who understand and can manage the complexities of large organizations and the systems that support, or hinder, the goals of the organization. Candidates will direct the multiple systems and organizational structures which are the levers of organization progress. The candidates will eliminate systems of oppression and racism. 4. Politician Develop and shape policies as a means of realizing equity. Candidates will influence policy and policy makers to allocate resources to achieve the vision and mission of the organization. They will create and maintain strategic relationships in order to be sure that all constituencies benefit equally from the efforts of the organization. 5. Researcher Demonstrate a commitment to critical thinking and rigorous research. Candidates will purposefully apply current pedagogy and research methodologies to their work in order to inform practice and organizational goals. 6. Reflective Practitioner Use equity, reflection, self-examination and the principles of cultural proficiency and social justice to create communities of practice. Candidates will be able to create communities that create procedures for reflecting and analyzing progress towards the equitable success of all groups and efforts in their organizations. 5. Suggested CIP code: 13.0406 6. For new degree programs that are not already offered in the CSU, provide a compelling rationale explaining how the proposed subject areas constitutes a coherent, integrated degree program that has potential value to students and that meets CSU requirements for an academic program at the undergraduate or graduate level. There are currently 14 Ed.D. programs in the CSU system. The proposed CSU Dominguez Hills Ed.D. program will bring together a focus on the use of academic research to support graduates as they become advocates for equity and inclusion. Our students are deeply loyal to the vision and mission of CSUDH; 50 to 100 requests for an EdD program are received each year. 7. The program’s fit with the campus mission and strategic plan: The CSUDH Ed.D. program will provide a pathway through effective recruitment, transition, and retention for our diverse graduate student population who seeks higher achievement and personal fulfillment as they prepare to lead ever larger components of educational systems. The current School Leadership Program is one of the largest and most esteemed programs for school leadership in California. That success has been built upon a solid foundation of equity, social justice, academic excellence, high quality instruction and support for candidates as they navigate their careers to high levels of responsibility in education. Honoring CSUDH’s historic roots, the Ed.D. program will support, enhance, and culminate in a globally relevant degree, by being an innovative, high-touch, high quality comprehensive urban program serving the South Bay region and beyond. The faculty represents the best leadership from schools that were previously under-served, but now excel at meeting the academic needs of each and every learner. Candidates in the School Leadership Program report that they are ready to lead and that the support and connections they made in the program are meaningful and added continued value as they move forward in their careers. 8. Anticipated student demand: Provide projections in the table below and identify the evidence you have used to make these projections (e.g., US Bureau of Labor Statistics). \| \| At Initiation \| After 3 Years \| After 5 Years \| \|--------------------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| Number of Majors (Annual)\| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| \| Number of Graduates \| \| 60 \| 100 \| \| (Cumulative) \| \| \| \| Evidence: The CSUDH School Leadership Program currently serves approximately 200 Preliminary and Clear Credential Candidates. Many of these candidates have obtained a master’s degree from CSUDH. In addition to SLP Masters graduates, there are a number of students in the Masters in Education program, housed in Teacher Education, who have expressed interest in participating in a CSUDH Ed. D Program. A CSUDH Ed.D. program would continue to provide our own graduates and graduates from other institutions the opportunity to further their education as they progress in the field of education. 9. Workforce demands and employment opportunities for graduates: Describe the demands and opportunities, as well as the evidence you have used to make these claims. There are over 80 school districts just in Los Angeles County. Every school district requires leaders who are prepared to lead equitably and to build systems that support student achievement. In district offices Superintendents and their assistants, directors of curriculum, programs, and personnel, as well as school site leaders who benefit from a focus on the leadership of large systems would be perfect candidates for this program. There are over 100 colleges locally that would benefit from the academic focus balanced with the skills of experienced leaders in their leadership courses. Every County Office of Education in the state and educational foundation requires leadership focused on equitable student success provided by this program. Based on the number of phone calls, conversations, and emails with graduates and district administrators, there is a great need for Ed.D. graduates to fill leadership positions in educational institutions. 10. Other relevant societal needs: Leading in the future will require a focus on leading diverse, multi-cultural communities effectively. In California we are highly diverse, which mandates a social justice focus that’s inclusive and has cultural proficiency work at its center. There is nothing more relevant in our society than the education of students. If we continue with current practices, then the same outcomes will be the result. The key factor in change is leadership in schools, in the community, in state houses, in churches, in local institutions. Well prepared educational leaders ensure that each and every student attains academic success and has the social and emotional health to effect change in education. 11. An assessment of the required resources and the campus commitment to allocating those resources: Provide a narrative description of resources that will be needed at initiation, after three years, and after five years. Note: Approval of this proposal by campus entities represents the campus commitment to allocating these resources. Funding for this initiative will be negotiated with the provost and president. College of Extended & International Education No submissions received from the College of Extended & International Education. 1. Delivery mode of program: Fully Face-to-Face □ Hybrid ☑ Fully Online □ 2. Support Mode: State-Support ☑ Self-Support/Extended Education □ 3. A brief summary of the purpose and characteristics of the proposed degree program: The central purpose of this existing degree program will continue to be to prepare students for entry-level careers in the growing field of public health as well as to pursue other health professions and career paths where foundational knowledge in public health – within a liberal arts framework -- is essential (Arnold, 2019; Hinchey & Mackenzie, 2017; Kiviniemi & Mackenzie, 2017; Shendell, Gourdine, & Yuan, 2018; Walser-Duntz & Iroz, 2016). The change in degree nomenclature along with a few modifications will enhance the program and position it to acquire undergraduate program accreditation (Council on Education for Public Health) and undergraduate program certification (Association of University Programs in Health Administration). The program will continue to have two concentrations, Community Health and Healthcare Management, that will share a common core. While the total number of units (69 units) for each of the concentrations will remain the same, the following modifications are proposed to bring the program in line with program accreditation and certification requirements: - The common core will be increased from 36 to 42 units (only one new course will be created; the other courses that will be added already exist) - Each of the concentrations will now consist of 27-30 units (no new courses will be created) - While only one new course will be created (see first bullet above), a few of the titles and descriptions of existing courses will be modified. Additionally, all of course syllabi are already in the process of being updated. 4. List the program learning objectives: (Note that the program learning objectives remain unchanged) a. Demonstrate competency in the application of communication and information technologies to discipline-specific issues. b. Demonstrate proficiency in written and oral communication skills at a level commensurate with the standards of entry-level performance in the discipline. c. Apply communication theories to developing and implementing change strategies for targeted groups and populations. d. Apply theory to practice in research, planning, development, implementation, assessment, decision-making, and policy. e. Develop critical thinking and analytic skills through the logical design and systematic application of quantitative and qualitative approaches to planning and problem-solving. f. Demonstrate an understanding of professionalism and leadership qualities, through observation and self-reflection, that are in keeping with acceptable moral, ethical, and legal principles. g. Analyze and address public health issues and policies based on an integrated interdisciplinary approach, including the natural, behavioral, social and health sciences, and the humanities. h. Synthesize and apply knowledge from the natural, behavioral, social and health sciences, and humanities in addressing public health issues from proactive and problem-solving perspectives. i. Apply theory to practice as change agents for the advancement of public health, well-being, and social justice among diverse individuals, groups, and populations locally and globally. j. Demonstrate cultural competence in addressing health disparities among diverse populations in urban and rural settings locally and globally. 5. Suggested CIP code: - 51.2201 Paired CIP Code - 12141 CSU Degree Program Code 6. For new degree programs that are not already offered in the CSU, provide a compelling rationale explaining how the proposed subject areas constitutes a coherent, integrated degree program that has potential value to students and that meets CSU requirements for an academic program at the undergraduate or graduate level Not applicable. 7. The program’s fit with the campus mission and strategic plan. Note: Specifics pertaining to the university, division in which the program is housed, and the program will first be outlined prior to addressing the fit between these entities. Campus Mission We provide education, scholarship, and service that are, by design, accessible and transformative. We welcome students who seek academic achievement, personal fulfillment, and preparation for the work of today and tomorrow. Campus Strategic Plan In “Defining the Future: CSUDH Strategic Plan 2014-2020,” corresponding to Goal 1 (Outstanding Academic Program) is Objective B which reads as follows: Enhance…existing academic programs and create…new high quality or accredited programs…that are responsive to student interest, regional workforce trends and needs. Division of Health Sciences Mission. The Division of Health Sciences programs are designed to: - Strengthen students’ intellectual capacities and abilities to develop and mobilize human and institutional resources and services to meet the health needs of diverse individuals and populations, as well as the communities in which they reside. - Educate students in developing and implementing evidence-based assessment and intervention models that improve the biopsychosocial health of diverse individuals and populations, as well as the communities in which they reside. - Prepare scholar-practitioners to engage in multidisciplinary scientific inquiry that advances the knowledge base of research and practice in the health disciplines. - Prepare graduates who will be leaders in their fields and professions to inform and influence professional dialogues on key health issues affecting diverse individuals and populations, as well as the communities in which they reside. - Prepare scholar-activists who -- with global consciousness and eco-systemic perspectives -- are committed to attaining health equity and collective wellbeing through the promotion of human development, universal human rights, and social justice. BS in Public Health Program Mission The BS in Public Health program educates students in foundational knowledge and practice competencies required to perform various entry-level professional public health functions in today’s diverse, global, and technologically sophisticated governmental, nonprofit, and for-profit organizations addressing today and tomorrow’s health challenges. The core knowledge areas include biostatistics, epidemiology, environmental health sciences, health services administration, and social and behavioral sciences. The practice competencies include the specialty area of community health and healthcare management. The combination of knowledge and practice competencies prepare graduates to support public health core functions that include a) assessing and monitoring of the health of communities and populations, b) formulating public health policies designed to address health problems and priorities, and c) assuring that all populations have access to appropriate and effective care. The Fit The University strategic plan calls for enhancing existing academic programs and creating accredited programs “…that are responsive to student interest, regional workforce trends and needs.” The change in degree nomenclature along with a few modifications will enhance the program and position it for acquiring program accreditation (Council on Education for Public Health) and program certification (Association of University Programs in Health Administration). The need for this program is already evident by its robust and growing enrollment over the past few years as well as the results from bi-annual internal surveys that indicate our graduates are acquiring employment and continuing to graduate school. There is also consistency with the campus mission statement’s call for education that is “accessible and transformative.” Addressing the accessibility issue, the program is designed to be delivered using a hybrid format that includes both face-to-face as well as online learning. The face-to-face component includes day, evening, and weekend classes. The online component includes both synchronous and asynchronous learning with lectures being available for online streaming. Similarly, the department and program’s mission to prepare future scholar-practitioners, scholar-activists, and leaders prepared to address tomorrow’s public health challenges is certainly indicative of education, scholarship, and service that is transformative. Contributing to a transformative experience at the individual student level are such factors as their fellow students coming from our surrounding diverse communities, the type of learning modalities and settings (e.g., community-based internships), and the learning resources whose authors and creators represent diverse backgrounds and cultural / linguistic heritages. Our graduates, in turn, will provide potentially transformative dialogues with their colleagues in what currently is a largely homogenous public health workforce. Additionally, our graduate’s public health efforts will be transformative in their communities in that they are returning to their communities of origins providing services that are sensitive to cultural and linguistic traditions / worldviews (which they are already well familiar). 8. Anticipated student demand: Provide projections in the table below and identify the evidence you have used to make these projections (e.g., US Bureau of Labor Statistics). This proposal is a request to change the name of the current BS in Health Sciences (BSHS) degree, which has been conferred for over 30 years, to BS in Public Health. (BSPH). There are modest adjustments in some courses and the addition of one new course to meet accreditation requirements, but selected course titles, descriptions, and learning objectives have undergone only minor changes. The BSHS has always had a public health focus, so a decision was made by the faculty to select a degree name that more accurately reflects the program content. The current enrollment in the BSHS is approximately 700+ students, and this number is expected to grow somewhat in a few years, since the recently approved MPH program enables students to complete both the bachelor’s and master’s degrees in 5 years. \| \| At Initiation \| After 3 Years \| After 5 Years \| \|--------------------------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| Number of Majors (Annual) \| 700+ \| 800 \| 800 \| \| Number of Graduates (Cumulative)\| * \| * \| * \| For first-time freshman, the graduation rates for 4 and 6 years are 12.50% and 45.16%, respectively. For transfer students, the graduation rates for 2 and 4 years are 32.45% and 77.1%, respectively. It should be noted that traditionally, the bachelor’s degree program has focused on transfer students and only recently has that begun to change. Most transfer students who do not graduate in 2 years usually graduate in only one additional semester and not 6 years as categorized. 9. Workforce demands and employment opportunities for graduates: Describe the demands and opportunities, as well as the evidence you have used to make these claims. Healthcare is now the largest and fastest-growing industry in the United States. Employment in healthcare is projected to grow substantially. Currently, over half of the 30 fastest-growing jobs in the United States are health occupations (Custodio, 2017). For the coming decade, the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that there will be a 60% increase in healthcare jobs, making it the fastest-growing occupation (Nelson-Hurwitz, Arakaki, & Uemoto, 2017). Yet, presently, parts of the nation, California, and Los Angeles County are already experiencing a severe shortage of health professionals (California Future Health Workforce Commission, 2019; Deloitte, 2019). Public health undergraduates have the potential to alleviate some of this workforce shortage by providing entry-level practitioners. For studies show that those with public health undergraduate degrees are a potential workforce supply for the industry (Leider, Coronado, Beck, & Harper, 2018). Hence, the 2003 call by the Institute of Medicine to increase undergraduate education in public health (Resnick, Selig, & Riegelman, 2017). This is consistent with Healthy People 2020’s goals for public health infrastructure which specifically cites a target of increasing the number of undergraduate public health degrees earned in the United States by 10% over the 2014-2015 baseline (Arnold, 2019). Additionally, because many current public health workers have little to no formal training in public health, the growth in undergraduate public health education could bolster the public health workforce (Resnick, Leider, & Riegelman, 2018). Furthermore, it is forecasted that public health agencies will lose 742,000 years of work experience in public health nationally by 2023. Part of the solution to this exodus in the public health workforce can be undergraduate training in public health (Lee, Chaney, Russell, Chaney, & Zvonkovic, 2019). As for the perspective of students, a recent national study of 39 institutions offering the undergraduate degree in public health reveals that students (and their parents) perceive public health as a valuable degree leading to employment or serving as a pre-professional pathway to medical or allied health careers (Resnick, Selig, & Riegelman, 2017). Additionally, respondents from institutions with very diverse student populations (such as CSUDH’s) emphasized public health’s intrinsic appeal to such populations, noting that undergraduate students from immigrant families “get public health” in a personal way and tend to gravitate toward internships (such as what we have in our program) and employment that engages them in the support of the health of their communities. Many of the respondents highlighted that students often obtained full-time jobs at their internship site – which is also the case with our students. The recent results of our bi-annual surveys reflect the findings of a national study conducted by the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health (Resnick, Leider, & Riegelman, 2018): Of 1300 bachelor’s degree graduates from its member institutions in 2014-2015, more than 75% were employed and 12% were pursuing further education. Of those employed, the largest proportion (34%) worked at for-profit institutions, nearly 20% at healthcare organizations, and 11% at governmental organizations. Finally, from a university perspective, public health has been ranked the 10th fastest growing area in undergraduate education. Cultivating undergraduate public health students allows universities to diversity the public health profession, as undergraduate public health majors enroll a significant number of women, underrepresented minorities, first generation college students, queer students, low-income students, and other at-risk populations (Billie, 2017). Diversifying the public health workforce will also aid in addressing the health disparities that affect particular racial, ethnic, and underrepresented groups. 10. Other relevant societal needs: This has been incorporated in the response to the above section (#9). 11. An assessment of the required resources and the campus commitment to allocating those resources: Provide a narrative description of resources that will be needed at initiation, after three years, and after five years. Note:* Approval of this proposal by campus entities represents the campus commitment to allocating these resources. No additional resources are needed. The proposed BSPH degree requires essentially the same resources as the existing BSHS degree that it is replacing. 1. Delivery mode of program: Fully Face-to-Face □ Hybrid ☑ Fully Online □ 2. Support Mode: State-Support ☑ Self-Support/Extended Education □ 3. A brief summary of the purpose and characteristics of the proposed degree program: Aimed primarily at individuals from under-represented communities, this program will be for current and future executives, managers, and leaders in the governmental and private sector seeking to improve their organizational effectiveness in the promotion of population-based high-level health and well-being. The focus of the degree program is on training future senior leaders who will function as chief community health strategists as well as chief organizational health strategists. Using a transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary approach, the program will focus on evidence-based management and leadership with an emphasis on research translation rather than research production competencies. To accommodate part-time students who are working professionals already in the public health field, the program will be offered in a hybrid format that encompasses online, onsite, and in-field learning that is competency-based. The onsite component will be in the form of weekend, evening, and/or summer intensive offerings. The in-field component will be integrated into the didactic content. The culminating experience will be in the form of a project that is clearly relevant to an existing organizational entity in the field and to a community with a significant under-represented population with access to health care. To ensure the latter, the project will have a collaborative research component and will include both quantitative and qualitative methodological components. The project’s findings must also be transferable to other settings. The proposed DrPH program would have a positive impact on undergraduate students majoring in health sciences. The current undergraduate program is undergoing slight modification to enable students to complete their BS and MPH degrees in 5 years and the DrPH in 3 additional years. The typical amount of time required for all three degrees is usually 10 years. The proposed program configuration would enable students to complete their degrees in 8 years total. The 8 year configuration is more cost effective for students than the traditional 10 year time to graduate, and reduces the amount of debt students incur through student loans, which are usually based on total grant and loan amounts, regardless of actual program cost. 4. List the program learning objectives: The proposed DrPH will reshape the future of Public Health and its workforce. This will be accomplished by increasing the number and diversity of DrPH trained professionals in the workforce and targeting underrepresented minorities to fulfill the following learning objectives: 1) assume major leadership roles primarily to ensure local and state population health; 2) develop and maintain a strategic plan that addresses current health issues of all magnitudes; 3) establish and implement a state of readiness plan as part of forecasting and preparedness for future population health needs and crises; and 4) anticipate and solve complex population health problems at community and statewide levels. In the DrPH curriculum, the professional will utilize research, statistics, data analyses, and applications in community and health care settings. These courses will view research methods and implementation through the lens of the administrator, and as a manager and leader, be able to integrate the other needs of the community. The courses will introduce the resources, priorities, and full set of tools available to ensure the best approach to address the needs of the agency and the community. 5. Suggested CIP code: - 51.220 Paired CIP Code - 12141 CSU Degree Program Code 6. For new degree programs that are not already offered in the CSU, provide a compelling rationale explaining how the proposed subject areas constitutes a coherent, integrated degree program that has potential value to students and that meets CSU requirements for an academic program at the undergraduate or graduate level. The compelling rationale for establishing the DrPH degree addresses several areas of dire need, including: 1) increasing the number of grossly underrepresented minorities in the health workforce, especially at the doctoral level; 2) focusing on the serious workforce deficit of doctorally prepared public health professionals trained to assume key leadership roles at the community and statewide levels in both the public and private sectors; 3) ensuring a state of readiness/preparedness for future health crises ranging from local health outbreaks to global pandemics; and 4) forecasting future areas of public health deficits in need of attention and intervention. Currently, there are only 3 institutions of higher education in California that offer the DrPH: Claremont Graduate University, Loma Linda University, and UC Berkeley, the latter being the only public university. Given the workforce needs for the DrPH, which are discussed in section 9 of this proposal, versus the limited availability of training opportunities is perhaps the most compelling rationale of all for establishing the DrPH degree in the CSU. Upon investigation, it is evident that the UC system is focusing on the PhD (a theoretical and research degree) and not on professional doctorates such as the DrPH (which is more applied and practitioner oriented). It is further noted that the majority of DrPH programs are offered in the eastern United States (see EMSI analysis referred to in item 9 of this proposal), leaving California at a considerable deficit. Meeting the CSU requirements for an academic program at the graduate level is ensured through compliance with standards established by the two accrediting agencies for the DrPH, the Council on Education in Public Health (CEPH) and the Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Management Education (CAHME). Extensive consultation has occurred with these organizations to ensure that the proposed DrPH is in compliance with accreditation mandates which, in turn, align with university standards for graduate study. It is important to note that the proposed doctorate meets a specific workforce need that is largely unmet in California, particularly by public institutions of higher education. The following article provides the context within which DrPH professionals are employed with special attention to areas of expertise required beyond that of the MPH degree, which is available within the CSU. Additional citations from the literature are available upon request. Council on Education for Public Health. (2016). Accreditation criteria. Schools of public health and public health programs. Silver Spring, MD: Council on Education for Public Health. - These individuals are able to convene diverse partners; communicate to effect change across a range of sectors and settings; synthesize and translate findings; and generate practice-based evidence that advances programs, policies, services and/or systems addressing population health. - The accreditation criteria identify 20 DrPH competencies in four specific areas: 1) data and analysis; 2) leadership, management, and governance; 3) policy and programs; and 4) education and workforce development. By far the greatest attention is devoted to management and leadership, with 10 specific competencies. - The accreditation requirements also include a practicum so that DrPH programs ensure that graduates have significant advanced-level practical experiences collaborating with practitioners, allowing opportunities to develop leadership competencies, and contributing to the field. 7. The program’s fit with the campus mission and strategic plan is as follows: Approval of the DrPH would enable the university to continuing fulfilling its mission and further operationalize the goals and objectives of its strategic plan. The mission of the university is to provide education, scholarship and services that are, by design, accessible and transformative. What better way to do this than by providing doctoral level education, particularly with regard to the transformation of students’ lives and the health and well-being of society. The DrPH degree reflects the vision of the university and its plan to be known for: diversity; technology which transcends educational boundaries by reaching students both locally and globally; sustainability in which environmental, social, and economic practices are a way of life; providing students from the community with pathways to a degree; faculty and staff engagement in serving the dynamic needs of the surrounding communities; accomplishments nationally and internationally; and graduation of students with an exemplary education, a highly respected degree, and a genuine commitment to justice and social responsibility. Also reflected in the proposed DrPh are the core values of the university which focus on collaboration, continuous learning, rigorous standards, proactive partnerships, respect, and responsiveness to the needs of students, the communities, and society. Of the numerous goals and objectives set forth by the university, those most directly related to the DrPH program are: providing outstanding academic programs to diverse student populations; focusing on student success; expanding innovative learning environments; and creating and highlighting visible points of distinction. 8. Anticipated student demand: Provide projections in the table below and identify the evidence you have used to make these projections (e.g., US Bureau of Labor Statistics). \| \| At Initiation \| After 3 Years \| After 5 Years \| \|--------------------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| Number of Majors (Annual)\| 20 \| 25 \| 25 \| \| Number of Graduates (Cumulative) \| \| 15 \| 20-25* \| Depends on part-time or full-time enrollment. Evidence: The above estimates are conservative and based on data indicating that an average number of 20 public health doctoral degrees are granted each year by various DrPH granting institutions. However, this figure includes private universities with much higher tuition fees than the CSU. Even if a higher tuition is charged by the CSU for doctoral study, it would still be considerably lower than what students would pay at the two competing programs in southern California, which are private universities (Loma Linda University and Claremont Graduate University (CGU)). While UC Berkley is a public university offering the only other DrPH in California, their goals and objectives differ considerably from those of the proposed DrPH program. It is interesting to note that in 2015, CGU started its DrPH program with 28 students, graduated only 1 in 2020 due to COVID19, and will graduate 25 in 2021. The projected number of doctoral students indicated above is also conservative not only due to affordability but also due to a reduced number of years to degree completion, flexibility in learning modality (face-to-face, hybrid, online) and flexibility in class scheduling (evenings, weekends, intensives). The above estimates are based on data collected by the CSUDH Office of University Effectiveness, Planning and Analytics specifically for the DrPH. The data were collected using EMSI, a labor market analytics firm for colleges and students (includes government reports from U.S. Labor Statistics, Census Bureau, Bureau of Economics Analysis, as well as workforce profiles and job openings. 9. Workforce demands and employment opportunities for graduates:* Describe the demands and opportunities, as well as the evidence you have used to make these claims. There are several sources of information on workforce needs for the DrPH reported herein that include 1) EMSI Study Workforce Analysis conducted specifically for this proposal; 2) literature review; and 3) letters from the healthcare industry attesting to their need for a DrPH trained workforce. A more detailed analysis is available upon request. EMSI Study Workforce Analysis Purpose: This report was created using EMSI’s market analyst (economicmodeling.com), a set of analytic tools created to search the relationships between universities and the workforce, and the people who work and study within. The DrPH focus was on practice-based, high-level leaders in public health and health care who aim to solve complex problems, advance quality, and lead evidence-based change. These careers spanned government and non-government agencies, health care agencies, private sector businesses, and centers for care innovation, and start-ups. The results of the EMSI analysis conclude that there are changes in the market, whereby the employers are asking for more experience and expertise in, especially, research methods and statistics courses. Specifically, employers are looking for practitioners who are proficient in statistics, R, and SAS – from a practitioner lens. DrPH professionals are involved in the application of research and statistics to large scale population health issues. In other words, they are consumers of such knowledge to assume high level leadership roles in ensuring optimal population health at community, regional and statewide levels. The DrPH professional will also need this base preparation to coordinate the work and roles across specialties. The DrPH fits into the CDC model where leadership and management focus on quality, efficiency, effectiveness, and how this translates to community health and program effectiveness. While research itself is core to the PhD, the DrPH uses research in other ways, such as to plan and forecast the need for health interventions as well as evaluate their effectiveness. Literature Review An extensive literature review was conducted to determine the need for DrPH prepared professionals in the workforce. A full report of the findings is available upon request. The following study conducted in 2017, however, highlights the lack of public health trained professionals in the state public health agency sector. It further identifies workforce gaps in systems and strategic thinking and in developing a vision for healthy communities (both requiring doctoral level expertise). Halverson, P. K. (2019). Ensuring a strong public health workforce for the 21st century: Reflections on PH WINS 2017. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 25(S2), S1-S3. - Per this 2017 survey of the state public health agency workforce, only 19% indicated having a public health degree of some kind. Only 8% reported having a doctoral degree of any kind. - Approximately 47% say that they are considering leaving or are planning to retire in the coming year. - With respect to training needs, the overall gaps were observed in budget and financial management, systems and strategic thinking, and developing a vision for a healthy community. Letters from the Health Industry Perhaps the most compelling arguments supporting the need for a DrPH prepared workforce comes from within the healthcare industry itself. Letters of support from major public and private health conglomerates that have evolved with the corporatization of healthcare are pleading for qualified public health professionals who can forecast and lead the way in addressing the population health needs of our diverse communities throughout the 21st Century. If there is one thing the COVID19 pandemic has taught us is that we are grossly unprepared to protect the health of our citizenry. This realization has forced the healthcare industry to redefine its role from primarily providing patient focused clinical care to assuming responsibility for the health and well-being of the larger community populations they serve. This message is consistently reiterated in the letters from both large and small health delivery systems. Numerous letters of testimony from major health systems located locally, regionally, statewide, and nationally were received indicating a dire need for DrPH trained professionals in their organizations. Selected quotes from the letters received follow, and complete documents are available upon request. From: Deputy Director, Health Promotions Bureau, County of Los Angeles Public Health “During times like these—as we are confronted with the current global COVID-19 pandemic—we are reminded of the importance of professionally trained and academically seasoned professionals in public health decision-making and implementation efforts....” “Public health doctoral programs, such as the one you envision, will be producing public health leaders for tomorrow when our world will undoubtedly face new and unanticipated challenges—epidemics of new mental and physical illnesses and diseases, environmental conditions, policy disputes, and scientific innovations—and will chart new strategies to overcome ongoing systemic, political, economic, cultural, ecological, racial and health inequities. Doctoral-level exposure to today’s public health complexities will prepare tomorrow’s public health leaders to navigate increasingly complicated public health, health care and fiscal landscapes.” “Nowhere is this more evident than in Los Angeles County and Southern California. Large enough in population, economics and geography to eclipse the size of most US states, LA County has become its own public health micro-environment, requiring the best planners, strategists and problem-solvers that the public health field can find. We are enthused that CSUDH intends to launch the type of advanced training and education these future leaders and visionaries will need to help shepherd LA County through the years ahead. We are eager to find and engage these new professionals in our future efforts to prevent, mitigate and improve local public health practice and policy.” From: Chief Medical Officer, Providence, Little Company of Mary Medical Center, South Bay “In our pandemic world, it has become glaringly evident that we have gaps to meet the needs and support of our highly diverse, population-based programs. Given the fragmented and complicated systems, we need well qualified public health professionals that are invested in this community. It is evident that the level that is essential to attain success in planning and achievable assessment programs require a solid foundation of additional competencies, such as leadership that is achieved through a robust DrPH program.” “I write to offer my heartfelt support for CSUDH to develop a DrPH academic program. I firmly believe that the opportunities for the graduates are many in government, academic including the publicly traded and not for profit hospital or healthcare organizations. We are compelled and committed to engage in the much-needed public health planning efforts. To do so, we need DrPH-level professionals now and into the future.” From: President of the Medical Staff, Providence, Little Company of Mary Medical Center, Torrance “...we of the senior leaders for our Emergency Medicine Department. Our annual Emergency census is roughly 70,000 patients, with depth of one of the largest Neuroscience programs in Los Angeles County. Additionally, our tertiary heart program rivals’ major academic institutions through our collaboration with the USC Cardiothoracic surgeons. In stark contrast to these advanced programs, we also provide the most basic safety net in essential healthcare to the most vulnerable and disenfranchised members of our community. I am writing this letter based on my intimate knowledge of our public health delivery here in Los Angeles County. It is evident healthcare coordination and access have become limited and fallen into dire conditions for so many of our citizens. We can do better.” “Our community is rich in culture because of our inherent diversity. Yet, we struggle to implement a true public health system that allows our diverse population to thrive. Due to the challenging environment and lack of qualified public health professionals, we often fail to meet the many health needs of our community. I strongly believe that the DrPH will help bring that indispensable expertise and professionalism to lead, assess and plan for our collective future.” “CSUDH is recognized for their foundation in diversity and I feel strongly that a DrPH program based at CSUDH is a union of its heritage and dedication to public health.” From: Former Senior Executive within the Department of Veteran Affairs Healthcare Systems and Director Southern California & Nevada Systems: “Unfortunately, due to a lack of well qualified public health professionals skilled in such planning and analysis, our plans were never as well developed as they needed to be to optimally achieve our mission and serve as a platform for meaningful impact analysis. We many times hired individuals to oversee planning efforts that lacked the needed qualifications, education and tools simply because the effort was essential to our system and qualified public health professionals were not available.” “As I know you are acutely aware, successful planning can only take place when those participating in and leading the effort possess the education, skills and tools necessary to provide guidance and undertake the complexity of the planning effort. Dropping to the bottom line, VA, as the largest organized healthcare system in the free world, could have greatly benefitted from well-educated, doctorly-prepared public health professionals to lead our planning and community assessment efforts. That need exists more than ever today as the world (and VA) is dealing with pandemics, increasing mental health issues and an aging veteran population.” 10. Other relevant societal needs: The current pandemic and lack of preparedness of the United States to respond effectively, especially when compared to other industrialized nations, is a serious warning of the need to invest in the training of public health professionals who can provide the leadership needed to develop and maintain a state of readiness to address local, state, regional, national, and global health crises. While careful analysis of workforce needs for leadership in public health are not new, it has taken something so deadly and otherwise devastating as COVID19 as alarm that we can no longer continue to be so ill prepared. Locally, the proposed DrPH program would have a positive impact on the diverse undergraduate student population served by CSUDH. As previously indicated, the current undergraduate program is undergoing slight modification to enable students to complete their BS and MPH degrees in 5 years and the DrPH in 3 additional years. The typical amount of time required for all three degrees is usually 10 years. The proposed program configuration would enable students to complete their degrees in 8 years total. The 8 year configuration is more cost effective for students than the traditional 10 year time to graduate, reduces the amount of debt students incur through student loans, and is based on a total grant and loan amounts, regardless of actual program cost. 11. An assessment of the required resources and the campus commitment to allocating those resources: Provide a narrative description of resources that will be needed at initiation, after three years, and after five years. Note: Approval of this proposal by campus entities represents the campus commitment to allocating these resources. The proposed DrPH program is housed in the Division of Health Sciences, which has a total of 7 tenure/tenure-track faculty and a 12-month full-time lecturer, and will be conducting a faculty search at the assistant/associate professor level this year, for a total of 9 faculty. Although only 5 faculty are needed for accreditation of DrPH programs, an additional one to three new positions are anticipated over the next 3 to 5 years given the size of the Health Sciences program (700+ students at the baccalaureate level), the new MPH program, and the enthusiastic support of the DrPH program by CSUDH President Parham, Provost Spagna, and Dean Peyton of the College of Health, Human Services, and Nursing. An extensive list of funding sources for the purpose of this proposal has been amassed and is available upon request. The list includes both public and private sources that are available to DrPH students, although more are needed. Part of establishing the proposed DrPH is an active lobbying effort for increased program and student financial support similar to what it was 20 – 30 and more years ago. Given the current COVID19 pandemic and the inadequacies in the public health system that came to light as a result, it would be impossible to argue with any credibility that such support is not needed and critical to the functioning of society and well-being of its citizenry. What does the literature have to say about financial support of DrPH programs and other issues that influence the decision to offer the DrPH? Two key articles are summarized below, and a more extensive review is available upon request. Freudenberg, N., Klitzman, S., Diamond, C., & El-Mohandes, A. (2015). Keeping the “public” in schools of public health. American Journal of Public Health, 105(S1), S119-S124. - Both public and private schools of public health (SPHs) receive approximately one quarter of their revenue from National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding. NIH funding provides an important source of research support and overall revenue. - However, the majority of the Health Resources and Services Administration-funded Public Health Training Centers are based at public universities. - There is a great imperative to establish partnerships with other public agencies, philanthropies, and community organizations. In addition, a 2019 study of factors influencing the implementation of DrPH programs report the following: King, L. R. (2019). Factors associated with the decision to develop and implement DrPH programs in schools of public health: A qualitative descriptive study [Doctoral dissertation, Northeastern University]. ProQuest Dissertation Publishing. - The 9 major findings included: Students and the workforce demanded the skills-based education inherent in a practice doctorate. Declercq, E. (2019). The DrPH degree in contemporary public health education. In L. M. Sullivan & S. Galea (Eds.). Teaching public health (pp. 88-99). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. The financing model for schools of public health has rested on three elements – an active National Institutes of Health-based research program; a large MPH program; and, for a handful of more established schools, an endowment. Schools wanting to support a practice-based DrPH program need faculty to teach those students and supervise their dissertations and practicums – little of which will assist the National Institutes of Health grant-writing process. However, perhaps DrPH-trained faculty could identify outside funding sources through contracts and foundations. Indeed, the above citations send a cautionary message, however, that message should not be interpreted as a barrier or deterrent that cannot be overcome. Given the well-established need for DrPH trained professionals, the crises in the American healthcare system highlighted by the current pandemic, the unprecedented demand by the healthcare industry for DrPH practitioners in high level leadership positions, the need to train underrepresented minorities to fill workforce needs as decision-makers within their own communities and beyond, and the priority that must be given to ensuring a healthy and productive society, we cannot ignore this opportunity to address an unprecedented need for the proposed DrPH program. However, being realistic and understanding the current financial strain on California’s system of higher education, this proposal suggests a timeline for 4 to 5 years before implementing a DrPH program. This allows time for legislative review and approval, development of the curriculum, creating a pipeline of students from the BS and MPH programs into the DrPH program, gaining sponsorship from the healthcare industry to subsidize their employees seeking the DrPH, and lobbying government institutions such as NIH, CDC and Veterans Administration for student and even program support. But what if in the unlikely event such support does not materialize? Keep in mind that the proposed program can still survive given its current resources and supplemental financial resources generated from increased tuition for doctoral study. 1. Delivery mode of program: Fully Face-to-Face □ Hybrid ☑ Fully Online □ 2. Support Mode: State-Support ☑ Self-Support/Extended Education □ 3. A brief summary of the purpose and characteristics of the proposed degree program: The proposed Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)—Family Nurse Practitioner program will replace the existing Master of Science in Nursing degree for Family Nurse Practitioners that has been offered at CSUDH since 1996. National certifying bodies such as the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) and the National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties (NONPF) have promulgated a position statement that existing masters-level Nurse Practitioner programs need to be converted to DNP programs by calendar year 2025. Many schools of nursing have already complied with this position and, unless CSUDH does likewise, our FNP program will lose enrollment and become non-competitive. 4. List the program learning objectives: A. Develop a detailed understanding of the role, responsibilities and expectations for scholarly endeavor as a Doctor of Nursing Practice, including full understanding and incorporation of the Essentials of Doctoral Education for Advanced Nursing Practice. B. Possess knowledge of and demonstrate expertise in integrative clinical scholarship, the ability to analyze peer-reviewed studies and incorporate evidence-based research into Advanced Family Nurse Practitioner clinical practice. C. Demonstrate expertise in designing interventions in primary care healthcare settings that positively impact the design, redesign or implementation of improvements in key patient outcomes in conditions and diseases commonly encountered in primary care settings. D. Articulate current social, cultural, political, environmental, institutional and economic issues to examine how they impact healthcare delivery, financing, advocacy, scopes of practice and the delivery of care for patients, families, communities and the general population. E. Apply nursing and other theories along with complexity, leadership, and information science in planning, organizing and evaluating care practices. F. Demonstrate advanced clinical practice skills for families across the lifespan through completing comprehensive plans of care that integrate assessment, clinical reasoning, patient education, referral, and follow up that integrates with various complex healthcare systems. 5. Suggested CIP code: 51.3818 Nursing Practice or 51.3805 Family Practice Nurse/Nursing 6. For new degree programs that are not already offered in the CSU, provide a compelling rationale explaining how the proposed subject areas constitutes a coherent, integrated degree program that has potential value to students and that meets CSU requirements for an academic program at the undergraduate or graduate level. Many CSU campuses, including CSU Dominguez Hills, currently have masters-level Family Nurse Practitioner Programs (FNP) however, CSUDH is the only such program that is offered predominantly online. There are currently no online Family Nurse Practitioner program taught at the doctoral level within CSU and while other campuses are in the process of considering the conversion of their FNP programs to doctoral-level courses of study, none are planning for predominant on-line offerings. Our current FNP program has a long and successful track record of providing NP education in an online format with periodic on-campus meetings. The addition of an online FNP DNP program to the CSU will offer working registered nurses throughout the State the opportunity to continue their education and offer the citizens of Los Angeles County and California access to excellent health care in many settings, including underserved and rural areas. The proposed DNP program will provide a coherent, integrated academic experience for students. It will be modeled after best-practice benchmark programs offered by leading schools of nursing across the country. This proposed degree meets all Title 5 requirements for the Doctor of Nursing Practice degree (5 CA ADC, Section 40513 Barclays Official California Code of Regulations) as well as all CSUDH requirements for an academic program at the graduate level. 7. The program’s fit with the campus mission and strategic plan: This program fits with the campus mission in that it will provide advanced education to registered nurses to enable them to work in an expanded role as advanced practice nurses. Making the program online ensures accessibility for registered nurses who typically work all shifts, around the clock. This program will significantly address the shortage of primary care health care providers in California and provide programs that nurses from diverse backgrounds continue to demand to meet their career goals. 8. Anticipated student demand: Provide projections in the table below and identify the evidence you have used to make these projections (e.g., US Bureau of Labor Statistics). \| \| 8. At Initiation \| 9. After 3 Years \| 10. After 5 Years \| \|--------------------------\|------------------\|-----------------\|------------------\| \| Number of Majors (Annual)\| 14-18 \| 14-25 \| 14-30 \| \| Number of Graduates (Cumulative) \| 17-15 \| 16-20 \| 15-25 \| Evidence: Fall 2018 we had 22 new admits, we had seven 2018 graduates, and 15 graduates in 2019 9. Workforce demands and employment opportunities for graduates: Describe the demands and opportunities, as well as the evidence you have used to make these claims. In California, despite the number of accredited schools of nursing, it is projected that by the year 2030 California will have a shortage of approximately 140,000 nurses. According to the American Journal of Medical Quality the shortage of nurses in California would represent on the nation’s largest nurse shortages. 10. Other relevant societal needs: There is also a dire projection that physicians, particularly those providing primary care services, will not be in sufficient supply to meet the burgeoning need. Nurse Practitioners are ideally prepared to provide these services and are currently doing so, particularly in underserved and rural areas. Dealing with these shortages will require talented nurse practitioners to design and provide services in an ever-changing healthcare environment as well as to move into faculty roles to facilitate expanding the numbers of nurse-practitioners. The proposed Family Nurse Practitioner DNP program will do both since the graduates of the DNP program would be able to transition to faculty roles as well as the advanced clinical role. 11. An assessment of the required resources and the campus commitment to allocating those resources: Provide a narrative description of resources that will be needed at initiation, after three years, and after five years. Note: Approval of this proposal by campus entities represents the campus commitment to allocating these resources. Since CSUDH currently has a Family Nurse Practitioner master’s program, most faculty positions have already been allocated for the program. Faculty can easily be transitioned to the DNP program. The current practice within the CSU system for compensating faculty teaching DNP courses, however, differs because of the high level of expectations for student mentoring and faculty teaching 3-unit DNP courses are paid 4 units for the course. In addition, faculty assigned as Chair or Member for the DNP projects that all students must complete are compensated for serving in that capacity at the rate of 1 unit for Chair and 0.5 unit for Member. Therefore, there will be some need for budgeting faculty compensation to meet these needs. It may also be necessary to upgrade the qualifications of faculty through faculty attrition and setting new faculty recruitment requirements for the DNP program. Since the DNP program is relatively new in the CSU system and will be totally new for CSUDH, it is anticipated that there will need for additional collaborative support from pertinent university administrative departments to accommodate doctoral education. Additionally, dedicated support would need to be in place for academic writing support/tutoring, library support and statistical analysis. It is unknown if resources to provide this support are currently in place and/or could be absorbed by those departments without the addition of staff. The current masters and proposed DNP didactic portion of the program is online with three on-campus face to face meetings each semester. The clinical placements are in community healthcare facilities so there would be no anticipated needs for additional space. 1. Delivery mode of program: Fully Face-to-Face ☑️ Hybrid ☑️ Fully Online □ 2. Support Mode: State-Support ☑️ Self-Support/Extended Education □ 3. A brief summary of the purpose and characteristics of the proposed degree program: The Biophysics program will train future professionals to research the physical and chemical aspects of biological phenomena, applying their knowledge of physics to the study of biological systems. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of the field, a biophysics major will employ a broad range of techniques, such as spectroscopy, computational modeling, microscopy, mass spectrometry and electrophysiology, in the course of their research. The program emphasizes practical application of a wide range of theories and principles through laboratory experimentation and course lectures, which cover essential topics such as: - General physics - Organic chemistry - Calculus - Introduction to biology - Electricity and magnetism - Introduction to modern physics - Optics and laser physics 4. List the program learning objectives: - Outcome 1: Students will demonstrate acquisition of discipline-specific knowledge in physics. - Objective 1: Students will memorize major physics concepts. - Objective 2: Students will explain concepts of physics. - Outcome 2: Students will connect and integrate knowledge of physics with knowledge from other disciplines. - Objective 1: Students will demonstrate knowledge of concepts in their chosen track of biophysics. - Objective 2: Students will work in a cross disciplinary environment applying mathematics, biology or chemistry, and computer skills to theoretical or experimental problems. - Outcome 3: Students will acquire strong physical reasoning and problem-solving skills. and apply these skills to the solution of theoretical and applied problems. - Objective 1: Students will solve problems using their knowledge and skills in physics. Outcome 4: Students will be skilled in biophysics experimental methods. - Objective 1: Students will collect, analyze, and explain data from biophysics experiments. - Objective 2: Students will design and carry out simple experiments. - Objective 3: Student will understand the inter relations between theory and observation; the role of systematic and random experimental errors and methods used to analyze experimental uncertainty and compare experiment with theory. Outcome 5: Students will fluently read and understand scientific literature - Objective 1: Students will fluently read and discuss primary literature in at least one field of physics. Outcome 6: Students will communicate biophysics concepts effectively both orally and in writing. - Objective 1: Students will write cogent essays and technical reports on projects. - Objective 2: Students will explain their research work according to academic and industry standards. Outcome 7: Students will use offered resources to pursue graduate studies in biophysics/physics/other related field, pursue professional studies, or to be workforce ready. - Objective 1: Students will be successful in securing enrollment in graduate studies in physics if desirable. - Objective 2: Students will be successful in securing enrollment in professional studies if desirable. - Objective 3: Students will be workforce ready. Outcome 8: Students will understand the application of physical techniques to biological systems. - Objective 1: Students will identify the biological, chemical, and physical properties of organisms on a molecular and cellular level. - Objective 2: Students will solve problems involving the physics of biological materials. - Objective 3: Students will demonstrate a conceptual understanding of connections between physics and biology. - Objective 4: Students will successfully complete a research project in the field of biophysics. Our Departmental Learning outcomes align with CSUDH ILOs - Critical Thinking: Outcome 3 - Communication: Outcome 6 - Information Literacy: Outcome 4, 5 - Disciplinary Proficiency: Outcome 1, 2, 8 - Engaged Citizenry: Outcome 6, 7 5. Suggested CIP code: Biophysics: 26.0203 CSU Program Code: 4152 6. For new degree programs that are not already offered in the CSU, provide a compelling rationale explaining how the proposed subject areas constitutes a coherent, integrated degree program that has potential value to students and that meets CSU requirements for an academic program at the undergraduate or graduate level. The Biophysics program will train students to become professionals with a strong background in both physical and biological sciences. Basic knowledge of mathematical methods and computer programming is also required. Critical-thinking and creative problem-solving abilities are necessary for tackling the challenges of scientific research, which makes it a program of extreme importance for various career in sciences. However, of the five CSUs around the LA region, no campus currently has a Biophysics program, which will give CSUDH an edge in the breadth of cutting-edge courses that can be offered to students who want to pursue careers in the medical field, bio-engineering, pharma, agriculture, etc. The BA degree will directly be focused on students whose professional goal is a career in the healthcare industry, whereas the BS will prepare students for a much broader range of career opportunities and graduate healthcare industry studies. The overall goal of this program is to ensure that, at the time of graduation, our students are either workforce ready and highly employable, or possess the skill set and maturity to be successful in professional school or graduate studies. 7. The program’s fit with the campus mission and strategic plan: The novelty of this new major will be its hands-on research focus and the culture sensitivity in its design. The design also makes provision for preparing students both to be workforce ready and STEM skill-set ready to go into their graduate studies. Aligned with the college’s mission, this program will improve the scientific literacy, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills of our enrollees and prepare them to be leaders in society. The program will engage student learning by providing opportunities to participate in cutting-edge research with faculty mentors using high-level industry standard instrumentation and technologies. Using peer-peer mentorship, our students will also engage with their community beyond the university through various partnerships. This program fits well with the campus’ mission for its flexibility and adaptability to our ever-changing circumstances. 8. Anticipated student demand: Provide projections in the table below and identify the evidence you have used to make these projections (e.g., US Bureau of Labor Statistics). \| \| At Initiation \| After 3 Years \| After 5 Years \| \|--------------------------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------\| \| Number of Majors (Annual) \| 20 \| \| \| \| Number of Graduates (Cumulative)\| \| \| \| Evidence: Without advertising and within our own department, a survey was conducted, and showed the following interest in the Biophysics program, over 45 students: - Total interest given the type of careers Biophysics degrees leads to - 82.2% - Total interest given the type of hands-on curriculum - 80% - Total interest in taking a few courses for a trial - 88.9% The Biophysics program at CSUDH will be a hands-on learning program. It would train and provide students with research opportunities. Knowing this, how interested would you say you would be to enroll in the program? 45 responses - Very Interested: 17.8% - Interested: 37.8% - Somewhat Interested: 24.4% - Neutral: 8.9% - Not Interested: 11.1% Seeing the possible careers one can have with a Biophysics major, how interested would you say you are with enrolling in a Biophysics program? 45 responses If there were Biophysics program, would be interested in taking at least a few courses? 45 responses In the STEM field at CSUDH$^1$, over 60% of the students who enroll in Biology and Chemistry department are females. For example, in 2019, Biology was composed of 69% females (69% Hispanic and 11% African American) and Chemistry 53% (62% Hispanic, 7% African American) where majority of their students are in Biochemistry. We believe that creating a Biophysics major by merging Biology and Physics subject contents will provide new opportunities that were not available before and has tremendous potential to attract more women (given their high enrollment in Biology) as well as African American minority (based on our plan to be more hands on and inclusive/intentional in our recruitment efforts and staff). Physics is currently the smallest department with more than 85% male; current CSUDH data shows that women and African Americans tend to choose bio-centered fields, and as such a Biophysics major will potentially facilitate the growth of our department while making it more equitable. 9. Workforce demands and employment opportunities for graduates: Describe the demands and opportunities, as well as the evidence you have used to make these claims. The need for STEM education is well documented and more than a million of college graduates will be needed in the next decade$^2$. Documented trends indicate the need for interdisciplinary STEM options, and Biophysics majors in particular are projected to be well suited to fill the gap. A biophysics program is interdisciplinary, drawing from coursework in physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, and statistics. Biotechnology and Bioengineering companies, as well as established pharmaceutical and agricultural chemistry companies, have a major stake in the vitality and quality of high school to undergraduate education pipelines for their future research needs. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the median annual salary of Biophysicists was $93,280 in May 2018\textsuperscript{4}, a major incentive to women and minority that can change their economical contribution to society. Opportunities for employment are expected to grow by 11% nationwide, which is faster than average, between 2016 and 2026.\textsuperscript{5-6} 10. Other relevant societal needs: Biophysicists are uniquely trained in the quantitative sciences of Physics, Math, and Chemistry and are able to tackle a wide array of topics, ranging from how nerve cells communicate, to how plant cells capture light and transform it into energy, to how changes in the DNA of healthy cells can trigger their transformation into cancer cells and many other biological problems. Biophysicists work to develop methods to overcome disease, eradicate global hunger, produce renewable energy sources, design cutting-edge technologies, and solve countless scientific mysteries. In short, Biophysicists are at the forefront of solving age-old human problems as well as problems of the future. 11. An assessment of the required resources and the campus commitment to allocating those resources: Provide a narrative description of resources that will be needed at initiation, after three years, and after five years. Note: Approval of this proposal by campus entities represents the campus commitment to allocating these resources. At initiation, wet lab and computational facilities will be needed. Wetlab activities and hands on training will be initiated in Dr. Crogman’s lab at the start of the program. The campus’ commitment to allocating resources beyond wetlab and computational spaces will be tied to the growth of the program, student retention and graduation rates increase in the mid- to long term. If we meet our enrollment’s projection numbers after three years, then a faculty hired specifically for this program continued success will be necessary. Continual growth after five years would require an additional laboratory technician, which can be initially supported by grant funding to maintain various instrumentation. More faculty hire is planned contingent on the projected number of student enrollment increase. Reference 1. Asd.calstate.edu. (2019). The California State University; State-Supported Enrollment Available at: http://asd.calstate.edu/dashboard/enrollment-live.html [Accessed 5 Jan. 2020] 2. National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future. 2007. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 3. President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. Engage to Excel: Producing One Million Additional College Graduates with Degrees in Science, Technology, Engineering, And Mathematics. February 2012. www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-engage-to-excel-final_2-25-12.pdf. 4. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2016-17 Edition, on the Internet at https://www.bls.gov/ooh/ (visited January 08, 2017). 5. Bullock, D., Callahan, J., & Cullers, J. (2017). Calculus Reform: Increasing STEM Retention and Post-Requisite Course Success While Closing the Retention Gap for Women and Underrepresented Minority Students. 6. Thiry, H. (2017). Undergraduate Degrees: increasing Latino Retention and Completion. Underrepresented Minorities in STEM Fields, 66. Campus-Wide Proposal Sharing The following course and program proposals have been submitted for review to their department curriculum committee and program faculty. College of Arts and Humanities Program/Course Name: NCR 291 Psychology of Peacebuilding Proposer: Nancy Erbe Course Description: Summary of changes: NCRP 291 Psychology of Peacebuilding is being modified to emphasize social sciences, reflecting its origins and beginning as an interdisciplinary program Behavioral Sciences at DH. It is being proposed as a new GE course in Area D to introduce students from all majors to how the social sciences, particularly psychology (cognitive, educational, social and positive), specifically their research studies and theories, have shaped the emerging interdisciplinary field of Negotiation, Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding. There is no course like this currently offered at DH and would introduce students to the social science theories and research explaining the best and most effective conflict resolution and peacebuilding preventing and deescalating violent conflict in the United States and world today. Program/Course Name: NCR 390 Fundamentals of Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding Proposer: Nancy Erbe Type of Change: Course Modification/UDGE Area F4 Course Description: Introduction to fundamentals involved with interdisciplinary conflict resolution and peacebuilding. Emphasis on ways the arts and humanities shape and form its ethics and methods. Issues like truth and cultural perspective taking will be explored along with storytelling narrative, moral imagination/creativity. Summary of changes: NCRP 390 Fundamentals of Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding is being modified to emphasize arts and humanities, specifically, how arts and humanities have shaped and influenced the interdisciplinary field of peacebuilding and provided core components of methodology used around the world today. It is being proposed as a new GE course in Area F-4 to introduce students from all majors to contemporary possibilities for constructively and creatively navigating and understanding conflict resulting in inclusive and collaborative social change. There is no course like this currently offered at DH and would introduce students to exciting processes being used to collaboratively solve problems personally and professionally throughout California and the United States. Dh is a rare university community where students will learn to work in richly multicultural and diverse groups as they are introduced to the rich traditions creating peacebuilding. Program/Course Name: NCR 391 Restorative Justice Proposer: Nancy Erbe Type of Change: New Course/UDGE Area F3 Course Description: Restorative arts and healing within conflict resolution encourages those who have harmed another to repair their harm. Victims, including affected community, receive opportunity to encounter offender, ask questions and share how they have been harmed. Restorative discipline included. Summary of changes: Department is proposing a new course and proposing the course meet upper division General Education Area F3. Program/Course Name: Bachelor of Arts in Africana Studies Proposer: Donna Nicol Type of Change: Program Modification Summary of changes: The Africana Studies Department proposes AFS 340 - Africana Womanhood as a major/minor elective course that will offer students the opportunity to examine the history and present day realities facing Africana women in the United States and throughout the global using a womanist, intersectional approach. Program/Course Name: Bachelor of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies Proposer: Anne Choi Type of Change: Program Modification Summary of changes: The Interdisciplinary Studies program has not undergone a significant revision in many years. As a degree completion program for working adults, we are revising the major both to better match the research interests of our faculty and to better serve our majors as follows: - Currently, we teach the majority of our courses under seven topics courses which makes it confusing for students especially given that the topics are never listed in the schedule of classes. Relying on topics courses also makes it difficult for students to identify specifically what they need to take as they move through the major. Thus, we are assigned a specific number to all the courses that we teach in the department. - We are removing the four concentration requirements (American Studies, Comparative Cultures, Global Studies, and Environmental Studies) in favor of a stand-alone IDS major. - We are adding two courses to the majors. - IDS 340 Professional Writing—This is a course that students are requesting as an elective option. - IDS 489 Research Methods---This course is to prepare our students for IDS 490, our capstone course. Undergraduate research is the cornerstone of the IDS major and we currently cover methods and writing an extensive research paper in the IDS 490 which is not optimal for students. - We are modifying all courses to be taught online, as hybrid course and face-to-face to provide optimal flexibility since we serve working students. Program/Course Name: Bachelor of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies: American Studies Concentration Proposer: Anne Choi Type of Change: Program Discontinuation Summary of change/rationale for need: Currently, we teach the majority of our courses under 7 topics courses which makes it confusing for students especially given that the topics are never listed in the schedule of classes. Relying on topics courses also makes it difficult for students to identify specifically what they need to take as they move through the major. Thus, we are assigned a specific number to all the courses that we teach in the department. Additionally, we are removing the four concentration requirements (American Studies, Comparative Cultures, Global Studies, and Environmental Studies) in favor of a stand-alone IDS major since we are elevating American Studies, Global Studies, and Environmental Studies into stand-alone majors. Program/Course Name: Bachelor of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies: Global Studies Concentration Proposer: Anne Choi Type of Change: Program Discontinuation Summary of change/rationale for need: Currently, we teach the majority of our courses under 7 topics courses which makes it confusing for students especially given that the topics are never listed in the schedule of classes. Relying on topics courses also makes it difficult for students to identify specifically what they need to take as they move through the major. Thus, we are assigned a specific number to all the courses that we teach in the department. Additionally, we are removing the four concentration requirements (American Studies, Comparative Cultures, Global Studies, and Environmental Studies) in favor of a stand-alone IDS major since we are elevating American Studies, Global Studies, and Environmental Studies into stand-alone majors. Program/Course Name: Bachelor of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies: Comparative Cultures Concentration Proposer: Anne Choi Type of Change: Program Discontinuation Summary of change/rationale for need: Currently, we teach the majority of our courses under 7 topics courses which makes it confusing for students especially given that the topics are never listed in the schedule of classes. Relying on topics courses also makes it difficult for students to identify specifically what they need to take as they move through the major. Thus, we are assigned a specific number to all the courses that we teach in the department. Additionally, we are removing the four concentration requirements (American Studies, Comparative Cultures, Global Studies, and Environmental Studies) in favor of a stand-alone IDS major since we are elevating American Studies, Global Studies, and Environmental Studies into stand-alone majors. Program/Course Name: Bachelor of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies: Environmental Studies Concentration Proposer: Anne Choi Type of Change: Program Discontinuation Summary of change/rationale for need: Currently, we teach the majority of our courses under 7 topics courses which makes it confusing for students especially given that the topics are never listed in the schedule of classes. Relying on topics courses also makes it difficult for students to identify specifically what they need to take as they move through the major. Thus, we are assigned a specific number to all the courses that we teach in the department. Additionally, we are removing the four concentration requirements (American Studies, Comparative Cultures, Global Studies, and Environmental Studies) in favor of a stand-alone IDS major since we are elevating American Studies, Global Studies, and Environmental Studies into stand-alone majors. Program/Course: IDS 320: Perspectives in Human Studies: Global Los Angeles Proposer: Anne Choi Type of Change: Course Modification Course Description: Provides an in-depth study of a topic in human behavior and attitudes. The topic will be examined using interdisciplinary perspectives. Examples of topics include class and careers, immigration and cultural impact and poverty. Repeatable course. Summary of changes/rationale for need: This course will be assigned a new number--- IDS 315: Global Los Angeles as part of move to assign all topics a specific course number. This course from an interdisciplinary lens will Los Angeles as a global nexus by examining economic, political, and cultural flows that shape the region. --- Program/Course: IDS 320: Perspectives in Human Studies: LGBTQ America Proposer: Anne Soon Choi Type of Change: Course Modification Course Description: Provides an in-depth study of a topic in human behavior and attitudes. The topic will be examined using interdisciplinary perspectives. Examples of topics include class and careers, immigration and cultural impact and poverty. Repeatable course. Summary of changes/rationale for need: This course will be assigned a new number--- IDS 313: LGBTQ America as part of move to assign all topics a specific course number. This course from an interdisciplinary lens will examine the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender rights movement using an interdisciplinary approach. Course themes include the interrelationship of race/ethnicity, class, gender and sexuality; the dynamic nature of identity; cultural, political, religious and historical ideas in conjunction with sexual orientation. --- Program/Course: IDS 326: Perspectives in Human Studies: American Consumerism Proposer: Anne Soon Choi Type of Change: Course Modification Course Description: This course is an upper division major course that fulfills the social science distribution within the major. The catalog describes the course as “Special Topics course using nonstandard times and/or days to explore issues in the human behavior and attitudes. Repeatable course. Summary of changes/rationale for need: This course will be assigned a new number--- IDS 311: American Consumerism as part of move to assign all topics a specific course number. This course from an interdisciplinary lens will example the dynamics of consumerism in the U.S. --- Program/Course: IDS 326: Perspectives in Human Studies: The California Experience Proposer: Anne Soon Choi Type of Change: Course Modification Course Description: This course is an upper division major course that fulfills the social science distribution within the major. The catalog describes the course as “Special Topics course using nonstandard times and/or days to explore issues in the human behavior and attitudes. Repeatable course. Summary of changes/rationale for need: This course will be assigned a new number--- IDS 314. This course examines the history, cultures and global significance of California. It interrogates the idea of California as paradise by contrasting the counternarratives of class and race embodied in text, place and time. Program/Course: IDS 326: Perspectives in Human Studies: Aging in America Proposer: Anne Soon Choi Type of Change: Course Modification Course Description: This course is an upper division major course that fulfills the social science distribution within the major. The catalog describes the course as “Special Topics course using nonstandard times and/or days to explore issues in the human behavior and attitudes. Repeatable course. Summary of changes/rationale for need: This course will be assigned a new number--- IDS 316: Aging in America as part of move to assign all topics a specific course number. This course from an interdisciplinary lens will example how aging is understood in the U.S. by focusing on theories of aging and the social, political and cultural dimensions of aging. Program/Course: IDS 330: Topics in Civilizations: Los Angeles in Film and Literature and IDS 336: American Studies in the Humanities: Los Angeles in Film and Literature Proposer: Pat Kalayjian Type of Change: Course Modification Course Description: 330: Provides an in-depth analysis of a major topic in the history of ideas and institutions through the study of the topic in relation to the disciplines relevant to the topic. Sample topics include archetypal patterns in literature and history of modern thought. Repeatable with different topics. 336: Provides an in-depth analysis of an issue, region, perspective, or historical era of the United States from a comparative, multidisciplinary humanities perspective. Courses incorporate some of the following disciplines: literature, history, film, philosophy, art, and drama. Repeatable with different topics. Summary of changes/rationale for need: This course will be assigned a new number--- IDS 321: Los Angeles in Film and Literature as part of move to assign all topics a specific course number. This course examines narratives concerning LA, this class will engage with historical and contemporary debates on the construction and representation of race/ethnicity, gender, and class and employ theoretical discourses from cultural studies, critical race theory, and feminist film theory. Program/Course: IDS 330: Topics in Civilizations: US Ethnic Literature and IDS 336: American Studies in the Humanities: US Ethnic Literature Proposer: Pat Kalayjian Type of Change: Course Modification Course Description: 330: Provides an in-depth analysis of a major topic in the history of ideas and institutions through the study of the topic in relation to the disciplines relevant to the topic. Sample topics include archetypal patterns in literature and history of modern thought. Repeatable with different topics. 336: Provides an in-depth analysis of an issue, region, perspective, or historical era of the United States from a comparative, multidisciplinary humanities perspective. Courses incorporate some of the following disciplines: literature, history, film, philosophy, art, and drama. Repeatable with different topics. Summary of changes/rationale for need: This course will be assigned a new number--- IDS 322: US Ethnic Literature as part of move to assign all topics a specific course number. This course from an interdisciplinary lens focuses on reading across a range of US ethnic literatures, students analyze important themes (structural racism, settler colonialism, environmental inequities); formal innovations; and historical, political, and familial contexts to identify connections and the healing possibilities of narrative within and across ethnic communities. Program/Course: IDS 336: American Studies in the Humanities: LA Detective Proposer: Annemarie Perez Type of Change: Course Modification Course Description: Provides an in-depth analysis of a major topic in the history of ideas and institutions through the study of the topic in relation to the disciplines relevant to the topic. Sample topics include archetypal patterns in literature and history of modern thought. Repeatable with different topics. Summary of changes/rationale for need: This course will be assigned a new number--- IDS 323: LA Detective Course as part of move to assign all topics a specific course number. This course from an interdisciplinary lens focuses on depictions of crime in Los Angeles across the city's history and the connections of these images in novels, films and journalism. Students analyze how these works have told stories of race, class, and neighborhood in the city. Program/Course: IDS 340: Professional Writing Proposer: Pat Kalayjian Type of Change: New Course Course Description: The study of texts, contexts, and concepts important to the practice of professional writing. The course not only addresses practical skills such as how to write memos, proposals and reports, but also emphasizes rhetoric, ethics, and information design. Summary of changes/rationale for need: Department is proposing a new course Program/Course: IDS 350 Interdisciplinary Topics in Environmental Studies: Earth, Wind, and Fire Proposer: Anne Soon Choi Type of Change: Course Modification Course Description: Provides an in-depth examination of major concepts in environmental science, including ecology, evolution, diseases, loss of biodiversity, global warming, and the public policies needed to address complex contemporary problems. Courses involve methods of scientific inquiry. Repeatable with different topics. Summary of changes/rationale for need: This course will be assigned a new number--- IDS 331 as part of move to assign all topics a specific course number. This course from an interdisciplinary lens will investigate the Anthropocene, Earth's most recent epoch where the atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and other earth systems are now altered by humans. This warmer, wetter, more chaotic world we inhabit demands a radical new vision of humanity. Program/Course: IDS 350 Interdisciplinary Topics in Environmental Studies: Animal Behavior Proposer: Anne Soon Choi Type of Change: Course Modification Course Description: Provides an in-depth examination of major concepts in environmental science, including ecology, evolution, diseases, loss of biodiversity, global warming, and the public policies needed to address complex contemporary problems. Courses involve methods of scientific inquiry. Repeatable with different topics. Summary of changes/rationale for need: This course will be assigned a new number--- IDS 332 as part of move to assign all topics a specific course number. This course from an interdisciplinary lens provides a survey of animal behaviors that have evolved to solve the problems they face including: communicating, obtaining food, finding shelter, socializing, finding a mate, rearing young, avoiding environmental extremes and the increasing interaction with humans and the human world. Program/Course: IDS 350 Interdisciplinary Topics in Environmental Studies: Environmental Health Proposer: Anne Soon Choi Type of Change: Course Modification Course Description: Provides an in-depth examination of major concepts in environmental science, including ecology, evolution, diseases, loss of biodiversity, global warming, and the public policies needed to address complex contemporary problems. Courses involve methods of scientific inquiry. Repeatable with different topics. Summary of changes/rationale for need: This course will be assigned a new number--- IDS 333 as part of move to assign all topics a specific course number. This course from an interdisciplinary lens will investigate the factors including disease control, sanitation, built environments, occupational health and food safety that impact people and communities. It also examines how climate change affects social and environmental determinants of health such as clean air, safe drinking water, food availability and secure shelter and the political, cultural and social responses to these changes. Program/Course: IDS 350 Interdisciplinary Topics in Environmental Studies: Epidemics Proposer: Anne Soon Choi Type of Change: Course Modification Course Description: Provides an in-depth examination of major concepts in environmental science, including ecology, evolution, diseases, loss of biodiversity, global warming, and the public policies needed to address complex contemporary problems. Courses involve methods of scientific inquiry. Repeatable with different topics. Summary of changes/rationale for need: This course will be assigned a new number--- IDS 334 as part of move to assign all topics a specific course number. This course from an interdisciplinary lens examines the history and sociological importance of epidemics and pandemics in charting global development, social and class conflict and genocide. Conventional disease contagion is explored in addition to abstract transmissions such as mental illness, obesity, drug addiction and violence. Program/Course: IDS 489 Research Methods Proposer: Anne Soon Choi Type of Change: Course Modification Course Description: Supervised research experience in Interdisciplinary Studies. Reviews basic techniques in research design with emphasis on social science techniques and cultural analysis. Summary of changes/rationale for need: Department is proposing a new course College of Business Administration & Public Policy Program/Course Name: Bachelor of Science in Business Administration: Management & Human Resources Management Concentration Proposer: William David Brice Type of Change: Program Modification Summary of changes: It is proposed to remove nine Management Track electives; and add four Human Resource Track electives; and move two HR Track electives to required courses and one HR Track required course to electives. The Management Track needs greater focus on management topics and greater support for electives offered by the Department of Management & Marketing. The courses to be removed from electives mostly relate to Human Resources rather than Management and most are not offered by CBAPP; one course will be removed because it has been discontinued. Changes to the Human Resource Management Track required courses will align the degree with the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) guidelines. Also, several specialty Human Resource related courses will be added to electives. Program/Course Name: FIN 487 Fixed Income Securities and Valuation Proposer: Rama Malladi Type of Change: New Course Course Description: Summary of changes: Los Angeles metropolitan area is known globally as a bond market capital. Two of the top-10 largest global bond market companies are based in this area. In addition, the LA area has historically hosted the global 'king' of the bond market for more than two decades. Bond markets (also called Fixed-Income markets) constitute approximately 15% of the finance curriculum in industry exams such as CFA (Chartered Financial Analyst). All CSU campuses in the LA/OC area (CSULB, CSUF, CSULA, CSUN) offer Bond market courses to their undergraduate finance concentration students. However, the Bond Market course is not offered at CSUDH, which leaves a deficiency in the curriculum and makes CSUDH students unattractive to employers in the region. To fill this void, FIN 487, a finance elective, is proposed. It was offered in Fall 2019 successfully as a pilot course (BUS 495). This proposal is to make FIN 487 a permanent finance elective and add it to the list of finance electives. College of Education No submissions for this publication of the Curriculum Register. College of Extended & International Education No submissions for this publication of the Curriculum Register. College of Health, Human Services, & Nursing Program Name: Occupational Therapy Doctorate (OTD) Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Program Summary of change(s) & rationale for need: The purpose of the proposed program is to meet the increasing demand for highly skilled occupational therapy practitioners while providing students access to an affordable doctoral-level occupational therapy education in California. Although this proposed program is new, the subject matter is not. The proposed OTD Program stems from an already existing MSOT Program. Offering an OTD in addition to the current MSOT will allow us to graduate students who could meet job demands in the highly dynamic nature of contemporary health and human services delivery systems. The OTD Program aims to educate occupational therapists that possess advanced knowledge and skills as direct care providers, consultants, educators, managers, leaders, researchers, and advocates for the profession and the consumer, as defined and prescribed by the Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education (ACOTE). The Department of Occupational Therapy currently offers a 96-unit Master of Science degree in Occupational Therapy (MSOT) cohorted over 7 semesters (including summer) that prepares entry-level practitioners as generalists. In addition to entry-level practice preparation, the proposed 120-unit Occupational Therapy Doctorate (OTD) Program that is cohorted over 9 consecutive semesters (including summer) allows for in-depth exposure and training in clinical practice skills, research skills, administration, leadership, program and policy development, advocacy, education, and/or theory development. The proposed OTD Program directly aligns with the University mission of providing “education, scholarship, and service that are, by design, accessible and transformative.” The program has and will continue to attract students “who seek academic achievement, personal fulfillment, and preparation for the work of today and tomorrow” as highly competent occupational therapists and potential leaders in the profession. In 2019, State Legislation approved CSU to grant an OTD through the passing of AB 829. Course Name: OTR 512 Human Anatomy Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: Course Modification Course description: Advanced study of the human body by means of review of web-based materials specific to dissection, and identification of select specimens and structures of the body. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The proposed change is to add the OTD Program to the current course utilization. The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the OTD Program: B.I.I. Human Body, Development, and Behavior Demonstrate knowledge of: The structure and function of the human body to include the biological and physical sciences, neurosciences, kinesiology, and biomechanics. Human development throughout the lifespan (infants, children, adolescents, adults, and older adults). Course content must include, but is not limited to, developmental psychology. Concepts of human behavior to include the behavioral sciences, social sciences, and science of occupation. Course Name: OTR 527 Foundations of Kinesiology for OT Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: Course Modification Course description: The course consists of lectures, activity analyses, and case studies designed to provide students with diverse opportunities to integrate key concepts of kinesiology into an understanding of how movement and loss of movements may impact performance of complex, everyday occupations. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The proposed change is to add the OTD Program to the current course utilization. The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the OTD Program: B.1.1. Human Body, Development, and Behavior Demonstrate knowledge of: The structure and function of the human body to include the biological and physical sciences, neurosciences, kinesiology, and biomechanics. Human development throughout the lifespan (infants, children, adolescents, adults, and older adults). Course content must include, but is not limited to, developmental psychology. Concepts of human behavior to include the behavioral sciences, social sciences, and science of occupation. Course Name: OTR 547 Neurological Foundations of Occupation Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: Course Modification Course description: Foundational knowledge of how the human nervous system serves as the foundation for occupational choice and occupational engagement. Designed to provide opportunities to learn the structures and functional organization of the nervous system related to the performance of everyday occupations. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The proposed change is to add the OTD Program to the current course utilization. The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.1.1. Human Body, Development, and Behavior Demonstrate knowledge of: The structure and function of the human body to include the biological and physical sciences, neurosciences, kinesiology, and biomechanics. Human development throughout the lifespan (infants, children, adolescents, adults, and older adults). Course content must include, but is not limited to, developmental psychology. Concepts of human behavior to include the behavioral sciences, social sciences, and science of occupation. Course Name: OTR 722 Clinical Fieldwork I in a Pediatric Setting Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: On-site and/or simulated clinical experience with infants and/or children. Parallels with didactic course content to bridge classroom learning with clinical practice through observations of the occupational therapy process, such as screening, evaluation, intervention, re-evaluation, discharge planning and application of occupational therapy theories. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: C.1.9. Level I Fieldwork. Document that Level I fieldwork is provided to students and is not substituted for any part of the Level II fieldwork. Ensure that Level I fieldwork enriches didactic coursework through directed observation and participation in selected aspects of the occupational therapy process and includes mechanisms for formal evaluation of student performance. The program must have clearly documented student learning objectives expected of the Level I fieldwork. Level I fieldwork may be met through one or more of the following instructional methods: Simulated environments, standardized patients, faculty practice, faculty-led site visits, supervision by a fieldwork educator in a practice environment. All Level I fieldwork must be comparable in rigor. Course Name: OTR 732 Clinical Fieldwork I in an Adult Setting Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: On-site and/or simulated clinical experience with adult clients. Parallels with didactic course content to bridge classroom learning with clinical practice through observations of the occupational therapy process such as screening, evaluation, intervention, re-evaluation, discharge planning and application of occupational therapy theories. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: C.1.9. Level I Fieldwork. Document that Level I fieldwork is provided to students and is not substituted for any part of the Level II fieldwork. Ensure that Level I fieldwork enriches didactic coursework through directed observation and participation in selected aspects of the occupational therapy process and includes mechanisms for formal evaluation of student performance. The program must have clearly documented student learning objectives expected of the Level I fieldwork. Level I fieldwork may be met through one or more of the following instructional methods: Simulated environments, standardized patients, faculty practice, faculty-led site visits, supervision by a fieldwork educator in a practice environment. All Level I fieldwork must be comparable in rigor. Course Name: OTR 742 Clinical Fieldwork I in an Adolescent Setting Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: On-site and/or simulated clinical experience with adolescents. Parallels with didactic course content to bridge classroom learning with clinical practice through observations of the occupational therapy process such as screening, evaluation, intervention, re-evaluation, discharge planning and application of occupational therapy theories. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: C.1.9. Level I Fieldwork. Document that Level I fieldwork is provided to students and is not substituted for any part of the Level II fieldwork. Ensure that Level I fieldwork enriches didactic coursework through directed observation and participation in selected aspects of the occupational therapy process and includes mechanisms for formal evaluation of student performance. The program must have clearly documented student learning objectives expected of the Level I fieldwork. Level I fieldwork may be met through one or more of the following instructional methods: Simulated environments, standardized patients, faculty practice, faculty-led site visits, supervision by a fieldwork educator in a practice environment. All Level I fieldwork must be comparable in rigor. Course Name: OTR 752 Clinical Fieldwork I in a Geriatric Setting Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: On-site and/or simulated clinical experience with older adult clients. Parallels with didactic course content to bridge classroom learning with clinical practice through observations of the occupational therapy process such as screening, evaluation, intervention, re-evaluation, discharge planning and application of occupational therapy theories. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: C.1.9. Level I Fieldwork. Document that Level I fieldwork is provided to students and is not substituted for any part of the Level II fieldwork. Ensure that Level I fieldwork enriches didactic coursework through directed observation and participation in selected aspects of the occupational therapy process and includes mechanisms for formal evaluation of student performance. The program must have clearly documented student learning objectives expected of the Level I fieldwork. Level I fieldwork may be met through one or more of the following instructional methods: Simulated environments, standardized patients, faculty practice, faculty-led site visits, supervision by a fieldwork educator in a practice environment. All Level I fieldwork must be comparable in rigor. Course Name: OTR 592 Fieldwork IIA Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: Course Modification Course description: Completion of 12 weeks of full-time equivalent supervised Fieldwork Level II practicum in a community or clinical setting. With the supervision of the Fieldwork Educator (FWEd), student will conduct client evaluations, delivery of occupational therapy services, progress notes, documentation, reports and/or provision of resources as assigned at the placement site. CR/NC grading. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The proposal is to add the OTD Program to the current course utilization. The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: C.1.10 Length of Level II Fieldwork. Require a minimum of 24 weeks’ full-time Level II fieldwork. This may be completed on a part-time basis, as defined by the fieldwork placement in accordance with the fieldwork placement’s usual and customary personnel policies, as long as it is at least 50% of an FTE at that site. The student can complete Level II fieldwork in a minimum of one setting if it is reflective of more than one practice area, or in a maximum of four different settings. Course Name: OTR 593 Fieldwork IIB Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: Course Modification Course description: Completion of 12 weeks of full-time equivalent supervised Fieldwork Level II practicum in a community or clinical setting. With the supervision of the Fieldwork Educator (FWEd), student will conduct client evaluations, delivery of occupational therapy services, progress notes, documentation, reports and/or provision of resources as assigned at the placement site. CR/NC grading. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The proposal is to add the OTD Program to the current course utilization. The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: C.1.10 Length of Level II Fieldwork. Require a minimum of 24 weeks’ full-time Level II fieldwork. This may be completed on a part-time basis, as defined by the fieldwork placement in accordance with the fieldwork placement’s usual and customary personnel policies, as long as it is at least 50% of an FTE at that site. The student can complete Level II fieldwork in a minimum of one setting if it is reflective of more than one practice area, or in a maximum of four different settings. Course Name: OTR 713 Occupational Therapy Frameworks and Models of Practice Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Introduction to the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework and fundamental concepts of occupational therapy practice. Analysis of the development and application of theories, models of practice, and frames of reference in achieving desired intervention outcomes in a variety of practice contexts and environments. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.2.1. Scientific Evidence, Theories, Models of Practice, and Frames of Reference Apply, analyze, and evaluate scientific evidence, theories, models of practice, and frames of reference that underlie the practice of occupational therapy to guide and inform interventions for persons, groups, and populations in a variety of practice contexts and environments. B.2.2. Theory Development. Explain the process of theory development in occupational therapy and its desired impact and influence on society. Course Name: OTR 723 Clinical Reasoning in Occupational Therapy: Pediatric Conditions and Case Analyses Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Case analyses using simulated and first-hand personal narratives of children and their families. Examine effects of various developmental, physical and/or psychosocial conditions commonly seen in pediatric populations and employ clinical reasoning skills in identifying and addressing occupational therapy needs within varying service delivery models. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.3.5. Effects of Disease Processes Analyze and evaluate the effects of disease processes including heritable diseases, genetic conditions, mental illness, disability, trauma, and injury on occupational performance. B.4.2. Clinical Reasoning Demonstrate clinical reasoning to evaluate, analyze, diagnose, and provide occupation-based interventions to address client factors, performance patterns, and performance skills. B.4.19. Consultative Process Demonstrate, evaluate, and plan the consultative process with persons, groups, programs, organizations, or communities in collaboration with inter- and intraprofessional colleagues. B.4.20. Care Coordination, Case Management, and Transition Services Demonstrate, evaluate, and plan care coordination, case management, and transition services in traditional and emerging practice environments. Course Name: OTR 733 Clinical Reasoning in Occupational Therapy: Adult Conditions and Case Analyses Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Case analyses using simulated and first-hand personal narratives of adults and/or family members. Examine effects of various physical and/or psychosocial conditions commonly seen in adult populations and employ clinical reasoning skills in identifying and addressing occupational therapy needs within varying service delivery models. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.3.5. Effects of Disease Processes Analyze and evaluate the effects of disease processes including heritable diseases, genetic conditions, mental illness, disability, trauma, and injury on occupational performance. B.4.2. Clinical Reasoning Demonstrate clinical reasoning to evaluate, analyze, diagnose, and provide occupation-based interventions to address client factors, performance patterns, and performance skills. B.4.19. Consultative Process Demonstrate, evaluate, and plan the consultative process with persons, groups, programs, organizations, or communities in collaboration with inter- and intraprofessional colleagues. B.4.20. Care Coordination, Case Management, and Transition Services Demonstrate, evaluate, and plan care coordination, case management, and transition services in traditional and emerging practice environments. Course Name: OTR 743 Clinical Reasoning in Occupational Therapy: Adolescent Conditions and Case Analyses Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Case analyses using simulated and first-hand personal narratives of adolescents and/or family members. Examine effects of various developmental, physical and/or psychosocial conditions commonly seen in adolescent populations and employ clinical reasoning skills in identifying and addressing occupational therapy needs within varying service delivery models. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.3.5. Effects of Disease Processes Analyze and evaluate the effects of disease processes including heritable diseases, genetic conditions, mental illness, disability, trauma, and injury on occupational performance. B.4.2. Clinical Reasoning Demonstrate clinical reasoning to evaluate, analyze, diagnose, and provide occupation-based interventions to address client factors, performance patterns, and performance skills. B.4.19. Consultative Process Demonstrate, evaluate, and plan the consultative process with persons, groups, programs, organizations, or communities in collaboration with inter- and intraprofessional colleagues. B.4.20. Care Coordination, Case Management, and Transition Services Demonstrate, evaluate, and plan care coordination, case management, and transition services in traditional and emerging practice environments. Course Name: OTR 753 Clinical Reasoning in Occupational Therapy: Geriatric Conditions and Case Analyses Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Case analyses using simulated and first-hand personal narratives of older adults, family members, or caregivers. Examine effects of various physical and/or psychosocial conditions commonly seen in geriatric populations and employ clinical reasoning skills in identifying and addressing occupational therapy needs within varying service delivery models. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.3.5. Effects of Disease Processes Analyze and evaluate the effects of disease processes including heritable diseases, genetic conditions, mental illness, disability, trauma, and injury on occupational performance. B.4.2. Clinical Reasoning Demonstrate clinical reasoning to evaluate, analyze, diagnose, and provide occupation-based interventions to address client factors, performance patterns, and performance skills. B.4.19. Consultative Process Demonstrate, evaluate, and plan the consultative process with persons, groups, programs, organizations, or communities in collaboration with inter- and intraprofessional colleagues. B.4.20. Care Coordination, Case Management, and Transition Services Demonstrate, evaluate, and plan care coordination, case management, and transition services in traditional and emerging practice environments. Course Name: OTR 714 Introduction to Population Health Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Introduction to the social determinants of health as well as health promotion and disease prevention at the community and global levels. Explore impact of sociocultural, socioeconomic, political, demographic, diversity factors, lifestyle choices, and epidemiological factors to public health and welfare of populations. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.1.2. Sociocultural, Socioeconomic, Diversity Factors, and Lifestyle Choices: Apply, analyze, and evaluate the role of sociocultural, socioeconomic, and diversity factors, as well as lifestyle choices in contemporary society to meet the needs of persons, groups, and populations. Course content must include, but is not limited to, introductory psychology, abnormal psychology, and introductory sociology or introductory anthropology. B.1.3. Social Determinants of Health: Demonstrate knowledge of the social determinants of health for persons, groups, and populations with or at risk for disabilities and chronic health conditions. This must include an analysis of the epidemiological factors that impact the public health and welfare of populations. Course Name: OTR 724 Person, Environment, Occupation, and Health Promotion in Pediatric Populations Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Explore the values and meanings of “occupations” within varying environmental contexts to the health and wellness of infants, toddlers, and children. Review service delivery models, policy issues, and social systems related to both traditional and emerging areas of practice for the pediatric population. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.3.4. Balancing Areas of Occupation, Role in Promotion of Health, and Prevention: Apply, analyze, and evaluate scientific evidence to explain the importance of balancing areas of occupation; the role of occupation in the promotion of health; and the prevention of disease, illness, and dysfunction for persons, groups, and populations. B.4.21. Teaching–Learning Process and Health Literacy: Demonstrate, evaluate, and utilize the principles of the teaching–learning process using educational methods and health literacy education approaches: To design activities and clinical training for persons, groups, and populations. To instruct and train the client, caregiver, family, significant others, and communities at the level of the audience. B.4.27. Community and Primary Care Programs: Evaluate access to community resources, and design community or primary care programs to support occupational performance for persons, groups, and populations. B.5.1. Factors, Policy Issues, and Social Systems: Identify, analyze, and evaluate the contextual factors; current policy issues; and socioeconomic, political, geographic, and demographic factors on the delivery of occupational therapy services for persons, groups, and populations to promote policy development and social systems as they relate to the practice of occupational therapy. Course Name: OTR 734 Person, Environment, Occupation, and Health Promotion in Adult Populations Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Explore the values and meanings of “occupations” within varying environmental contexts to the health and wellness of adults. Review service delivery models, policy issues, social systems, related to both traditional and emerging areas of practice for the adult population. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.3.4. Balancing Areas of Occupation, Role in Promotion of Health, and Prevention: Apply, analyze, and evaluate scientific evidence to explain the importance of balancing areas of occupation; the role of occupation in the promotion of health; and the prevention of disease, illness, and dysfunction for persons, groups, and populations. B.4.21. Teaching–Learning Process and Health Literacy: Demonstrate, evaluate, and utilize the principles of the teaching–learning process using educational methods and health literacy education approaches: To design activities and clinical training for persons, groups, and populations. To instruct and train the client, caregiver, family, significant others, and communities at the level of the audience. B.4.27. Community and Primary Care Programs: Evaluate access to community resources, and design community or primary care programs to support occupational performance for persons, groups, and populations. B.5.1. Factors, Policy Issues, and Social Systems: Identify, analyze, and evaluate the contextual factors; current policy issues; and socioeconomic, political, geographic, and demographic factors on the delivery of occupational therapy services for persons, groups, and populations to promote policy development and social systems as they relate to the practice of occupational therapy. Course Name: OTR 744 Person, Environment, Occupation, and Health Promotion in Adolescent Populations Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Explore the values and meanings of “occupations” within varying environmental contexts to the health and wellness of adolescents. Review service delivery models, policy issues, social systems, related to both traditional and emerging areas of practice for the adolescent population. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.3.4. Balancing Areas of Occupation, Role in Promotion of Health, and Prevention: Apply, analyze, and evaluate scientific evidence to explain the importance of balancing areas of occupation; the role of occupation in the promotion of health; and the prevention of disease, illness, and dysfunction for persons, groups, and populations. B.4.21. Teaching–Learning Process and Health Literacy: Demonstrate, evaluate, and utilize the principles of the teaching–learning process using educational methods and health literacy education approaches: To design activities and clinical training for persons, groups, and populations. To instruct and train the client, caregiver, family, significant others, and communities at the level of the audience. B.4.27. Community and Primary Care Programs: Evaluate access to community resources, and design community or primary care programs to support occupational performance for persons, groups, and populations. B.5.1. Factors, Policy Issues, and Social Systems: Identify, analyze, and evaluate the contextual factors; current policy issues; and socioeconomic, political, geographic, and demographic factors on the delivery of occupational therapy services for persons, groups, and populations to promote policy development and social systems as they relate to the practice of occupational therapy. Course Name: OTR 754 Person, Environment, Occupation, and Health Promotion in Geriatric Populations Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Explore the values and meanings of “occupations” within varying environmental contexts to the health and wellness of older adults. Review service delivery models, policy issues, and social systems, related to both traditional and emerging areas of practice for the geriatric population. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.3.4. Balancing Areas of Occupation, Role in Promotion of Health, and Prevention: Apply, analyze, and evaluate scientific evidence to explain the importance of balancing areas of occupation; the role of occupation in the promotion of health; and the prevention of disease, illness, and dysfunction for persons, groups, and populations. B.4.21. Teaching–Learning Process and Health Literacy: Demonstrate, evaluate, and utilize the principles of the teaching–learning process using educational methods and health literacy education approaches: To design activities and clinical training for persons, groups, and populations. To instruct and train the client, caregiver, family, significant others, and communities at the level of the audience. B.4.27. Community and Primary Care Programs: Evaluate access to community resources, and design community or primary care programs to support occupational performance for persons, groups, and populations. B.5.1. Factors, Policy Issues, and Social Systems: Identify, analyze, and evaluate the contextual factors; current policy issues; and socioeconomic, political, geographic, and demographic factors on the delivery of occupational therapy services for persons, groups, and populations to promote policy development and social systems as they relate to the practice of occupational therapy. Course Name: OTR 537L Assessments in Occupational Therapy Practice – Pediatrics Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: Course Modification Course description: This course focuses on occupational therapy clinical evaluation with the pediatric population. Students will develop clinical reasoning and skills to select and administer standardized and non-standardized interview, observational, self-report and assessment tools in the processes of referral, screening, evaluation and documentation. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The proposed changes are: (1) to modify the course description so that it aligns with the updated 2018 version of the ACOTE accreditation standards; (2) to modify the course title so that it accurately represents the course content using appropriate occupational therapy nomenclature; (3) to increase course unit allocation from 1 unit to 2 units; and (4) to add the OTD Program to the current course utilization. The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.4.4. Standardized and Nonstandardized Screening and Assessment Tools Evaluate client(s)' occupational performance, including occupational profile, by analyzing and selecting standardized and non-standardized screenings and assessment tools to determine the need for occupational therapy intervention(s). Assessment methods must take into consideration cultural and contextual factors of the client. Interpret evaluation findings of occupational performance and participation deficits to develop occupation-based intervention plans and strategies. Intervention plans and strategies must be client centered, culturally relevant, reflective of current occupational therapy practice, and based on available evidence. B.4.5. Application of Assessment Tools and Interpretation of Results Select and apply assessment tools, considering client needs, and cultural and contextual factors. Administer selected standardized and nonstandardized assessments using appropriate procedures and protocols. Interpret the results based on psychometric properties of tests considering factors that might bias assessment results (e.g., culture and disability status related to the person and context). B.4.6. Reporting Data Collect, analyze, and report data in a systematic manner for evaluation of client and practice outcomes. Report evaluation results and modify practice as needed. B.4.7. Interpret Standardized Test Scores Interpret criterion-referenced and norm-referenced standardized test scores on the basis of an understanding of sampling, normative data, standard and criterion scores, reliability, and validity. B.4.8. Interpret Evaluation Data Interpret the evaluation data in relation to accepted Course Name: OTR 557L Assessments in Occupational Therapy Practice – Adult Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: Course Modification Course description: This course focuses on occupational therapy clinical evaluation with the adult population. Students will develop clinical reasoning and skills to select and administer standardized and non-standardized interview, observational, self-report and assessment tools in the processes of referral, screening, evaluation and documentation. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The proposed changes are: (1) to modify the course description so that it aligns with the updated 2018 version of the ACOTE accreditation standards; (2) to modify the course title so that it accurately represents the course content using appropriate occupational therapy nomenclature; (3) to increase course unit allocation from 1 unit to 2 units; and (4) to add the OTD Program to the current course utilization. The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.4.4. Standardized and Nonstandardized Screening and Assessment Tools Evaluate client(s)’ occupational performance, including occupational profile, by analyzing and selecting standardized and non-standardized screenings and assessment tools to determine the need for occupational therapy intervention(s). Assessment methods must take into consideration cultural and contextual factors of the client. Interpret evaluation findings of occupational performance and participation deficits to develop occupation-based intervention plans and strategies. Intervention plans and strategies must be client centered, culturally relevant, reflective of current occupational therapy practice, and based on available evidence. B.4.5. Application of Assessment Tools and Interpretation of Results Select and apply assessment tools, considering client needs, and cultural and contextual factors. Administer selected standardized and nonstandardized assessments using appropriate procedures and protocols. Interpret the results based on psychometric properties of tests considering factors that might bias assessment results (e.g., culture and disability status related to the person and context). B.4.6. Reporting Data Collect, analyze, and report data in a systematic manner for evaluation of client and practice outcomes. Report evaluation results and modify practice as needed. B.4.7. Interpret Standardized Test Scores Interpret criterion-referenced and norm-referenced standardized test scores on the basis of an understanding of sampling, normative data, standard and criterion scores, reliability, and validity. B.4.8. Interpret Evaluation Data Interpret the evaluation data in relation to accepted terminology of the profession and explain the findings to the interprofessional team. Course Name: OTR 517L Assessments in Occupational Therapy Practice – Adolescence Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: Course Modification Course description: This course focuses on occupational therapy clinical evaluation with the adolescent population. Students will develop clinical reasoning and skill to select and administer standardized and non-standardized interview, observational, self-report and assessment tools in the processes of referral, screening, evaluation and documentation. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The proposed changes are: (1) to modify the course description so that it aligns with the updated 2018 version of the ACOTE accreditation standards; (2) to modify the course title so that it accurately represents the course content using appropriate occupational therapy nomenclature; and (3) to add the OTD Program to the current course utilization. The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.4.4. Standardized and Nonstandardized Screening and Assessment Tools Evaluate client(s)' occupational performance, including occupational profile, by analyzing and selecting standardized and non-standardized screenings and assessment tools to determine the need for occupational therapy intervention(s). Assessment methods must take into consideration cultural and contextual factors of the client. Interpret evaluation findings of occupational performance and participation deficits to develop occupation-based intervention plans and strategies. Intervention plans and strategies must be client centered, culturally relevant, reflective of current occupational therapy practice, and based on available evidence. B.4.5. Application of Assessment Tools and Interpretation of Results Select and apply assessment tools, considering client needs, and cultural and contextual factors. Administer selected standardized and nonstandardized assessments using appropriate procedures and protocols. Interpret the results based on psychometric properties of tests considering factors that might bias assessment results (e.g., culture and disability status related to the person and context). B.4.6. Reporting Data Collect, analyze, and report data in a systematic manner for evaluation of client and practice outcomes. Report evaluation results and modify practice as needed. B.4.7. Interpret Standardized Test Scores Interpret criterion-referenced and norm-referenced standardized test scores on the basis of an understanding of sampling, normative data, standard and criterion scores, reliability, and validity. B.4.8. Interpret Evaluation Data Interpret the evaluation data in relation to accepted terminology of the profession and explain the findings to the interprofessional team. Course Name: OTR 577L Assessments in Occupational Therapy Practice – Geriatrics Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: Course Modification Course description: This course focuses on OT clinical evaluation with the geriatric population. Students will develop clinical reasoning and skills to select and administer standardized and non-standardized interview, observational, self-report and assessment tools in the processes of referral, screening, evaluation and documentation. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The proposed changes are: (1) to modify the course description so that it aligns with the updated 2018 version of the ACOTE accreditation standards; (2) to modify the course title so that it accurately represents the course content using appropriate occupational therapy nomenclature; and (3) to add the OTD Program to the current course utilization. The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.4.4. Standardized and Nonstandardized Screening and Assessment Tools Evaluate client(s)' occupational performance, including occupational profile, by analyzing and selecting standardized and non-standardized screenings and assessment tools to determine the need for occupational therapy intervention(s). Assessment methods must take into consideration cultural and contextual factors of the client. Interpret evaluation findings of occupational performance and participation deficits to develop occupation-based intervention plans and strategies. Intervention plans and strategies must be client centered, culturally relevant, reflective of current occupational therapy practice, and based on available evidence. B.4.5. Application of Assessment Tools and Interpretation of Results Select and apply assessment tools, considering client needs, and cultural and contextual factors. Administer selected standardized and nonstandardized assessments using appropriate procedures and protocols. Interpret the results based on psychometric properties of tests considering factors that might bias assessment results (e.g., culture and disability status related to the person and context). B.4.6. Reporting Data Collect, analyze, and report data in a systematic manner for evaluation of client and practice outcomes. Report evaluation results and modify practice as needed. B.4.7. Interpret Standardized Test Scores Interpret criterion-referenced and norm-referenced standardized test scores on the basis of an understanding of sampling, normative data, standard and criterion scores, reliability, and validity. B.4.8. Interpret Evaluation Data Interpret the evaluation data in relation to accepted terminology of the profession and explain the findings to the interprofessional team. Assessment Tools and Interpretation of Results Select and apply assessment tools, considering client needs, and cultural and contextual factors. Administer selected standardized and nonstandardized assessments using appropriate procedures and protocols. Interpret the results based on psychometric properties of tests considering factors that might bias assessment results (e.g., culture and disability status related to the person and context). B.4.6. Reporting Data Collect, analyze, and report data in a systematic manner for evaluation of client and practice outcomes. Report evaluation results and modify practice as needed. B.4.7. Interpret Standardized Test Scores Interpret criterion-referenced and norm-referenced standardized test scores on the basis of an understanding of sampling, normative data, standard and criterion scores, reliability, and validity. B.4.8. Interpret Evaluation Data Interpret the evaluation data in relation to accepted terminology of the profession and explain the findings to the interprofessional team. Course Name: OTR 719 Therapeutic Activities and Group Dynamics Across the Lifespan Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Introduction to how activities, as meaningful occupations, are used as interventions in occupational therapy practice. Identify, analyze, and adapt activities using various media in both individual and group therapeutic experiences. Discuss the historical and theoretical underpinnings of arts and crafts as a treatment modality. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.3.6. Activity Analysis Demonstrate activity analysis in areas of occupation, performance skills, performance patterns, context(s) and environments, and client factors to formulate the intervention plan. Course Name: OTR 539L Interventions in Occupational Therapy Practice – Pediatrics Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: Course Modification Course description: This course focuses on occupational therapy clinical interventions with the pediatric population. Students will develop clinical reasoning and skills in treatment planning, implementation, reviewing progress, discharge planning, and documentation. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The proposed changes are: (1) to modify the course description so that it aligns with the updated 2018 version of the ACOTE accreditation standards; (2) to modify the course title so that it accurately represents the course content using appropriate occupational therapy nomenclature; (3) to modify the C/S Number from C-13 Activity to C-16 Lab so it can better accommodate the clinical skills lab training embedded in the course, and (4) to add the OTD Program to the current course utilization. The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.4.3. Occupation-Based Interventions Utilize clinical reasoning to facilitate occupation-based interventions that address client factors. This must include interventions focused on promotion, compensation, adaptation, and prevention. B.4.9. Remediation and Compensation Design and implement intervention strategies to remediate and/or compensate for functional cognitive deficits, visual deficits, and psychosocial and behavioral health deficits that affect occupational performance. B.4.10. Provide Interventions and Procedures Recommend and provide direct interventions and procedures to persons, groups, and populations to enhance safety, health and wellness, and performance in occupations. This must include the ability to select and deliver occupations and activities, preparatory methods and tasks (including therapeutic exercise), education and training, and advocacy. Course Name: OTR 559L Interventions in Occupational Therapy Practice – Adult Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: Course Modification Course description: This course focuses on occupational therapy clinical interventions with the adult population. Students will develop clinical reasoning and skills in treatment planning, implementation, reviewing progress, discharge planning, and documentation. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The proposed changes are: (1) to modify the course description so that it aligns with the updated 2018 version of the ACOTE accreditation standards; (2) to modify the course title so that it accurately represents the course content using appropriate occupational therapy nomenclature; (3) to modify the C/S Number from C-13 Activity to C-16 Lab so it can better accommodate the clinical skills lab training embedded in the course, and (4) to add the OTD Program to the current course utilization. The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.4.3. Occupation-Based Interventions Utilize clinical reasoning to facilitate occupation-based interventions that address client factors. This must include interventions focused on promotion, compensation, adaptation, and prevention. B.4.9. Remediation and Compensation Design and implement intervention strategies to remediate and/or compensate for functional cognitive deficits, visual deficits, and psychosocial and behavioral health deficits that affect occupational performance. B.4.10. Provide Interventions and Procedures Recommend and provide direct interventions and procedures to persons, groups, and populations to enhance safety, health and wellness, and performance in occupations. This must include the ability to select and deliver occupations and activities, preparatory methods and tasks (including therapeutic exercise), education and training, and advocacy. Course Name: OTR 519L Interventions in Occupational Therapy Practice – Adolescence Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: Course Modification Course description: This course focuses on occupational therapy clinical interventions with the adolescent population. Students will develop clinical reasoning and skills in treatment planning, implementation, reviewing progress, discharge planning, and documentation. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The proposed changes are: (1) to modify the course description so that it aligns with the updated 2018 version of the ACOTE accreditation standards; (2) to modify the course title so that it accurately represents the course content using appropriate occupational therapy nomenclature; (3) to modify the C/S Number from C-13 Activity to C-16 Lab so it can better accommodate the clinical skills lab training embedded in the course, and (4) to add the OTD Program to the current course utilization. The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.4.3. Occupation-Based Interventions Utilize clinical reasoning to facilitate occupation-based interventions that address client factors. This must include interventions focused on promotion, compensation, adaptation, and prevention. B.4.9. Remediation and Compensation Design and implement intervention strategies to remediate and/or compensate for functional cognitive deficits, visual deficits, and psychosocial and behavioral health deficits that affect occupational performance. B.4.10. Provide Interventions and Procedures Recommend and provide direct interventions and procedures to persons, groups, and populations to enhance safety, health and wellness, and performance in occupations. This must include the ability to select and deliver occupations and activities, preparatory methods and tasks (including therapeutic exercise), education and training, and advocacy. Course Name: OTR 579L Interventions in Occupational Therapy Practice – Geriatrics Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: Course Modification Course description: This course focuses on occupational therapy clinical interventions with the geriatric population. Students will develop clinical reasoning and skills in treatment planning, implementation, reviewing progress, discharge planning, and documentation. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The proposed changes are: (1) to modify the course description so that it aligns with the updated 2018 version of the ACOTE accreditation standards; (2) to modify the course title so that it accurately represents the course content using appropriate occupational therapy nomenclature; (3) to modify the C/S Number from C-13 Activity to C-16 Lab so it can better accommodate the clinical skills lab training embedded in the course, and (4) to add the OTD Program to the current course utilization. The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.4.3. Occupation-Based Interventions Utilize clinical reasoning to facilitate occupation-based interventions that address client factors. This must include interventions focused on promotion, compensation, adaptation, and prevention. B.4.9. Remediation and Compensation Design and implement intervention strategies to remediate and/or compensate for functional cognitive deficits, visual deficits, and psychosocial and behavioral health deficits that affect occupational performance. B.4.10. Provide Interventions and Procedures Recommend and provide direct interventions and procedures to persons, groups, and populations to enhance safety, health and wellness, and performance in occupations. This must include the ability to select and deliver occupations and activities, preparatory methods and tasks (including therapeutic exercise), education and training, and advocacy. Course Name: OTR 715 OTD Research Portfolio 1 — Introduction to Research Portfolio: Literature Review Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Introduction to an individual e-portfolio focused on the completion of high-quality research projects that contribute to occupational therapy practice. As the first of five courses, the focus is to review literature as a foundation to developing research questions and research proposals in succeeding courses. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.6.1. Scholarly Study Critique quantitative and qualitative research in order to analyze and evaluate scholarly activities, which contribute to the development of a body of knowledge. This includes the: Level of evidence, validity of research studies, strength of the methodology, relevance to the profession of occupational therapy. Locate, select, analyze, and evaluate scholarly literature to make evidence-based decisions. Design and implement a scholarly study that aligns with current research priorities and advances knowledge translation, professional practice, service delivery, or professional issues (e.g., Scholarship of Integration, Scholarship of Application, Scholarship of Teaching and Learning). This may include a literature review that requires analysis and synthesis of data. Systematic reviews that require analysis and synthesis of data meet the requirement for this Standard. Course Name: OTR 725 OTD Research Portfolio 2 — Methodologies in Quantitative Research Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Comparison of quantitative research methodologies. Students will select appropriate methods and design a scholarly proposal aligned with the ethical policies and procedures necessary to conduct human-subject research. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.6.2. Quantitative and Qualitative Methods Select, apply, and interpret quantitative and qualitative methods for data analysis to include: Basic descriptive, correlational, and inferential quantitative statistics. Analysis and synthesis of qualitative data. B.6.5. Ethical Policies and Procedures for Research Demonstrate an understanding of how to design a scholarly proposal in regard to ethical policies and procedures necessary to conduct human-subject research, educational research, or research related to population health. Course Name: OTR 735 OTD Research Portfolio 3 — Quantitative Research Project Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Completion of a scholarly quantitative research report that supports clinical practice. Students are encouraged to submit for professional or public audience presentation or publication. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.6.3. Scholarly Reports Create scholarly reports appropriate for presentation or for publication in a peer-reviewed journal that support skills of clinical practice. The reports must be made available to professional or public audiences. Course Name: OTR 745 OTD Research Portfolio 4 — Methodologies in Qualitative Research Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Comparison of qualitative research methodologies. Students will select appropriate methods and design a scholarly proposal aligned with the ethical policies and procedures necessary to conduct human-subject research. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.6.2. Quantitative and Qualitative Methods Select, apply, and interpret quantitative and qualitative methods for data analysis to include: Basic descriptive, correlational, and inferential quantitative statistics. Analysis and synthesis of qualitative data. B.6.5. Ethical Policies and Procedures for Research Demonstrate an understanding of how to design a scholarly proposal in regard to ethical policies and procedures necessary to conduct human-subject research, educational research, or research related to population health. Course Name: OTR 755 OTD Research Portfolio 5 — Qualitative Research Project Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Completion of a scholarly qualitative or mixed methods research report that supports clinical practice. Submission for professional or public audience presentation or for publication in a peer-reviewed journal is required. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.6.3. Scholarly Reports Create scholarly reports appropriate for presentation or for publication in a peer-reviewed journal that support skills of clinical practice. The reports must be made available to professional or public audiences. Course Name: OTR 701 The Historical Analysis of Occupational Therapy Profession Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Analysis of occupational therapy history, sociopolitical climate and its importance in meeting society’s current and future needs. Introduction to occupational therapy practice philosophical base, terminologies, scope of practice, professional roles and associations, certification/licensure, regulation, and accreditation as a baseline for professional development. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.3.1. OT History, Philosophical Base, Theory, and Sociopolitical Climate Analyze and evaluate occupational therapy history, philosophical base, theory, and sociopolitical climate and their importance in meeting society’s current and future occupational needs as well as how these factors influence and are influenced by practice. Course Name: OTR 780 OT Professional Development Seminar — Occupational Therapy Code of Ethics Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Principles and constructs of the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) Occupational Therapy Code of Ethics and AOTA Standards of Practice. Analysis of ethical dilemmas and case study scenarios of clinical situations, decision-making, professional interactions, client interventions, employment settings, and personal and organizational ethical conflicts. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.7.1 Ethical Decision Making. Demonstrate knowledge of the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) Occupational Therapy Code of Ethics and AOTA Standards of Practice and use them as a guide for ethical decision making in professional interactions, client Course Name: OTR 781 OT Professional Development Seminar — The Reflective Occupational Therapist Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Apply the concept of “therapeutic use of self” in the occupational therapy process with self-reflection on one’s personality, insights, perceptions, and judgments. Explore skills and knowledge needed to promote inclusiveness, diversity, justice, equity, sensitivity and responsiveness to societal and cultural differences in practice. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.4.1. Therapeutic Use of Self Demonstrate therapeutic use, including one’s personality, insights, perceptions, and judgments, as part of the therapeutic process in both individual and group interaction. Course Name: OTR 782 OT Professional Development Seminar — Effective Communication and Team Dynamics Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Introduction to the principles of interprofessional team dynamics, effective communication, and effective intraprofessional collaboration. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.4.23. Effective Communication Identify occupational needs through effective communication with patients, families, communities, and members of the interprofessional team in a responsive and responsible manner that supports a team approach to the promotion of health and wellness. B.4.24. Effective Intraprofessional Collaboration Demonstrate effective intraprofessional OT/OTA collaboration to: Identify the role of the occupational therapist and occupational therapy assistant in the screening and evaluation process. Demonstrate and identify techniques in skills of supervision and collaboration with occupational therapy assistants. B.4.25. Principles of Interprofessional Team Dynamics Demonstrate knowledge of the principles of interprofessional team dynamics to perform effectively in different team roles to plan, deliver, and evaluate patient- and population-centered care as well as population health programs and policies that are safe, timely, efficient, effective, and equitable. Course Name: OTR 783 OT Professional Development Seminar — Program Development and Funding of Occupational Therapy Services Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Overview of important aspects and processes in developing programs that address occupational therapy needs, including funding sources, such as reimbursement systems and documentation as well as locating and securing grants. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.4.29. Reimbursement Systems and Documentation Demonstrate knowledge of various reimbursement systems and funding mechanisms (e.g., federal, state, third party, private payer), appeals mechanisms, treatment/diagnosis codes (e.g., CPT®, ICD, DSM® codes), and coding and documentation requirements that affect consumers and the practice of occupational therapy. Documentation must effectively communicate the need and rationale for occupational therapy services. B.6.4. Locating and Securing Grants Demonstrate an understanding of the process of locating and securing grants and how grants can serve as a fiscal resource for scholarly activities and program development. Create grant proposals to support scholarly activities and program development. B.7.3. Promote Occupational Therapy Promote occupational therapy by educating other professionals, service providers, consumers, third-party payers, regulatory bodies, and the public. Course Name: OTR 784 OT Professional Development Seminar — Administration & Management Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Administration and management concepts and trends that influence service delivery to patients, families, students, and others in community and clinical settings, including supervision of personnel, quality improvement methods, and oversight of credentialing and licensure requirements consistent with federal and state laws. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.5.5. Requirements for Credentialing and Licensure Provide care and programs that demonstrate knowledge of applicable national requirements for credentialing and requirements for licensure, certification, or registration consistent with federal and state laws. B.5.7. Quality Management and Improvement Demonstrate leadership skills in the ability to design ongoing processes for quality management and improvement (e.g., outcome studies analysis and client engagement surveys) and develop program changes as needed to demonstrate quality of services and direct administrative changes. B.5.8. Supervision of Personnel Develop strategies for effective, competency-based legal and ethical supervision of occupational therapy and non-occupational therapy personnel. Analyze staff development and professional abilities and competencies of supervised staff as they relate to job responsibilities. Course Name: OTR 785 OT Professional Development Seminar — Adaptive and Assistive Technology and Devices Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Assessment, selection, fabrication, application, fitting, and training of adaptive and assistive technology and devices that enhance occupational performance and foster participation and well-being of persons experiencing limitations due to personal or environmental barriers. Discuss state and federal laws affecting its availability or acquisition. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.4.11. Assistive Technologies and Devices Assess the need for and demonstrate the ability to design, fabricate, apply, fit, and train in assistive technologies and devices (e.g., electronic aids to daily living, seating and positioning systems) used to enhance occupational performance and foster participation and well-being. Course Name: OTR 786 OT Professional Development Seminar — Group Interventions Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Historical and theoretical underpinnings and application of group work to populations spanning the lifespan. Focus on group dynamics and understanding human behavior in a variety of contexts to develop appropriate selection, planning, and facilitation of group interventions. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.4.10. Provide Interventions and Procedures Recommend and provide direct interventions and procedures to persons, groups, and populations to enhance safety, health and wellness, and performance in occupations. This must include the ability to select and deliver occupations and activities, preparatory methods and tasks (including therapeutic exercise), education and training, and advocacy. Course Name: OTR 787 OT Professional Development Seminar — Ergonomics Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Specialized area of ergonomic evaluation and interventions for daily activities at home and in work environments, including body mechanics, work/rest cycles, application of traditional and alternative work environments, application and use of commercially available ergonomic equipment, and development of novel ergonomic applications. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.4.18. Grade and Adapt Processes or Environments Assess, grade, and modify the way persons, groups, and populations perform occupations and activities by adapting processes, modifying environments, and applying ergonomic principles to reflect the changing needs of the client, sociocultural context, and technological advances Course Name: OTR 788 OT Professional Development Seminar — Leadership and Advocacy Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Discussion of personal and professional responsibilities as occupational therapists, including ongoing professional development as well as engagement in advocacy, systems and structures that create legislation, and work in academic settings. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.5.2. Advocacy Identify, analyze, and advocate for existing and future service delivery models and policies, and their potential effect on the practice of occupational therapy and opportunities to address societal needs. B.5.4. Systems and Structures That Create Legislation Identify and evaluate the systems and structures that create federal and state legislation and regulations and their implications and effects on persons, groups, and populations, as well as practice and policy. B.6.6. Preparation for Work in an Academic Setting Demonstrate an understanding and apply the principles of instructional design and teaching and learning in preparation for work in an academic setting. B.7.2. Professional Engagement Demonstrate knowledge of how the role of a professional is enhanced by participating and engaging in local, national, and international leadership positions in organizations or agencies. B.7.4. Ongoing Professional Development Identify and develop strategies for ongoing professional development to ensure that practice is consistent with current and accepted standards. B.7.5. Personal and Professional Responsibilities Demonstrate knowledge of personal and professional responsibilities related to: Liability issues under current models of service provision. Varied roles of the occupational therapist providing service on a contractual basis. Course Name: OTR 789 OT Professional Development Seminar — Business Aspects of Practice Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Business aspects of occupational therapy practice, which include the development of business plans, financial management, program evaluation models, and strategic planning. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: B.5.3. Business Aspects of Practice Demonstrate knowledge of and evaluate the business aspects of practice including, but not limited to, the development of business plans, financial management, program evaluation models, and strategic planning. B.5.6. Market the Delivery of Services Demonstrate leadership skills in the ability to plan, develop, organize, and market the delivery of services to include the determination of programmatic needs and service delivery options, and formulation and management of staffing for effective service provision. Course Name: OTR 790 OTD Capstone Portfolio 1 — Needs Assessment: Identifying an Occupational Therapy Problem Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Introduction to an individual e-portfolio for the OTD degree capstone. As the first of five courses, the focus is to perform a needs assessment to identify an occupational therapy problem as a baseline for the development of a research or evidence-based capstone project in succeeding courses. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: D.1.3. Preparation for Doctoral Capstone Project Ensure that preparation for the capstone project includes a literature review, needs assessment, goals/objectives, and an evaluation plan. Preparation should align with the curriculum design and sequence and is completed prior to the commencement of the 14-week doctoral capstone experience. Course Name: OTR 791 OTD Capstone Portfolio 2 — Evidence-Based Practice: Reviewing Best Intervention Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Evidence-based rehabilitation as applied to occupational therapy practice. The student is mentored through the development of an evidence-based program proposal for a potential capstone experience placement site. A research project proposal may also be acceptable as approved by the academic adviser. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: D.1.3. Preparation for Doctoral Capstone Project Ensure that preparation for the capstone project includes a literature review, needs assessment, goals/objectives, and an evaluation plan. Preparation should align with the curriculum design and sequence and is completed prior to the commencement of the 14-week doctoral capstone experience. Course Name: OTR 792 OTD Capstone Portfolio 3 — Capstone Experience Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: A 14-week, in-depth exposure to one or more of the following: clinical practice skills, research skills, administration, leadership, program and policy development, advocacy, education, and/or theory development. Fulfills the capstone experience requirement of the OTD degree. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would satisfy the following ACOTE standards as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: D.1.5. Length of Doctoral Capstone Experience. Require that the length of the doctoral capstone experience be a minimum of 14 weeks (560 hours). This may be completed on a part-time basis and must be consistent with the individualized specific objectives and capstone project. No more than 20% of the 560 hours can be completed off site from the mentored practice setting(s), to ensure a concentrated experience in the designated area of interest. Time spent off site may include independent study activities such as research and writing. Prior fieldwork or work experience may not be substituted for this doctoral capstone experience. D.1.7. Evaluation of Doctoral Capstone Experiences Document a formal evaluation mechanism for objective assessment of the student’s performance during and at the completion of the doctoral capstone experience. Course Name: OTR 793 OTD Capstone Portfolio 4 — Capstone Project I Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: The first phase of the capstone project completion. The student is mentored through (1) the selection of doctoral capstone project committee, (2) development of a capstone project proposal for committee review and approval, (3) facilitation of the proposed research or evidence-based program. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would partially satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: D.1.8. Doctoral Capstone Project Ensure completion and dissemination of an individual doctoral capstone project that relates to the doctoral capstone experience and demonstrates synthesis of in-depth knowledge in the focused area of study. Course Name: OTR 797 OTD Capstone Portfolio 5 — Capstone Project II Proposer: Terry Peralta-Catipon Type of change: New Course Course description: Completion of the capstone project, which includes both a written report and an oral presentation. Capstone committee approval required. Summary of change(s) and rationale: The course would satisfy the following ACOTE standard as part of the accreditation requirements for the proposed OTD Program: D.1.8. Doctoral Capstone Project: Ensure completion and dissemination of an individual doctoral capstone project that relates to the doctoral capstone experience and demonstrates synthesis of in-depth knowledge in the focused area of study. College of Natural & Behavioral Sciences Program/Course Name: MAT 134 Statistics & Probability - Supported Proposer: Carolyn Yarnall Type of Change: New Course Summary of changes: MAT 134 Statistics & Probability – Supported is being built in response to high demand for introductory statistics and probability with additional support. This course is intended to support students at Mathematics/Quantitative Reasoning placement Level III, where students are considered not ready for the greater pace of the standard 3-unit course, MAT 131. In contrast to the existing MAT 132, MAT 134 will not include mandatory supplemental instruction. The course will have the same learning outcomes as the other courses and will enable the department to offer tailored levels of support to students with varying needs and preparation. University Library No submissions received.
Fabrication and drying of CNC-based microcapsules with PDMS/antimicrobial oil cores via the microcapillary device Yunze Dai Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses Part of the Materials Science and Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Dai, Yunze, "Fabrication and drying of CNC-based microcapsules with PDMS/antimicrobial oil cores via the microcapillary device" (2016). Open Access Theses. 763. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/763 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact email@example.com for additional information. PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL Thesis/Dissertation Acceptance This is to certify that the thesis/dissertation prepared By Yunze Dai Entitled Fabrication and Drying of CNC-based Microcapsules with PDMS Antimicrobial Oil Cores via The Microcapillary Device For the degree of Master of Science in Materials Science Engineering Is approved by the final examining committee: Carlos Martinez Chair Jeffrey Youngblood Lia Stanciu To the best of my knowledge and as understood by the student in the Thesis/Dissertation Agreement, Publication Delay, and Certification Disclaimer (Graduate School Form 32), this thesis/dissertation adheres to the provisions of Purdue University’s “Policy of Integrity in Research” and the use of copyright material. Approved by Major Professor(s): Carlos Martinez Approved by: David Bahr Head of the Departmental Graduate Program 4/7/2016 FABRICATION AND DRYING OF CNC-BASED MICROCAPSULES WITH PDMS/ANTIMICROBIAL OIL CORES VIA THE MICROCAPILLARY DEVICE A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University by Yunze Dai In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Materials Science Engineering May 2016 Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana For my parents, who loved me so much and gave me encouragements no matter what great matters I came across ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Purdue University for providing me with the great opportunity to study and do research here. First of all, I want to express my great appreciate to Professor Carlos Martinez, who helped me a lot not only with respect to my research, but also respect to my life. Without his guidance, I could not understand the knowledge comprehensively and finish the project smoothly. I also want to say thanks to Professor Jeffrey Youngblood and Professor Stanciu for agreeing to be on my committee and providing useful suggestions. I also want to thank my group member Colton Steiner who helped me with the rheology tests and Congwang Ye who helped me initiate the project and trained me to learn many useful lab skills. Last but not least, many thanks to David Meyer, Patricia Metcalf, Patricia Finney, Vicki Cline, Donna Bystrom and Christi Adams for their generous help for the past two years. # TABLE OF CONTENTS \| Section \| Page \| \|------------------------------------------------------------------------\|------\| \| LIST OF FIGURES \| v \| \| ABSTRACT \| viii \| \| CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION \| 1 \| \| CHAPTER 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS \| 10 \| \| 2.1 CNC Suspensions \| 10 \| \| 2.2 Double emulsion Composition \| 10 \| \| 2.3 Rheology Measurements \| 12 \| \| 2.4 Interfacial Tension Measurements \| 13 \| \| 2.5 Microcapillary Device \| 13 \| \| 2.6 Double Emulsion Generation and Characterization \| 14 \| \| 2.7 Capsule drying \| 15 \| \| 2.8 Crosslinking Schemes \| 16 \| \| CHAPTER 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS \| 17 \| \| 3.1 Fabrication of CNC-based Capsules \| 17 \| \| 3.2 TEM of CNCs and Bulk Phase Behavior \| 18 \| \| 3.3 Rheology of CNC Suspension \| 21 \| \| 3.4 PDMS Oil Core /CNC-Only Double Emulsion Generation \| 22 \| \| 3.5 CNC Shell Evolution and Drying \| 27 \| \| 3.5.1 CNC-Only Shell Evolution \| 27 \| \| 3.5.2 CNC-Only Shell Drying \| 29 \| \| 3.6 CNC-PEGDA Capsules \| 34 \| \| 3.7 Double Emulsion Generation using CNC-PEGDA Suspension \| 34 \| \| 3.8 Effect of UV-Exposure Time \| 36 \| \| 3.9 CNC-PEGDA Shell Evolution, Drying and Rehydration \| 37 \| \| 3.9.1 CNC-PEGDA Shell Evolution Under Crossed Polarizers \| 37 \| \| 3.9.2 CNC-PEGDA Capsule Drying \| 39 \| \| 3.9.3 Rehydrated Capsules \| 43 \| \| 3.10 Encapsulation of Antimicrobial Oils in CNC-PEGDA Capsules \| 45 \| \| CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSIONS \| 47 \| \| BIBLIOGRAPHY \| 50 \| LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Schematic procedure for the fabrication of polymer and carbon microcapsules containing Si-CNT nanocomposites. [4] ................................................................. 2 Figure 2. Images of structure of different capsules: (A) polystyrene colloidosomes [5], (B) ceramic microcapsules (scale bar, 20 μm) [24], (C) titania composite microcapsules [6] (scale bar, 2 μm), (D) cellulose nanocrystal reinforced capsules [25], an (E) poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) microcapsules [7] ........................................... 3 Figure 3. Schematic of generating double emulsions using (a) & (b) PDMS/glass device with T-junction channels [9, 10], and (c) microcapillary device [26]. .................. 4 Figure 4. (a) Acid hydrolysis mechanism and (b) esterification of cellulose nanocrystals surfaces. ............................................................................................................. 6 Figure 5. Images of (a) the formation of a chiral nematic liquid crystal phase, (b) the iridescence reflected by the photonic CNC films [16] and (c) templating of the CNC-derived helical structure into inorganic materials (here, titanium dioxide) [22]. .............. 7 Figure 6. SEM images showing the structure of hexadecane-core CNC-shell capsules. The content increased from sample (a) 0.5 wt% CNC and 45 wt% hexadecane, (b) 0.5 wt% CNC and 0.7 wt% hexadecane to (c) 0.5 wt% CNC and 0.4 wt% hexadecane [25]. ........................................................................................................................................... 8 Figure 7. Photograph of setup to measure interfacial tension based on the pendant drop method. ............................................................................................................................... 12 Figure 8. Schematics of (a) microcapillary microfluidic device, and (b) generation of double emulsions composed of an oil core surrounded by a CNC suspension shell. ...... 14 Figure 9. (a) Schematic of CNC capsule drying chamber and (b) photograph of the drying chamber filled with PDMS oil. .................................................................................... 15 Figure 10. Schematic showing two crosslinking schemes called (a) stationary and (b) flowing. ................................................................................................................................. 16 \| Figure \| Page \| \|-----------------------------------------------------------------------\|------\| \| Figure 11. Schematic depicting the formation and evolution of cnc capsules with PDMS oil cores generated in microcapillary devices \| 18 \| \| Figure 12. TEM micrograph of the CNCs used in this study. \| 18 \| \| Figure 13. Apparent viscosity ($\eta_{app}$) as a function of shear rate ($\gamma$) for different wt% CNC suspensions. \| 19 \| \| Figure 14. Apparent viscosity ($\eta_{app}$) as a function of shear rate ($\gamma$) for (a) different wt% CNC suspensions and (b) 10 wt% cnc suspensions measured after different delay times. \| 21 \| \| Figure 15. (a-c) Optical images of double emulsion drop composed of a PDMS oil core surrounded by a 10 wt% CNC-only shell near the entrance of the exit capillary. (bottom) table of outer ($Q_{out}$), middle ($Q_{mid}$) and inner ($q_{inn}$) flow rates and inner ($d_{inn}$) and outer. \| 24 \| \| Figure 16. (a) Inner and outer drop diameters as a function of the ratio between outer flow rate ($Q_{out}$) and the sum of the middle ($Q_{mid}$) and inner ($Q_{inn}$) flow rates. (b) double emulsion drop shell thickness as a function of the ratio of $Q_{inn}$ and the sum of $Q_{out}$ and $Q_{mid}$. \| 25 \| \| Figure 17. (a-d) Optical images of a group of double emulsion drops composed of a PDMS oil core surrounded by a 10 wt% cnc-only shell generated with different flow rates. (bottom) table of outer ($Q_{out}$), middle ($Q_{mid}$) and inner ($Q_{inn}$) flow rates and inner ($d_{inn}$) and outer ($d_{out}$) drop diameters for double emulsions shown in a-d. All scale bars correspond to 100 $\mu$m. \| 26 \| \| Figure 18. Optical images using crossed polarizers of a group of double emulsion drops composed of a 10 cSt pdms oil core surrounded by a 10 wt% CNC suspension taken (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) 6 and (d) 36 hours after generation. The scale bar in (d) correspond to 100 $\mu$m. \| 29 \| \| Figure 19. Ratio of the outer diameter ($d_{out}$) and the initial outer diameter ($d_{out-i}$) as a function of drying time for samples with different number of double emulsion drops. \| 31 \| \| Figure 20. Optical images of a group of dried PDMS oil cores/CNC-only capsules dispersed in PDMS oil. (bottom) table of number of drops, outer diameter ($d_{out}$), circularity and shell thickness for samples a-d. \| 3 \| Figure 21. Optical images showing (a) the generation in a microcapillary device of double emulsion drops composed of a PDMS oil core surrounded by an aqueous CNC-PEGDA suspension drop, (b) group of UV-crosslinked PDMS oil core/CNC-PEGDA shells, and (c) group of dried PDMS oil core/CNC-PEGDA shell capsules, all dispersed in 10 cSt PDMS oil. Photographs of vials containing (d) UV-crosslinked PDMS oil core/CNC-PEGDA capsules dispersed in 10 cSt PDMS oil, and (e) air dried PDMS oil core/CNC-PEGDA capsules. ................................................................. 36 Figure 22. Optical image time sequence using crossed polarizers of PDMS oil core/CNC-PEGDA shell (a) uncrosslinked double emulsion drops, and capsules crosslinked via the stationary scheme for (b) 45 and (c) 90 minutes while (d) was crosslinked for 5 minutes while flowing. The scale bar in (d) applies to all images. ............... 39 Figure 23. Optical image time sequence of pdms oil core/cnc-pegda shell (a) uncrosslinked double emulsion drop, and capsules crosslinked via the stationary scheme for (b) 15 and (c) 45 minutes while (d) was flowing crosslinked for 5 minutes. The scale bar in (d) applies to all images. (below) table of uv-crosslinking ......................... 41 Figure 24. Optical images showing the rehydration of cnc-pegda capsules with pdms oil cores that were crosslinked via the (a) stationary and (b) flowing schemes. The scale bar in (b) applies to all images. ........................................................................... 42 Figure 25. Optical images of pdms oil core/cnc-pegda shell (a) uncrosslinked double emulsion drop, and capsules crosslinked via the stationary scheme for (b) 15 and (c) 45 minutes while (d) was flow crosslinked for 5 minutes. The scale bar in (d) applies to all images and corresponds to 25 µm. ................................................................. 42 Figure 26. (a-c) Optical images of the generation of double emulsion drops composed of 1:1 antimicrobial oil to pdms oil cores surrounded by cnc-pegda suspension drop dispersed in pdms oil with 2 wt% 749 surfactant. (below) table containing the core drop composition for the samples, flow rates used, and drops inner ($d_{inn}$) and outer ($d_{out}$) diameters. The scale bar in (c) applies to all images. .................................................. 45 Figure 27. Optical images of cnc-pegda shell capsules with (a) peppermint, (b) tea tree, and (c) lemon oil cores mixed 1:1 with 10 cst pdms oil, (i) after 5-minute flowing uv-crosslinking, (ii) dried capsules in pdms oil, (iii), dried capsules in air, and (iv) after rehydration the scale bar in (c-iv) applies to all images. .................................................. 47 Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) which are the crystalline regions of elementary microfibrils found in cellulose are becoming a promising biocompatible nanoscale building block. We report on the generation, evolution, and drying of CNC capsules with oil cores, obtained from double emulsion drops. Microcapillary devices were used to generate the double emulsion drops with outer diameters ranging from 75 to 225 μm, and shell thicknesses ranging from 5 to 60 μm. 10 wt% aqueous CNC suspensions without and with the addition of PEGDA, a UV-crosslinkable binder, were used as the shell material while 10 cSt PDMS oil was used in the core. Drops were dispersed in 10 cSt PDMS oil. The evolution of the CNCs in the shell was tracked as a function of time in an optical microscope operated in bright field mode and under crossed polarizers. Soon after double emulsion generation, a fraction of the CNCs adhere to the inner and outer oil/water interfaces providing enhanced drop stability and influencing the assembly of the CNCs in the shell. Before drying, an anisotropic chiral nematic phase forms that occupies 30 to 38% of the shell volume. During drying the CNC volume fraction increases forming a shell with a non-uniform thickness due to the difference in densities between the inner and outer drops. The addition of PEGDA increased the strength of the capsules but delayed the anisotropic phase onset. A flowing UV-crosslinking method for the CNC-PEGDA capsules improved their strength and shape when compared to stationary UV-crosslinking. Finally, the encapsulation of antimicrobial oils in CNC-PEGDA capsules was also demonstrated. CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION In the past 15 years, several methods have been developed to fabricate microcapsules including layer by layer approach [1, 2], surfactant mediated emulsion [3,4], sol-gel processes and microfluidic methods [22, 23]. For example, microcapsules containing silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanocomposite have been fabricated by a surfactant mediated sol–gel method as shown in Figure 1[4]. A wide range off particles and capsules including polystyrene colloidsomes with selective permeability [5], ceramic microcapsules used as scaffolds for the enzymatic detection of marine toxin [24], cellulose nanocrystal reinforced capsules for food applications [25], titania composite microcapsules used as bio-microreactors [6] and poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) microcapsules for stem cell differentiation [7] have been fabricated using different methods. Figure 2 shows the morphology and microstructure of these particles and capsules. Recently, microfluidics has emerged as an efficient and economic technique for controlled fabrication of particles and capsules. The most common geometry of microfluidics is known as a T-junction, usually fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) [8]. Figure 3 (a) shows the concept for generating double emulsions using a T-junction microchannel presented by Okushima, et al. [9] Water-in-oil-in-water (W/OW) double emulsions were generated in a two-step process where aqueous droplets break in oil at the upstream hydrophobic junction followed by another drop break formed at the downstream hydrophilic junction. In addition to the T-junction microfluidic device, other devices with more complicated geometries have been developed based on the T-junction geometry. For example, Chen, et al. reported using a microfluidic device as shown in Figure 3 (b) to produce O/W/O dispersions with narrow size distribution [10]. The oil monomer was first encapsulated by the aqueous monomer solution, forming an oil-in-water single emulsion that passes through the channel A. Then the droplets flowed into the long channel B, where the water was encapsulated by the fluorocarbon oil, forming the O/W/O emulsions. Figure 3. Images of structure of different capsules: (A) polystyrene colloidosomes [5], (B) ceramic microcapsules (scale bar, 20 μm) [24], (C) titania composite microcapsules [6] (scale bar, 2 μm), (D) cellulose nanocrystal reinforced capsules [25], an (E) poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) microcapsules [7] A challenge of fabricating PDMS microfluidic devices for double emulsion generation is that they, require highly localized surface functionalization to control the wettability, which limits its applications. Moreover, the use of these devices is also limited when it comes to strong solvents or siloxane-based compounds since PDMS easily deteriorates by those chemicals [9]. Utada et. al. overcame these two limitations by introducing a new kind of microfluidic device based on a coaxial geometry, as shown in Figure 3 (c) [26]. The device is constructed by nesting cylindrical glass capillary tubes within a square glass tube. A coaxial flow is formed at the exit of the collection tube because of the hydrodynamic focusing of three fluids. Either double emulsions or single emulsions can be generated using this device by adjusting the three flowrates to appropriate values, depending if there is an inner injection tube or not [26]. Figure 5. Schematic of generating double emulsions using (a) & (b) PDMS/glass device with T-junction channels [9, 10], and (c) microcapillary device [26]. Microcapillary device with the geometry in Figure 3(c) has been widely used for the generation of double emulsion drops with controlled size and high monodispersity. Congwang et. al. reported to use the microcapillary device to fabricate ceramic microcapsules with different sizes and porosity [24]. Moreover, he also reported the feasibility of using microcapillary device for the generation of cellulose nanocrystals based single- and double-emulsions, which is the basis of the work in this report. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), which is the most abundant natural material extracted from cellulosic biomass, is a linear syndiotactic homopolymer composed of D-anhydroglucopyranose units linked with β-(1, 4)-glycosidic bonds [11] It has a high aspect ratio, low density (1.6 g cm$^{-3}$) and a relatively high elastic modulus (110-220 GPa).[27] Because of its outstanding mechanical properties, low cost and biodegradability, CNCs have gained increase attention for use in fields including nanocomposite films, drug delivery and protein immobilization.[28] CNC nanofibers either in dry state or wet state are usually processed by the acid hydrolysis reaction, in which the purified cellulose is reacted with sulfuric acid. [29] The high hydrophilicity and aspect ratio of CNC leads to flocculation and aggregation of CNC nanofibers through hydrogen bonding. During drying, the abundant hydrogen bonds of cellulose draw the cellulose nanocrystals together, which prevents the cellulose nanocrystals from dispersing into the solvent [12]. Therefore, CNCs are usually processed by the acid hydrolysis to minimizing hydrogen bonding. When hydrolyzed by sulfuric acid, either the glucosidic oxygen (path 1) or cyclic oxygen (path 2) is rapidly protonized by protons from the acid, followed by a slow splitting of glucosidic bonds caused by the addition of water, as shown in Figure 4 (a). During hydrolysis, the amorphous regions of CNCs are digested faster than the crystalline region since the amorphous phase is more reactive with acid molecules [13]. Most of the amorphous regions can be removed when hydrolyzed for 60 min at 45 °C, leaving cellulose nanocrystals with high crystallinity and strength. In addition to chain scission, an esterification of the hydroxyl groups is also evolved in the acid hydrolysis of cellulose with sulfuric acid, as shown in Figure 4 (b). A so-called ‘cellulose sulfate’ can be generated by the esterification reaction that creates sulfate groups on the surfaces of cellulose nanocrystals, resulting in making the surface negatively charged above acidic pH. The negatively charged surface creates repulsion forces among CNCs molecules, which further prevents the aggregation of cellulose nanocrystals driven by hydrogen bonding [14]. Figure 6. (a) Acid hydrolysis mechanism and (b) esterification of cellulose nanocrystals surfaces. CNC has been widely used as reinforcement materials for nanocomposite hydrogels and electrospun nanocomposite fibers [15], security papers, [16] wound dressings and medical implants [17] [18] because of its high elastic modulus, good biocompatibility, low thermal expansion coefficient, and reactive surface chemistry. One distinguished discovery in the development of CNC technology was done by Gray and his co-workers [22] who found the formation of a chiral nematic liquid crystalline phase of CNC suspensions. Above a critical concentration, the CNC rods start to orient themselves, forming stacked planes where the CNC rods are aligned along a vector (director). The orientation of each director is rotating about a perpendicular axis from one plane to the next in a helical form [19,20], as shown in Figure 5 (a). The pitch of this helical modulation is able to be reduced from tens of microns to submicrometer values when the liquid CNCs is dried. The dried CNCs acquires a photonic band gap which causes Bragg’s diffraction of visible light, resulting in the reflected light in an iridescent color as shown in Figure 5 (b). Due to the attractive optical properties of this self-assembled photonic crystal, CNC based films have been widely utilized in applications such as optical encryption [16] or as chiral templates [21], as shown in Figure 5 (c). Figure 7. Images of (a) the formation of a chiral nematic liquid crystal phase, (b) the iridescence reflected by the photonic CNC films [16] and (c) templating of the CNC-derived helical structure into inorganic materials (here, titanium dioxide) [22]. Furthermore, CNC nanofibers not only have a high elastic modulus and strength as mentioned before, they also show oxygen and oil barrier properties 2 orders of magnitude better than the most common packaging material such as ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) [30]. Based on these properties CNCs show great potential as encapsulation materials. Hydrophobic compounds such as hexadecane has been reported to be successfully encapsulated by CNC nanofibers. [25] The capsules containing an oil core (hexadecane) and CNC shell were prepared through a polyaddition reaction at the O/W drop interface. Figure 6 shows the SEM images of the hexadecane-core CNC-shell capsules. However, the capsules in Figure 6 are monodispersed and besides that, few studies have been focused on using CNCs for encapsulation in particular through the fabrication of double emulsions. Figure 8. SEM images showing the structure of hexadecane-core CNC-shell capsules. The content increased from sample (a) 0.5 wt% CNC and 45 wt% hexadecane, (b) 0.5 wt% CNC and 0.7 wt% hexadecane to (c) 0.5 wt% CNC and 0.4 wt% hexadecane [25]. Here, the authors report on the fabrication of CNC capsules with an oil core obtained from water/oil/water double emulsion drops generated in microcapillary microfluidic devices. The process starts with the generation of double emulsion drops composed of an oil-core drop surrounded by an aqueous CNC suspension drop (shell) dispersed in an oil continuous phase using microcapillary devices. Once the drops are generated and collected, the shell is formed by evaporating the excess water from the CNC suspension outer drop. The rheological properties of aqueous CNC suspensions were studied as a function of concentration and rest time. Solution and suspension chemistries were optimized for drop generation and drop stability and polyethylene glycol-diacrylate (PEGDA) was used as a UV-crosslinkable binder for the CNCs to increase shell strength. Both the inner and outer drop diameters were controlled as a function of flow rate and the shell drying rate was tailored via evaporation in PDMS oil. Finally, the encapsulation of antimicrobial oils such as peppermint oil, tea tree oil and lemon oil was demon CHAPTER 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 CNC Suspensions 11.9 wt% wet CNC suspensions were purchased from the Process Development Center, University of Maine. The zeta-potential ($\zeta$) of dilute CNC suspensions ($\Phi_{CNC} = 0.001$) in deionized water (DI-H$_2$O) was -52.6 mV, measured by microelectrophoresis (Zetasizer nano-Z, Malvern Instruments, Northborough, MA, USA). CNC suspensions with concentrations ranging from 2 to 10 wt% were prepared by mixing the 11.9 wt% wet CNC suspensions with the appropriate wt% of DI-H$_2$O followed by sonication (Sonifer S-250D, Branson America, Danbury, CT, USA). All suspensions were sonicated using the same procedure, where the energy applied was 27000 J/g, the pulse time was 1s on/1s off and the amplitude was 60%. An ice bath was used to avoid overheating during the homogenization and the de-esterification of the sulfate group. [8] The suspensions were left on a spinning wheel for further mixing for 12 hours followed by sonication for 30 seconds before the experiments. 2.2 Double Emulsion Composition The core of the double emulsions was composed of either 10 cSt PDMS oil (Clearco Products Co., Inc., Bensalem, PA, USA) or an antimicrobial oil including, peppermint oil (Pure Luxe LLC, Houston, TX, USA), tea tree oil (Majestic Pure Cosmeceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA) and lemon oil (Majestic Pure Cosmeceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA). 2 wt% surfactant (decamethylcyclopentasiloxane with trimethylated silicia (749 fluid, Dow Corning, Midland, MI, USA)) was added to all oils to improve double emulsion stability. CNC suspensions with and without PEDGA served as the outer drop (shell) for the double emulsion drops. CNC-only suspensions were composed of 10 wt% CNC in a mixture of 2 wt% poly(vinyl alcohol) (87-89% hydrolyzed, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), 88 wt% DI-H$_2$O. UV-crosslinkable CNC suspensions were composed of 10 wt% CNC, 10 wt% PEGDA (MW=526g/mol, Polysciences, Inc., Warrington, PA, USA), 1 wt% crosslinker (N,N’-methylene bisacrylamide, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), 1 wt% photoinitiator (2-hydroxide-4’-(2-hydroxymehoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), 2 wt% poly(vinyl alcohol), 40 wt% glycerol (ReagentPlus, 99.0% (GC), Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 36 wt% DI-H$_2$O. Xanthan gum (Xanthan gum from Xanthomonas campestris, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added as a rheological modifier when encapsulating antimicrobial oils. The continuous phase was composed of 10 cSt PDMS oil with 2 wt% surfactant (decamethylcyclopentasiloxane with trimethylated silicia (749 fluid, Dow Corning, Midland, MI, USA)). 2.3 Rheology Measurements Rheological measurements were performed in controlled-stress mode using the Malvern Bohlin Gemini HR Nano Rheometer (Gemini HR Nano, Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK). CNC samples with different wt% were placed in a 13 ml coaxial cylinder (cup and bob) geometry, while the temperature was kept as 25 °C. The shear stress varied from 0.01 Pa to 12 Pa. All samples were sonicated using a 1s on/ 1s off program for 30 seconds before rheological tests. Figure 9. Photograph of setup to measure interfacial tension based on the pendant drop method. 2.4 Interfacial Tension Measurements The interfacial tension between the solutions and suspensions used in this work were measured using an in-house built system based on the pendant drop method. The solutions include PDMS and antimicrobial oils, and CNC suspensions with and without PEDGA. A photograph of the pendant drop setup is shown in Figure 7. In a typical measurement, a glass syringe was partially filled with the lower density fluid, usually the oil. A syringe filled with the aqueous CNC suspension was placed in a syringe and connected using PE-5 polyethylene tubing to a 2.1 mm outer diameter metal nozzle. The nozzle is then inserted in the oil solution and a pendant drop is carefully extruded. Images of the pendant drop were captured using a digital camera. ImageJ with the pendant drop plugin were used to obtain the shape profile to calculate the interfacial tension as shown by Hansen et al. [51]. 2.5 Microcapillary Device A detailed description of the fabrication of the microcapillary device and its use can be found elsewhere. [12,13] A schematic of the microcapillary device is shown in Figure 8a. In short, a cylindrical glass capillary (World Precision Instruments, Sarasota, FL) with 15.24 cm in length, an outer diameter of 1.0 mm and inner diameter of 0.580 mm was pulled with a pipette puller (model P-97, Sutter Instruments, Novato, CA), producing two tapered capillaries with the same configuration. Then a forge station (Micro Forge MF 830, Narishige, Japan) was used to adjust the diameter of tapered glass capillaries to the desired value. The tapered capillaries were washed with ethanol (reagent grade, Sigma) and then went through a surface treatment where the input capillary was coated to be hydrophobic by octadecyltrichlorosilane (Gelest, Inc., Morrisville, PA) while the collection capillary was coated to be hydrophilic with a solution of ethanol, acetic acid (99.7 + % A.C.S. reagent, Sigma), DI-H$_2$O and 2-[methoxy(polyethylenoxy)propyl] trimethoxysilane (90%, Gelest, Inc.).[13] The round capillaries were then manually inserted and aligned in a square capillary. A 5-minute epoxy was used to glue the capillaries on two glass slides. Three 20G luer-stubs (Intramedic Luer Stub Adapters, Beckton Dickinson, Sparks, MD) served as fluid inputs for the devices. Figure 10. Schematics of (a) microcapillary microfluidic device, and (b) generation of double emulsions composed of an oil core surrounded by a CNC suspension shell. 2.6 Double Emulsion Generation and Characterization Outer (continuous), middle (shell) and inner (core) fluids were loaded into glass syringes (Hamilton Gastight, Hamilton Co., Reno, NV) with blunt 20G luer-stub needles. The flow rates of three fluids were controlled with syringe pumps (PHD 2000, Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA) and the double emulsions were generated by adjusting the three flow rates independently as shown in Figure 8b. The drop generation process was visualized in an inverted microscope (Axio Observer, Zeiss America) fitted with a fast-camera (Phantom V9, Vision Research, Wayne, NJ). The evolution of the double emulsion drops during drying was captured on an inverted microscope with a digital camera (QICAM, Qimaging, Surrey, BC, Canada) set to bright-field mode with and without crossed polarizers. ImageJ (W. S. Rasband, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD) was used to analyze the digitally captured images to obtain the inner and outer drop diameter as a function of time and to quantify the capsule fabrication yield. 2.7 Capsule Drying To control the water removal from the CNC suspension shell, the double emulsions were collected in a drying chamber made by gluing a 2.5 cm diameter, 3 cm height tube to a square glass slide as shown in Figure 9. Water has a solubility of $\sim 40$ mol/m$^3$ in PDMS oil [21] therefore it can act as a semipermeable layer to control water evaporation from the capsules depending on the number of capsules per volume of PDMS oil. Increasing the number of drops leads to longer drying times. Samples with different numbers of double emulsion drops were collected in the chamber filled with 2.45 ml 10 cSt PDMS oil. Images of the shell drying process were captured every 10 minutes until full evaporation. The CNC capsules were then removed from the device to a petri dish for further drying. The dry CNC particles were re-hydrated by placing them in DI-H$_2$O for capsule yield measurements. Figure 11. (a) Schematic of CNC capsule drying chamber and (b) photograph of the drying chamber filled with PDMS oil. 2.8 Crosslinking Schemes Figure 12. Schematic showing two crosslinking schemes called (a) stationary and (b) flowing. Two crosslinking schemes were developed and can be seen in the schematics in Figure 10. The first scheme named “stationary” crosslinking involved placing the double emulsion drops in a tube filled with the continuous phase (PDMS oil) as shown in Figure 8a. A glass slide was placed on top of the tube to prevent evaporation and provide a window for UV-crosslinking. In this setup the UV-exposure is directional and the drops are stationary. In the second scheme, named “flowing” crosslinking and shown in Figure 8b, the double emulsions are flowing through the exit tubing for 5 minutes while they are exposed to UV. Once the capsules are dried through the PDMS oil, they are exposed to UV light for another 40 minutes to fully crosslink the shell and form a stronger network. CHAPTER 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Fabrication of CNC-based Capsules The fabrication of CNC-based capsules in microcapillary devices can be divided into several steps as depicted in the schematic in Figure 11. First, double emulsion drops composed of an oil core surrounded by a CNC suspension are generated in the microcapillary devices and collected in vials partially filled with the continuous PDMS oil phase. Once collected, the CNCs within the shell start self-assembling forming an anisotropic chiral nematic phase and the volume fraction of this phase depends on the CNC concentration (wt%). Initially the shell is in the fluid state (suspension) but to provide strength, excess water from the shell needs to be evaporated, a process that is achieved through the continuous PDMS oil phase. When most of the water has evaporated, the now CNC capsules can be harvested from the oil continuous phase followed by further drying in air and storage for later use. Two CNC-based suspensions were used, one CNC-only and the other CNCs were mixed with PEGDA which served as a UV-crosslinkable binder. The majority of experiments utilized PDMS oil as a model core material but antimicrobial oils were also encapsulated to show the versatility and potential application of CNC-based capsules. Experiments were designed to study the different stages of CNC capsule formation, and results are presented and discussed in the following sections. Figure 13. Schematic depicting the formation and evolution of cnc capsules with PDMS oil cores generated in microcapillary devices. 3.2 TEM of CNCs and Bulk Phase Behavior Figure 14. TEM micrograph of the CNCs used in this study. Figure 15. Apparent viscosity ($\eta_{app}$) as a function of shear rate ($\dot{\gamma}$) for different wt% CNC A TEM of the CNCs used in this study is shown in Figure 12. The image shows a polydisperse population of CNCs that are on average $64 \pm 20$ nm long ($L$) and $6.7 \pm 1.8$ nm wide ($d$) determined via image analysis. Their average dimensions corresponds to an aspect ratio ($R = L/d$) of 9.5. The CNC aspect ratio plays an important geometrical role on the CNC assembly as well as flow properties. CNCs are well known to form an anisotropic phase above a certain critical concentration [22]. CNC suspensions with different wt% concentrations were placed in cuvettes and observed over a period of 120 hours to track the formation of the characteristic CNC anisotropic phase over time and to quantify its volume fraction. A photograph showing a row of cuvettes containing CNC-only suspensions with concentrations ranging from 2 to 11.9 wt% after 72 hours is shown in Figure 13a. The anisotropic phase appears as a highly opaque region at the bottom of the cuvettes. The anisotropic phase volume fraction as a function of CNC wt% is shown in Figure 13b. The critical concentration where the anisotropic phase becomes appreciable occurs in the concentration range between 4 to 6 wt%. The specific volume fraction where the transition occurs was difficult to obtain from the images. Below this concentration range, the suspension forms an isotropic phase and above it is biphasic. At its highest concentration (11.9 wt%) the anisotropic phase volume fraction is 0.63 while the fraction at 10 wt%, which is the concentration used through this work, is 0.39. In a non-charged rod system the anisotropic phase increases linearly with concentration as shown by Buining et. al. [31] for boehmite rods. However, Dong et al. [32] showed that for charged CNCs the biphasic range does not follow a linear concentration dependence and it is expected that this will be the case for the CNCs used in this study. As an approximation, a linear fit was performed on the data and the biphasic to anisotropic transition should occur at ~15.9 wt% CNC concentration. 3.3 Rheology of CNC Suspension Figure 16. Apparent viscosity ($\eta_{app}$) as a function of shear rate ($\dot{\gamma}$) for (a) different wt% CNC suspensions and (b) 10 wt% cnc suspensions measured after different delay times. The as-received 11.9 wt% wet CNC suspension have the appearance of a weak gel that flows easily under the influence of gravity. The flow of CNC suspensions in microcapillary devices is greatly influenced by their rheological properties [33] and viscosities higher than 100 Pa·s can lead to high pressures that could induce drop generation instabilities [26]. Therefore, it is important to understand the rheological behavior of CNC suspensions as function of concentration and shear rate. The apparent viscosity ($\eta_{app}$) as a function of shear rate ($\dot{\gamma}$) of CNC suspensions with concentrations ranging from 2 to 11.9 wt% are shown in Figure 14. The suspension $\eta_{app}$ increases an order of magnitude from 0.0022 Pa·s to 0.025 Pa·s measured at $\dot{\gamma} = 100$ s$^{-1}$ for the 2 and 11.9 wt% suspensions, respectively. Newtonian flow behavior is observed for concentrations < 4 wt% while higher concentrations show a small decrease in viscosity with increasing $\dot{\gamma}$. The viscosity of the CNC suspensions used in this work are low when compared to similar work by Ye et al. [33], and Dagang et al. [34] which reported one to two orders of magnitude higher $\eta_{app}$ for similar or lower CNC concentrations and higher aspect ratios. Additionally, the different stages of $\eta_{app}$ decrease with increasing $\dot{\gamma}$ that are associated with the breakup of tactoids, and subsequent alignment of the CNCs are also not present [33]. CNCs from different sources and acid treatments will have different properties in solution making a comparison difficult. The usual high viscosities of well dispersed CNC suspensions are due to surface charge electroviscous effects and high aspect ratios [35]. It is possible that the lower viscosities observed here are due to the CNCs relative small $R$ combined with its polydispersity. However, a more detailed study is needed to fully understand the effects of $R$ on CNC suspension rheology. From a practical point of view, the lower viscosities of the CNC suspensions facilitate their flow in microcapillary devices even at the highest concentration tested i.e. using the as-received CNC suspension. The evolution of the CNC suspension was also studied by measuring the $\eta_{app}$ of 10 wt% CNC suspensions that were left unperturbed for up to 24 hours as shown in Figure 14b. There is a relatively small increase in viscosity at $\dot{\gamma} = 5 \text{ s}^{-1}$ from 0.016 to 0.028 for a 24-hour delay period associated with the formation of the anisotropic phase. All samples show some shear thinning as the CNCs align due to the imposed shear stress. However, the modest increase in viscosity and the lack of a pronounced shear thinning behavior as shown by Ye et al. [33] suggests that the CNCs form tenuous networks that are easily perturbed by the applied shear stress. These results are congruent with qualitative observations of the as-received CNC stock. ### 3.4 PDMS Oil Core /CNC-Only Double Emulsion Generation The generation of O/W/O double emulsions was initially studied using 10 cSt PDMS oil for both the core fluid and continuous phase and CNC only suspensions as the surrounding drop (shell). 10 cSt PDMS oil was used as a model oil since it is non-volatile, can be easily stabilized inside aqueous drops by using PVA and glycerol as a surfactant mixture, and is a Newtonian fluid [29]. Once the fluids were loaded into the microcapillary devices their flow rates were independently adjusted to obtain a stable drop generation. Optical images showing the generation of double emulsion drops composed of 10 cSt PDMS oil drop surrounded by a 10 wt% CNC suspension drop are shown in Figure 15. The microcapillary used in Figure 15 has an input ($d_{inp}$) and collection ($d_{col}$) capillary diameters of 58.5 µm and 113.2 µm, respectively. Different inner ($d_{inn}$) and outer ($d_{out}$) diameter double emulsions were generated by independently varying the outer ($Q_{out}$), middle ($Q_{mid}$) and inner ($Q_{inn}$) flow rates. The flow rates used to generate the drops as well as the corresponding $d_{inn}$ and $d_{out}$ are listed in the table in Figure 15. Drop breakup in microcapillary devices occurs due to the interplay between viscous stress and interfacial tension between the fluids and two drop breakup regimes are observed: dripping or jetting [37, 38]. Dripping produces monodisperse drops near the entrance of the collection capillary (see Figure 15c) while drop breakup in the jetting regime occurs inside the collection capillary at a distance several times its diameter (see Figure 15a, b). This jet then breaks into double emulsion drops. Usually drop generation in the jetting regime is irregular leading to a polydisperse size population. However, in microcapillary devices with tapered capillaries there is a gradual decrease in the fluid velocity. When the capillary number ($Ca$) is low enough the Rayleigh-Plateau is sustained inducing drop breakup at a fix location producing monodisperse drop [26, 40]. In this work, most stable flow rate combinations produced drops in the jetting regime. The capillary number $Ca = \eta_{out}v/\gamma$ captures the drop breakup physics as it relates the viscous stress and the interfacial tension, where $\eta_{out}$ is the viscosity of the outer fluid, $v$ is the velocity of the outer fluid, and $\gamma$ is the interfacial tension between the outer and middle fluids. The transition from dripping to jetting occurs at $Ca \approx 1$ [26]. Drop generation was stable for hours and the coefficient of variation (CV) for the $d_{inn}$ and $d_{out}$ was < 3% obtained via image analysis. Figure 17. (a-c) Optical images of double emulsion drop composed of a PDMS oil core surrounded by a 10 wt% CNC-only shell near the entrance of the exit capillary. (bottom) table of outer ($Q_{out}$), middle ($Q_{mid}$) and inner ($q_{inn}$) flow rates and inner ($d_{inn}$) and outer An advantage of microfluidic devices for drop generation is that $d_{inn}$ and $d_{out}$ can be controlled independently to obtain drops with different sizes and outer to inner drop size ratios [24, 33]. A plot of $d_{inn}$ and $d_{out}$ as a function of flow rate ratios $Q_{out}/(Q_{inn} + Q_{mid})$ is shown in Figure 16a. Both $d_{inn}$ and $d_{out}$ decreased with increasing flow rate ratio as the shear imposed by the outer fluid on the middle and inner fluids increases. The data shown in Figure 16 was obtained using the microcapillary device shown in Figure 15. With a single device both $d_{inn}$ and $d_{out}$ can be adjusted from 136 to 95 $\mu$m and 227 to 158 $\mu$m, respectively. Figure 16a also shows that by increasing $Q_{out}$ the $d_{inn}$ and $d_{out}$ relative size decreases which will lead to smaller initial shell thicknesses. Controlling the shell thickness can be better appreciated by independently adjusting the flow rates so the difference between $d_{inn}$ and $d_{out}$ is smaller. Figure 16b shows the shell thickness as a function of the ratio $Q_{inn}/(Q_{out} + Q_{mid})$. The shell thickness can be tailored by increasing $Q_{inn}$ while maintaining $Q_{out} + Q_{mid}$ constant from 53 $\mu$m to 5 $\mu$m for ratios of 0.025 to 0.26, respectively. Figure 18. (a) Inner and outer drop diameters as a function of the ratio between outer flow rate ($Q_{out}$) and the sum of the middle ($Q_{mid}$) and inner ($Q_{inn}$) flow rates. (b) double emulsion drop shell thickness as a function of the ratio of $Q_{inn}$ and the sum of $Q_{out}$ and $Q_{mid}$. Figure 20. (a-d) Optical images of a group of double emulsion drops composed of a PDMS oil core surrounded by a 10 wt% cnc-only shell generated with different flow rates. (bottom) table of outer ($Q_{out}$), middle ($Q_{mid}$) and inner ($Q_{in}$) flow rates and inner ($d_{inn}$) and outer ($d_{out}$) drop diameters for double emulsions shown in a-d. All scale bars correspond to 100 µm. Optical microscope images of double emulsion drops with different $d_{inn}$ and $d_{out}$ can be seen in Figure 17. The images show a sample of the drop sizes and shell thickness that can be generated using a single microcapillary device. The inner drop appears off-center due to the difference in... density between the core $(\rho_{PDMS} = 0.96 \text{ g/mL})$ and the outer drop $(\rho_{CNC-H_2O} \sim 1.06 \text{ g/mL})$. All optical microscope images shown in this work were obtained in an inverted microscope where the view is from the bottom of the sample parallel to the gravitational axis (z-axis). Due to their density difference, the cores always move to the top of the surrounding drop (shell) and in many cases appear to be centered. While this might be the case in the x-y plane, the cores are always offset along the z-axis. Which means that the shell is not-uniform and has its thinnest region at the top of the drop and it is thicker at the bottom. The collected capsules regardless of their $d_{out}$ or shell thickness remain stable in the PDMS oil continuous phase for months. This can be attributed to both the excellent surfactant used in PDMS oil and the preference for CNCs to absorb at oil/water interfaces. ### 3.5 CNC Shell Evolution and Drying #### 3.5.1 CNC-Only Shell Evolution Once the oil core/CNC suspension shell drops are generated they are collected for storage or drying. During collection the CNC shell evolves as the strong interaction between the CNCs can form a chiral nematic phase as has been widely observed in CNC systems [30, 32, 33]. CNC arrangement within the shell can have a profound effect on shell microstructure. The evolution of CNC shells with and without PEGDA was studied under crossed polarizes since the isotropic to anisotropic transition can be observed as a change in the polarized light pattern within the shells. In this section the focus is on the evolution of double emulsion drops with CNC-only shells and PDMS oil cores. Optical images taken with crossed polarizes showing the time evolution of double emulsion drops with a 10 cSt PDMS oil core surrounded by 10 wt% CNC suspension shells are shown in Figure 8. The first image (Figure 18a) correspond to the start of image capture and it does not include the time it took to collect and prepare the sample, which was approximately 16 minutes. The images show a dark background with brighter concentric regions that delineate the double emulsion drops. In Figure 18(a,b), 0 and 1h, respectively, the shell shows four bright regions separated by a central cross region reminiscent of the Maltese cross pattern observed in liquid crystals[33]. Also, smaller bright speckle patterns that correspond to the presence of tactoids, or small domains of ordered CNCs. Overtime, the speckle pattern disappears and the Maltese cross pattern becomes brighter and more defined. This process takes around six hours as shown in Figure 8c, and little change is observed after 24 hours as shown in Figure 18d. The formation of a Maltese cross pattern is characteristic of assembly parallel to the curvature of drops and capsules [42]. CNCs aligned parallel to the polarizer or analyzer will appear as dark regions, while those at other angles will appear as bright regions. The first image in the series indicate that in a short period of time the CNC are already aligning along the curvature of the shell. This is not an unexpected result considering that CNCs have a strong affinity for oil-water interfaces as shown by Capron et al. [43]. CNCs that adhere to the oil-water outer and inner interfaces in the double emulsion drops, will dictate the assembly of CNCs in the bulk as the anisotropic phase develops with time. The disappearance of the tactoids overtime is also indicative of the anisotropic phase formation. The images shown in Figure 18 only show a thin region of the total volume of the drop. Therefore, it is not clear what fraction of the shell volume is occupied by the anisotropic vs the isotropic phase. Moreover, the isotropic phase appears dark under crossed polarizers therefore the anisotropic phase bright regions visually dominate the images regardless of the focal plane of observation within the drop. Based on the bulk experiments shown in Figure 13 for a 10 wt% CNC concentrationm the anisotropic phase fraction is 0.385. Therefore, the majority of the shell volume is occupied by the isotropic phase. The shell transitions from the isotropic phase right after generation to a biphasic state within a couple hours and a fraction of the anisotropic phase forms within minutes of generation. Figure 21. Optical images using crossed polarizers of a group of double emulsion drops composed of a 10 cSt pdms oil core surrounded by a 10 wt% CNC suspension taken (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) 6 and (d) 36 hours after generation. The scale bar in (d) correspond to 100 µm. 3.5.2 CNC-Only Shell Drying Once the CNC-only double emulsions are generated and collected, it is necessary to evaporate the water from the outer drop to form a robust CNC shell that can survive further processing and harvesting from the PDMS continuous phase. There are different ways that this can be achieved including removing the bulk of the PDMS oil leaving a thin layer where the water can evaporate through. This process offers little control over the rate of evaporation and makes difficult to see the effect of drying rate on the shell formation. A controlled drying setup will require both temperature and humidity control which introduces significant complexity to available microscopy setup. A different approach was taken that uses the capacity of PDMS oil to hold and transport water. PDMS oil while immiscible with water, can have a small molar concentration $\sim 40 \text{ mol/m}^3$ [44], and more importantly it lets water diffuse through in the presence of a concentration gradient. This property was exploited by Ye et al. and Shirk et al. [33] in the fabrication of high concentration CNC-loaded hydrogels and colloidal crystals inside double emulsion drops. The controlled drying setup that was used is simple and utilizes both the capacity of PDMS to act as a semipermeable layer for water and the double emulsion drop number concentration to control shell drying. Once the drops are generated they are collected in a chamber 2.5 cm in diameter and 3 cm in height filled with 2.45 mL of 10 cSt PDMS oil as shown in Figure 19 in the Experimental section. Double emulsions are placed in the chamber and they are imaged on an inverted optical microscope. Images are captured every 10 minutes and the $d_{out}$ was measured using ImageJ. A plot showing the $d_{out}/d_{out-i}$ as a function of time for different double emulsion concentrations are shown in Figure 19, where $d_{out-i}$ is the initial drop $d_{out}$. As the concentration of double emulsion drops increases, the drying time increases and the effect is similar to having a controlled drying chamber. The ability to tune drying based on drop concentration is based on the interplay between water solubility in PDMS oil and water evaporation from the PDMS oil (covering the drops)/air interface. At low double emulsion drop concentrations ($< 500$) the PDMS oil has the capacity to absorb most of the water diffusing from drops which results in fast drying, in some cases $< 1$ hour for 10-100 drops. As the concentration of double emulsion drops increases, the PDMS water concentration reaches saturation quickly and the shell drying slows down as it depends on the evaporation of water from the PDMS oil/air interface. Shell drying among double emulsion drops is inhomogeneous leading to gradients in concentration that speed up the diffusion at later drying stages. Two stages with different diffusivities can be appreciated in Figure 19 corresponding to the saturation regime and the fast drying regime with the effect being more pronounced for higher drop concentrations. An order of magnitude estimate of the water diffusion coefficient on the two regimes can be obtained using a simple model that assumes that the capsules are isolated in the oil, $d_{out}^2 = d_{out-i}^2 - \frac{8C_{Ao}D_A t}{\rho_A}$ where, $C_{Ao}$ is the solubility of water in PDMS oil ($\sim 40$ mol/m$^3$), $\rho_A$ is the molar density of water, $D_A$ is the diffusion coefficient of water in oil and $t$ is time. $D_A$ in the saturation regime is $\sim 10^{-11}$ m$^2$/s while the diffusion coefficient increases to $\sim 10^{-10}$ m$^2$/s in the fast drying regimes. Using the drying through oil method, it was possible to extend the shell drying time from 5.33 hours to 45.3 hours. Figure 22. Ratio of the outer diameter (d$_{out}$) and the initial outer diameter (d$_{out-i}$) as a function of drying time for samples with different number of double emulsion drops. The aim of the drying experiments was to study the effects of drying rates on CNC-only shell formation. A group of dried in oil CNC-capsules for samples with different drop concentrations are shown in Figure 20. All samples show deformed capsules that are similar in size and shape. The circularity determined from image analysis shows a small improvement from 0.81 to 0.88 for the longer drying capsules. However, these results are not statistically significant and show that the effect of prolong drying times are minimal. Initially this appears surprising since longer drying times will allow more time for CNC alignment. However, the data obtained under crossed polarizers shown in Figure 18 shows that the bulk of the CNC assembly occurs quickly after generation therefore the longer drying time do not offer a significant advantage in terms of the capsule’s shape. Dried capsules are harvested from the PDMS oil by removing the excess oil and replacing it with a thin layer of 1 cSt oil which is volatile. CNC-only capsules with PDMS oil are then placed in a vial for future use. The capsules are flexible and break easily under pressure. When the capsules are placed in water, the CNC-only shell disintegrates quickly releasing the oil core due to the high affinity of CNCs with water. These capsules could find use in applications that require fast release in the presence of water. Otherwise a binder is needed to increase both capsules strength and the core release time. Figure 23. Optical images of a group of dried PDMS oil cores/CNC-only capsules dispersed in PDMS oil. (bottom) table of number of drops, outer diameter ($d_{out}$), circularity and shell thickness for samples a-d. 3.6 CNC-PEGDA Capsules As previously discussed, the CNC only capsules are stable in solution and are strong enough for harvesting from solution and drying. However, when they come in contact with water, they quickly re-disperse. A UV-crosslinkable polymer, PEGDA, was added to the CNC suspension to serve as a binder, forming a CNC-PEGDA hydrogel network. PEGDA was chosen because it does not significantly change the rheological properties of the CNC suspension and allows the formation of stable double emulsion drops. In this section, the effects of PEGDA on shell drying and re-hydration will be discussed. Attention was placed on the effect of UV exposure time on the hydrogel network formation and shell morphology both in the wet and dry state. PDMS oil was used as the core material through these experiments. 3.7 Double Emulsion Generation using CNC-PEGDA Suspension Double emulsion drops composed of a PDMS oil core surrounded by a CNC-PEGDA suspension drop (shell material) were successfully generated as shown in Figure 21. This figure shows the whole fabrication process, from generation to storage both in the dry and wet states. The continuous phase is PDMS oil with 2 wt% 749 surfactant. The device $d_{inp} = 47 \mu m$ and $d_{col} = 116 \mu m$, and the flow rates used are $Q_{out} = 5000$, $Q_{mid} = 1500$, $Q_m = 500 \mu L/h$, while $d_{out} = 173 \mu m$ and $d_{inn} = 110 \mu m$. Once the drops are generated they were collected in a vial and exposed to UV light for 15 minutes. A group of crosslinked PDMS oil core CNC-PEGDA shell capsules dispersed in PDMS oil are shown in Figure 21b. Their $d_{inn} = 110 \mu m$ and $d_{out} = 170 \mu m$ with a CV in diameter of 3%. The drops were stable in the oil continuous phase with no coalescence observed and few show core breakups. A group of dried in PDMS oil capsules are shown in Figure 21c with a $d_{out} = 134 \mu m$. The drying method was similar to that used to dry the CNC-only shell capsules. The photograph in Figure 21d shows the crosslinked CNC-PEGDA capsules dispersed in PDMS oil. Once crosslinked, a fraction of the capsules was dried and harvested from the PDMS oil continuous phase to form a powder as shown in Figure 21e. Overall, the CNC-PEGDA capsules are robust and can survive harvesting from solution and further drying in air. The crosslinked capsules in Figure 21b have PDMS oil cores that are off-center due to the difference in density between the PDMS oil and the surrounding CNC-PEGDA suspension. Similar to the CNC-only double emulsion drops, soon after they are generated the cores move to the top of the surrounding CNC-PEGDA drop and their location is fixed after UV-crosslinking. All of the UV-crosslinked capsules have a shell that gradually increases in thickness. The thinnest section ($h_{thin}$) ranges from 2 to 5 µm and the thickest section is close to difference in $d_{out} - (d_{inn} + h_{thin})$. For example, for the capsules in Figure 21b the shell thinnest section is 5 µm while the thickest is 66 µm. The difference in shell thickness results in dried capsules with a thin section on one side and a thicker section on the opposite side. For the dried-in-oil capsules in Figure 21c the shell thickness is 26 µm at the thickest point. The thinnest part of the capsules is its weakest point where shell rupture most likely will occur when the capsules are under pressure. Another important observation is that the crosslinked CNC-PEGDA capsules in Figure 21b show indentations at the shell/outer fluid interface. The indentations are due to the hydrogel CNC-PEGDA network and appear after some drying has occurred through the oil continuous phase. Partial drying starts as soon as the drops are generated but can be exacerbated when more oil is added to the continuous phase, when the samples are transfer from the collection vial to a new container filled with oil, or when an air gap is present in the collection vial or observation chamber. The indentations suggest that the hydrogel structure is weak and not-uniform. The CNC-PEGDA hydrogel network will impact not only the strength of the shell but also its shape and uniformity. Therefore, the effects of UV-crosslinking time and methodology were investigated with the aim of obtaining capsules with shells that are spherical in shape and have high enough strength to survive harvesting from solution, drying, and re-hydration. Figure 24. Optical images showing (a) the generation in a microcapillary device of double emulsion drops composed of a PDMS oil core surrounded by an aqueous CNC-PEGDA suspension drop, (b) group of UV-crosslinked PDMS oil core/CNC-PEGDA shells, and (c) group of dried PDMS oil core/CNC-PEGDA shell capsules, all dispersed in 10 cSt PDMS oil. Photographs of vials containing (d) UV-crosslinked PDMS oil core/CNC-PEGDA capsules dispersed in 10 cSt PDMS oil, and (e) air dried PDMS oil core/CNC-PEGDA capsules. 3.8 Effect of UV-Exposure Time Early in the project the CNC-PEGDA capsules were subject to 45 minutes of UV using a handheld UV-lamp with a low power fluorescent tube ($\sim 0.06 \text{ W/cm}^2$) as was the case discussed in the previous section. After careful examination of the CNC-PEGDA capsules it became apparent that the crosslinking time needed to be increased to ensure full crosslinking of the PEGDA. Two crosslinking schemes were developed and can be seen in the schematics in Figure 10. The first scheme named “stationary” crosslinking involved placing the double emulsion drops in the chamber previously used to study the drying of CNC-only capsules, filled with the continuous phase (PDMS oil) as shown in Figure 10a. A glass slide was placed on top of the tube to prevent evaporation and provide a window for UV-crosslinking. In this setup, the UV-exposure is directional and the drops are stationary. In the second scheme, named “flowing” crosslinking and shown in Figure 10b, the double emulsions are flowing through the exit tubing for 5 minutes while they are exposed to UV. The flowing crosslinked samples are only partially crosslinked after 5 minutes. Once the capsules are dried through the PDMS oil, they are exposed to UV light for another 40 minutes to fully crosslink the shell and form a stronger CNC-PEGDA hydrogel network. It is important to note that after drying through the oil, the CNC-PEGDA network contains a small water concentration. Also, the relatively fraction of PEGDA have increased from the initial 10 wt% to approximately 40 wt% while the rest of the shell is composed of the CNCs and a small fraction of water. 3.9 CNC-PEGDA Shell Evolution, Drying and Rehydration 3.9.1 CNC-PEGDA Shell Evolution Under Crossed Polarizers It is difficult to assess the extent of UV-crosslinking on the CNC-PEGDA shell by looking at them on the optical microscope since both uncrosslinked and fully crosslinked shells are transparent. However, it is possible to observe the effects of crosslinking conditions on both the CNC assembly and shell drying in an optical microscope operated under crossed polarizers and bright field modes, respectively. Capsules crosslinked at different times using the schemes in Figure 10 were observed under crossed polarizers to see the effects of crosslinking conditions on CNC assembly as shown in Figure 22. The first series (Figure 22a) corresponds to the CNC-PEGDA suspension without crosslinking while the series in Figure 22b and 23c correspond to stationary crosslinking for 45 and 90 minutes, respectively. The series in Figure 22d is for a sample using the flowing crosslinking scheme. The initial image for all samples corresponds to the start of the imaging sequence and do not take into account the crosslinking time and sample preparation. The first image (0h) for the uncrosslinked and stationary crosslinked samples (Figure 22a-c) show bright dots that correspond to CNC tactoids. Progressively the tactoids disappear and a Maltese cross forms due to the alignment of the CNCs parallel to the shell curvature and the formation of the anisotropic phase. CNC alignment appears to be slowed down by the presence of the PEGDA even for the uncrosslinked samples when compared to the CNC-only samples. After 6 hours, the majority of the tactoids have disappeared for the stationary crosslinked samples. The ability of the CNC to self-assemble even when the samples are crosslinked shows that the CNC-PEGDA network is open due to the relatively low PEGDA concentration (10 wt%) and molecular weight (400 g/mol). The flowing crosslinked sample (Figure 22d) shows a Maltese cross from the start and the intensity of the bright regions at 45, 135, 225 and 315° increases with time as more of the CNCs become aligned. One hypothesis to explain the lack of tactoids and presence of a Maltese cross from the start of observation could be due to the flow-induced alignment of the CNCs as the drops traverse the exit capillary. Drops flowing in a microcapillary several times their diameter experiences internal flow that can form toroidal flow rings [45]. This internal flow could start imparting alignment on the CNCs as soon as the drops are generated and this, combined with tenuous PEGDA crosslinking can form the corrugated structures observed on the shell outer interface. More experiments are needed to corroborate this hypothesis. The Maltese cross that is formed on the capsule’s shell is due to CNC alignment but cannot be used as conclusive evidence for the extent of alignment within the whole shell. Bulk samples prepared with different concentrations of CNC show that the anisotropic phase increases with concentration. Therefore, similarly to the CNC-only samples, it is expected that most of the CNC anisotropic phase occurs in a fraction of the shell volume. Under crossed polarizers (viewed from the bottom of the capsules) the aligned anisotropic region appears to be the whole shell but most likely is just a fraction of the shell volume. Figure 25. Optical image time sequence using crossed polarizers of PDMS oil core/CNC-PEGDA shell (a) uncrosslinked double emulsion drops, and capsules crosslinked via the stationary scheme for (b) 45 and (c) 90 minutes while (d) was crosslinked for 5 minutes while flowing. The scale bar in (d) applies to all images. 3.9.2 CNC-PEGDA Capsule Drying The UV exposure time will also have an influence on the CNC-PEGDA shell drying. Similar to the experiments shown in Figure 22, the drying of samples crosslinked under different conditions are shown in Figure 23. The first series (Figure 23a) corresponds to the CNC-PEGDA suspension without crosslinking while the series in Figure 23b and 23c correspond to stationary crosslinking for 15 and 45 minutes, respectively. The series in Figure 23d is for a sample that was crosslinked while flowing. The capsule diameters and shell thicknesses are included in the accompanying table in Figure 23. The initial image for all samples corresponds to the start of the imaging sequence and do not take into account the crosslinking time and sample preparation. All samples were dried through PDMS oil. The time series show the progressive shrinkage of the shells as water diffuses through the PDMS oil and evaporates in air. The uncrosslinked (Figure 23a) and stationary crosslinked 45 minute sample (Figure 23b) initially show a smooth surface while the 90 minutes stationary crosslinked sample (Figure 23c) and the flowing crosslinked sample (Figure 23d) show indentations, and a rough surface, respectively. A closer look at the shell continuous phase interface can be seen in Figure 24. The secondary drop observed in Figure 24c and 24d which correspond to the 90 minutes stationary crosslinking and the flowing crosslinking samples are satellite drops formed during the double emulsion generation process. The flowing crosslinked sample (Figure 24d) shell has a corrugated surface and is opaque. Since CNCs have high affinity for oil/water interfaces it is possible that the corrugated surface is due to the shear of the CNC-PEGDA shell suspension while is being crosslinked. The opaque shell could be due to the sheared CNC-PEGDA hydrogel structure. Both the uncrosslinked and 45 minute stationary crosslinked samples shell are initially smooth but as more water diffuses into the PDMS oil, indentations form leading to a rough dried shell. The indentations on the 90 minutes stationary crosslinked sample become deeper over time until a shell forms with a thick rough region. The flowing crosslinked sample does not show the formation of deep shell indentations during drying and appears to dry more uniformly forming a smoother more spherical shape. These results suggest that the flowing crosslinked sample has a more homogeneous internal structure that results in spherical capsules that once fully crosslinked are stronger than those prepared by the stationary method. Figure 26. Optical image time sequence of pdms oil core/cnc-pegda shell (a) uncrosslinked double emulsion drop, and capsules crosslinked via the stationary scheme for (b) 15 and (c) 45 minutes while (d) was flowing crosslinked for 5 minutes. The scale bar in (d) applies to all images. (below) table of uv-crosslinking \| Sample \| UV-Crosslinking Method \| $d_{out}$ ($\mu$m) \| $d_{inn}$ ($\mu$m) \| $d_{outf}$ ($\mu$m) \| Shell Thickness ($\mu$m) \| \|--------\|----------------------------------------\|---------------------\|---------------------\|---------------------\|--------------------------\| \| (a) \| No UV-crosslinking \| 197 \| 100 \| 107 \| 11.5 \| \| (b) \| 45 minutes stationary \| 202 \| 91 \| 110 \| 9.5 \| \| (c) \| 90 minutes stationary \| 176 \| 98 \| 134 \| 26 \| \| (d) \| 5 minutes flowing in exit channel \| 150 \| 93 \| 108 \| 17 \| Figure 27. Optical images of pdms oil core/cnc-pegda shell (a) uncrosslinked double emulsion drop, and capsules crosslinked via the stationary scheme for (b) 15 and (c) 45 minutes while (d) was flow crosslinked for 5 minutes. The scale bar in (d) applies to all images and corresponds to 25 µm. 3.9.3 Rehydrated Capsules Figure 28. Optical images showing the rehydration of cnc-pegda capsules with pdms oil cores that were crosslinked via the (a) stationary and (b) flowing schemes. The scale bar in (b) applies to all images. Once the capsules are fully crosslinked and dried in the oil, they are harvested and further dried in air. All capsules survived the harvesting and drying process, the difference between them lies in the strength of the capsules when they are re-hydrated in water. The re-swelling behavior of the stationary crosslinked 45 minutes sample and the flowing crosslinked sample was studied by placing the respective dried-in-air capsules in water as shown in Figure 25a and 25b, respectively. The first image for both samples correspond to the capsules in air before they come in contact with water. The stationary crosslinked 45 minutes sample (Figure 26a) initially shows a shell with a rough surface that slowly swells as water diffuses into the CNC-PEGDA hydrogel network. The rough shell expands and becomes more spherical as time progresses. The re-hydration process is relatively slow and after 5 hours the shells have not reached equilibrium. There is evidence of core-breakup during the rehydration process most likely initiated through the thinnest section of the shell under the stress associated with non-uniform swelling. The flowing crosslinked sample in Figure 25b shows different rehydration behavior. The majority of the shell swelling occurs in minutes as shown in the 6 minutes image. Minimal change in $d_{out}$ is observed over a period of 8 hours. Many of the capsules show what appears to be a bubble which correspond to the satellite drop observed for a similar sample in Figure 24d. Overtime, the bubbles are filled with water as some of the drops that initially contained a bubble are bubble-free after 8 hours. Qualitatively, samples that were stationary crosslinked appear weak with a higher incidence of missing cores or partially broken shells when rehydrated. The flowing crosslinked samples are stronger with just a few showing broken cores and the shells appear intact when rehydrated. These results show the importance of the crosslinking conditions on the shell strength and suggest that flowing crosslinking followed by full crosslinking after drying provides a route to generate strong capsules that can survive all the processing stages. 3.10 Encapsulation of Antimicrobial Oils in CNC-PEGDA Capsules While the PDMS oil serves as a model oil for the CNC-only and CNC-PEGDA capsules oil core, its encapsulation has little commercial value. The encapsulation of antimicrobial oils is of great interest for bio-application, agriculture, cosmetics and food. Three antimicrobial oils, peppermint, tea tree and lemon oil, were encapsulated in CNC-PEGDA capsules using the flowing crosslinking method. Each of these oils provide unique health benefits in ointments, food preservation and safety, aromatherapy, and as antibacterial coatings [30, 31]. The three oils are also highly aromatic, with lemon oil being the most fragantly potent of the three followed by peppermint and tea tree oil. Lemon oil contains over 23 chemicals with limonene being the principal component and responsible for its smell [48]. Limonene is a cyclic terpene hydrocarbon with a molecular weight of 136.24 g/mol. Peppermint contains high levels terpenes like menthol combined with alcohols which are responsible for the mint aroma [49]. Tea tree oil is composed of a mixture of terpenes with terpinen-4-ol, a monocyclic terpene alcohol, corresponding to over 40 wt% of its composition [50]. The high volatility of some of the compounds in each of the antimicrobial oils presented a significant encapsulation challenge. Double emulsion drops made using any of the antimicrobial oils in pure form were unstable after generation. For example, lemon oil core double emulsion drops show a high degree of core breakup even after partial shell UV crosslinking right after generation. In some case, it appeared that lemon oil was evaporating through the shell. Peppermint and tea tree oil core double emulsion drops appeared initially stable but significant core breakup occurred during storage. The CNC-PEGDA shell simply was not able to contain the volatile cores which seem to disrupt the shell microstructure. To enable encapsulation, the antimicrobial oils were mixed in a 1:1 ratio with PDMS oil. While a hydrocarbon oil such a low viscosity mineral oil would have been a more chemical compatible choice, PDMS oil provide stability to the double emulsions therefore it was used in the mixtures. Figure 29. (a-c) Optical images of the generation of double emulsion drops composed of 1:1 antimicrobial oil to pdms oil cores surrounded by cnc-pegda suspension drop dispersed in pdms oil with 2 wt% 749 surfactant. (below) table containing the core drop composition for the samples, flow rates used, and drops inner ($d_{inn}$) and outer ($d_{out}$) diameters. The scale bar in (c) applies to all images. The generation of double emulsion drops containing 1:1 antimicrobial/PDMS oil cores surrounded by a 10 wt% CNC/10 wt% PEGDA suspension drop dispersed in PDMS oil with 2 wt% 749 surfactant are shown in Figure 26. Double emulsion generation was successful for all the oil mixtures and the drops were stable in solution. The flow crosslinking method was used in all the samples. Notice that the overall size of the double emulsion drops was larger for the tea tree and lemon oil. Only flow rates that resulted in large drops lead to stable generation. This might be due to the detrimental effect the antimicrobial oils have on the microcapillary device surface coatings. The wettability of the different sections of the device changed drastically after a few trials using the antimicrobial oils, therefore only certain flow rates led to stable generation. The effects of a degraded coating can be appreciated in Figure 26b and 26c where the CNC-PEGDA suspension partially wetted the hydrophobic collection capillary. Double emulsions with antimicrobial/PDMS oil cores are stable in the PDMS oil continuous phase and survive further processing steps. Optical images of antimicrobial/PDMS oil core CNC-PEGDA shell capsules, (i) after 5-minute flowing UV crosslinking, (ii) dried capsules in PDMS oil, (iii), dried capsules in air, and (iv) after rehydration are shown in Figure 27. The collected flowing crosslinked drops appear spherical in shape with no evidence of surface indentations and the dried capsules in PDMS oil show a smooth spheroidal surface similar to the samples in Figure 23d. All capsules are robust and survive all stages of processing from generation to rehydration demonstrating the use of CNCs as biofriendly encapsulation material. Figure 30. Optical images of cnc-pegda shell capsules with (a) peppermint, (b) tea tree, and (c) lemon oil cores mixed 1:1 with 10 cst pdms oil, (i) after 5-minute flowing uv-crosslinking, (ii) dried capsules in pdms oil, (iii), dried capsules in air, and (iv) after rehydration the scale bar in (c-iv) applies to all images. \| Sample \| Core Composition (mixed 1:1 with PDMS oil) \| $d_{inn}$ ($\mu m$) \| $d_{out}$ ($\mu m$) \| $d_{outf}$ ($\mu m$) \| Shell Thickness ($\mu m$) \| \|--------\|------------------------------------------\|---------------------\|---------------------\|---------------------\|--------------------------\| \| (a) \| Peppermint Oil \| 49 \| 81 \| 59 \| 12 \| \| (b) \| Tea Tree Oil \| 69 \| 106 \| 75 \| 9 \| \| (c) \| Lemon Oil \| 105 \| 222 \| 136 \| 24 \| CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSIONS This work successfully demonstrates the fabrication of capsules using CNCs as the encapsulation material from double emulsion drops generated in microcapillary devices. The double emulsions were composed of an oil core, PDMS or antimicrobial oils, surrounded by CNC-only or CNC-PEGDA suspension drops dispersed in 10 cSt PDMS oil continuous phase. Once the drops are generated a fraction of the CNCs adhere to the oil water interface influencing CNC assembly in the outer drop (shell). A Maltese cross was characteristic of CNC-only and CNC-PEGDA shells in solution due to CNC assembly parallel to the drop curvature. The anisotropic phase observed in bulk samples translated to the drops where this phase occupies a fraction of the shell. During drying and for relatively thin shells the anisotropic phase combined with the difference in density with the oil core, resulted in a dried shells with a thick region on one side and a thin one on the opposite side. 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BOARD OF RECREATION AND PARK COMMISSIONERS SUBJECT: EXPOSITION PARK - LUCAS MUSEUM OF NARRATIVE ART (MUSEUM) – PROPOSED TRANSFER OF CITY PARK PROPERTY TO THE 6TH DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION, AN AGENCY OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA, FOR THE MUSEUM; CONDITIONAL APPROVAL OF A PARKING LICENSE AGREEMENT AND QUITCLAIM DEED; AUTHORIZATION TO NEGOTIATE A PURCHASE AND SALE AGREEMENT AP Diaz _______ S. Piña-Cortez _______ H. Fujita _______ C. Santo Domingo _______ V. Israel _______ N. Williams _______ General Manager Approved X Disapproved Withdrawn RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Approve, subject to the Board of Recreation and Park Commissioners’ (Board) future approval of the transfer of two (2) City owned lots measuring approximately 0.45 acres with Assessor’s Parcel Nos. 5037-027-924 and 925 located on Leighton Street (Leighton Lots) (See Attachment 1) within Exposition Park to the 6th District Agricultural Association, an agency of the State of California, (State), the following documents: A. The attached License Agreement (Attachment 2B) with the State to provide the City with 33 parking spaces within Exposition Park, which shall serve as the consideration in exchange for the City transferring fee ownership of the Leighton lots to the State; B. The attached Quitclaim Deed (Attachment 3) transferring the Leighton Lots to the State to be used for park purposes in perpetuity; 2. Authorize the Department of Recreation and Parks’ (RAP) General Manager or his designee to make technical changes to the License Agreement and Quitclaim Deed, as necessary; and 3. Authorize RAP’s General Manager or his designee to negotiate a Purchase and Sale Agreement with the State that memorializes the transfer of the Leighton Lots to the State for presentation to the Board at a future meeting. SUMMARY On April 19, 2017, the Board of Recreation and Park Commissioners (Board), through Report No. 17-104, granted conceptual approval for the use of two (2) parcels located at Exposition Park and owned by RAP for construction of the Lucas Museum of Narrative Art (Museum). The balance of the land needed for the construction of the Museum is owned by the 6th District Agricultural Association (State). The two (2) parcels are identified by Assessor’s Parcel Nos. of 5037-027-924 and 925 which comprise the entirety of Leighton Street within the park. At that time, the property was recently paved and stripped for 33 parking spaces which were used by RAP staff working from Expo Center. In addition to the granting of conceptual approval, the Board also directed staff to: 1. Amend the terms and conditions of the Ground Lease (Ground Lease) between the City and the State for the use of State property for an athletic field that would be affected by the proposed Museum; 2. Draft a Lease Agreement (Lease) with the State to allow for the use of the Leighton Street Lots for the proposed Museum; 3. Come to an agreement on the transfer of the Leighton lots to the State and transfer to the City/Department of a replacement property in accordance with the City Charter; and 4. Present the Amended Ground Lease, Lease Agreement, and transfer of ownership of the Leighton Lots to the State to the Board for final approval. On May 23, 2017, the Board, through Report No. 17-135, authorized the negotiations and executions of the Amendment to the Ground Lease and the Lease related to the Museum project. On June 7, 2017, the Board, through Board Report No. 17-144, approved a revised resolution which affirmed the Board’s authorizations related to the Amendment to the Ground Lease and the Lease and made a finding that the public tri-level subterranean parking garage to be constructed under the Leighton lots will not result in a material detriment to the purpose for which the land was dedicated or set aside by the City. Both agreements were executed within a few months of this Board action and Museum construction has been progressing quickly. Los Angeles City Charter The Leighton Lots are dedicated park property and pursuant to Section 594(c) of the Los Angeles City Charter, “all lands set apart or dedicated as a public park shall forever remain for the use of the public.” The Board, through its three previous actions in 2017 related to the Museum project, concurred with the recommendations in the staff report to the City Planning Commission Case No. CPC-2016-4121-GPA-SP-SPP and the conditions in the Vesting Tentative Tract Map No. 74715 for the Museum project, that the project benefited from the transfer of the Leighton Lots to the State. The City Charter allows for the transfer of otherwise suitable RAP park property so long as 1) the property being transferred away is held as park-land in perpetuity by the transferee, 2) RAP receives equivalent value for the property being transferred away, and 3) RAP receives new property of an equal size in the same neighborhood of the City to be dedicated as new RAP park property. Section 594(d) of the Los Angeles City Charter states that any transfer of property under the control of RAP requires a Resolution of the Board that is approved by the City Council by ordinance. Staff will present a resolution for the Board's consideration in a future report. Transfer of Leighton Lots At this time, RAP staff have completed three of the four directives approved by the Board. The last remaining directive is to come to an agreement on the transfer of the Leighton Lots to the State and the transfer to RAP of a replacement property in accordance with the City Charter. Recently, the State and the City came to an agreement regarding the transfer of the Leighton Lots to the State. In exchange for the transfer, the State has offered the City a long term License Agreement that provides the City with 33 parking spaces within Exposition Park at no cost to the City. This agreement is intended to provide a replacement value commensurate to the value of the Leighton lots. In addition, the license provides RAP with much needed parking for the staff who work at and the guests who visit the Expo Center. To support the purpose of the Lucas Museum, and to meet the Charter requirement of equal-sized replacement land, the City Council, at a future meeting, will consider the transfer of existing City general property to RAP as replacement land for the Board to dedicate as park property. Staff are currently in the process of working to identify an appropriate piece of City-owned property to complete the Leighton Lots transfer. Until such time as qualifying property is identified and approved by both the City Council and the Board, the condition placed on Recommendation No. 1 above shall not be satisfied. It should be noted that a Purchase and Sale Agreement, which captures the terms and considerations of the conveyance of the Leighton Lots to the State, the execution of a License Agreement that will provide 33 parking spaces within Exposition Park to RAP, and the conveyance of City-owned property to RAP to replace the Leighton Lots will also be presented to the Board for consideration at a future date. FISCAL IMPACT At this time, there is no fiscal impact to RAP. However, once the new property has been identified and accepted, development and operational maintenance costs will be determined and a request for funding, if necessary, will be submitted. STRATEGIC PLAN INITIATIVES AND GOALS Approval of this Board Report advances RAP’s Strategic Plan by supporting: Goal No. 1: Provide Safe and Accessible Parks Outcome No. 1: Every Angeleno has walkable access to a park in their neighborhood This Report was prepared by Cid Macaraeg, Sr. Management Analyst II, Planning, Maintenance and Construction Branch. ATTACHMENTS 1) Aerial Map of Leighton Street Lots 2) Draft License Agreement 3) Quitclaim Deed Leighton Avenue Parcels APN's 5037-027-924, 925 Disclaimer: This map is for informational purposes only and relies on data from a variety of sources, which may or may not be accurate or current. The City of Los Angeles assumes no responsibility arising from the use of this map. The map and associated data are provided "as is" without warranty of any kind. © City of Los Angeles, Department of Recreation and Parks SCALE 1:2,257 NOTES Printed: 09/24/2020 PROPOSED EXPO EASEMENT & PARKING EXCHANGE EXHIBIT A (LEIGHTON AVENUE PARCELS) CURRENT SOCCER FIELD PLAN PROPOSED SOCCER FIELD PLAN NOTE: 1. Elevation 0’-0” to equal existing sidewalk elevation. 2. Landscape pits will not penetrate structural slab of parking garage. Stantec LICENSE AGREEMENT This LICENSE AGREEMENT ("Agreement"), dated as of ________________, 2020, is entered into by and between the State of California, acting by and through the 6th District Agricultural Association, also known as Exposition Park, with the approval of the Natural Resources Agency, hereinafter referred to as "State", and the City of Los Angeles, a California municipal corporation and public body, acting by and through its Department of Recreation and Parks, hereinafter referred to as "City". RECITALS A. The State is the fee owner of a majority of that certain real property commonly known as Exposition Park, located at 700 Exposition Park Drive, City of Los Angeles, California, which includes the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the California Science Center, the California African-American Museum, Banc of California Stadium, and other recreational and public amenities. B. The City owns and operates a number of properties, including the EXPO Center, located within Exposition Park, and provides recreational facilities and programs to the community, including day care programs, after school programs and youth sports programs. C. The State owns and operates within Exposition Park several surface parking lots and parking structures which provide parking for users of Exposition Park including users of the EXPO Center. The State is party to agreements with University of Southern California ("USC"), the Los Angeles Football Club ("LAFC"), the Los Angeles County Natural History Museum, and Lucas Museum of Narrative Art ("LMNA") which grant those entities certain parking rights within the parking lots and parking structures ("Existing Parking Agreements"). D. The State and the City are parties to that certain Ground Lease-Athletic Field dated February 1, 2016 as amended by the First Amendment to Ground Lease-Athletic Field dated August 1, 2017 ("Athletic Field Lease") pursuant to which the State leases to the City a portion of property within Exposition Park that includes an athletic field. The First Amendment to Ground Lease-Athletic Field requires the State to provide for the City’s use 33 parking spaces. Upon expiration or termination of the First Amendment to Playfield Lease, City's right to such 33 parking spaces is continued under the Ground Lease Between the City of Los Angeles, Landlord, and the State of California, Tenant, for Two Parcels Located West of Expo Center for the term of such Ground Lease. E. The City has agreed to convey to the State the property commonly referred to as Leighton Avenue subject to certain terms and conditions set forth in a quitclaim deed from the City to the State. F. As a condition of conveyance of Leighton Avenue to the State, and to provide the City with equivalent value of Leighton Avenue as required by the City Charter, the State has agreed to provide City with this License providing City with the use of 33 parking spaces in accordance with the terms of this Agreement. NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the foregoing recitals, the mutual covenants and conditions contained herein, and other valuable consideration, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, the State and the City do hereby agree as follows: AGREEMENT Grant of License. Subject to the terms and conditions set forth herein, the State hereby grants the City, and the City hereby accepts, an exclusive, irrevocable license (the “License”) to enter upon and use, at no charge to the City, thirty-three (33) contiguous parking spaces within the South Parking Structure also known as the Orange Parking Structure ("City Parking Spaces") for the purposes of providing parking for City employees, agents, contractors/subcontractors, guests, and invitees. State shall designate the City Parking Spaces within the Orange Parking Structure and such spaces shall be available for use by City at all times except as set forth in this Agreement. For purposes of this section, “designate” shall mean clearly marked and identified as City Parking Spaces within a location within the Orange Parking Structure. State shall provide City with card keys or other user-controlled entry passes to ensure that City staff, guests, and invitees have access to the City Parking Spaces at all times. State’s obligation is to provide working card keys or other user-controlled entry technology; not to manage entry or exit from Orange Parking Structure for those City staff, guests, or invitees who do not have a card key in their possession. In a circumstance where City staff, guests, or invitees seek to access the Orange Parking Structure without a card key or other user-controlled entry technology, they shall be limited to normal operating hours and they shall be responsible for paying the standard parking charges. If at any time the City's use of the City Parking Spaces exceeds 33 spaces, the City shall be responsible for paying the standard parking charges for such excess spaces. Notwithstanding the agreement for the use to be at no charge to the City, State may charge the City no more than actual cost for the replacement of lost or stolen card keys. City shall only use the City Parking Spaces for the parking of vehicles on a temporary basis. City shall not use the City Parking Spaces to store any vehicles or equipment. City shall have no right to sell, transfer, or lease the parking spaces and any attempt by City to sell, transfer, or lease the parking spaces shall be a violation of this Agreement. Except as set forth in this section, any revenue received from the City Parking Spaces will be the property of State. Notwithstanding City's right to use the City Parking Spaces as set forth above, the City Parking Spaces will not be available to City during Major Events at Exposition Park or during Olympic or Paralympic events at Exposition Park that take place during the official quadrennial Olympic or Paralympic Games. A Major Event is defined as any event with an expected attendance of 25,000 or more or during any event for which USC or LAFC has the right to purchase all parking owned and operated by State pursuant to the Existing Parking Agreements. Whenever the number of Major Events, not including the quadrennial Olympic or Paralympic Games, in a calendar year exceeds twenty-five (25), for any and all subsequent Major Events for the remainder of the calendar year, State shall pay City the maximum listed rate set for parking in the Orange Parking Structure during said Major Event, for all 33 parking spaces, net of all of the State's direct costs incurred in the operation of the 33 parking spaces. 1. Term of License. The term of this License begins on the Effective Date and ends on the earlier of (i) the later of July 28, 2116 and the expiration or termination of that certain Lease and Agreement between State and LMNA, including any extensions (whether as amendments or new leases) to such Lease and Agreement, (ii) the City ceases to operate the EXPO Center, or (iii) earlier termination of this License in accordance with its terms. 2. Operation and Maintenance of License Area. (a) Operations. During the term of this License, State shall be solely responsible for the operation and maintenance of the City Parking Spaces. State shall maintain and operate the City Parking Spaces in a manner consistent with the other parking owned by the State within Exposition Park and in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations at all times. (b) Maintenance and Improvements. The State shall bear the cost of any maintenance and improvements to/repair of the City Parking Spaces that are necessary to carry out the terms of this Agreement or for the City's use of the City Parking Spaces. The City recognizes that during the term of this License, the State will, from time to time, need to make improvements and repairs to the City Parking Spaces and the South Parking Structure, which improvements may result in the City Parking Spaces being unavailable for use temporarily. Any temporary restriction on the use of the City Parking Spaces will only be for the time needed to make necessary repairs and improvements. The State shall provide advance written notice to the City of any improvements to be made to the City Parking Spaces or the South Parking Structure that may impair access to the City Parking Spaces. Whenever the City Parking Spaces are unavailable pursuant to this section, the State shall provide 33 other parking spaces either within the South Parking Structure or in other parking facilities owned by the State including to any surface lots owned by the State, provided that the alternative spaces are not more than 500 feet farther from EXPO Center than the City Parking Spaces within the South Parking Structure. (c) City Responsibilities. City may not suffer or permit any dangerous condition to be created, exist, or continue on the City Parking Spaces or within the South Parking Structure. City shall comply with any and all of the State's on-site safety and security requirements for the South Parking Structure and any other rules and regulations that may be applicable to City's use of the City Parking Spaces. The City agrees to cooperate with the State and to abide by any and all orders or instructions issued by the State, its employees, agents or representatives. The State reserves the right to restrict access to the City Parking Spaces or the South Parking Structure in the event of fire, earthquake, storm, riot, civil disturbance, or other casualty or emergency, or in connection with the State's response thereto, or if emergency repairs or maintenance are required to the South Parking Structure. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, the City shall have no obligation to make, or pay for, any improvement that may be required for the City Parking Spaces or any other portion of the South Parking Structure, including without limitation any improvement that may be necessary based on accessibility requirements under any State or Federal law or regulation. 3. No Interference with State use of Parking Structure. City shall use the City Parking Spaces so as not to threaten, endanger, interrupt, impair or unreasonably inconvenience in any way, for any period of time, the operation of South Parking Structure as public parking for Exposition Park; provided that any use contemplated herein shall be deemed consistent with public parking for Exposition Park. The City hereby covenants that its employees, agents, contractors, subcontractors and users of the City Parking Spaces will comply fully and completely with the requirements of this Agreement. 4. Default. Any failure of the City to observe or perform any covenant, condition or agreement under this Agreement after the expiration of any cure period specified in Section 6 below, is a default. Upon the occurrence of a default, the State may proceed with any and all remedies available to it under law and this Agreement including without limitation, termination of the License. In the event of a default, the State's remedies are cumulative, and no remedy expressly provided for in this Agreement may be deemed to exclude any other remedy allowed by law. 5. Notice of Default and Opportunity to Cure. In the event of a default by the City, the State shall give written notice to the City specifying the nature of the event or deficiency giving rise to the default, and, if a cure is possible, (i) the action required to cure the default, and (ii) the date by which the default must be cured, which date may not be less than thirty (30) days or more than sixty (60) days after the date the notice is effective in accordance with Section 8 below; provided that if the nature of the default is such that the same is curable but cannot be cured within the time specified in the State's notice to the City, the cure period will be extended for such reasonable time as is necessary for the City to effect a cure, but in no event longer than sixty (60) days after the date the notice is effective in accordance with Section 8 below. 6. Indemnification. The parties agree to be bound by the provisions of Section 895.2 of the Government Code of the State of California imposing certain tort liability jointly upon public entities, solely by reason of such entities being parties to an Agreement as defined by Section 895 of said Code. The parties hereto, as between themselves, pursuant to the authorization contained in Section 895.4 and 895.6 of said Code, will each assume the full liability imposed upon it or upon any of its officers, agents or employees by law, for injury caused by a negligent or wrongful act or omission occurring in the performance of this Agreement, to the same extent that such liability would be imposed in the absence of Section 895.2. To achieve the above-stated purpose, each party indemnifies and holds harmless the other party for all losses, costs, or expenses that may be imposed upon such other party solely by virtue of said Section 895.2. The provision of Section 2778 of the California Civil Code is made a part hereto as if fully set forth herein. Notwithstanding the paragraph above, pursuant to the authorization contained in Section 895.4 and 895.6 of said Code, State hereby agrees to indemnify, defend, release, waive, and hold City and its respective officers, employees, agents, board members, successors and assigns, harmless from and against any and all claims, losses, damages, liabilities, costs, and expenses (including, without limitation, reasonable and actual attorneys’ fees and costs) incurred by or brought or asserted against City based on accessibility requirements for the Orange Parking Structure under any State or Federal law or regulation. The provisions of Section 2778 of the California Civil Code are made a part hereto as if fully set forth herein. 7. Miscellaneous. (a) Assignment. The City shall not assign its rights or responsibilities under this Agreement, in whole or in part, without the prior written consent of the State, which consent shall be within the sole discretion of the State. Prohibited assignments shall include any assignment to a City department other than the Department of Recreation and Parks. Any attempted assignment without such prior written consent may be deemed invalid and void. Except that nothing in this section shall prohibit officials, employees, or agents of other City departments or City offices from utilizing the City Parking Spaces with the course and scope of their duties. (b) Compliance with Laws. The City shall comply with all laws and regulations that apply to the Exposition Park parking. City is solely responsible for all costs incurred in connection with such compliance. The State shall comply with all laws and regulations that apply to the maintenance and operation of the South Parking Structure, as well as any repair work/improvement to the South Parking Structure, including without limitation all applicable accessibility laws and regulations. The State is solely responsible for all costs incurred in connection with such compliance. (c) Applicable Law. The laws of the State of California govern all matters arising out of this Agreement. (d) Notice. Any notice required or permitted under this Agreement must be in writing and sent by overnight or personal delivery with delivery receipt. Such notices shall be sent to the address listed below: If intended for State: Exposition Park Office of Exposition Park Management 700 Exposition Park Drive Los Angeles, CA 90037 Attn: Park Manager With copies to: If intended for City: City of Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks Either party may at any time designate in writing a substitute address for an address set forth above and thereafter notices are to be directed to such substituted address. Notices shall be deemed received as follows: on the date shown on the delivery receipt as the date of delivery, the date delivery was refused, or the date the item was returned as undeliverable. In the event that the date on the delivery receipt is not a business day, notice shall be deemed received on the following business day. Any notice, demand or other communication under this Agreement may be given on behalf of a party by the attorney for such party. (e) (f) Entire Agreement. This Agreement contains the entire agreement between the parties with regards to the City Parking Spaces and supersedes any prior written or oral agreements between the parties concerning the subject matter of this Agreement. The terms and conditions of this Agreement may not be modified, amended, waived, or repealed except by written agreement of the parties. (g) Time of Essence. Time is of the essence with respect to the performance of each of the covenants and agreements contained in this Agreement. (h) Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in counterparts, all of which taken together shall be deemed one original agreement. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, authorized representatives of the City and the State are signing this Agreement as of the Effective Date shown below. [Signatures on Following Page] \| "State": \| "City": \| \| --- \| --- \| \| The State of California, acting by and through the 6th District Agricultural Association, Exposition Park \| City of Los Angeles, a municipal corporation, acting by and through its Board of Recreation and Parks Commissioners \| \| 6th District Agricultural Association Exposition Park \| By: ________________ _____________________, President Date: ________________ \| \| By: ________________ Ana M. Lasso, General Manager Office of Exposition Park Management Date: ________________ \| By: ________________ ______________________, Secretary Date: ________________ \| Reviewed and Approved: Director of Department of General Services By: ________________ Tony Psihopaidas, Manager State Owned Leasing and Development Date: ________________ Approved as to form: Michael N. Feuer, City Attorney By: ________________ Deputy City Attorney Date: ________________ Recommend Approval: By: ________________ Kimberley Tsumura Senior Real Estate Officer State Owned Leasing and Development Date: ________________ Attest: Holly L. Wolcott, City Clerk By: ________________ Deputy Date: ________________ Consent: Natural Resources Agency By: ________________ Wade Crowfoot, Secretary Date: ________________ 1742\03\2906874.1 9/15/2020 LICENSE AGREEMENT This LICENSE AGREEMENT ("Agreement"), dated as of ________________, 2020, is entered into by and between the State of California, acting by and through the 6th District Agricultural Association, also known as Exposition Park, with the approval of the Natural Resources Agency, hereinafter referred to as "State", and the City of Los Angeles, a California municipal corporation and public body, acting by and through its Department of Recreation and Parks, hereinafter referred to as "City". RECITALS A. The State is the fee owner of a majority of that certain real property commonly known as Exposition Park, located at 700 Exposition Park Drive, City of Los Angeles, California, which includes the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the California Science Center, the California African-American Museum, Banc of California Stadium, and other recreational and public amenities. B. The City owns and operates a number of properties, including the EXPO Center, located within Exposition Park, and provides recreational facilities and programs to the community, including day care programs, after school programs and youth sports programs. C. The State owns and operates within Exposition Park several surface parking lots and parking structures which provide parking for users of Exposition Park including users of the EXPO Center. The State is party to agreements with University of Southern California ("USC"), the Los Angeles Football Club ("LAFC"), the Los Angeles County Natural History Museum, and Lucas Museum of Narrative Art ("LMNA") which grant those entities certain parking rights within the parking lots and parking structures ("Existing Parking Agreements"). D. The State and the City are parties to that certain Ground Lease-Athletic Field dated February 1, 2016 as amended by the First Amendment to Ground Lease-Athletic Field dated August 1, 2017 ("Athletic Field Lease") pursuant to which the State leases to the City a portion of property within Exposition Park that includes an athletic field. The First Amendment to Ground Lease-Athletic Field requires the State to provide for the City’s use 33 parking spaces. Upon expiration or termination of the First Amendment to Playfield Lease, City's right to such 33 parking spaces is continued under the Ground Lease Between the City of Los Angeles, Landlord, and the State of California, Tenant, for Two Parcels Located West of Expo Center for the term of such Ground Lease. E. The City has agreed to convey to the State the property commonly referred to as Leighton Avenue subject to certain terms and conditions set forth in a quitclaim deed from the City to the State. F. As a condition of conveyance of Leighton Avenue to the State, and to provide the City with equivalent value of Leighton Avenue as required by the City Charter, the State has agreed to provide City with this License providing City with the use of 33 parking spaces in accordance with the terms of this Agreement. NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the foregoing recitals, the mutual covenants and conditions contained herein, and other valuable consideration, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, the State and the City do hereby agree as follows: AGREEMENT Grant of License. Subject to the terms and conditions set forth herein, the State hereby grants the City, and the City hereby accepts, an exclusive, irrevocable license (the “License”) to enter upon and use, at no charge to the City, thirty-three (33) contiguous parking spaces within the South Parking Structure also known as the Orange Parking Structure (“City Parking Spaces”) for the purposes of providing parking for City employees, agents, contractors/subcontractors, guests, and invitees. State shall designate the City Parking Spaces within the Orange Parking Structure and such spaces shall be available for use by City at all times except as set forth in this Agreement. For purposes of this section, “designate” shall mean clearly marked and identified as City Parking Spaces within a location within the Orange Parking Structure. State shall provide City with card keys or other user-controlled entry passes to ensure that City staff, guests, and invitees have access to the City Parking Spaces at all times. State’s obligation is to provide working card keys or other user-controlled entry technology; not to manage entry or exit from Orange Parking Structure for those City staff, guests, or invitees who do not have a card key in their possession. In a circumstance where City staff, guests, or invitees seek to access the Orange Parking Structure without a card key or other user-controlled entry technology, they shall be limited to normal operating hours and they shall be responsible for paying the standard parking charges. If at any time the City’s use of the City Parking Spaces exceeds 33 spaces, the City shall be responsible for paying the standard parking charges for such excess spaces. Notwithstanding the agreement for the use to be at no charge to the City, State may charge the City no more than actual cost for the replacement of lost or stolen card keys. City shall only use the City Parking Spaces for the parking of vehicles on a temporary basis. City shall not use the City Parking Spaces to store any vehicles or equipment. City shall have no right to sell, transfer, or lease the parking spaces and any attempt by City to sell, transfer, or lease the parking spaces shall be a violation of this Agreement. Except as set forth in this section, any revenue received from the City Parking Spaces will be the property of State. Notwithstanding City’s right to use the City Parking Spaces as set forth above, the City Parking Spaces will not be available to City during Major Events at Exposition Park or during Olympic or Paralympic events at Exposition Park that take place during the official quadrennial Olympic or Paralympic Games. A Major Event is defined as any event with an expected attendance of 25,000 or more or during any event for which USC or LAFC has the right to purchase all parking owned and operated by State pursuant to the Existing Parking Agreements. Whenever the number of Major Events, not including the quadrennial Olympic or Paralympic Games, in a calendar year exceeds twenty-five (25), for any and all subsequent Major Events for the remainder of the calendar year, State shall pay City the maximum listed rate set for parking in the Orange Parking Structure during said Major Event, for all 33 parking spaces, net of all of the State's direct costs incurred in the operation of the 33 parking spaces. 1. Term of License. The term of this License begins on the Effective Date and ends on the earlier of (i) the later of July 28, 2116 and the expiration or termination of that certain Lease and Agreement between State and LMNA, including any extensions (whether as amendments or new leases) to such Lease and Agreement, (ii) the City ceases to operate the EXPO Center, or (iii) earlier termination of this License in accordance with its terms. 2. Operation and Maintenance of License Area. (a) Operations. During the term of this License, State shall be solely responsible for the operation and maintenance of the City Parking Spaces. State shall maintain and operate the City Parking Spaces in a manner consistent with the other parking owned by the State within Exposition Park and in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations at all times. (b) Maintenance and Improvements. The State shall bear the cost of any maintenance and improvements to/repair of the City Parking Spaces that are necessary to carry out the terms of this Agreement or for the City’s use of the City Parking Spaces. The City recognizes that during the term of this License, the State will, from time to time, need to make improvements and repairs to the City Parking Spaces and the South Parking Structure, which improvements may result in the City Parking Spaces being unavailable for use temporarily. Any temporary restriction on the use of the City Parking Spaces will only be for the time needed to make necessary repairs and improvements. The State shall provide advance written notice to the City of any improvements to be made to the City Parking Spaces or the South Parking Structure that may impair access to the City Parking Spaces. Whenever the City Parking Spaces are unavailable pursuant to this section, the State shall provide 33 other parking spaces either within the South Parking Structure or in other parking facilities owned by the State including to any surface lots owned by the State, provided that the alternative spaces are not more than 500 feet farther from EXPO Center than the City Parking Spaces within the South Parking Structure. (c) City Responsibilities. City may not suffer or permit any dangerous condition to be created, exist, or continue on the City Parking Spaces or within the South Parking Structure. City shall comply with any and all of the State's on-site safety and security requirements for the South Parking Structure and any other rules and regulations that may be applicable to City's use of the City Parking Spaces. The City agrees to cooperate with the State and to abide by any and all orders or instructions issued by the State, its employees, agents or representatives. The State reserves the right to restrict access to the City Parking Spaces or the South Parking Structure in the event of fire, earthquake, storm, riot, civil disturbance, or other casualty or emergency, or in connection with the State's response thereto, or if emergency repairs or maintenance are required to the South Parking Structure. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, the City shall have no obligation to make, or pay for, any improvement that may be required for the City Parking Spaces or any other portion of the South Parking Structure, including without limitation any improvement that may be necessary based on accessibility requirements under any State or Federal law or regulation. 3. No Interference with State use of Parking Structure. City shall use the City Parking Spaces so as not to threaten, endanger, interrupt, impair or unreasonably inconvenience in any way, for any period of time, the operation of South Parking Structure as public parking for Exposition Park; provided that any use contemplated herein shall be deemed consistent with public parking for Exposition Park. The City hereby covenants that its employees, agents, contractors, subcontractors and users of the City Parking Spaces will comply fully and completely with the requirements of this Agreement. 4. Default. Any failure of the City to observe or perform any covenant, condition or agreement under this Agreement after the expiration of any cure period specified in Section 6 below, is a default. Upon the occurrence of a default, the State may proceed with any and all remedies available to it under law and this Agreement including without limitation, termination of the License. In the event of a default, the State's remedies are cumulative, and no remedy expressly provided for in this Agreement may be deemed to exclude any other remedy allowed by law. 5. Notice of Default and Opportunity to Cure. In the event of a default by the City, the State shall give written notice to the City specifying the nature of the event or deficiency giving rise to the default, and, if a cure is possible, (i) the action required to cure the default, and (ii) the date by which the default must be cured, which date may not be less than thirty (30) days or more than sixty (60) days after the date the notice is effective in accordance with Section 8 below; provided that if the nature of the default is such that the same is curable but cannot be cured within the time specified in the State's notice to the City, the cure period will be extended for such reasonable time as is necessary for the City to effect a cure, but in no event longer than sixty (60) days after the date the notice is effective in accordance with Section 8 below. 6. Indemnification. The parties agree to be bound by the provisions of Section 895.2 of the Government Code of the State of California imposing certain tort liability jointly upon public entities, solely by reason of such entities being parties to an Agreement as defined by Section 895 of said Code. The parties hereto, as between themselves, pursuant to the authorization contained in Section 895.4 and 895.6 of said Code, will each assume the full liability imposed upon it or upon any of its officers, agents or employees by law, for injury caused by a negligent or wrongful act or omission occurring in the performance of this Agreement, to the same extent that such liability would be imposed in the absence of Section 895.2. To achieve the above-stated purpose, each party indemnifies and holds harmless the other party for all losses, costs, or expenses that may be imposed upon such other party solely by virtue of said Section 895.2. The provisions of Section 2778 of the California Civil Code are made a part hereto as if fully set forth herein. 7. Miscellaneous (a) Assignment. The City shall not assign its rights or responsibilities under this Agreement, in whole or in part, without the prior written consent of the State, which consent shall be within the sole discretion of the State. Prohibited assignments shall include any assignment to a City department other than the Department of Recreation and Parks. Any attempted assignment without such prior written consent may be deemed invalid and void. Except that nothing in this section shall prohibit officials, employees, or agents of other City departments or City offices from utilizing the City Parking Spaces with the course and scope of their duties. (b) Compliance with Laws. The City shall comply with all laws and regulations that apply to the Exposition Park parking. City is solely responsible for all costs incurred in connection with such compliance. The State shall comply with all laws and regulations that apply to the maintenance and operation of the South Parking Structure, as well as any repair work/improvement to the South Parking Structure, including without limitation all applicable accessibility laws and regulations. The State is solely responsible for all costs incurred in connection with such compliance. (c) Applicable Law. The laws of the State of California govern all matters arising out of this Agreement. (d) Notice. Any notice required or permitted under this Agreement must be in writing and sent by overnight or personal delivery with delivery receipt. Such notices shall be sent to the address listed below: If intended for State: Exposition Park Office of Exposition Park Management 700 Exposition Park Drive Los Angeles, CA 90037 Attn: Park Manager Deleted: "Notwithstanding the paragraph above, pursuant to the authorization contained in Section 895.4 and 895.6 of said Code, State hereby agrees to indemnify, defend, release, waive, and hold City and its respective officers, employees, agents, successors and assigns, successors and assigns, harmless from and against any and all claims, losses, damages, liabilities, costs, and expenses (including, without limitation, reasonable and actual attorneys' fees and costs) incurred by or brought or asserted against City based on accessibility requirements for the Orange Parking Structure under any State or Federal law or regulation." With copies to: If intended for City: City of Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks Either party may at any time designate in writing a substitute address for an address set forth above and thereafter notices are to be directed to such substituted address. Notices shall be deemed received as follows: on the date shown on the delivery receipt as the date of delivery, the date delivery was refused, or the date the item was returned as undeliverable. In the event that the date on the delivery receipt is not a business day, notice shall be deemed received on the following business day. Any notice, demand or other communication under this Agreement may be given on behalf of a party by the attorney for such party. (e) (f) Entire Agreement. This Agreement contains the entire agreement between the parties with regards to the City Parking Spaces and supersedes any prior written or oral agreements between the parties concerning the subject matter of this Agreement. The terms and conditions of this Agreement may not be modified, amended, waived, or repealed except by written agreement of the parties. (g) Time of Essence. Time is of the essence with respect to the performance of each of the covenants and agreements contained in this Agreement. (h) Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in counterparts, all of which taken together shall be deemed one original agreement. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, authorized representatives of the City and the State are signing this Agreement as of the Effective Date shown below. [Signatures on Following Page] \| "State": \| "City": \| \| --- \| --- \| \| The State of California, acting by and through the 6th District Agricultural Association, Exposition Park \| City of Los Angeles, a municipal corporation, acting by and through its Board of Recreation and Parks Commissioners \| \| 6th District Agricultural Association Exposition Park \| By: ________________ Ana M. Lasso, General Manager Office of Exposition Park Management Date: ___________________ \| \| Reviewed and Approved: \| Approved as to form: \| \| Director of Department of General Services \| Michael N. Feuer, City Attorney \| \| By: ________________ Tony Psihopaidas, Manager State Owned Leasing and Development Date: ___________________ \| By: Deputy City Attorney Date: _______________ \| \| Recommend Approval: \| Attest: \| \| By: ________________ Kimberley Tsumura Senior Real Estate Officer State Owned Leasing and Development Date: ___________________ \| Holly L. Wolcott, City Clerk \| \| Consent: \| By: ________________ Deputy Date: _______________ \| \| Natural Resources Agency \| \| \| By: ________________ Wade Crowfoot, Secretary Date: ___________________ \| \| QUITCLAIM DEED THIS INSTRUMENT IS EXEMPT FROM RECORDING FEES (GOVERNMENT CODE 27383) AND DOCUMENTARY TRANSFER TAX (REVENUE & TAXATION CODE (11922 APN NO. 5037-027-924 and 925 THE UNDERSIGNED TRANSFEROR(s) DECLARE(s) DOCUMENTARY TRANSFER TAX is $____ None ___________________________ CITY TAX $ ____________ None ☐ computed on full value of property conveyed, or ☐ computed on full value less value of liens or encumbrances remaining at time of sale. ☐ Unincorporated area ☐ City of ____________________________________________________________, and FOR A VALUABLE CONSIDERATION, receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, The City of Los Angeles, a municipal corporation, hereinafter called Transferor hereby QUITCLAIMS(s) to The State of California, acting by and through Exposition Park, with the approval of the California Natural Resources Agency and the Department of General Services, hereinafter called Transferee, the following described real property in the City of Los Angeles, County of Los Angeles, State of California, described as follows: FOR LEGAL DESCRIPTION SEE EXHIBIT "A" ATTACHED HERETO AND MADE A PART HEREOF Subject to the following: The Property is quitclaimed to Transferee “as-is” on the express condition that the Property as more particularly described in Exhibit A shall be forever held and used for park purposes and upon ceasing to be used as such, the Property quitclaimed by this deed shall be subject to termination and forfeiture to the Transferor in accordance with California Civil Code Section 885.010 et seq. The City further reserves therefrom the quitclaim: (i) any of City’s existing non-fee right or interest in the Property, including without limitation licenses, covenants, and easements for purposes of utility, sewer, and drainage, if any; (ii) any interest in the fee to the adjacent streets, if any, that would otherwise pass with the conveyance of the Property pursuant to this quitclaim deed; and (iii) all oil, gas, water and mineral rights now vested in City, without the right to use the surface of said land or any portion thereof to a depth of 500 feet below the surface, for the extraction of such oil, gas, water and minerals. This conveyance is subject to all covenants, conditions, restrictions, encroachments, reservations, easements, rights, and rights-of-way that are apparent from a visual inspection of the Property. Use of the subsurface portion of the Property as a public parking garage shall be considered consistent with park purposes as long as the Transferee does not use the garage to engage in the retail sale of gasoline, oil, and accessories, or the provision of automotive service to private vehicles. The Transferor reserves the power of termination and right of reentry upon cessation of use of the Property in accordance with this express condition. The subject property is presently dedicated to use as park property and it is the intent of the Transferor and Transferee that the subject property continue to be dedicated to and used for park purposes. Therefore, Transferee hereby covenants and agrees that the subject property shall be used only for park purposes in accordance with this deed. This covenant and agreement shall run with the land and be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the Transferee and Transferor, respectively, and their respective successors and assigns. Dated: _______________________________ THE CITY OF LOS ANGELES __________________________ City Seal By: _______________________________________ Attest: _________________________________ City Clerk A notary public or other officer completing this certificate verifies only the identity of the individual who signed the document to which this certificate is attached, and not the truthfulness, accuracy, or validity of STATE OF CALIFORNIA COUNTY OF _________________ On ________________, before me, _______________________, Notary Public, personally appeared _______________________, who proved to me on the basis of satisfactory evidence to be the person(s) whose name(s) is/are subscribed to the within instrument and acknowledged to me that he/she/they executed the same in his/her/their authorized capacity(ies), and that by his/her/their signature(s) on the instrument the person(s), or the entity upon behalf of which the person(s) acted, executed the instrument. I certify UNDER PENALTY OF PERJURY under the laws of the State of California that the foregoing paragraph is true and correct. WITNESS my hand and official seal. _____________________________________ Name: _______________________________ Notary Public THE CITY OF LOS ANGELES, A Municipal Corporation TO STATE OF CALIFORNIA QUITCLAIM DEED Date: ________________________, 20__ Executed in accordance with Ordinance No. JOB TITLE: Approved as to Authority _________________, 20__ Department of General Services By: ____________________________ General Manager Approved as to Description _________________, 20__ Department of General Services By: ____________________________ Authorized Officer Approved ________________________, 20__ Mike Feuer, City Attorney By: ____________________________ Deputy City Attorney Council File No. XX-XXXX CERTIFICATE OF ACCEPTANCE This is to certify that, pursuant to Sections 15853 and 27281 of the California Government Code, the interest in real property conveyed by the Quitclaim Deed dated XXX XX, 2020 from the City of Los Angeles, a municipal corporation, to the STATE OF CALIFORNIA is hereby accepted by the undersigned officer on behalf of the State Public Works Board pursuant to the approval action by said Board and duly adopted on XXX XX, 2020. The Transferee consents to the recordation thereof by its duly authorized officer. ACCEPTED: STATE OF CALIFORNIA State Public Works Board By: ___________________________________________ Date: _______________________ Andrea Scharffer, Deputy Director ACKNOWLEDGED: STATE OF CALIFORNIA Director, Department of General Services By: ___________________________________________ Date: _______________________ Michael P. Butler, Chief Real Property Services Section CONSENT: CALIFORNIA NATURAL RESOURCES AGENCY By: ___________________________________________ Date: _______________________ Wade Crowfoot, Secretary CONSENT: EXPOSITION PARK By: ___________________________________________ Date: _______________________ Ana M. Lasso General Manager, Exposition Park CONSENT: EXPOSITION PARK Board of Directors for Exposition Park and the California Science Center By: ___________________________________________ Date: _______________________ Diane Hamwi, Chair EXHIBIT "A" LEGAL DESCRIPTION Real property in the City of Los Angeles, County of Los Angeles, State of California, described as follows: PARCEL 1: 5037-028-908 (Portion) AND APN: 5037-028-902
BE OPENED MARK 7:34 Sixteenth Sunday after Pentecost September 8, 2024 – 9:30 a.m. Grace Lutheran Church 313 S. Prospect Avenue, Champaign, IL 61820 (217) 356-6232 • email@example.com www.glccu.org • Pastor: Chris Repp Welcome to Grace! At Grace Lutheran Church, we strive to be a community of acceptance, reconciliation and hope. Following in the way of Jesus, we welcome all people regardless of race, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation, gender identity, or age. God’s acceptance of all compels us to stand against racism, sexism and all forms of hate and prejudice. We welcome your questions, your gifts, and your being. A Christian Community Connecting People to God, One Another, and the World We believe that God is at work in this worship service, through Word and Sacrament, to create and sustain faith in God’s promises of love, forgiveness, and reconciliation in Jesus Christ, and to bless us to be blessings. We use a rich, traditional pattern of worship that dates to the early days of Christianity. We recognize that it comes with a learning curve, but we’re convinced that it’s worth the effort. Don’t feel like you have to get everything the first time. This way of worshipping may also include postures like standing and kneeling that may not be possible or comfortable for everyone. Please know that you are welcome to do what works for you. KEY TO THE ORDER OF SERVICE: Regular type: spoken by a leader Bold type: spoken by the people Regular Italics: sung/chantered by a leader Bold Italics: sung/chantered by the people Small Italics: liturgical directions and information ☩ the sign of the cross may be made ELW: Evangelical Lutheran Worship (Red Hymnal) ACS: All Creation Sings (Purple Hymnal) ♫ Favorite Hymn request HELPFUL INFORMATION FOR VISITORS: • Restrooms are down the hall to the left of the entrance, opposite the elevator. • Hand sanitizer is available on the sanctuary windowsills. • Large print bulletins are available • Please sign our guest book at the entrance. As We Gather: James tells us to stop showing favoritism in the assembly, treating the rich visitor with more honor than the poor one. Jesus himself seems to show partiality in his first response to the Syrophoenician woman in today’s gospel. Was he testing her faith in saying Gentiles don’t deserve the goods meant for God’s children? Or was he speaking out of his human worldview, but transcended those limits when she took him by surprise with her reply? Either way, the story tells us that God shows no partiality. Everyone who brings a need to Jesus is received with equal honor as a child and heir. Gathering Prelude Welcome The assembly stands. Confession and Forgiveness All may make the sign of the cross, the sign marked at baptism, as the presiding minister begins. In the name of the Father, and of the ☩ Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen. Almighty God, to whom all hearts are open, all desires known, and from whom no secrets are hid: cleanse the thoughts of our hearts by the inspiration of your Holy Spirit, that we may perfectly love you and worthily magnify your holy name, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. Let us confess our sin in the presence of God and one another. Silence is kept for reflection. Most merciful God, we confess that we are captive to sin and cannot free ourselves. We have sinned against you in thought, word, and deed, by what we have done and by what we have left undone. We have not loved you with our whole heart; we have not loved our neighbors as ourselves. For the sake of your Son, Jesus Christ, have mercy on us. Forgive us, renew us, and lead us, so that we may delight in your will and walk in your ways, to the glory of your holy name. Amen. In the mercy of almighty God, Jesus Christ was given to die for us, and for his sake God forgives us all our sins. As a called and ordained minister of the church of Christ, and by his authority, I therefore declare to you the entire forgiveness of all your sins, in the name of the Father, and of the ☩ Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen. Gathering Hymn Open your ears, O faithful people ELW 519 Greeting The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, the love of God, and the communion of the Holy Spirit be with you all. And also with you. Kyrie Leader or All Señor, ten piedad de nosotros. Cristo, ten piedad. O Lord, have . . . mercy upon us. Christ, have mercy. All Señor, ten piedad de nosotros. Cristo, ten piedad. O Lord, have . . . mercy upon us. Christ, have mercy. Leader or All Señor, ten piedad. Have mercy, O Lord. Prayer of the Day Gracious God, throughout the ages you transform sickness into health and death into life. Open us to the power of your presence, and make us a people ready to proclaim your promises to the whole world, through Jesus Christ, our healer and Lord. Amen. The assembly is seated. First Reading Isaiah 35:4-7a These verses are a word of hope to the exiles in Babylon. Isaiah 34 portrays God’s vengeance on Edom, Israel’s age-old enemy, which makes the path from Babylon to Zion safe for the exiles’ return. The desert itself will flow with water to give drink to the returning exiles. 4 Say to those who are of a fearful heart, “Be strong, do not fear! Here is your God. He will come with vengeance, with terrible recompense. He will come and save you.” 5 Then the eyes of the blind shall be opened, and the ears of the deaf unstopped; 6 then the lame shall leap like a deer, and the tongue of the speechless sing for joy. For waters shall break forth in the wilderness, and streams in the desert; 7a the burning sand shall become a pool, and the thirsty ground springs of water. Word of God, word of life. Thanks be to God. Psalm Psalm 146 1 Hallelujah! Praise the LORD, O my soul! 2 I will praise the LORD as long as I live; I will sing praises to my God while I have my being. 3 Put not your trust in rulers, in mortals in whom there is no help. 4 When they breathe their last, they re-turn to earth, and in that day their thoughts perish. 5 Happy are they who have the God of Jacob for their help, whose hope is in the LORD their God; 6 who made heaven and earth, the seas, and all that is in them; who keeps promis-es forever; who gives justice to those who are oppressed, and food to those who hunger. The LORD sets the captive free. The LORD opens the eyes of the blind; the LORD lifts up those who are bowed down; the LORD loves the righteous. The LORD cares for the stranger; the LORD sustains the orphan and widow, but frustrates the way of the wicked. The LORD shall reign forever, your God, O Zion, throughout all generations. Hallelujah! R Second Reading James 2:1-10 [11-13] 14-17 Faithful Christians do not show partiality to the rich and powerful of the world, especially at the expense of the poor and weak. Likewise, faith does not pay mere lip service to God’s will. Instead, a living Christian faith expresses itself in acts of compassion and mercy for those in need. My brothers and sisters, do you with your acts of favoritism really believe in our glorious Lord Jesus Christ? For if a person with gold rings and in fine clothes comes into your assembly, and if a poor person in dirty clothes also comes in, and if you take notice of the one wearing the fine clothes and say, “Have a seat here, please,” while to the one who is poor you say, “Stand there,” or, “Sit at my feet,” have you not made distinctions among yourselves, and become judges with evil thoughts? Listen, my beloved brothers and sisters. Has not God chosen the poor in the world to be rich in faith and to be heirs of the kingdom that he has promised to those who love him? But you have dishonored the poor. Is it not the rich who oppress you? Is it not they who drag you into court? Is it not they who blaspheme the excellent name that was invoked over you? You do well if you really fulfill the royal law according to the scripture, “You shall love your neighbor as yourself.” But if you show partiality, you commit sin and are convicted by the law as transgressors. For whoever keeps the whole law but fails in one point has become accountable for all of it. [For the one who said, “You shall not commit adultery,” also said, “You shall not murder.” Now if you do not commit adultery but if you murder, you have become a transgressor of the law. So speak and so act as those who are to be judged by the law of liberty. For judgment will be without mercy to anyone who has shown no mercy; mercy triumphs over judgment.] What good is it, my brothers and sisters, if you say you have faith but do not have works? Can faith save you? If a brother or sister is naked and lacks daily food, and one of you says to them, “Go in peace; keep warm and eat your fill,” and yet you do not supply their bodily needs, what is the good of that? So faith by itself, if it has no works, is dead. Word of God, word of life. Thanks be to God. The assembly stands. Gospel Acclamation Aleluia, aleluia. Aleluia, aleluia. Aleluia, aleluia. Aleluia, aleluia. Aleluia, aleluia. El Señor resucitó. Aleluia, aleluia. Christ is risen, ris’n indeed. Gospel Mark 7:24-37 In Mark’s gospel, encounters with women usually signify turning points in Jesus’ ministry. Here, a conversation with a Syrophoenician woman marks the beginning of his mission to the Gentiles. The Holy Gospel, according to Mark. Glory to you, O Lord. 24 [Jesus] set out and went away to the region of Tyre. He entered a house and did not want anyone to know he was there. Yet he could not escape notice, 25 but a woman whose little daughter had an unclean spirit immediately heard about him, and she came and bowed down at his feet. 26 Now the woman was a Gentile, of Syrophoenician origin. She begged him to cast the demon out of her daughter. 27 He said to her, “Let the children be fed first, for it is not fair to take the children’s food and throw it to the dogs.” 28 But she answered him, “Sir, even the dogs under the table eat the children’s crumbs.” Then he said to her, “For saying that, you may go—the demon has left your daughter.” 30 So she went home, found the child lying on the bed, and the demon gone. 31 Then he returned from the region of Tyre, and went by way of Sidon towards the Sea of Galilee, in the region of the Decapolis. 32 They brought to him a deaf man who had an impediment in his speech; and they begged him to lay his hand on him. 33 He took him aside in private, away from the crowd, and put his fingers into his ears, and he spat and touched his tongue. 34 Then looking up to heaven, he sighed and said to him, “Ephphatha,” that is, “Be opened.” 35 And immediately his ears were opened, his tongue was released, and he spoke plainly. 36 Then Jesus ordered them to tell no one; but the more he ordered them, the more zealously they proclaimed it. 37 They were astounded beyond measure, saying, “He has done everything well; he even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak.” The Gospel of the Lord. Praise to you, O Christ. The assembly is seated. Sermon Pastor Chris Repp The assembly stands. Hymn of the Day Sometimes Our Only Song is Weeping Apostles’ Creed With the whole church, let us confess our faith. I believe in God, the Father almighty, creator of heaven and earth. I believe in Jesus Christ, God’s only Son, our Lord, who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried; he descended to the dead. On the third day he rose again; he ascended into heaven, he is seated at the right hand of the Father, and he will come to judge the living and the dead. I believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy catholic church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and the life everlasting. Amen. Prayers of Intercession Drawn together in the power of the Holy Spirit, we pray with confidence for the church, God’s good creation, and all who are in need. Each petition concludes: Hear us, O God. Your mercy is great. The prayers conclude: We entrust these and all our prayers to you, holy God, in the name of your beloved child, Jesus Christ, our Savior. Amen. Peace The peace of Christ be with you always. And also with you. The people may greet one another with a sign of Christ’s peace, and may say, “Peace be with you,” or similar words. The assembly is seated. Meal Offering Please place your offering in the plate on the table in the aisle as you leave. You may also give online at http://glccu.org/donate. The assembly stands. Offertory VERSE 1 In the highways, in the hedges In the highways, in the hedges In the highways, in the hedges I'll be somewhere workin' for my Lord CHORUS I'll be somewhere workin' I'll be somewhere workin' I'll be somewhere workin' for my Lord I'll be somewhere workin' I'll be somewhere workin' I'll be somewhere workin' for my Lord VERSE 2 If He calls me, I will answer If He calls me, I will answer If He calls me, I will answer I'll be somewhere workin' for my Lord CHORUS VERSE 3 In the highways, in the hedges In the highways, in the hedges In the highways, in the hedges I'll be somewhere workin' for my Lord CHORUS Offering Prayer Let us pray. Blessed are you, O God, source of every gift of your creation. By these gifts and with our lives, help us to serve one another and all in need, through Jesus Christ, our Savior and Lord. Amen. Great Thanksgiving The Lord be with you. And also with you. Lift up your hearts. We lift them to the Lord. Let us give thanks to the Lord our God. It is right to give our thanks and praise. It is indeed right, our duty and our joy, that we should at all times and in all places give thanks and praise to you, almighty and merciful God, through our Savior Jesus Christ; who on this day overcame death and the grave, and by his glorious resurrection opened to us the way of everlasting life. And so, with all the choirs of angels, with the church on earth and the hosts of heaven, we praise your name and join their unending hymn: Santo, santo, santo Dios de gloria y poder, Holy, holy, holy God of power and might, cielos y tierra proclaman tu gloria. heaven and earth . . . are full of your glory. Hosanna, hosanna, hosanna en los cielos. Hosanna, hosanna, hosanna in the highest. Hosanna, hosanna, hosanna en los cielos. Hosanna, hosanna, hosanna in the highest. Bendito aquel que viene en el nombre de Dios. Blessed is the one who comes in the name of our God. Hosanna, hosanna, hosanna en los cielos. Hosanna, hosanna, hosanna in the highest. Hosanna, hosanna, hosanna en los cielos. Hosanna, hosanna, hosanna in the highest. THANKSGIVING AT THE TABLE O God triune, how majestic is your name in all the earth. Over the eons your merciful might evolved our home, a fragile tree of life. Here by your wisdom are both life and death, growth and decay, the nest and the hunt, sunshine and storm, darkness and light. Sustained by these wonders, we creatures of dust join in the ancient song: The earth is full of your glory. The earth is full of your glory. O God triune, you took on our flesh in Jesus our healer. In Christ you bring life from death; we remember his cross, we laud his resurrection. Broken like bread, he enlivens our body. Outpoured like wine, he fills the earth with goodness. Receiving this mystery, we mortals sing our song: The earth is full of your glory. The earth is full of your glory. We praise you for the heart of Jesus, so filled with your love for this earth. In the night in which he was betrayed, our Lord Jesus took bread, and gave thanks; broke it, and gave it to his disciples, saying: Take and eat; this is my body, given for you. Do this for the remembrance of me. Again, after supper, he took the cup, gave thanks, and gave it for all to drink, saying: This cup is the new covenant in my blood, shed for you and for all people for the forgiveness of sin. Do this for the remembrance of me. Gathered around this table, we your children unite in this song: The earth is full of your glory. The earth is full of your glory. O God triune, you create the worlds, you uphold the living, you embrace the dead. Send forth your Spirit and renew the face of the earth. Strengthen us for our journey with this meal, the body and blood of Christ. Give us a future that trusts in you and cares for your earth. Empowered by your promises, we rise from our deaths to praise you again: The earth is full of your glory. The earth is full of your glory. Amen, and amen. Amen, and amen. The Lord’s Prayer Gathered into one by the Holy Spirit, let us pray as Jesus taught us. Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name, your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as in heaven. Give us today our daily bread. Forgive us our sins as we forgive those who sin against us. Save us from the time of trial and deliver us from evil. For the kingdom, the power, and the glory are yours, now and forever. Amen. The gifts of God for the people of God. Thanks be to God. The assembly is seated. Communion We believe that Christ is truly present for us in the bread and wine of Holy Communion, forming us into his body for the sake of the world. We welcome to the Lord’s table all baptized Christians. Those who are not baptized we invite to explore with us the Christian faith and consider baptism. Those who do not commune are invited to come forward to receive a blessing. Please hold this bulletin in your hands as a sign that you would like a blessing. To receive communion, please join the line in the center aisle and proceed to the pastor. (Note: gluten-free wafers are available. Just ask the pastor.) After receiving the bread, proceed to your left or right to receive the wine, taking a pre-filled glass from the tray. (Grape juice is also available.) Place your used glass in the basket provided near the stairs on the side you leave. Communion Song Cordeiro de Dios, tú que quitas el pecado del mundo; O Lamb of God, you take away the sin of the world; ten piedad de nosotros, have mercy upon us, Cordeiro de Dios, tú que quitas el pecado del mundo; O Lamb of God, you take away the sin of the world; ten piedad de nosotros, have mercy upon us, da-nos tu paz, grant us your peace, Communion Hymn One Bread One Body The assembly stands. The body and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ strengthen you and keep you in his grace. Amen. Prayer After Communion Holy God, you have welcomed us to this meal and fed us with dignity at your table. Send us now to welcome others and to be at peace with one another, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. (Sending Of Communion) A prayer may be said for the sending of communion to those who are absent. Blessing The Lord bless you and keep you. The Lord’s face shine on you with grace and mercy. The Lord look upon you with favor and give you peace. Amen. Sending Hymn God’s Work, Our Hands Announcements Dismissal Go in peace to love and serve the Lord. Thanks be to God. Postlude Worship Support The ministry of the church is carried out by all of its people, and Christian worship is a communal activity of the whole assembly. We give thanks to the following for their worship leadership and support today. Presiding Minister: Pastor Chris Repp Assisting Minister: Claire Vail Reader: Susan Martinis Deacon: Nancy Marshall Ushers: Brian & Amy Nicely Greeters: Erick & Meg Loven & Family Livestreamer: Jim Anderson Sound Technician: Music Director: Nicholas Pierle Chancel flowers are given by Nancy & Rodney Marshall In Honor of Our Birthdays Hymns and portions of the liturgy and artwork are reprinted from Evangelical Lutheran Worship, © 2006, and from Sundays and Seasons, © 2024, by permission under Augsburg Fortress Liturgies Annual License #SAS026105., and ONE LICENSE, License #A-725811. Scripture quotations are from New Revised Standard Version Bible, copyright © 1989 National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide.
Congratulations — City Champions! Power has won the C.H.S.A.A. Inter-sectional Championships in 1965, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71 and now in '73. On November 10, on a very cold afternoon, the Power Varsity and Junior Varsity teams concluded a very successful season. With the cross-country season at an end, the Power track team has certainly been one of the toughest around. Both the Varsity and J.V. had one of their best years. They started their string of victories up at Bear Mountain, last on Sept. 22, and wrapped it up at Van Cortland Park last Nov. 10, when the City Championships were held. Among all the meets that were held in these past three months, the Varsity placed 3rd in Eastern States Championships where only the top 24 teams of the East Coast run. Brian Johnston (13:11), Arthur Stolba (13:12), Maurice Weaver (13:26), Kevin Meuchner (13:35), Alfred Fiorentino (14:02), Frank Rafferty (14:04) and Ed Jennings (14:06) were the 7 who faced a dirty and dusty course, in a very crowded race. However, the team did not get discouraged and looked forward to City's which was run on a very cold and windy day. The Varsity, with Arthur Stolba (12:47), Brian Johnston (12:50), Maurice Weaver (12:56), Frank Rafferty (13:23), Kevin Meuchner (13:26), Ed Jennings (13:34) and Bill Dailey (13:43) won 1st place with a 52 point lead over the 2nd place team, Champlainade. The J.V. had a great day by getting a perfect score (15 points) when Alfred Fiorentino (13:38), Peter Dolhanski (13:45), Gerald Centrowitz (13:51), Mike Rafferty (13:53) and Dan Tonery (13:56) placed 1 to 5 respectively while George Alcoforado (14:00), and Kenan Boate (14:05) placed 7 and 10. MEETS COMING UP Coaches 5x2 mile relay — November 24 AAU Sprint Medley — November 30 Polar Bear Meet — December 8 Loughlin Games — December 15 CHSAA Relays — December 22 The Power Freshmen also had a good day finishing 2nd to unbeaten Farrell. Fine performances were put in by Mike Demko, John Sullivan and John Goh. Roll Call...Honors... Congratulations to the following students who have received First Honors (average of 89.5% or better). SENIORS Louis Amblard John Cameron Edward Conway Ronald Cortes Robert DeMarco "Sonny" Drummond Leroy Flores John Freisen James Henry Mark Kim Tim Kolarik Joe Leboitte John McCarthy Jose Maseda Robert Montesagudo James Morry Michael Mosquera John Munoz Perry Munoz Thomas Nadramia George Nicholson Carmine Peveri Michael Rafferty Al Rodriguez Victor Sciarappa Kevin Strickling Donald Tytus JUNIORS George Alcoforado Lawrence Arbuthnott Thomas Bianco Vito Colaiano Peter Collazo Russell Comeau Frank Denodeo Paul Dugan Noel Gilheany Kevin Groody James Haggerty Richard Haynes Edward Huttkick Donald Johnson James Keogh Joseph Kish Thomas Lovett James McKenna Michael Mangravite Marvin Marquez Robert Patrizio Joseph Reilly Leonard Scaglione James Serrato Steven Sonnick Thomas Sweeney Servio Tuero Frank Voce SOPHOMORES Kevin Brady Bradley Canning Joseph Collazo David Harris Gerald Hopkins Brian Johannes Daniel Kingston Thomas Moore Jose Padilla Rocco Poweromo James Rotan John Sara Robert Takvorian Claro Toscano FRESHMEN Ronald Amblard Michael Aurilio Michael Brisson James Buckenberger Thomas Burns Richard Chalif Edward Christopher Michael Conrie Joseph Enrico Mike Flores Michael Liatorgio Steven Marino Edward Maseda Robert Moss Peter Pellerini Michael Puhl Mark Saglimbene William Treacy Joseph Vogel Robert Walski Ballot Box For the first time in the history of Power's Student Council, the presidency and vice-presidency was decided from a raw vote of the student body. In order to be eligible for candidacy, a student had to have a petition signed by at least 75 students. As a result of this there were two candidates for the presidency, both were seniors, Gerry Sullivan and Tom Nadramia. Sullivan won the election with 764 votes to 123 votes. The vice-presidential race also had two candidates, Rich Prydal, a junior, and Atila Perez, a sophomore. Rich Prydal won the election with 614 votes to 280 votes for Perez. All voting was tabulated by Messrs. Coppolino and Grimmeyer. We, the students, have elected the officers that will represent us. It is now up to us to give them constructive ideas. —Mike Gill Welcome to the 3rd Floor For those of you who were here last year, you may have noticed a few changes, one of them being in the third floor guidance office. Now that Mrs. Roschofska has left Power, Miss Cecilia Santana has taken over. Miss Santana found out about the job through the Catholic Careers Council about two months ago. When she came to Power, Br. Bielen greeted her and introduced her to her new duties. When asked how she finds her job, Miss Santana replied: "I like it. It's different every day. The boys and the teachers are nice and Br. Bielen is a very nice boss". She also stated that at first she "was nervous because she did not know what to expect, but gradually she got used to things." Miss Santana; all of us wish you a long and happy stay here at Power! —Attila Perez Alumni News Power Memorial Academy started September, 1894, at 124th Street and Mount Morris Park. Brother Ryall was first principal with 60 boys. Now the school located at 161 West 61st Street, has an enrollment of over 1000 students with Brother Alfred Keane, principal. The alumni has been re-activated for the past two years and would like to hear from all graduates who have not heard from the school in that time. Almost all of the key positions held in the congregations educational system have been handled by alumni of Power. To name a few: Brother Richard P. Power (1935), past president of Iona College. Brother Francis I. Offer (1939), principal and founder of Essex Catholic. RIP, Brother Joseph G. McKenna (1939), past president of Iona College, consultant to the provincial order and also founder of Catholic Memorial High School, Boston. Brother Patrick N. Synan (1937), past principal of Power Memorial. Brother Francis K. O'Connor (1948), past principal of Power. Brother Lawrence A. Killelea (1942), former principal at Power (1960-66). Brother John Brickell (1939), provincial to the western province. Brother Harold M. Delaney (1940), principal of Iona Prep. (New Rochelle). Brother John O'Neill (1937), former supervisor of Msgr. Farrell (Staten Island). Brother Francis P. Morkan (1945), former principal of Rice High School. RIP, Brother Edward Hickey (1936), former assistant to the provincial of the western province. Brother Anthony J. Glennon (1936), former supervisor of Iona College. Brother Edward Roepke (1950), principal of All Hallows Institute. Brother Alfred X. Keane, present principal of Power Memorial and past principal of Bergen Catholic. Brother Anton F. Lips (1951), former supervisor of All Hallows Institute. Brother Edward J. Beyer (1941), past principal of Essex Catholic (Newark). Brother Peter A. Lawrence (1942), past principal of Blessed Sacrament High School (New Rochelle). Brother Edward Treacy (1949), past principal of Bishop Kearney High School (Rochester). Brother Spencer E. Constadine (1949), past principal of Sacred Heart (Manhattan). Some other prominent alumnus are: Father Vincent P. Fox (1946), chaplain, Newman Club, N.Y. University. Father Columbian J. Hollywood (1948). Lew Alecindor, U.C.L.A. Now with Milwaukee Bucks. Many more too numerous to mention in the teaching, medical and legal professions. Continue to support the Scholarship 50/50 Club. What's Going On? Over the last two months there has been more student participation in the school than last year. This has been brought about by the Student Council and the Student Activities Council. The future of these two organizations looks very bright for the upcoming year. They have planned for the future: 1. The Advancement of Rock, a concert on Nov. 19. 2. The Senior/Faculty basketball game on Nov. 21. 3. The Freshman/Sophomore social night on Nov. 30. 4. A bike raffle on Dec. 16. 5. A possible senior trip in the next two months. 6. The usual boat ride in May. 7. The Junior prom in May. These are just the definite events for the immediate future. There will most definitely be a student exchange program with other schools sometime in January. Many students have inquired as to dances in the gym. These will be started as soon as the basketball season is completed. All these activities are possible, but only with the support of the student body. Without this support the two clubs are helpless. So when you ask what has the student council done for you, just reflect on what you have ever done for them. Gerald Sullivan, S.C. President Don Mourtzen, S.A.C. Chairman A Lesson In English Can you pronounce this name properly: DUCHESNE This is probably the most mispronounced name in the school and has been for over seventeen years. No, it's not pronounced [dú-ches-né] as some students think, but rather [dü-shán]. Most students make it easy for themselves and just call him the "DUKE" (I for one do so myself). Mr. Duchesne first came to Power in 1956. At the time he taught Latin and English. Since Latin has been dropped, he has taught and is still teaching only English, and, in 1959 he became the registrar here at Power. Before coming to Power Mr. Duchesne taught in three other schools. The first of the three was Leo High School in Chicago, run by the beloved Christian Brothers. There he taught English and he does here and coached the Freshmen basketball team. In coming to New York, he taught at Sacred Heart Elementary School, where again he taught English and elocution (the art of speaking properly). Here is a note to all you students. During his years teaching ELEMENTARY SCHOOL at Sacred Heart, he taught our own Mr. ED BURNS. Later on he taught at All Hallows in the Bronx before moving on to Power. Today, Mr. Duchesne is in semi-retirement, teaching only morning sessions, but he is in no way getting old. He keeps up with his students and many times, if not all the times is one step ahead of them. He considers himself a "STRICT DISCIPLINARIAN" and shows his students who is boss. Mr. Duchesne has two daughters, both of whom are nuns and carrying on the great DUCHESNE TRADITION OF TEACHING. The older of the two is presently assisting Christ House Academy in South LaFayette, N.J. Mr. Duchesne's favorite pastimes are viewing Shakesperian Plays and basketball games. He is an exuberant New York Knick fan. At ?? years of age, he keeps himself very active. The faculty wish Mr. Duchesne many more years of fruitful teaching here at Power Memorial Academy. —Angelo Illuzzi Progress Report For the months of September and October, our club, El Poder, has been producing a great deal of work. Our first month was basically for organizing the club and getting as many members as possible. By the end of September we were on the start of getting our first activity together. Our first activity was a dance, which many of the club members participated in. Due to the club's hard work and togetherness, it was a success. We just finished having our second activity, a Cultural Festival, which had taken place on November 18. El Poder has participated in different issues which are facing our communities. Two such examples are the demonstration and march at Washington D.C. and the support of the community control struggle at District 1. As president of El Poder Aspira Club, I am happy to point out that our club has been consistent in doing work. We have been working collectively and have also tried to be on the "case" on different issues. I would like to tell the members to keep up the good work. At the same time, I would like other students to check out our club. Que Viva El Poder Club! —Willie Vazquez El Poder Club President Power's very own electronic brain 1. What is it? It's a teletype, similar to a large typewriter, connected by telephone lines to a DEC PDP-8 computer which is located at La Salle Academy. This arrangement is known as time-sharing, since many schools can use the computer at one time. 2. Where is it? The teletype is located in the room directly across from the library on the Second Floor. 3. What does it do? The computer can solve large, sophisticated problems (or small, simple ones), by processing the data it receives from the user. 4. How is this done? The user types a program containing the data (or facts) as well as the instructions for solving the problem. The computer does all the hard work, the complex calculations, organizes the answers, and returns them to the user at the teletype in a matter of seconds. 5. What kind of problems? The computer can solve almost any kind of Math, Science, or Business problem. It can also play any number of games such as TICTACTOE, BASEBALL, or CHESS. The uses of a computer are limited only by the imagination of the user. 6. Brother Quim is the Computer Director and Brother Minihan is helping him. See one of these men for further information. Don’t Spare Those Strikes There is an intramural program which few Power men are aware of. This unknown program among Power’s Intramurals, is bowling, moderated by Br. Sheridan and Br. Adams. The Power Memorial Intramural Bowling League now has a membership of approximately thirty-six bowling enthusiasts. These students are divided into six teams which compete fiercely for the various trophies that the League awards. The trophies are divided in this fashion: there are team trophies for those teams which finish first, second, and third in this League. There are individual trophies awarded to those that manage to score 215 or more in a game. The highest scorer in the League also gets a trophy for his talents. With so many trophies given, one would think that the league is pretty competitive; well, —Alfonso Rodriguez Watch Out Molloy, We’re Getting Ready This year’s Varsity “A” basketball team is another fine example of Power’s winning tradition. Despite losing seven players last year, the team still has good talent form last year’s Varsity “B”, J.V. and Freshman squads. Four veterans are back from last year. Bob Misevicius (6’9”) had a fine season last year and this year he is an all-American again. Ralph DeJesus (6’0”) is a smart, aggressive player who could be All-City this year. The other veterans are Auggie Roc (6’0”) and George Taveras (6’0”). Both should start this year. Other standouts are Tony Mays (6’0”), from last year’s freshman team, Junior Tommy Sweeney (6’0”), from the J.V. and Senior Pat Torney from Varsity “B”. The team is ready and willing to get the City Championship back where it belongs. This year’s team will be an exciting year at Power. In order to help Power win you must make an effort to come to the games. Just because the Varsity didn’t win the Championship last year doesn’t mean we can’t win it again. The team is good and you should support it. Remember the date, December 7th, 6 P.M. at the Power gym. —Donald G. Passenant Freshman Basketball Schedule \| Date \| Event \| Location \| Time \| \|------------\|--------------------------------------------\|------------\|----------\| \| Nov. 19 \| Monday — Power vs Molloy (S) \| Home \| 4:15 p.m.\| \| Nov. 21 \| Wednesday — Power vs La Salle (S) \| Away \| 3:15 p.m.\| \| Nov. 24 \| Saturday — Power vs Molloy (S) \| Away \| 11:00 a.m.\| \| Nov. 26 \| Monday — Power vs McChesney (S) \| Away \| 4:15 p.m.\| \| Dec. 1 \| Saturday — Power vs St. Raymond \| Away \| 1:00 p.m.\| \| Dec. 5 \| Wednesday — Power vs Rice* \| Away \| 3:45 p.m.\| \| Dec. 8 \| Saturday — Power vs Stepinac* \| Away \| 2:00 p.m.\| \| Dec. 12 \| Wednesday — Power vs All Hallows \| Away \| 4:15 p.m.\| \| Dec. 15 \| Sat. — Power vs Magr. Farrel(S) \| Away \| Noon \| \| Dec. 22 \| Saturday — Power vs Stepinac* \| Away \| Noon \| Denotes C.H.S.A.A. Division I league game, (S) Denotes Scrimmage-practice game. Rosters - '73-'74 VARSITY "A"* - Felix Martinez - George Taveras - Robert Misevicius - Pat Torney - Roger Dunphy - Nick Alberti - Jim Burgess - Tony Mays - Auguste Roc - Ralph DeJesus - Dennis Williams - Tom Sweeney - John McGarty - Jim Bardo JV - Victor Alvarado - Sean Canning - Leo Rivera - Bill Goettert - Bob Larsen - Bob Kozak - George Jelich - Brian McBride - Tony DeMichele - Pat Murphy - Noel Moore - Robert Rogers - Frank Dellapace - Bill Shultz FRESHMEN - Peter Brown - William Bunka - Robert Coscia - Jose Dominguez - Joe Kosinski - Jeffrey Gordon - Kendall Harris - Andrew Kane - Rodney King - John Lynch - John McGowan - Chris Pappas - Mike Poli - Bert Yeremian - Joe Walsh Touchdown! While most of the Powermen hurried off to find a warm and comfortable place to relax, our intramural football season, under the direction of its new moderator, Mr. Anselme, began its schedule. With attendance somewhat lower than usual, Power spirit and participation was not really there at first. As it turned out, many of the students who got involved really enjoyed themselves. The winner this year was homeroom 605 who, during the short season, defeated Rooms 504 and 302. This put them in the finals against 407. Class 605 then won 6-0. The intramurals have ended another successful season thanks to the student referees and participants. Congratulations to all! —John Riley Power frosh running away from All Hallows, St. Peter's and St. Mary's.
OPERATIONAL CONTEXT Protection of Civilians - From 24 February to 16 March, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) recorded 2,032 civilian casualties in the country: (780 killed and 1,252 injured) as a result of the military offensive. The confirmed numbers of civilian deaths (780) in the first 3 weeks is already more than double the total number of deaths in the past six years of conflict (355). OHCHR’s figures do not yet include civilian casualties in the most heavily affected areas (Mariupol, Volnovakha, Izium) due to limited humanitarian access for corroboration. According to Mariupol authorities, the number of civilian casualties in the city alone reached 20,000 people. - Main areas of conflict continue to be in the northeast, southeast, and eastern parts of the country. Clashes and bombardments continue in Kyiv, Luhansk, Donetsk, Mariupol, Kharkiv, Sumy, and Chernihiv regions. - The number of airstrikes affecting civilians and civilian infrastructure has significantly increased, endangering the lives of civilians as well as humanitarian personnel operating in conflict areas. As a result of attacks on water infrastructure in Donetsk region, 2.2 million people received water by schedule, while 650,000 people are cut off water supply. - Attacks against airports and military facilities took place in two of the largest IDP receiving Oblasts - Ivano-Frankivska and Lvivska – in which at least 35 people lost their lives, and over 135 were wounded. Donetsk Regional Civil-Military Administration reported that Volnovakha was completely destroyed. - Since the beginning of the military offensive, 43 incidents of attacks on health care have been documented via the WHO’s Surveillance System for Attacks on Health Care (SSA) – including health care facilities damaged or destroyed and ambulances hit, affecting access to and availability of health services. - Humanitarian corridors with satisfactory security guarantees for the safe evacuation of civilians continue to be the most pressing and urgent need inside Ukraine. Civilians are reportedly trapped in Eastern and Northern regions, including towns surrounding Kyiv (Bucha, Hostomel, Irpin, Makariv, and Vorzel). Recent attempts to evacuate civilians were targeted by shelling, putting civilians in danger. The most recent attack on evacuations was reported on 16 March, where a convoy of cars evacuating civilians from Mariupol to Zaporizhzhia was attacked, reportedly killing and injuring civilians, including children. Attempts to evacuate civilians in Sumy, Irpin, Bucha and Makariv were cancelled or impacted by constant shelling or military attacks on civilian vehicles. A convoy on route from Zapozhzhia to Mariupol was shelled preventing urgently needed relief supplies from reaching people in desperate need of food, water and medicines. - Ukrainian authorities and local actors supported evacuations of almost 100,000 civilians from 4 regions in the reporting period (REACH/IMPACT), but tens of thousands of people continue to be trapped in conflict areas, waiting for the establishment of safe passages to move to safety elsewhere in the country. Forced Displacement - Between 9 March and 16 March, IOM conducted a representative survey of the general population in Ukraine to gather initial insights into internal displacement and mobility flows, while the Displacement Tracking Matrix is being set up and yet to be completed given the complexities of the current operational context. The results of the survey were collectively reviewed by the Protection Cluster, UNHCR, REACH and OCHA, and the group agreed that the figures provided by IOM are a good representation of the scale of internal displacement in Ukraine – calculated to stand at 6.48 million internally displaced persons in Ukraine as of March 16th. - One of the main reasons for a significant increase from the previous estimation is the fact that IOM’s survey had access to survey respondents from geographical areas (Eastern and Northern regions close to areas under active hostilities) which turned out to host large numbers of IDPs displaced within cities or the same Oblasts. - Under the auspices of the Cluster, IOM, REACH, UNHCR and OCHA agreed to continue working together and jointly reviewing IDP figures as new data sources become available, to ensure the humanitarian community receives credible and harmonized population figures for IDPs in Ukraine. \| IDPs BY ORIGIN \| Of those who reported \| \|----------------\|-----------------------\| \| \| a) not being present in area of habitual residence, \| \| \| and b) indicated current war as reason for their move \| \| \| n=293 \| \| Macro-Region \| % of IDPs origin \| # est. IDPs departed per Macro Region \| \|----------------\|------------------\|--------------------------------------\| \| KYIV \| 29.90% \| 1,936,839 \| \| EAST \| 36.20% \| 2,344,936 \| \| SOUTH \| 7.50% \| 485,829 \| \| CENTER \| 3.40% \| 220,243 \| \| NORTH \| 20.10% \| 1,302,022 \| \| WEST \| 2.90% \| 187,854 \| \| total est. displaced within Ukraine \| \| 6,477,723 \| \| IDPs BY CURRENT LOCATION \| Of those who reported \| \|--------------------------\|-----------------------\| \| \| a) not being present in area of habitual residence, \| \| \| and b) indicated current war as reason for their move \| \| \| n=293 \| \| Macro-Region \| % of IDPs location \| # est. IDPs per Macro Region \| \|----------------\|--------------------\|-----------------------------\| \| KYIV \| 2.82% \| 182,672 \| \| EAST \| 17.34% \| 1,123,237 \| \| SOUTH \| 6.45% \| 417,813 \| \| WEST \| 39.92% \| 2,585,907 \| \| NORTH \| 16.13% \| 1,044,857 \| \| CENTER \| 17.34% \| 1,123,237 \| \| total est. displaced within Ukraine \| \| 6,477,723 \| Data as of 16/03/2022 - It is important to note that IDP figures are only one side of the humanitarian impact of the military offensive against Ukraine. Over 12 million people are estimated to be stranded in affected areas or unable to leave due to heightened security risks, destruction of bridges and roads, as well as lack of resources or information on where to find safety and accommodation. Humanitarian corridors with satisfactory security guarantees for the safe evacuation of civilians have still not been secured by both parties, and continue to be the most pressing and urgent need inside Ukraine. - According to [UNHCR](#), 3,270,661 Ukrainian refugees fled the country, with the majority of border crossings reported in Poland, Moldova, and Hungary. Protection Monitoring Highlights Movement and Protection Risks - New arrivals since last reporting period? - Yes: 8 - No: 92 - Are people moving further? - Yes: 8 - Unknown: 37 - No: 55 Where are IDPs coming from (Oblast)? - Kyivska: 60 - Kharkivska: 20 - Khersonska: 10 - Sumksa: 10 Barriers to Movement Of those who remain in place of habitual residence: - 10% say it is not safe for them to leave - 8% say they wouldn’t know where to go - 7% say they don’t want to leave family members behind - 5% say they cannot afford the cost of leaving - 1% say they cannot leave due to a health issue or a disability IDP Registration - Following the first weeks of Russian military offensive in Ukraine, the Ministry of Social Policy and its social protection departments, administrating IDP registration, were faced with a rapidly increased number of displaced population and overwhelmed in providing timely services. In parallel to the legally established procedure for IDP registration introduced by the Government in 2014, the regional authorities rolled out local registration systems to immediately respond to the most pressing needs including accommodation. - On 13 March, the Government amended the Resolution #509 on IDP registration allowing newly displaced persons to apply for IDP registration online, through Diya mobile application, or through the centers for provision administrative services (TSNAPs) and local executive bodies. - According to the current legal framework, only IDPs from Crimea, Donetsk and Luhansk regions, who were registered before the Russian military offensive on 24 February are entitled to the targeted assistance. Reportedly, the Government is working to design the procedure for covering expenses on temporary shelter for newly registered IDPs. The full summary of the current situation and legal amendments are available in UNHCR Legislative Update. Protection Monitoring Highlights - The Protection Cluster launched a Dashboard in two languages reflecting results of data collection conducted by more than 20 partners in 16 regions of Ukraine. Population movement continues to be towards the western part of the country. The majority of IDPs come from Kyiv and Kharkiv regions, as also confirmed by IOM’s survey. At least 40% of new IDP arrivals indicated the intention to continue moving further away to other locations – an increase compared to previous weeks (20-30% on average). - According to data available in monitored locations, women and children, persons with disabilities, elderly people and minority groups comprise the majority of those displaced. Previously reported challenges for those with moderate and severe disability are expected to increase if the military offensive continues, including around physical mobility and access required for health support. Reports of unaccompanied or separated children arriving at border crossing points as well as children arriving with adults where the kinship is unconfirmed renders children at heightened risk of trafficking, and other forms of exploitation and abuse. Children evacuated from institutions in Ukraine and taken abroad without coordination with the designated authorities inside the country further exacerbates the harms and risks children are exposed to. Evacuations, provision of accommodation in safe areas, information on border-crossing points, family tracing and Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) were the most reported pressing needs. A local NGO providing PSS services and assistance in Kharkiv, Dnipro, and Zakarpattya reported high levels of stress and anxiety among the displaced due to fear, loss of family members or friends, and family separation. The number of people without access to electricity and gas supplies across the country continues to increase. The Ministry of Energy reports that some 960,000 families are now without electricity in the country and 264,000 families have been cut off from gas supply. IDPs are seeking shelter mostly in private accommodation and transit/reception centers, once they reach relative safety. For those relying on accommodation arranged by authorities, hotlines were established at Oblast level to refer new arrivals, as well as registration/reception centers. Monitoring visits in Vinnytzia revealed that the majority of arrivals in government-run transit centers are women, children, older people, and men who are exempt from military conscription. They mostly originate from Kharkiv, Kyiv, Zaporizhzhia, and Sumy and intend to move further west, preferably abroad. An increasing number of displaced families are hosted by the local community in private accommodation, and they opt not to register with the local authorities. The Protection Cluster launched the protection service mapping tool to provide a comprehensive directory of protection services and assistance provided by protection partners across Ukraine and facilitate referrals by operational hotlines, non-protection actors and local authorities. During the past days, Protection Cluster partners reported the provision of individual protection assistance to 3,385 persons, including 1,264 persons who received PSS and over 1,500 persons who received protection in-kind assistance. At least 4,400 persons were reached by awareness raising and information dissemination, and dissemination of digital explosive ordnance risk education materials was made available to 3.6 million people. The majority of people assisted resided in Donetsk region and in Kyiv. Psychosocial support (PSS): People in Need provided PSS directly, via hotlines or in online mode to 103 persons from Slovyansk, Bakhmut, Drobopllia, and Kurakhovka (Donetsk region). NGO Equilibrium provided psychosocial support by phone to 40 persons. NGO DDC provided psychosocial support for five persons. National Child Helpline supported by UNICEF 116-111 provided direct PSS and consultation to 870 children. Protection Counselling / Information Desk: NGO Proliska provided protection counselling for 325 persons from Donetsk region and social accompaniment for 364 persons from Donetsk and Luhansk regions. IOM provided counselling to 794 persons through the hotline on Counter-Trafficking and Migrant Advice. Since 25 February, NGO DDC individual protection counselling for 258 persons, in-kind assistance (clothes, blankets) for seven persons. Norwegian Refugee Council provided remote legal counselling for 19 persons. Case Management / Social Accompaniment: Polish Humanitarian Action provided home-based care for 115 older people in Donetsk, Luhansk and Kyiv regions. In Chernivtsi, UNHCR and partners established a protection referral mechanism for individual cases and is helping coordinate actors in the local protection network. EORE: Swiss Foundation for Mine Action conducted digital EORE campaigns and distributed emergency assistance (drinking water, food products, and hygiene items) in IDP centres in Sumy, Khmelnytskyi, and Dnipropetrovsk regions. Protection in-kind Assistance: NGO Ukrainian Deminers Association provided humanitarian assistance (food medicines, construction materials) for 391 people (including 61 persons with disabilities) from conflict-affected areas of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kyiv, Kharkiv, and Sumy regions. UDA also provided in-kind assistance for 60 persons in health facilities of Mykolaiv region. At least 500 vulnerable families with children were reached with essential humanitarian goods in 12 target municipalities in Donetsk and Luhansk region GCA within UNICEF Project ‘Jointly’ funded by German government. As a part of re-programming for emergency response on the most affected territories, Ukrainian Child Rights Network assessed the needs, locally procured and delivered hygiene goods, food and warm clothes at least for 527 children, including those with disabilities and displaced. Child Protection: UNICEF in partnership with Ukrainian Child Rights Network, Ministry of Social Policy and National State Service launched a hotline for social workers and vulnerable families with children/caregivers, and provided lifesaving information to 2,000 persons, including referrals to State services. Main inquiries were related to relocation to safe places from affected territories, as well as access to humanitarian assistance and services for affected children and their families, PSS and guidance on recently adjusted legislation. A ChatBot was activated to address situations involving unaccompanied, separated and lost children. As a result, 8,500 applications to become a (temporary) foster care provider were received from the Ukrainian families. This work is done in close partnership with MoSP and Presidential Commissioner on Child Rights. UNICEF and NGO “Professional Development” established and equipped corners of socio-emotional support at metro stations in Kharkiv and provided essential learning and development materials for pre-school and school children. The provided supplies included learning materials for art therapy, playing, reading, learning and emotional support.
AIDING & ABETTING HOLDING STATES, CORPORATIONS, AND INDIVIDUALS ACCOUNTABLE FOR WAR CRIMES IN YEMEN AIDING AND ABETTING: HOLDING STATES, CORPORATIONS, AND INDIVIDUALS ACCOUNTABLE FOR WAR CRIMES IN YEMEN CONTRIBUTORS: Kristina Aiad-Toss, Kristen Connors, Scott Davidson, Christine DiSabato, Alex Jameson, John Livingstone, Katherine Lynch, Kristin Lyons, Wil Pinkley, Naomi Tellez, Alexandra Raleigh, John Westminster COVER ARTWORK AND GRAPHICS: Kristina Aiad-Toss YEMEN ACCOUNTABILITY PROJECT PROJECT ADVISOR: James C. Johnson, Adjunct Professor of Law and Director of the Henry King War Crimes Research Office EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Laura Graham, Ph.D. DEPUTY DIRECTOR: Elizabeth Safier The Yemen Accountability Project is a student organization based at Case Western Reserve University School of Law and affiliated with the Global Accountability Network. The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations contained in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of Case Western Reserve University or its School of Law. # TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 I. INTRODUCTION 2 II. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CIVIL WAR AND CONFLICT IN YEMEN 3 III. LEGAL DEFINITIONS AND INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW 9 A. WAR CRIMES 10 B. CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY 11 C. DISTINCTION BETWEEN WAR CRIMES AND CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY 12 D. MODES OF LIABILITY 13 E. AIDING AND ABETTING LIABILITY 15 i. CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR AIDING AND ABETTING 15 a. ACTUS REUS OF AIDING AND ABETTING 16 b. MENS REA OF AIDING AND ABETTING 19 ii. STATE LIABILITY FOR AIDING AND ABETTING 22 IV. CONDUCT BY RELEVANT STATE ACTORS 25 A. THE UNITED STATES 25 B. THE UNITED KINGDOM 29 C. FRANCE 31 D. GERMANY 32 V. CONDUCT BY RELEVANT CORPORATE ACTORS 34 VI. AVENUES FOR ACCOUNTABILITY 37 A. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT 37 B. AD-HOC TRIBUNALS AND HYBRID COURTS 40 C. INVOKING UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION IN DOMESTIC COURTS 43 D. CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LIABILITY IN DOMESTIC COURTS 45 i. CORPORATE CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN EUROPEAN DOMESTIC COURTS 45 ii. UNITED STATES JURISDICTION FOR AIDING AND ABETTING 47 iii. STATE COURT LIABILITY WITHIN THE UNITED STATES 50 E. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE 51 VII. OTHER ACTION 53 YEMEN - National capital - Governorate capital - Town, village - Airport - International boundary - Main road - Secondary road - Track © Nations Online Project EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Yemen has reached its fifth year of protracted civil war, with no end in sight. The death toll has reached a staggering 100,000 people. Tens of thousands more have starved to death due to famine caused by the conflict. While the conflict reflects deeply rooted tensions within the country, it is also the product of centuries of friction within the Arabian Peninsula and decades of continuous Western interference in the region. This report explores a prevalent question amid the ongoing strife: How can civilian victims of the war in Yemen seek justice for the grave crimes perpetrated against them? The report takes a broad perspective, pointing to instances that occurred before the violence, when the weapons and systems used to devastate the region were sold, gifted, and traded to perpetrators of the violence. This perspective implicates actors who aided and abetted the crimes against the Yemeni civilian population and provides a mode of liability for future parties seeking to bring the perpetrators to justice. The report begins with a brief history of the conflict, moving then to a discussion on war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the crucial distinction between the two. The report then outlines conduct by relevant actors in the fray, including both state and corporate actors. The report later explores avenues of accountability for bringing relevant actors to justice for aiding and abetting war crimes and crimes against humanity, and finally, puts forth proposals for policy actions that can make an impact now and in the future resolution and reckoning of this humanitarian crisis. I. INTRODUCTION After more than a decade of rising and subsiding tensions, Yemen has been consumed by an open civil war since 2015. In the nearly five-year conflict, over 100,000 Yemeni people have lost their lives, including over 12,000 civilians killed as a direct result of fighting.$^1$ This conflict represents far more than internal tensions. It reflects centuries of sectarian strife on the Arabian Peninsula as well as the disastrous results of external interference in the region over the past century. While external interference is not the sole driver of the violence in Yemen, repeated interventions in the Arabian Peninsula over the last century have had a debilitating effect on local nations. This has often led to the view in many Western Nations, where political realities complicate the situation, that further intervention is viewed as necessary to prevent an even greater harm. Meanwhile, defense industries continue to exert enormous influence on policymakers in all of these nations, and the lack of a cohesive foreign policy by the United States and the United Kingdom have resulted in a lack of political will to extract forces from the region. $^1$ Samy Magdy, “Report: Death Toll from Yemen’s War Hit 100,000 Since 2015,” The Associated Press (Oct. 31, 2019), available at: https://apnews.com/b7f039269a394b7aa2b46430e3d9b6bc_ In this geopolitical context, the Yemeni Civil War is unlikely to end in the near future, with the Arabian Peninsula unlikely to see stability as long as the war pervades. One question that remains at the forefront of the violence in Yemen is whether and how civilian victims of the violence in Yemen may seek justice for the crimes perpetrated against them. Importantly, crimes against Yemeni citizens did not begin with airstrikes or indiscriminate uses of artillery. Rather, the crimes began when weapons, guidance systems, and intelligence were sold, gifted, and traded to perpetrators of the atrocities seen in Yemen today. This wider perspective on criminality in Yemen implicates those who assisted, aided, and abetted heinous acts against Yemeni civilians. Who can be considered aiders and abettors, and how might they be held accountable? This white paper addresses this question and presents the avenues of accountability for those who have aided and abetted crimes against civilians in Yemen. II. Historical Overview of Civil War and Conflict in Yemen Historical roots of the current conflict The current civil war ravaging Yemen has its immediate roots in the country’s troubled political transition emanating from the 2011 Arab Spring. However, the dynamics of the conflict and the grievances at its center can be traced to the aftermath of the republican rebellion in the 1960s as well as the harsh politics of Ali Abdullah Saleh, who served as the President of Yemen from 1978 to 2012.$^2$ The extractive political and economic system put in place by the Saleh regime had, for decades, benefited northwestern highland tribal sheikhs at the expense of formerly dominant Shi’a religious leadership, their allies, and citizens in the northern and midlands regions.$^3$ In 1984, the discovery of oil in the midland Marib Governorate provided enhanced incentives for the Saleh regime and highland elites to further exploit the marginalized North and midland populations.$^4$ While the discovery of oil prompted tense unification between the formerly divided North and South and the creation of the Republic of Yemen in 1990, satisfaction with unification quickly dissipated. The North, led by Saleh, began to implement its system of economic exploitation in the South, and eroded benefits such as subsidized basic commodities and services such as health care and education in the region.$^5$ Southern civil servants and military officers were dismissed from what were previously guaranteed positions in state enterprises.$^6$ Highland tribal elites began to extend their economic domination to the South, plundering the South’s --- $^2$ Gerald M. Feierstein, “Yemen: The 60-Year War,” Middle East Institute, (February 2019), pg. 3, available at: https://www.mei.edu/sites/default/files/2019-02/Yemen%20The%2060%20Year%20War.pdf. $^3$ Id. $^4$ Id. at 5. $^5$ “Middle East Report No. 114: Breaking Point? Yemen’s Southern Question.” International Crisis Group (October 20, 2011), pg. 5, available at: https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/yemen/breaking-point-yemen-s-southern-question. $^6$ Id. at 6. energy, mineral, and fish resources.\textsuperscript{7} Southerners in the Republic increasingly openly rejected unification and called for a return to an independent state.\textsuperscript{8} A brief civil war in 1994 failed to quash the emerging al-Hirak movement, a large-scale group of southern civilian and military officials who had been forced to retire.\textsuperscript{9} The Saleh regime struggled to dilute the southern al-Hirak movement when a series of protests began in 2006.\textsuperscript{10} The movement demanded equitable access to government jobs, public benefits, and resource-sharing, particularly in the energy sector.\textsuperscript{11} This struggle intensified as the Saleh government failed to cope with an emerging threat from the Houthis, an armed Zaydi (Shia) insurgency.\textsuperscript{12} The Houthi rebellion, a series of six wars between June 2004 and February 2010, grew from discontentment with the Saleh regime’s political and economic systems that extracted wealth from northern resources at the expense of the northern Zaydi population.\textsuperscript{13} Zaydism is a branch of Shiism, with its religious elites ruling northern Yemen under the imamate system until the 1962 republican revolution.\textsuperscript{14} Approximately one-third of Yemenis are Zaydi, based largely in the northern highlands in the Sad’ dah, Hajja, and Dammar governorates as well as the capital city of Sana’a.\textsuperscript{15} The Zaydi revivalist movement from which the Houthis grew began in the 1980s to counter the political and economic exploitation and marginalization of the Zaydi population and inequitable government support for Sunni and Salafist communities.\textsuperscript{16} \begin{footnotes} \item[7] Feierstein, \textit{supra} note 2, at 7. \item[8] \textit{Id.} \item[9] Middle East Report No. 114, \textit{supra} note 5, at 6. \item[10] Feirstein, \textit{supra} note 2, at 7. \item[11] Middle East Report No. 114, \textit{supra} note 5, at 6. \item[12] Feirstein, \textit{supra} note 2, at 8-9. \item[13] \textit{Id.} at 9-12. \item[14] \textit{Id.} at 4. \item[15] “A Look at Zaydi Shiites and Houthi Rebels in Yemen,” Washington Examiner (October 4, 2014), available at: https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/a-look-at-zaydi-shiites-and-houthi-rebels-in-yemen. \item[16] Marieke Brandt, “Tribes and Politics in Yemen: A History of the Houthi Conflict” Oxford University Press (2017), pg. 135. \end{footnotes} The government’s inability to defeat the Houthis in a series of rebellions during the 2000s resulted in a severely divided northern population along government-Houthi lines.\textsuperscript{17} Destructive cycles of violence and counter violence in the northern Sad’ dah region saw increasing numbers of Sad’ dah citizenry joining the Houthi’s ranks.\textsuperscript{18} Indeed, the movement succeeded considerably in channeling popular frustration with the Saleh government.\textsuperscript{19} Saleh’s divide and conquer strategy stoked conflict between northwestern tribal sheikhs and non-tribal sayyids who established themselves as religious scholars and tribal mediators.\textsuperscript{20} This further pushed many citizens towards the Houthi movement, as many grew discontent with the failure of influential sheikhs to use their power under Saleh’s tribal patronage system to benefit ordinary tribal members.\textsuperscript{21} By the 2011 Arab Spring, the Houthis had put together one of the most effective military forces in the country, taking control of all of northern Sad’ dah Governorate and large portions of the northern cities of Amran and al-Jawf.\textsuperscript{22} \textit{A Failed Political Transition} In 2011, following uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt, activists in Yemen began protesting the decades-long autocratic rule of the Saleh regime.\textsuperscript{23} The young urban protesters were soon joined by mainstream political parties such as Islah – a Sunni Islamist party constituted, in part, by the Yemeni chapter of the Muslim Brotherhood – and key players in the Saleh regime, including the prominent Ahmar family from northern Yemen and General Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar, a powerful military commander under the Saleh regime.\textsuperscript{24} After defecting in March 2011, Mohsen brought his close political ties with Islah, a Sunni Islamist party, as well as significant portions of the army.\textsuperscript{25} By July 2011, the Saleh government had effectively split into two camps: one supporting Saleh and another calling for his resignation.\textsuperscript{26} Marginalized populations from both the North and South, including the Houthis and the midland Shafi’i population too joined the demonstrations, calling for not only Saleh’s removal but also political, economic, and social transformation.\textsuperscript{27} While Yemen was on the brink of civil war in 2011, a Saudi-led initiative, the Gulf Cooperation Council (“GCC”), supported by the US, UK, European Union, and the United Nations, helped avert the widespread violence witnessed in other Arab Spring states such as Syria and Libya.\textsuperscript{28} The GCC afforded Saleh immunity from domestic prosecution in exchange \begin{footnotes} \item Feierstein, \textit{supra} note 2, at 12. \item \textit{Id.} \item \textit{Id.} \item \textit{Id.} \item Brandt, \textit{supra} note 16, at 346. \item Feierstein, \textit{supra} note 2, at 12. \item “Middle East Report No. 167: Yemen: Is Peace Possible?” International Crisis Group (February 9, 2016), pg.1, available at: https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/yemen/yemen-peace-possible. \item \textit{Id.} \item \textit{Id.} \item \textit{Id.} \item Feierstein, \textit{supra} note 2, at 12. \item Middle East Report No. 167, \textit{supra} note 23, at 1. \end{footnotes} for his resignation and transfer of power to Vice President Abed-Rabbo Mansour Hadi in February 2012.\textsuperscript{29} The GCC was accompanied by a UN-brokered transition plan, including the National Dialogue Conference (“NDC”), an implementation mechanism that was meant to assist Yemen in constitutional reform and socioeconomic and political transformation efforts prior to the February 2014 elections.\textsuperscript{30} From the beginning, the initiative faced an uphill battle in garnering support from Yemen’s various factions. The agreement’s strength – its protection and bolstering of traditional power centers in the country to prevent widespread violence and civil war – proved to be its weakness as well.\textsuperscript{31} Many anti-Saleh protestors from the South dismissed the initiative as a North-centric arrangement that relegated southern demands for autonomy and independence to the past.\textsuperscript{32} Critical anti-Saleh factions such as the Houthis also rejected the transition initiative, seeing it as a mechanism for protecting Yemen’s status quo, with existing elite backers propping up establishment political parties. As the protests developed, attacks on critical infrastructure, including electrical facilities, ensued. The capital city was left without power for weeks at a time. Road access and water supplies were restricted as the Houthis resumed their conflict with Salafists in the North, breaking a two-year ceasefire with their siege of the Salafist Dar al-Hadith madrassa in Dammaj.\textsuperscript{33} By 2014, it became clear that Saleh had formed a tacit alliance with the Houthis in order to stay alive politically and seek revenge on common foes, namely, President Hadi, Ali Mohsen, the al-Ahmars, and the Islah party.\textsuperscript{34} It was this increasingly unstable environment that the political transition agreement was embedded and ultimately failed. Emboldened by early battle successes and increasing populist sentiments in the capital city, the Houthis captured Sana’a in September 2014, a move that they alleged targeted the corrupt political elite and sought to restore order and security to the city.\textsuperscript{35} Rejecting the introduction of a new UN-backed Peace and National Partnership Agreement (“PNPA”), the Houthis placed Hadi under house arrest, forcing his resignation in January 2015, and dissolved parliament, creating a revolutionary \textsuperscript{29} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{30} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{31} \textit{Id.} at 2. \textsuperscript{32} “Middle East Report No. 125: Yemen: Enduring Conflicts, Threatened Transition,” International Crisis Group (July 3, 2012), available at: https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/yemen/yemen-enduring-conflicts-threatened-transition. \textsuperscript{33} Ginny Hill, “Yemen Endures: Civil War, Saudi Adventurism, and the Future of Arabia,” Oxford University Press (2017), pg. 261. \textsuperscript{34} Middle East Report No. 167, \textit{supra} note 23, at 7. \textsuperscript{35} \textit{Id.} at 2. committee and shadow ministries in its place.\textsuperscript{36} The Houthi-Saleh coalition then turned south, continuing their expansion to Aden with the professed goal of combating the rise of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (“AQAP”) and the Islamic State (“IS”), both of which have benefited from the security vacuum plaguing the country.\textsuperscript{37} In effect, however, the Houthi-Saleh coalition confronted Hadi, who had fled to Aden in February and then to Saudi Arabia in March 2015.\textsuperscript{38} \textit{Regional Intervention, Conflict Escalation, and Potential Violations of International Law} In March 2015, at the request of Hadi, the UN Security Council issued a Chapter VII resolution (S.C. Res. 2216), which recognized the Hadi regime as Yemen’s legitimate government.\textsuperscript{39} Hadi’s further appeals for international intervention prompted the assembly of an international, Saudi-led coalition, made up of nine largely other Sunni-Arab states.\textsuperscript{40} The coalition, with varying degrees of military contribution, launched a major air campaign against the Houthis in March 2015 with the goal of reestablishing the Hadi government and pushing back against Houthi advances.\textsuperscript{41} Saudi Arabia’s leadership in the coalition had largely been driven by regional and domestic political calculations, including the Saudi perception that Iran’s support for the Houthis demanded action to prevent a Hezbollah-like organization from terrorizing its southern border.\textsuperscript{42} From March to June 2015, a debilitating air campaign and naval and air blockade rolled back Houthi advances at the expense of the general public, with food supply lines strained and desperately needed fuel blocked.\textsuperscript{43} \textit{The current situation in Yemen} Since the Saudi-led escalation of the Yemen conflict in late March 2015, the war has progressed with ferocity.\textsuperscript{44} The UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (“UNHCR”) documented a total of 17,640 civilian casualties in the country between 26 March 2015 and 8 November 2018.\textsuperscript{45} The Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (“ACLED”) \textsuperscript{36} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{37} \textit{Id.} at 3. \textsuperscript{38} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{39} Security Council Resolution 2216, United Nations (April 14, 2015). \textsuperscript{40} “Identical Letters Dated 26 March 2015 from the Permanent Representative of Qatar to the United Nations Addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of Security Council,” United Nations (March 27, 2015), available at: https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_2015_217.pdf. \textsuperscript{41} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{42} “Yemen: Coalition Blocking Desperately Needed Fuel,” Human Rights Watch (May 10, 2015), available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/05/10/yemen-coalition-blocking-desperately-needed-fuel#; Stephanie Nebehay, “Half a million Yemeni children face malnutrition: UN,” Reuters (October 16, 2015), available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-children/half-a-million-yemen-children-face-severe-malnutrition-u-n-idUSKCN0SA28W20151016. \textsuperscript{43} Human Rights Watch, supra note 42. \textsuperscript{44} “Bachelet urges States with the power and influence to end starvation, killing, of civilians in Yemen,” United Nations Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights, (November 10, 2018), available at: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23855&LangID=E, last accessed 25 December 2019. \textsuperscript{45} \textit{Id.} estimates that as of June 2019, over 90,000 Yemeni civilians and fighters have been killed since the conflict escalated in 2015.\textsuperscript{46} Both UN and ACLED data suggest that the Saudi-led coalition’s (“SLC”) airstrikes are responsible for approximately two-thirds of civilian deaths.\textsuperscript{47} The US became a contributor to the Yemen conflict in late March 2015 under the Obama administration.\textsuperscript{48} Providing direct logistical, intelligence, and targeting support as well as thousands of weapons, munitions, and airborne fuel tankers to the Saudi-led coalition, US assistance has been complemented by similar support by the UK.\textsuperscript{49} While both the US and UK have claimed its participation in coalition activities have been driven, in part, by the goal of improved targeting and a reduction of civilian causalities,\textsuperscript{50} Human Rights Watch has documented over 90 unlawful coalition airstrikes since 2015, with airstrikes hitting homes, hospitals, markets, and school buses.\textsuperscript{51} The coalition is also alleged to have used at least six types of widely banned cluster munitions that were manufactured in Brazil, the US, and the UK.\textsuperscript{52} Allegations of war crimes have not only been lodged against the SLC but non-state forces as well.\textsuperscript{53} Houthi forces have been accused of indiscriminate artillery attacks and landmine use, and United Arab Emirates (“UAE”), UAE proxies, and Yemeni government forces have engaged in enforced disappearances, torture, and arbitrary detentions of civilians.\textsuperscript{54} With the US, UK, and France as the largest weapons suppliers to Saudi Arabia and other SLC parties, officials and corporations in these countries risk complicity in the violations of international law in Yemen.\textsuperscript{55} Similarly, while the exact extent of Iranian support for the Houthis is unclear, the armed group likely receives some kind of military support and training from Iran \textsuperscript{46} “Yemen Snapshots: 2015-2019,” Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project, available at: https://www.acleddata.com/2019/06/18/yemen-snapshots-2015-2019/. \textsuperscript{47} United Nations Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights, \textit{supra} note 44. \textsuperscript{48} “Statement by NSC Spokesperson Bernadette Meehan on the Situation in Yemen,” The White House: Office of the Press Secretary (March, 25 2015), available at: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/03/25/statement-nsc-spokesperson-bernadette-meehan-situation-yemen. \textsuperscript{49} “Hiding Behind the Coalition: Failure to Credibly Investigate and Provide Redress for Unlawful Attacks in Yemen,” Human Rights Watch (August 2018), available at: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/yemen0818_web2.pdf. \textsuperscript{50} \textit{Id.} at 58. \textsuperscript{51} “Yemen: Hiding Behind Coalition’s Unlawful Attacks,” Human Rights Watch (September 8, 2017), available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/08/yemen-hiding-behind-coalitions-unlawful-attacks. \textsuperscript{52} “Yemen: Cluster Munitions Wound Children,” Human Rights Watch (March 17, 2017), available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/03/17/yemen-cluster-munitions-wound-children. \textsuperscript{53} “Yemen/UAE: Aden Hunger Strike Highlights Detainee Abuse,” Human Rights Watch (October 26, 2017), available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/26/yemen/uae-aden-hunger-strike-highlights-detainee-abuse. \textsuperscript{54} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{55} “Final Report of the Panel of Experts Established Pursuant to Resolution 1929 (2010)” UN Security Council (June 2, 2015), available at: https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_2015_401.pdf. and Hezbollah, exposing Iran to legal liability for war crimes as well.\textsuperscript{56} Over 3 million Yemenis have been internally displaced, almost 200,000 Yemeni refugees are in neighboring countries, and currently 8.4 million Yemenis are at risk of famine.\textsuperscript{57} Logistical and military support to actors engaged in potential war crimes has been increasingly viewed by legal scholars and lawmakers through the lens of aiding and abetting.\textsuperscript{58} For example, refueling a plane that eventually bombs a funeral procession constitutes aiding and abetting the bombing itself.\textsuperscript{59} \section{III. Legal Definitions and International Humanitarian Law} International Humanitarian Law (“IHL”), sometimes referred to as the Law of Armed Conflict (“LOAC”), is primarily derived from the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and is supplemented by the Additional Protocols of 1977 relating to the protection of victims of armed conflicts.\textsuperscript{60} Many provisions of IHL, such as prohibitions against enforced disappearances and torture, are now accepted as customary international law.\textsuperscript{61} IHL provides protections for persons who have not or are no longer participating in armed conflict and seeks to limit the means of warfare and the effects of armed conflict.\textsuperscript{62} It has long been held that states are obliged to take all reasonable measures to ensure respect for IHL by other states.\textsuperscript{63} Importantly, IHL only applies to armed conflicts. For a conflict to be recognized under IHL, there must be a sufficient degree of intensity in hostilities between the different parties with \begin{footnotesize} \textsuperscript{56} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{57} Ryan Goodman & Miles Jackson, “State Responsibility for Assistance to Foreign Forces (aka How to Assess US-UK Support for Saudi Ops in Yemen),” Just Security (August 31, 2016), available at: https://www.justsecurity.org/32628/state-responsibility-assistance-foreign-forces-a-k-a-assess-us-uk-support-saudi-military-ops-yemen/; Kristine Beckerle, “US Officials Risk Complicity in War Crimes in Yemen,” Human Rights Watch (May 4, 2017), available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/05/04/us-officials-risk-complicity-war-crimes-yemen; Noah Feldman, “US Lawyers Fret as the Saudis Bomb,” Bloomberg (October 11, 2016), available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2016-10-11/u-s-lawyers-fret-as-the-saudis-bomb. \textsuperscript{58} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{59} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{60} “What is International Humanitarian Law?,” International Committee of the Red Cross (July 2004), available at: https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/what_is_ihl.pdf; “Rule 98. Enforced Disappearance,” International Committee of the Red Cross, available at: https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule98 \textsuperscript{61} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{62} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{63} “Yemen: Western powers may be held responsible for war crimes – UN,” BBC (September 4, 2019), available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49563073. \end{footnotesize} regards to both the weapons deployed and the duration of the conflict.\textsuperscript{64} IHL distinguishes between international armed conflicts, (i.e. conflicts involving at least two States) and non-international armed conflicts (i.e. conflicts that are confined to the territory of a single state and involve conflict between two or more different armed groups).\textsuperscript{65} The Yemeni conflict is best characterized as a non-international armed conflict because the war is internal, has been ongoing since 2015, and has involved the deployment of sufficient weapons by both state and non-state conflict actors to elevate the internal fighting to the level of an active conflict.\textsuperscript{66} Under such classification, the Yemen conflict is governed by Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol II.\textsuperscript{67} Common Article 3 prohibits any violence to the life of the person as well as mutilation, cruel treatment, torture, hostage taking, outrages to personal dignity, including humiliating and degrading treatment, and extrajudicial sentencing or executions.\textsuperscript{68} Additional Protocol II further codified and expanded the scope of Common Article 3.\textsuperscript{69} Acts such as pillaging, slavery, and terrorism are prohibited under Additional Protocol II, which also protects cultural objects, places of worship, and project works such as dams and nuclear electrical generating stations as well as prohibits the forced movement of civilians.\textsuperscript{70} A. War Crimes War crimes refer to grave or other serious breaches of IHL, that is, crimes committed against civilians and/or enemy combatants during an international or non-international armed \textsuperscript{64} “Q & A on The Conflict in Yemen and International Law,” Human Rights Watch (April 6, 2015), available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/06/q-conflict-yemen-and-international-law. \textsuperscript{65} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{66} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{67} \textit{Id.} It is important to note that while the most accurate characterization of the Yemeni conflict seems to be a non-international armed conflict, the circumstances make it possible that it could morph into an international armed conflict. According to Dinstein, a non-international armed conflict can segue into an international one “through the military intervention of a foreign state on the side of the insurgents against the incumbent government. Once there are two states locked in combat with one another, the armed conflict becomes an [International Armed Conflict][IAC].” Thus, if Iran’s involvement on behalf of the Houthis is shown to rise to the level of active hostilities against Hadi’s internationally recognized government, then the conflict may be more accurately characterized as an international armed conflict. Yoram Dinstein, “The Conduct of Hostilities Under the Law of International Armed Conflict,” Cambridge University Press (2016), pg. 36. If the conflict is characterized as an international one, then the four 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1977 Additional Protocol I govern the conduct of hostilities. “The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols,” International Committee of the Red Cross (October 29, 2010), available at: https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/war-and-law/treaties-customary-law/geneva-conventions/overview-geneva-conventions.htm. \textsuperscript{68} “Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War: Geneva, August 1949: Conflicts not of an International Character,” International Committee of the Red Cross, available at: https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/WebART/375-590006. \textsuperscript{69} “The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols,” supra note 68. \textsuperscript{70} “Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II),” Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights (June 8, 1977), available at: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/protocol2.pdf. conflict and where the perpetrators may be held individually criminally liable.\textsuperscript{71} War crimes contain two main elements:\textsuperscript{72} (1) a \textit{contextual} element, whereby the conduct occurred within the context of and related to an international or non-international armed conflict; and (2) a \textit{mental} element whereby the alleged perpetrator has committed the act with intent and knowledge both with regards to the individual act and its contextual element.\textsuperscript{73} Grave breaches of IHL, enumerated first and foremost in the Geneva Conventions, include \textit{inter alia}, inhuman treatment, hostage taking, torture, and conduct related to the substantial destruction of property.\textsuperscript{74} Isolated attacks are sufficient to amount to a war crime.\textsuperscript{75} To charge a perpetrator with a war crime, the \textit{chapeau} elements must be satisfied – i.e. that the conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict, and the perpetrator was aware of the existence of an armed conflict.\textsuperscript{76} The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court has codified the provisions of Common Article 3 as war crimes.\textsuperscript{77} Article 8 of the Rome Statute codifies and enumerates war crimes that the International Criminal Court has competence to prosecute. Rome Statute Article 8(2)(c), which concerns non-international armed conflicts,\textsuperscript{78} is a codification of Common Article 3 to the Geneva Conventions. \section{B. Crimes Against Humanity} Crimes against humanity (“CAH”) may occur during international or non-international conflicts, but they are only instances of violence against civilians.\textsuperscript{79} CAH cannot be isolated events, but must be committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack upon a civilian population.\textsuperscript{80} An attack is widespread if it is large-scale in nature or if there is a large number of \begin{footnotesize} \begin{itemize} \item[\textsuperscript{71}] “Info Note 2: Democratic Republic of the Congo 1993-2003,” Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, available at: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/CD/FS-2_Crimes_Final.pdf. \item[\textsuperscript{72}] There are violations of IHL that are not considered to be war crimes, but rather grave breaches of IHL. These are specific acts that connote a lesser standard in comparison to war crimes. \item[\textsuperscript{73}] “War Crimes,” United Nations Office on Genocide and the Responsibility to Protect, available at: https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/war-crimes.shtml. Importantly, variation exists as to the nature of the mental element across international tribunals. For example, the ICTY, using the language of the Additional Protocols, uses the language of “willful” as its mental element, which includes both intentional and highly reckless conduct. \textit{See} W. J. Fenrick, “Crimes in Combat: The Relationship Between Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes,” The Hague (March 5, 2003), pg. 3, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/E7C759C8-C5A4-4AD3-8AB5-EF6ED68AC1D4/0/Fenrick.pdf. \item[\textsuperscript{74}] Article 50 of Geneva Convention I, Article 51 of Geneva Convention II, Article 130 of Geneva Convention III, article 147 of the Geneva Convention IV \item[\textsuperscript{75}] Case Matrix Network, \textit{Crimes Against Humanity}, https://www.casematrixnetwork.org/cmn-knowledge-hub/elements-digest/art-7/common-elements/1/. \item[\textsuperscript{76}] Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Art. 8(2)(b)(xxv) (1998). \item[\textsuperscript{77}] \textit{Id.} \item[\textsuperscript{78}] \textit{Id.} \item[\textsuperscript{79}] Case Matrix Network, \textit{Crimes Against Humanity}, https://www.casematrixnetwork.org/cmn-knowledge-hub/elements-digest/art-7/common-elements/1/. \item[\textsuperscript{80}] \textit{Id.} \end{itemize} \end{footnotesize} A systematic attack is part of an organized effort to harm or destabilize a civilian population.\textsuperscript{82} Crimes against humanity are codified in Article 7 of the Rome Statute. These include, “murder, extermination, rape, persecution, and all other inhumane acts of a similar character” committed willfully and as part of widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population, with knowledge of the attack.\textsuperscript{83} Crimes against humanity require three main elements: (1) a \textit{physical} element, which includes the commission of the aforementioned crimes, (2) a \textit{contextual} element, whereby the act is committed as part of a “widespread and systematic attack directed against any civilian population,” and (3) a \textit{mental} element, in which the alleged perpetrator had knowledge of the attack.\textsuperscript{84} The contextual element encompasses large-scale violence in terms of number of victims or the conflicts extension over a broad geographic area or include methodical violence.\textsuperscript{85} These elements are meant to exclude accidental or isolated acts of violence from the category of crimes against humanity, as CAH must typically be committed in furtherance of a state policy,\textsuperscript{86} which can be inferred from circumstantial evidence.\textsuperscript{87} \section{C. Distinctions Between War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity} There are three key distinctions between war crimes and crimes against humanity. First, crimes against humanity may occur both in times of armed conflict and in times of peace, whereas war crimes can only occur during times of war. Second, a single isolated act may constitute a war crime but not a crime against humanity, as the latter requires being part of a widespread or systematic attack.\textsuperscript{88} Third, most of the underlying offenses that constitute a crime against humanity also constitute a war crime; however, not all conduct that constitutes a war crime necessarily amounts to a crime against humanity.\textsuperscript{89} \begin{footnotes} \item[81] David Marcus, “Famine Crimes in International Law,” American Journal of International Law (2003), pg. 272. \item[82] \textit{Id.} \item[83] Democratic Republic of the Congo, \textit{supra} note 72. \item[84] “Crimes Against Humanity,” United Nations Office on Genocide and the Responsibility to Protect, available at: https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/crimes-against-humanity.shtml. \item[85] \textit{Id.} \item[86] \textit{Id.} \item[87] \textit{Id.} \item[88] \textit{Id.} \item[89] Guénaël Mettraux, “International Crimes and the Ad-hoc Tribunals: War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity,” Oxford Scholarship Online (January 2010), available at: https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207541.001.0001/acprof-9780199207541-chapter-24. \end{footnotes} D. MODES OF LIABILITY Assigning individual responsibility for war crimes or CAH requires a determination of what role the individual played in committing the crime. The modes of liability for war crimes and CAH come in three forms: individual criminal responsibility, command responsibility, or State responsibility. Individual criminal responsibility arises when an individual planned, instigated, ordered, committed or otherwise aided and abetted in the planning, preparation or execution of a crime.$^{90}$ Forms of individual criminal responsibility include: planning; instigating; ordering; committing (direct perpetration); aiding and abetting in the planning, preparation or execution of a crime; joint criminal enterprise (“JCE”); Co-perpetration (joint perpetration); indirect perpetration; and indirect co-perpetration.$^{91}$ Thus, if an individual commits the war crime of murder, anyone who aided or abetted the murder could be held liable for the murder individually or jointly through JCE. $^{90}$ Rome Statute, supra* note 76, at Art. 25(3) Individual Criminal Responsibility; See also ICTY/ICTR Statutes, Article 7(1)/Article 6(1), https://iici.global/0.5.1/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/icls-training-materials-sec-9-modes-of-liability.pdf. $^{91}$ Id. Command responsibility “assigns criminal responsibility to high-ranking members of military as well as militia for the crimes committed by their subordinates.”\textsuperscript{92} It requires that the charged individual holds a “superior subordinate relationship with the direct perpetrators and that they knew or should have known that the crimes were being or had been committed.”\textsuperscript{93} Command responsibility is outlined in Article 28 of the Rome Statute.\textsuperscript{94} A final mode of liability is State responsibility. According to the law of State responsibility, States are prohibited from committing internationally wrongful acts.\textsuperscript{95} Internationally wrongful acts are violations of the principles of IHL, including proportionality, distinction, superfluous injury, and humanity.\textsuperscript{96} States that commit any of these violations may under certain circumstances be subject to suit before the International Court of Justice (“ICJ”). If a State is found to have committed a violation constituting an internationally wrongful act, it must cease the act, make assurances of non-repetition, and issue reparations for injuries if appropriate.\textsuperscript{97} \begin{footnotesize} \begin{enumerate} \item Case Matrix Network, \textit{International Criminal Law Guidelines: Command Responsibility}, 16 (2016), available at: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/7441a2/pdf/. \item \textit{Id.} \item Rome Statute, \textit{supra} note 76, at Art. 28. \item “Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts,” International Law Commission,(2001), Art. 2, with commentaries [hereinafter ARSIWA]. \item \textit{Id.} \item ARSIWA, \textit{supra} note 95, at Art. 30; \textit{Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory} (Advisory Opinion), ICJ (July 9, 2004) ¶ 151 [hereinafter Wall AO]. \end{enumerate} \end{footnotesize} E. AIDING AND ABETTING LIABILITY I. CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR AIDING AND ABETTING Aiding and abetting crimes, whether perpetrated individually or jointly, have been prosecuted under the individual criminal accountability regimes of ad-hoc tribunals and the International Criminal Court (“ICC”). Article 7 of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (“ICTY”) and Article 6 of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (“ICTR”) Statutes provide for individual criminal responsibility for aiding and abetting violations of international law. Accordingly, “a person who planned, instigated, ordered, committed or otherwise aided and abetted in the planning, preparation or execution” of crimes enumerated in the statutes could be held individually liable.$^{98}$ Additionally, the tribunals held superior officers responsible for their subordinates “if he or she . . . failed to take the necessary and reasonable measures to prevent such acts or to punish the perpetrators thereof.”$^{99}$ The hybrid courts, like the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (“ECCC”) and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (“STL”) provide general guidance on aiding and abetting, thus ad-hoc $^{98}$ ICTY Statute, Art. 7(1); ICTR Statute, Art. 6(1). $^{99}$ ICTY Statute, Art. 7(3); ICTR Statute, Art. 6(3). tribunals and hybrid courts rely on jurisprudence, rather than statutes, in prosecuting aiding and abetting crimes.\textsuperscript{100} In contrast, the contours of aiding and abetting liability under the ICC are explicitly defined by Article 25(3)(c) (the relevant aiding and abetting sub-section).\textsuperscript{101} Both the ICC and the ad-hoc tribunals have further clarified the \textit{actus reus} and \textit{mens rea} requirements of aiding and abetting as a mode of secondary (i.e., accessorial) responsibility. \section{A. ACTUS REUS OF AIDING AND ABETTING} 1. \textit{Ad-Hoc Tribunals} Ad-hoc tribunals have generally conceptualized aiding and abetting as a form of accessorial liability, considering secondary participation in the perpetration of a crime.\textsuperscript{102} Thus, aiding and abetting has been applied to atrocities in which the \textit{actus reus} of the crime is carried out by individuals other than the alleged aider. If the principal perpetrator engages in the \textit{actus reus} of the crime, the aider is also treated as a perpetrator of the crime at hand.\textsuperscript{103} Some discrepancy exists as to the precise definition of aiding and abetting applied by ad-hoc tribunals. ICTR case law has disaggregated the term into two distinct legal concepts, with aiding defined generally as the “provision of assistance to another in the commission of a crime, whereas abetting is the facilitation of, or the provision of advice in relation to, the commission of an act.”\textsuperscript{104} The \textit{Semanza} Trial Chamber, for example, defined abetting specifically as concerning abetting in particular, the \textit{Semanza} Trial Chamber refers to it as “encouraging, advising or instigating the commission of a crime.”\textsuperscript{105} In contrast, ICTY case law treats aiding and abetting as a broad, unitary legal concept, with definitions of aiding and abetting ranging from “rendering a substantial contribution to the commission of a crime” to “acts of practical assistance, encouragement, or moral support.”\textsuperscript{106} \begin{quote} IF THE PRINCIPAL PERPETRATOR ENGAGES IN THE ACTUS REUS OF THE CRIME, THE AIDER IS ALSO TREATED AS A PERPETRATOR OF THE CRIME AT HAND. \end{quote} \textsuperscript{100} Oona A. Hathaway, et al., “Aiding and Abetting in International Criminal Law,” Cornell Law Review (2019), pg. 1606. \textsuperscript{101} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{102} \textit{Kunarac et al.} (Judgment), ICTY (2001), ¶ 391. \textsuperscript{103} Mohamed Elwa Badar, “Participation in Crimes in the Jurisprudence of the ICTY and ICTR,” Routledge Handbook of International Criminal Law (August 21, 2012), pg. 249, available at: https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/6370/2/Badar.Chap16%5B1%5D.pdf. \textsuperscript{104} \textit{Akayesu} (Judgment), ICTR (1998), ¶ 484; \textit{Kayishema et al.} (Judgment), ICTR (2001), ¶ 196; \textit{Ntakirutimana et al.} (Indictment), ICTR (2000), Section 5; \textit{Ntakirutimana et al.} (Judgment & Sentence) ICTR (2003), ¶ 787. \textsuperscript{105} \textit{Semanza} (Judgment & Sentence), ICTR (2003), ¶ 384. \textsuperscript{106} \textit{Orić} (Judgments) ICTY (2006), ¶ 280. The ICTY also held that the crime that the offender is accused of aiding and abetting must have actually been carried out.\textsuperscript{107} The Court further explained that the \textit{actus reus} need not serve as a condition precedent for the crime and may occur before, during, or after the principal crime has been committed.\textsuperscript{108} International tribunals have held that there is no requirement that the acts that give rise to aiding and abetting liability be carried out within close proximity to where the principal crime was committed. In \textit{Karadžić}, the ICTY court said the actor’s “conduct may occur in a location remote from the scene of the crime.”\textsuperscript{109} The Special Court for Sierra Leone’s (“SCSL”) \textit{Taylor} case reaffirmed that the actor need not be physically present at the scene of the crime, nor must the act of aiding and abetting be temporally close to the actual crime.\textsuperscript{110} Thus, an individual may be held liable for aiding and abetting even if they aided or abetted long before or after the commission of the crime. “The actus reus need not serve as a condition precedent for the crime and may occur before, during, or after the principal crime has been committed.” The ICTY also noted that an individual may be held criminally responsible for aiding and abetting the direct commission of a crime through affirmative actions, tacit permission, or omissions.\textsuperscript{111} In \textit{Karadžić}, the ICTY ruled that to trigger aiding and abetting liability, the offender must commit “acts or omissions specifically directed to assist, encourage or lend moral support to the perpetration of a certain crime…”\textsuperscript{112} Aiding and abetting by omission has been interpreted to mean that had the accused taken action, the principle perpetrator’s commission of the crime would have been “substantially less likely.”\textsuperscript{113} The ICTY Appeals Chamber further determined that for the \textit{actus reus} of aiding and abetting by omission to be fulfilled, “the failure to discharge a legal duty assisted, encouraged or lent moral support to the perpetration of a crime and had a substantial effect on the realization of that crime.”\textsuperscript{114} The Chamber noted that implicit in this understanding of aiding and abetting by omission is a requirement that the accused had the capacity to act, with the means available to \textsuperscript{107} \textit{Akayesu}, supra note 104, at ¶¶ 473-475; \textit{Aleksovski} (Appeal Judgment), ICTY (2000), ¶ 165; \textit{Blagojević & Jokić} (Judgment), ICTY (2005), ¶ 726; \textit{Brdanin} (Judgment), ICTY (2004), ¶ 271. \textsuperscript{108} \textit{Blagojević & Jokić} (Appeal Judgment), ICTY (2007) ¶ 127; \textit{Mrkšić & Šljivančanin}, (Appeal Judgment), ICTY (2009) ¶ 49. \textsuperscript{109} \textit{Karadžić},(Judgement), ICTY (2016)¶¶ 574-77. \textsuperscript{110} \textit{Taylor} (Appeal Judgment), SCSL (2013), ¶ 385. \textsuperscript{111} \textit{Tadić} (Appeal Judgment), ICTY (1999), ¶ 188; \textit{Delalić et al.} (Appeal Judgment) ICTY (2001), ¶¶ 215-268; \textit{Kordić’ & Čerkez} (Judgment), ICTY (2001), ¶ 364; \textit{Aleksovski} (Judgment) ICTY (1999), ¶¶ 69–81. \textsuperscript{112} \textit{Karadžić}, supra note 109, at ¶ 575. \textsuperscript{113} \textit{Popović et al.} (Appeal Judgment), ICTY (2015), ¶ 1741. \textsuperscript{114} \textit{Mrkšić & Šljivančanin}, supra note 108, at ¶ 49. fulfill his or her legal duty.\textsuperscript{115} In addition, with regards to aiding and abetting by omission, an offender’s presence at the scene of a crime without taking action to prevent the commission of the crime does not give rise to aiding and abetting liability, if there is an “approving spectator” or superior present at the crime.\textsuperscript{116} A final important element of aiding and abetting’s \textit{actus reus} established by ad-hoc jurisprudence is that of substantial contribution. The \textit{Karadzic} Court noted that an accomplice’s contribution “must have a substantial effect upon the perpetration of the crime.”\textsuperscript{117} The SCSL reaffirmed the substantial contribution element in the \textit{Taylor} case, requiring that the accomplice’s “practical assistance, encouragement, or moral support had a substantial effect upon the commission of a crime of underlying offence” for aiding and abetting to be found.\textsuperscript{118} In \textit{Taylor}, the Court found that Liberian President Charles Taylor was liable for aiding and abetting war crimes by providing included rifles, ammunition, grenades, anti-tank mines, anti-personnel mines, RPGs and RPG rockets to groups that committed atrocities in Sierra Leone,\textsuperscript{119} with such aid considered practical assistance that had a substantial effect on the commission of the crimes.\textsuperscript{120} 2. \textit{The ICC} Criminal liability for aiding and abetting is established in Article 25(3)(c) of the ICC’s Rome Statute. The sub-section says an individual will be liable for aiding and abetting if the person: For the purpose of facilitating the commission of such a crime, aids, abets or otherwise assists in its commission or its attempted commission, including providing the means for its commission;\textsuperscript{121} A textual reading of Article 25(3)(c) and its use of the disjunctive “or” between “aids,” “abets,” and “otherwise assists” suggests that these terms are endowed with separate meanings. The \textit{Bemba} case noted that each term falls within a broader category of assisting in the perpetration of a crime.\textsuperscript{122} While the \textit{Bemba} trial chamber held that “aiding” refers to helping or supporting the principal perpetrator in the (attempted) commission of a crime, and in particular, the provision of practical or material assistance, the Court further noted that the term overlaps with Article 25(3)(c)’s phrase “otherwise assists.”\textsuperscript{123} Abetting, in contrast, refers to “moral or \textsuperscript{115} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{116} \textit{Brdanin}, supra note 107, at ¶ 271. \textit{Orić}, supra note 105, at ¶ 277; \textit{Aleksovski} (Judgement), \textit{supra} note 111, ¶ 87; \textit{Kayishema et al.} (Appeal Judgement), ICTR (2001), ¶¶ 201-02; \textit{Akayesu}, supra note 104, at ¶ 706; \textit{Bagilishema} (Judgement), ICTR (2001) ¶. 36; \textit{Furundžija} (Judgement), ICTY (1998), ¶ 207. \textsuperscript{117} \textit{Karadžić}, supra note 109, at ¶ 575. \textsuperscript{118} \textit{Taylor} (Appeals Judgment), SCSL (2013) ¶ 353. \textsuperscript{119} \textit{Taylor} (Judgment), SCSL (2012) ¶ 6908. \textsuperscript{120} \textit{Id.} at ¶ 6915. \textsuperscript{121} Rome Statute, supra note 76, at Art. 25(3)(c). \textsuperscript{122} \textit{Bemba Gombo et al.} (Judgment), ICC (2016) ¶ 87 \textsuperscript{123} \textit{Id.} at ¶ 88. psychological assistance of the accessory to the principal perpetrator, taking the form of encouragement of or even sympathy for the commission of a particular offence.”\textsuperscript{124} With regards to both aiding and abetting’s \textit{actus reus}, the ICC has held that the principal crime must have been committed, or at least attempted, in order for criminal responsibility to attach to the accessory. Importantly, however, the principal perpetrator need not be identified, charged, or convicted to establish aiding and abetting liability.\textsuperscript{125} Following ad-hoc tribunal jurisprudence, the ICC similarly requires a causal link between the accused’s acts and the commission of the principal crime,\textsuperscript{126} although the threshold for assistance at the ICC remains unclear. On the one hand, the ICC in the \textit{Bemba} case held that there is no minimal threshold requirement: as long as the provision of aid had an effect on the commission of the principal crime, the significance of its contribution is irrelevant. All that is required to trigger aiding and abetting liability is that the accessory provided assistance to the principal perpetrator.\textsuperscript{127} On the other hand, the Pre-Trial Chamber I in the \textit{Mbarushimana} case found that “a substantial contribution to the crime may be contemplated,”\textsuperscript{128} with the \textit{Lubanga} Trial Chamber I requiring “substantial” contribution on behalf of the accessory to make accessorial liability possible.\textsuperscript{129} Notably, an accessory’s contribution – substantial or otherwise – does not include \textit{ex post facto} aiding and abetting, as no explicit provision in the Rome Statute establishes individual criminal responsibility for aiding and abetting covering up crimes already committed.\textsuperscript{130} \textbf{B. MENS REA OF AIDING AND ABETTING} 1. \textit{Ad-hoc Tribunals} While ad-hoc tribunal case law has clearly established that aiding and abetting crimes require some form of intent,\textsuperscript{131} tribunals have described the nature and requirements of this \textit{mens rea} in different manners. Divergent approaches to the \textit{mens rea} of aiding and abetting by ad-hoc \begin{itemize} \item \textsuperscript{124} \textit{Id.} at ¶ 89. \item \textsuperscript{125} \textit{Id.} at ¶ 84. \item \textsuperscript{126} \textit{Id.} at ¶ 94. \item \textsuperscript{127} \textit{Id.} at ¶ 35. \item \textsuperscript{128} \textit{Mbarushimana} (Decision on the Confirmation of the Charges), ICC (2011) ¶ 280. \item \textsuperscript{129} \textit{Lubanga Dyilo} (Judgment) ICC (2012), ¶ 997. \item \textsuperscript{130} \textit{Mbarushimana}, supra note 128, ¶ 286. \item \textsuperscript{131} \textit{Tadić} (Judgment), ICTY (1997), ¶ 689. \end{itemize} tribunals reflect diverse treatment of the cognitive and volitional elements of the accomplice’s mens rea.$^{132}$ With regards to the cognitive element, both the ICTY and ICTR have, at times, required that the aider and abettor must have had knowledge or awareness that his or her actions or omissions assisted in or helped facilitate the perpetration of the principal crime.$^{133}$ In Furundžija, the ICTY Trial Chamber Judgement held “it is not necessary that the aider and abettor…know the precise crime that was intended and which in the event was committed. If he is aware that one of a number of crimes will probably be committed, and one of those crimes is in fact committed he has intended to facilitate the commission of that crime, and is guilty as an aider and abettor.”$^{134}$ The Furundžija* Trial Chamber cited the post WWII prosecution of the Zyklon B case, in which the allied military tribunal was not required to prove that the accused acted with the specific intent to kill concentration camp victims. Rather, it sufficed that the aider intended to sell poison for profit, with the knowledge it would be used to kill civilians.$^{135}$ In Karadžić, the ICTY reaffirmed this construction of aiding and abetting’s mens rea, stating, “there is no requirement of a showing that the acts of the Accused were specifically directed to assist . . . the commission of the crimes.”$^{136}$ For specific intent crimes, such as genocide, all that is required is knowledge on the part of the aider and abettor that the acts performed will assist or facilitate in the commission of the crime.$^{137}$ The ICTY Appeals Chamber further clarified that it is not necessary to prove the existence of a common plan between the accessory and principal perpetrator, and that knowledge by the principal offender of the accomplice’s contribution is not necessary to trigger liability for aiding and abetting.$^{138}$ Importantly, a subset of ICTY case law has held that while those accused of aiding and abetting are not required to have knowledge or awareness of the exact offense committed by the principal perpetrator, the accused must have awareness of the essential elements of the principal crime,$^{139}$ which includes the principal perpetrator’s mens rea.$^{140}$ Direct evidence is not required to prove that an actor had knowledge that their actions were likely facilitating the commission of a crime. Rather, the mens rea of knowledge may be --- $^{132}$ Badar, supra note 103, at p.249. $^{133}$ Vasiljević (Appeal Judgment), ICTY (2004), ¶ 102; Blaškić (Appeal Judgment), ICTY (2004), ¶¶ 46, 49–50; Tadić, supra note 111, at ¶ 229; Bagilishema, supra note 116, at ¶ 32. $^{134}$ Blaškić (Judgment), ICTY (2000), ¶ 287 (quoting Furundžija, supra note 116, at ¶ 246). $^{135}$ Furundžija, supra note 116, at ¶ 238. $^{136}$ Karadžić, supra note 109, at ¶ 576. $^{137}$ Id. at ¶ 577. $^{138}$ Tadić, supra note 130, at ¶ 229; Aleksovski, supra note 103, at ¶ 163(iv). $^{139}$ Kajeljeli (Judgment and Sentence), ICTR (2003), ¶ 768, (citing Kayishema et al., supra note 116, at ¶¶ 186-87); Semanza, supra note 11, at ¶ 387; Bagilishema, supra note 25, at ¶ 32; Kayishema et al., supra note 104, at ¶ 201. $^{140}$ Aleksovski, supra note 103, at ¶ 162; Blagojević & Jokić, supra note 107, at ¶ 727; Furundžija, supra note 116, at ¶ 245. inferred through circumstantial evidence.\textsuperscript{141} For example, in \textit{Ntawukulilyahyo}, the ICTR Appeals Chamber held that it was reasonable to conclude, based on circumstantial evidence, that the accused had knowledge that, by instructing Tutsi refugees to move to Kabuye hill, where they would not be protected, and by subsequently moving soldiers there who possessed genocidal intent, the refugees would be killed. Thus, on the basis of circumstantial evidence suggesting the aider and abettor knew of the principle perpetrators’ specific intent, the accused was found guilty of aiding and abetting.\textsuperscript{142} A final element of ad-hoc case law on aiding and abetting international crimes concerns a volitional aspect of the \textit{mens rea}. In \textit{Orić}, the Trial Chamber held that to satisfy the \textit{mens rea} of aiding and abetting, knowledge by the aider and abettor of his own intent and that of the principal perpetrator must be accompanied by a volitional element of acceptance, “whereby the aider and abettor may be considered as accepting the criminal result of his conduct if he is aware that in consequence of his contribution, the commission of the crime is more likely than not.”\textsuperscript{143} The volitional element is, thus, intrinsically linked to the substantial effect element of aiding and abetting’s \textit{actus reus}, with the aider and abettor’s degree of contribution to the commission of a crime related to his or her acceptance of the consequence of his or her contribution. 2. \textit{The ICC} The ICC’s conceptualization of aiding and abetting departs from the jurisprudence of ad-hoc tribunals via Article 25(3)(c)’s phrase “for the purpose of facilitating the commission of such a crime.” This standard is purposive in nature, requiring prosecutors at the ICC to satisfy a stricter \textit{mens rea} standard for aiding and abetting liability than those at ad-hoc tribunals. The court in \textit{Mbarushimana} affirmed the purposive requirement, with mere knowledge by part the aider and abettor that their actions would facilitate the commission of a crime insufficient for liability to attach.\textsuperscript{144} However, subsequent ICC decisions have shown that not all trial courts have interpreted Article 25(3)(c) as creating a stricter \textit{mens rea} standard. For example, the court in \textit{Bemba} held that the aider and abettor must have purpose only as to their own accessory conduct, and that knowledge of the principal offence is all that is required for accessory liability to attach. That is, it is sufficient if the accessory know that the principal crime will likely occur, with knowledge of the principal crime creating the inference that the accessory intended to facilitate its commission.\textsuperscript{145} It is not clear whether future ICC decisions will interpret Article 25(3)(c)’s \textit{mens rea} requirement in accordance with the \textit{Mbarushimana} case (i.e. a purposive standard) or \textit{Bemba} ruling (i.e. a knowledge standard).\textsuperscript{146} The choice will be a significant one, as it will determine whether or not corporate officers or state actors can realistically be held criminally liable for aiding and abetting crimes at the ICC. \textsuperscript{141} Taylor, supra note 118, at ¶ 497; Tadić, supra note 131, at ¶¶ 675-76; Akayesu, supra note 118, at ¶ 548; Aleksovski, supra note 116, at ¶ 65; Fofana & Kondewa (Judgment), SCSL (2007), ¶ 231. \textsuperscript{142} Ntavukulilyayo (Appeal Judgment), ICTR (2011), ¶ 222, 227. \textsuperscript{143} Orić, supra note 106, at ¶ 288. \textsuperscript{144} Mbarushimana, supra note 128, ¶ 274. \textsuperscript{145} Bemba, supra note 122, ¶ 35. \textsuperscript{146} Id. at ¶¶ 84-86. II. STATE LIABILITY FOR AIDING AND ABETTING Aiding and Abetting liability under the ICJ jurisdiction is derived from Articles 2 and 16 of the Draft Articles of State Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts (“ARSIWA”).\textsuperscript{147} Article 2 holds that a State has committed an internationally wrongful act when the State has engaged in conduct “consisting of an action or omission” that is (1) attributable to the State, and (2) breaches an international obligation.\textsuperscript{148} Article 16 affirms that: A state which aids or assists another state in the commission of an internationally wrongful act by the latter is internationally responsible for doing so if: that state does so with knowledge of the circumstances of the internationally wrongful act; and the act would be internationally wrongful if committed by that state.\textsuperscript{149} Article 16 is a general rule formulated by the International Law Commission (“ILC”) in 2001, but the General Assembly has yet to officially adopt ARSIWA. Nonetheless, in the 2007 \textsuperscript{147} ARSIWA, \textit{supra} note 95, Supplement No. 10 (A/56/10), chp.IV.E.1, Article 2, 16. \textsuperscript{148} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{149} \textit{Id.} Bosnia Genocide case,\textsuperscript{150} the ICJ explicitly held that Article 16 had achieved the position of customary international law. The court expressed that “customary rules constituting the law of State responsibility, [included] that of the ‘aid or assistance’ furnished by one State for the commission of a wrongful act by another State”.\textsuperscript{151} If a State acts in a manner that is incompatible with rules of IHL, the secondary rules of State responsibility are then invoked. This would also include individual liability for State agents under international criminal law. The distinction between primary and secondary liability is blurred with regard to Article 16.\textsuperscript{152} Article 16 has components of a primary and secondary rule because it expands responsibility of a wrongful act to an assisting State.\textsuperscript{153} Due to its supplementary nature, responsibility under Article 16 relies on the substance of the primary obligation infringed by one state and on the particular context of the situation involved.\textsuperscript{154} The ILC’s guiding commentary on Article 16 explains that the State culpable of providing aid and assistance must do so voluntarily and that act violates the acting State’s international obligations. Thus, the acting State is primarily responsible, and the assisting State occupies a subsidiary function. This demonstrates the difference between aiding and assisting and co-perpetration or co-participation attracting equal responsibility to both parties. Further, the assisting State is only responsible insofar as its actions impact and influence any internationally wrongful act, described by Article 2 of the Draft Articles. Where an internationally wrongful act would undoubtedly have transpired in any event, the responsibility of the assisting State will not entail compensating for that particular act.\textsuperscript{155} Article 16 restricts the extent of responsibility for aid or assistance in three ways. First, the appropriate State organ or agency affording aid or assistance must be conscious of the conditions making the actions of the assisted State internationally wrongful. Second, the State must provide aid or assistance with the expectation of enabling the performance of that act and that act must happen. Third, the concluded act must be an act which would have been wrongful if it was perpetrated by the assisting State itself.\textsuperscript{156} However, if a State provides financial or material assistance to another State and has \textit{no} knowledge that the State plans to use that assistance for an internationally wrongful act, then it cannot be held internationally responsible.\textsuperscript{157} It is not necessary that the aid or assistance is \begin{footnotesize} \begin{enumerate} \item \textit{Case Concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) (Judgment)}, ICJ Report (2007), pg. 43. \item \textit{Id.}, para 419. \item ARSIWA, \textit{supra} note 95, Commentary on Art. 16, ¶ 7. \item Helmut Philipp Aust, “Complicity and the Law of State Responsibility,” Cambridge University Press (2011), pg. 188. \item \textit{Id.} at 230. \item ARSIWA, \textit{supra} note 95, Commentary to Art. 16, ¶ 1. \item \textit{Id.}, ¶ 3. \item \textit{Id.}, ¶ 4. \end{enumerate} \end{footnotesize} fundamental to the commission of an internationally wrongful act as it adequate if it supported the act.\textsuperscript{158} \textit{The Four Requirements of State Liability} Responsibility under Article 16 is for assisting another State in the perpetration of an internationally wrongful act. Responsibility arises under Article 16 if each of the following four requirements are met: (1) The assisting State must give aid or assistance. (2) There must be a satisfactory nexus between the assistance and the fundamental wrong. (3) The assisting State must hold the necessary \textit{mens rea}. (4) The act perpetrated by the assisted State must also be wrongful if perpetrated by the assisting State.\textsuperscript{159} The “aid or assistance” specified in condition (1) above is not outlined in Article 16, but is commonly recognized as comprising a comprehensive scope of activity and is not restricted to acts of a certain severity.\textsuperscript{160} This might consist of the provision of material aid, including weapons, but also logistical and technical assistance, and financial backing.\textsuperscript{161} In the context of armed conflict, it might consist of the conveyance of land (i.e. military bases for launching airstrikes),\textsuperscript{162} of intelligence (i.e. to pinpoint targets for assault by armed drone, or for capture and imprisonment), and of equipment like satellite phones. The second requirement necessitates a connection between the assistance and the internationally wrongful act. The connection need not be direct, but a causal link must exist. The ILC’s commentary is inconsistent on whether or not the aid or assistance needs to be a “minor degree” or a “significant \begin{quote} \textbf{IN THE CONTEXT OF ARMED CONFLICT, [AID OR ASSISTANCE] MIGHT CONSIST OF THE CONVEYANCE OF LAND ... OF INTELLIGENCE ... AND OF EQUIPMENT.} \end{quote} \textsuperscript{158} \textit{Id.} ¶ 5. \textsuperscript{159} “Aiding and Assisting: The Mental Element under Article 16 of the International Law Commission’s Articles on State Responsibility,” \textit{International and Comparative Law Quarterly} (2018), pgs. 457-458. \textsuperscript{160} Miles Jackson, “Complicity in International Law,” Oxford University Press (2015), pg. 153; James Crawford, “State Responsibility: The General Part,” Cambridge University Press, (2013), pg. 402. \textsuperscript{161} Vladyslav Lanovoy “Complicity in an Internationally Wrongful Act,” in “Principles of Shared Responsibility in International Law: An Appraisal of the State of the Art” (Andre Nollkaemper and Ilias Plakokefaols eds. 2014), pg. 142. \textsuperscript{162} ARSIWA, \textit{supra} note 95, Commentary to Art. 16, ¶ 8. contribution”. However, the prevailing commentary appears to signify a need for a “significant contribution” which means a “substantial involvement on the part of the complicit State” which appears to be greater than a mere material facilitation. The main consideration concerning the third requirement is what comprises the necessary mental element. Article 16 obliges the assisting State to have ‘knowledge’ of the circumstances surrounding the internationally wrongful act. However, the ILC commentary avers that the aid or assistance must be provided “with a view to” enabling the commission of the internationally wrongful act while simultaneously describing the requirement for the assisting State to have “intended”, by the aid or assistance provided, to enable the internationally wrongful conduct to occur. There is undoubtedly a conflict between the wording of Article 16 and the ILC commentary and which mens rea is necessary to implicate the assisting State. The fourth requirement stems from Article 16(b), which entails that “the act would be internationally wrongful if committed by [the assisting] State.” As a consequence of this condition, responsibility will only attach when an act performed by the benefitted State would also be illegal for the assisting State. If this restriction was not present, an assisting State could be held separately responsible for the violation of a bilateral treaty which it was not a party to. If this was not the case it would constitute a violation of the pacta tertiis rule, which stipulates that a treaty does not bestow obligations or rights upon a third State without its consent. Where the rule is customary international law, the obligation is binding on both States. However, under treaty law, this stipulation could restrict the function of Article 16, for instance, in circumstances of collaboration where one state is a party to a human rights treaty, and another is not. IV. CONDUCT BY RELEVANT STATE ACTORS A. THE UNITED STATES The US is the largest supplier of arms, intelligence and logistical support to both Saudi Arabia and the UAE. Since 2015, Saudi Arabia has utilized American-made weapons to support a campaign to restore the Yemeni government, but this campaign has deteriorated into one of the most devastating humanitarian crises in the world.\textsuperscript{172} CNN investigations have found that both the Saudi and UAE governments have transferred US weapons bought under arms contract agreements to the different warring factions in Yemen.\textsuperscript{173} The investigations also found that the Saudi-led coalition (“SLC”) uses these weapons as a form of currency to buy loyalties of militias and tribes, to support their chosen armed actors, and to influence discord between warring parties.\textsuperscript{174} However, the US argues that the use of weapons in this way is a violation of the terms of the arms sales.\textsuperscript{175} All sales of US military technology are limited by end-user requirements that prohibit use by any third party without US authorization, including use by these militias and tribes.\textsuperscript{176} By absorbing militias into Yemeni forces, the use of the weaponry is technically under the direct supervision of the UAE, to which the weapons were legally sold by the US.\textsuperscript{177} The transfers to the absorbed militias constitute a legitimate transfer from state to state.\textsuperscript{178} As such, the UAE denies breach of end-user agreements, but the US claims that neither Saudi Arabia nor the UAE have been authorized to transfer weapons to factions on the ground in Yemen.\textsuperscript{179} Further, all US arms manufacturers formally stated that they follow all US laws and regulations governing export control.\textsuperscript{180} In March 2015, the US announced that it would provide logistical and intelligence support to the SLC forces against the Houthi rebels in the form of mid-air refueling, targeting assistance and training, and further arms sales.\textsuperscript{181} The majority of refueling support ceased in November 2018.\textsuperscript{182} As part of its logistical support, the US would review Saudi-selected targets and advise on the risk of civilian causalities but, according to US officials, the US would not provide advice on where exactly to target.\textsuperscript{183} Nearly five years after announcing support for the SLC’s efforts, the US continues to authorize substantial arms sales to Saudi Arabia.\textsuperscript{184} According to the US Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, the US struck a ten-year $110 billion agreement to modernize Saudi Armed Forces, which included $750 million in training programs intended to help limit civilian causalities.\textsuperscript{185} As of May 2019, the US has sold Saudi Arabia more than $129 \textsuperscript{172} Zoe Todd, “US Weapons, Saudi Airstrikes, Yemeni Deaths: What a U.N. Report on War Crimes in Yemen Means for US-Saudi Weapons Sales,” PBS: Frontline (October 1, 2019), available at: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/u-s-weapon-saudi-airstrikes-yemen/. \textsuperscript{173} Elbagir at. al., \textit{supra} note 171. \textsuperscript{174} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{175} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{176} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{177} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{178} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{179} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{180} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{181} Oona A. Hathaway, Aaron Haviland, Srinath Reddy Kethireddy & Alyssa T. Yamamoto, “Yemen: Is the US Breaking the Law?,” Harvard National Security Journal (2018), pg. 5, available at: https://advance.lexis.com/document/searchwithindocument/?pdmfid=1000516&crid=cba0f41a-660d-48de-ae36-4e55b3513565&pdsearchwithintext=%22targeting+assistance%22&ecomp=9s39k&prid=21b17e45-5776-4cb6-8a96-baf37d6eb591. \textsuperscript{182} \textit{Id.} at 12. \textsuperscript{183} \textit{Id.} at 12. \textsuperscript{184} \textit{Id.} at 26. \textsuperscript{185} \textit{Id.} at 13-14. billion in active foreign military sales.\textsuperscript{186} Aware of the controversial air campaign in Yemen by Saudi Arabia and their negative human rights record, Congress has made several attempts to curb these arms deals and instead tried to support immediate relief for the most vulnerable and suffering in Yemen.\textsuperscript{187} Congress blocked a vote to approve the sale and tried introducing the Saudi Arabia False Emergencies Act and the Saudi Arabia Accountability and Yemen Act of 2019.\textsuperscript{188} However, President Trump thwarted Congress’ attempts to ease the suffering in Yemen by either vetoing proposed legislation or continuing to endorse arms deals despite the wishes of Congress.\textsuperscript{189} He has sent five letters to Congress, two of which, in December 2017 and June 2018, state that the US in a “non-combat role,” “continued to provide logistics and other support to anti-Houthi forces in Yemen.”\textsuperscript{190} \textit{Evidence of US Weapons and Arms Being Used or Sold} Black markets in Yemeni villages sell “expensive and sought after” American arms; these shops fill individual orders as well as supply full militias.\textsuperscript{191} Video evidence of US-made Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected (“MRAP”) vehicles being used by separatist militia groups led by the Southern Transitional Council (“STC”) emerged in February 2019.\textsuperscript{192} The MRAP vehicles are built to withstand ballistic arms fire, mine blasts and improvised explosive devices (“IEDs”).\textsuperscript{193} These vehicles can be traced to a $2.5 billion arms sale contract between the US and the UAE which included an end user agreement that required the UAE must be the final end user of the tanks.\textsuperscript{194} The UAE claims there was no breach, but air conditioning units inside the vehicles bear serial numbers from Real Time Laboratories, an American company with a manufacturing facility in Mississippi. Real Time Labs stated that they supplied the product to the US government under a 2010 subcontract with BAE Systems.\textsuperscript{195} \begin{quote} \textbf{AS OF MAY 2019, THE US HAS SOLD SAUDI ARABIA MORE THAN $129 BILLION IN ACTIVE FOREIGN MILITARY SALES} \end{quote} \textsuperscript{186} Todd, \textit{supra} note 172. \textsuperscript{187} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{188} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{189} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{190} Hathaway, \textit{supra} note 181, at 12. \textsuperscript{191} Elbagir, \textit{supra} note 171. \textsuperscript{192} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{193} Nima Elbagir, Mohamed Abo El Gheit, Florence Davey-Attlee & Salma Abdelaziz, “American Weapons Ended up in the Wrong Hands in Yemen. Now They are Being Turned on the US-backed Government,” CNN (October 20, 2019), available at: https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/18/world/american-weapons-yemen-war-intl/index.html. \textsuperscript{194} Elbagir, \textit{supra} note 171. \textsuperscript{195} Elbagir, \textit{supra} note 193. A prominent group known as Alwiyat al Amalqa or “Giants Brigade,” a UAE-supported militia, recorded a video that shows an MRAP vehicle, purportedly being driven in convoy to join the separatists' battle against government forces in the south.\textsuperscript{196} The Giants Brigade placed their insignia on MRAP vehicles.\textsuperscript{197} These were found to have been made in Beaumont, Texas and contained serial numbers from the manufacturer, Navistar, the largest provider of armored vehicles for the US military.\textsuperscript{198} CNN investigators also found an image showing a serial number of an MRAP in the hands of a senior Houthi official which was then linked back to the same $2.5 billion sale to the UAE in 2014.\textsuperscript{199} Further, footage broadcasted on a pro-Iranian Lebanese channel showed US-made armored vehicles being unloaded into a Yemeni port off UAE ships\textsuperscript{200} and Saudi and UAE media sources boasted about an airdrop onto the al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (“AQAP”) frontline which included American-made BGM-71 TOW anti-tank missiles.\textsuperscript{201} AQAP even uses US-made Oshkosh armored vehicles; as a show of force AQAP paraded through the streets of Taiz in 2015 in the armored vehicles.\textsuperscript{202} US manufactured bombs have also been used in strikes on civilians. A bomb strike in August 2018 against a school bus in Northern Yemen killed 51 people, including 40 children.\textsuperscript{203} Trace elements of the explosive showed the bomb was a General Dynamics-made laser-guided MK 82 general purpose bomb.\textsuperscript{204} \textit{Evidence of Intelligence Support} On March 26, 2015, Saudi military forces relied heavily on US surveillance images and targeting information to carry out an airstrike in Yemen, targeting Houthi rebels in Aden.\textsuperscript{205} Although Saudi or Emirati pilots pull the trigger on weapons in Yemen, the US provides the support in the form of warplanes, munitions, and intelligence.\textsuperscript{206} In 2015, the US moved to expand intelligence sharing with Saudi Arabia to, “help them get a better sense of the battlefield and the state of play with the Houthi forces.”\textsuperscript{207} The intelligence forces also helped identify ‘no-strike’ areas the coalition should avoid to minimize civilian casualties.\textsuperscript{208} As part of this intelligence expansion, the US stationed a team of American military advisers at the coalition air command in Riyadh since 2016.\textsuperscript{209} \textsuperscript{196} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{197} Elbagir, \textit{supra} note 171. \textsuperscript{198} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{199} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{200} Elbagir, \textit{supra} note 193. \textsuperscript{201} Elbagir, \textit{supra} note 171. \textsuperscript{202} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{203} Hathaway, \textit{supra} note 181, at 14-15. \textsuperscript{204} \textit{Id.} at 15. \textsuperscript{205} Karen DeYoung, “Officials: Saudi-led action relied on US intelligence,” Washington Post (March 26, 2015), available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/officials-saudi-led-action-in-yemen-relied-heavily-on-us-intelligence/2015/03/26/6d15302c-d3da-11e4-8fce-3941fc548f1c_story.html. \textsuperscript{206} Declan Walsh, “Saudi Warplanes, Most Made in America, Still Bomb Civilians in Yemen,” New York Times (May 22, 2019), available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/world/middleeast/saudi-yemen-airstrikes-civilians.html. \textsuperscript{207} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{208} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{209} \textit{Id.} B. THE UNITED KINGDOM The UK is the second largest exporter of arms to Saudi Arabia, with its defense exports amounting to a record high of £14 billion in 2018 alone.\textsuperscript{210} Chief among these defense exports are bombs, intelligence, and refueling services.\textsuperscript{211} This trend to engage in extensive arms contracts is fairly recent. Military exports to Saudi Arabia skyrocketed in 2015 to £2.9 billion, whereas in 2014 military exports were only £83 million.\textsuperscript{212} These arms sales run counter to accepted provisions within the law of the UK.\textsuperscript{213} As a party to the Arms Trade Treaty, the UK is bound by the provision banning arms exports by a country if they know the arms will be used or are likely to be used in the commission of war crimes.\textsuperscript{214} Further, under UK law, it is illegal to license arms if they might be used deliberately or recklessly to harm civilians.\textsuperscript{215} \textit{Planes, Bombs, and Technical Assistance} In March 2019, the UK signed a preliminary agreement to sell 48 Typhoon multi-role fighter jets from British-based BAE Systems, Europe’s biggest defense company, to Saudi Arabia despite public outcry to implement an embargo on Saudi Arabia.\textsuperscript{216} In May 2019, BAE stated that it would continue to ship its weapons to Saudi Arabia despite Germany’s ban on arms sales.\textsuperscript{217} Saudi Arabia absolutely depends on weapons produced by BAE and a BAE employee even stated that “[i]f it weren’t there, in seven to 14 days there wouldn’t be a jet in the sky.”\textsuperscript{218} \textsuperscript{210} Dan Sabbagh, “UK reclaims place as world’s second largest arms exporter,” The Guardian (July 30, 2019), available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/30/uk-reclaims-place-as-worlds-second-largest-arms-exporter. \textsuperscript{211} Gardiner Harris, Eric Schmitt & Rick Gladstone, “US and Britain Seek Yemen Cease-Fire as Relations With Saudis Cool,” New York Times (October 31, 2018), available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/31/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-yemen-cease-fire.html?searchResultPosition=brit2. \textsuperscript{212} Arron Merat, “‘The Saudis couldn’t do it without us’: the UK’s true role in Yemen’s deadly war,” The Guardian (June 18, 2019), available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/18/the-saudis-couldnt-do-it-without-us-the-uks-true-role-in-yemens-deadly-war. \textsuperscript{213} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{214} “Yemen: Western powers may be held responsible for war crimes - UN,” BBC (September 4, 2019), available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49563073. \textsuperscript{215} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{216} Richard Pérez-Peña, “Britain to Sell Jets to Saudis Despite Conduct of Yemen War,” New York Times (March 9, 2018), available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/09/world/middleeast/uk-saudi-arms-jets-yemen.html?searchResultPosition=1. \textsuperscript{217} Ben Chapman, “BAE Working with UK Government to Supply Saudi Arms Despite German Ban,” The Independent (May 9, 2019), available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/bae-systems-weapons-sales-saudi-arabia-german-arms-export-ban-a8906851.html. \textsuperscript{218} Merat, \textit{supra} note 212. manufacturing of these bombs, which are then transferred directly to the Saudi Royal Air Force: for example £22,000 per bomb for Paveway II and III bombs, £105,000 per Brimstone I and II air-launched, ground attack missiles, and £790,000 per Storm Shadow air-launched cruise missiles.\textsuperscript{221} Despite evidence of misuse of these weapons in actions that may amount to war crimes, the May and Johnson Governments have justified the sales by stating the British Government does not pick the targets in Yemen and that Saudi Arabia already investigates its own violations of international humanitarian law.\textsuperscript{222} In June 2019, the UK temporarily suspended the approval of any new licenses to sell arms to Saudi Arabia after a court ruled that ministers acted unlawfully in selling the weapons when there was clear evidence that they might be used to violate international humanitarian law.\textsuperscript{223} This was in stark contrast to a previous decision of the High Court in 2017 which ruled that arms sales to Saudi Arabia were legal and the Court held that British Defense Military has a “wider and more sophisticated range of information” than the court does to make such a decision.\textsuperscript{224} The temporary injunction against arms sales may be short-lived because later that month, Liam Fox, the Secretary of State for International Trade, stated in Parliament that he disagreed with the decision and would appeal it.\textsuperscript{225} \textsuperscript{219} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{220} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{221} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{222} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{223} Michael Wolgelenter & Rick Gladstone, “UK to Suspend Issuing Arms Licenses to Saudi Arabia,” New York Times (June 20, 2019), available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/20/world/europe/uk-saudi-arabia-yemen-arms.html. \textsuperscript{224} Rick Gladstone, “British Court Allows Arms Sales to Saudis, Rejecting Criticism Over Yemen,” New York Times (July 10, 2017), available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/10/world/middleeast/yemen-saudi-arabia-britain-arms-sales-high-court.html?searchResultPosition=3. \textsuperscript{225} \textit{Id.} Personnel and Intelligence The UK’s involvement, however, does not end with weapon sales.\textsuperscript{226} Under another contract to the UK government, BAE provides “in-country” services to Saudi Arabia’s military where they train Saudi pilots and conduct essential maintenance on planes that have flown thousands of miles across the desert to hit their intended targets in Yemen.\textsuperscript{227} They also provide more direct combat logistical support such as arming and assembling the British-sold jets and the munitions they carry.\textsuperscript{228} An estimated 95% of the tasks necessary to fight the air war in Yemen are carried out by UK government contractors.\textsuperscript{229} An estimated 6,300 British contracts are working at “forward operating bases in Saudi Arabia as well as 80 Royal Air Force personnel.”\textsuperscript{230} As of May 2018 there are an unknown number of British troops deployed to Yemen to help Saudi Arabia and the UK government has refused to respond when asked if UK troops are deployed in Yemen.\textsuperscript{231} C. FRANCE France, the third largest weapons exporter in the world, has indirectly contributed to the Yemeni Civil War by selling weapons to the Saudi Arabian government.\textsuperscript{232} From 2008 to 2017, Saudi Arabia was France’s second biggest export market, however, France denies that their weapons exports are large and describe them as “relatively modest” and subject to tight restrictions.\textsuperscript{233} A report issued by the \textit{Direction du renseignement militaire} (“DRM”), the French military intelligence agency, showed that French arms, tanks, and laser guided missile systems are being used in Yemen by Saudi Arabia and the UAE.\textsuperscript{234} This report details ample evidence that French weapons are continually used in the Yemeni conflict. For example, Caesar cannons, manufactured by a French company, Nexter, are deployed along the Saudi-Yemeni border as are French-made Leclerc tanks in bases in south-eastern Yemen.\textsuperscript{235} The use of these tanks helps coalition offensives for the control of the Houthi-led party of Hodeidah.\textsuperscript{236} \textit{Aérospatiale}/Eurocopter AS532 Cougar transport helicopters and Airbus SE A330 Multi Role Tanker Transport (“MRTT”) refueling planes, as well as French-built ships, have aided in the blockade of Yemeni ports and has led to food and medical shortages.\textsuperscript{237} The MRTT allows for these nation’s air forces to conduct deep strikes within Yemen, including a number of the alleged \textsuperscript{226} Merat, \textit{supra} note 212. \textsuperscript{227} \textit{Id}. \textsuperscript{228} \textit{Id}. \textsuperscript{229} \textit{Id}. \textsuperscript{230} \textit{Id}. \textsuperscript{231} \textit{Id}. \textsuperscript{232} Benjamin Dodman, “France Under Pressure to Come Clean Over Arms Exports in Yemen War,” France 24 (April 21, 2019), available at: https://www.france24.com/en/20190420-france-arms-exports-yemen-saudi-uae-khashoggi-disclose. \textsuperscript{233} \textit{Id}. \textsuperscript{234} \textit{Id}. \textsuperscript{235} \textit{Id}. \textsuperscript{236} \textit{Id}. \textsuperscript{237} \textit{Id}. incidents that may constitute war crimes.\textsuperscript{238} However, France continuously asserts that French arms are used for defensive purposes outside of Yemeni territory or are under coalition control and that the sale of these weapons complies with international obligations.\textsuperscript{239} Despite evidence of frequent unlawful attacks, France continues to sell munitions and other arms to Saudi Arabia even though they have knowledge that their weapons are used in these attacks as evidenced by the DRM report.\textsuperscript{240} Moreover, the Arms Trade Treaty, to which France is a party, prohibits the authorization of arms transfers with the knowledge that these would be used to commit war crimes.\textsuperscript{241} \section{D. Germany} In November 2018, in response to the killing of journalist Jamal Khashoggi, Germany implemented an embargo on arms exports to Saudi Arabia.\textsuperscript{242} The German government extended the ban for another six months starting September 2019.\textsuperscript{243} However, despite these bans, there is evidence that Germany’s arms export restrictions are ineffective, as reports indicate that German made weapons are still being used in the Yemen conflict.\textsuperscript{244} In 2018, the German government approved €416 million worth of exports to Saudi Arabia.\textsuperscript{245} Then, in March 2019, Germany’s coalition government approved a €400 million arms export to Saudi Arabia and its allies, and also approved 208 arms deals with Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, and Kuwait.\textsuperscript{246} American-made armored trucks equipped with German-based Dynamit Nobel Defense made FeWas weapons stations have been sighted in Yemen.\textsuperscript{247} In 2009, reports detailed that the German government approved the export of these weapons stations to UAE at a cost of €81 million.\textsuperscript{248} Evidence shows howitzers with German-made chassis and motors have been used by the Coalition to shell targets in Yemen near the Saudi Yemeni border.\textsuperscript{249} \begin{footnotesize} \begin{enumerate}[label=\textsuperscript{\arabic{}}] \item \textit{Id.} \item \textit{Dodman, supra note 234.} \item \textit{Id.} \item “Yemen: Western powers may be held responsible for war crimes – UN,” \textit{supra note 216.} \item Giovanna Maletta, “Legal Challenges to EU Member States’ Arms Exports to Saudi Arabia: Current Status and Potential Implications,” Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (June 28, 2019), available at: www.sipri.org/commentary/topical-backgrounder/2019/legal-challenges-eu-member-states-arms-exports-saudi-arabia-current-status-and-potential. \item “Germany extends ban on arms sales to Saudi Arabia,” Deutsch Welle (March 28, 2019), available at: https://www.dw.com/en/germany-extends-ban-on-arms-sales-to-saudi-arabia/a-48107734. \item Maletta, \textit{supra note 242.} \item Naomi Conrad & Nina Werkhäuser, “In Yemen War, Coalition Forces Rely on German Arms and Technology,” Deutsche Welle, (February 2, 2019), available at: https://www.dw.com/en/in-yemen-war-coalition-forces-rely-on-german-arms-and-technology/a-47684609. \item “Germany Selling Arms to Countries Bombing Yemen,” Middle East Monitor (March 28, 2019), available at: https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190328-germany-selling-arms-to-countries-bombing-yemen/. \item “War in Yemen, Made in Europe,” Arms Trade Watch, available at: https://yemen.armtradewatch.eu/land.html. \item Conrad & Werkhäuser, \textit{supra note 245.} \item “War in Yemen, Made in Europe,” \textit{supra note 247.} \end{enumerate} \end{footnotesize} German arms are also widely used by the UAE armed forces, which has led a ground and naval campaign in the Yemen conflict.\textsuperscript{250} Their involvement in Yemen is made possible because the Emirates use German-made technology and weapons, such as FeWas weapon stations, MAN trucks, most likely manufactured as part of a joint venture between Germany’s defense firm Rheinmetall and MAN SE, a subsidiary of Volkswagen, and tank armor.\textsuperscript{251} In 2015, Eritrea agreed to lease its seaport in Assab Eritrea to the UAE for thirty years, which enabled the UAE to shuttle soldiers and military gear across the Red Sea to Yemen, and to more easily blockade the Yemeni coast.\textsuperscript{252} Several satellite images taken of the port showed several warships built by shipbuilder Lurssen.\textsuperscript{253} From March 2017, satellite images continue to show that German-built minesweeper vessels occupy the waters in the port of Assab and the harbor of Mokha.\textsuperscript{254} German assistance is not limited to tanks and ships but extends to the air force as well. Many of the components of the Tornado jetfighter, primarily utilized by the Royal Saudi Air Force, such as the center fuselage, fuel system, and engine are all German-made.\textsuperscript{255} Germany continues to supply essential components for Typhoon air jets to the UK who then sell the jets to Saudi Arabia.\textsuperscript{256} In January 2018, Houthi forces reportedly shot down a SLC Tornado fighter jet in Sadda province.\textsuperscript{257} Germany has also supplied essential components for an Airbus A330 MRTT to Saudi Arabia and the UAE.\textsuperscript{258} Germany’s government is likely aware that the arms trade with Saudi Arabia is violating international law.\textsuperscript{259} This is evidenced by its embargo on arms deals with Saudi Arabia, and the government’s reaction to the public outcry to halt trade.\textsuperscript{260} However, as recently as February 2019, Germany’s Minister of Economic Affairs and Energy, Peter Altmaier, claimed that while Germany does sell weapons to other countries, he had no knowledge of Germany selling weapons to Saudi Arabia.\textsuperscript{261} \textsuperscript{250} Conrad & Werkhäuser, \textit{supra} note 245. \textsuperscript{251} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{252} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{253} Teodora Torrendo, “So We Found off the Coast of Yemen in Germany Built Warships,” CC Discovery (February 27, 2019), available at: https://www.ccdiscovery.com/so-we-found-off-the-coast-of-yemen-in-germany-built-war-ships. \textsuperscript{254} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{255} Conrad & Werkhäuser, \textit{supra} note 245. \textsuperscript{256} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{257} “Saudi Warplane Crashes in Yemen; Pilots Escape,” al-Jazeera, (January 7, 2018), available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/01/saudi-warplane-crashes-yemen-pilots-escape-180107182349027.html \textsuperscript{258} Conrad & Werkhäuser, \textit{supra} note 245. \textsuperscript{259} “German Ban on Arms Exports to Saudis Spurs Pushback,” Spiegel International (March 6, 2019), available at: https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/germany-s-ban-on-arms-exports-to-saudi-arabia-spurs-pushback-a-1255764.html. \textsuperscript{260} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{261} Martin Lejeune, “German Arms and Soldiers in Yemen,” (April 10, 2019), available at: http://www.martinlejeune.de/german-arms-and-soldiers-in-yemen/. V. CONDUCT BY RELEVANT CORPORATE ACTORS Throughout the Yemeni civil war there have been well documented instances of airstrikes conducted by the SLC that may amount to war crimes.\textsuperscript{262} In many cases, to carry out these legally questionable attacks, the SLC has made use of bombs, missiles, and weapons platforms produced and sold by various US and European corporations.\textsuperscript{263} In August 2017, the SLC conducted an airstrike on a residential area in Sanaa with a laser guided-bomb produced by Raytheon, resulting in the deaths of seven people.\textsuperscript{264} Raytheon was implicated in another SLC attack that took place in 2016, in which a well-digging site was struck by Raytheon-made Paveway II laser-guided bomb which killed 31 civilians.\textsuperscript{265} Additionally, in April 2018, media reports demonstrated that the bombing of a wedding party in Al-Raqah village, carried out by the SLC, involved the use of another bomb equipped with a Paveway II laser guidance system manufactured by Raytheon killing at least 20 people.\textsuperscript{266} \begin{center} \textbf{Corporate Parties} \end{center} \begin{itemize} \item \textbf{United States} \begin{itemize} \item Raytheon \item Lockheed Martin \item Boeing \end{itemize} \item \textbf{United Kingdom} \begin{itemize} \item BAE Systems \end{itemize} \item \textbf{France} \begin{itemize} \item Airbus SE \end{itemize} \item \textbf{Germany} \begin{itemize} \item Rheinmetall \end{itemize} \item \textbf{Italy} \begin{itemize} \item RWM Italia \end{itemize} \end{itemize} \textsuperscript{262} “Yemen: US-Made Bomb Kills and Maims Children in Deadly Strike on Residential Homes,” Amnesty International (Sept. 22, 2017), available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/09/yemen-us-made-bomb-kills-and-maims-children-in-deadly-strike-on-residential-homes/?utm_source=TWITTER-IS&utm_medium=social&utm_content=1085878152&utm_campaign=Amnesty&utm_source=TWITTER-IS&utm_medium=social&utm_content=1086046440&utm_campaign=Other_issue. \textsuperscript{263} Conrad & Werkhäuser, \textit{supra} note 245; Dodman, \textit{supra} note 232; Gladstone, \textit{supra} note 224; Walsh, \textit{supra} note 206; “Yemen: Western powers may be held responsible for war crimes – UN,” \textit{supra} note 214. \textsuperscript{264} “Yemen: US-Made Bomb Kills and Maims Children in Deadly Strike on Residential Homes,” \textit{supra} note 264. \textsuperscript{265} Beckerle, \textit{supra} note 57. \textsuperscript{266} Mashal Hashem & James Allen, “How Lobbying Firms Helped Destroy Yemen,” The Nation (May 16, 2019), available at: https://www.thenation.com/article/tom-dispatch-lobbying-firms-yemen/. Other major US defense contractors have also been implicated in alleged SLC war crimes, such as Lockheed Martin and Boeing. In March 2016, a General Dynamics-made precision-guided MK-84 bomb, produced by Lockheed, was used in an attack on a market that left 97 people dead.\textsuperscript{267} The next day another MK-84 bomb was used in a second strike that targeted rescue workers.\textsuperscript{268} Additionally, in August 2018, the SLC used a Lockheed Martin-made MK-82 bomb, to strike a school bus in Dahyan Yemen, killing 51.\textsuperscript{269} In March 2017, a Boeing made Apache attack helicopter was used in a SLC attack that targeted a boat carrying Somali refugees; upwards of 42 innocent people were killed in the attack.\textsuperscript{270} Additionally, Boeing-built combat planes, such as the F-15, have played a central role in the SLC’s campaign in Yemen.\textsuperscript{271} As of May 2017, Human Rights Watch documented 23 instances in which remnants of US supplied weapons were found at the scene of alleged unlawful Coalition attacks.\textsuperscript{272} European corporations have also supplied war materials directly to the nations within the SLC. BAE Systems manufactures Eurofighter Typhoon jets, Challenger tanks, and a range of bombs all of which it sells around the world.\textsuperscript{273} The British government subcontracted BAE to provide weapons, maintenance and engineers to Saudi Arabian government forces.\textsuperscript{274} Between 2011 and 2015, French based multinational aerospace corporation Airbus SE, sold its A-330 MRTT tanker aircraft to the Saudi Arabian Air Force.\textsuperscript{275} After the assassination of journalist Jamal Khashoggi, by Saudi Arabian agents, Germany banned its arms manufacturers from selling weapons to Saudi Arabia.\textsuperscript{276} German arms manufacturer Rheinmetall, owns the Italian Arms manufacturer RWM Italia.\textsuperscript{277} Because RWM Italia is not directly a German company it was not subject to the German ban on arms sales to Saudi Arabia. As a result, RWM Italia was able to export some of its MK-80 bombs to Saudi Arabia.\textsuperscript{278} \textsuperscript{267} Nima Elbagir, Salma Abdelaziz, Ryan Browne, Barbara Arvanitidis & Laura Smith-Spark, “Bomb that killed 40 children in Yemen was supplied by the US,” CNN (August 17, 2018), available at: https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/17/middleeast/us-saudi-yemen-bus-strike-intl/index.html. \textsuperscript{268} Billy Briggs, “US Arms Manufacturer with Factor in Glenrothes Develops ‘Lethal’ Missile Steering System Similar to One Used in Yemen Bombing,” Daily Record (April 10, 2016), available at: https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/arms-manufacturer-factory-glenrothes-develops-7726745. \textsuperscript{269} Elbagir, \textit{supra} note 267. \textsuperscript{270} Ryan Goodman & Samuel Oakford, “Did US Provide Helicopter Used in Attack of Somali Refugees in Yemen?” Just Security (March 24, 2017), available at: https://www.justsecurity.org/39210/united-states-implicated-helicopter-somali-refugees-yemen/. \textsuperscript{271} Mandy Smithberger & William Hartung, “Our Man from Boeing,” POGO (January 29, 2019), available at: https://www.pogo.org/analysis/2019/01/our-man-from-boeing/. Note: The sale of these F-15s long pre-dated the outbreak of the YCW, along with agreements to maintain and upgrade these aircraft and their capabilities. \textsuperscript{272} Beckerle, \textit{supra} note 57. \textsuperscript{273} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{274} Merat, \textit{supra} note 212. \textsuperscript{275} “Criminal Complaint against RWM Italia S.p.A. and Italian Arms Export Authority,” MWATANA (April 18, 2018) available at: mwatana.org/en/criminal-complaint-against-rwm-italia-s-p-a-and-italian-arms-export-authority/. \textsuperscript{276} “Germany extends ban on arms sales to Saudi Arabia,” \textit{supra} note 243. \textsuperscript{277} “Criminal Complaint against RWM Italia S.p.A. and Italian Arms Export Authority,” \textit{supra} note 275. \textsuperscript{278} Maletta, \textit{supra} note 242. It is possible that these corporations could be held accountable both for criminal and civil liability for their complicity in these actions if the actions are found to be war crimes or crimes against humanity. Foreign Military Sales v. Direct Commercial Sales Within the context of US corporate sales connected to the conflict in Yemen, there is a critical distinction between transactions made through the US Foreign Military Sales (“FMS”) program and direct commercial sales. Due to the nature of these FMS program transactions, corporate defense contractors may be able to insulate themselves from liability, as their transfers are technically to the Federal government, rather than directly to in-theater actors. Direct commercial sales, on the other hand, are direct transactions between US defense contractors and foreign governments.$^{279}$ While these are often subject to federal approval, these transactions do not directly involve the federal government other than the aforementioned regulatory role.$^{280}$ Direct commercial sales that are under $1 million dollars are not disclosed to Congress, and some deals are reported at a far lower amount than they are worth.$^{281}$ Data provided by the Security Assistance Monitor shows no recorded direct commercial sales between 2014 and 2019.$^{282}$ The FMS program is overseen by the US State Department, makes the US government a middle-man between the arms manufacturers and the purchasing state.$^{283}$ For a 2% administrative fee added to the purchase price, the Department of Defense acts as a broker, coordinating with private companies to fulfill the order.$^{284}$ While certain countries can buy weapons systems directly from manufacturers, Saudi Arabia in particular prefers to use the FMS program because they believe they receive more favorable and expedient treatment from American companies when the Pentagon liaises with them on the Saudis behalf.$^{285}$ FMS sales are usually delivered by the United States Transport Command, the US military’s primary logistical support command, to the foreign customer.$^{286}$ However, Saudi Arabia hires private charter flights loaded with guided-bomb components to fly the weapons directly to Saudi Air force bases.$^{287}$ Ultimately, because Saudi Arabia uses the FMS program, these sales are considered government-to-government transactions.$^{288}$ As a result, transactions that are conducted through the FMS $^{279}$Frank Andrews, “REVEALED: The Full Extent of US Arms Deals with Saudi Arabia and the UAE,” Middle East Eye (April 4, 2019), available at: https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/revealed-full-extent-us-arms-deals-saudi-arabia-and-uae. $^{280}$Id. $^{281}$Id. $^{282}$“Direct Commercial Sales,” Security Assistance Monitor, available at: http://www.securityassistance.org/content/direct%20commercial%20sales?year=. $^{283}$Jeffrey E. Stern, “From Arizona to Yemen: The Journey of an American Bomb,” New York Times (December 11, 2018), available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/11/magazine/war-yemen-american-bomb-strike.html. $^{284}$Id. $^{285}$Id. $^{286}$Id. $^{287}$Id. $^{288}$Celia Pena-Gomez, “Lockheed Martin Defense Contract with Saudi Arabia has been Increased,” Americans for Democracy and Human Rights in Bahrain (July 30, 2018), available at: https://www.adhrb.org/2018/07/lockheed-martin-defense-contract-with-saudi-arabia-has-been-increased/. program could potentially insulate responsible corporate actors. When faced with potential liability, companies can claim that it was the US government that supplied the materials used to commit any alleged war crimes. VI. AVENUES FOR ACCOUNTABILITY The situation unfolding in Yemen offers complicated, yet not unique, jurisdictional issues. Since Yemen is currently considered a failed state and is also not a party to the Rome Statute, there are few options for prosecution of the crimes that are occurring there. However, this paper seeks to offer advice on where and how the claims stemming from the conflict can be litigated. Since Yemen’s judicial system currently does not provide an avenue for accountability because of the war, this section considers alternative pathways through international courts. A. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT Accountability at the ICC Drawing on a long history stemming from the Nuremburg Trials, the Rome Statute came into full effect on July 1, 2002, and the ICC began its work fighting impunity for international crimes.$^{289}$ The ICC differs from the ad-hoc tribunals in that it is an autonomous court that is not limited to a specific situation.$^{290}$ One of the defining features of the ICC is the doctrine of complementarity. Article 17 of the Rome Statute states that the Court may only prosecute when the State Party responsible for judicial action is “unwilling or unable genuinely to carry out the investigation or prosecution.”$^{291}$ Luis Moreno-Ocampo, the first Prosecutor for the ICC, stated that “the system of complementarity is principally based on the recognition that the exercise of national criminal jurisdiction is not only a right but a duty of the States.”$^{292}$ The ICC, therefore, acts more as a gap-filler, rather than a replacement for domestic prosecution.$^{293}$ If a state is able to provide effective justice for international crimes, use of the ICC would be unnecessary.$^{294}$ There are currently over 120 countries that are party to the Rome Statute, including France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom.$^{295}$ The United States, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen are not parties to the Rome Statute and remain outside of the jurisdictional reach of the Court. As such, the ICC would have limited, if any, jurisdiction over the Yemen Conflict. $^{289}$ “History of the ICC,” Coalition for the International Criminal Court, available at: http://iccnow.org/?mod=icchistory. $^{290}$ “Understanding the International Criminal Court,” ICC, pg. 4, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/PIDS/publications/UICCEng.pdf. $^{291}$ Rome Statute, \textit{supra} note 76, at Art. 17(1)(a). $^{292}$ Irene Marinakis, “A Weak ICC: Can the ICC Succeed without US Participation,” Eyes on the ICC (2008), pg. 129 (citing Luis Moreno-Ocampo, “Paper on Some Policy Issues before the Office of the Prosecutor,” September 2004). $^{293}$ Daniel Nsereko, “The ICC and Complementarity in Practice,” Leiden Journal of International Law (2013), pg. 429. $^{294}$ \textit{Id.} $^{295}$ “State Parties-Chronological List,” ICC, available at: https://asp.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/asp/states%20parties/Pages/states%20parties%20_%20chronological%20list.aspx. Giving the ICC Jurisdiction over Yemen The ICC may exercise its jurisdiction in three instances: (1) a situation is referred to the Court by the UN Security Council; (2) nationals of a State Party have committed crimes enumerated by the Rome Statute or such crimes occurred in the territory of a State Party; $^{296}$ or (3) the Prosecutor may initiate an investigation into a situation \textit{proprio motu}, on their own, so long as the situation is within the jurisdiction of the Court.$^{297}$ 1. Security Council Referral Whereas, the ICC may not exercise jurisdiction over non-State Parties unless the State submits to the Court’s jurisdiction, Article 13(b) allows the ICC to exercise its jurisdiction over non-State Parties when the UN Security Council refers a situation to the Court under its Chapter VII powers.$^{298}$ Without further enforcement from the Security Council, however, such referrals may be ineffective in aiding the ICC in its investigations and prosecution efforts. In 2005, for example, the Security Council referred the situation in Darfur to the ICC Prosecutor in Resolution 1593 and stated that the Sudanese Government “shall cooperate fully with . . . the Prosecutor.”$^{299}$ But the Sudanese Government flouted its obligations under the Resolution and the Security Council failed to enforce the mandate, due to both Russia and China threatening to veto any resolutions to that effect.$^{300}$ The threat of the veto makes it all the more likely that a Security Council referral for Yemen will not occur. Three of the five permanent members, the United States, Russia and China, are not members of the ICC, complicating the relationship between the Court and the Security Council.$^{301}$ Furthermore, not only is the United States particularly hostile toward the ICC,$^{302}$ but other members of the P-5, namely the United Kingdom and France are implicated in assisting in the atrocities occurring in Yemen. Even if the Security Council were to refer the situation to the Court, it is unlikely that it would act to compel other states to cooperate with investigations or proceedings. $^{296}$ Dapo Akande, \textit{The Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court of Nationals of Non-Parties: Legal Basis and Limits}, 1 J. Int’l Crim. Just., 618, 618-19 (2003); Rome Statute, \textit{supra} note 75, at Art. 12-13. $^{297}$ Rome Statute, \textit{supra} note 76, at Art. 13(c), 15(4). $^{298}$ Nsereko, \textit{supra} note 293, at 430. $^{299}$ Stuart Ford, “The ICC and the Security Council: How Much Support Is There for Ending Impunity,” Thurgood Marshall Law Review Online (2016), pg. 36. $^{300}$ Ford, \textit{supra} note 299, at 40. $^{301}$ C. Cora True-Frost, “Weapons of the Weak: The Prosecutor of the ICC’s Power to Engage in the UN Security Council,” Florida State University Law Review (2016), pg. 288. $^{302}$ Michael R. Pompeo, Secretary of State, “US Policy on the International Criminal Court Remains Unchanged,” Press Release, US Department of State (October 9, 2019) available at: https://www.state.gov/u-s-policy-on-the-international-criminal-court-remains-unchanged/ (“The United States remains committed to protecting its personnel from the ICC’s wrong-headed efforts spearheaded by a few grandstanders…[and] respects the decisions of those nations that have chosen to join the ICC, and in turn, we expect that our decision not to join and not to place our people under the court’s jurisdiction will also be respected.”). 2. Proprio motu Whether a situation has been referred by a State Party or initiated by the Prosecutor, it “must be determined whether there is a reasonable basis to proceed” so as not to waste time or resources.$^{303}$ The Pre-Trial Chamber is responsible for reviewing the Prosecutor’s requests and ensuring that the burden has been met.$^{304}$ This oversight is meant to prevent the Court from pursuing frivolous or politically motivated investigations.$^{305}$ The Prosecutor’s ability to direct the ICC to investigate and prosecute cases is a departure from the ad-hoc tribunals, which were limited to specific events.$^{306}$ Furthermore, this authority is curbed by the doctrine of complementarity, where the Prosecutor may only take cases “only when [States] fail to [act].”$^{307}$ In 2007, the ICC opened investigations into Kenya regarding violence that erupted following the presidential election and again in 2010 in Cote d’Ivoire during a non-international armed conflict.$^{308}$ However, the Prosecutor declined to open an investigation into the situation in Iraq, claiming that because the Court would only have jurisdiction over British nationals, the crimes were “insufficiently grave to warrant proprio motu action.”$^{309}$ The Iraq situation is informative on whether the ICC would seek proprio motu action in Yemen. First, many of the states involved are not party to the Rome Statute, including Yemen itself. It is conceivable that the Prosecutor could seek to open an investigation into the UK, France, and Germany for their roles in aiding and abetting atrocities in Yemen, but concerns regarding complementarity would likely deter such action. The possibility of the ICC having jurisdiction over Yemen is slight at best. As Yemen is not a member of the Rome Statute, the Court would need a Security Council referral under the Chapter VII powers to exercise its jurisdiction over events occurring in its territory. Such a referral would require enforcement by the Security Council to ensure cooperation with investigations and proceedings. Given that two of the P-5 members are potentially implicated in aiding and abetting war crimes and the United States’ hostility toward the Court, it is unlikely that either would occur. Further, the proprio motu authority of the Prosecutor would be limited to nationals of State Parties, making it more likely that the Prosecutor would decline to seek such action in this situation. It is conceivable that the Yemeni government that emerges from the conflict may cede jurisdiction to the ICC, but there is no indication of this being a likelihood at this time. $^{303}$ Nsereko, supra note 293, at 435. $^{304}$ Id. $^{305}$ Jonathan Jeung-Meng Fork, “Pro-Choice: Achieving the Goals of the International Criminal Court through the Prosecutor’s Proprio Motu Power,” Boston College International & Comparative Law Review (2011) pg. 57. $^{306}$ Kaveri Vaid, “Discretion Operationalized through Law: Proprio Motu Decision-Making at the International Criminal Court,” Florida Journal of International Law (2013), pg. 360. $^{307}$ Id. $^{308}$ Id. at 371. $^{309}$ Id. at 373. B. AD-HOC TRIBUNALS AND HYBRID COURTS First established by the UN Security Council in response to atrocities committed in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, ad-hoc tribunals and hybrid courts have provided pathways for post-conflict accountability in Kosovo, Bosnia Herzegovina, East Timor, Sierra Leone, Cambodia, Iraq, and elsewhere.$^{310}$ Created by the UN Security Council under its Chapter VII powers, both the ICTY and ICTR followed the groundwork laid by the International Military Tribunals after WWII.$^{311}$ In contrast, the hybrid courts, like the ECCC and the SCSL were the result of agreements between the UN and the individual states.$^{312}$ The ICTY, ICTR, and SCSL, operate concurrently with domestic courts but are legally separate entities and function above domestic systems.$^{313}$ For example, the ICTY had “concurrent jurisdiction over serious violations of international humanitarian law” but was allowed to take over domestic investigations and court proceedings at any time.$^{314}$ The ECCC, in contrast, functions within the domestic system of Cambodia, and the East Timor and Kosovo panels act as interim administrators due to the current lack of judicial systems in those regions.$^{315}$ Given that the ICTY and ICTR were established under Chapter VII, the Courts were able to “oblige” third-party states to cooperate with the investigations and proceedings, where hybrid courts lack the binding quality of Chapter VII authorization and thus cannot not oblige third-party states to cooperate.$^{316}$ The hybrid court model does, however, have the advantage of combining the impartiality of fully international courts with the transparency and local “ownership” of proceedings in domestic courts.$^{317}$ Obstacles in Creating an Ad-hoc Tribunal The Security Council’s decision to establish the ICTY and ICTR reflected the global consensus that certain crimes cannot go unpunished. By the late 1990s, criticism of the tribunals began to splinter the Security Council’s unanimity. Russia expressed frustration, particularly with the ICTY, over the excessive bureaucracy and accused the Court of lacking impartiality.$^{318}$ Some critics of the international criminal courts have argued that the ad-hoc tribunals have damaged, rather than advanced, confidence in international justice.$^{319}$ Despite this criticism, ad- $^{310}$ “Ad-hoc Tribunals,” International Committee of the Red Cross (October 29, 2010), available at: https://www.icrc.org/en/document/ad-hoc-tribunals. $^{311}$ Veronika Bilkova, “Divided We Stand: The Ad-hoc Tribunals and the CEE Region,” AJIL Unbound (2016). $^{312}$ Laura Graham, “Pathways to Accountability for Starvation Crimes in Yemen,” Case Western Reserve University Journal of International Law Vol. 62 (2020), pg. 37. $^{313}$ Sarah M.H. Nouwen, “Hybrid Courts – The Hybrid Category of a New Type of International Crimes Courts,” Utrecht Law Review (2006), pg. 202. $^{314}$ “Mandate and Crimes Under ICTY Jurisdiction,” ICTY, available at: https://www.icty.org/en/about/tribunal/mandate-and-crimes-under-icty-jurisdiction. $^{315}$ Sarah M.H. Nouwen, \textit{supra} note 313, at 210. $^{316}$ Nouwen, \textit{supra} note 313, at 212. $^{317}$ Nouwen, \textit{supra} note 313, at 202. $^{318}$ Bilkova, \textit{Ad-hoc} \textit{supra} note 311, at 242. $^{319}$ Ralph Zacklin, “The Failings of Ad-hoc International Tribunals”, Journal of International Criminal Justice (2004), pg. 542. ad-hoc tribunals do serve to provide criminal accountability where purely domestic systems would likely fail.\textsuperscript{320} Funding these institutions has proved difficult, as the ad-hoc tribunals are expensive to operate. The annual budget for the ICTY, for example, increased from a modest $276,000 annual budget in 1993 to over $301 million in 2010.\textsuperscript{321} The UN agreement establishing the SCSL was different from the first two tribunals in that it funded the Court with volunteer donations from UN member states, whereas the ICTY and ICTR were treated as organs of the Security Council.\textsuperscript{322} With the establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC), political will in the UN and the Security Council to establish a hybrid court and shoulder the financial burden seems unlikely. Possibly the biggest hurdle in obtaining a Security Council resolution establishing an ad-hoc tribunal is the political gridlock among the five permanent (P-5) members, the United States, Russia, China, Great Britain, and France. In the past, the veto from one of the P-5 members has rendered the Security Council powerless to prevent atrocities and conflict.\textsuperscript{323} Recent division between the P-5 centers around the atrocities occurring in Syria, including the use of chemical weapons against civilian populations.\textsuperscript{324} Given Russia’s cooling attitude toward the efficacy of international tribunals and US support for the SLC, it is likely that gridlock will prevent the Security Council from agreeing on the establishment of any international tribunal. \textsuperscript{320} Sandra L. Hodgkinson, “Are Ad-hoc Tribunals An Effective Tool for Prosecuting International Terrorism Cases?,” 24 Emory International Law Review (2010), pg. 517. \textsuperscript{321} Jon Silverman, “Ten years, $900m, One Verdict: Does the ICC Cost too Much?,” BBC News (March 14, 2012), available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17351946. \textsuperscript{322} Charles Chernor Jalloh, “Special Court for Sierra Leone: Achieving Justice?,” Michigan Journal of Int’l Law (2011), pg. 402. \textsuperscript{323} Jan Dirk Herbermann, “The U.N. Insecurity Council,” Handelsblatt Today (September 27, 2016), available at: https://www.handelsblatt.com/today/opinion/reform-gridlock-the-u-n-insecurity-council/23541184.html?ticket=ST-1077290-9NQzccn0rG9QbeOUTTT-ap5. \textsuperscript{324} “Paralysis Constricts Security Council Action in 2018, a Division among Permanent Membership Fuel Escalation of Global Tensions,” U.N. Press Release SC/13661 (January 10, 2019), available at: https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/sc13661.doc.htm. The UN Security Council wields immense power to act in the face of international turmoil, but is often left powerless by the politics of the veto. Calls for Security Council reform have existed for decades, including proposals to prohibit the veto power in cases involving genocide, increase the number of permanent members, and eliminate the veto altogether.\textsuperscript{325} In 2008, a proposal identified five issues for reform: categories of membership, the veto power, regional representation, enlarging the Security Council, and changing the relationship with the General Assembly.\textsuperscript{326} Many states have called for the expansion of the P-5 membership and at least some restrictions on the veto power.\textsuperscript{327} One proposal is to create a “two-layered regional model” where “the goal is to have large regions with socio-cultural links and similar security issues” represented in the Security Council.\textsuperscript{328} The proposal would have the affected region vote on a resolution first, then the remaining UN member states. If both obtain 60% consensus, then the resolution is adopted.\textsuperscript{329} While this may help prevent a single veto from throwing the Security Council into gridlock concerning a Yemen ad-hoc court, it is unlikely that the Middle Eastern Region would come to a 60% consensus on the matter. Even if a measure passed under this structure, a Chapter VII Resolution would still be required to oblige third-party states to cooperate with the court. The United States, United Kingdom and France, supporters of the SLC in the conflict, will likely oppose such a resolution, effectively leaving any ad-hoc tribunal handicapped in its efforts to hold responsible individuals accountable for their crimes. Another proposal is to limit the veto power when certain crimes – genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes – are implicated.\textsuperscript{330} The justification for this restriction is that the use of the veto violates the Member States’ responsibility under Article 24(1) of the UN Charter.\textsuperscript{331} In 2013, France, along with members of the UN General Assembly, articulated a “voluntary agreement” that permanent members would refrain from using the veto in the face of grave atrocities.\textsuperscript{332} As of 2019, 104 member states have endorsed this proposal, but there has been no movement in the Security Council to consider this reform.\textsuperscript{333} Such restrictions on the P-5 veto powers could, at the very least, prevent a single state from gridlocking the Security Council, \textsuperscript{325} John L. Hirsch and James Bowen, “If Security Council Is So Flawed, Why Does Everyone Want a Seat?,” IPI Global Observatory (April 26, 2016), available at: https://theglobalobservatory.org/2016/04/security-council-reform-cold-war/. \textsuperscript{326} Ville Lättilä, “A New Proposal for UN Security Council Reform,” Oxford Research Group (May 28, 2019), available at: https://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/blog/a-new-proposal-for-un-security-council-reform. \textsuperscript{327} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{328} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{329} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{330} “Reforming the UN Security Council,” Together First, pg. 7, available at: https://www.una.org.uk/sites/default/files/0008499_TFR_UN_FINAL.pdf \textsuperscript{331} U.N. Charter, Art. 24(1): “In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations, its Members confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and agree that in carrying out its duties under this responsibility the Security Council acts on their behalf.” \textsuperscript{332} Together First, \textit{supra} note 330, at 7. \textsuperscript{333} \textit{Id.} though it is more likely to see a referral to the ICC than the creation of an ad-hoc tribunal as a result. Lessons from Past Ad-hoc Tribunals The ad-hoc tribunals have contributed to the progressive development of international criminal law substantively and procedurally in international and domestic institutions in the fight against impunity for crimes against humanity and violations of IHL.$^{334}$ The tribunals have added to the creation and interpretation of international crimes. These contributions were reflected in the Rome Statute, the founding document of the ICC. Moreover, the ICC refers to the tribunals for interpretive guidance in its own case law. An ad-hoc tribunal for Yemen would benefit by utilizing the lessons and structures created by its predecessors, rather than attempting to build a statute and procedural rules from the ground up. One of the biggest challenges the hybrid ad-hoc tribunals have faced is funding. Institutions like the ICC are funded by member states, where hybrid courts must obtain volunteer donations. The SCSL “spent a third of its time lobbying foreign governments to raise funding for the court rather than just focusing on prosecutions.”$^{335}$ The Special Tribunal for Lebanon divides the financial burden between Lebanon and donor states.$^{336}$ With the creation of the ICC, there is little desire to create and fund new ad-hoc tribunals. However, if an ad-hoc court were created, funding the court as an organ of the UN or Security Council, like the ICTY and ICTR, would ensure that the court spends its resources on prosecuting, rather than fundraising. Looking at the complementarity principles of the ICC, national jurisdiction and responsibility for prosecution of international crimes appears more in vogue than the implementation of an international court.$^{337}$ The hybrid courts provide a feasible avenue of providing the impartiality and legitimacy of the purely international courts, like the ICTY and ICTR, with the local accountability of domestic courts. As it concerns Yemen, utilizing local judicial systems, in whatever form they emerge from the conflict, could help legitimize criminal proceedings in the eyes of the Yemeni people. C. Invoking Universal Jurisdiction in Domestic Courts Universal jurisdiction is a legal concept which is derived from the international law concept of jus cogens, the idea that there are certain values which are considered fundamental to the international community and cannot be ignored, and erga omnes, the idea that there are certain rights and obligations that are owed toward all. Universal jurisdiction allows states to exercise criminal jurisdiction over accused individuals even if the crime was committed outside $^{334}$ Hassan B. Jallow, “International Criminal Justice: Developments and Reflections on the Future,” pgs. 3-4, available at: https://www.brandeis.edu/ethics/pdfs/internationaljustice/Hassan_Jallow_Distinguished_Lecture_Brandeis_November_09.pdf. $^{335}$ Hodgkinson, supra note 320, at 523. $^{336}$ Id. $^{337}$ Id. at 525. the state’s jurisdiction, and regardless of the accused individual’s nationality, state of residence or any relation with the prosecuting state.\textsuperscript{338} Introduced in relation to one of the first international crimes on record, piracy, universal jurisdiction today has been extended to include the specific international offences of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide.\textsuperscript{339} Today, universal jurisdiction can be asserted in relation to a limited number of international crimes including war crimes, torture, crimes against humanity, genocide, piracy, hijacking, acts of terrorism, and attacks on UN personnel.\textsuperscript{340} Universal jurisdiction acts as an avenue of accountability when a State with original jurisdiction over an individual who is accused of any of the above limited international crimes is unable or unwilling to investigate and try accused individuals. Universal jurisdiction reduces the existence of “safe havens” where an individual accused of internationally condemned crimes such as war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide could enjoy impunity.\textsuperscript{341} This tool is already being explored as an option by nations seeking justice for the Yemeni people. Swiss non-governmental organization Trial International’s 2020 Universal Jurisdiction Review found that the Argentinian government has opened a preliminary examination into Saudi Crown Prince Mohamed bin Salman’s alleged complicity in war crimes and torture beginning with the March 25, 2015 SLC bombing of Yemen that triggered a major armed conflict in which thousands of civilians have been killed.\textsuperscript{342} States around the globe have invoked universal jurisdiction in the past to combat impunity for egregious crimes. Notably, Belgium passed a sweeping statute in 1993 granting Belgian courts universal jurisdiction over war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide, regardless of where they took place. Before the statute was repealed in 2003 and even now, it has been widely argued that Belgium’s universal jurisdiction statute was the most extensive and far reaching attempt to date of a domestic state sanctioning the general use of its courts for trying \textsuperscript{338} “Basic Facts on Universal Jurisdiction,” Human Rights Watch (October 19, 2009), available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/10/19/basic-facts-universal-jurisdiction. \textsuperscript{339} Roozbeh (Rudy) B. Baker, “Universal Jurisdiction and the Case of Belgium: A Critical Assessment,” ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law (2009), pg. 142 n.6, available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424212. \textsuperscript{340} “Basic Facts on Universal Jurisdiction,” \textit{supra} note 338. \textsuperscript{341} \textit{Id}. \textsuperscript{342} Valérie Paulet, “Universal Jurisdiction Annual Review,” Trial International (2020), pg. 20, available at: http://www.coalitionfortheicc.org/sites/default/files/cicc_documents/TRIAL-International_UJAR-2020_DIGITAL.pdf. international crimes, rather than specific case by case application that is commonplace in domestic statutes and custom today.\textsuperscript{343} States with universal jurisdiction statutes that confer jurisdiction over crimes against humanity or war crimes, such as those in Germany, France or Spain, could provide an avenue for these courts to invoke universal jurisdiction over individual perpetrators that travel to those States.\textsuperscript{344} Universal jurisdiction has been invoked by the Special Court for Sierra Leone in bringing former President of Liberia, Charles Taylor, to justice for war crimes and CAH.\textsuperscript{345} It is also how the US invoked its extraterritorial jurisdiction under the torture statute to try and convict Taylor’s son, Charles “Chuckie” Taylor, Jr. for torture crimes.\textsuperscript{346} Therefore, States with universal jurisdiction statutes may provide a realistic avenue of accountability to try perpetrators and those who aid and assist war crimes and CAH in Yemen. \textbf{D. CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LIABILITY IN DOMESTIC COURTS} Another avenue of accountability for individuals and corporate actors that have aided and abetted war crimes and CAH in Yemen can be pursued through domestic courts. This section explores these avenues. \textbf{I. CORPORATE CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN EUROPEAN DOMESTIC COURTS} A potential avenue for liability for corporate actors is through criminal prosecution in domestic courts. Recently, a few cases arose in which European states pursued, or considered pursuing, prosecutions against corporate actors for complicity in crimes committed abroad.\textsuperscript{347} In 2013, the Swiss opened proceedings against Argor-Heraeus, a gold refinery, for alleged complicity in war crimes committed in the DRC but the case was dropped for lack of evidence.\textsuperscript{348} Similar cases against corporate actors were considered by The Netherlands and Germany.\textsuperscript{349} While these cases did not result in successful prosecutions of corporate actors, they show that there is willingness among some States to use their domestic court systems to hold corporate actors accountable for their criminal conduct. \textsuperscript{343} Baker, \textit{supra} note 339, at 143. \textsuperscript{344} Angela Mudukuti, “Universal Jurisdiction – Opportunities and Hurdles,” Opiniojuris, (Sept. 4, 2019), available at: http://opiniojuris.org/2019/04/09/universal-jurisdiction-opportunities-and-hurdles/. \textsuperscript{345} Bankole Thompson, “Universal Jurisdiction: The Sierra Leone Profile” (2015), pgs. 81-84. \textsuperscript{346} Laura Richardson Brownlee, “Extraterritorial Jurisdiction in the United States: American Attitudes and Practices in the Prosecution of Charles “Chuckie” Taylor Jr.,” Washington University Global Studies Law Review (2010), pg. 336. \textsuperscript{347} Dieneke De Vos, “The Emerging Norm for Corporate Criminal Activity for International Crimes,” European University Institute (December 9, 2017), available at: https://me.eui.eu/dieneke-de-vos/blog/the-emerging-norm-of-corporate-criminal-accountability-for-international-crimes/. \textsuperscript{348} \textit{Id}. \textsuperscript{349} \textit{Id}. Dutch investigation into Lima Holding B.V. for violations of IHL in Occupied Palestinian Territories by Israel (Investigation stopped after activities ceased); German investigation into Danzer Group director’s culpability in attacks in the Dem. Rep. of Congo (investigation stopped for lack of evidence of officer’s direct influence). There are other examples where corporate officers were convicted by European domestic courts for complicity in crimes committed in other states.\textsuperscript{350} In France, for example, the French Code of Criminal Procedure (“CCP”) was amended in 2010 to incorporate the procedural aspects of the Rome Statute and grant broad jurisdiction to French courts regarding crimes committed following the amendment.\textsuperscript{351} For criminal proceedings, the French CCP has four requirements. First, the individual must be present in France, or its jurisdiction, at the time of the investigation being opened.\textsuperscript{352} If the suspect then flees, trials in absentia may still be conducted and there is existing precedent to support such trials. Second, for crimes other than torture and enforced disappearance, French prosecutors must verify that local national courts or international tribunals have declined to assert jurisdiction over such a matter or requested an individual’s extradition.\textsuperscript{353} Third, again for crimes other than torture and enforced disappearance, there is a requirement for double criminality.\textsuperscript{354} The alleged crimes committed must have been crimes in the jurisdiction where they were committed at the time they were committed, not just in France alone. Finally, for more serious offenses other than torture and enforced disappearance, prosecutors alone may open such an action.\textsuperscript{355} However, victims and other affected parties may assert a claim of torture along with their claim of other acts and be allowed to directly force an investigative judge to open a case.\textsuperscript{356} As a whole, the French legal system seems largely geared towards criminal liability for such actors in international crimes. However, given that these courts are willing to exercise criminal jurisdiction over actors, it is plausible to suggest that the same courts would be willing to exercise civil jurisdiction at a substantially reduced burden of proof for similar actions. It is also worth noting that there is precedent in French law for a judge opening an investigation, despite opposition from prosecutors. Amesys, a subsidiary of the French computer company Bull SAS, was accused of being complicit in torture via the sale of advanced surveillance equipment to the Qaddafi regime.\textsuperscript{357} A French appeal court affirmed the decision of the investigative judge and authorized such a proceeding to go forward. Germany presents a unique issue in holding corporate actors accountable. Under German law, unlike in the United States and United Kingdom, corporations do not enjoy the benefits of “corporate personhood.”\textsuperscript{358} A corporation cannot be tried, in Germany, for criminal matters. However, it is much more common to hold officers, both current and former, accountable for their actions during their time with the company. Any civil action taken against a corporate actor \textsuperscript{350} \textit{Id.} (describing Guus Kouwenhoven trial and appeal (Dutch corporate executive convicted for supplying and storing weapons for Charles Taylor in Liberia, sentenced to 19 years for facilitation of war crimes); Frans van Anraat trial and conviction (Dutch national convicted of as an accessory to war crimes for supplying chemical agents to Saddam Hussein, sentenced to 16.5 years)). \textsuperscript{351} “The Legal Framework for Universal Jurisdiction in France,” Human Rights Watch (2014), pg. 4, available at: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/related_material/IJ0914France_3.pdf. \textsuperscript{352} \textit{Id.} at 5. \textsuperscript{353} \textit{Id.} at 5-6. \textsuperscript{354} \textit{Id.} at 7. \textsuperscript{355} \textit{Id.} at 7-8. \textsuperscript{356} \textit{Id.} at 8. \textsuperscript{357} \textit{Id.} at 9. \textsuperscript{358} De Vos, \textit{supra} note 347. States’ domestic court systems are capable of holding corporate officers accountable for involvement in war crimes or CAH, even those committed abroad. These cases show that States’ domestic court systems are capable of holding corporate officers accountable for involvement in war crimes or CAH, even those committed abroad. Thus, European domestic courts may provide an additional avenue of accountability for corporate actors who have aided and abetted war crimes or CAH in Yemen. II. UNITED STATES JURISDICTION FOR AIDING AND ABETTING The Alien Tort Statute (“ATS”), enacted as part of the Judiciary Act in 1789, grants the federal district courts “original jurisdiction of any civil action by an alien for a tort only, committed in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States.” The ATS was rarely used until the Second Circuit decided the seminal case, Filartiga v. Pena-Irala, in 1975, where the plaintiffs, citizens of Paraguay, sued a police officer, another Paraguayan citizen, for civil damages of $10 million for the torture and death of the plaintiffs’ relative. The Court concluded that state-sponsored torture violates the modern-day law of nations (customary international law). The Filartiga decision led to a number of human rights decisions in US courts, and the legal scope of the ATS was not successfully challenged until the Supreme Court’s 2004 decision of Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain. In Alvarez-Machain, the Supreme Court held that the ATS is merely a jurisdictional statute; it does not create a cause of action. A plaintiff may bring a suit for an existing cause of action under the ATS only if it is “specific, universal, and obligatory.” This narrowed the scope of the ATS in US courts and curtailed the amount of human rights cases adjudicated in US courts. --- 359 Id. 360 Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., 568 US 108, 114 (2013). 361 28 USC. §1350 (emphasis added). 362 Filartiga v. Pena Irala, 630 F.2d 876, 878-79 (2d Cir. 1980). 363 Id. at 882. 364 Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 542 US 692 (2004). 365 Id. at 713. 366 Id. at 732. 367 Luck Vidmar, “The Alien Tort Statute: Analysis of Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain,” The Colorado Lawyer (2004). Courts have determined that State liability for aiding and abetting exists under the ATS.\textsuperscript{368} Multiple US Circuit Courts concluded that aiding and abetting liability is a “well-established concept” in the law of nations.\textsuperscript{369} International law also recognizes aiding and abetting liability for war crimes.\textsuperscript{370} Courts must first determine the threshold question of whether a violation of the law of nations exists, if it does, then the ATS provides for aiding and abetting liability.\textsuperscript{371} While in theory the ATS extends jurisdiction to federal courts to hear any alien’s tort claim, resulting from a violation of US treaties or the law of nations, the Supreme Court has taken a much more limited view on the statute. As a general rule, a federal court will be unwilling to hear cases involving matters occurring outside of the traditional geographic jurisdiction of federal courts or when it involves two alien parties and only minimal ties to the United States. The Court has also created a complex framework to determine whether cases come under the ATS. \textit{Sosa Framework} In 2004, the Supreme Court unanimously decided \textit{Sosa v. Alvarez}, which on its face, limited the applicability of the ATS to particularly notable international law cases fitting within a specific framework. Writing for the majority, Justice Souter stated that the purpose of the ATS was to provide jurisdiction to federal courts: “the ATS gave district courts ‘cognizance’ of certain causes of action, and the term bespoke a grant of jurisdiction, not power to mold substantive law.”\textsuperscript{372} In particular, \textit{Sosa} provides that the cause of action must (a) reflect an international norm that is “specific, universal, and obligatory”; and (b) involve proper exercise of judicial discretion, such as consideration of the foreign affairs impact of claim, in recognizing the claim. \textsuperscript{368} \textit{Doe I v. Unocal Corp.}, 395 F.3d at 945, 947 (9th Cir. 2002); \textit{Sarei v. Rio Tinto, PLC}, 671 F.3d 736, 748 (9th 2011)(conc.); \textit{Romero v. Drummond Co., Inc.}, 552 F.3d 1303, 1315 (11th Cir. 2008); \textit{Khulumani v. Barclay Nat’l Bank Ltd.}, 504 F.3d 254, 260 (2d Cir. 2007). \textsuperscript{369} \textit{Sarei}, 671 F.3d at 749. \textsuperscript{370} \textit{Sarei}, 671 F.3d at 765. \textsuperscript{371} \textit{Unocal}, 395 F.3d at 945. \textsuperscript{372} \textit{Sosa}, supra note 364, at US 713. With the Sosa framework as the basis, the Court has continued to narrow the field of cases allowed into federal courts under the ATS. In their 2013 decision in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., the Court severely restricted the territorial scope of the ATS.$^{373}$ Under Kiobel, there is a presumption against extraterritorial claims and these claims must be sufficiently related to the United States for courts to exercise jurisdiction. The Court went on to hold “even where claims touch and concern the territory of the United States, they must do so with sufficient force to displace the presumption against the extraterritorial application.”$^{374}$ $^{373}$ Kiobel, supra note 3620, at 113–14. In Kiobel, Royal Dutch Shell allegedly compelled a local subsidiary to aid and abet the Nigerian government in its brutal suppression of a peaceful resistance to local oil development. $^{374}$ Id. at 125. narrowed the ability of non-American citizens to sue non-American companies within US courts in Jesner v. Arab Bank, PLC, even if federal courts would otherwise be capable of exercising jurisdiction.$^{375}$ In Jesner, the Court did note, however, that Congress would be able to extend further jurisdiction to federal courts to hear claims under the ATS.$^{376}$ Additionally, they noted that plaintiffs may still have the capability to hold individual officers liable, rather than the corporations as a whole, but declined to discuss the jurisdictional implications of such an action.$^{377}$ Within the context of Yemen, Kiobel and Jesner present numerous issues. First and foremost, any tortious act would presumably occur outside of the territorial jurisdiction of the federal courts. Any transfer of weapons, material aid, or support would likely occur through the previously mentioned subsidiaries or, at the very least, occur off US soil.$^{378}$ Justice Breyer’s concurrence in Kiobel states that the mere corporate presence of a foreign defendant who does not directly commit the crimes is insufficient to overcome the presumption against extraterritoriality. However, in Breyer’s view, the ATS does provide extraterritorial jurisdiction if the defendant is an American national or if the conduct of the defendant “substantially and adversely affects an important American national interest” including “preventing the United States from becoming a safe harbor (free of civil as well as criminal liability) for… [a] common enemy of mankind.”$^{379}$ Given the lack of application of the Sosa framework to non-natural persons and entities, it is plausible to believe that an action against a corporate actor acting against the national interest may be sufficient to overcome the presumption. However, the related precedent seems to suggest a general unwillingness to apply the ATS to include corporate liability as a whole, regardless of any extraterritorial concerns. Moreover, the present status of the ATS in Supreme Court jurisprudence is uncertain given recent decisions that have further limited the scope of justiciable disputes and appropriate defendants.$^{380}$ Finally, a number of large private defense contractors maintain separate subsidiaries within Saudi Arabia to serve the needs of their local client. As a result, the only connections to corporations within the United States or other nations are largely related to rolling up profits to the US-based or international parent firm or internal transfers of products. The minimal connections to the US fit the pattern of minimal connections outlined in Jesner. ### III. STATE COURT LIABILITY WITHIN THE UNITED STATES State courts provide a unique possibility for exercising jurisdiction over corporate actors in the Yemeni Civil War. Despite the Supreme Court’s hostility towards allowing alien plaintiffs $^{375}$ Jesner v. Arab Bank, PLC, 138 S. Ct. 1386 (2013). In Jesner, the Court noted if the courts were to hold foreign corporations liable under US law, it would fundamentally alter the statutory and regulatory structure put in place by Congress. Id. at 1390. The Court also noted plaintiffs were required to exhaust any other remedies before even attempting to bring actions within federal court and bizarrely claimed international law limits liability to “natural persons alone.” Id. at 1430, 1432. $^{376}$ Id. at 1405. $^{377}$ Id at 1430. $^{378}$ Id. at 113. $^{379}$ Id. at 133. $^{380}$ Doe v. Nestle, 906 F.3d 1120, 1123-24 (9th Cir. 2019). to enter into federal court, their own precedent may open a window for causes of action within state courts. There is a developing school of thought which indicates that state courts may, in fact, be the better venues to hear international human rights cases in the wake of Kiobel and Jesner. State courts have several known advantages for such litigation and may have several more untested advantages. First and foremost, a majority of tort common law resides within state common law as state courts handle the overwhelming majority of civil litigation within the United States. This provides an experienced justice system to answer such complex litigation. Second, state law governs corporate entities. These corporate codes govern the required responsibilities of corporate entities incorporated within a particular state, regardless of where they operate. Finally, the Supreme Court in the post-Kiobel and post-Jesner environment seems to have implied that, while federal courts lack jurisdiction under the ATS, nothing precludes other courts from exercising jurisdiction. Extending this logic to state courts, rather than exclusively to international tribunals, is a controversial and relatively untried area of law. However, of the few instances where this jurisdictional question has been asked, state courts have found that they are the appropriate venue to hear international human rights cases.$^{381}$ Furthermore, federal courts have agreed in parallel cases that not only did these state courts have the authority to hear such cases, but they would be better suited to doing so than federal courts or some international tribunals.$^{382}$ E. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE The International Court of Justice (“ICJ”) adjudicates disputes and violations of international law committed by States; it does not hold individuals criminally responsible for their actions. Instead, the ICJ makes determinations about whether States have breached their international obligations, such as those arising under their treaty obligations. A breach of an international obligation by a State constitutes an internationally wrongful act, which the ICJ can order the State to cease, make assurances of non-repetition, and order a range of remedies from specific performance to compensatory damages, depending on the harm suffered.$^{383}$ The ICJ’s jurisdiction is invoked: (1) when two States submit a matter to the ICJ to settle a dispute between them by special agreement (compromis); (2) by contentious jurisdiction arising from the Court’s compulsory jurisdiction $^{381}$ Seth Davis and Christopher A. Whytock, “State Remedies for Human Rights,” Boston University Law Review (2018), pg. 400, available at: https://www.bu.edu/bulawreview/files/2018/03/DAVIS-WHYTOCK.pdf. $^{382}$ Id. at 401. $^{383}$ ARSIWA, supra note 94, at Arts. 2, 30-31, 34-36; Wall AO, supra note 96 at ¶ 151. resulting from a declaration of accession to article 36(2) of the Statute of the Court in all legal disputes concerning (a) the interpretation of a treaty; (b) any question of international law; (c) the existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute a breach of an international obligation; and (d) the nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the breach of an international obligation; or (3) a question that the UN has asked the Court to decide as an advisory opinion.$^{384}$ Notably, the ICJ is not bound by its own precedent and may choose not to render a judgment on an issue of international law that is not ripe. Gambia demonstrated recently that a State may bring a claim against another State at the ICJ for violations of an erga omnes nature.$^{385}$ In the wake of Yemen’s conflict, States could utilize this option either by invoking the jurisdiction of the Court through Compromis (Special Agreement) or through the Court’s contentious jurisdiction for violations of IHL. Any State could bring a claim against any other States that may have committed violations of IHL. If arms provided were used to target objects indispensable to survival or to starve the civilian population, the States that provided them may have claims brought against them for aiding and abetting war crimes or CAH. The most likely basis for ICJ jurisdiction over an issue of international law pertaining to the Yemeni conflict is if there has been a breach of a treaty or international convention. Either a State would have to bring a claim against another State or the Security Council would have to ask the court to issue an advisory opinion.$^{386}$ In the context of States aiding and abetting war crimes or CAH, the ICJ’s jurisdiction would not likely be invoked unless the States’ acts were a violation of some peremptory norm, such as the prohibition on torture. In order to invoke the ICJ’s contentious jurisdiction, a treaty must exist that confers jurisdiction to the ICJ and the treaty must be related to the claims brought by the State seeking to have the Court adjudicate the matter.$^{387}$ Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iran, the US, UK, France, and Germany are all party to two treaties that include clauses that confer compulsory jurisdiction to the ICJ: the Torture Convention and the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.$^{388}$ A State could potentially bring a claim at the ICJ against any or all of these $^{384}$ “Basis of the Court’s Jurisdiction,” ICJ, (2017-2020), available at: https://www.icj-cij.org/en/basis-of-jurisdiction. $^{385}$ Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar), Provisional Measures,” (January 23, 2020), ¶¶ 1-2, available at: https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/178/178-20200123-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf. $^{386}$ “Basis of the Court’s Jurisdiction,” supra note 384. $^{387}$ This is because none of the States involved in this armed conflict have made declarations of accession to the ICJ’s compulsory jurisdiction. International Court of Justice, “Declarations recognizing the jurisdiction of the Court as compulsory,” available at: https://www.icj-cij.org/en/declarations; But a local treaty, such as the Friendship, Commerce and Navigation treaty between the US and Nicaragua, could confer jurisdiction to the Court over a related dispute, as the Court determined in the Paramilitary Activities case. Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. US (Judgment), ICJ (November 26, 1984), ¶ 176. $^{388}$ Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1987), Art. 30; International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1969), Art. 22. A complete list of treaties conferring compulsory jurisdiction to the ICJ through compromissory clauses is available on the Court’s States for violations under one of these treaties. For instance, any State could claim that a State breached its obligations under the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Article 5(b) “the right to security of person . . . against violence or bodily harm . . . .” or Article 5(d)(iv) “the right to public health, medical care . . . .”$^{389}$ As an alternative, Yemen might claim under the Torture Convention that starvation of the civilian population, caused by a relevant State’s breaches in international obligations rises to the level of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment under Article 16 of the Convention.$^{390}$ If these States were found to have committed a violation of international law under these treaties, that would allow the Court to broaden its scope to determine whether other relevant States breached their international obligations by aiding and abetting war crimes or CAH in Yemen. The use of either of these treaties is a viable option for Yemen only if Yemen can first prove exhaustion of remedies or the inability of a State to prosecute those responsible for violations of either treaty.$^{391}$ States may bear responsibility for the crimes committed in Yemen because they buy weapons from corporations and then sell them to Saudi Arabia or the UAE, who then use the weapons themselves or sell the weapons to different parties and actors in Yemen. By engaging in this type of conduct, States are potentially acting in breach of Article 16 of the Draft Articles on State Responsibility which the ICJ has deemed customary international law. Assuming that one of these treaties may be invoked to bring a claim before the ICJ, then the ICJ would provide an additional mechanism for accountability for war crimes and CAH committed in Yemen. As such, a decision by the ICJ could lend support for, or provide additional evidence to the ICC or an ad-hoc tribunal established to try individuals for war crimes and crimes against humanity.$^{392}$ VII. OTHER ACTION Accountability via Security Council Referral to the ICC One path towards state and corporate accountability for aiding and abetting human rights violations in Yemen is through Security Council referral of the situation to the International Criminal Court. Neither Yemen nor Saudi Arabia is a party to the Rome Statute; thus Security Council intervention must occur for the ICC to assert jurisdiction over war crimes committed in $^{389}$ Racial Discrimination Convention, supra note 183, at art. 5(b) and 5(d)(iv). $^{390}$ Torture Convention, supra note 183, at art. 16. $^{391}$ “Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies in the United Nations System,” International Justice Resource Center, (2017), pg. 1, available at: https://ijrcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/8.-Exhaustion-of-Domestic-Remedies-UN-Treaty-Bodies.pdf. $^{392}$ Such was the outcome of the Bosnian Genocide case at the ICJ which was ongoing at the time of the criminal trials at the ICTY. “Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosn. & Herz. v. Serb. & Montenegro)” (Judgment), ICJ (July 11, 1996), pg. 595. Yemen.\textsuperscript{393} The political lens through which the Yemen war is viewed and the potential complicity of the US and other Council member states in aiding and abetting human rights violations makes the likelihood of Security Council referral unlikely.\textsuperscript{394} Despite the consistent political gridlock in the Security Council, it has passed several resolutions which seek to alleviate the ongoing conflict in Yemen.\textsuperscript{395} One of the more significant actions taken by the Security Council is Resolution 2451 which authorized the implementation of a portion of the Stockholm Agreement.\textsuperscript{396} This agreement reached between the Government of Yemen and the Houthis,\textsuperscript{397} It aimed to achieve a ceasefire in the city of Hudaydah and the ports of Hudaydah, Salif, and Ras Issa and to have a “mutual redeployment of forces” in these areas as well.\textsuperscript{398} The Security Council Resolution 2451 authorized the establishment and deployment of an advance team to support the implementation of the ceasefire and redeployment of troops which was agreed upon in the Stockholm Agreement.\textsuperscript{399} To help further facilitate the implementation of Resolution 2451, Security Council Resolution 2452 authorized the establishment of a Special Political Mission to the UN to support the Hudaydah Agreement (UNMHA).\textsuperscript{400} This mandate had an initial duration of 6 months and aimed to lead, support, and oversee the redeployment of troops, to monitor the parties compliance with the Hudaydah Agreement, to help ensure the security of the city and ports and that security forces acted in compliance with Yemeni law, and to help facilitate and coordinate UN support to assist in the full implementation of the agreement.\textsuperscript{401} The Security Council renewed this mandate in Resolution 2505 and will continue its support until at least July 15, 2020.\textsuperscript{402} The Security Council should continue the Special Political Mission to the UN and to uphold the Hudaydah Agreement by passing an additional resolution that extends this mandate for a period longer than six months. \textsuperscript{393} Nathan Hogan, “Five Sides of Justice: The Dangerous and Disproportionate Influence of the Permanent Five Members of the UN Security Council on the International Criminal Court,” Brigham Young University Pre-Law Review (2018), available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1294&context=byuplr. \textsuperscript{394} Richard Dicker, “As ICC Caseload Expands, UN Security Council Support Lags Far Behind,” International Criminal Justice Today (December 10, 2015), available at: https://www.international-criminal-justice-today.org/arguendo/as-icc-caseload-expands-un-security-councils-support-lags-far-behind/. \textsuperscript{395} Security Council Report, “UN Documents for Yemen,” United Nations, available at: https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/yemen/ (listing all the Security Council resolutions passed on the situation in Yemen). \textsuperscript{396} “UNMHA, Hudaydah Agreement,” UN Political and Peacebuilding Affairs (January 16, 2019), available at: https://dppa.un.org/en/mission/unmha-hudaydah-agreement. \textsuperscript{397} \textit{Id}. \textsuperscript{398} Haydee Dijkstal, “Yemen and the Stockholm Agreement: Background, Context, and the Significance of the Agreement,” American Society of International Law (May 31, 2019), available at: https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/23/issue/5/yemen-and-stockholm-agreement-background-context-and-significance. (This portion of the Stockholm Agreement was coined as the Hodeidah Agreement). \textsuperscript{399} “UNMHA, Hudaydah Agreement,” \textit{supra} note 399. \textsuperscript{400} \textit{Id}. \textsuperscript{401} Security Council Resolution 2452, United Nations (January 16, 2019). \textsuperscript{402} “Security Council Extends Political Mission Overseeing Peace Agreement in Yemen for Six Months, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2505 (2020),” United Nations (January 13, 2020), available at: https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/sc14075.doc.htm. Accountability via the UN Since the likelihood of the Security Council establishing an accountability mechanism for crime committed in Yemen is slim, the UN may be able to offer solutions by way of its own resolutions. For example, on December 21, 2016, the General Assembly passed resolution 71/248 which established the International, Impartial and Independent Mechanism (IIIM) to assist in the investigation and prosecution of persons responsible for the most serious crimes under international law committed in the Syrian Arab Republic since March 2011.$^{403}$ The IIIM’s mandate is to “collect, consolidate, preserve and analyse evidence of violations” of IHL, human rights law, and to prepare files and facilitate the advancement of international criminal prosecutions of the documented crimes.$^{404}$ On September 27, 2018, the Human Rights Council, established a similar mechanism called the Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar (IIMM) as a response to the human rights and humanitarian situation of Rohingya Muslims and other minorities in Myanmar.$^{405}$ The IIMM’s mandate is to collect evidence of the most serious breaches on international criminal and humanitarian law and to facilitate the advancement of future international criminal proceedings.$^{406}$ The UN has already taken similar actions in response to the Yemeni conflict. On September 29, 2017 the Human Rights Council issues a resolution requesting the High Commissioner to establish a Group of Eminent International and Regional Experts on Yemen (“Eminent Experts on Yemen”) who are knowledgeable in human rights law and in the context of the conflict in Yemen.$^{407}$ This resolution calls on this group of experts to monitor and report on the human rights situation in Yemen and to conduct comprehensive examinations of alleged violations and abuses of international human rights and other fields of international law committed by the varying parties to the conflict since September 2014 and encourages the experts to engage with local Yemeni authorities and stakeholders to provide support for national, regional, and international efforts to promote accountability for these human $^{403}$ General Assembly Resolution 71/248, United Nations (December 21, 2016). $^{404}$ Id at ¶ 4. $^{405}$ Human Rights Council A/HRC/39/2, United Nations (September 27, 2018). $^{406}$ “Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar,” UN Human Rights Council, available at: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/IIMM/Pages/Index.aspx. (There is the possibility to first establish a Fact-Finding Mission (FFM) through a General Assembly Resolution but this is typically done in the absence of evidence of violations of IHL. As this paper demonstrates, there is ample documented evidence that consistent violations of IHL are occurring in Yemen, thus rendering the implementation of a FFM futile). $^{407}$ “Resolution A/HRC/RES/36/31,” United Nations Human Rights Council (September 29, 2017). rights violations.\textsuperscript{408} The original mandate established for the Eminent Experts on Yemen to conduct their work for a period of one year that may be renewed by subsequent authorization.\textsuperscript{409} The Human Rights Council renewed this mandate in September 2018 which extended the scope of the Eminent Experts on Yemen investigations to specifically include IHL and this same mandate was renewed again in 2019.\textsuperscript{410} In its most recent report in September 2019, the Eminent Experts on Yemen found that airstrikes and shelling have had an extreme impact on civilians and that many of these attacks amount to violations on IHL and calls for the immediate cessation of the acts of violence against civilians in Yemen.\textsuperscript{411} The UN should continue to renew its mandate with the Eminent Experts on Yemen to ensure that evidence is properly preserved and documented and to help facilitate the potential future prosecution of these crimes. \textit{Criminal Accountability via Ad-hoc Tribunals} A third option for state and corporate accountability for aiding and abetting atrocities in the Yemen civil war is through the creation of an ad-hoc tribunal. In contrast to criminal accountability via the ICC, ad-hoc tribunals do not necessarily require Security Council Authorization. Ad-hoc tribunals such as, Lebanon, Sierra Leone, and Cambodia have been created through alternative means such as agreements between state governments and the United Nations.\textsuperscript{412} For example, the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, set up to investigate and prosecute those responsible for the 14 February 2005 attack that killed 22 people, including Rafik Hariri, the former prime minister of Lebanon, was created after a request by the government of Lebanon to the United Nations.\textsuperscript{413} It is important to note, however, that this agreement was not ratified by Lebanon, requiring the UN to enforce its provisions through the binding power of UN Security Council Resolution 1757.\textsuperscript{414} While the UN ultimately provided the force for the creation and implementation of a specialized criminal court in Lebanon, it is neither a purely international court nor part of the domestic Lebanese judicial system. Rather, the Special Tribunal in Lebanon is a hybrid court comprised of Lebanese and international judges, with Lebanese criminal law guiding the prosecution of terrorism as a discrete crime.\textsuperscript{415} In the case of Cambodia, after negotiations with the Royal Government of Cambodia and the United Nations to bring to trial \textsuperscript{408} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{409} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{410} “Resolution A/HRC/RES/39/16,” United Nations Human Rights Council (September 28, 2018); “Resolution A/HRC/RES/42/2”, United Nations Human Rights Council (September 26, 2019). \textsuperscript{411} Group of International and Regional Eminent Experts on Yemen, “Yemen: Collective Failure, Collective Responsibility – UN Expert Report,” United Nations (September 3, 2019), available at: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24937&LangID=E. \textsuperscript{412} Security Council Resolution 1757, United Nations (May 30, 2007). \textsuperscript{413} “Security Council Authorizes Establishment of Special Tribunal to Try Suspects in Assassination of Rafiq Hariri,” United Nations, (May 30, 2007), available at: https://www.un.org/press/en/2007/sc9029.doc.htm. \textsuperscript{414} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{415} Statute of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (2007), available at: https://www.stl-tsl.org/sites/default/files/documents/legal-documents/statute/Statute_of_the_Special_Tribunal_for_Lebanon___English.pdf. senior leaders during the Khmer Rouge period, the General Assembly issued Resolution 57/228 which established the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia.\textsuperscript{416} In contrast, in East Timor, the Ad-hoc Human Rights Court on East Timor in Jakarta (“the Ad-hoc Court”), was created via presidential decree in the midst of international outcry regarding the orchestrated violence committed by Indonesian National Army and Timorese militias during September 1999. Although the Ad-hoc Court was created to investigate and prosecute crimes related to these atrocities, government control over the criminal proceedings and a lack of political will to prosecute senior civil and military officials complicit in the violence has resulted in a failure by Indonesia to keep its commitments to the pursuit of justice in the aftermath of widespread violence.\textsuperscript{417} The Ad-hoc Court’s track record for securing convictions of culpable government and civilian leadership hints at the difficulties of ad-hoc tribunals overseen by the government officials who have a vested interest in continued impunity. But the example of East Timor by no means suggests that this pathway to aiding and abetting accountability with regards to Yemen would be fruitless. Rather, ad-hoc hybrid tribunals that feature both international and domestic judges may provide more accountability in accordance with established standards of procedural and substantive due process. States – including a post-war Yemen – should consider working alongside the United Nations to create an ad-hoc tribunal that would investigate and prosecute aiding and abetting atrocity crimes committed by parties to the Yemen conflict. An ad-hoc tribunal that is hybrid in nature would increase the impartiality and expertise of the court while providing the best chance at preventing impunity for serious breaches of international humanitarian and human rights law. \textit{Accountability at the ICC via Proprio Motu} Members of the international community are encouraged to submit Article 15 communications to the OTP, thereby obliging the Prosecutor to examine the gravity and credibility of all information provided regarding alleged crimes. Nonetheless, it is important to note the limitations of this pathway towards accountability for aiding and abetting war crimes in Yemen. Those who bear the greatest responsibility for alleged Coalition atrocities in Yemen are likely to remain outside of the Court’s grasp, as neither territorial nor personal jurisdiction can be asserted over the actions of either Yemen or leading Coalition actors such as Saudi Arabia and the UAE. Furthermore, criminal responsibility under the Rome Statute is limited to natural persons, precluding corporations from being charged with crimes under the Statute. Thus, only employees of a corporation alleged to have aided and abetted human rights violations in Yemen, not the corporation itself, may be charged with crimes arising out of the corporation’s involvement in the conflict. \textsuperscript{416} General Assembly Resolution 57/228, United Nations (May 22, 2003). \textsuperscript{417} “Justice Denied for East Timor,” Human Rights Watch (December 20, 2002), available at: https://www.hrw.org/report/2002/12/20/justice-denied-east-timor/indonesias-sham-prosecutions-need-strengthen-trial. Recently, the Iranian Center for International Criminal Law (“ICICL”) filed an Article 15 communication with the Office of the Prosecutor (“OTP”), requesting the OTP open a preliminary investigation into war crimes committed by the SLC since 2015.$^{418}$ Article 15(2) of the Rome Statute enables the Prosecutor to “initiate investigations proprio motu on the basis of information on crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court.”$^{419}$ By submitting an Article 15 communication based on personal jurisdiction, the ICICL has sought to draw the OTP’s attention to war crimes committed by Jordanian and UK nationals, arguing that officials of both states are responsible, as principals (i.e., Jordan) and accessories (i.e., the UK), for the human rights violations committed by the SLC in Yemen.$^{420}$ Both Jordan and the UK are State Parties to the Rome Statute, and thus fall within the jurisdiction of the ICC. Even if a proprio motu investigation were initiated, the ICC’s jurisdiction is limited to nationals of State Parties. Thus, the ICICL’s communication would allow the OTP to investigate Jordanian and UK conduct regarding crimes occurring in Yemen, though it would require an analysis of complementarity before moving forward. Issues of complementarity could potentially prevent the Court from prosecuting individuals unless the OTP could demonstrate and inability or unwillingness to hold responsible individuals liable in domestic courts. The court systems of the UK, France, Germany, and the United States would likely fail to meet such a standard. An additional barrier is the resistance to the ICC from the United States, Russia, and China, who will likely block any attempts to aid the OTP in their investigations. Despite these roadblocks, the OTP could take proprio motu action against nationals State Parties. Sanctions Another possible avenue for the international community to take to achieve a degree of accountability for aiding and abetting atrocity crimes in Yemen is through the enactment of both domestic and international targeted sanctions against arms companies affiliated with conflict actors. --- $^{418}$ Mohammad Hadi Zakerhossein, “How Do We Create a Path to Justice in Yemen?” Justice Hub (July 17, 2019), available at: https://justicehub.org/article/how-do-we-create-a-path-to-justice-in-yemen/. $^{419}$ Rome Statute, supra note 76. $^{420}$ “Iranian Center for International Criminal Law Requests the International Criminal Court Prosecutor to Open a Preliminary Examination into War Crimes in Yemen” Iranian Center for International Criminal Law (July 1, 2019), available at: http://www.icicl.org/details.asp?id=552. With regards to targeted sanctions, the UN Security Council and domestic governments should impose sanctions against corporations documented as having supplied SLC members and rebel militias with fighter jets, armored combat vehicles, guidance systems, and other forms of armed support alleged to have been used to commit atrocity crimes. Consumers and investors at home and abroad should be encouraged to cut business ties with those accused of aiding and abetting war crimes in Yemen. In the UN Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar’s 2019 report submitted to the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Mission noted that the implementation of targeted sanctions such as those recommended above would work to “erode the economic base of the military … impair its ability to carry out military operations without oversight and thus reduce violations of human rights and international humanitarian law, and serve as a form of accountability in the short-term.”$^{421}$ These intentions hold true for targeted sanctions against conflict actors in Yemen as well as Myanmar and should be seriously pursued by the UN Security Council, which maintains the power to issue sanctions under Article 41 of Chapter VII of the UN Charter.$^{422}$ The General Assembly, though lacking in Chapter VII powers, should encourage Security Council Member States to adopt targeted sanction measures against corporate and state actors alleged to have been actively involved in aiding and abetting atrocity crimes in Yemen. In addition, states should consider adopting legislation that imposes targeted sanctions in the absence of Security Council action. While targeted sanctions and other measures are seen as punitive in nature, their application in the context of the Yemen conflict may push conflict actors on both sides of the war to support re-engagement with comprehensive initiatives to promote a peaceful transition away from violence and towards a sustainable peace. Conclusion The looming threat of punishment for aiding and abetting may help to discourage individuals from aiding and abetting war crimes and crimes against humanity in Yemen. Although some international avenues of accountability appear unlikely, pressure from the UN on corporations and States to prevent and punish aiders and abettors should continue and be amplified. Domestic courts, particularly in Europe, could also prove useful in discouraging corporations and individuals from providing support to the conflict. Given that the situation in Yemen shows no signs of ceasing in the near future, the international community needs to act to ensure aiders and abettors are held to account. $^{421}$ “UN Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar Exposes Military Business Ties, Calls for Targeted Sanctions and Arms Embargoes,” Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights (August 5, 2019), available at: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24868&LangID=E. $^{422}$ “Sanctions,” United Nations Security Council, available at: https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/information.
March 3rd 2014 CSUSB Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/coyote-chronicle Recommended Citation CSUSB, "March 3rd 2014" (2014). Coyote Chronicle (1984-). 101. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/coyote-chronicle/101 This Newspaper is brought to you for free and open access by the Arthur E. Nelson University Archives at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Coyote Chronicle (1984-) by an authorized administrator of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact firstname.lastname@example.org. New dean’s plan for CSUSB By ANGEL LIZARDI Staff Writer The new Dean of the College of Arts and Letters, Terry Ballman, offered her opinions on bottleneck courses and her plan for the college. During the interview, the idea of two definitions for bottleneck courses came up. “One, from what I recall concerns students that have difficulty with specific classes,” said Ballman. The second type was that some classes didn’t have enough section numbers, forcing students to have to wait to take those classes another term. Ballman mentioned that the college collectively has to focus on the importance of advising. A southern California native, Ballman received her Bachelor’s and Master’s degree in Spanish Linguistics from California State University Long Beach and her Doctorate’s from the University of Texas in Austin. Ballman had previously worked for five different universities, including California State University, Channel Islands, where she served as Chair of the Spanish language and communication program. Ballman offers a holistic approach to administration and believes that communication among students and faculty is integral for the college to succeed. Students are Ballman’s number one Continued on Pg. 4 Potential signs of economic decline By DANIEL DEMARCO Asst. Features Editor Over 40 million Americans have student loan debt; a population greater than the entire population of Canada, Australia, Poland, North Korea, and over 200 other countries, according to The Huffington Post. There are two potential signs we are heading for another economic downturn, dealing in the housing and automotive markets. The impact of student debt has translated into over $6 billion in losses for automotive sales every year, based on a report by One Wisconsin Institute, an organization involved in fixing the student debt crisis. General Motor’s chief economist, Dr. G. Mustafa Mohantarem, also cites student debt as a major reason why millennials (the generation born in the early ‘80s to early 2000’s) are not buying cars, resulting in large sales losses in the automotive industry. Mortgage industry experts, such as the National Association of Realtors, fear that young adults are now being overly impeded by debt and that will impede on the housing market and the economy as a whole, which relies on the housing market for its growth. Nothing is harming the housing recovery “in such a nuanced way” like student loan debt and its negative effect on macroeconomic growth, according to Rohit Chopra, student loan ombudsman for the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. David H. Stevens, president and CEO of the Mortgage Bankers Association said, “Student debt trumps all other consumer debt. It’s going to have an extraordinary dampening effect on young peoples’ ability to borrow for a home, and that’s going to impact the housing market and the economy at large.” Some students are surprised by this news. “As students, we already have so much on our plates. I haven’t even begun thinking about a house and I haven’t thought about how my debt will hurt that either,” said student Mia Wales. “We are already seeing signs of economic drag from student loan debt,” said Chopra. “The impact on the housing market is the most troubling part.” Chopra believes the industry should seek a long-term cure (pulling together various forms of debt and selling it to investors for their profit through interest payments) to better the industry and make it more financially responsible. Student debt has increased over 500 percent since 1999, while the average salary of young people has decreased by 10 percent since 2000, according to PolicyMic, a news website dedicated to high-quality political discussion for younger generations. PolicyMic also reported a 900 percent increase in the average price of tuition, as well as an increase of 650 points above inflation since 1978. About seven million of those in student debt have defaulted on their debts, meaning that their credit has been decimated and they can acquire an added 25 percent of penalties to their already standing debt. Close to 60 percent of employers run credit checks when considering applicants and promotions. This makes the ability to repay the debts even harder as these people find it nearly impossible to get a well-paying or higher-paying job, according to The Huffington Post. Americans that fall into trouble paying for their student loans will also find it Continued on Pg. 4 Skills employers wish college graduates had By CLARISSA TOLL Staff Writer It takes more than just the knowledge in a specific field to be hired. Employers want applicants to display “soft” skills, or personal competencies. According to Fox Business, recent college graduates are lacking professional skills that will get them hired in today’s job market. “Despite their persistent use of social media and texting, a top complaint from employers about millennial-age workers is their lack of communication skills,” said Kathryn Bigelow, Vasel of Fox Business. These soft skills, also known as life skills, focus on the college graduate’s communication skills in interpersonal interactions and their ability to work in groups. In a survey done by York College of Pennsylvania’s Center for Professional Excellence, collegiate faculty stated that less than half of students display professionalism. Although these skills are expected by employers, professionals in the field believe they cannot be taught. “I don’t think you can teach it, but you can improve it,” said Donald Girard, CSUSB public relations professor. Girard emphasizes the importance of an applicant’s presence within a room. Eye contact, calm demeanor, and confidence within an interview are all very important soft skills that employers observe. “Soft skills include attitudes and behaviors that correlate highly with career success. They are what enable people with different skill sets and personalities that make up any organization to work effectively together and without friction. They are essential,” said Candice Olson, founder of The Fullbridge Program. The Fullbridge Program is designed to equip students with the tools and resources that will help them succeed in the business world. Students can also receive help and advice on campus as well. CSUSB students and alumni can attempt to improve their soft skills by setting up a meeting with the Career Center on campus. The center runs mock interviews and provides materials to help prepare students for upcoming interviews. The center encourages students to research the company prior to the interview to better understand the company’s expectations, demonstrate good posture during an interview, and speak with confidence. Applicants may also remember that although their qualifications may be excellent on paper, employers use the interview process to learn how an applicant responds in a professional environment. Girard added that he turned multiple applicants down for their lack of professional presence in an interview. He referred to one applicant in particular explaining that the applicant looked promising on paper but the interview left much to be desired. “Intellectually he was terrific. He just wasn’t the type of person I could use in a public venue,” said Girard. Girard specifically pointed out the applicant’s lack of a commanding voice in the interview process. Along with working with employers, students believe these soft skills are helpful in interacting with customers. “I use my skills all the time. I am interacting with people a lot, so I’m always talking,” said student Adam Hecker. The Career Center is located on the third floor of University Hall. Appointments can be made on week days by phone or walk-ins during 1-4 p.m. Employers seek soft skills which include good attitude, eye contact, calm demeanor, confidence, and a commanding voice. CSUSB accounting students volunteered to offer free income tax preparation at the school and at different locations throughout San Bernardino county. This service has now been hosted for 33 years by the Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA) program which started at CSUSB in 1982 under the direction of accounting professor Suzanne Cory. The program was only initially offered in one location but has now expanded to six locations. “This year we have 62 students scheduled to work more than 4,200 hours preparing taxes,” said Janet Courts, full-time lecturer in the accounting department and coordinator of the VITA program. The student volunteers are certified at the advanced level in order to prepare basic tax returns including those with itemized deductions, earned income credit, education credit, dependent care credit and child tax credit. “I think this is a great opportunity for the students to learn and for the clients to get free assistance,” said Salvador Viorato, accounting student and volunteer for the VITA program. “I would suggest people to use this program because it’s free and you can’t really get free assistance for tax preparation in a lot of places,” said student Jessica Orozco, another volunteer for the VITA program. “It’s nice to know that CSUSB thinks about the students and their needs by offering this program. It’s really nice to know that they care more about us than us giving them money,” said student Alejandra Ramirez. In the 2013 tax season, about 70 CSUSB volunteers worked more than 5,800 hours preparing nearly 1,700 tax returns which yielded combined federal and state refunds totaling more than $1.5 million. “I would suggest this program to other students because it’s free and on campus,” said student Robert Gutierrez. “I was suggested to this program by a friend,” added Gutierrez. Taxpayers who wish to participate in this program must bring valid photo ID and Social Security or ITIN cards for each taxpayer, as well as for all dependents claimed. Taxpayers must also bring W-2s, 1099s and other pertinent tax documents. Both husband and wife must be present to sign joint returns. Free electronic filing will be available. “I think this is a very good service, it’s easy to follow and the volunteers are very well prepared,” said student Alejandra Jimenez. “It’s definitely a resource that students should take advantage.” Volunteers are unable to prepare tax returns for nonresident aliens, small business owners, rental properties owners or those who are married but filing separately. Anyone who still has to file their taxes can get assistance at the remaining times and locations that offer help from certified CSUSB accounting students. The remaining dates and addresses to these locations can be found at news.csusb.edu. No appointment is necessary at any of the locations. --- Despite American intervention, Syria remains at war By ESSENCE DENNIS Staff Writer Lifeless bodies strewn across the street, the scent of gun powder sits strong in the air, civilians are the enemy. This is the scene in Syria, with the death toll estimated to be around 140,000 people and children counting for 7,000 of that toll. The United States’ military has been watching over Syria for about three years, having been sent in under the context of finding weapons of mass destruction and bringing peace, but there are no identifiable changes have been seen. “I think Obama should pull (people) out, because the numbers (death toll) has yet to decrease,” said student Jacqueline Maxwell. “We went in with good intentions, but nothing has changed so far.” The U.S. was aware in 2011 of the chemical weapons that President Bashar al-Assad had and the public was warned about what going into Syria would likely cause “Our strikes could result in Assad killing more civilians with chemical weapons,” according to The Washington Post. In recent news, the National Security Agency began to develop “a battle plan that featured a sophisticated cyber-attack on the Syrian military and Assad’s structure” according to The New York Times. The NSA came up with the idea in response to the Syrian military being equipped and able to launch an airstrike(s) on any particular target as well as having many missile production facilities. While Obama still wants the US to aid in the war against Assad, he is only willing to do so under the condition that US troops are not involved in any ground fighting according to haaretz.com. When asked if the crisis in Syria is even an issue America should be involved in, Huda Aljord, professor of Arabic language said, “Of course, America is considered the biggest and most powerful country in the world so this kind of country has to be in charge, I think Syria is the nation that needs the most help.” “Our troops would help with medical aid, food, water, and necessities such as this, however, providing aid does not require placing our troops in danger,” said an anonymous student. “In reality, this is a crime against humanity, and that is what requires intervention.” Israel has struck Syria three times within the last three years in attempt to halt their weapons from reaching Hezbollah, a Lebanese ally according to The New York Times. “All of this started in a peaceful way and many foreign powers intervened and made it slightly worse which brought up a rebellion that wanted a reform and then a regime change,” said Dany Doueiri, associate professor of Arabic language and Islamic culture. Doueiri believes America should try for a “peace pact for diplomatic relations” which could be harder to achieve, but could be long lasting, (rather than) the military way of doing things.” “All of this started in a peaceful way and many foreign powers intervened and made it slightly worse which brought a rebellion that wanted a reform and then a regime change.” Dany Doueiri Professor of Arabic language & Islamic culture “Of course, America is considered the biggest and most powerful country in the world so this kind of country has to be in charge, I think Syria is the nation that needs the most help.” Huda Aljord Professor of Arabic language Antibiotics used inside meat may cause harm By COURTNEY MATA Staff Writer High levels of antibiotics in our meat products have claimed to be found by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). “Eighty percent of all antibiotics in the United States are used on livestock, both to control disease and to promote animal growth,” according to The Washington Post. “One of the public food safety issues facing the United States is the contamination of meat with residual veterinary drugs, pesticides and heavy metals,” according to the US Department of Agriculture. Concern is now rising about whether or not the drugs found in our meat products could affect people negatively. According to an article on reuters.com, “NRDC’s study found the FDA took no action to remove 30 antibiotic-based livestock feed products from the market even after federal investigators determined many of those antibiotics fell short of current regulatory standards for protecting human health.” The FDA has not been paying close attention or following up on the feed mass meat companies give to their livestock. The animal’s feed gets antibiotics put into it because it prevents the animals from getting sick. “Of course they mix drugs into the animal’s meal. It’s so that they don’t get sick. It’s easier to prevent any of the animals from getting sick, and it’s cheaper,” said Sammy A. Kazoura, a CSUSB chemistry professor. Many meat companies use antibiotics to their advantage. It keeps the cattle healthy but some students question if it is safe to eat. “Is it bad to eat? Yes, because since we ingest the meat from these animals we ingest these drugs and develop a resistance to these drugs, making them less effective when we take them,” said Kazoura. One concern of antibiotics in our meat is the fact we will digest this meat and this could become a problem for our immunity. Students concerned about the antibiotics in meat products should consider switching to organic meat products. Some students are already thinking of switching to organic meats after learning of antibiotics. “I did not know that our meat products had antibiotics in it and now learning this I am definitely going to switch to organic,” said student Melissa Ruiz. “Animals raised organically are not allowed to be fed antibiotics, the bovine human growth hormone (rBGH), or other artificial drugs. Animals are also not allowed to eat genetically modified foods,” according to care2.com. Students that do not want to switch to organic meat can switch to companies that do not produce a large quantity of meat. Organic meat products are sold in many grocery stores. “It’s probably best to avoid companies that mass produce in the meats, because they are more likely to use the antibiotics,” said Kazoura. Larger companies use drugs in their meat to control disease and promote animal growth. “The FDA wants to phase out the use of antibiotics for animal growth over the next three years,” according to The Washington Post. Economic speculation of additional distress Continued from Pg. 1 nearly impossible to file for bankruptcy because most consumer debts and even gambling debts can be erased through bankruptcy, but education debt can not. Education debts can continue to grow for borrowers that can not pay for them and will often follow the person to their grave. “That’s sick that someone can get out of gambling debt but I can’t get out of debt from going to college. I think I’ll be able to pay my own fine, but you never know what life will throw at you,” said student Joey Panderson. The bankruptcy protection over education debt only benefits the lenders. A leaked memo exploited the fact when the notable student loan corporation, Sallie Mae, had the perseverance of the “inability to discharge education debt in bankruptcy” as their second-most important goal, according to The Huffington Post. Many jobs require official transcripts to verify education of applicants and the Department of Education encourages schools to withhold the transcripts of people behind on their debt payments. Since 2002 the debt-to-income ratio of the average student debtor has increased from .43 to .49. This discourages a lot more people for any first-time home mortgages, according to Young Invincibles, an organization dedicated to creating opportunities for young adults. The Mortgage Bankers Association found that loan applications for homes have fallen almost 15 percent since late 2013 until now when compared to the same period from 2012 to 2013. First-time buyers are about a third of home purchases over the last year, a number that is well below the normal figures of the housing market, according to The Washington Post. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York found that from 2009 to 2012 the homeownership rate fell double for 30-year-olds with student loan history compared to those without. These findings contradicted traditional thinking that student debt led to higher earnings and better chances of owning a home, according to The Washington Post. Recently, student loans now have variable interest rates, meaning that as the economy improves the rates will rise and are expected to go above 6.8 percent by 2015, according to The Huffington Post. The housing and automotive market are among the larger sectors of the economy and experts believe that declining business in both could lead to another economic crisis. The Federal Government made $50 billion on student loans in 2013, according to the Congressional Budget Office. ExxonMobile makes $5 billion less and is the most profitable company in the entire country. Dean Ballman sets future campus goals Continued from Pg. 1 priority and she believes she brings the “big picture” view to the college. In an attempt to find out what students find cumbersome, Ballman has assembled a task force that includes faculty and students. Student Elizabeth Vilela mentioned that she wishes advising was offered to more students besides freshman. “I wish we had more advising opportunities aside from SOAR,” said Vilela. Ballman said would like to find ways of helping students get the advising that they need by implementing a program similar to the Liberal Studies Program. “The Liberal Studies Program is a program named PALS, short for peer advising liberal studies,” said Ballman. There students make appointments with peer advisors or an advisor that will assist students to graduate on time. “We hopefully want to have someone that is strictly an advisor, who is in constant communication with the chair and the Dean who helps students from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m.,” said Ballman. Another student, Daniel Cruz mentioned that he believes the university could offer more sections of classes that are needed to graduate. Ballman believes that students should feel able to communicate with the chairs of their respective departments to get the classes they need offered more frequently. “Students should feel free to communicate with administration, perhaps gather a couple of other students with similar concerns,” said Ballman. More aid is now available: Apply now New middle class scholarship offered through FASFA grants more aid to more students By DEVIN RAMOS Staff Writer The Middle Class scholarship will give relief to students and families that struggle to pay for tuition in California State Universities and Universities of California. The rising costs of attending college show that people are in need of a scholarship tailored specifically to their income bracket. The scholarship can cut tuition by 40 percent for families making under $100,000 and will also target DREAM Act students. A student must first complete an application for Federal Student Aid to automatically be considered for the scholarship. In my opinion, the process to be considered has been made simple for students to obtain money to help them through school. Statehornet.com reports, “Beginning in the 2014-15 academic year, the Middle Class Scholarship Act is a new financial aid award for California State University and University of California Students.” According to Sacramento state interim financial aid director Anita Kermas; “Assemblyman John Perez fought for the Middle Class Scholarship to help those families that are otherwise ‘priced out’ of assistance for college. The bill passed last year and we are in the first year of a three year phase of implementation.” The inclusion of which shows that Perez is serious about encouraging more students to pursue a higher education. The ability to pursue a higher education against rising tuition costs makes it difficult for people to complete their education without having to take out a loan. The Associated Press reported the cost of tuition costs rose over the last six years and that California residents filing the federal financial aid application jumped nearly 74 percent. A scholarship like this will encourage students to take advantage of the aid that has always been available but tends to go unclaimed. Tara Siler of NPR reports, “FinAid, an online guide that helps students find funding for college, estimated about two million eligible students nationwide are foregoing federal assistance.” Siler reports, “Here in California, those students leave about half a billion dollars in federal Pell Grants untapped. That’s according to Debbie Cochrane with Berkeley’s Institute for College Access and Success.” Colleges should play a bigger role in making students aware of how much money they are losing out on, which in turn would drive more people to enroll in a state college. Students should know that scholarships, such as the one aimed at the middle class, are available for them while they are attending classes. It would allow students to take more classes by not having to work more hours at their job in order to pay for their classes and school supplies. The ability to do so would push them through school faster and lower the stress levels of having to balance a job and a full-time schedule at school. The opportunity for students to leave college with little to no debt has been made available for those that have had trouble obtaining financial aid. Students should file a FAFSA to increase their chances of receiving aid. The simplicity of obtaining the Middle Class Scholarship can ease the burden for many that are pursuing a higher education. More students will be able to qualify for the federal financial aid, now that a middle class scholarship is being offered. Photo courtesy of Shutterstock Coyote Watch: What club would you like to join? Students share ideas of clubs that they would like to see active on our campus By MARIE FERNANDES Staff Writer “I would like to see the school start a club based on traveling that we could use instead of the study abroad program and we could fund our trips with fundraisers.” “Wish we had a glee club because then everyone would feel like they can be involved in it rather than having to audition for a choir.” “A language club that focuses on different languages every couple of meetings, seems like it would be interesting to many students.” “A club based around sharing music and meeting new people and sharing interests with each other would be a cool club.” Marie Fernandes/Chronicle photos Facebook recognizes 50 gender identities By TORILYNN QUALLS Staff Writer Facebook has taken a step toward recognition of the transgender rights movement by adding over 50 new gender identifiers for users to classify themselves. Transgender is a term for people whose gender identity does not conform to the sex they were given at birth. Non-binary gender are people who feel their gender identity does not fit within the stereotypical definitions of male or female. I believe that this is an improvement to the website because it will allow everyone to embrace their gender identity. It will also help users become more aware of transgendered and non-binary gender types. “There was no debate within Facebook about the social implications at all,” said Alex Schultz, director of growth at Facebook. “It was simple: Not allowing people to express something so fundamental is not really cool, so we did something about it.” Those opposed to Facebook’s new gender options believe there are just too many options which may cause further confusion. Todd Starnes host FOX News & Commentary condemns the change on his Facebook wall, “What if you identify as a pine cone or a chicken or a weed whacker? Facebook doesn’t offer those options.” Views similar to Starnes’ helped push Facebook to change its gender options in order to support their transgendered and non-binary users. Some are concerned that Facebook is just using the new identifiers as an advertisement platform. Blogger and computer coder Meitar Moscovitz stated, “Facebook is categorizing you. The more information you give Facebook, the more money you’re worth to Facebook.” According to the Associated Press, changing gender is not registered as a “life event” on Facebook and won’t post on timelines. Therefore, Facebook said advertisers cannot target ads to those who declare themselves transgender or have recently changed their gender. Before writing this article, I was unaware of the different gender types that people classify themselves as. I feel that in the past I may have ran the risk of offending someone by gendering them wrong without even being aware of it. I believe that this Facebook update personally helps me to be more socially aware of those around me. Facebook has also added the option for users to select the correct pronoun for the website to use when referring to them. For example, the website prompts the user to choose between “wish her a happy birthday,” “wish him a happy birthday,” or “wish them a happy birthday” for those who don’t identify with the she/he pronouns. “There’s going to be a lot of people for whom this is going to mean nothing, but for others, it does impact, it means the world,” stated Facebook software engineer Brielle Harrison. Gender is a delicate topic for some, especially if the world around them does not recognize their gender preference. I’m glad that Facebook is taking this positive step to support and affirm these 50 plus gender types. Birth control can produce negative health effects By MARLYN RODRIGUEZ Staff Writer Contraceptive methods can cause mood irregularities for women. The list of side effects is a fairly short and self-explanatory one. They include headaches, dizziness, breast tenderness, nausea, decreased libido and spotting. The one side effect doctors sometimes fail to emphasize and is prevailing among all the others is depression and mood disturbance. Although contraceptives have been of great benefit to most women by allowing them to control their reproductive life and reducing premenstrual syndrome, I want to urge students to ask questions and fully understand the outcome of starting a contraceptive program. Changes in mood have been linked to contraceptives that are based heavily on hormones. Our body relies on hormones to accomplish its daily functions. Hormones affect how we think, eat, sleep, and cope with stress. A hormonal imbalance can potentially hurt one or several of our daily functions. Dr. Wendie Trubow a gynecologist said, “Any contraceptive with hormones has the potential to impact a woman’s mental health due to the effect synthetic hormones can have on a woman’s body.” “For any woman who is prone to depression, anxiety, sadness or mood swings, the hormone-containing contraceptives can magnify those responses,” added Trubow. There has been many technological advances in the form of contraception and the doses that are administered. Women not only have the pill but they also have patches, injections, and implants. Even though there has been a lot of developments and research done on contraceptives, one of the side effects that is severely unpublicized and hasn’t been addressed yet is the psychological one. Dr. Robert Gardiner, the campus psychiatrist, agrees that he has seen birth control negatively affect many women. “Estrogen based birth control has a higher chance of causing mood irregularities than progesterone based birth control,” sad Gardiner. He also claims that estrogen works as a stimulant and in many cases pushes women off the edge. Tampering with our hormones and manipulating our reproductive system benefits us in the way that we steer away from unwanted pregnancies but then has a negative effect in other ways. However, there are alternatives to being affected by the hormones in birth control and only reap the benefits. Contraceptives, such as the intrauterine device (IUD) is available in a non-hormonal form. Student Marisol Jacobo said she has experienced mood changes but feels that a lot of our mood changes may be psychological and that changes only occur because we think they will affect our mood. “It can affect moods greatly depending on what type of birth control it is,” said Brittany Mora, who claims to have experienced it herself. Mora also said she has learned about it in health classes as well. Obtaining information regarding birth control, the various types, and the side effects of them is fairly easy. Students have a department in the Student Health Center whose job and purpose is to answer any of our questions and concerns about contraceptives. Women shouldn’t stop using contraceptives because of the fear of experiencing the negative side effects but women should be well informed and find the right contraceptive that works best for the physical and mental health. While some choose to play it safe, others take a walk on the wild side by breaking the dry campus policy. Although some students decide to be rebels, they may not be aware of the policies and what it is they are actually risking. According to CSUSB student conduct of the following is the list of actions which students’ discipline can be based on: possession, manufacture, or distribution of alcoholic beverages (except as expressly permitted by law and University regulations), or public intoxication while on campus or at a University-related activity.” According to student affairs, the president of the campus can put a student on probation, suspend them or even expel them for violating the “dry” campus policies. If expelled, a student will not be refunded their tuition. Not only is CSUSB a dry campus, the dorms and apartments are also “dry.” Ashley, who is a student that has previously lived in the CSUSB dorms and apartments said, “I always found it weird that you could not drink on campus. I understand if you are underage but if you are 21, you are also not allowed alcohol in your apartment opened or closed. I believe it is BS that you cannot have alcohol in your apartment yet you can go to the pub and drink.” Yariela Vargas and Sebrena Thurton, employees at University Village, said, “If you are caught with alcohol in your apartment you are scheduled to talk to a Resident Assistant. You then explain to them what happened. If it is not too severe you get counseling and put on probation. The worst can result in expulsion.” It is stated in the University Police Safety Report that, “CSUSB has adopted a Dry Village policy within all University Housing. Possession or consumption of alcoholic beverages in university buildings or on CSUSB property is prohibited. Violations of this policy will result in disciplinary action leading to probation, possible eviction, and prosecution.” It does not matter if you are of age to legally consume alcohol, there is no tolerance of alcohol within school grounds. When asked if they would risk drinking on campus, Jessica Bottello a sophomore at CSUSB said, “I would not risk drinking on campus. I have a lot to lose and I would not like to get kicked out for something I can avoid.” Skylar Jenkins a senior at CSUSB was also asked the same question. She responded, “I have never consumed alcohol on campus but I have always thought about it. I believe people do it for the adrenaline rush and at the moment they do not think of the consequences you may face if caught.” Scarlie Oakley a student attending CSUSB said, “When I think of having an experience I think about having fun and taking risks. I know it’s illegal but I do not feel like it is wrong. I wouldn’t drink to get drunk, just to have fun.” There is a lot to lose when breaking the dry campus policy. Adrenaline is what motivates most students to drink alcohol on school grounds, but not everyone is driven by adrenaline and would rather play it safe and avoid the punishment that comes with breaking the policy. “Possession or consumption of alcoholic beverages in university buildings or on CSUSB property is prohibited. Violations of this policy will result in disciplinary action leading to probation, possible eviction and prosecution.” University police safety report Whether of drinking age or not, consuming any type of alcohol on campus or on school property can lead to various forms of repercussion. Even when they don’t have a choice on the car they drive, CSUSB students have an opinion about the features they want in a car. The most desired feature is an auxiliary port in order to play music. “My car must have an auxiliary port in order to play my music from my iPod,” said student Joy Dittmore. Students said their must-have features for their cars include comfort, affordability, space, gas mileage, radio and easy to use functions like cruise control. In addition to efficiency, plenty of cup holders, a good armrest and a moon-roof are also valuable features students and young adults look for in a car. Many students take pride in their ride. Any means of transportation is mandatory for students who do not live on or near campus. Since cars are so necessary for commuter students, there are many factors to consider when purchasing a car. Students who commute to work and school are concerned with their car’s overall MPG and how easy their car drives. Safety is also a main concern for students, especially those who have children and families. Many students who have been involved in accidents tell me they prefer larger vehicles. Kelley Blue Book (KBB), the most trusted online car resource, awards many different cars for different categories such as top rated affordable cars, best winter cars, best family cars and best back-to-school cars. KBB also offers advice on what car would be best according to individual preferences, how much one should spend on a car and how much their current car is worth. If you or someone you know is contemplating purchasing a new car, here are some tips Cars.com recommends to avoid getting ripped off. First and foremost, figure out a budget and stick to it. When buying a car, it’s important to keep in mind that other expenses are going to apply to your new purchase such as gas, insurance, registration and maintenance costs. After determining a comfortable price range, decide what kind of car you want. Gas mileage, safety, size and style are all important features to keep in mind when purchasing a car that will be in use for years to come. Now that pricing and style are determined, it’s time to determine between the accessories that are truly important and simple luxuries. The leather seats and a heated steering wheel sound nice, but perhaps investing in a GPS or front-center airbags would be more profitable in the long run. New cars generally come with a complete package. For example, if you want larger wheels for your car, you may need to purchase a different package deal to accommodate this one feature. These packages usually include more accessories and come at a higher cost. Unless you plan on purchasing a new car in full, financing and insurance is absolutely necessary. Setting up a monthly payment plan you can stick to is very important. You don’t want to get over your head in debt, especially as a college student! Used cars tend to be inexpensive compared to new cars. However, depending on whether used car is purchased, financing for the car still may be necessary. For those who are happy with their current ride or are not car shopping at the moment, the time may come one day when you have to say goodbye to your ol’ faithful. Visit Cars.com and KBB.com for more information on car investment advice, reviews and how to care for your current vehicle. Social work students help local school By GLYNN GUERRA Staff Writer Thanks to a project in their social work class, students are giving back to the community. Student Ariana Raygoza-Luna and three other students who major in social work, chose to create a child welfare assistance program they call Leap of Faith. The program selected Riley Elementary School in San Bernardino to work with by donating backpacks and school supplies to the students. “This is us standing up and saying, ‘Hey this school needs your attention,’” said Raygoza-Luna. They have also planted a vegetable garden for education and formed a Booster Club with the school. Once you get accepted into the social work program, you’re able to apply for a separate program called the child welfare program. This is where Leap of Faith comes into play. In order for students like Raygoza-Luna in the child welfare program to get their social work degree, they must complete a community advocacy project where they are required to pick a community within the Inland Empire and focus on an area in need of help. This is why the students chose to work with Riley Elementary School. Leap of Faith has had a difficult time getting donations from corporate stores because they haven’t been good about communicating back with them, but they have been able to get a lot of help from within the community. The police department has donated things like pencils to the Leap of Faith project and the Chamber of Commerce has made some donations to them as well. “We at least have the community’s support, but it has still been hard getting monetary donations for the school,” said Raygoza-Luna. Even though getting corporation and monetary support has been rather difficult for Leap of Faith, Raygoza-Luna expressed that the most important thing to them is not getting monetary donations but rather donations of actual supplies. Even if their project is not finished by the end of the quarter, Leap of Faith will continue working with the school until the job is done. Leap of Faith has provided boxes where students at CSUSB can stop by and donate school supplies for the Riley Elementary students. You can find these boxes placed in the San Manuel Student Union and the housing community center. Leap of Faith asks that students donate any supplies that they possibly can. This project, although small, has helped students in need so that they can better their education and has shown to be a very admirable group. Please help Leap of Faith in furthering their donations to Riley Elementary School, because even one small donation can help make a difference in a child’s life. Wilmer A. Carter our own local hero By ERIN POSJENA Staff Writer Black History Month during the month of February has long been a tradition where we acknowledge and honor the accomplishments of notable black figures in our past. While there are many men and women who deserve the honor of being recognized, there still are many who go unnoticed. Locals of San Bernardino probably aren’t aware that we have our very own notable figure in our own backyard! Her name is Wilmer Carter. She was born in 1941 and spent her childhood in Mississippi before moving to San Bernardino. CSUSB students may have more in common with her than they may think—for starters, she is an alum! Carter graduated from San Bernardino High School and attended Valley College before earning her Bachelor’s in English in 1972 and her Master’s in education from CSUSB in 1976. Carter was and continues to be an advocate for our citizens and youth in the Inland Empire. Education reform has always been a focus for her and she also has called for a more specialized and educated workforce. The community of Rialto offered Carter the chance to be a participating on the board of education from 1980 to 1983. She became a politician for the Democratic Party and served in the California State Assembly from the 62nd district until November 2012. Late congressman George Brown appointed her as his district director after working together for 23 years. During her time as district director, Carter has supported and co-authored laws that improve safety, health, jobs, transportation, housing and education for the citizens of the 62nd district. CSUSB has seen Carter coordinate various community and legislative community relations as well. “I’ve been lucky enough to serve in so many organizations in my community over a period of so many years,” said Carter. According to smartvoter.org, her commitments have been to create a sustainable community which includes creating green jobs, promoting and retraining renewable energy and perhaps most importantly, bringing in resources to the 62nd district. “Everyone in the community has been a contributor to the growth of our community,” said Carter. It is reported by smartvoter.org, that Carter believes that we can stimulate the economy by strengthening small, independent businesses. She is also a small business owner alongside her husband. Carter has been seen as a woman who values self-reliance and community support. After researching Carter, I would say that among her biggest accomplishments would be her developing, leading and directing a school-to-work program that became a national model for career development for high school students. This program has demonstrated Carter’s commitment to public service. Her accomplishments and dedication in the area led to the city of Rialto naming a high school after her. The naming of Wilmer Amina Carter High School enabled her to become the first African American woman in the Inland Empire to have a school named after her. During her career, Carter has been involved in over 30 local and national organizations and she continues to be involved in the community. Carter retired from her work in the community in 2012. She currently lives in Rialto with her husband and has three adult children. Live music, psychedelic vibes, starry nights, and a beautiful view is what awaits concert enthusiasts at this year’s Desert Daze Music Festival. The increasingly popular festival is back again with its third installment taking place on April 19th at the Sunset Ranch Oasis in Palm Springs, CA. The 163 acre ranch is surrounded by mountain ranges and has three full lakes and will be the festival’s home for the second year in a row. This year’s lineup includes great bands like Coachella Music Festival veterans Blonde Redhead and The Raveonettes whose Whip It On album was named “Best Rock Album of the Year” at the Danish Music Awards. The Festival will also feature live performances by Liars, Autolux, Unknown Mortal Orchestra, Vincent Gallo, DIIV and many more. Desert Daze serves as an inexpensive alternative to the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival and provides concert goers with a more psychedelic ambiance. “I’m excited about checking out Desert Daze this year; the ticket prices are reasonable and I think I’ll end up having more fun enjoying the live music there than at Coachella since it tends to be more crowded and expensive,” said music goer Caren Inda. Guests will be able to wonder freely around and get lost in a collective of music sounds generating from the several stages that are set to be placed around the property. Moon Block Party, founded in 2001 by Phil Pirrone is a community of artists who collaborate together to produce several music festivals including Desert Daze, which was first established in 2012. The first Desert Daze Festival took place in Palm Springs back in 2012 and lasted 11 days and the following year it became a one-day one-night music event. “Desert Daze seems like a cool and secluded place where you could get away with friends where you could just hangout, listen to some good music and dance the night away and you get to camp out which only makes it that much more fun,” said Inda. Concert enthusiasts don’t have to worry about dealing with long lines or overpriced drinks but can lay back and relax as they take in the beautiful scenery and good tunes. The festival is known for its intimate and serene setting making it the perfect place for artist and music lovers to come together as they enjoy an explosion of music. On-site camping will be available for the one day and one night festival with tickets ranging from $45 general admission to $75 General Admission and Shaded Beach Pass. Desert Daze will also include various merchandise booths and food vendors to complete the music event. Tickets are now on sale on desertdaze.org and concert goers are encouraged to buy their tickets now before they sell out. Desert Daze is bound to be a night full of memories in the making and guests will not be disappointed. Dessert Daze Music Festival 2013 had the crowd in a trance, the band owed music goers with their sick beach beats that suited the heat. Fontana brings back the arts By MINTIMER AVILA Staff Writer While most schools have been hit with budget cuts and have had to cut their art programs, the city of Fontana has reached out to the younger generation in hopes of giving children and adult residents the art they might be missing out on. Fontana hosted its Jazz ‘n Art celebration in front of the Lewis Library on Feb. 22, where performers got together for an afternoon of smooth jazz and unique art. There was a variety of local artists that were showcasing and selling their art to the public. Artist Jared Tumbarello drew the crowd in with his interesting use of spray paint. Tumbarello used quick bursts of spray paint, occasionally using a brush to carefully create works of art. The audience was amazed at how he created mountain scenery inside a dream catcher right in front of their eyes. Everyone couldn’t help but clap as he lay the finishing touches and presented his piece to everyone. Artist Tom Fontanes, a Vietnam Veteran, also showcased his work but it had a twist. His art consisted of various smaller pieces within the grand design creating a collage that can tell a story just by looking at it. The event also featured a community chalk mural that anyone could contribute to. Children enjoyed doodling on the concrete mural and creating their own art alongside the artists. While everyone was enjoying the local art or grabbing a bite to eat, jazz music from various groups could be heard on stage. Summit High School, Kaiser High School and The Amanda Castro Band all performed on stage. The Amanda Castro Band’s lead singer, Amanda Castro, specializes in songs from the ‘20s and ‘30s and adds a mix of Latin, New Orleans Soul, and blues to her songs. The band was last to perform but they certainly weren’t the least as Castro’s vocals brought the songs to life and attracted everyone to the stage. The event was not limited to just music and art. The Steel Workers Auditorium, located in the Lewis Library, hosted its own dance performances. The David Martinez dance group was the first to take the stage and present their wide variety of dance styles. Martinez and his partner danced to a number of tunes that had both of them gracefully whisk each other back and forth. Their best performance came when they danced to the tunes of Latin music. Martinez and his partner threw out all of the stops as they matched their rhythm and swung to the beat of the song. The main performance of the afternoon was by the Valverde School of Performing Arts (VSAPA). VSAPA opened up with a big cast of children who took turns dancing to the front of the stage, singing to the audience when they reached the mike. In their third performance, one of the students sang a solo to Disney’s “Do You Want To Build a Snowman?” from the movie “Frozen.” The audience could not believe that one of the youngest performers was able to outshine the other performers. “The performance was great! I was especially impressed with their take on Frozen,” said Fontana resident James Corona. “It sounded like it came straight from the film’s sound track,” continued Corona. They completed their performance by bringing out everyone from the school on to the stage to sing “Life’s A Happy Song,” from the film “The Muppets.” The Jazz ‘n Art Celebration was a great way to experience local talent and meet the artists or performers behind such hard work. Fontana residents gathered on a sunny Saturday at the Lewis Library. The community, both children and adults, got creative and had the chance to draw, doodle and have crazy fun alongside each other on the concrete with chalk. Students go crazy over Valfre’s illustrations By CARLY WOOLLEY Staff Writer Ilse Valfre was having an ordinary day at work and began thinking about how she loved teaching, but realized her true passion in life was to be an illustrator. Today she sells her designs on T-shirts, tote bags, cell phone cases, journals and prints ranging from $24-$48 on her website, valfre.com. Valfre is a 23-year-old artist from Tijuana, Mexico. The artist found her love for drawing at a very young age when she began to draw on everything in her house including the walls. She was lucky enough to have a father who supported her dreams and encouraged her to continue drawing even if it was at the expense of his home’s cosmetic state. She has dabbled in a fair share of interests including professional modeling, teaching preschool, publishing a children’s book and starting her own fashion line, which has all been a contributing factor to her success in becoming a full-time illustrator. Valfre may have had several different occupations in the past, but it was when she was a preschool teacher that she decided to commit her future to art. Author Mihaela Husar from Impressive Magazine reported, “The Valfre brand is based on the captivating illustrations and expressions […]. Her art is a collection of thoughts and images that uniquely capture what it really feels like to be a girl.” Valfre has been very excited to see her work featured in several online magazines and blogs. She has found great success by sticking to her personal design style and by continually creating unique and memorable pieces. Her illustrations have proven to be unique by combining standard art, current fashion trends, vibrant colors and short messages. Valfre admits that fashion has been a huge influence in her designs. She has considered fashion to be a means of expression alongside art and she likes to actively keep her eye on new collections. The young artist knows she may not be able to afford any of the clothes from the collections, but she likes to keep her eye on them so she can use them as inspiration to style her paper dolls. Valfre has compared her process of designing to living in her own little fantasy world where anything can be created. Student Aubrey Butler said, “I’m a really huge fan of Ilse Valfre’s designs. I’ve been buying stuff off of her website for myself and my friends for a while now and I’m always waiting to see what new products are going to be available.” Valfre has recently been working on designing several new T-shirt designs with Los A based Rogue Monk Shop and she is very excited to be releasing them in the near future. She is looking forward to begin painting murals around the world, publishing her book series with a publishing house, and begin styling and illustrating for more magazines and clothing brands. Valfre has undoubtedly earned herself a high level of respect in the art world and she is striving to reach the same level of respect as she takes her brand further into the fashion industry. Illustration by Valfre Valfre creates both sassy and adorable illustrations; they can be found on shirts, bags, and iPhone cases on valfre.com. “Robocop” lets down old time fans By JOEL HANKE Staff Writer I remember being a kid while watching the original “Robocop” and loving it. Sadly, the remake of the 1987 science fiction classic, “Robocop,” didn’t lacked any real enjoyable main plot of action and revenge but rather focused more on the internal struggle of the good-cop overcoming the cold programmed killing machine that controls him. Rotten Tomatoes user John Beifuss stated, “Padilha protracts Murphy’s existential ordeal, so that the revenge plot that motivates the action becomes secondary to Murphy’s struggle to hold onto his identity even as his corporate and scientific interests seek to erase it.” The interest remake was directed by Brazilian film maker Jose Padilha and was released on Feb. 12. The film starts out with Samuel L. Jackson as some cocky political host in “The Novak Element,” some futuristic Bill O’Reilly split off in the year 2028. His loud questions and voices stresses to audience the importance of how law-enforcement developers ‘Omnicorp,’ a multinational military robotics conglomerate. Omnicorp CEO Raymond Cellers, played by Micheal Keaton, creates a marketing scheme evolving a new law enforcement product that will sway public opinion. That new marketing scheme combines both man and machine in Robocop. While under the current U.S. policy, Police officer Alex Murphy, played by Joel Kinnaman, and his partner make an attempt to arrest a weapons arms dealer known as Antoine Vallon. Murphy, unaware that Vallon has corrupt cops working for him in the Detroit Police Department, is nearly killed in his own driveway after a car bomb is planted by Vallon. On the verge of death after nearly 80 percent of his body is severely burned and his legs and right arm have been amputated. Omnicorp head scientist on the Robocop project, Dr. Dennett Norton, played by Gary Oldman, picks Alex as the perfect candidate for the program after consent from Murphy’s wife Clara, played by Abbie Cornish, in order to save him. I was expecting the movie to really turn up the heat with revenge seeking action until Robocop was awoken. Instead the film takes the emotional path of Murphy’s internal struggle as the main plot. We then see Murphy and Clara slow dancing at a backyard BBQ when suddenly Murphy is awoken from a coma having been uploaded into the Robocop machine and software. Murphy believing he is in a nightmare rejects his condition with a wish to die but then Norton reminds him of his wife and son which encourages him to be strong. This makes him seem more weak. The subplots behind the action lacked conviction as well as the dialogue of characters. The movie’s main climax and inevitable plot is Murphy’s human spirit overrides the robotic system that controls him by returning to his family and solving his own homicide cover-up, neither of which are very convincing plots. Be stylish without hurting your wallet By OFELIA FUENTE Asst. A&E Editor Spring is around the corner and the temperatures are rising at CSUSB. It’s time to ditch your sweaters and jackets and swap over to T-shirts and tanks. Unisex pocket T-shirts have been all the rage since last summer, and with the heat rolling in again, these T-shirts are comfortable and breathable. Pocket tees range from $20-$40 in various stores. The price for these tee shirts is ridiculously high, especially for college students, and you can’t always customize them when purchased from a store or online. So here’s a D.I.Y. project to re-create these customized T-shirts all for just under $15. Supplies: - Fabric Squares (Joann’s $1.99-$2.25) - Fabric Glue (Joann’s $4.99) - Plain T-shirt (Target $9.99) - Scissors (Joann’s $8.99) - Ruler/Measuring tape (Joann’s $2.99) - Pencil/Chalk/Pen - Paper - Iron INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Next pick your fabric of choice and start making your measurements. The measurements can be up to you, most people like to take shirts they already own and measure the pockets. Make sure to add half an inch on each sides of your measurements. The measurements I used in this DIY were 6 inches wide; 7 inches tall and the sides of the pockets were 5 inches. To make cutting easier you can cut a square that is 6 inches wide and 7 inches tall 2. Once you have your square measure about 5 inches down on the sides of the pocket and cut diagonally until the left and right side meet, making it a triangle at the bottom 3. You should now have your upside down house shaped fabric piece fold each of the sides half an inch and iron to create a crease. 4. Once you have creased your edges, it is time to glue the edges down. Let the pocket dry 5. Once your pocket has dried determine the place where you would like the pocket to be on your T-shirt. 6. After you have determine the place of your pocket start adding glue to the pocket on all sides except the top of your pocket (this lets your pocket be use able) and let dry for 24 hours. Once your T-shirt has dried, it’s time to style it up or down. For the guys, you can rock this T-shirt with your favorite jeans and Vans and for the ladies, you can pair your T-shirt with a skater skirt or high-waisted cut-off shorts. Pocket tees are great for students to wear to school, while running errands, or to simply wear while lounging around the house. Chris D’Elia is hilarious By CHRISOULA BAROUDOS Staff Writer New up and coming Los Angeles comedian, Chris D’Elia, had the crowd in tears on Friday, Feb. 21 at the Irvine Improv. “It’s hard for me to write a joke where I don’t end up on the ground for some reason. Hey, at least that way, I know no comics will steal my jokes. Too many bruises,” said D’Elia. The room was completely packed and all the seats were filled within five minutes. Everybody was itching to see D’Elia who has been recently named one of the Variety’s “Top 10 Comics to Watch.” He previously starred opposite Whitney Cummings on NBC’s comedy Whitney and will now be starring as Danny on NBC’s new comedy “Undateable.” He has also appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon as well as on Comedy Central. D’Elia performed along with other wonderful comedians at the improv in Irvine, the comedians had the crowd in constant laughter. The line up for comedians that night were Michael Lenoci, Fahim Anwar, and the headliner, Chris D’Elia. Lenoci was a great MC for the night, giving great transitions and feeding off of the crowds’ vibe. Anwar showed off his dancing abilities while imitating a transvestite hooker listening to her iPod as she was crossing the street. The audience quickly reacted with an uproar of laughter. Irvine has been known to be a conservative city, however that was not enough to convince D’Elia to try different jokes. “I like to keep the same jokes, sure if I was in New York the vibes would be different, but I am the same,” said D’Elia. His jokes were mostly about relationships between guys and girls, but focused more on how girls act. I scanned around the room during the show and noticed girls laughing and nodding in agreement. Natasha Martinez, one of the attendees from the show, expressed her insight from watching her first comedy show. “Watching Chris D’Elia perform at the Irvine Improv was a perfect introduction to the world of stand up comedy. I’d never been to a comedy show before. His jokes about the way girls talk was spot on. I found myself recognizing a lot of what I say in some of his sets,” said Martinez. Alex Hosseini, another attendee at the show commented that they thought Anwar stole the show. “I would have to say that although I enjoyed Chris, Fahim Anwar was my favorite. I particularly enjoyed him doing the moon walk on stage while wearing a Michael Jackson T-shirt,” said Hosseini. The show had a little bit of everything that many people can enjoy. D’Elia left the stage with a standing ovation from the crowd. D’Elia performs his stand-up act throughout the country, but if you can’t make it to any of his shows you can always purchase his one hour stand-up special, “White Man Black Comic.” Player of the week: Kelley By RYAN NAVAROLI Staff Writer Kerrey Kelley enters his final season as the Coyotes ace pitcher. After graduating from Palmdale High School in 2010, Kelley knew CSUSB was the right choice. “I chose CSUSB because it was close to home and I liked how the pitchers have always succeeded here. I believe it has worked out well for me,” said Kelley. Kelley has always had supporters fill the stands at his games. “My family and my girlfriend come to every single game. My grandparents have also never missed a game. They have had my back since day one. The support I get from all of them means so much to me,” said Kelley. Kelley reflects on the biggest thrill that college baseball has given him. “There is nothing like pitching in the late innings of a baseball game when the score is close and all the pressure is on the pitcher. That situation is where I shine the most. I get a great thrill out of that whether I succeed or not,” said Kelley. Kelley has many memorable moments from being the only freshman on the team his freshmen year to being an All-League player in his sophomore year and pitcher in the playoffs. However, there is one moment that tops the rest about a former Coyotes player that will never be forgotten. “Every single moment that I spent with Jake from pitching with him behind me on the field, going out to dinner with him and teammates, and hearing all of the stories that he had. This guy was ‘the man’ and I was lucky to call him my friend,” said Kelley. Kelley, a political science major, talks about his future after Coyotes Baseball. “I have two options: I can either go for my master’s degree, or go into national defense and politics when my baseball career ends and I have graduated with my degree,” said Kelley. A College World Series championship would mean the most to Kelley to end his final senior season as a Coyote. “We must win at least 3 games a series. If we give 100 percent as a team, we will win each inning. Our team is capable of doing something special this year.” Kerrey Kelley Pitcher “During this past summer, our team lost Jake Pilkerton, who was our team leader last year and more importantly a great friend. Hearing the news was the saddest moment of my life. There are no words for how devastated everyone was,” said Kelley. Kelley will always remember his career playing with his beloved teammate as the most memorable. “Every single moment that I spent with Jake from pitching with him behind me on the field, going out to dinner with him and teammates, and hearing all of the stories that he had. This guy was ‘the man’ and I was lucky to call him my friend,” said Kelley. Kelley, a political science major, talks about his future after Coyotes Baseball. “I have two options: I can either go for my master’s degree, or go into national defense and politics when my baseball career ends and I have graduated with my degree,” said Kelley. A College World Series championship would mean the most to Kelley to end his final senior season as a Coyote. “We must win at least 3 games a series. If we give 100 percent as a team, we will win each inning. Our team is capable of doing something special this year,” said Kelley. Kelley is seen as a leader of the pitching staff and leader of the team meetings in the clubhouse. His familiar quote is often said on the field. “I’ll always say ‘You gotta want it.’ I tell my teammates this everyday because it means a lot to me,” said Kelley. He added, “It gets my teammates to want to win, want to be there, and want to have a good time.” Coyotes’ victorious blowout By BRANDON LANDRUM Staff Writer The CSUSB women’s basketball team cruised to their third straight victory against Sonoma State University. On Friday, Feb. 21, the Coyotes hosted the Seawolves in the Cossoulis Arena with a welcoming crowd on Military Appreciation night. Military Appreciation night is an event that CSUSB holds for all of the active and retired military veterans to show them that we appreciate their service to our country. The Coyotes wanted to focus and earn the victory for their teammates and the military veterans. In the first half, the Coyotes opened up the game playing aggressively on both the offensive and defensive ends of the court. The Coyotes’ defensive pressure was great, forcing the Seawolves to commit 12 turnovers and caused them to shoot poorly from the field. Throughout the first half, rebounding was an important factor to getting an early lead. The Coyotes gathered a total of 32 rebounds. Senior guard Taylour Gipson helped the team on the rebounding side of the game by grabbing seven offensive rebounds. Sophomore guard Alexcia Mack and sophomore forward Adriana Brodie led the pack in scoring earning 18 points combined. Chances to make up for lost points were also important in the first half with the Coyotes scoring 20 points compared to the Seawolves not scoring any points. At the end of the first half, the Coyotes led the Seawolves 35-13. The Coyotes opened up the second half strong, keeping up the defensive intensity and scoring effectively on the offensive end. The Coyotes got a lot of hustle points in the second half with scoring four fast break points and dominating the paint with 14 points. The Coyotes put a stop to the turnovers and began to take control of the ball. The final score was 58-47 as the Coyotes won. Mack finished the game scoring a game high of 14 points, followed by Brodie adding 12 points. The Coyotes record improved to 15 on the season and in the CCAA conference the Coyotes are 7-13. This marks a sad but memorable moment for the seniors as their time on the Coyote women’s basketball team comes to an end. The team must now prepare for the off-season as they try and improve their skills and chemistry for the upcoming 2014-2015 season and show your support. Girls just wanna have fun By URIEL ORTEGA Staff Writer Softball player Darian Manuz is the Coyotes’ outfielder and currently the only senior on the team. She’s looking to finish her season out strong. Last season, Manuz was very productive for the team. She started 44 games, had a batting average of .273 and the second most walks on the team. She played second base for the majority of the season and finished fourth in fielding percentage with a .951. Some highlights of last year included her seven multi-hit games. Manuz transferred from Palm Desert Community College where she played both seasons and was named school athlete of the year. She also earned first team all-Foothill honors in 2012. Manuz’s accolades began at Robert E. Lee High School in Midland, Texas where she grew up. She later moved back to California after high school in 2010. “I moved to California to be with my family. I was originally born in California, just Texas raised,” said Manuz. Manuz said that she chose CSUSB because she felt a connection with coach Duncan. “I thought she knew the game pretty well; she was extremely family oriented, she believed in the game and getting you through school,” said Manuz. Manuz credits much of her family’s support for the game and that it is because of them she is able to play the sport she loves and are the reason she is here today. “My mom and my sister have been my back bone my whole life,” said Manuz. They are her biggest supporters. Her sister always calls her and texts her before every game and her mom always attends the games to watch her play. As being a communication major and student athlete, Manuz said it can be very tough but she believes that college is shaping her for the rest of her life. Softball and being a student has helped her. Senior and leader of the softball team, Manuz remarks on the bond that she has with her teammates. She explains how important it is to stay together and have each others’ backs, and that working hard will eventually pay off. “We beat Humboldt who is number one in the nation. We came out and actually did it and what we have been working for months actually happened,” said Manuz proving her point by explaining her hard work. Manuz comments on the bond that the softball team has. They have supporters such as the big sister and little sister on the team who help support each other through the everyday challenges. Her message to the team “Keep your head up, and keep you heart strong.” This helps her get through those tough times and conveys this back to her team mates. “I believe that keeping your head up and your heart strong is what’s going to get you through the day,” said Manuz. The Coyotes softball team is 9-6 overall and are making an impression in the CCAA conference. The Coyotes are coming off a doubleheader sweep against Sonoma State and are looking to keep the momentum as Dariin Manuz continues to inspire and motivate her fellow team members and supporters as she finishes her senior year. Coyotes work out at boot camp By CARLEY BENNECKE Staff Writer Free boot camp workouts are available at the Student Recreation and Fitness Center. Every Friday for the past two years, personal trainer Ronald Gonzales-Trujillo has hosted a boot camp themed workout for members of the Rec Center. Boot camp workouts are high-intensity and high volume drills that are made simple so each participant has a chance to learn and keep up. “We also keep the movements straightforward so the personal trainers can keep up with watching participants,” said Gonzales-Trujillo. “We want to make sure each member is getting our undivided attention. Also, safety first.” Each boot camp session begins with a warm-up. After the warm-up, each trainer will set up their own station. Members then break off into groups and workout at each station for two minute intervals then rotate to the next station. Each station offers something different. Some stations have dumbbells, free weights, and other workout equipment. After multiple rounds at each station, the class finishes with a cool down. Gonzales-Trujillo prefers his station to have just your body as your workout tool. “I like to focus on only using your body as equipment,” said Gonzales-Trujillo. “Competitive drive makes the group work harder!” continued Gonzales-Trujillo. Maria Williams, student and boot camp workout attendee, prefers exercising in a group environment. “I love the gym, I love working out. I do well on my own, but in a class setting the other students help push you. It has more intensity and that’s what I want in a workout,” said Williams. Gonzales-Trujillo reminds students that the boot camp class is fun, exciting, and challenging. “It’s not an attempt to make you sweat and throw-up,” said Gonzales-Trujillo. “It’s about a personal trainer quality workout, and making sure the members are working at a level they’re comfortable with.” Emily Hill, personal trainer and group X instructor at the Rec Center, agrees that the boot camp program is designed for tough fun. “It’s a great workout for every level. It’s challenging but it’s also exciting. It’s open for everyone,” said Hill. Hill said her station will always vary from Gonzales-Trujillo’s station. “Ron and I have different methods of training,” said Hill. “It’s good to have several teachers with different styles teaching a class. Participants will get diverse viewpoints and they will respond differently to different types of encouragement.” On the other hand, the one thing that Gonzales-Trujillo and Hill will always have in common is their love for seeing students’ results. “I see a change in the students who partake in the boot camp program,” said Hill. “The first class they’ll be nervous, but then after a few weeks of attending they’re having a good time and doing the workout with no hesitancy.” Traci Simpson has been attending Friday boot camps for over a year. “Of course I see results!” said Simpson. “Once I also started paying attention to my nutrition, I could see muscle definition. I had a higher endurance level. I was happier and had more energy during the day.” Boot camp workouts are offered for free at the Rec Center on Tuesdays and Thursdays at 5:30 p.m. and Fridays at noon in room 205. The Coyotes men’s basketball team dominated Sonoma State University at Coussoulis Arena on Friday night. The final score was 82-48. The 34 point margin over the Seawolves was the largest victory for the Coyotes in their 43 game history and marked the twentieth win for the Coyotes this season. Senior Jordan Burris lead the team in points with 15. And later added three steals and two blocks. Senior Lacy Hadlock put up 13 points for the team and received help from senior Kirby Gardner who finished with 10 points, five assists, and two steals for the Coyotes. The bench was able to provide more than half of the total points against the Seawolves. Sophomore Zeke DeBlase came off of the bench and scored 12 points for the team all from three point range. During the first half, the game was relatively close in scoring. The Coyotes were down 14-13 with eight and a half minutes left before going on a 29-6 run to secure themselves in a winning position before the second half began. DeBlase set the pace of the game scoring 3 three point field goals in the first half. Junior Juan Martinez also added fuel to the fire with his 2 three-pointers against the Seawolves. The Seawolves defense was no match for the aggressive and fast paced offense that the Coyotes displayed Friday night. The Coyotes were able to capitalize on fast break plays throughout the night. The Coyotes scored 17 points off of turnovers and had 14 fast break points. Strong and persistent defense was displayed throughout the night and was an effective tool for the Coyotes. The Seawolves were unable to break the consistent defense because it made it hard for them to score. Saturday night’s game was different. The Coyotes were able to defeat San Francisco State once again. The strong offense finished the game at 75-57. Consistent shooting inside and outside the key were proven to be successful once again for the Coyotes. Gardner led the team in total points with 16 over the Gators Saturday night. Martinez assisted Gardner with 14 points and four steals. Junior Taylor Statham led the team in three point shooting against the Gators. He was able to provide 4 three-pointers and had 10 points over the Gators. Strong defense and consistent shooting was a key factor in the team’s success. CSUSB 21-3 overall and 18-2 CCAA is now shifting and preparing themselves for playoff games to begin.
St. Mary Roman Catholic Church 32 Pearl Street, Claremont, NH 03743 Phone: (603) 542-9518 / Fax: (603) 542-9614 Website: www.stmaryparishnh.org Email: firstname.lastname@example.org Pastor Very Rev. Shawn Therrien, V.G. Parochial Vicar Rev. Arockia Antony, HGN Deacons Rev. Deacon Paul Boucher Rev. Deacon James Wilton Administrative Assistant Mary K. Keating Music Director Joe Labrecque Interim Faith Formation Director Kevin Krawiec LITURGY SCHEDULE Saturday 4:00 PM Sunday 8:00 AM / 10:30 AM Monday / Tuesday / Friday 12:10 PM Wednesday 7:30 AM No Mass on Thursday MASSES AT OLD ST. MARY CHURCH Saturday Morning Mass at 8:00 AM every week (June to October) at Old St. Mary Church SACRAMENT OF RECONCILIATION Monday and Friday 3:00 - 4:00 PM Saturday 3:00 - 3:45 PM VOCATIONS HOLY HOUR Thursday 6:00 - 7:00 PM ST. MARY CEMETERY Old Church Road Please call the Parish Office for inquiries or other information regarding the parish cemetery. ADORATION CHAPEL Closed until further notice! Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament Thursday ONLY 6:00 AM - 6:00 PM Chapel Hours Monday 8:00 AM - 2:00 PM Tuesday 8:00 AM - 5:00 PM Wednesday 8:00 AM - 5:00 PM Thursday 6:00 AM - 6:00 PM Friday 8:00 AM - 4:00 PM Saturday 9:00 AM - 12 Noon Sunday 1:00 PM - 2:00 PM PARISH OFFICE HOURS Monday - Thursday 8:00 AM - 2:00 PM Friday 8:00 AM - 12:00 PM May 16, 2021 Seventh Sunday of Easter FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE May 7, 2021 Basilica Chosen by the Holy See to lead Worldwide Rosary to Pray for an End to the Pandemic — Monday, May 17 at 12 pm ET/6 pm Rome — Faithful Invited to Join In-Person or Online The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception has been chosen by the Holy See to lead the worldwide recitation of the Rosary on Monday, May 17, at 12 noon ET/6pm Rome time, in response to Pope Francis’ call for a “marathon” of prayer during the month of May “to ask for the end of the pandemic.” Cardinal Wilton Gregory, the Archbishop of Washington and Chairman of the National Shrine Board of Trustees, will prayerfully lead the Joyful Mysteries of the Rosary from the Basilica’s Great Upper Church. With the ability to accommodate 1,000 people socially distanced in the Great Upper Church with other safety protocols in place, the event is open to the public and the faithful are encouraged to join this vital prayer effort in person by registering at www.nationalshrine.org/mass-registration. For those unable to attend in person, the recitation of the Rosary will be livestreamed at www.nationalshrine.org/mass and will be shared with the Holy See for transmission throughout the world. Initiating this worldwide rosary marathon from St. Peter’s Basilica on May 1, Pope Francis said, “At the beginning of the month dedicated to Our Lady, we join in prayer with all the shrines around the world, the faithful, and all people of good will to entrust to our Holy Mother all of humanity so harshly tried by this pandemic.” The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception is among only 30 shrines from around the globe chosen to lead a day of prayer during the monthlong rosary marathon. On May 17, the National Shrine has been asked to pray specifically for all world leaders and for all heads of international organizations as it leads the Joyful Mysteries of the Rosary. Monsignor Walter Rossi, Rector of the Basilica, said, “It is an honor for us to participate in this important initiative of the Holy Father as he invites the world to offer this great Marian prayer. It is my hope that, through this monthlong worldwide praying of the Rosary, Our Blessed Mother will look favorably upon our pleas and present our great need before her Son, asking God, through her intercession, to bring an end to the pandemic and return our world to a form of normalcy.” ### ABOUT THE BASILICA The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception is the largest Roman Catholic church in North America, and it is among the ten largest churches in the world. Dedicated to the patroness of the United States, the Blessed Virgin Mary under her title of the Immaculate Conception, the Basilica is the nation’s preeminent Marian shrine and patronal church and has been designated a national sanctuary of prayer and pilgrimage. Among those who have visited the National Shrine during its 100-year history are Pope Francis, Pope Benedict XVI, Saint Pope John Paul II, and Saint Mother Teresa of Calcutta. May 15, 2021—May 23, 2021 Sat. May 15 4:00 PM Vigil of Seventh Sunday of Easter Everlene Stone (†) By Edward Stone Sun. May 16 8:00 AM Seventh Sunday of Easter For the People 10:30 AM Alex Puksta (†) By Family Mon. May 17 12:10 PM Easter Weekday Joyce Greniere (†) By Family Tue. May 18 12:10 PM Easter Weekday Christopher Reil Daley (†) By a Friend Wed. May 19 7:30 AM Easter Weekday Christopher Reil Daley (†) By a Friend Thur. May 20 Easter Weekday No Mass Fri. May 21 12:10 PM Easter Weekday Mary R. and J. Park Goddard (†) By the Estate Sat. May 22 Vigil of Pentecost Sunday 4:00 PM Mercedes Barreiro (†) By Lucia Barreiro Sun. May 23 Pentecost Sunday 8:00 AM Emig and Mathauser Families By Frank Emig 10:30 AM For the People All 3 Weekend Masses are livestreamed on the parish Facebook page. The church is open Monday through Friday from 9:00 AM to 4:00 PM. The Sacrament of Reconciliation is available Monday and Friday from 3:00-4:00 PM. Thank you to all who are generously sending in their weekly offertory. Please continue to support the parish weekly. It is imperative to the running of our parish. Your generosity is greatly appreciated! - Fr. Shawn WEEKLY OFFERING … Stewardship Giving of Time, Talent and Treasure in gratitude for all of God’s gifts. Thank you for your generosity! Thank you also for those who make up envelopes! May 9, 2021 Offertory $2752.50 Buck-A-Month $175.00 Upcoming Second Collections Catholic Comm Campaign May 15/16 St. Vincent de Paul Society May 22/23 PLEASE NOTE … All checks made payable to: St. Mary Parish. You are welcome to indicate the collection in the memo section of your check. Checks for St. Vincent de Paul Society should be made payable to St. Vincent de Paul Society. 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Distributed Receding Horizon Kalman Filter Torreblanca, Pepe Maestre; Giselsson, Pontus; Rantzer, Anders Published in: 49th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) DOI: 10.1109/CDC.2010.5717370 2010 Citation for published version (APA): Torreblanca, P. M., Giselsson, P., & Rantzer, A. (2010). Distributed Receding Horizon Kalman Filter. In 49th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) https://doi.org/10.1109/CDC.2010.5717370 Total number of authors: 3 General rights Unless other specific reuse rights are stated the following general rights apply. Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Distributed Receding Horizon Kalman Filter J. M. Maestre, P. Giselsson and A. Rantzer Abstract—In this paper a distributed version of the Kalman filter is proposed. In particular, the estimation problem is reduced to the optimization of a cost function that depends on the system dynamics and the latest output measurements and state estimates which is distributed among the agents by means of dual decomposition. The techniques presented in the paper are applied to estimate the position of mobile agents. I. INTRODUCTION In recent years the proliferation of small microcontrollers with wireless communication capabilities has made possible the implementation of advanced control and estimation strategies in a distributed way. As a consequence, there has been a growing interest of the control community in the research of distributed systems to face the new challenges that appear [17], [9]. Issues such as the communicational burden of the different distributed architectures play a very important role. For example, the battery life of motes depend specially on the time the radio is on and on the number of messages sent [10]. Behind the concept of distributed systems there is a very basic idea: to divide the overall system into several smaller subsystems, each governed by a different agent which may or may not share information with the rest. Examples of these situations are large scale systems or networked systems such as traffic, water or power networks [11]. In this situation it becomes very important to have schemes that allow the distributed estimation of the state. The most common approach to estimate the state of stochastic systems is the Kalman filter [7], developed in 1960 and named after his discoverer. The Kalman filter is the optimal state estimator for unconstrained linear systems subject to gaussian state and output noise. It is not possible to apply directly the centralized Kalman filter to a multiagent problem unless there is a node in the network that receives all the information. For example in [14], it can be seen how a central agent gathers the information from the moving devices and then distributes the position estimation back to them. An alternative is to calculate a decentralized version of the Kalman filter that takes into account the communications restrictions[6], [14]. In this paper we follow a different approach to solve the estimation problem in a distributed manner. First, the Kalman filter is posed as a dynamic programming problem [3]. Then, the resulting optimization problem is distributed among the agents using dual decomposition. This idea has been successfully applied to distributed control in [12] and [4]. Given that the observation problem is the dual of the control problem, it is natural to apply and enhance the techniques presented in these papers to deal with the state estimation problem. In this context, the application of state estimation schemes to problems in which the state represents the position of an object is very attractive [1], [6]. The localization of moving entities, such as robots or people, is important for many applications. Military applications in which the goal is to track a target that moves in a distributed sensor environment are the typical examples. Other examples in which these techniques play an important role would be smart homes [8], in which it is basic to know where the inhabitants of the house are in order to control the heating and the lights and traffic and speed control. For this reason, they constitute good applications for the distributed state estimation algorithm that we present. The outline of the paper is as follows. In section II the problem is formulated. Section III explains how dual decomposition can be used to distribute the problem among the agents involved. In section IV the techniques presented in the previous sections are applied in a simulation example. Finally, conclusions and future work are presented. II. PROBLEM FORMULATION In this section we present a moving horizon estimation strategy that solves approximately the Kalman filter. Let us consider the following uncertain distributed linear system \[ \begin{align} x_i(\tau + 1) &= A_{ii} x_i(\tau) + w_i(\tau) \\ y_i(\tau) &= \sum_{j=1}^{J} C_{ij} x_j(\tau) + v_i(\tau) \end{align} \] (1) where $x_i(\tau) \in \mathbb{R}^{n_i}$, $y_i(\tau) \in \mathbb{R}^{q_i}$, $w_i(\tau) \in \mathbb{R}^{n_i}$, and $v_i(\tau) \in \mathbb{R}^{q_i}$ are the state, measurable output, state noise and measurement noises of the $i$-th subsystem respectively. The state and measurement noises are characterized by a normal distribution with zero mean and variances $Q_i$ and $R_i$ respectively; that is, $w_i(\tau)$ is a $N(0, Q_i)$ and $v_i(\tau)$ is a $N(0, R_i)$. From a centralized point of view the system is \[ \begin{align} x(\tau + 1) &= Ax(\tau) + w(\tau) \\ y(\tau) &= Cx(\tau) + v(\tau) \end{align} \] (2) where \[ x(\tau) = [x_1(\tau) \ x_2(\tau) \ \ldots \ x_J(\tau)]^T \in \mathbb{R}^n \\ y(\tau) = [y_1(\tau) \ y_2(\tau) \ \ldots \ y_J(\tau)]^T \in \mathbb{R}^q \\ w(\tau) = [w_1(\tau) \ w_2(\tau) \ \ldots \ w_J(\tau)]^T \in \mathbb{R}^n \\ v(\tau) = [v_1(\tau) \ v_2(\tau) \ \ldots \ v_J(\tau)]^T \in \mathbb{R}^q \\ n = \sum_i n_i, \ q = \sum_i q_i. \] Note that $ w(\tau) $ is a $ N(0,Q) $ with $ Q = \text{diag}(Q_i) $ for $ i = 1, \ldots, J $ and $ v(\tau) $ is a $ N(0,R) $ with $ R = \text{diag}(R_i) $ for $ i = 1, \ldots, J $. From the point of view of probability theory, a state estimator attempts to reconstruct the a posteriori distribution $ p(\hat{x}(\tau)\|Y(0:\tau)) $, which is the probability that the state of the system is $ \hat{x}(\tau) $ given measurements $ Y(0:\tau) = \{y(0), \ldots, y(\tau)\} $. It is also possible to calculate the joint probability for a trajectory of state values, for example $ p(\hat{X}(0:\tau)\|Y(0:\tau)) $. It is clear that if the distribution can be calculated then it is possible to obtain an estimate that maximizes it. The purpose of this paper is to build a distributed version of the Kalman filter, which is the optimal state estimator for unconstrained, linear systems subject to normally distributed state and measurement noise. In this case, the problem of obtaining an estimate that maximizes these probability density functions can be reduced to a dynamical programming problem. See [1] or [13] to obtain more details. In particular, the maximization of $ p(\hat{X}(\tau-N:\tau)\|Y(\tau-N:\tau)) $ is equivalent to the minimization of a quadratic programming problem that will be presented in this section, but first let us define the quadratic function: \[ V^N(\hat{X}(\tau-N:\tau)) = \sum_{k=\tau-N+1}^{\tau} \frac{1}{2}(y(k) - C\hat{x}(k))^T R^{-1}(y(k) - C\hat{x}(k)) \\ + \sum_{k=\tau-N}^{\tau-1} \frac{1}{2}(\hat{x}(k+1) - A\hat{x}(k))^T Q^{-1}(\hat{x}(k+1) - A\hat{x}(k)) \\ + \Phi(\hat{x}(\tau-N)), \] (3) where $ \Phi(\hat{x}(\tau-N)) $ is a term to weight the uncertainty of the first state estimated in the window. Note that, with a small abuse of notation, $ V^N $ is a function only of $ \hat{X}(\tau-N:\tau) $ because the terms given by $ y(k) $ are measurements whose values are available and not variables that have to be calculated. Remark 1: Note that equation (3) can expressed as the sum of a stage cost for each estimate but the last one, which value is calculated through the terminal cost. According to this, \[ V^N(\hat{X}(\tau-N:\tau)) = \sum_{k=\tau-N+1}^{\tau} l(\hat{x}(k)) + \Phi(\hat{x}(\tau-N)). \] (4) Remark 2: The terminal cost in equation (3) is commonly referred as the arrival cost. This term summarizes the information not considered in the horizon at time $ \tau $. In the case that we have, that is, linear model and gaussian noises, this term would simply become $ \Phi(\hat{x}(\tau-N)) = \\|\hat{x}(\tau-N) - m\\|_{P^{-1}(\tau-N)}^2 $ [13], where $ P^{-1}(\tau-N) $ is the inverse of the covariance matrix of the estimation error and $ m $ is the mean of $ x(\tau-N) $. Nevertheless, it is not practical in a distributed dynamic programming problem to keep track of $ P^{-1}(\tau-N) $ and approximations are needed. One possible choice is to use the steady state covariance matrix to weight the estimation at the beginning of the window. In this paper the problem will be relaxed assuming that $ x(\tau-N) $ takes the value calculated in its latest estimation, $ \hat{x}(\tau-N) $. This assumption works well as long as the previous estimates are correctly estimated. Actually, in the case that the trajectory of estimated states out of the estimation window were all exact (which, of course, is highly improbable) then this approximation would become just an application of Bellman’s principle of optimality [2]. The optimal estimation for the trajectory of states $ \hat{X}^(0:\tau) = \{\hat{x}^(0), \ldots, \hat{x}^(\tau)\} $ is obtained solving the following minimization problem \[ \hat{X}^(0:\tau) = \arg \min_{\hat{X}(0:\tau)} V^\tau(\hat{X}(0:\tau)) \] (5) subject to (2) and taking $ \Phi(x(0)) = \\|x(0) - m(0)\\|_{P^{-1}(0)}^2 $. This problem is equivalent to the Kalman filter [3] but it has a major drawback: the computational burden of (5) grows with $ \tau $ as more measurements become available. We use an approximate moving horizon estimation approach [5] to fix the computational cost. The estimation we make is $ \hat{X}(\tau-N:\tau) = \{\hat{x}(\tau-N), \ldots, \hat{x}(\tau)\} $ and can be calculated solving the following QP problem: \[ \hat{X}^(\tau-N:\tau) = \arg \min_{\hat{X}(\tau-N:\tau)} V^N(\hat{X}(\tau-N:\tau)) \] (6) subject to (2) and $ x(\tau-N) = \hat{x}(\tau-N) $. Remark 3:* Note that the state equation in (2) allows to determine the noise trajectory once the state trajectory has been calculated. This relationship can be used in the opposite way so that the QP problem can also be solved minimizing with respect the noise trajectory $ w(\tau-N), \ldots, w(\tau-1) $. Taking into account the duality between the control and observation problem, a possible interpretation for the minimization alternative is that the term $ w_i(\tau) $ is used to control the estimation. ### III. DUAL DECOMPOSITION The ultimate goal of the paper is to distribute the estimation problem between all the agents present in the system. Under certain assumptions, in [4] dual decomposition was used to distribute the optimization problem corresponding to a MPC controller between several agents. As the problem of estimation is the dual of the control problem, and we have reduced the estimation to the optimization of a cost function, the same methodology will be applied. It can be seen in equation (1) that the outputs of the subsystems are coupled through the states. The coupling term represents the effect of the rest of the subsystems in the measurements of agent $ i $. We will define $ d_i(\tau) = $ $\sum_{i \neq j} C_{ij} x_j(\tau)$ to denote this effect. This allows to rewrite the subsystem model as $$\begin{align} x_i(k + 1) &= A_{ii} x_i(\tau) + w_i(\tau) \\ y_i(\tau) &= C_{i,i} x_i(\tau) - d_i(\tau) + v_i(\tau) \end{align}$$ subject to the constraint $d_i(\tau) = -\sum_{j \neq i} C_{ij} x_j(\tau)$. Dual decomposition can be used to distribute the centralized problem (6) between the agents. The introduction of Lagrange multipliers $p_i$ in the cost function allows the distribution of the cost function (3). First, we define the Lagrange extended cost function as $$V^{N,p}(\hat{X}_i(\tau - N : \tau), D(\tau - N : \tau), P(\tau - N : \tau)) = \sum_{i=1}^{J} \left\{ \sum_{k=\tau-N}^{\tau-1} \\|\hat{x}_i(k+1) - A\hat{x}_i(k)\\|_{Q^{-1}_{ii}(k)}^2 + \sum_{k=\tau-N}^{\tau} \left[ -C_{ii}\hat{x}_i(k) + y_i(k) + d_i(k) \right]^T R^{-1}_{ii}(k) + p_i^T(k)(d_i(k) + \sum_{i \neq j} C_{ij}\hat{x}_j(k)) \right\}$$ where $p_i(\tau) \in \mathbb{R}^{q_i}$ is the lagrange multiplier corresponding to the constraint induced by $d_i(\tau) \in \mathbb{R}^{q_i}$, which is now a free variable. Their corresponding centralized vectors are respectively $p(\tau) = [p_1(\tau) \ p_2(\tau) \ldots p_J(\tau)]^T \in \mathbb{R}^q$ and $d(\tau) = [d_1(\tau) \ d_2(\tau) \ldots d_J(\tau)]^T \in \mathbb{R}^q$. Finally, we denote the sequences of these vectors in time as $P(\tau - N : \tau) = \{p(\tau - N), \ldots, p(\tau)\}$ and $D(\tau - N : \tau) = \{d(\tau - N), \ldots, d(\tau)\}$. If we take $Q^{-1}_{ii}(\tau) = 0$ in 8 we can reduce the two summations to one. Then, if we rearrange the Lagrangian multipliers it is possible to rewrite the extended cost function as: $$V^{N,p}(\hat{X}_i(\tau - N : \tau), D(\tau - N : \tau), P(\tau - N : \tau)) = \sum_{i=1}^{J} \sum_{k=\tau-N}^{\tau} \left[ \\|\hat{x}_i(k+1) - A\hat{x}_i(k)\\|_{Q^{-1}_{ii}(k)}^2 + \left[ -C_{ii}\hat{x}_i(k) + y_i(k) + d_i(k) \right]^T R^{-1}_{ii}(k) + p_i^T(k)d_i(k) + \hat{x}_i(k)^T \sum_{i \neq j} C_{ij}^T p_j(k) \right]$$ $$= \sum_{i=1}^{J} V_i^{N,p}(\hat{X}_i(\tau - N : \tau), D_i(\tau - N : \tau), P(\tau - N : \tau))$$ The quadratic problem can be distributed among the agents because the local extended cost functions $V_i^{N,p}(\hat{X}_i(\tau - N : \tau), D_i(\tau - N : \tau), P(\tau - N : \tau))$ are decoupled. From a centralized point of view the problem that is solved at each time sample is $$\max_{P(\tau - N : \tau)} \min_{k=1}^{J} V_i^{N,p} \left( \begin{array}{c} \hat{X}_i(\tau - N : \tau), \\ D_i(\tau - N : \tau), \\ P(\tau - N : \tau) \end{array} \right)$$ Remark 4: If we define the stage cost at the time sample $k$ as $$l_i(\hat{x}_i(k), d_i(k)) = \left[ -C_{ii}\hat{x}_i(k) + y_i(k) + d_i(k) \right]^T R^{-1}_{ii}(k) + \\|\hat{x}_i(k+1) - A\hat{x}_i(k)\\|_{Q^{-1}_{ii}(k)}^2$$ Then, the extended local cost function can be posed as $$V_i^{N,p}(\hat{X}_i(\tau - N : \tau), P(\tau - N : \tau)) = \sum_{k=\tau-N}^{\tau} \left[ l_i(\hat{x}_i(k), d_i(k)) + p_i^T(k)d_i(k) + \hat{x}_i(k)^T \sum_{i \neq j} C_{ij}^T p_j(k) \right]$$ The local stage cost can also be extended to include the terms due to the lagrangian prices $l_i^p(\hat{x}_i(k), d_i(k), P(k)) = l_i(\hat{x}_i(k), d_i(k)) + p_i^T(k)d_i(k) + \hat{x}_i(k)^T \sum_{i \neq j} C_{ij}^T p_j(k)$, which allows to write the extended local cost function as: $$V_i^{N,p}(\tau) = \sum_{k=\tau-N}^{\tau} l_i^p(\hat{x}_i(k), d_i(k), P(k))$$ Remark 5: After the introduction of dual variables, and assuming that the prices of the neighbors are given, it is possible to interpret the distributed optimization procedure in economic terms. Each agent behavior can be represented as a two player game. The first player objective is to minimize the price-extended stage cost $$\sum_{k=\tau-N}^{\tau} l_i^p(\hat{x}_i(k), d_i(k), P(k)),$$ which is composed of three elements that are interpretable as $$l_i^p(\hat{x}_i(k), d_i(k), P(k)) = \underbrace{l_i(\hat{x}_i(k), d_i(k))}_{\text{local cost}} + \underbrace{p_i^T(k)d_i(k)}_{\text{neighbor help cost}} + \underbrace{\hat{x}_i(k)^T \sum_{i \neq j} C_{ij}^T p_j(k)}_{\text{incomes due to required help}}.$$ The second player chooses the prices $p_i(\tau - N), \ldots, p_J(\tau)$ to maximize $$p_i^T(k)(d_i(k) + \sum_{i \neq j} C_{ij}\hat{x}_j(k)).$$ This game is repeated iteratively. First, an estimate is calculated according to the given prices. Then, the prices are updated and the cycle starts again. As a result of the repeated interaction of both players in each node the prices evolve until a maximum is reached. The consequence of this standard Lagrangian optimization procedure is that the minimum for the cost function (6) is attained and the constraints are satisfied when the price gradient is zero. The algorithm that is followed by the agents in the system can be summarized as: - Step 1: Each agent $i$ estimates his own current state trajectory $\{\hat{x}_i(\tau - N), \hat{x}_i(\tau - N + 1), \ldots, \hat{x}_i(\tau)\}$ solving the optimization problem given in (9) for a set of given prices $p_i, i = 0, \ldots, J$. - Step 2: Once the state trajectory has been calculated then the prices of agent $i$ are updated by a gradient step as follows. $$p_i^{k+1}(\tau) = p_i^k(\tau) + \gamma_i^k[d_i(\tau) + \sum_{i \neq j} C_{ij}\hat{x}_j(k)]$$ Convergence of such gradient algorithms has been proved under different type of assumptions on the step size sequence $\gamma^k_i$. See for example [15]. Note that in order to update the prices the agents must communicate. - Step 3: If the precision obtained with the estimation is enough then there is no need to continue iterating. In the next section precise conditions are given. If enough precision is not attained and the number of iterations $K$ exceeds a given threshold $maxiter$, then the algorithm also stops. In other case then the process is repeated from step 1 for $K = K + 1$. A. Coordination alternatives for the price update It can be seen that the calculation of the estimate $\hat{x}_i(t)$ for $t = \tau - N, \ldots, \tau$ is completely decentralized once that prices are given. Therefore it is mandatory for an agent to keep the track of its neighbor prices. Nevertheless, in order to update the prices, coordination among the agents is necessary. The agents send their estimates $\hat{x}_i(\tau)$ to their neighbors so that equation (10) can be applied. For some systems it could be desirable not to share the state information with their neighbors. To avoid the exchange of the state estimates we propose two alternatives: - Decentralized approach: The need for the shared information comes from term $\sum_{j \neq j} C_{ij} \hat{x}_j(k)$ in equation equation (10). According to the dynamics of the subsystems $\sum_{j \neq i} C_{ij} x_i(\tau) = y_i(\tau) - C_{ii} x_i(\tau) - v_i(\tau)$, and thus it could be approximated by $\sum_{j \neq i} C_{ij} \hat{x}_i(\tau) \approx y_i(\tau) - C_{ii} \hat{x}_i(\tau)$. - Market approach: This alternative consists on changing the way in which prices are updated. To understand better this approach it is convenient to use the behavior model that represents each agent as a two player game. Then, it is possible to think on the centralized problem as a game with $2J$ players. The objective of the first player in each node is to minimize his own cost according to the given prices. However, the second player in each node bargains with the the rest of the second players to maximize (9) with respect to the prices. The second players can be seen as market makers that fix the prices of the help services that the agents provide each other according to the offer and demand of such services. To do so, a gradient optimization of the cost function (9) is implemented. Each update is based on the addition of contributions of the different agents. The contribution of agent $i$ is $$\nabla p^k_i(\tau) = \begin{bmatrix} \hat{x}_i(k)^T C^T_{ii} p_1(k) \\ \vdots \\ \hat{x}_i(k)^T C^T_{i-1,i} p_{i-1}(k) \\ d_i(k) \\ \hat{x}_i(k)^T C^T_{i+1,i} p_{i+1}(k) \\ \vdots \\ \hat{x}_i(k)^T C^T_{J,i} p_J(k) \end{bmatrix}$$ Theorem 1: The price update mechanism defined in the market approach provides the same results than the one presented in equation (10). Proof: It is straight forward to check that both methods provide the same centralized price vector. It is enough to sum the contribution $\nabla p^k_i(\tau)$ for all $i$ $$p^{k+1}(\tau) = p^k(\tau) + \gamma \sum_i \nabla p^k_i(\tau).$$ Then it can be seen that the price for agent $i$ is just $$p^{k+1}_i(\tau) = p^k_i(\tau) + \gamma^k_i[d_i(\tau) + \sum_{j \neq j} C_{ij} \hat{x}_j(k)].$$ If we move back to the agents and forget the game theory interpretation, it can be seen that under the market approach agents update their prices and also the prices of their neighbors and therefore there is no need to exchange the state estimate. All the public information needed are the prices and their updates. The estimation of the agents through the different iterations bring increments or decrements in the prices until equilibrium prices are reached. However, there is a price to pay in terms on the amount of model information that agents have. With this price mechanism it is needed that agent $i$ has knowledge of the terms $C_{jj}$. In other words, agents have knowledge of the collateral effects they induce in their neighbors. Remark 6: From an economic point of view, the situation can be interpreted as a market of help services. The price $p_i(\tau)$ is the unit price that agent $i$ has to pay to his neighbors for them to change their current contribution to his output. The fact that neighbors of an agent $i$ change their estimates affects to his price in such a way that it reflects how costly is for his neighborhood to help him after the estimate update. On the other hand helping his neighbors is rewarded in (9). Taking all of this into account, agents are both service offerers and demanders. All of them behave selfishly according to the prices fixed by the market, that is, the distributed price mechanism proposed in this approach. Remark 7: In welfare economics, under certain assumptions such as the absence of externalities in transactions, it is proved that market prices guarantee that, despite of agents selfish behavior, a Pareto optimum is achieved [16]. In the optimization problem that we have, unfortunately we have to deal with the presence of externalities, taking this term in a wide sense. That is, decisions taken by agent $i$ also affect other agents. In order to overcome this problem and still reach a Pareto optimum while keeping selfish, i.e. decentralized, behavior in the agents, some modifications have to be introduced in the market: first, all the agents behave as price takers as they were in a competitive market when they really have power to modify the prices and, second, prices are updated globally according to the proposed mechanism. IV. Examples The problem of estimating the position of a moving object can be faced using different approaches. For outdoor applications in which the precision requirements are low GPS estimation is the most used choice. Radar measurements help to improve the quality of the estimation. When it comes to indoor applications the problem of localization is normally solved by means of a sensor network. In cases in which low precision is needed some it may be enough with a network of presence detectors. If more precision is required then more sophisticated techniques have to be used. In the case that the application is executed in a very controlled scenario, it is possible to use cameras to estimate the position. Infrared or ultrasonic sensors also provide a greater accuracy than the presence detectors. In the last years the use of the link quality between wireless transceivers has been used too for this kind of applications [8]. A. Application to mobile robot localization This subsection is based on the simulation scenario proposed in [6]. Let us consider a system consisting a set of $\mu = \{1, \ldots, M\}$ reference nodes or beacons and a set $\eta = \{1, \ldots, J\}$ of mobile devices. In this example we will consider $M = 6$ beacons and $J = 8$ mobile devices, which are located in the positions depicted in figure 1. The goal is to estimate the position of the moving devices. If the sample time is assumed to be low enough, it is possible to simplify the dynamics considering that the devices move at every sample time a bit with respect their position. The equations for each device are: $$x_i(\tau + 1) = x_i(\tau) + \Delta x_i(\tau) \quad \forall i \in \eta = \{1, \ldots, J\}$$ with $x_i(0) = x^0_i$. The beacon position is fixed so that $x_i(K + 1) = x_i(0) \quad \forall i \in \mu = \{1, \ldots, M\}$. The distance between the nodes and the mobile devices can be calculated using $$d_{ij}^2 = (x_i - x_j)^T(x_i - x_j) \quad \forall i, j \in \eta, \mu.$$ The distance can be linearized around the steady state positions $\overline{x}_i$ using a first order Taylor approximation, which leads to $$d_{ij}^2 = \overline{d}_{ij}^2 + 2(\overline{x}_i - \overline{x}_j)^T(x_i - \overline{x}_j) + 2(\overline{x}_i - \overline{x}_j)^T(\overline{x}_i - x_j)$$ with $\overline{d}_{ij}^2 = d_{ij}^2(\overline{x}_i, \overline{x}_j)$. Now, system variables can be introduced for all the mobile devices such that: $$x_i(\tau) = x_i(\tau) - \overline{x}_i \quad \forall i \in \eta$$ $$y_{ji}(\tau) = d_{ij}^2 - \overline{d}_{ij}^2 \quad \forall i \in \eta, \forall j \in \eta, \mu$$ $$C_{ji} = 2(\overline{x}_i - \overline{x}_j) \quad \forall i \in \eta, \forall j \in \eta, \mu.$$ So each moving device’s output provides information about the distance with respect the other moving devices and the beacons. If white gaussian additive noise is assumed in the state and output then each device can be modeled according to equation (1). In order to make the situation more realistic it can be assumed that only devices and beacons within a range can communicate. Thus a communication radius $\rho$ is defined. In general two devices $i$ and $j$ can communicate if $d_{ij} < \rho$. A communication graph can be defined to reflect what devices can communicate at each sample time. The communication graph at initial time is given by the following matrices: $$A_0^\eta = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}$$ $$A_0^\mu = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}$$ where $A_0^\eta(i, j) = 1$ if the mobile device $i$ is able to communicate with the mobile device $j$ and $A_0^\mu(i, j) = 1$ if the mobile robot $i$ is able to communicate with the beacon $j$. The simulations have been done considering a dynamic graph, that is, a situation where the movement of the devices is big enough to guarantee that the communication graph changes with the relinearization of the system. At each time in which the system is relinearized it is necessary not only to update the equations but the information about the last samples that is kept in the agents. Let us assume that in time $\tau$ there is a change of linearization point of the system. Then, It will be important for future work some kind of sub-optimality bounds to determine the precision obtained in the estimation after a number of iterations. Practical experiments will be developed too to see how the distributed estimation works in real application. REFERENCES [1] Peter Alriksson. State Estimation for Distributed and Hybrid Systems. PhD thesis, Department of Automatic Control, Lund University, September 2008. [2] R.E. Bellman. Dynamic Programming. Princeton University Press, 1957. [3] Henry Cox. On the estimation of state variables and parameters for noisy dynamic systems. IEEE Transactions on automatic control, 9:5–12, 1964. [4] P. Giselsson and A. Rantzer. Distributed model predictive control with suboptimality and stability guarantees. In Proceedings of the 2010 Control and Decision Conference, 2010. [5] Eric L. Hartley and James B. Rawlings. Criteria evaluation of extended kalman filter and least squares estimation. Industrial and Engineering Chemical Research, 44:2451–2460, 2005. [6] Anne-Kathrin Hess. A distributed kalman filter algorithm for self-localization of mobile devices. Technical report, Department of Automatic Control, Lund University, Sweden, 2009. [7] R. E. Kalman. A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems. Transactions of the ASME-Journal of Basic Engineering, 82: Series D:35–45, 1960. [8] J. M. Maestre and E. F. Camacho. Smart home interoperability: the domoesi project approach. International Journal of Smart Home, 3:31–44, 2009. [9] P. Neumann. Communication in industrial automation - what is going on? Control Engineering Practice, 15:1332–1347. [10] Joseph Polastre, Robert Szewczyk, and David Culler. Telos: enabling ultra-low power wireless research. In IPSN ’05: Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks, page 48. IEEE Press, 2005. [11] B. De Schutter R. R. Negenborn and H. Hellendoorn. Multi-agent model predictive control of transportation networks. In Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC 2006), pages pp. 296–301, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, April 2006. [12] A. Rantzer. Dynamic dual decomposition for distributed control. In American Control Conference 2009, 2009. [13] J.B. Rawlings and B.R. Bakshi. Particle filtering and moving horizon estimation. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 30:1529–1541, 2006. [14] S.I. Roumeliotis and G.A. Bekey. Distributed multirobot localization. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, 18(5):781–795, 2002. [15] R. T. Rockafellar. Minimization Methods for Nondifferentiable functions. Springer, 1988. [16] H. R. Varian. Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach. W.W. Norton & Co., 2005. [17] T. C. Yang. Networked control systems: a brief survey. In IEEE Proceedings - Control Theory and Applications, volume 152, pages 403–412, 2006. \[ x_i(t) = \hat{x}_i(t) + x_i(t) - \hat{x}_i(\tau) \quad \forall t \in [\tau - N, \tau] \] \[ y_i(t) = C_i(\tau)\hat{x}_i(t) \quad \forall t \in [\tau - N, \tau] \] This change of coordinates in the state estimates and the outputs allow to compute the distributed problem without suffering estimation disturbances after the change of linearization point. The system has been simulated for 40 time samples with a state noise stronger than the original one. The first 10 samples a centralized Kalman filter is working and the second 20 the distributed strategy. In $ t = 20 $ and $ t = 30 $ the system is relinearized. The window size used for the estimation was 4. In blue it is depicted the real trajectory and in red the estimation. The results for the estimation of the position of the mobile devices can be seen in figure 2. The overall picture is shown in figure 3. The quality of the estimation depends on several parameters. For example, the more iterations are made the better the estimation gets. In this figure it can be seen that the estimation is very precise for most agents. V. Conclusions A distributed version of the Kalman filter based on dynamic programming has been developed in this paper. The use of dual decomposition allowed the problem distribution. In the simulations presented promising results of the future applications of these techniques are shown.
After pipe production had been planned and scheduled at Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe in Hamm, everyone involved in the project – headed by Wiel Pollaert – were in for bad news: the American FBE supplier informed them that he had already exhausted his quotas under the REACH agreement and was therefore unable to supply the coating material. So besides having to find a new supplier at the drop of a hat, the project managers in Ecuador had to be assured that the alternative material was just as good as the originally ordered one. Wiel Pollaert organized another meeting with Petroamazonas at short notice. "Together with a representative from a European supplier we fortunately succeeded in convincing the customer that the new supplier's FBE material was perfectly suitable." The arrival of the steel pipes in Puerto Esmeraldas theoretically marked the end of the job for Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe. However, to ensure that the pipes not only arrived safely at the port of destination but could also be transported further without incurring any damage, Wiel Pollaert had brought a present with him: 36 special crane hooks, designed to enable the load to be transferred to trucks and barges without damage to either the pipes or the coating. Knowing that the pipes still had a long way ahead of them from the port to the interior of the country, he had a Petroamazonas technician trained to repair damage to the FBE coating, if need be. After interim storage in Puerto Esmeraldas, the pipes were transported on trucks over 800 km to Puerto Itaya. From there, they were carried on barges for about 200 km on the Rio Napo through the Amazon basin. In the vicinity of Chiro Isla, the unloading point, an interim storage yard was set up, from where the pipes were delivered to the pipe-laying route just in time. In the near future, Wiel Pollaert will be back again in order to gain an impression of the pipe-laying operations. "It's true that German engineering enjoys an excellent reputation – but this alone doesn't sell pipes." 9,500 tons of dual-layer FBE-coated steel pipes for Ecuador From Hamm to their final destination in Chiro Isla, Ecuador, the pipes covered a distance of some 11,000 km by rail, water and road. 1 The 18" and 24" pipes were transported by rail from Hamm to Brake in December 2011. Then they crossed the Atlantic to Ecuador onboard a ship. 2 Wiel Pollaert travelled to witness unloading in Puerto Esmeraldas on 3 January 2012. 3 The pipes went initially into interim pipe storage. 4 After a further 800 km of road transport to Puerto Ilaya, the pipes took to the water again. 5 Barges transported the pipes over a distance of 200 km on the Rio Napo to the unloading point in Chiro Isla. 6 Preparing the pipeline route through the Ecuadorian rain forest. "Building a long-term trusting relationship" The staff at Technical Customer Service in Siegen and Hamm attend to all the technical needs that customers have. And this is much more than data, facts and figures. Valentina Berger and Michael Bick explain why "TCS" in Siegen and Hamm, besides Sales, is the second important interface between Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe and its customers. The Technical Customer Service department at Siegen and Hamm is made up of eight people with clearly defined responsibilities regarding products, countries and key accounts. "We want our customers to have the same contact to help them whenever possible, so things can proceed smoothly," says Valentina Berger, Head of TCS in Siegen. And she adds: "Over time, our colleagues accumulate a wealth of customer-specific knowledge regarding technical requirements, projects and processes." Close contact and exchange between customers and TCS In many cases, initial contacts between customers and Technical Customer Service are forged in interaction with the Sales department during the acquisition phase. This way, specifications and production possibilities can be collated and harmonized at the inquiry stage. The finalized details of the technical comments are compiled in a Manufacturing and Inspection Plan (MIP) in the TCS back office. Once the MIP for pipe production and, if applicable, for the coating and/or lining has been fine-tuned, the order is entered in the SAP system and production documents are generated. The next step is inviting the customer’s representatives to a pre-production meeting with their contacts at Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe. These include staff from Sales, Technical Customer Service, Production, Planning and Logistics. "The purpose of these meetings is to familiarize customers with the meticulous dovetailing operations of the various departments so they understand the underlying principles. In addition, the entire procedure is explained in detail to make sure no question is left unanswered," says Valentina Berger, Head of the Technical Customer Service in Siegen. "TCS is the second important interface to the customer" Throughout the production process, TCS staff are also available with advice and support for our customers and their representatives, some of whom come to our plants in Hamm or Siegen repeatedly over a period of several months while their order is being processed. And even after the products have been delivered, a project isn’t necessarily complete. "It goes without saying that we’re available for questions arising during the pipe-laying operations, or in the event of damage to our products," says Valentina Berger, describing the scope of additional service. Michael Bick sums up the Technical Customer Service strategy as follows: "For us it’s important that our customers are integrated in the project from start to finish, so as to build up a long-term trusting relationship. This means that, after Sales, our department is the second important interface between our company and our customers." "We want to familiarize our customers with the meticulous dovetailing operations of the various departments so they understand the underlying principles." Valentina Berger "For us it’s important that our customers are integrated in the project from start to finish, so as to build up a long-term trusting relationship." Michael Bick We have compiled a list of the questions most frequently asked by our customers and the relevant answers. You can find it at www.smlp.eu/english/faq.php "The new loading system may even save lives" Needless to say, Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe wants all its products to reach their destinations in perfect condition. To ensure maximum safety at the same time, inspection body DEKRA was commissioned in 2011 to inspect and certify the company’s truck load-securing practices. Fitting the support axle on the truck. In courageous cornering at 40 km/h ... ... the semitrailer simply took off. Initial results ... Unfortunately, it’s something that we see time and time again. Parts of inadequately secured loads come loose and land on the motorway or even in the path of oncoming traffic, causing serious accidents”, says Thorsten Ludwig, who has been concerned with the certification of load-securing strategies for DEKRA in Bielefeld for over five years. How firmly and with what means loads are secured is clearly defined in DIN EN 12195 and guideline VDI 2700. Nevertheless, as Markus Ketelhut, Head of Logistics in Siegen, explains: “These standards do not cover all load types in detail and, in cases of doubt, do not provide legal certainty for the transportation of our products.” Which is also a clear reply to the question as to why certification is necessary at all. In advance talks, the framework for tests was laid down and coordinated with DEKRA. This included the pipe sizes and combinations that can be included in a truck load so as to cover and certify the entire range of products. Extensive test program Given the large scope of the tests, three periods of three days each were required. Besides double bends and brake tests, comparative evaluations were conducted of the friction values of uncoated and coated pipes. The head-lashing tarpaulin developed by the logistics department was also tested. Thorsten Ludwig from DEKRA in Bielefeld carried out all the driving tests himself. Markus Ketelhut and the others involved in the project were particularly impressed by his courageous cornering in which the semitrailer partly lost contact with the ground despite its load of several tons. Amazing initial results “I’ve seen a few things in my time, but the results we obtained really amazed me,” says Thorsten Ludwig. Markus Ketelhut adds: “First we thought that the anti-slip mats would ‘soap up’, but instead we just had a few problems with the wooden dunnage.” The new concept: safe and cost-effective Once the stacking of the load had been optimized using alternative wooden dunnage cross sections, Markus Ketelhut was extremely satisfied, for: “The driving tests helped us to find load configurations that were not only safe, but cost-effective as well. A reference to certification has been integrated in the loading documents so that, in the event of truck inspections, the authorities can access the certificates directly via the Internet. This way, we’ve eliminated long delays and the need to determine whether or not the load is correctly secured.” “Test accident” with a good ending At the end of 2011, an accident occurred on the A 516 freeway with a truck load of HFI-welded steel pipes from Hamm. Although the entire semi-trailer truck fell onto its side, the load was so well secured that not a single pipe came loose. “It looks like the new loading system may even save lives,” sums up Markus Ketelhut. Sales partner Salzgitter Mannesmann Stahlhandel Sp. z o.o. "Ambitious, committed and successful" The Polish market has gained strongly in importance for Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe through the spectacular construction projects for the Euro 2012 Football Championship. But even a year after Euro 2012, Janusz Cichon, Managing Director of Salzgitter Mannesmann Stahlhandel in Poland, is thoroughly optimistic about the future. The big construction companies have come to know us as competent, reliable and fair," says Janusz Cichon summing up. Although customers were already aware of the high quality and the advantages of the company’s HFI-welded steel pipes, this was highlighted again during several large projects in the run-up to Euro 2012. This is attributable in his view to several factors. To start with, his sales team has established numerous contacts, and they are fully conversant with the Polish market and the needs of their customers there. On top of this, cooperation with Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe works particularly well. "We can draw on the entire expertise of our German partner and, if necessary, the responsible employees also come to the meetings with customers." In return, Thomas Elzenbaumer from Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe is appreciative of the professionalism and commitment of his Polish colleagues. "Whether it’s arrival or departure, appointments with customers, or the preparation of trade fairs or meetings – every single detail is optimally prepared and organized." In addition to the excellent personal and technical relations, there are regular joint customer events, such as the Kraków Steel Construction Symposium in 2011. Company experts extolled the merits and possible applications of HFI-welded steel tube and pipe to about 50 Polish customers. "This was very well received by our customers," says Janusz Cichon in commendation of the outstanding commitment shown by Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe. Viewing the future with optimism "We see important potential in the fields of energy generation and supplies. There’s big demand for modernization here," says the 44-year-old. Besides other major construction projects, huge infrastructure investments are in the pipeline in Poland, and a large number of Polish steel fabricators have meanwhile qualified as suppliers to offshore wind energy projects. Starting from early 2012, the company has also been acting as the agent for the oil and gas division of Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe. Within a very short period of time, nearly all key customers were visited – partly together with Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe employees – and the company participated in several bidding procedures. The graduate mining engineer is really proud of his young team: "They are all extraordinarily ambitious, committed and successful. A first order has already been booked and supplied," he says, viewing the future with unmitigated optimism. --- Janusz Cichon Janusz Cichon, 44, married with two children, is a graduate mining engineer. In the 1990s, he completed several internships in Germany. Today, the enthusiastic surfer and Metallica fan is the Managing Director of the Polish trading company that meanwhile employs some 80 staff at its three locations in Słupca, Rogoźno and Sosnowiec. --- "Euro 2012 was our springboard for the Polish market." Janusz Cichon Israel is switching over from expensive mineral oil to less costly natural gas for its energy supplies. According to forecasts, the country's natural gas consumption will more than double from 5 bcm in 2010 to 13 bcm in 2020. To accommodate this, a floating LNG import terminal has been planned and installed within a mere 20 months so as to prevent supply bottlenecks. When Nadia Schyma received an email enquiry for steel pipes in July 2011, she was all but amazed. For what had arrived in her mailbox looked pretty complex and tight-scheduled at first sight. "It has been an exciting project from the very start," recalls the foreign language assistant and certified business economist who has been working for Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe in Siegen for 12 years now and is responsible for sales. in the Near and Middle East. It didn’t take her long to grasp the complexity of the customer’s specifications: high technical demands on the pipes, a variety of coatings and linings, pipe bends, logistic challenges with extensive international coordination, plus the time factor. For what Israel Natural Gas Lines, or INGL for short, was planning was subject to an extremely tight time frame. Between the enquiry date and the deadline for the offer, only a fortnight was available for clarifying whether the customer’s specifications could be fulfilled, contacting vendors and partners, and general coordination. But the customer was in a hurry not just with the offer but also regarding the subsequent deliveries. From order placement, delivery was to take no more than 24 weeks. High degree of coordination “Initially, my most important task was to contact and bring together as quickly as possible a wide variety of specialists, so as to clarify whether the exacting customer specifications could be realized in the short time available,” says Nadia Schyma. Besides Michael Bick from in-house Technical Customer Service (TCS), these were above all Michael Giesen from the Salzgitter Mannesmann Grobblech pipe bending plant in Mülheim as well as coating and lining partners. For apart from an outside diameter of 508 mm, a wall thickness of 14.3 mm and steel grade X52MO, the customer specified internal --- Project Coordinator and Quality Supervisor Yaniv Zarenkin (left) and Doron Yakobov, Head of Procurement and Logistics, were the key contacts at INGL. LNG Terminal Project Manager Jay Epstein, INGL Shmuel Tordjman, CEO INGL shot blasting of the pipes and a 60 µm Permacor lining. The coating was to be a 3 mm HDPE Rough Coat plus a 60 mm top coat of concrete with a density of 3,040 kg/m³. When all the technical details, the logistics and scheduling of further processing and delivery to Italy had been clarified, a price was quoted. The Israeli customer again responded at lightning speed. After a first meeting at the beginning of August 2011, the order was placed in the course of September. Scoring well on all counts "I think that, from the customer’s point of view, it was the sum total of many details that tilted the scales in favor of Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe as the supplier", says Nadia Schyma. "In terms of satisfying the tough technical requirements, cooperating internally with the pipe bending plant and other partners and our experience in international project business, we scored well on all counts." The pre-production meeting took place on October 10, 2011. Once again, everyone involved was brought to the table to discuss all the details in the shortest possible time. A round of nine senior managers and customer representatives met in Hamm to discuss the ins and outs of the technical aspects of pipe and pipe bend production, further processing and the associated logistics. Good cooperation and mutual support Nadia Schyma was particularly happy about the friendship that evolved between the people from Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe and their opposite numbers on the customer’s side. "The chemistry was just right from the start, and we all pulled together." The deadline pressure brought out the best in everyone, and the mutual support and cooperative spirit among all those involved in the project was extraordinary. "The great thing was that we didn’t only supply the pipes at the right time and in the right quality, but the project was a success story for the customer from beginning to end – so all our efforts really paid off," concludes Nadia Schyma. Floating regasification terminal in Israel – the project The discovery of extensive natural gas reserves off the coast of Israel has given rise to a speedy switch of the country’s energy supplies from expensive mineral oil to more attractively priced natural gas. Up until early 2013, Israel’s natural gas production was limited to the Yam Tethis offshore field, whose reserves are now almost exhausted. Until the new reserves are developed, supply bottlenecks will be compensated for with regasified natural gas (LNG) imported on ships. A floating gas import terminal 10 km off the coast of Hadera will operate for 2-3 years, until production starts in the Tamar and Leviathan gas fields. Nevertheless, this will not end the demand for imported LNG in the near future, because the Tamar field won’t be able to satisfy Israel’s entire natural gas needs. According to forecasts, the country’s natural gas consumption will more than double from 5 bcm in 2010 to 13 bcm in 2020. The cost of building the gas import terminal will be offset within a few months by the difference in the prices of mineral oil and LNG. Estimates put short-term cost savings due to LNG imports at some two billion New Israeli Shekel (roughly EUR 425 million). The floating terminal consists of a firmly anchored buoy system against which special ships can dock. This way, the liquefied natural gas can be pumped to the coast via the pipeline firmly installed on the seafloor. The buoy system was manufactured by APL in Norway and installed together with the pipeline by the Italian company Micoperi. The customer The Israeli energy industry’s rapid switch from coal and mineral oil to the natural gas discovered in vast offshore deposits has necessitated a massive expansion of the infrastructure for natural gas transportation, distribution and storage. Israel Natural Gas Lines (INGL) founded in 2004, which is responsible for the construction and operation of the central gas transmission network, plays a key role in this context. Offering that little bit extra in the service sector Salzgitter Mannesmann International in Houston has been Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe’s sales partner for HFI-welded steel tube and pipe since 2005. Openness, cordiality and reliability have transformed business ties into a relationship in which employees have come to appreciate each other personally. Basically, what's sold at St. James Place 1770 in Houston is flat steel products and – since early 2005 – steel tube and pipe "Made in Germany", that is by Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe. "The Americans are very innovative," says Claus Gundlach, one of those who founded the Houston-based agency in 2001. "New applications for new products are coming up all the time. Take, for example, our HFI pipe with large diameters and heavy wall thicknesses, which are of particular interest to our customers." HFI-welded steel tube and pipe is required for a wide variety of applications in the US market, the main use being line pipe for on- and offshore oil and gas pipelines. This product segment is served by Daniel Perez, Kurt Swendson and Kassandra Creekmore. Line pipe is usually ordered black, i.e. bare. If required, project-specific coatings such as FBE and an additional heavy coat are applied on site. Coating shops based in Houston are also commissioned for intermediate storage of the black or coated pipes. Recently Salzgitter Mannesmann International USA ordered steel pipes with a three-layer polypropylene coating for a US customer. "This is something completely new to us as the standard coating in the..." USA is FBE. But we were happy to meet this customer’s individual needs. After all, our claim is to offer that little bit extra in the service sector," says Kurt Swendson. In addition to line pipe, Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe also supplies oilfield tubulars and casings (OCTG). These are normally also ordered in Germany and supplied to Houston black and with plain ends. Pipe end threading, coupling make-up and the application of pipe end protectors to the customer’s specifications are done in Houston. Steve Munsell, Senior Manager responsible for OCTG sales, explains the procedure: "Our customers tell us what they want, and we save them the hassle of having to look for people who provide such services." This is made possible by special service companies based in the Houston region and who can provide the required quality. Steve Munsell is supported by Johnnie Nguyen, Michelle Murillo and other colleagues in the OCTG Sales Team. But "that little bit extra in the service sector" doesn’t stop here. The Traffic department not only ensures that the steel pipe deliveries from Germany undergo customs clearance, but that they are also transported to the agreed destination if desired by truck, rail car or lash barges. The atmosphere in the sales agency is relaxed in the best American style, which is what Christiane Bröker and Roland Friedla from Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe’s Sales department have come to know and appreciate. "Our American colleagues are always very open, and our cooperation is based on reliability and fairness," says Christiane Bröker, who accompanied the development of sales business in the USA right from the start. And Roland Friedla adds: "We also value the competent and committed can-do approach of our American colleagues in their dealings with customers." Even though the time difference of six or seven hours can make things a bit difficult, emails and smartphones make sure that all those involved are updated on the latest developments in a given project. "When things get tight, we just stay on in the office, or our American colleagues have to get up a bit earlier," says Christiane Bröker. "In an air of mutual appreciation – both professionally and personally – that isn’t a problem." The transatlantic ties are also strengthened and extended with weekly conference calls, mutual visits and technical training events at the Hamm and Siegen sites. In addition, the pre-production meetings with end customers always take place in Germany. In return, Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe employees travel regularly to Houston when there’s need for technical support and customer service. Canvassing talks, visits to customers and customer events – such as the annual October Festival – are undertaken jointly. "We want to offer that little bit extra in the service sector in all areas. And our customers have come to appreciate this," says Claus Gundlach summing up the sales philosophy. "New applications for new products are coming up all the time. Take, for example, our HFI pipe with large diameters and heavy wall thicknesses, which are of particular interest to our customers." Claus Gundlach, Managing Director Salzgitter Mannesmann International USA Something Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe delivers to its customers quite regularly is pipe bends. The starting material is straight HFI-welded pipe in all steel grades. It’s at the pipe bending plant of Salzgitter Mannesmann Grobblech GmbH in Mülheim an der Ruhr that these straight pipes are driven “round the bend”. At the Mülheim pipe bending plant, pipes in outside diameters of 114.3 mm to 1,625.6 mm with wall thicknesses of 6.3 mm to 170 mm are inductively heated and then precision-bent to the specified shape. The bending machine covers radii of 200 mm to 10,000 mm and bending angles of up to 180 degrees. Some 50 operators produce about 2,500 pipe bends per year for in some cases challenging projects, such as internally clad bends for oil wells off the west coast of Britain and the Wheatstone project off the Australian coast. "The service we provide is not necessarily limited to the bending process as such and the associated quality tests. If required, we also procure the starting material for the bends and arrange for pipe end machining, surface treatment and coating of the pipe bends, and of course shipping of the products," explains Pipe Bending Plant Manager Elke Muthmann. Hardly surprising, then, that customers from all over the world have their pipes bent in Mülheim. "Besides the European core markets, our deliveries go to Australia, Russia, Scandinavia and the Near and Middle East." The pipe bending plant often cooperates on projects with Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe. Most recently, for example, for a floating regasification terminal in Israel (see p. 26 ff) and for the Nordsee Ost offshore wind farm. Two of numerous joint projects that give one some idea of the broad spectrum of pipe bend applications. "We make pipe bends for oil and gas pipelines, offshore platforms, power plants, building and bridge construction projects, and offshore wind farms," says Michael Giesen outlining the performance spectrum, adding: "In this respect, our product range and manufacturing program complement those of Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe perfectly." Better solutions through open and transparent cooperation "Our cooperation with Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe is based on partnership and, above all, customer orientation," explains Elke Muthmann. "We keep up a regular dialog, and very often we consult with each other right from the enquiry stage of a new project." Problems are openly discussed, which yields faster and sometimes better solutions. Both companies place utmost importance on openness and transparency when dealing with customers. This approach is increasingly appreciated – for example, in pre-production meetings, when specialists from both companies answer the customer's questions, or when it comes to fine-tuning the delivery and logistics. Added value from group membership "Of course we benefit from our membership of the Salzgitter Group, since the sum total of what we can offer and do for our customers is much more than would be possible as individual companies. This is real added value," says Michael Giesen. Also, the two companies are happy to fall back jointly on the basic research capacities of the Salzgitter Mannesmann Research Institute. For they are determined to continue their joint success in the market as reliable, competent partners for driving pipes "round the bend". Trade fairs and customer conventions This year, too, Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe will be present at numerous trade fairs throughout the world. In the autumn, we will also organize two customer conventions in Siegen. \| Date \| Event \| Location \| \|------------\|--------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------\| \| April 23 to 26 \| Wasser Berlin \| Berlin, Germany \| \| May 15 to 17 \| SU ARNASY \| Astana, Kazakhstan \| \| June 05 to 06 \| ÖVGW-Jahrestagung \| Linz, Austria, jointly with Alpe Umwelttechnik GmbH & Co. KG \| \| \| Suisse Public \| Bern, Switzerland, stand: Indufer \| \| September 01 to 04 \| International No-Dig Down Under \| Sydney, Australia, (German Pavilion of GSTT) \| \| \| Offshore Europe \| Aberdeen, Scotland \| \| \| gat 2013 \| Nürnberg, Germany \| \| Oktober 10 to 11 \| Customer Convention "Water Line Pipe" \| Siegen, Germany \| \| November 07 to 08 \| Customer Convention "Oil & Gas Line Pipe"\| Siegen, Germany \| \| \| ADIPEC \| Abu Dhabi/UAE, jointly with Salzgitter Mannesmann International \| \| \| EWEA Offshore 2013 \| Frankfurt am Main, Germany, joint stand with Salzgitter AG \| Flashlights 1 The Oldenburg Pipe Forum, February 7 to 8, 2013, Oldenburg, Germany 2 Trenchless district heating pipe project, March 9, 2013, Rotterdam, Netherlands 3 HUSUM WindEnergy, September 18 to 22, 2012, Husum, Germany 4 Ifat, March 07 to 11, 2012, Munich, Germany 5 ONS, August 28 to 31, 2012, Stavanger, Norway 6 Tube, March 26 to 30, 2012, Düsseldorf, Germany Credits Publisher Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe GmbH In der Steinwiese 31 57074 Siegen Germany Phone: + 49 271 691-0 Fax: + 49 271 691-299 firstname.lastname@example.org www.smlp.eu Responsible editor Birgit Quast Tel.: + 49 271 691-201 email@example.com Concept, editing and design Kümpel Lorenz GbR, Büro für Gestaltung www.kuempellorenz.de English translation Ruth Baldwin, Mönchengladbach Authors and co-workers Jörn Winkels, Michael Kosfeld, Konrad Thannbichler, Markus Westhoff, Lutz Rosiepen, Annette Jakob, Dr. Hans-Jürgen Kocks, Samir El Khayari – Hereditas Software, Wiel Pollaert, Michael Hess, Michael Bick, Valentina Berger, Markus Ketelhut, Manfred Veit, Thomas Elzenbaumer, Tatjana Rosen, Nadja Schyma, Thorsten Schmidt, Elke Muthmann u. Michael Giesen – Salzgitter Mannesmann Grobblech GmbH, Christian Warnecke – Salzgitter Flachstahl GmbH, Christo Drakidis, Birgit Quast Photo credits Cover page: © www.studioschroll.de Pages 3/4/6-8/10/12-16/20/21/26/31 and back cover: © www.studioschroll.de Pages 9-11: © www.f1online.de Page 11: © www.kalzip.com Page 18: © www.petroamazonas.ec Pages 24/25: © www.photobojarh.de Pages 27-29: © www.ingl.co.il Pages 32/33: © www.smgb.de Page 34: © www.istockphoto.de Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe GmbH In der Steinwiese 31 57074 Siegen Germany Phone: + 49 271 691-0 Fax: + 49 271 691-299 Postal address: Postfach 12 01 52 57022 Siegen Germany firstname.lastname@example.org www.smlp.eu
The Roman Archaeology Conference 11 The Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference 24 University of Reading, UK, Thursday 27 – Sunday 30 March 2014 Programme and Abstracts The Roman Finds Group The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies The Theoretical Roman Archaeology Group The Study Group for Roman Pottery Welcome Welcome to RAC/TRAC at the University of Reading! RAC began as the idea of a newly formed Archaeology Committee of the Roman Society, and its first conference was here at the end of March in 1995. We set out to create a meeting that brought together the various communities studying the Roman World, professional and amateur archaeologists, school and university teachers, indeed anyone with an interest in the Roman period. We had no idea if it was going to be a success or work. Would people come? I had the challenge of organising it and worrying over my spreadsheets. TRAC had already become a successful feature of the conference landscape, having started in 1991, so we knew there was a market there, but we wanted to enlarge and build on the scope and appeal of TRAC’s offer; in the 1990s there were still some out there who thought of ‘theory’ as alien territory best kept beyond the Roman frontiers. We were delighted TRAC joined us, a pattern that has continued since. Back then we had 12 sessions running in parallel, and much to my relief just over 300 delegates came and the books balanced; but more importantly a community came together and exchanged ideas, learnt, networked and I hope thoroughly enjoyed themselves. The conference became an established event: Nottingham (1997), Durham (1999), Glasgow (2000), Leicester (2003), Birmingham (2005), London (2007), with our first overseas venture across to Ann Arbor (2009), then Oxford (2010), and Frankfurt am Main (2012). Some of the parties and dinners have been infamous: the 15-piece Jazz funk band at Reading, the Céilidh dancing in Glasgow and Leicester, the piles of pork on a plate in Frankfurt which even Obelix would have been challenged by. But most of all we have learnt new things and played with ideas. Many sessions have been published along the way, both within the annual TRAC volumes (many now on Open Access on the TRAC Website) and also in works published by John Humphrey as Journal of Roman Archaeology Monographs. We owe John a huge debt over the years since JRA began in 1988. RAC has since grown and become more and more international. More than half the speakers are now from outside the UK with 16 countries represented. We have 163 presentations spread across 26 sessions. Over half are speaking at a RAC/TRAC for the first time. How many delegates come we will find out shortly. But I hope you enjoy the rich and varied programme. We especially welcome this year the Study Group for Roman Pottery and the Roman Finds Group. Material is at the heart of archaeology, so it is great to bring them in to the biennial RAC gatherings. Enjoy! John Creighton TRAC / RAC Organising committee: John Creighton (RAC), Tom Brindle (TRAC), Hella Eckardt, Emma Durham, Martyn Allen, Alex Smith and Meike Weber # Contents \| Section \| Page \| \|----------------------------------------------\|------\| \| An Overview of Events \| 4 \| \| Detailed Programme \| 5 \| \| Conference Location Maps \| 12 \| \| Key Information \| 15 \| \| The Sponsoring Organisations \| 17 \| \| Abstract: Plenary \| 19 \| \| Abstracts: Friday \| 20 \| \| Abstracts: Saturday \| 50 \| \| Abstracts: Sunday \| 81 \| An Overview of Events THURSDAY 27 MARCH – EVENING (Palmer Building) 4.00 Registration opens in the Palmer Building Foyer 6.00 Arrival reception in the Palmer Building Foyer 6.45 Official welcome and presentation of the Roman Archaeology Dissertation Prize (Palmer G10) 7.00 Plenary lecture: Fraser Hunter: Late Roman silver and the barbarian world: the Traprain Treasure in context (Palmer G10) FRIDAY 28 MARCH – MORNING Session 1 1A HBS G11 RAC Recent work on the Roman Frontiers 1B HBS G15 RAC New synergies? The impact of the Roman conquest of Italy on settlement and society 1C HBS G10 TRAC Roman concepts of landscape: new approaches and perspectives 1D Palmer 1.09 RAC The Role of Zooarchaeology in the Study of the Western Roman Empire (Part 1) 1E Palmer 1.02 TRAC Insularity and Identity in the Roman Mediterranean FRIDAY 28 MARCH – LUNCHTIME Poster Display Session in the Palmer Building and the Ure Museum of Greek Archaeology will be open FRIDAY 28 MARCH – AFTERNOON Session 2 2A1 HBS G11 TRAC Abandonment and Repopulation in the Settlement Record of the Roman North 2Aii HBS G11 RAC Augustus: How to Build an Empire 2B HBS G15 TRAC An Archaeology of Gesture: Performing Rituals, Sharing Emotions 2C HBS G10 RFG Roman Metal Small Finds in Context 2D Palmer 1.09 RAC The Role of Zooarchaeology in the Study of the Western Roman Empire (Part 2) 2E Palmer 1.02 RAC Early Latium: A Laboratory for Excavation, Survey, and Material Culture Analysis FRIDAY 28 MARCH – EVENING Conference Dinner at the Shehnaí Ballrooms, arrive 7.00 – All delegates welcome to join after dinner, 9.00 onwards SATURDAY 29 MARCH – MORNING Session 3 3A HBS G11 RAC New Approaches to the Romano-British Countryside (Part 1) 3B HBS G15 RAC In the Shadow of Vesuvius: the centuries before AD 79 (Part 1) 3C HBS G10 TRAC Small Finds and Ancient Social Practices 3D Palmer 1.09 TRAC Current Themes in the Bioarchaeology of Roman Skeletons 3E Palmer 1.02 SGRP Return to the Sauce: New Investigations into Amphorae SATURDAY 29 MARCH – LUNCHTIME Palmer 1.09 TRAC AGM SATURDAY 29 MARCH – AFTERNOON Session 4 4A HBS G11 RAC New Approaches to the Romano-British Countryside (Part 2) 4B HBS G15 RAC In the Shadow of Vesuvius: the Centuries before AD 79 (Part 2) 4C HBS G10 TRAC TRAC Open Session: Landscape Exploitation, Urbanism and Religion 4D Palmer 1.09 TRAC Romans and Barbarians beyond the Northern Frontiers 4E Palmer 1.02 SGRP Deposits full of Character 4F Palmer 1.03 TRAC Back to the Future: Religion, Culture and Cognitive Theory SATURDAY 29 MARCH – EVENING TRAC Party at the RISC Centre SUNDAY 30 MARCH – MORNING Session 5 5A HBS G11 RAC Recent work on Roman Britain 5B HBS G15 TRAC Interdisciplinary Approaches to Conservation: the example of the Vesuvian Area 5C HBS G10 RAC Clay and Cult; Roman Terracottas in Domestic, Religious and Funerary Contexts 5D Palmer 1.09 RAC Roman Landscapes and Preventive Archaeology in Northern France: 5E Palmer 1.02 RAC Continuity and Change – the Impact of Foodways on Provincial Pottery Traditions SUNDAY 30 MARCH - AFTERNOON Silchester Excursion: Packed lunches collected from Palmer Building – Coach departs from Chancellor’s Way at 1:15 ### Detailed Programme #### THURSDAY EVENING - Registration opens at 4.00 in the Conference office in the Palmer Building Foyer - 6.00 – 6.45 Welcome Reception - 6.45 – 8.00 Welcome by the President of the Roman Society, the award of The Roman Society Undergraduate Archaeology Dissertation Prize, followed by: - Keynote Address – Fraser Hunter: Late Roman silver and the barbarian world: the Traprain Treasure in context - Palmer Building G10 #### FRIDAY MORNING (Session 1) \| Time \| (A) Henley Business School G11 \| (B) Henley Business School G15 \| (C) Henley Business School G10 \| (D) Palmer Building 1.09 \| (E) Palmer Building 1.02 \| \|------------\|---------------------------------\|---------------------------------\|---------------------------------\|---------------------------\|--------------------------\| \| RAC \| Recent Work on the Roman Frontiers \| RAC \| TRAC \| RAC \| TRAC \| \| 9.00 \| Introduction: The Frontiers of the Roman Empire Project, David Breeze \| 9.00 The changing face of South Etruria, Hilary Becker \| 9.00 Changing patterns of interaction: using the Spanish ‘jinete’ coinage to understand the Republican landscape of Eastern Spain, Benjamin Naylor \| 9.00 Introduction: Removing the appendix: integrating zooarchaeology into Roman studies, Mark Maltby \| 9.00 Continuity and resistance? Insularity and identities in Roman Republican Sardinia, Andrea Roppa \| \| 9.10 \| Roman Camps in Germany, Steve Bödecker \| 9.30 Settlement and Society in Hellenistic Etruria, Robert Witcher \| 9.30 Roman ideas and ideals of landscape: transported landscapes, imported landscapes and glocalization, Hector A. Orengo \| 9.30 Was Romano-British husbandry innovative? An integrated approach to a complex question, Umberto Albarella, Claudia Minniti and Silvia Valenzuela \| 9.30 A study in small-island interaction: Pottery from Late Punic and Roman Malta, Maxine Anastasi \| \| 9.35 \| The first Roman Deployment in the Rhine Delta: a Fortified Supply Line to Britain, Erik Graafstal \| 10.00 Local elites of Adriatic Italy and their ‘paradoxical’ Romanization, Fabio Colivicchi \| 10.00 Roman undercurrents in the configuration of Valencia’s cultural landscape (Eastern Spain), Maria Jesús Ortega, Hector A. Orengo and Josep M. Palet \| 10.00 Variety in Livestock Breeds in the Roman Mediterranean World: Evidence from Zooarchaeological, Literary and Artistic Sources, Michael Mackinnon \| 10.00 Re-evaluating Sicilian identity and insularity in the Roman period: the view from ceramics, Carmela Franco \| \| 10.05 \| The Raetian Limes - Findings and Discussions on a Late Antonine Frontier of the Roman Empire, C. Sebastian Sommer \| \| \| \| \| \| Time \| Session A \| Session B \| Session C \| Session D \| Session E \| \|-------\|-----------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------\| \| 10:30 \| Morning Coffee \| Morning Coffee \| Morning Coffee \| Morning Coffee \| Morning Coffee \| \| 11:00 \| The Frontiers of Roman North Africa in the Satellite Age, David Mattingly and Martin Sterry \| Developments in Larinum and its surrounding territory in the aftermath of the Roman conquest of Italy, Elizabeth Robinson \| Cartography of Roman colonialism, Jeremia Pelgrom \| Animals in rites, sacrifices and funerary practices in Roman Gaul, Sébastien Lepetz \| Insularity and Identity in the Northern Sporades Islands: the question of Roman policy in central Greece, Alkiviadis Ginalis \| \| 11:30 \| The Complexity of Intramural and Extramural Relationships on the Northern Frontier of Roman Britain, Andrew Birley \| The dynamics of higher order settlements on the Italian peninsula (350 - 200 BC): a quantitative analysis, Jamie Sewell \| Conception versus perception: ideas about the course of the Roman road from Radwinter to Great Chesterford (Essex, UK) John Peterson \| The tell-tale hearth: burnt offerings and private sacrifice in Pompeii, Rachel Hesse \| Cretan Insularity and Identity in the Roman period, Anna Kouremenos \| \| 12:00 \| Meals and the Roman Military, Penelope Allison \| Village type settlements and Roman expansion in the mid-Republican period: new evidence from Molise and Basilicata, Tesse Stek \| A forever home? An investigation of the rationale behind changing settlement patterns, Anouk Vermeulen \| ‘People-Like-Us’ or regional speciality? Why did the Roman army occupy northern England for 350 years? Sue Stallibrass \| An Island Backwater? Insularity and Identity in Roman Cyprus, Jody Michael Gordon \| FRIDAY LUNCHTIME 12:30-2:00 Ure Museum of Greek Archaeology is OPEN, and POSTER SESSION in the Palmer Building Foyer \| Time \| Session A \| Session B \| Session C \| Session D \| Session E \| \|-------\|-----------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2:00 \| Imperialism, genocide and integration: new research on the Caesarian conquest of Northern Gaul, Nico Roymans and Manuel Fernández-Götz \| Enacting rituals in sanctuaries, houses and burials. Prolegomena for an archaeology of gesture, Valentino Gasparini \| Design, function and everyday social practice: a case study on Roman spoons, Ellen Swift \| ‘Think global, act local: regionalism and the supply of meat to the Roman army, Sabine Deschler-Erb and Maaike Groot \| Introduction, Marcello Mogetta and Ivan Cangemi \| \| 2:10 \| Exchange and Urbanization in Early Rome: Perspectives from S. Omobono, Ivan Cangemi \| \| \| \| \| \| Time \| Session \| \|-------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| 2:30 \| Disruptive patterns of occupation in the early and middle Roman countryside of Northern Gaul, Wim De Clercq \| \| 3:00 \| Depopulation in the late third century in the rural areas of northern Gaul: archaeological trends versus historical narratives century, Stijn Heeren \| \| 3:30 \| Afternoon Tea \| \| 4:00 \| Representing Empire in the Capital: Ideology, Imagery and Identities in Augustan Rome, Maureen Carroll \| \| 4:25 \| Roman urban foundations in Hispania: the Augustan perspective, Thomas Schattner \| \| 4:50 \| Augustus in Germany: how not to build a province, Gabriele Rasbach \| \| 5:15 \| Coins for an Empire, David Wigg-Wolf \| \| 2:30 \| Cultic objects from an extra-moenia sanctuary in Pompeii, Mario Grimaldi \| \| 3:00 \| Changes of ownership in the Pompeian houses: archaeological evidence, Marco Giglio \| \| 3:30 \| Afternoon Tea \| \| 4:00 \| A Mould Lamp with Lampadodromia from Pompeii, Luigi Pedroni \| \| 4:25 \| The Tomb of Obellius Firmus and the Necropolis of Porta Nola at Pompeii, Llorenç Alapont Martin \| \| 4:50 \| Acting life in the death. The Necropolis of Porta di Nocera as theatre of Pompeian society, Marianna Castiglione \| \| 5:00 \| Immigrant soldiers at Hollow Banks Quarry, Scorton? New work on crossbow brooches, burial rites and isotopes, Hella Eckardt \| \| 2:30 \| Metropolitan styling. The figurines from London and Colchester, Emma Durham \| \| 3:00 \| ‘Treasure’, ‘trash’ and taphonomy: Approaches to the excavation and interpretation of Roman finds from the Walbrook valley, Michael Marshall, Natasha Powers, Sadie Watson \| \| 3:30 \| Afternoon Tea \| \| 4:00 \| First generation urban communities; comparing ceramic and brooch assemblages in Roman Britain, Martin Pitts \| \| 4:25 \| What’s in the name? ‘Britishness’ of British-made brooches abroad, Tatiana Ileva \| \| 4:50 \| Facilitated discussion – The role of zooarchaeology in the study of the Western Roman Empire, Martin Millett \| \| 2:35 \| The Roots of Roman Urbanism: New Evidence from Archaic and Early Republican Gabii, Marcello Mogetta \| \| 3:05 \| Hidden Landscapes of South Lazio, Martijn van Leusen \| \| 3:30 \| Afternoon Tea \| \| 4:00 \| Food, furs and friends: an integrated zoo-archaeology of feasting in late Iron Age and Roman southern Britain, Martyn Allen \| \| 4:25 \| Imperialism, identity and ideology: the fallow deer of the Roman Empire, Naomi Sykes, Holly Miller, Angela Lamb, Jane Evans, Richard Madgwick and Karis Baker \| \| 4:50 \| The ‘New Perspectives on Ancient Pottery’ Project, Martina Revello-Lami et al \| \| 5:00 \| Discussion, Christopher Smith \| FRIDAY EVENING Conference Dinner @ The Shehnaí Ballroom Welcome drinks (7.00-7.45) and dinner (7.45-9.00) bar open until 11.30 Delegates not attending the dinner are welcome to join everyone after 9.00 \| Time \| (A) Henley Business School G11 \| (B) Henley Business School G15 \| (C) Henley Business School G10 \| (D) Palmer Building 1.09 \| (E) Palmer Building 1.02 \| \|------------\|--------------------------------\|-------------------------------\|-------------------------------\|--------------------------\|--------------------------\| \| RAC \| New Approaches to the Romano-British Countryside (Part 1) \| RAC \| TRAC \| Current Themes in the Bioarchaeology of Roman Skeletons – Theories on Health in the Roman Empire \| SGRP \| \| 9:00 \| Introduction: The Romano-British countryside – where are we now? Neil Holbrook \| Regional environmental economics: fuel for Pompeii and Campania third century BC to AD 79, Robyn Veal \| Not Just for Bathing: Shops and Commerce in and around Roman Public Baths, Alissa Whitmore \| Investigations at Poundbury Camp, Dorset: setting the agenda for child health in Roman Britain, Mary Lewis \| Roman fish sauces and their amphoras: an experimental approach to the products and how they were transported, Sally Grainger \| \| 9:30 \| Long-term rhythms versus short-term ruptures: Roman rural settlement from a long-term perspective, Zena Kamash \| Scale and structure of the wine economy in the environs of Vesuvius, Ferdinando de Simone \| Bathing, Eating and Communing: Glimpses of Daily Life from a Late Antique Bathhouse in Gerasa, Jordan, Louise Blanke \| Health and disease in Romano-British children: theories on lifeways along the urban-rural divide, Anna Rohnbogner \| Some suggestions on the primary content of flat-bottomed amphorae produced in Sicily in the Roman period, Carmela Franco \| \| 10:00 \| The fields of Britannia: the survival of Romano-British field systems in the landscape of today? Stephen Rippon \| Public buildings and private opportunities: the dynamics of Pompeian urban development, Michael Anderson \| Down the Drain: Understanding the Deposition of Roman Intaglios and Signet Rings, Ian J. Marshman \| Time for a change? New insights and challenges in understanding health, diet and mobility in Roman Britain, Rebecca Redfern \| Stamping their authority? Investigating amphora workshops on the Atlantic periphery, Andrew Souter \| \| 10:30 \| Morning Coffee \| Morning Coffee \| Morning Coffee \| Morning Coffee \| Morning Coffee \| \| 11:00 \| New light on Romano-British rural settlement archaeology, Alex Smith \| Making sense of Pompeii’s growth spurts: the changing shape of Pompeii in its ‘golden’ and Augustan ages, Steven Ellis \| Performance in the Holy Cave? – Archaeological Evidence for the Initiations into the Mysteries of Mithras, Ines Klenner \| A ‘new violence phenomenon’? Exploring the evidence for elder abuse in Roman Britain, Rebecca Gowland \| Modes of production in Africa Proconsularis viewed through the amphora from Portus. A study of vessel technology and society, Pina Strutt \| \| 11:30 \| Coins and other artefacts in the Romano-British countryside, Tom Brindle \| Changing contexts? Pompeii, IX.8: the ‘Insula del Centenario’, Antonella Coralini and Daniela Scagliarini \| Roman cutlery and provincial Roman table manners, Stefanie Hoss \| The people of Eboracum: a biocultural assessment of health status in a Roman town, Lauren McIntyre \| Amphora production in Cyprus: new evidence on the complexity of economic organization in the eastern Mediterranean, Anthi Kaldeli \| \| 12:00 \| Realising potential: the contribution of environmental remains to the study of rural society in Roman Britain, Martyn Allen \| Changes in Roman Herculaneum townscape (c. 40 BC ~ AD 70), Nicolas Monteix \| Staring at Death: The Jet Gorgoneia of Roman Britain, Adam Parker \| The Roman extraurban population during the Imperial Age: migration and endogamy, Mauro Rubini \| Rethinking quantified data from amphorae: volumetric calculations and displacement values, Victor M. Martínez \| ## SATURDAY AFTERNOON (Session 4) \| Time \| (A) Henley Business School G11 \| (B) Henley Business School G15 \| (C) Henley Business School G10 \| (D) Palmer Building 1.09 \| (E) Palmer Building 1.02 \| (F) Palmer Building 1.03 \| \|--------\|--------------------------------\|-------------------------------\|--------------------------------\|--------------------------\|--------------------------\|--------------------------\| \| 2:00 \| RAC \| \| TRAC Open Session: Landscape Exploitation, Urbanism and Religion \| \| \| \| \| \| New Approaches to the Romano-British Countryside (Part 2) \| \| Resilience landscapes: conservative agro-sylvo-pastoral strategies in Roman Etruria, Edoardo Vanni \| \| \| \| \| \| Beyond villa and farmstead: fresh challenges to researching Roman rural landscapes, Jeremy Taylor \| \| Roman Britain from the outside: comparing western and northern frontier cultures, Andy Gardner \| \| \| \| \| 2:30 \| Homogeneity vs diversity: searching for identity among the rural population of Roman Britain, Michael Fulford \| \| Characterization of exploitation of riparian vegetation in the Ulterior-Baetica Roman province, Daniel J. Martín-Arroyo, Pedro Trapero and J. Antonio Bocanegra \| \| \| \| \| 3:00 \| Connecting producers and consumers: some recent evidence for (mainly) economic functions of minor nucleated settlements in south-east Britain, Paul Booth \| \| Roman Intervention in a Lacustrine Environment: The Case of Fuente De Piedra Lagoon, Lázaro Lagóstena, M. Mar Castro García and Ángel Bastos \| \| \| \| \| 3:30 \| Afternoon Tea \| \| Afternoon Tea \| \| \| \| \| 4:00 \| New directions in the rural archaeology of northern England, Nick Hodgson \| \| The development of the Roman Empire’s urban network, Damjan Donev, Mathew Hobson, Pieter Houten, Paul Kloege, K. Pazmány, Frederico Pellegrino, C. Tzanetea and Rinse Willet \| \| \| \| --- SATURDAY LUNCHTIME 12.30-2.00 TRAC AGM (in Palmer 1.09, starting 1.15) \| Time \| Session \| \|-------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| 4:30 \| Populating a landscape: Romano-British rural settlement in Wales: new perspectives, Jeffrey Davies \| \| 5:00 \| Discussant: Richard Hingley \| \| 4:30 \| Only where children gather: material culture of children’s activities in Pompeii, Katie Huntley \| \| 5:00 \| Public/private, social/intimate: space and society in houses of Pompeii, Anna Anguissola \| \| 4:30 \| Re-defining the Roman ‘suburbium’ from Republic to Empire: a theoretical approach, Matthew J. Mandich \| \| 5:00 \| Religion and small finds in Early Roman Britain, Katrina-Kay S. Alaimo \| \| 4:30 \| Two emperors - one Border: the roman Limes before 1914, Wolfgang Moschek \| \| 5:00 \| A World of Warcraft - warrior identities in Roman Iron Age Scandinavia, Xenia Pauli Jensen \| \| 4:30 \| Residual or ritual? Pottery from grave backfills and non-funerary features in cemeteries, Edward Biddulph \| \| 5:00 \| The curious case of the riverside shaft deposits, Birgitta Hoffmann \| \| 5:30 \| SGRP Annual General Meeting (members only) \| \| 4:30 \| Back to the future: modern-day orixás and Roman gods – theoretical interpretative possibilities, Josipa Lulic \| \| 5:00 \| Defying instinct and practice: Roman military religious self-sacrifice and the self-preservation instinct, Adam Anders \| TRAC Party @ RISC (Reading International Solidarity Centre) Downstairs is the ‘global café’ open to the public, while upstairs is a private function room for TRAC/RAC delegates where ‘Dolly and the Clothespegs’ will be performing ### SUNDAY MORNING (Session 5) \| Time \| Session \| \|-------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| 9:00 \| Silchester: the Iron Age oppidum, Mike Fulford \| \| 9:00 \| Conservation and Accessibility in the Vesuvian Sites: Problems and Perspectives. An Introduction, Stefano De Caro \| \| 9:00 \| Composite bodies; gods, humans and the anatomical votive in the Republican sanctuary, Emma-Jayne Graham \| \| 9:00 \| Introduction to the session, Olivier Blin, Pierre Vallat \| \| 9:05 \| Saint-Romain-sur-cher and regularly gridded secondary agglomerations in Central France, Philippe Sale \| \| 9:00 \| New vessels for drinking old drinks in new ways? Eastern England 100 BC to AD 43, JD Hill \| \| Time \| Session 1 \| Session 2 \| Session 3 \| Session 4 \| Session 5 \| \|-------\|------------------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------------\| \| 9:30 \| Recent work in Roman London, Julian Hill \| New Approaches to Conservation: The Pompeii Sustainable Preservation Project, Albrecht Matthaei and Daniele Malfitana \| Clay artefacts from Roman Ostia: overview of patterns of consumption in urban and funerary contexts, Elena Martelli \| Long distance roads and territories. What the excavations of the Orléans-Paris road and its milestones can tell us about ancient road networks, Jean Bruant, Sylvain Gautier and Régis Touquet \| Are we what we grind? An investigation of the use of mortaria in Roman Britain through organic residues, Lucy JE Cramp, Richard P Evershed and Hella Eckardt \| \| 10:00 \| Developing our understanding of Roman Lincoln, Cecily Spall \| Multi-institutional Collaboration on the Site of Ancient Roman Stabiae, Thomas N. Howe and Paolo Gardelli \| Broken Deities: The Pipe-Clay Figurines from Roman London, Matthew Fittock \| Gallo-Roman ceramics of the first to third centuries AD between the Sénon and Carnute territories, and Alix Fourré \| Cooking practices in northern Roman Dacia, Mihaela Ciausescu-Hockey \| \| 10:30 \| Morning Coffee \| Morning Coffee \| Morning Coffee \| Morning Coffee \| Morning Coffee \| \| 11:00 \| The Roman Temples Project, Maryport, Ian Haynes and Tony Wilmott \| Augmented Archaeology? The Vesuviana Project, Daniela Scagliarini and Antonella Coralini \| Clay figurines, masks and animal-shaped vessels in children’s burials in Roman Imperial Africa, Solenn de Larminat \| The settlement of the plateau de Mer (Loir et Cher) – a synthesis, Fabrice Couvin \| Bread across the Empire: case studies from Britain, Italy and Egypt, Roberta Tomber \| \| 11:30 \| Roman conquest and cultural interaction in rural Britain: new research at Ipplepen (Devon), Ioana Oltean \| Digital Strategies for the Preservation and Publication of Villa A (‘of Poppaea’) at Oplontis (Torre Annunziata), Simon J. Barker \| Terracottas from Roman Palestine: Workshops, Shrines and Tombs, Adi Erlich \| Between craft and environment: studies of wooden ecofacts from ancient wells in Ile-de-France, Anne Dietrich \| Following the frying pan. Using internal red-slip wares in the Roman world, Laura Banducci \| \| 12:00 \| Sensing the late Iron Age and Roman Past: community archaeology, geophysics and the landscape of Hertfordshire, Kris Lockyear and Ellen Shlasko \| Chair and discussant: Jens-Arne Dickmann \| Terracottas in a domestic context: the case of the House of Orpheus in Nea Paphos, Cyprus, Demetrios Michaelides, Giorgos Papantoniou and Maria Dikomitou-Eliadou \| Romanization and territorial reorganization on the Plateau de Sénart (Seine-et-Marne) from the conquest to late antiquity, Gilles Desrayaud \| Sliced rim casseroles: scrutinising culinary practices and identity in the Levant, Paul Reynolds \| \| 12:30 \| Conference ends \| Conference ends \| Conference ends \| Conference ends \| Conference ends \| SUNDAY AFTERNOON Optional Excursion to Silchester Roman Town Packed lunches collected from Palmer Building – Coaches departs from Chancellor’s Way at 1.15 (near the bus stop) Conference Location Maps RAC 2014 will be centred on the Palmer Building and Henley Business School on the Whiteknights Campus of the University of Reading. Palmer building: first floor - 1.01 - 1.02 Lecture room - 1.03 Lecture room - 1.04 - 1.05 - 1.06 - 1.07 - 1.08 - G10 Lecture theatre upper level (Plenary) - 1.09 Lecture theatre Palmer building: ground floor - G01 - G02 - G03 - G04 and G05 Stalls - G05B PC lab - G06 Conference office - Dolche Vita café - G10 Lecture theatre (Plenary) - Foyer Poster displays tea, coffee and lunch - Reception desk - Main entrance - Emergency exit only Henley Business School Ground floor - G15 Lecture theatre - G11 Lecture theatre - G10 Lecture theatre - G02 - G03 - G04 - G06 - G07 - G09 - G13 - G14 - Index café - Reception - Entrance - Emergency exit only - Main entrance Central Reading Main hotels, event venues and bus stops 20, 20a, 21, N21 Map data ©2014 Google Key Information: Various Busses to Campus from the Centre of Town Busses from the centre of Reading to the University are Single £1.90 / Return £3.60 No. 20, 20a, 21: Claret Coloured busses come into the University (UoR Whiteknights House). No. 9 Red coloured busses pass by the University entrance (Chancellor’s Way). A full bus map can be downloaded here: http://www.reading-buses.co.uk/university/ Free Bus time Apps available: ANDROID and iPhone: ‘My Bus Reading’ Taxis We recommend Yellcars: 0118 9660 660. From campus to the station is c.£6 (car) or £10 (MPV). Registration & Conference Office Registration will open from c. 4.00 on Thursday in the Palmer Building Foyer. Thereafter it can be done in the Conference Office, which will be staffed from 8.30 each morning (Palmer G06). Information and Bookstalls During the Conference, the Roman Society, the Journal of Roman Studies and other organisations will have display stalls in the Palmer Building in Rooms G04 & G05. Posters Session A Poster display will take place in the Palmer Building Foyer. Posters must be given to the Conference Office by 10.00 on the Friday. Authors are encouraged to stand by their posters on Friday lunchtime. Tea, Coffee and Lunches on Friday and Saturday There are coffee and tea breaks in the mornings and afternoons, and this will be served in both the Palmer Building and Henley Business School. Lunches on Friday and Saturday are included in the conference fee and will be served in the Palmer Building Foyer. Car parking Public transport to and from the venue is encouraged. There will be limited general car parking which is likely to be in Car Park 2 (there will be clear signage on the day directing you). The nearest disabled bays to the Palmer building are behind the Carrington Building. Follow signs to delivery area at the rear of this building (it is the unmarked car park behind the building to the right of Palmer on the map). Internet Access Both venue buildings have Wi-Fi. Delegates from other Universities may have Eduroam on their Wi-Fi devices, in which case they should be able to seamlessly link up to our network (in theory). Otherwise we hope to be able to provide delegates with temporary login details which can be bought from the Conference Desk for £3. Tweeting Please use the hashtag: #RAC/TRAC Key Information: Events Thursday Evening Reception and Keynote There will be a reception from 6.00 in the Palmer Building Foyer. After the reception, at 6.45 everyone will be invited into G10 for the welcome by the President of the Roman Society and the Plenary Lecture. After this there are no formal later evening events, but delegates are invited to congregate at The Outlook Pub in town later in the evening after dinner (though they do serve some pub food there too). The Outlook has real ale and also overlooks the River Kennet. Friday Evening Conference Dinner At the Shehnai Ballroom, http://shehnaiuk.rtrk.co.uk, 75-77 London Street, RG1 4QA Guests arrive 7.00-7.45, there are free welcome drinks (and free soft drinks all evening), thereafter there is a pay-or bar. Guests seated for a buffet dinner 7.45. The buffet will comprise: Starter: Papdi Chaat, Chicken Tikka, Fish Amritsari; Main: Lamb Roganjosh, Paneer Butter Masala, Veg Jhalfrezi, Jeera Rice, Assorted Naan, Cucumber Raita, Salad; Dessert Chocolate Mud-pie. Please note. Other delegates will be welcome to join everyone from 9.00 when we hope to have music. The bar closes at 11.30. Saturday Evening TRAC Party At the RISC, http://www.risc.org.uk, 35-39 London Street, RG1 4PS The TRAC party will take place at RISC (Reading International Solidarity Centre) which is close to town centre and many of the hotels and accommodation. RISC works with schools and community project groups to raise the profile of global issues and promote action for sustainable development, human rights and social justice. It has a ‘global café’ which serves an extraordinary range of world cuisine. The TRAC party is upstairs in the function room. Numbers will be limited for safety reason to 175, so if it is full, feel free to linger downstairs in the café-bar. A live local band will be performing a set. ‘Dolly and the Clothespegs’, style themselves as a Riverbilly band, dipping into the archive of Alan Lomax, but also writing their own material and occasionally playing a song or two from an unlikely genre to catch everyone out. Dolly and the Clothespegs: https://myspace.com/dollyandtheclothespegs/music/songs Sunday Departure Sessions end around 12:30. The conference office will close by 1.30. There are very limited eating venues on campus on Sundays out of term. Sunday Excursion to Silchester and Lunch The tour will be guided by Professor Michael Fulford and Amanda Clarke, the directors of the ongoing excavations there. Packed lunches can be collected after the morning session ends from the Palmer Building Foyer (included in the price as there will be no open eating establishments open on campus on the Sunday). The coaches will leave at 1.15 from Chancellor’s Way, close to the bus stop returning to town. Delegates will be able to lock their luggage in the coach. It takes about half-an-hour to get to Silchester. You will be at the site for about two hours, walking around the walls, viewing the amphitheatre and visiting the site of the current excavations. We aim to return to Whiteknights campus by 4.15, with a follow-on stop at Reading Station no later than 5.00 for those wishing to book trains. The Sponsoring Organizations Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Dominic Rathone (President) and Peter Guest (Archaeology Committee Chair) The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies - The Roman Society - was founded in 1910 as the sister society to the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. The Roman Society is the leading organization in the United Kingdom for those interested in the study of Rome and the Roman Empire. Its scope is wide, covering Roman history, archaeology, literature and art down to about A.D. 700. It has a broadly based membership, drawn from over forty countries and from all ages and walks of life. The Society supports a library of over 130,000 volumes and 675 periodicals; it supports a programme of public lectures and conferences; it has a grants programme for research and to support teaching and students. Membership is open to all. The Roman Archaeology Conference is its biennial conference. www.romansociety.org/ TRAC Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference Darrell J. Rohl (Chair) and Ian Marshman (Vice-Chair) TRAC developed around a series of annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conferences held since 1991. It aimed to widen the range of perspectives offered, and voices heard, in Roman Archaeology. Since the mid-1990s, TRAC has been held—in alternate years—alongside the Roman Archaeology Conference (RAC). In 2001, the TRAC Standing Committee was established to ensure that TRAC continues to serve its purpose well into the future. In 2013 it launched its website which includes a forum to promote discussion and debate in the 12-month gaps between conferences. Visit it, sign-up and engage with the online community. The site also hosts many of the past TRAC published volumes on Open Access. http://trac.org.uk TRAC Bursaries The TRAC Bursaries have been funded by generous donations from both the Roman Society and from Barbican Research Associates, an independent consultancy specialising in the analysis of archaeological finds and post-excavation management. http://www.barbicanra.co.uk/ The Study Group for Roman Pottery (SGRP) was formed in 1971 to further the study of pottery of the Roman period in Britain. It provides a forum for the presentation and discussion of the latest research, and of issues affecting the subject and its practitioners. Its Annual conference and Regional meetings promote contact between specialists and the opportunity to handle pottery from different regions. The Group currently has over 170 members, from all over the British Isles, Europe and further afield. Membership is open to all those interested in the study of Roman Pottery, whether actively working in, researching, interpreting or teaching the subject of Roman ceramics - both professionals and amateurs. All attendees at RAC 2014 are welcome to attend. http://www.romanpotterystudy.org/ --- The Roman Finds Group provides a forum for all those with an interest in Roman artefacts. Founded in 1988, our membership is both professional and amateur, and new members are always welcome. Meetings are held twice a year across the country, with invited speakers presenting papers on a particular theme, site, exhibition, or region, and occasional short contributions from members on newly discovered artefacts. Recent themes have included surveys of artefacts from cemeteries, an examination of the opportunities and problems provided by waterlogged finds, and a review of the evidence for craft and industry in Roman Britain. Regional reviews have taken place in the areas of Hadrian’s Wall, South Wales and the South-West of England. The aim of our meetings is to provide members with access to current research in advance of publication. From time to time joint meetings are held with museums or other special interest organizations. All attendees at RAC 2014 are welcome to attend. http://www.romanfinds.org.uk/ --- We would also like to thank the Distant Worlds: Munich Graduate School for Ancient Studies, for their sponsorship of PhD and Early Career scholars presenting within the poster session ‘Framing interactions, New approaches to coexistence in the houses of Roman Pompeii’. Plenary Lecture Late Roman Silver and the Barbarian World: the Traprain Treasure in Context Fraser Hunter, National Museum of Scotland Some of the most impressive remains from the late Roman period are hoards of Roman silver. The gleam of intact plate and jewellery from finds such as Kaiseraugst, Mildenhall and Hoxne rather overshadows another category of hoard - Hacksilber. This bent, broken and crushed material has long been an intriguing sideshow to the story of late Roman silver. A key find is the Traprain Treasure, found on Traprain Law (south-east Scotland) in 1919 and currently the focus of a major international project. It has been interpreted as everything from loot to pay-off to diplomatic gift. The results of this ongoing project offer a chance to look afresh at Hacksilber, presenting the latest news from Traprain, examining the nature of silver use in the Roman world, and questioning what these battered silver fragments can tell us about the ‘barbarians’ to the north. firstname.lastname@example.org Thursday 7pm, Palmer Building Room G10 Recent work on the Roman Frontiers Session Organizers: Maureen Carroll and David Breeze In the last few years, research activities, such as The Frontiers of the Roman Empire Project, various EU-funded projects, publications, and Roman Frontier Studies Conferences, have made significant contributions to furthering our understanding of the Roman frontiers in Europe and beyond. Modern techniques, such as LiDAR and satellite remote sensing, have led to new discoveries and changing perceptions of the frontiers, with implications for the building, occupation and function of the limes. New research on life in and around the forts also suggests more complex relationships between the inhabitants of the fort and vicus and between the military and civilian population than a simplistic or binary explanation of the two can provide. This session presents and examines selected case studies of new research on various aspects of Rome’s frontiers, from Britain to North Africa, and reconsiders the organization of the frontier zones and the role the frontier played for groups living in and around the edges of the Roman Empire. email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.org Friday, Room G11, Henley Business School Chair: Maureen Carroll \| Time \| Session \| \|-------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| 9.00 \| Introduction: the frontiers of the Roman Empire project, David Breeze \| \| 9.10 \| Roman camps in Germany, Steve Bödecker \| \| 9.35 \| The first Roman deployment in the Rhine delta: a fortified supply line to Britain, Erik Graafstal \| \| 10.05 \| The Raetian limes - findings and discussions on a late Antonine frontier of the Roman Empire, C. Sebastian Sommer \| \| 10.30 \| Coffee \| \| 11.00 \| The frontiers of Roman North Africa in the satellite age, David Mattingly and Martin Sterry \| \| 11.30 \| The complexity of intramural and extramural relationships on the Northern frontier of Roman Britain, Andrew Birley \| \| 12.00 \| Meals and the Roman military, Penelope Allison \| Introduction: The Frontiers of the Roman Empire Project David Breeze (UK) Over the last 12 years two sections of the Roman frontiers have been inscribed as World Heritage Sites, three projects funded by the EU have been run, and eight multi-language booklets published, in addition to the more traditional activities such as the Congress of Roman Frontier Studies. The contribution of these activities to research on Roman frontiers in Europe and beyond will be examined. email@example.com Roman Camps in Germany Steve Bödecker (LVR-Amt für Bodendenkmalpflege im Rheinland, Germany) A combination of aerial reconnaissance, excavations and LiDAR in the vicinity of Vetera Castra/Xanten has led to the discovery of one of the largest concentrations of Roman practice camps on the continent. Since the last publication by Irwin Scollar in 1986, their number has doubled to more than 140, providing a better understanding of the disposition and layout of practice camps and their distinction from marching camps. The relationship of Roman camps to the Iron Age landscape also can now be discussed on sites in the lower Rhine area. Furthermore, new discoveries of practice camps made by LiDAR in the vicinity of Castra Bonnensia/Bonn show another large manoeuvre area of the Rhine army. All together, the new inventory of practice camps in the Rhineland provide new perspectives into training standards, manoeuvre concepts and land use of the Roman army in Germania inferior and beyond. firstname.lastname@example.org The First Roman Deployment in the Rhine Delta: a Fortified Supply Line to Britain Erik Graafstal (Municipality of Utrecht/Leiden University, Netherlands) The early chain of small forts along the Oude Rijn ('Old Rhine') in the western Netherlands has generally been taken as the prototype 'river frontier', a concept supposedly implemented along the rivers Rhine and Danube by the emperor Claudius from the 40's of the first century. New dating evidence and topographical analysis recently have cast doubt upon this interpretation, and suggested a close historical and functional relationship with Caligula's planned, and his successor's actual, invasion of Britain in AD 40 and 43. A comparison with similar arrangements along the Middle Rhine, the Upper and Middle Danube may shed light on a forgotten requisite of Roman frontier dispositions: continuous protection of supply traffic. This is particularly relevant for the British situation. email@example.com The Raetian Limes - Findings and Discussions on a Late Antonine Frontier of the Roman Empire C. Sebastian Sommer (Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Germany) In recent years, doubts about the traditional dating – sometime in the first half of the second century AD - of the Raetian Limes have been cast. Collecting all the evidence, including dendro-dates, a late Antonine date is now much more likely, immediately after the Antonine Wall was given up. Consequently the various phases of the development are somewhat later and also have to be discussed afresh. In connection with the WHS- application and the Management Plan for the ORL, much new research was possible. In this presentation, abundant new material about the disposition of towers and fortlets, the layout of forts and their military vici, and the development of the frontier as a whole will be discussed. firstname.lastname@example.org The Frontiers of Roman North Africa in the Satellite Age David Mattingly and Martin Sterry (University of Leicester, UK) The Roman frontier in Africa is one of the least well understood, due to the near cessation of fieldwork in the post-colonial age. However, the application of satellite remote sensing offers a new way to advance study of the archaeology of arid North Africa. As part of the ERC-funded Trans-Sahara project we have used high-resolution satellite imagery to support a major review of the African frontier, identifying new Roman forts and fortlets, additional linear barriers and, perhaps most significantly of all, ample evidence of civilian and indigenous settlements villages in the frontier zone. Additionally, our work in Saharan oases is demonstrating that areas beyond the frontiers were inhabited by large sedentary agricultural populations. Here these new discoveries of both the military infrastructure and the frontier settlement record are outlined to reconsider the organization of the limes zone and the role the frontier played for groups living in (and around the edges of) Roman North Africa. email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org The Complexity of Intramural and Extramural Relationships on the Northern Frontier of Roman Britain Andrew Birley (Vindolanda, UK) In 2008 the Vindolanda Trust embarked upon a new and ambitious five year research project. The project was aimed at exploring whether or not modern definitions of fort and vicus, which have so often been regarded as being binary, hindered rather clarified the interpretation of military settlements and their communities. The spatial deposition of three domains of material culture were examined by this project to indicate the presence, location and activities of soldiers (combatants), non-combatants as exemplified by adult women, and shared activities that may have been common bonds across the whole community. A series of new excavations were started in 2008 which explored large sections of the third century fort and vicus simultaneously, providing a more thorough contextual perspective to historical datasets from the site and further broadening the datasets available for this study. The results of the project have provided new and often surprising perspectives into life at Vindolanda. email@example.com Meals and the Roman Military Penelope Allison (University of Leicester, UK) This paper examines how we can use the wealth of material culture associated with food preparation and food consumption that has been excavated from Roman military bases to investigate these essential daily foodways. It discusses ways in which these artefacts, mainly ceramics, can be analysed from more consumption-oriented approaches, and how these analyses, together with bioarchaeological, assemblage and spatial analyses, might be used for more informed and holistic approaches to where these foodways took place in and around Roman military bases, and possibly how and with whom the various members of military communities prepared and consumed food. It will focus mainly on data compiled from early imperial military bases, especially in the German provinces. firstname.lastname@example.org New Synergies? The Impact of the Roman Conquest of Italy on Settlement and Society Session Organizers: Jamie Sewell and Tesse Stek The Romano-centric historical narrative of the conquest (341 to 265 BC) is well studied, as is the phenomenon of Roman colonization which came in its wake. Yet an impressive quantity of published results from recent field projects is shedding bright new light on the conquest from the point of view of the conquered. In the period 350 to 300 BC, very large quantities of fortified and rural settlements were created, revealing that communities across much of the peninsula were flourishing. Societal and institutional change at this time is reflected, for example, in settlement dynamics, burial practice, and the development of civic institutions. The conquest created complex patterns of abandonment, continuity and change. New synergies resulted, particularly apparent in new land use strategies, the survival and enhancement of pre-conquest cult places, and the coalescing of new urban centres on or near major pre-conquest settlement sites. Rather than focusing upon Roman impact versus local reaction, the panel proposes to study the dynamics of the post-conquest period in terms of synergy in a broader framework of Hellenistic technological and ideological developments. By addressing the formative period of Roman imperialism in this way, important parallels with the Roman provinces may be drawn, adding chronological depth to, as well as further exploring currently emerging concepts of Roman imperialism that are less centre-periphery oriented. With papers covering a consistent geographical spectrum, the panel will present results on many aspects of the reconfigurations occurring during and after the conquest period (settlement dynamics, land use, elite roles, religion, cultural and institutional change). email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.org Friday, Room G15, Henley Business School 9.00 The changing face of South Etruria, Hilary Becker 9.30 Settlement and society in Hellenistic Etruria, Robert Witcher 10.00 Local elites of Adriatic Italy and their ‘paradoxical’ romanization, Fabio Colivicchi 10.30 Coffee 11.00 Developments in Larinum and its surrounding territory in the aftermath of the Roman conquest of Italy, Elizabeth Robinson 11.30 The dynamics of higher order settlements on the Italian peninsula (350 - 200 BC): a quantitative analysis, Jamie Sewell 12.00 Village type settlements and Roman expansion in the mid-Republican period: new evidence from Molise and Basilicata, Tesse Stek The Changing Face of South Etruria Hilary Becker (University of Mississippi, USA) After the fall of Veii, cities such as Caere, Tarquinia and Vulci vacillated between peace, cautious truce, to full-out war and even the succession of land to Rome. This paper seeks to map the experience of Romanization in south Etruria during the Hellenistic period. To seek this out, we will look in particular at archaeological and epigraphic evidence to explore how the mechanisms of daily life in Etruria were impacted by Rome’s encroaching presence, in the areas of commerce, trade, and transport, coinage, governance, and warfare. The frescoes of the Tomb of Giglioli at Tarquinia, and its walls decorated with armour, will provide one of the valuable case studies used in this examination. email@example.com Settlement and Society in Hellenistic Etruria Robert Witcher (Durham University, UK) In this paper I examine the changing settlement, population and economy of Etruria during the Hellenistic period. My previous study of Etruria, focussing on the early imperial period, identified considerable sub-regional variability which appeared to result from the long-term effects of Roman colonial control, and the specific economic and demographic impact of the development of Rome as a metropolis. In particular, regional survey suggested that whereas settlement density reached its peak along the coast and in southern Etruria during the early imperial period, settlement across inland Etruria appeared to reach its maximum density during the Hellenistic period before declining, sometimes sharply, in the early imperial period. This paper seeks to review some of the evidence for settlement from Hellenistic Etruria in order to tease out the origins of later settlement trajectories, and to explore the dialogues between Romans and Etruscans, between urban and rural populations, and between elites and commoners which defined the extension of Roman power across Etruria during the final centuries BC. firstname.lastname@example.org Local Elites of Adriatic Italy and their ‘Paradoxical’ Romanization Fabio Colivicchi (Queen's University, Ontario, Canada) Through the discussion of two different case studies, the port city of Ancona and the region of Daunia, a seemingly paradoxical phenomenon is evident that is visible especially in Adriatic Italy – but by no means exclusively - between the third and the first centuries BC: a strong increase in signs of ‘Hellenization’ precisely when the political control of Rome is established over Italy. The two case studies confirm that the dualism of ‘Hellenism’ and ‘Romanization’ in the traditional sense of binary opposition is not a productive heuristic tool. In fact Hellenism was not used by the communities of Adriatic Italy to separate themselves from Rome, but to join the developing system of Roman Italy, where Hellenism was a fundamental component for the construction of an increasingly integrated peninsular network. email@example.com Developments in Larinum and its Surrounding Territory in the Aftermath of the Roman Conquest of Italy Elizabeth Robinson (ICCS - Intercollegiate Center for Classical Studies, Rome) This paper presents a local-level case study of the effects of the Roman conquest on Larinum and its surrounding territory from 400 BC to AD 100. By considering all of the available evidence, it creates a context-sensitive narrative of Larinum’s transition from independent community to Roman municipium. Prosopographical analysis of epigraphic and literary sources shows significant continuity in the local population, particularly among the elites. This is mirrored in the settlement patterns, where reanalysis of the Biferno Valley Survey evidence demonstrates stability of both farms and villas throughout this period. Such findings seem to contrast with new Hellenistic monument types and decorative schemes appearing in the town, but by combining all the evidence it becomes clear that it was the local elites who chose to employ these elements. The stylistic changes reflect the adoption of Mediterranean-wide trends by the local people, rather than the arrival of outside groups at Larinum. firstname.lastname@example.org The Dynamics of Higher Order Settlements on the Italian Peninsula (350 - 200 BC): a Quantitative Analysis Jamie Sewell (Durham University, UK). My paper examines the impact of the Roman conquest on all fortified settlements larger than 2 hectares on the Italian peninsula south of the Po. For much of central and southern Italy the late fourth and early third centuries BC represent an intense period of settlement creation and renewal. This flourishing coincides exactly with the period of the Roman conquest. How should this phenomenon be understood? Traditionally, it has been studied on a regional basis. As a result, the suggested processes responsible for it differ according to region. My analysis is interregional, comparing local trajectories and their scholarly traditions. Although many centres endured the conquest, by the second century BC their overall number had reduced, and many large urban centres had been redimensioned. This raises an intriguing question, the complexity of which will be explored in the paper: on balance, could Rome be considered as a force for de-urbanization? email@example.com Village Type Settlements and Roman Expansion in the Mid-Republican Period: New Evidence from Molise and Basilicata Tesse Stek (Leiden University, Netherlands) Roman expansion has typically been associated with urbanism. As a result - and with considerable success - research has often focused on urban contexts, urbanization processes, and, with regard to the hinterland, on the related rationalization of the territory (centuriation). New research hypothesizes, however, that 'lower-order' rural settlements and institutions played a considerable role in early Roman expansion and settlement strategies. A combination of the re-reading of epigraphic and archaeological settlement data from colonial territories indeed points to the existence of nucleated or clustered settlement patterns, rather than the anticipated neatly divided landscapes. In this paper, this research direction is further explored and illustrated with new archaeological evidence from the recently started Landscapes of Early Roman Colonization project (NWO), which tests the above hypothesis in the colonial territories of Aesernia (founded 263 BC, modern Molise) and Venusia (founded 291 BC, modern Basilicata). firstname.lastname@example.org Roman Concepts of Landscape: New Approaches and Perspectives Session Organizers: Hector Orengo, Benjamin Naylor and Anouk Vermeulen Landscape archaeology has been one of the most prominent fields where post-processual approaches, such as phenomenology, have been applied to. Unsurprisingly, however, these have been more directed towards the study of prehistoric landscapes (e.g. Tilley 1994; Parker-Pearson et al. 2006) for which no textual information exists on religion or ritual. Despite the opportunity that our knowledge of Roman belief systems presents, examples of studies tackling the Roman perception and conceptual adaptation of the landscape are still rare. Roman landscapes have been considered projections of the Roman ideal territory (López 1994) and examples exist of foundation rituals (Carandini 2007, Magli 2008), which involved the conceptual division and conceptualization of the city and its territory. If Roman landscapes are considered as embodying the ‘platonic’ idea of Roman territory, they can provide an unsuspecting window to the Roman conceptualization of their environment and to Roman views of the world. Relatively recent methodological approaches and tools, such as GIS, virtual reconstructions and Remote Sensing can offer new ways to explore these questions. Their application, however, has not been without problems while the focus still remains on earlier periods. This session will invite papers presenting case-studies on Roman landscapes from different perspectives and employing a variety of techniques, which show or aim to investigate the ideological background behind Roman territorial organization, environmental change and/or landscape exploitation. These will attempt to provide evidence not just on Roman culturally-determined practices, but also on the way Romans conceptualized their world. email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org and email@example.com Friday, Room G10, Henley Business School \| Time \| Title \| Speaker \| \|--------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|----------------------------------------------\| \| 9.00 \| Changing patterns of Interaction: using the Spanish 'jinete' coinage to understand the Republican landscape of eastern Spain \| Benjamin Naylor \| \| 9.30 \| Roman ideas and ideals of landscape: transported landscapes, imported landscapes and glocalization \| Hector A. Orengo \| \| 10.00 \| Roman undercurrents in the configuration of Valencia's cultural landscape (eastern Spain) \| Maria Jesús Ortega, Hector A. Orengo and Josep M. Palet \| \| 10.30 \| Coffee \| \| \| 11.00 \| Cartography of Roman colonialism \| Jeremia Pelgrom \| \| 11.30 \| Conception versus perception: ideas about the course of the Roman road from Radwinter to Great Chesterford (Essex, UK) \| John Peterson \| \| 12.00 \| A forever home? An investigation of the rationale behind changing settlement patterns \| Anouk Vermeulen \| Changing Patterns of Interaction: Using the Spanish 'Jinete' Coinage to Understand the Republican Landscape of Eastern Spain Benjamin Naylor (University of St Andrews, UK) This paper attempts to combine actor-network and social network analysis with material-culture studies to suggest ways in which coins were part of new relationships among Iberians in the changing landscape of the republican period in central eastern Spain. The paper analyses the numismatic evidence for changes in Iberian groups and practices during this period. The jinete coinage of Hispania Citerior has been well studied for its role in the spread of an urban, monetary Roman Concepts of Landscape economy and as an expression of Iberian identities. The geographical distribution of coin finds has been less studied, however, and primarily used to indicate commercial links and the local nature of Iberian economies. The paper maps coin distributions against the backdrop of disruptions in Iberian groups and territories, as well as considering recent work on the materiality of coins that raises questions about their use and expands the roles they can play. firstname.lastname@example.org Roman Ideas and Ideals of Landscape: Transported Landscapes, Imported Landscapes and Glocalization Hector A. Orengo (University of Nottingham, UK) Roman landscapes can be interpreted as representing the ideological projections of the groups inhabiting them. In many cases, landscape arrangements were conducted by populations of Roman origin, who reproduced/imported their native landscapes. However, in other cases, the creation of typical Roman landscapes was implemented by native populations as a means to assert their own romanitas and, thus, reproduce their perceptions of what an ideal Roman landscape should look like. Should these be considered as ‘imported’ landscapes? What about these groups of people who did not want to be identified as Romans, did they manage to keep their pre-Roman landscapes; and, if they did, how were these affected by the Roman rule? This paper investigates how the interactions between the diverse ideas and ideals of Roman landscape can be identified and studied and, in doing so, attempts to provide new insights into the use of landscapes as ideological assertions. email@example.com Roman Undercurrents in the Configuration of Valencia’s Cultural Landscape (Eastern Spain) Maria Jesús Ortega, Hector A. Orengo and Josep M. Palet (Catalan Institute of Classical Archaeology, Spain and University of Nottingham, UK) Historical, archaeomorphological and archaeological work in Valencia’s territory (Eastern Spain) have shown how Roman landscape perceptions and culturally-determined landscape arrangement practices created what could be considered as a Roman ‘transported landscape’ in this area. On it, the Roman conception of the world was clearly stated and reflected. Since the Roman period this originally transported landscape has evolved and incorporated the ideas of landscape of subsequent settlers with different cultural and ideological backgrounds. Valencia’s cultural landscape reflects nowadays all these landscape perceptions in its configuration: the Roman landscape acted as a background to which later cultures had to adapt and ultimately incorporate in their landscape perceptions. This landscape can therefore be considered as a cultural legacy in which previous landscape perceptions have been incorporated. In this paper an attempt to unravel this complex landscape will be attempted paying special attention to its conceptual origin: a Roman transported centuriated landscape. firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.org Cartography of Roman Colonialism Jeremia Pelgrom (Royal Netherlands Institute in Rome, Italy) This paper analyses modern representations of Roman colonial territories as rational and geometrically organized landscapes. After having discussed the fragile empirical basis of these studies, the paper attempts to reveal and disentangle the complex combination of intertwined modern and ancient ideologies and practices which have directed prevailing conceptualizations of Roman colonial territorial strategies. It argues that our current understanding has been strongly influenced by Greek sociopolitical philosophy, cultural evolutionary theory and by cartographic representations of field survey data. email@example.com Conception versus Perception: Ideas about the Course of the Roman Road from Radwinter to Great Chesterford (Essex, UK) John Peterson (University of East Anglia, UK) Based on different conceptions, there have been conflicting perceptions of the route of the Roman road between Radwinter and Great Chesterford (Essex, UK). Despite discordant evidence from aerial photography, an early dominant proposal has not been abandoned, apparently because there has been no realistic conception of how the road might have been designed. The presence of a limitatio, proposed 25 years ago, provides such a conception, since the part of the road shown on topographic maps is evidently at 1:1 to it. Given that this theoretical relationship suggests precisely where the road’s extension might be perceived, close attention to Google Earth and Bing images then seems to reveal it. Modelling of the road demonstrates that its design is similar to that of other nearby roads. The military surveyors in this area could have been working in a world that was mathematically based, precisely defined and harmonious. firstname.lastname@example.org A Forever Home? An Investigation of the Rationale behind Changing Settlement Patterns Anouk Vermeulen (University of St Andrews, UK) There have been several suggestions of what the ideal Roman landscape should look like, but especially when it comes to rural landscapes, a comprehensive, decisive answer is still awaited. Using the site of the later Roman colony Tarraco, this paper attempts to establish how settlement patterns changed in the transition from Iberian to Roman, and which landscape elements (rivers, main roads, land division, soil type, etc.) influenced these changes. This can help us to understand which elements were important, and if a change can be detected when the area came under Roman rule. It has often been assumed that land division played a key role in these developments and changes, but there appear to be many other factors that played a role. By taking all these different elements into account, we can work towards a rationale behind the changing settlement patterns after Roman conquest. email@example.com The Role of Zooarchaeology in the Study of the Western Roman Empire Session Organizers: Martyn G. Allen and Mark Blagg-Newsome Zooarchaeological research now has a solid history of contributing to our understanding of the Western Roman Empire, informing on aspects of dietary preference, livestock husbandry, butchery techniques, and the uses of animal products (skin, horn, and bone, etc.). Traditionally, however, many studies have tended to formulate within an isolated framework of investigation, aiming admirably but perhaps failing to articulate fully with wider research on the Roman world. One concern is that faunal studies are either ignored by other researchers or, at best, used as an ‘add-on’ to embellish overviews where required. Yet, recent theoretical advances have drawn attention to the social significance of animals, highlighting their central role in everyday life, in local landscapes, and in their economic importance, values which informed and directed the behaviours and practices of contemporary individuals, family groups and wider communities. As such, the zooarchaeological community has now recognized that its work needs to develop and utilize new approaches, both methodological and interpretative, in order to change existing perceptions, placing its research at the forefront of knowledge on the great range of cultures which persisted at this time. To highlight this growing recognition, this session seeks to showcase some of the latest zooarchaeological research in the area, and whilst the geographical remit for the session focuses on the Western Roman Empire, its implications encompass Roman studies as a whole. Consequently, we hope to draw researchers from the wider community for an informed discussion on the place of zooarchaeological work and to help direct its future course. firstname.lastname@example.org and email@example.com Friday, Room 1.09, Palmer Building \| Time \| Speaker \| \|--------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| 9.00 \| Introduction: removing the appendix: integrating zooarchaeology into Roman studies, Mark Maltby \| \| 9.30 \| Was Romano-British husbandry innovative? An integrated approach to a complex question, Umberto Albarella, Claudia Minniti and Silvia Valenzuela \| \| 10.00 \| Variety in livestock Breeds in the Roman Mediterranean world: evidence from zooarchaeological, literary and artistic sources, Michael Mackinnon \| \| 10.30 \| Coffee \| \| 11.00 \| Animals in rites, sacrifices and funerary practices in Roman Gaul, Sébastien Lepetz \| \| 11.30 \| The tell-tale hearth: burnt offerings and private sacrifice in Pompeii, Rachel Hesse \| \| 12.00 \| People-Like-Us’ or regional speciality? Why did the Roman army occupy northern England for 350 years? Sue Stallibrass \| \| 12.30 \| Lunch \| \| 2.00 \| Think global, act local: regionalism and the supply of meat to the Roman army, Sabine Deschler-Erb and Maaike Groot (double length paper) \| \| 3.00 \| Regional factors in production and consumption of animal-derived food in the Roman Empire, Anthony King \| \| 3.30 \| Tea \| 4.00 Food, furs and friends: an integrated zoo-archaeology of feasting in late Iron Age and Roman southern Britain, Martyn Allen 4.30 Imperialism, identity and ideology: the fallow deer of the Roman Empire, Naomi Sykes, Holly Miller, Angela Lamb, Jane Evans, Richard Madgwick and Karis Baker 5.00 Facilitated discussion – The role of zooarchaeology in the study of the Western Roman Empire, Martin Millett Removing the Appendix: Integrating Zooarchaeology into Roman Studies Mark Maltby (University of Bournemouth, UK) This presentation will provide a review of the history of animal bone studies on Roman sites in Britain and other areas of the western Empire since the 1970s. Drawing upon evidence from general syntheses and reports on specific assemblages, it will critically evaluate how well zooarchaeological analyses have been incorporated into general Roman studies and how successfully they have been integrated into excavation reports. It will consider ways in which zooarchaeologists can make more effective contributions by highlighting examples of good practice and innovative research. firstname.lastname@example.org Was Romano-British Husbandry Innovative? An Integrated Approach to a Complex Question Umberto Albarella, Claudia Minniti and Silvia Valenzuela (University of Sheffield, UK) The role that animal husbandry has played as part of the cultural changes that affected the Iron Age/Roman transition in Britain is still very incompletely understood, despite much research on the subject. In this paper we will present evidence from both zooarchaeology and Strontium isotopic analysis, which contributes to our understanding of this question. It will be argued that important innovations in husbandry strategies can be interpreted within the context of parallel changes in material culture. Although important changes appear to coincide with the Roman conquest, it becomes clear that late Iron Age husbandry was not entirely conservative and that waves of changes carried on occurring later on in the Roman period. It is also important to consider differences between geographic areas, with the south and east of the country witnessing more substantial changes and the north and west preserving elements of Iron Age husbandry styles into the Roman period. email@example.com; firstname.lastname@example.org; email@example.com Variety in Livestock Breeds in the Roman Mediterranean World: Evidence from Zooarchaeological, Literary and Artistic Sources Michael Mackinnon (University of Winnipeg, Canada) Integrating zooarchaeological evidence with literary and artistic data for animals in Roman antiquity, allows a more comprehensive picture of livestock change to emerge. This paper links these sources to identify, in greater detail, the development, spread, trade and manipulation of domestic livestock breeds in the Roman Mediterranean. General ‘improvements’ and height increases occur among cattle, sheep, and pigs, but neither equally nor simultaneously across areas of the Mediterranean. Evidence shows that the Romans variously manipulate different traits, such as height, weight, stamina, strength, meat and fat content, among other characteristics and products, in their quest to breed livestock that best catered to the social and economic demands of various regions of the Empire. This integrative approach provides a more holistic picture of animal use and economics during antiquity by highlighting the shrewdness, efficiency, adaptability, innovation, and regionalism of the Romans in terms of animal husbandry and breeding tactics. firstname.lastname@example.org Animals in Rites, Sacrifices and Funerary Practices in Roman Gaul Sébastien Lepetz (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris) Zooarchaeological studies present valuable insights into Roman husbandry innovation, food consumption, and trade in animal products. More recently, the role of animals in ritual practice has come to the fore, concerning both funerary rites and domestic or public sacrifices, through the study of necropolis sites and isolated burials. Unsurprisingly, excavation of sacred buildings and sanctuary areas tend to produce remains of cattle, sheep/goat and pig primarily. However, new discoveries, as well as an analytical focus on specific features of an assemblage, allows us to examine diversity in religious practice, regional variation and, importantly, Roman traditions. An important aspect of this concerns the relationship between urban butchery, sanctuaries, and sacrifices, forming a ‘chaîne opératoire’ of production and distribution of meat from the macellum. Currently, these are poorly understood facets and this paper aims to better understand religious belief and potential differences between ‘Celtic’ and ‘Roman’ funerary behaviour. email@example.com The Tell-Tale Hearth: Burnt Offerings and Private Sacrifice in Pompeii Rachel Hesse (Merton College, Oxford, UK) Familial religion in the Roman home was inextricably linked to the rituals which defined it, one of the foremost of which was animal sacrifice. Environmental remains - arguably the most archaeologically accessible evidence of ritual offerings – provide critical insight into domestic religion, yet they have received remarkably little attention in Classical discourse. Instead, our current understanding of Roman domestic religion is defined by broad assumptions pieced together from limited iconographic evidence and literary sources predominated by poets and playwrights. Zooarchaeological evidence challenges our current understanding of household offerings, calling for a re-examination of the animals selected for ritual slaughter, the details of the rite, deposition of the remains, and the role economic concerns played in animal sacrifice in the Roman home. The burnt deposits discussed in this paper, recovered from excavations of private gardens in Pompeii, exemplify this line of evidence, suggesting profound implications for the wider discourse on religion in the Roman home. firstname.lastname@example.org ‘People Like Us’ or Regional Speciality? Why Did the Roman Army Occupy Northern England for 350 Years? Sue Stallibrass (English Heritage, UK) Traditional views suggest the Roman Empire incorporated ‘People-like-us’ –with towns, developed social hierarchies and market economies. So why did the conquest continue into the rural uplands of Northern and Western Britain? Although the initial aim may have been military prestige, the ‘socio-economic’ perspective predicts a withdrawal to more comfortable south-east England. Instead, a large and expensive military garrison was paid to stay for 350 years in the northern area. This paper combines archaeological evidence from animal bones and charred plant remains with modern agricultural data. Differences are observed between north-west and northeast England. These are mirrored by distributions of metal ores, Roman villas and small towns, and PAS coin data. How did the Roman army cope in the north and why did it stay? The northeast is quite similar to the south-east. If the ‘People-like-us’ hypothesis is correct, did north-west England contribute some special added value? email@example.com Think Global, Act Local: Regionalism and the Supply of Meat to the Roman Army Sabine Deschler-Erb and Maaike Groot (University Basel, Switzerland/VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands) In this paper, we will look at the early occupation of the Roman army in the north-western provinces, and discuss how the supply of meat to the first troops was organized. We will investigate developments in two different regions: northern Switzerland and the Lower Rhine area in the Netherlands, focusing on military occupation in Vindonissa and Nijmegen. These two regions show a different situation before the arrival of the Roman army, with urbanization existing in Switzerland but not in the Netherlands, whilst late Iron Age husbandry regimes also varied. Local traditions, such as smoked meat production, appear to have affected local food supplies to the army. A first analysis of the data suggests a complex interaction of different factors, with a large degree of variability continuing between the two regions and over time; regionalism seems to have been just as important as any overall military strategy. firstname.lastname@example.org and email@example.com Regional Factors in Production and Consumption of Animal-Derived Food in the Roman Empire Anthony King (University of Winchester, UK) In a previous study (JRA 12, 1999), I presented evidence for geographically distinct dietary regions within the Roman Empire, largely based on the interplay of proportions of ox, sheep/goat and pig bones from all types of site (including both ‘producer’ and ‘consumer’ sites). This paper builds on that work by selecting villas and other types of ‘producer’ site, and relating animal bone counts to geo-environmental factors such as climatic zones, soil fertility, etc. It focuses specifically on Britannia as a case study, because of the good quality and quantity of the data. Regional differences between Yorkshire, the Midlands, Cotswolds, Thames Valley, East Anglia, the South-East and Wessex are discussed. It is shown that sites located on soils of high fertility (in the Soilscapes definition) tend to have bone assemblages dominated by cattle, whilst poor soils have much more even counts of cattle, sheep/goat and pig bones. The implications of this for Romano-British agricultural economy are brought out, and the opportunity is also taken to respond to Hesse’s (JRA 24, 2011) critique of my 1999 article by integrating cultural and environmental factors into a micro-regional model of husbandry and dietary variation. firstname.lastname@example.org Food, furs and friends: an integrated zoo-archaeology of feasting in late Iron Age and Roman southern Britain Martyn Allen (University of Reading, UK) Feasting was integral to northern European society during the Iron Age and Roman periods. Food consumption on an excessive scale was central to these events, with meat especially being processed and apportioned in very particular ways, relating both to the mode of consumption and the complex socio-economic relationships being engaged. In addition to food, the exchange of prestige goods helped to crystallize those relationships. This paper presents new evidence for feasting from archaeological sites in central southern Britain, forming a string of events which straddled the Iron Age/Romano-British transition. Special attention will be paid to the taphonomy of the cultural ‘debris’ from feasting events and their deliberate placement into specific landscape features, observing how these actions might have changed through time. The assemblages will be discussed in relation to the potential social and political context, and the impact of the region’s gradual integration into the Roman Empire. email@example.com Imperialism, Identity and Ideology: the Fallow Deer of the Roman Empire Naomi Sykes and Holly Miller (University of Nottingham, UK), Angela Lamb and Jane Evans (British Geological Survey, Keyworth, UK), Richard Madgwick (Cardiff University, UK) and Karis Baker (University of Durham, UK) It has long been suggested that the Romans were responsible for transporting and establishing fallow deer across their Empire but, until recently, such claims have been based largely on received wisdom and cultural interpretations have been lacking. In the last few years the diffusion of fallow deer has been the subject of intensive scientific research, in particular isotope and genetic analyses. This paper brings together all these data, for the first time, to examine when, how, from where and, most importantly, why fallow deer were selectively taken across Roman Europe. firstname.lastname@example.org Insularity – the state or condition of being an island – has played a key role in shaping the identity of populations inhabiting islands of the Mediterranean. As entities surrounded by water and usually possessing different landscapes and ecosystems from those of the mainland, islands allow for the potential to study both the land and the sea. For Robb, islands are ‘ideas, inhabited metaphors with natural symbols of boundedness’ (Robb 2001). Archaeologically, they have the potential to reveal distinct identities shaped by forces such as invasion, imperialism, colonialism, trade, etc. However, the theme of insularity and identity is seldom studied in Roman archaeology but has been more prevalent in scholarship dealing with the prehistoric periods (see e.g., Held 1993; Broodbank 2000; Knapp 2007 and 2008). Taking the broad theme of islands as ‘symbols of boundedness’ into account, the papers in this session will look at the concepts of insularity and identity in the Roman period by addressing some of the following questions: how has insularity shaped ethnic, cultural, and social identity in the Mediterranean during the Roman period? How were islands connected to the mainland and other islands? Did insularity produce isolation or did the populations of Mediterranean islands integrate easily into a common ‘Roman’ culture? How has maritime interaction shaped the economy and culture of specific islands? Can we argue for distinct ‘island identities’ during the Roman period? The papers in this session explore the themes of insularity and identity in both large (Sardinia, Sicily, Crete, Cyprus) and small (Malta, the Northern Sporades) islands. email@example.com Friday, Room 1.02, Palmer Building \| Time \| Title \| Speaker \| \|--------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|----------------------------------------------\| \| 9.00 \| Continuity and resistance? Insularity and identities in Roman Republican Sardinia, Andrea Roppa \| Andrea Roppa \| \| 9.30 \| A study in small-island interaction: pottery from Late Punic and Roman Malta, Maxine Anastasi \| Maxine Anastasi \| \| 10.00 \| Re-evaluating Sicilian identity and insularity in the Roman period: the view from ceramics, Carmela Franco \| Carmela Franco \| \| 10.30 \| Coffee \| \| \| 11.00 \| Insularity and identity in the Northern Sporades Islands: the question of Roman policy in central Greece, Alkiviadis Ginalis \| Alkiviadis Ginalis \| \| 11.30 \| Cretan insularity and identity in the Roman period, Anna Kouremenos \| Anna Kouremenos \| \| 12.00 \| An island backwater? Insularity and identity in Roman Cyprus, Jody Michael Gordon \| Jody Michael Gordon \| Continuity and Resistance? Insularity and Identities in Roman Republican Sardinia Andrea Roppa (University of Leicester, UK) The island of Sardinia was annexed to Republican Rome in 237 BC as a result of the First Punic War. Unlike other early annexations, such as northern Italy, in Sardinia no Roman colonies were founded and no evidence of a typical Roman ‘centuriated’ landscape can be found during the whole Republican period. Because of the island’s strong Punic cultural background and remote location in the central Mediterranean, this is generally interpreted as evidence of continuity and resistance to the Romans. In this paper, I focus on the archaeological record at the urban site of Nora in south-eastern Sardinia, and settlement patterns in the countryside surrounding Olbia in the north-eastern part of the island. Through an in-depth analysis of these two urban and rural case-studies, I aim to show how the island’s involvement in Rome’s political and commercial networks had a strong impact on Sardinia’s identities. firstname.lastname@example.org A Study in Small-Island Interaction: Pottery from Late Punic and Roman Malta Maxine Anastasi (University of Oxford, UK) Little has been done to investigate the idea of insularity and interaction on Malta during periods other than the prehistoric. The transition between the Late Punic and Roman period in the Maltese islands offers an interesting window into exploring how a small island’s role and identity within the wider Mediterranean context may have adapted to a radically changing geo-political and economic clime. One way of investigating these roles is by tracing the economic exchanges between islands and elsewhere. This paper aims to explore this theme by using quantified pottery data from three Maltese sites in a bid to gauge the degree and nature of imported and exported ceramics throughout the course of the Late Punic and Roman periods and offer some interpretations about the cultural and economic choices the islanders made. email@example.com Re-evaluating Sicilian Identity and Insularity in the Roman Period: the View from Ceramics Carmela Franco (University of Oxford, UK) Sicily’s unique topographical position, at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin, between the two halves of the Roman Empire, make the island a privileged point for the study of socio-economic, political and cultural processes that fostered the development of particular ethnic and linguistic identities. This paper discusses Sicilian identity through evidence derived from material culture. First, it addresses the adoption of the symbol of the Triskeles in ceramics as a distinctively Sicilian symbol. An overview of Sicilian wine amphorae produced from the first to the sixth century AD offers new perspectives on the economic interactions between Sicily and Rome, while assessing the unitarian regional morphological logic behind the adoption of a specific flat-bottomed shape. The literary evidence mentioning the ‘urnalia sicula’ and Sicilian ‘lagonae’ will be presented. Differences in technological aspects of manufacture and morphologic variations will provide a basis for ensuring the presence, beyond the ‘Sicilian amphorae koiné’, of several sub-regional types of amphorae manufacture which were all integrated into the wider Sicilian artisanal production, thereby indicating a high degree of insularity. firstname.lastname@example.org Insularity and Identity in the Northern Sporades Islands: the Question of Roman Policy in Central Greece Alkiviadis Ginalis (University of Oxford, UK) The Northern Sporades, an archipelago which includes the three main islands of Skiathos, Skopelos (ancient Peparethos) and Alonnesos (ancient Ikos), formed one of the most important island groups in the Aegean. Due to their geographical position off the Thessalian coast, they constituted not only the gate for the military control of continental Greece but also formed an important junction for the trading routes and shipping lanes to the markets of Asia Minor and the Black Sea. However, the Roman Empire followed a somewhat contradictory policy in the area that can best be described as isolation and globalization. This paper aims to investigate the ways the close vicinity of the Northern Sporades to the mainland influenced Roman policy in the region and, consequently, how this policy affected the degree of insularity and the nature of island identity in the Northern Sporades. email@example.com Cretan Insularity and Identity in the Roman Period Anna Kouremenos (University of Oxford, UK) Homer called Crete the land of 100 poleis but during the Roman period there were only about 20 cities left. As the largest island in the Aegean Sea, Crete is an ideal place for the study of insularity and identity. The island’s environment played an important role in determining the course of its history long before the Romans conquered it in 67 BC. Crete’s long pre-Roman history had a significant impact in shaping Roman attitudes toward a uniquely Cretan socioeconomic system that could not be reconciled with the Roman way of life. The island’s location in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea made it an ideal place for the east-west and north-south trade route which, through trade in goods and ideas arriving from both the eastern and western parts of the Empire, shaped much of its prosperity during the Roman period. Yet, this relative peace and prosperity came as a result of a shifting identity across the island which was distinctly different from the one that had been established in Crete long before the Roman conquest. firstname.lastname@example.org An Island Backwater? Insularity and Identity in Roman Cyprus Jody Michael Gordon (Wentworth Institute of Technology, USA) For most of the twentieth century, Roman Cyprus’ archaeology was characterized as that of a generic, backwater province of the Roman East. Mitford stated that Cyprus’ Roman history was marked by a ‘tranquil obscurity’, while Maier and Karageorghis called Rome’s cultural influence ‘all-pervading’. More recently, however, scholars—such as Danielle Parks—have stressed how Cyprus’ nature as a sea-girt island permitted Cypriots to be influenced by the cultural trends of the wider Empire ‘while maintaining a distinctly Cypriot identity’. This paper expands on such perspectives by examining how Cyprus’ insularity affected the construction of local identities. First, Cyprus’ permanent island features, such as its geographical location, ports, resources, and long-term cultural history are explored to discern Rome’s administrative attitude and Cyprus’ connectedness to imperial culture. Then, by analyzing coins, sculptures, and architecture, I show how Cypriots could construct polyvocal cultural identities that were meaningful on both the imperial and island-wide levels. email@example.com Abandonment and Repopulation in the Archaeological Settlement Record of the Roman North Session Organizer: Vince Van Thienen Drastic changes in regional habitation can be investigated by studying burial sites and by physical-anthropological and palynological studies. Conversely, settlement evidence can also reveal information about dramatic changes in habitation, social and economic dynamics at different scales. While historic sources are often limited and problematic, settlement archaeology has the potential to provide us with crucial new data on short-term processes of abandonment and resettlement in the northern parts of the Empire. Multiple cases are known from the Northern Provinces that resulted in both increases and decreases of population. Some of these can be attributed to natural causes, such as environmental change and plagues, while others can be related to the use of mass violence, the migration of groups, economic problems or sociocultural stress. These crises, however, can also be seen as transformational turning points in which a society’s capacity for resilience can be assessed. This session aims to discuss issues of depopulation and repopulation as transformations in regional habitation dynamics both from a methodological as well as from an interpretative point of view. Can we understand these transformational events? Which theoretical frameworks can we apply in the specific context of the Roman world? Can we adopt resilience theory in Roman archaeology? At which spatial and time scale should we work to understand these processes? Were stressed communities able to recover at all? In which way were recoveries facilitated? How can we understand regional abandonment or processes of emigration? What was the role of the Roman authorities in such processes? firstname.lastname@example.org Friday, Room G11, Henley Business School 2.00 Imperialism, genocide and integration: new research on the Caeserian conquest of Northern Gaul, Nico Roymans and Manuel Fernández-Götz 2.30 Disruptive patterns of occupation in the early and middle Roman countryside of Northern Gaul, Wim De Clercq 3.00 Depopulation in the late third century in the rural areas of northern Gaul: archaeological trends versus historical narratives century, Stijn Heeren 3.30 Coffee Imperialism, Genocide and Integration. New research on the Caeserian Conquest of Northern Gaul Nico Roymans (VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands) Manuel Fernández-Götz (University of Edinburgh, UK) This paper aims to introduce a new research project on the Roman conquest of Northern Gaul. In these districts, especially in the ‘Germanic’ frontier zone, the conquest had dramatic negative effects; the emphasis was on destruction, mass enslavement, deportation and probably even genocide. Here, Roman imperialism revealed itself in its most aggressive form. This more negative aspect of the Roman conquest has scarcely been the subject of serious research. Until recently, this was hardly possible because of the lack of independent archaeological data for such research. However, the situation has changed substantially in the last two decades. Thanks to new archaeological, palaeobotanical and numismatic evidence, it is now possible to develop a more accurate picture of the conquest and its social and cultural impact on indigenous societies, as well as of Caesar’s narrative itself. At a broader level, the research project can provide new theoretical and methodological insights into ancient war narratives and the archaeology of genocide and mass violence. email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.org Disruptive patterns of Occupation in the Early and Middle Roman Countryside of Northern Gaul Wim De Clercq (University Ghent, Belgium) While it is often assumed that Roman rural occupation in the Northern part of Gallia Belgica showed a high degree of continuity and density between the late first and the middle of the third century AD, detailed research based on new large-scale excavations and a combined study of dating techniques, now seriously questions these ideas of stability in rural settlement during the ‘pax romana’. A pattern of shorter periods of occupation (some generations) of farms emerges with a large group of these being creations ex nihilo up until the second century AD. Equally important is the intense disruption and abandonment of rural occupation already during the late second century AD, which seems to coincide with the appearance of the Roman Army along the coast and in the hinterland. Resettlement of abandoned farms during the third century is limited, and often nucleated in specific areas. Former interpretations for the important military investments in the region were focussed solely upon the erection of a defensive coastal network against the marauding activities of the Germanic tribe of the Chauci. However, it is now believed that a deeper understanding of the drastic events should be based on more than written evidence, some coin hearths and military settlements. The paper brings the rural settlement evidence and new dating evidence into the debate, as well as some methodological implications, resulting in a more complex interpretation for Northern Gaul’s rural history. email@example.com Depopulation in the late third century in the rural areas of Northern Gaul: archaeological trends versus historical narratives Stijn Heeren (VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands) Written sources of the third century are full of civil war, invading barbarians, epidemic disease and other problems. This was very convenient for archaeologists confronted with a site ending somewhere in the late second or third century. Until the 1990s, it was not seen as problematic to explain archaeological trends with references to the written sources. However, on closer scrutiny, the proposed ending dates and the causes mentioned are unconvincing. When the archaeological evidence is studied independently from the written sources, other patterns emerge. In this paper the habitation history of the region between Meuse, Demer and Scheldt is studied. Surrounding areas are treated as a comparison but with a less detailed analysis. After a critical evaluation of the available sources and their chronological resolution, the ending date of over 40 excavated sites was established with a maximum precision of about 30 years. Apart from the ending date, clues for a violent end of the settlements were looked for. Not before the trends of depopulation have been analysed on archaeological grounds, the connection with historical sources is sought. Two elements stand out. The first is that the depopulation is complete: no settlements of this area survive into the fourth century. The second is that traditional explanations (warfare, invasions, disease, and soil degradation) do not fit the case study. Indications for fire or destruction, present for other periods, are absent for the last phases of these settlements in the third century. Epidemic disease and soil degradation may have occurred, but do not fit the completeness of the depopulation. An alternative explanation, possibly a political measure, must be looked for. firstname.lastname@example.org Augustus: How to Build an Empire Session Organizers: David Wigg-Wolf and Maureen Carroll When Octavian defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC to become sole ruler of the Roman world, he was not the first to have enjoyed such power. Both Sulla and Octavian’s adoptive father, Julius Caesar, had done so before him and assumed the office of Dictator. But these were two figures who achieved this later in life, and both episodes were short-lived. Octavian, on the other hand, was a young man of only 32, and was to remain in power for 45 years; not since the age of the Kings had one person been at the helm of the ancient city state for so long; never before had there been an opportunity for one person to shape and form the Roman world. The result was a period of transition between the piecemeal, ad-hoc policies of the rivalling factions of the late Republic to an organic if diverse unity. On the political stage, Augustus presented himself as the constitutional successor of the Republic, and in Rome embarked on an ideological programme that ranged from widespread building activity to the poetry of Vergil. But what happened in the provinces? To what extent did Augustus follow a coherent policy there? How were the provinces affected by the changing situation, and how did they react to it? What turned them into the “Roman Empire”? The session will look at various aspects of Augustus’ Empire building in the very different environments of the East and West; at the perception of provincials and other nations in Rome and how they, in turn, perceived Rome; at the role of coinage in unifying the Roman world; and at the underlying political ideology behind the work of Augustus. email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.org Friday, Room G11, Henley Business School \| Time \| Topic \| Speaker \| \|--------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------------------\| \| 4.00 \| Representing Empire in Rome: Ideology, imagery and identities in Augustan Rome \| Maureen Carroll \| \| 4.25 \| Roman urban foundations in Hispania: the Augustan perspective \| Thomas Schattner \| \| 4.50 \| Augustus in Germany: how not to build a province \| Gabriele Rasbach \| \| 5.15 \| Coins for an Empire \| David Wigg-Wolf \| Representing Empire in Rome: Ideology, Imagery and Identities in Augustan Rome Maureen Carroll (Sheffield University) In the Res Gestae Augustus highlighted the presence in Rome of many royal embassies and suppliants from distant lands and the influx of foreign captives and prisoners from far-flung conquests during his reign. ‘Entire nations’ later were said to have migrated to Rome. This paper will examine the visual, literary, and epigraphic evidence for the Augustan claim to global hegemony, particularly as it manifested itself in the images of numerous and exotic peoples and the physical expression of identities through dress and habitus. It will explore both the Roman perception of the foreign ‘other’ as a physical and ideological element of the Roman world and the self-perception of non-Roman peoples in the political, social and cultural construction of Empire. email@example.com Roman Urban Foundations in Hispania: the Augustan Perspective Thomas Schattner (DAI Madrid, Spain) After the first Roman troops landed in northern Spain in 218 BC, it took Rome nearly 200 years to pacify the Iberian peninsula, relying on a tenacious mixture of perfidy, brutality, and the clever instrumentalization of internal strife among the native population. The peninsula was only occupied gradually, and accordingly Roman settlement evolved slowly and at different speeds in individual regions. From the late-second century the dynamic became more systematic as Italic settlers arrived, reaching a peak after the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, and above all under Augustus. This contribution examines the various urban solutions in their respective historical context and the different regional perspectives. Half of the urban foundations lie in Baetica; they have a regular orthogonal street-grid and are often placed close together, and the situation on the Mediterranean coast of Tarraconensis is similar. The case elsewhere is very different; many towns are at a considerable distance from each other, they seldom have a regular layout and variations are common. firstname.lastname@example.org Augustus in Germany: How not to Build a Province Gabriele Rasbach (RGK Frankfurt, Germany) At the end of the first century BC - and even more so after the Roman conquest - Mediterranean architectural forms can increasingly be observed in the Germanic areas on the left bank of the Rhine. In archaeological research there has been controversial discussion as to whether the Romans intended to build communities in newly conquered territories, and whether they really planned to create a new province east of the Rhine. In the earliest Roman architecture we see a close relationship between the architecture of types of military (principia) and civilian (fora without temple) central buildings. In Germany new archaeological research confirms the intention of the Romans to indeed build a new province beyond the Rhine. But although Roman occupation in Germania magna and the beginning of urbanization had a furious start, it came to an abrupt end (AD 16). email@example.com Coins for an Empire David Wigg-Wolf (RGK Frankfurt, Germany) Among the central reforms of Augustus was the introduction of a new coinage system that came to be used across the entire Roman Empire, a “monetary union” on a scale never before seen in the ancient world. For many, today it is one of the iconic features of Roman rule. But what was the motivation behind the reform? To what extent was there a conscious decision to introduce a symbol of unification, even of domination? Or was it instead a reaction to more direct needs, with no ideological background; a necessary step following the almost chaotic, ad hoc nature of late Republican coinage? What was the reaction to the coinage in the provinces, and what does this tell us about the nature of the Augustan Empire? firstname.lastname@example.org The world is experienced both through worldly and bodily expressions. Emotions are embodied, deeply rooted in the corporeal and sensual experience, and directly communicated through gestures and vocalizations. This session aims to reconstruct with a transdisciplinary approach the materiality of gestures in the Roman world. Thanks to the study of the archaeological record, it is possible to identify the ‘techniques of the body’, through which emotions are perceived, enacted, shared and communicated. Objects are not merely neutral things, but a channel which allows us to detect the agency behind the gesture and (even through the repetition and intensification of an act, i.e. ritual) its use of media in order to interact with the socially structured environment and networks it belongs to. Speakers - chosen among the international specialists - are challenged to test this paradigm on the field of Pompeii, focusing on the material culture concerning sanctuaries, domestic religious practices and funerary rituals. email@example.com Friday, Room G15, Henley Business School 2.00 Enacting rituals in sanctuaries, houses and burials. Prolegomena for an archaeology of gesture, Valentino Gasparini 2.30 Cultic objects from an extra-moenia sanctuary in Pompeii, Mario Grimaldi 3.00 Changes of ownership in the Pompeian houses: archaeological evidence, Marco Giglio 3.30 Tea 4.00 A mould lamp with lampadodromia from Pompeii, Luigi Pedroni 4.30 The tomb of Obellius Firmus and the necropolis of Porta Nola at Pompeii, Llorenç Alapont Martin 5.00 Acting life in the death: the necropolis of Porta di Nocera as theatre of Pompeian society, Marianna Castiglione Enacting Rituals in Sanctuaries, Houses and Burials: Prolegomena for an Archaeology of Gesture Valentino Gasparini (Universität Erfurt, Germany) The paper aims to introduce the panel from a methodological perspective, analysing - through the archaeological record - the materiality of gestures and their power in communicating emotions, during religious practices both in primary and secondary spaces (sanctuaries, houses and burials). A specific attention will be devoted to the ‘biography’ of artefacts in rituals. Objects carry multiple and transferable meanings, embedded within very specific contexts and consequently varying according to different times and different cultures. Because of their social interaction, artefacts exhibit agency (as actants or inter-agents) and influence primary actors (the intentional beings), who encode physical things with significance which allows them to express complex ideas. Through objects, actors enact and make effective agency in their social milieu: ‘agents are and do not merely use the artefacts which connect them to social others’. firstname.lastname@example.org Cultic Objects from an Extra-Moenia Sanctuary in Pompeii Mario Grimaldi (Università di Napoli Suor Orsola Benincasa, Italy) The complex of the House of Marcus Fabius Rufus is one of the most remarkable examples in the architectural landscape of Pompeii. Before the occupation of the private, were built impressive works of levelling through waste that led to recovery of large quantities of pre-Roman ceramic material. From the garden of the House of the Golden Bracelet, bordered to the north, comes the cycle of metopes pottery dating from the third to second century BC originally belonged to a sacred building and then reused as building material. These findings can be put into connection with each other through the finds from the drain in the garden of the House of Marcus Fabius Rufus. The whole band was so affected by the probable presence of a sacred area, devastated and destroyed at the end of the second first half of the first century BC. email@example.com Changes of Ownership in the Pompeian Houses: The Archaeological Evidence Marco Giglio (Università di Napoli L'Orientale, Italy) The text aims to analyze, through the study of the archaeological data, the problem of ownership and change of ownerships in the houses of Pompeii. The study of private buildings has often highlighted changes in the spatial organization of the domus, which may have modified their plan, expanded or reduced in size through acquisitions or disposals of rooms from other buildings, showing a very high mobility. These changes have always been interpreted as the result of a change in ownership or a change in the social status of the owner. These phenomena are apparently only conceivable on the basis of the archaeological data in our possession. The paper, through some cases emerging from recent excavations in some Pompeian domus, intends to focus on a few elements that can be considered archaeological markers of domestic rituals to be connected with changes in ownership. firstname.lastname@example.org A Mould Lamp with Lampadodromia from Pompeii Luigi Pedroni (Independent Scholar, Italy) During the excavations conducted by the University of Innsbruck in the House of Popidius Priscus in Pompeii (VII 2, 20) a pottery lamp mould has been recovered in a late Augustan context with potter’s signature: Q. Cupidcenius. Its discovery allows us to clarify some doubts about its reading and the interpretation of the scene, which the few known positive specimens were not able to solve. The scene shows an uncertain female figure on horseback, with torch, and in the act of adoratio, accompanied by a smaller male one. The identification of the characters and the eventual ritual performed are very doubtful. Since a lampadodromia is represented, it is possible to suggest the identification of the female protagonist with Bendis (Selene). More difficult is to understand the reasons behind such a particular iconographical composition and its choice in Julio-Claudian Pompeii. email@example.com The Tomb of Obellius Firmus and the Necropolis of Porta Nola at Pompeii Llorenç Alapont Martin (Universitat de València, Spain), Luigi Pedroni (Independent Scholar, Italy) The research project focused its attention on the small necropolis outside Porta Nola in Pompeii. We will discuss the results, still preliminary, of the study of Obellius Firmus’ tomb, consisting in a rectangular enclosure around the burial place, and, in particular, of the decorated bone fragments found within attributed to his funeral bed. We will present also the anthropologic investigation conducted also with modern technologies on the casts of fugitives discovered in 1975 near the necropolis outside Porta Nola, and still totally unknown. In particular, in the last campaign, besides the direct examination of the bones visible through the plaster, a survey with laser scanner and X-Ray examination were conducted. firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Acting Life in the Death: The Necropolis of Porta di Nocera as Theatre of Pompeian Society Marianna Castiglione (Scuola Normale Superiore, Italy) Tombs, like houses, are strictly related to people, both to the deceased and the alive, and inform on their characters, some of them not always easily perceivable. This paper, through the examination of different data collected in the Necropolis of Porta di Nocera - one of the most important at Pompeii -, aims to evaluate verbal, gestural and material aspects of this context, which testify ritual and religious practices associated with burials, but also features of life, intimacy and emotions of each person, even deeply connected to the social mobility in the ancient city. Inscriptions, objects, clothing and posture are all ‘media’ that give us information not only about the owners of the funerary monuments and their socially normative patterns of behaviour, but also about the social and economic dynamics of the whole population. firstname.lastname@example.org Roman metal small finds in context Session Organizer: Hella Eckardt This session brings together a range of specialists to demonstrate the social and cultural meanings that can be extracted from Roman metal artefacts. Some of these artefacts have long been published but have benefitted from recent re-examination while others are new finds. All papers share a contextual, artefact-centred approach, but individual speakers have employed different methods to address the overarching question of what metal small finds can reveal about life in the Roman provinces. Case studies range from an exploration of social practice through an analysis of the design and use wear of Roman spoons to the contextual analysis of material culture from the major Romano-British urban sites of London and Colchester. For the latter sites, two papers discuss the ritual use of material culture, be that the repertoire and distribution of bronze figurines or the peculiar nature of the London Walbrook assemblage. Several speakers relate metal finds to other artefact categories such as pottery and indeed to other categories of data such as human remains, epigraphy and isotope analyses. It is often through such comparative and contextualized approaches that more nuanced meanings can be revealed. The aim of the session is to highlight the research potential of what can be neglected objects, and to present the results of some very recent work. email@example.com Friday, Room G10, Henley Business School 2.00 Design, function and everyday social practice: a case study on Roman spoons, Ellen Swift 2.30 Metropolitan styling. The figurines from London and Colchester, Emma Durham 3.00 ‘Treasure’, ‘trash’ and taphonomy: approaches to the excavation and interpretation of Roman finds from the Walbrook valley, Michael Marshall, Natasha Powers, Sadie Watson 3.30 Tea 4.00 First generation urban communities: comparing ceramic and brooch assemblages in Roman Britain, Martin Pitts 4.30 What’s in the name? ‘Britishness’ of British-made brooches abroad, Tatiana Ivleva 5.00 Immigrant soldiers at Hollow Banks Quarry, Scorton? New work on crossbow brooches, burial rites and isotopes, Hella Eckardt Design, Function and Everyday Social Practice: a Case Study on Roman Spoons Ellen Swift (University of Kent, Canterbury, UK) This paper explores the design and function of Roman spoons, utilising both design theory and empirical study of artefacts to further our understanding of Roman everyday living, especially the construction and performance of culturally specific behaviour. Documentation of different kinds of wear marks shows that Roman spoons had a wider variety of uses than those often assumed from textual sources. Evidence of design intended, consciously or not, for right-handed users, and wear resulting from left-handed and right-handed use, allows us to explore how cultural convention was enacted and contested through everyday objects. The wider relationship between the design and function of everyday objects is shown to be complex. While some developing features of spoons apparently relate to changes in dining behaviour, more overt stylistic aspects do not appear to be related to function, and were arguably influenced by a wider context of social competition and the display of cultural knowledge. firstname.lastname@example.org Metropolitan Styling: the Figurines from London and Colchester Emma Durham (University of Reading, UK) Bronze figurines are an important artefact category, providing insights into manufacture, art and religious beliefs. The figurines from London and Colchester make up some 14% of the figurines recorded in my recent PhD from all of Britain. As one might expect they range from high quality figurines, some imported from Italy, to stylized provincial examples, many of which may have been produced in Britain and possibly even London or Colchester. A wide variety of types is found within these two towns, but one factor that stands out is the concentration of Eastern deities, particularly those of the Cybele and Isis cults. This paper will review the collections from London and Colchester within the wider context of figurines from Britain as a whole and what they can tell us about the religious habits of their inhabitants. email@example.com ‘Treasure’, ‘Trash’ and Taphonomy: Approaches to the Excavation and Interpretation of Roman Finds from the Walbrook Valley Michael Marshall, Natasha Powers and Sadie Watson (MOLA, UK) The River Walbrook, which flowed through the heart of Londinium, has produced one of the most important collections of finds from Roman Britain. This material, recovered by workmen, antiquarians and archaeologists over the course of centuries, includes many thousands of well-preserved artefacts as well as a notable collection of human remains. This material has played an important role in the interpretation and display of the city but there has also been fierce debate as to what the ‘special’ character of Walbrook assemblages really reflects: votive deposition into the river, casual dumping of rubbish, the use of middens in landscaping or simply the superb preservation of finds in waterlogged deposits. This paper surveys previous interpretations, discusses some methodological approaches to characterising deposition in the valley as well as presenting evidence from large-scale excavations by Museum of London Archaeology at Bloomberg Place which shed new light on the problem. firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org First Generation Urban Communities: Comparing Ceramic and Brooch Assemblages in Roman Britain Martin Pitts (University of Exeter, UK) This paper compares elements of finds and pottery assemblages in Roman Britain, with emphasis on exploring the diverse cultural scenarios presented in the establishment of Britain’s first urban communities. By isolating recurrent combinations of particular artefacts (or ‘suites’), and examining assemblages in the light of pre-Claudian as well as Continental comparanda, I suggest that new ways of visualising cultural geographies are possible for this crucial formative period. In particular, I argue that past interpretations of Claudio-Neronian urban communities (e.g. Chichester, Colchester and London) have been disproportionately driven by studies of (often later) settlement patterns and written historical sources. The finds data seemingly present a rather different – and arguably more nuanced picture, in which the nature of pre-conquest political affiliation and connections with Continental and military communities constitute major fault-lines of difference. email@example.com What’s in the Name? ‘Britishness’ of British-Made Brooches Abroad Tatiana Ivleva (University of Leiden, Netherlands) British-made brooches were the result of cultural mixtures (a combination of Roman, Continental and British craftsmanship) and once they were brought abroad they ended in mixed cultural conditions (within a multiethnic Roman provincial society). Being made in Roman Britain and brought overseas for the purpose of fastening clothes, their functional aspect started to be overshadowed by other meanings attached to them by their owners, users and viewers. In this way these objects underwent a ‘conceptualized’ mobility just as their users experienced physical mobility, moving from one place to another within the Roman Empire. This paper presents the result of my recently completed PhD thesis on the mobility of Britons and the circulation of British-made objects in the Roman Empire. firstname.lastname@example.org ‘Immigrant Soldiers at Hollow Banks Quarry, Scorton?’ New Work on Crossbow Brooches, Burial Rites and Isotopes Hella Eckardt (University of Reading, UK) Portable material culture generally, and dress ornaments in particular, are sometimes used to distinguish between locals and immigrants, but recent work on skeletons from Later Roman Britain shows that there is not always a straightforward link between identities as expressed through material culture and burial rite and geographical origin as defined by isotopic signatures. Excavation at Hollow Banks Quarry in Scorton (Yorkshire) revealed a small (15 burials) later Roman cemetery, characterized by an unusually high number of crossbow brooches and belts and by the unusual age and sex profile of the people buried there. The paper explores whether burial rites often viewed as intrusive in Britain (such as the wearing of personal ornaments in death) can be related to geographical origin. The new data from Scorton will be contextualized through a comparison with other later Roman burials, in particular Catterick and Lankhills (Winchester). email@example.com Early Latium: A Theoretical and Methodological Laboratory for Excavation, Survey, and Material Culture Analysis Session Organizers: Marcello Mogetta and Ivan Cangemi The 1970s and 1980s witnessed an explosion of interest in the archaeology of Republican and earlier Latium. The results of this wave of work, which was conducted primarily by Italian teams, were presented at large conferences and published in landmark volumes. In recent decades, however, this coherent program of research and divulgation has to a certain extent disintegrated. While excavations and surveys continue to be carried out throughout the region, their results are seldom presented with the thematic unity and depth that characterized earlier efforts. In an attempt to return to and extend the impetus of the golden years of the archaeology of Latium, we bring together members of four large research projects for the first of a series of open discussions on the state of the art in the field. The theme of this initial meeting focuses on the theoretical and methodological innovations in the archaeology of Latium. The complex record from the region poses significant research challenges; key Republican and earlier sequences at many sites are difficult to access, and continued development is threatening entire landscapes. Research projects both old and new have met these challenges by adapting or developing progressive theoretical approaches and survey and excavation techniques. The panellists represent three large-scale urban excavations (Gabii; Rome-S. Omobono; Satricum) and a regional survey (Hidden Landscapes Project) that have made important contributions to the archaeology of Latium in recent years. The discussant, Christopher Smith, has produced seminal syntheses of the archaeology and history of the region and, as Director of the British School at Rome, is intimately familiar with how research on Republican and earlier Latium has been evolving. firstname.lastname@example.org and email@example.com Friday, Room 1.02, Palmer Building \| Time \| Event \| \|--------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| 2.00 \| Introduction, Marcello Mogetta and Ivan Cangemi \| \| 2.10 \| Exchange and urbanization in early Rome: perspectives from S. Omobono, Ivan Cangemi \| \| 2.35 \| The roots of Roman urbanism: new evidence from archaic and early Republican Gabii, Marcello Mogetta \| \| 3.05 \| Hidden landscapes of South Lazio, Martijn van Leusen \| \| 3.30 \| Tea \| \| 4.00 \| Surveying South Lazio: approaches, results and debates, Tymon C. A. de Haas \| \| 4.30 \| The ‘new perspectives on ancient pottery’ project, Marijke Gnade, with Martina Revello-Lami \| \| 5.00 \| Discussion, Christopher Smith \| Introduction Marcello Mogetta (University of Michigan, USA) and Ivan Cangemi (University of Michigan, USA) firstname.lastname@example.org and email@example.com Exchange and Urbanization in Early Rome: Perspectives from S. Omobono Ivan Cangemi (University of Michigan, USA) Since the 1930s, excavations at the site of S. Omobono have revealed an uninterrupted archaeological sequence stretching back at least to the Early Iron Age (EIA). Recent work by the University of Michigan and Università della Calabria has corrected many misconceptions about the character of the earliest phases of activity and prompted the launch of a large-scale research project designed to investigate the role of exchange in the sociopolitical development of EIA Rome. This paper contextualizes the recently launched project within the long history of research at the site, presents some preliminary results from the 2013 campaign, which reached archaic levels, and outlines future goals and perspectives, including the excavation work planned for 2014 and a developing program of environmental reconstruction based on the presence of waterlogged deposits throughout the area. firstname.lastname@example.org The Roots of Roman Urbanism: New Evidence from Archaic and Early Republican Gabii Marcello Mogetta (University of Michigan, USA) Gabii was one of the largest cities in Latium and it emerged in the Early Iron Age as a part of the same regional phenomenon that brought nearby Rome into existence. The site flourished in the Archaic and Republican periods, but declined dramatically in the Late Republican period, thus offering unique taphonomic conditions for the preservation of extensive portions of the early horizons. This paper presents the preliminary results of recent fieldwork by the Gabii Project, which has exposed well-stratified deposits of the eighth through fifth centuries BC. The stratigraphic sequence allows us to observe and date with much greater precision than ever before the process of consolidation of the urban fabric from the sparse EIA habitation clusters that according to surface evidence seem to characterize emerging cities in central Italy. This culminated with the introduction of a centrally imposed urban ‘zoning’, with clearly defined and centrally regulated (public) spaces. The evidence, therefore, represents a starting point to develop a new model for state formation in the region, which could also be applicable to the case of Rome. email@example.com Hidden Landscapes of South Lazio Martijn van Leusen (University of Groningen, Netherlands) It has been demonstrated that large surveys in the ‘topographic’ tradition, many of which were conducted in the 1960 and 1970s and published as volumes in the Forma Italiae series, require a thorough and critical methodological reassessment. The extensive ‘legacy’ data they generated can, after several decades of continued working of the landscape followed by widespread abandonment of marginal areas, no longer be replicated by modern surveys. However, neither can we take them at face value due to the (mostly undocumented) systematic biases and blind spots affecting the original field teams. From 2005 to 2010, the Hidden Landscapes project directed by the author has been investigating ways to circumvent, or compensate for, such biases as part of the long-term Pontine Region landscape archaeological program. In this paper I will present the (geo-)archaeological approaches developed by the HLP, and discuss some of the relevant results. firstname.lastname@example.org Surveying South Lazio: Approaches, Results and Debates Tymon C. A. de Haas (University of Groningen, Netherlands) Within the Pontine Region Project, the University of Groningen has been studying the landscapes of south Lazio for more than 25 years. The project has had a particular focus on the late Iron Age to early Republican periods, and its field surveys and ceramic studies have yielded new insights with regard to processes of urbanization, the earliest phases of Roman colonization, and intraregional variations in their impact. At the same time recent and on-going work shows that methodological issues pose formidable challenges in studying the sixth to fourth centuries BC, particularly where it concerns the ceramic evidence from the field surveys. In this paper, I will therefore critically reassess the insights of the project in light of this issue, and point out possible avenues to further our understanding of this period. email@example.com The ‘New Perspectives on Ancient Pottery’ Project Martina Revello-Lami, Marijke Gnade, Muriel Louwaard, Jeltsje Stobbe (University of Amsterdam, Netherlands) In 2007 the Amsterdam Archaeological Centre (University of Amsterdam) launched the new research project ‘New Perspectives on Ancient Pottery’ (NPAP). The main aim of the project has been to pay attention to the large amounts of pottery sherds stacked away in Mediterranean storerooms and often referred to as ‘non-diagnostic’. To bring the non-diagnostic to the fore as a meaningful material category, the research members of NPAP are integrating conventional typological and contextual approaches with techniques from the material sciences and digital humanities, and intend to share this work online in future. One of the main pillars of the research project is the storeroom of ancient Satricum (Lazio, Italy). The storeroom contains a great diversity of archaeological materials that spans nearly 700 years of settlement history, and runs from the early Iron Age to the mid Republican Period. To trace the development of pottery technology through time, three researchers are in the process of carrying out a geoprospection of the surrounding area in conjunction with an elaborate analysis of technological styles of the ancient pottery collection. In future, this work might be expanded to or incorporated with other projects in the area. firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org and email@example.com Discussion Christopher Smith (University of St. Andrews, UK; and British School at Rome, Italy) firstname.lastname@example.org There has been an upsurge in interest in the Romano-British countryside in recent years. This is due in no small degree to the quantum of investigation of rural settlements, field systems and whole landscapes undertaken in advance of development proposals. The data acquired as a consequence of the introduction of PPG 16 in 1990 have completely changed the knowledge base that underpinned important earlier works such as David Miles’ edited volume on The Romano-British Countryside (1982) or Richard Hingley’s Rural Settlement in Roman Britain (1989). Indeed Jeremy Taylor’s Atlas of Roman Rural Settlement in England (2007) demonstrated a scale of resource that few could have imagined twenty years earlier – in the order of 100,000 rural settlements in England alone - and it would appear that we now have several thousand sites where investigations have the potential to contribute to one or more research themes. A comparatively low knowledge base has been transformed in the space of a few decades to one where we risk drowning in data that no one has the time to assimilate. Several new projects are currently working with these data sources to draw new conclusions on the rural landscape of Roman Britain. This session will present emerging results from various projects, and elucidate new research directions. We hope that the session will be a start in defining a fresh agenda for the investigation and research of the Romano-British countryside. email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.org Saturday, Room G11, Henley Business School \| Time \| Topic \| Speaker \| \|--------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------------------\| \| 9.00 \| Introduction: The Romano-British countryside – where are we now? \| Neil Holbrook \| \| 9.30 \| Long-term rhythms versus short-term ruptures: Roman rural settlement from a long-term perspective, \| Zena Kamash \| \| 10.00 \| The fields of Britannia: the survival of Romano-British field systems in the landscape of today? \| Stephen Rippon \| \| 10.30 \| Coffee \| \| \| 11.00 \| New light on Romano-British rural settlement archaeology, \| Alex Smith \| \| 11.30 \| Coins and other artefacts in the Romano-British countryside, \| Tom Brindle \| \| 12.00 \| Realising potential: the contribution of environmental remains to the study of rural society in Roman Britain, \| Martyn Allen \| \| 12.30 \| Lunch \| \| \| 2.00 \| Beyond villa and farmstead: fresh challenges to researching Roman rural landscapes, \| Jeremy Taylor \| \| 2.30 \| Homogeneity vs diversity: searching for identity among the rural population of Roman Britain, \| Michael Fulford \| \| 3.00 \| Connecting producers and consumers: some recent evidence for (mainly) economic functions of minor nucleated settlements in south-east Britain, \| Paul Booth \| \| 3.30 \| Tea \| \| \| 4.00 \| New directions in the rural archaeology of northern England, \| Nick Hodgson \| The Romano-British Countryside – Where Are We Now? Neil Holbrook (Cotswold Archaeology, UK) Archaeological sites which have strong potential to further an understanding of the Romano-British countryside are being investigated on an almost daily basis by teams working in advance of new developments. It can, however, be difficult for the excavators to readily appreciate the research context which will allow appropriate and insightful discussion and contextualization of their findings. Many of the key general texts on the Romano-British countryside were based on an evidential base that has now been swamped by discoveries over the last 25 years. We need a new research agenda, accompanied by a set of professional working practices, to allow us to maximize the research gain from the millions of pounds which have been spent on these investigations. This paper will provide an introduction to the session and set it in the context of research on the Romano-British countryside over the last quarter century. email@example.com Long-Term Rhythms versus Short-Term Ruptures: Roman Rural Settlement from a Long-Term Perspective Zena Kamash (University of Oxford, UK) This paper will use data gathered from numerous national datasets as part of the EngLaiD project, which spans the period from 1500 BC to AD 1086, to shed light on questions relating to Roman rural settlement in Britain from a long-term perspective. I will explore the extent to which patterns of Roman settlement were the continuation of longer-term settlement patterns. If this is the case, to what extent might the landscape have been an active agent in the creation and maintenance of these patterns? In addition, when we do see ruptures in longer term patterns, for example the second century reorganization of the landscape in the Thames Valley, what effects might have these had on the day to day lives of the inhabitants of rural Roman Britain and to what extent did these changes have an impact on later patterns of settlement and land-use? firstname.lastname@example.org Fields of Britannia: the Survival of Romano-British Field Systems in the Landscape of Today? Stephen Rippon (University of Exeter, UK) The Fields of Britannia Project has examined the Roman to medieval transition from an explicitly landscape perspective. An analysis of the pollen sequences has shown marked regional variation in the proportions of the four main land-uses – woodland, arable, improved pasture, and unimproved pasture – in the Roman period, and how these changed in the early medieval period. Nowhere, however, is there evidence for a widespread woodland regeneration that suggests that the landscape in most areas continued to be managed. An analysis of the relationship of excavated Roman field systems and the medieval landscape suggests that in lowland areas around 60% of Late Roman field boundaries share a common orientation or alignment with medieval features. While some of this may be due to topography – such as unrelated field ditches both draining down a slope – elsewhere stratigraphic sequences of Roman, early medieval, and later medieval ditches strongly suggest the continued use of these fields. email@example.com New Light on Romano-British Rural Settlement Archaeology Alex Smith (University of Reading, UK) It has often been stated that Roman Britain was quintessentially a rural society, with the vast majority of the population living and working in farmsteads and occasional larger villages. Yet there was clearly a large degree of regional variation, and with the huge mass of mainly developer-funded excavation data created over the past 20 years, the incredible diversity and density of Roman rural settlement across the landscape is now starting to be demonstrated. The current Rural Settlement in Roman Britain project is using quantitative and qualitative data collected from both published sources and unpublished ‘grey literature’ to provide new light on how the Romano-British countryside worked, including chronological and regional trends in settlement form and architecture, agricultural and industrial practices, and in matters of ritual expression. This paper will provide an overview of the current state of this research, concentrating on intra-regional diversity in rural settlement character and development within central and eastern parts of Britain. firstname.lastname@example.org Coins and Other Artefacts in the Romano-British Countryside Tom Brindle (University of Reading, UK) Coins, brooches, and other ‘small finds’ are frequent discoveries on Roman sites in Britain. They are, however, unevenly distributed, both geographically and socially. Nucleated settlements and villas are for the most part particularly well represented by these types of evidence, and there is a stark contrast between finds assemblages from such sites and the types of site often characterized simply as low status farmsteads. Yet there is still considerable diversity in the finds assemblages produced by different rural sites, and even within fairly closely defined geographical areas, those identified as farms can produce very different finds characteristics. Drawing upon data gathered by the Rural Settlement in Roman Britain Project, this paper will explore how assemblages of coins and small finds can be used to examine the diversity amongst Roman rural sites, and, where variation exists, to consider what this might mean for our understanding of the Romano-British countryside. email@example.com Realising Potential: the Contribution of Environmental Remains to the Study of Rural Society in Roman Britain Martyn Allen (University of Reading, UK) Traditionally, environmental remains have been of secondary importance for the study of Roman Britain with archaeologists concentrating on settlement forms, architecture and material culture, even preferring to rehearse the vague historical literature. Yet whilst many Romanists have congregated down this well-trodden path, zooarchaeologists and archaeobotanists have also made significant contributions on a range of pertinent topics. However, two problems persist. Firstly, minimalist datasets have restricted many studies to a few good assemblages, whilst wider syntheses suffer from thin geographic spreads. Secondly, environmental studies tend to formulate in isolation, rarely taking account of wider evidence. Part of the remit of the Rural Settlement in Roman Britain Project is to address these issues by harvesting and examining the masses of new data generated by developer-led archaeology since 1990. This paper seeks to examine the potential of this dataset for generating new perspectives and for laying a platform to inspire future research. firstname.lastname@example.org Beyond Villa and Farmstead Jeremy Taylor (University of Leicester, UK) The extensive and exciting progress made by the recent and current projects outlined in this session is undoubtedly transforming the breadth and quality of our understanding of the rural landscapes of Roman Britain. Inevitably, however, many of these syntheses rely on a body of data collected as part of the research interests of archaeologists since the 1970s and the national pattern of development pressures that have led to archaeological interventions, and as such reflect both the strengths and weaknesses of them. This contribution looks at the emerging images of the Romano-British countryside thus created and seeks to map out some fresh challenges for archaeological research and fieldwork on Roman rural society in the future. email@example.com Homogeneity vs Diversity: Searching for Identity Among the Rural Population of Roman Britain Michael Fulford (University of Reading, UK) The mass of new data emerging from the Leverhulme Trust and English Heritage-funded rural settlement project on late Iron Age and Roman Britain allows us to think again about a number of concepts and frameworks which have dominated interpretations over the last several decades. Can these new data shed any fresh light on key themes and problems such as tribal identity, land ownership, including imperial and villa estates, systems of taxation, the third century crisis and population growth and decline? The paper will try and address some of these problems. firstname.lastname@example.org Connecting Producers and Consumers: Some Recent Evidence for (mainly) Economic Functions of Minor Nucleated Settlements in South-East Britain Paul Booth (Oxford Archaeology, UK) The range of potential functions of ‘small towns’ and other minor nucleated sites in relation to rural settlements is relatively well known in principle, but until recently has been less clearly demonstrated by archaeological evidence than might be thought. Extensive examination of landscapes including parts of nucleated sites, and in particular integrated examination of structural sequences, artefactual and environmental material, is providing evidence which sheds important new light on some of these aspects. Examples will be drawn from a variety of sites in south-east Britain. email@example.com New Directions in the Rural Archaeology of Northern England Nick Hodgson (TWM Archaeology, UK) Thanks to the advent of developer-funded archaeology, the pre-Roman Iron Age landscape of northern England can be characterized for the first time. In the north-east new types of settlement, of greater complexity than the simple rectilinear enclosures usually associated with much of the region, have been found, and a pattern of enclosure-complexes and spelt-wheat cultivation of ‘East Midland’ type extends north of the Tyne. In the north-west we have for the first time an impression of late-Iron Age and Roman rural settlement of lowland Lancashire. The military frontier became a crucial determinant of the fate of settlements under Roman rule. North of Hadrian’s Wall traditional Iron Age sites were abandoned not long after the Wall was built. In contrast, east of the Pennines some rural settlements in the zone immediately to the south of the Wall show an increased pace of development in the second century AD, with conspicuous use of Roman pottery, metalwork and building styles. In Yorkshire a mixture of continuity and development from the pre-Roman Iron Age prevails. Here the decisive break with pre-Roman traditions came not with the conquest or its consolidation, but in the mid- to late-Roman period, when new and previously unknown types of settlement and buildings appeared. firstname.lastname@example.org Populating a Landscape. Romano-British Rural Settlement in Wales: New Perspectives Jeffrey Davies (University of Wales Aberystwyth, UK) The past decade has seen substantial advances in our understanding of the character and distribution of rural settlement in Roman Wales. Whilst all Welsh regions have benefited from some archaeological input, for the first time some progress has been made towards the identification of Romano-British settlement in those areas which were blanks on the distribution map, as for example in west-central Wales, as well as rectifying an imbalance in the regional pattern. Three areas; Ceredigion in the west, Anglesey in the north-west and Flintshire in the north-east will be studied. The first and last named ‘old’ Counties have also produced examples of villae, occurring well beyond the bounds of the long-established southern Welsh distribution pattern, and take villa studies – both in terms of distribution and chronology – in an exciting new direction. The scope for future research and research questions in general will also be addressed. email@example.com Discussion Richard Hingley (Durham University, UK) In the Shadow of Vesuvius: the Centuries before AD 79 Session Organizers: Hilary Cool and David Griffiths This one day session will bring together people working on a range of international projects in the cities of Pompeii and Ercolano and the surrounding countryside. The focus will be on the new information emerging from excavation of the pre-eruption layers, and explore what lead up to the cities and sites that everyone thinks they know. It will start with two papers exploring the hinterland resources. These will serve too as an introduction to the area under discussion. It will then move on to four papers exploring the changing townscapes of the two cities, and will show how the well-known landscape of houses, bars and bakeries was a relatively recent phenomenon. A century before visitors would have encountered industrial installations bordering even main roads into the centre. The afternoon will be start with three papers exploring changing consumption patterns and contacts. These will set the sites within the wider Mediterranean world, and show the development of the consumer society that is so familiar to us from exhibitions such as that in the British Museum during the summer of 2013. The day will conclude with three papers exploring aspects of life in AD 79 as demonstrated by the eruption level. These will both sum up the day and look forward to the workshop. firstname.lastname@example.org and email@example.com Saturday, Room G15, Henley Business School Chair and discussant: Andrew Wallace-Hadrill 9.00 Regional environmental economics: fuel for Pompeii and Campania third century BC to AD 79, Robyn Veal 9.30 Scale and structure of the wine economy in the environs of Vesuvius, Ferdinando de Simone 10.00 Public buildings and private opportunities: the dynamics of Pompeian urban development, Michael Anderson 10.30 Coffee 11.00 Making sense of Pompeii’s growth spurts: the changing shape of Pompeii in its ‘golden’ and Augustan ages, Steven Ellis 11.30 Changing contexts? Pompeii, IX.8: the ‘Insula del Centenario’, Antonella Coralini and Daniela Scagliarini 12.00 Changes in Roman Herculaneum townscape (c. 40 BC to AD 70), Nicolas Monteix 12.30 Lunch 2.00 Transport amphorae and maritime trade at Pompeii, Gary Foster 2.30 Mediterranean connections: money and commerce in pre-eruption Pompeii’, Richard Hobbs 3.00 Pots, patterns and preferences: consumer behaviour in a Pompeian insula, David Griffiths 3.30 Tea 4.00 The conservation of goods in Roman households: a gendered reading, Ria Berg 4.30 Only where children gather: material culture of children’s activities in Pompeii, Katie Huntley 5.00 Public/private, social/intimate: space and society in the houses of Pompeii, Anna Anguissola Regional Environmental Economics: Fuel for Pompeii and Campania third century BC to AD 79 Robyn Veal (University of Cambridge, UK) Fuel is a little considered part of the economy, and yet it was required every day to cook food, heat buildings and baths, process metals, and make ceramics, to name the most common uses. It constituted perhaps 20 per cent, or more, of the value of the economy. The provision of fuel is both complementary to, and in competition with, the provision of timber. Using charcoal data from several sites in Pompeii, this paper will examine the fuel economy of the city in the wider context of the likely supply areas in Campania (and general regional supply requirements), from the third century BC to the eruption level. Fuel types observed in Pompeii include: raw wood, charcoal fuel and ‘non-wood’ fuels such as olive pressings. Some of these appear reserved for specific purposes, while changes in fuel patterns through time are also observed. Fuel volumes required, and possible supply mechanisms shall be modelled. firstname.lastname@example.org Scale and Structure of the Wine Economy in the Environs of Vesuvius Ferdinando de Simone (University of Oxford, UK) This paper will provide a comprehensive picture of the wine economy on Vesuvius’s slopes and assess its economic and cultural importance for the neighbouring cities. It argues that the villae on the slopes were almost entirely devoted to the production of wine, other foodstuffs and most of the fuel being provided by other territories within and beyond ancient Campania. It is based on a complete collection of published and grey literature on the villae, field survey on the northern slopes, and information from recently excavated sites. This has resulted in a new map of the villae which enables calculation of how much land was available for different types of cultivation. Wine production is calculated through the capacities of the wine cellars and dolia. Downtrends in wine production from the beginning of the first century AD are traced by analysing the decrease of Vesuvians across the Empire and by comparing the architectural remains with the artefacts in the villae. email@example.com Public Buildings and Private Opportunities: the Dynamics of Pompeian Urban Development Michael Anderson (San Francisco State University, USA) The interaction between civic construction and private property was a vital force behind Pompeii’s urban development and a key factor in determining the character of the urban fabric of the city in AD 79. When city officials planned the construction of a new public edifice in Pompeii the effects wrought on the local neighbourhood were extensive, simultaneously creating new challenges and providing new opportunities, especially if the building required the appropriation of private land. This paper examines the widespread evidence for this process at Pompeii in the light of recent excavations in Insula VII.6 directed towards understanding the effect of the creation of the Terme del Foro on an adjacent neighbourhood. Examining effects of public construction on private property clarifies how individual motivations and particular decisions could have a considerable impact on local urban growth and produce changes that transformed the local urban layout throughout the subsequent century. firstname.lastname@example.org Making Sense of Pompeii’s Growth Spurts: The Changing Shape of Pompeii in its ‘Golden’ and Augustan Ages Steven Ellis (University of Cincinnati, USA) The urban development of Pompeii was not a product of gradual, isolated changes over time, but was rather shaped by more episodic developments that wholly transformed its townscape. The focus of this paper is on the two earliest and arguably most significant urban growth spurts at Pompeii: those of the second century BC (Pompeii’s so-called ‘Golden Age’) and the Augustan period. This paper draws from the latest results of the University of Cincinnati’s excavations into the earliest history of Pompeii (Insulae VIII.7, I.1, and the Porta Stabia) to illustrate how these urban developments can be contextualized with broader Italian- and Mediterranean-wide urban histories. Specific topics include: the earliest adaptations to the local topography (quarries and terracing); the impact of massive, city-wide infrastructural developments (streets and drainage); and the concurrent reorganization of the industrial landscape with the development of a retail one (cottage-industries and shops). email@example.com Changing Contexts? Pompeii IX.8: the ‘Insula del Centenario’ Antonella Coralini and Daniela Scagliarini (University of Bologna, Italy) Pompeii is one of the most important archaeological sites in the world: a site that represents a paradigm for Classical archaeology. As yet the rich documentary evidence it provides has not been adequately studied, above all that relating to ancient contexts. Nowadays these are no longer perceived as monolithic sets, but rather as parts of developing systems. The aim of this paper is to show, through the analysis of a case study, how our understanding of living spaces in the ancient town relies on accurate analysis of all their modern contexts. This means taking into consideration both context of discovery and preservation issues. Only a thorough study of all the available information enables a close knowledge of the primary evidence. A sort of stratigraphic excavation in the site preservation history from its rediscovery to the present is undertaken. The case study is the Insula del Centenario, that the University of Bologna has been investigating since 1998. firstname.lastname@example.org and email@example.com Changes in Roman Herculaneum Townscape (c. 40 BC to AD 70) Nicolas Monteix (University of Rouen, France) Unlike the situation at Pompeii, the extent of Herculaneum remains unknown. It is impossible to determine the proportion represented by the 9 hectares known from tunnel exploration and open air archaeology (c. 4 ha). There have also been fewer stratigraphic excavations limiting our knowledge of the town’s earliest history. Despite this, via building evolution and wall archaeology, it is possible to follow in detail the changes to the urban fabric between the moment when the town became part of the Roman world with its elevation to the status of a municipium (38 BC), and the eruption of Vesuvius. One such analysis shows that parallel to the establishment of the public buildings, which seems to have been completed in the first half of the first century AD, domestic spaces continued to develop throughout the period. They increased in height and also underwent more and more internal divisions. These observations emphasize an urban vitality scarcely slowed down by the different seismic events. firstname.lastname@example.org ‘I see no ships’ – Pompeii, Maritime Trade and Amphora-borne Commodities Gary Foster (Archaeological Practice, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK) The intention of this paper is to investigate the evidence provided by recent excavations at Pompeii (Insula VI.1 – ‘House of the Surgeon’) for changes in consumption of the most common amphora borne commodities. The discussion will highlight the range of amphorae present on the site together with their geographical origins. In doing so, an attempt will be made to demonstrate the extent to which they represent significant changes in use within the city through time (principally, in the volume and variety of oil, wine and other foodstuffs consumed). email@example.com Mediterranean Connections: Money and Commerce in Pre-Eruption Pompeii Richard Hobbs (British Museum, UK) Whereas in today’s world the use of coins to facilitate exchange is taken for granted (even if other forms of money, such as credit and debit cards, are increasingly rendering ‘small change’ obsolete), coinage as a medium of exchange for commercial transactions had to be ‘learned’ by the people of Pompeii. The success of struck bronze is unquestionable, given the vast numbers of coins discovered abandoned during the eruption phase; yet in the preceding centuries, there is little evidence for use much earlier than the second century BC. This paper traces the history of coin use at Pompeii by examining finds recovered from excavation of the pre-AD 79 deposits, and what coinage and other materials such as ceramics tell us about the complex network of trading connections across the Mediterranean world – particularly between Pompeii and Massalia, Ebusus and Rome. firstname.lastname@example.org Pots, Patterns and Preferences: Consumer Behaviour in a Pompeian Insula David Griffiths (University of Leicester, UK) The Vesuvian sites are unique, not solely for being ‘frozen in time’, but also for the well preserved pre-AD 79 layers. The general perception of consumption at Pompeii is of high-status goods from elite houses in the years immediately prior to AD 79, with little regard for the utilitarian or the hundreds of years of urban living before its destruction. Rooms, structures and spaces were inhabited by people from all levels of society, all of whom consumed a wide range of goods and services, the material remains of which reflect personal needs and desires. This paper presents the analysis of the entire repertoire of pottery from a fully quantified assemblage from pre-AD 79 deposits in a Pompeian insula (VI.1), occupied for almost 400 years. The patterns identified have the power to inform on broad changes in consumer behaviour, social and economic practice, and urban development and growth at Pompeii. email@example.com The Conservation of Goods in Roman Households: a Gendered Reading Ria Berg (Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, Rome, Italy) The question of engendering Pompeian houses by analysing the portable finds has been posed several times in the past. One of the most cited conclusions of Penelope Allison in this respect has been that the frequent finds of loom weights in the atria, proves female presence in the most public areas of the house. However, the analysis of finds has not brought clear results about gendered use of any particular room type. In my research on gender, objects and space in Pompeian houses the crucial question has appeared to be the identification of larger picture patterns of deposit and use in the house, and its interaction with gendered activities and female agency; rather than the identification of female areas. In this paper these interactions are demonstrated by case studies of a group of Pompeian atrium houses. firstname.lastname@example.org Only Where Children Gather: the Material Culture of Children’s Activities in Pompeii Katie Huntley (Boise State University, USA) Children in the Roman world have often been studied as part of an adult-child dichotomy, wherein children and their material culture are considered separate from adults. Research has focused on ‘children’s objects’ and adult society’s constructions of childhood. In actuality Roman children lacked distinctive material culture and their activities intertwined with those of adults. Their lives have often been dismissed as an ‘invisible’ aspect of the archaeological record on account of this difficulty in identifying distinctive children’s material culture. This paper proposes that, through a methodological investigation, instances of Pompeian graffiti can be identified with some certainty as the creation of children. Patterns in the graffiti can inform us about Pompeian children’s activities, relationships, and responsibilities. We can use these inferences to come to a more nuanced understanding of what might constitute material culture used by children and to better incorporate children into the interpretation of the archaeological record. email@example.com Public/Private, Social/Intimate: Space and Society in the Houses of Pompeii Anna Anguissola (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany) The terms ‘public / social’ and ‘private / intimate’, parallel to Vitruvius’ loca communia and loca propria, are widely applied to describe the distribution, function, and qualities of spaces within the Roman home. Due to the extraordinary concentration of contextual archaeological evidence, Pompeii is generally employed as the ideal test bed to inquire into the ideas of privacy vs. intimacy and of inclusion vs. exclusion in the domestic life of the Romans. The paper challenges these concepts by focusing on a particular typology of dwellings: the multi-storey houses of the Insula Occidentalis. It addresses how layout and architecture exploited the potential offered by shape and position (i.e. efficient distribution of activities on various levels, landscape views), while complying with major structural concerns (i.e. communication of light and air). How were traditional patterns adapted to the peculiar needs of these buildings? Were new criteria expressly devised to organize transit and connection? How was everyday life affected? How can the study of these buildings contribute to the debate about privacy in the houses of Roman Pompeii? firstname.lastname@example.org While archaeology has always focused on artefacts, theoretically informed studies of material culture over the past 20 years have rewritten our understanding of the past. Studies of material spatiality which link artefacts with their most probable users have revealed varying ancient uses of space, uncovering the presence of unexpected groups and underappreciated practices. Such studies have taught Roman military archaeology, for example, a valuable lesson regarding the integration of civilian and military life by catching soldiers sewing on Hadrian’s Wall and women spinning in Roman forts. Studies examining the agency of objects have underlined the centrality of artefacts to religious and everyday rituals and that it is the latter, and the experience of objects, which shape the human world. Such theoretical studies reinforce the social importance of small finds, which can provide detailed evidence of ancient activities. This session will focus upon analyses and interpretations of small finds that shed new light on ancient behaviours and spaces. We offer novel evidence for previously unknown activities and social groups in Roman spaces, as well as studies which contradict existing ancient sources and scholarly beliefs, forcing us to confront opposing sets of evidence and rethink our understanding of past social practices. email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.org Saturday, Room G10, Henley Business School \| Time \| Session \| \|--------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| 9.00 \| Not just for bathing: shops and commerce in and around Roman public baths, Alissa Whitmore \| \| 9.30 \| Bathing, eating and communing: glimpses of daily life from a Late Antique bathhouse in Gerasa, Jordan, Louise Blanke \| \| 10.00 \| Down the drain: understanding the deposition of Roman intaglios and signet rings, Ian J. Marshman \| \| 10.30 \| Coffee \| \| 11.00 \| Performance in the holy cave? – Archaeological evidence for the initiations into the mysteries of Mithras, Ines Klenner \| \| 11.30 \| Roman cutlery and Provincial Roman table manners, Stefanie Hoss \| \| 12.00 \| Staring at death: the jet gorgoneia of Roman Britain, Adam Parker \| Not Just for Bathing: Shops and Commerce in and around Roman Public Baths Alissa Whitmore (University of Iowa, USA) While studies of small finds have provided confirmation and elaboration of the bustling social environments of Roman public baths, these growing artefact assemblages also suggest that the baths held an important economic function as retail spaces for everyday Romans. In this paper, I analyse textual and archaeological evidence for commerce in public baths in Italy and the North-west provinces. Texts, graffiti, broken vessels, and animal bones provide evidence for the various wares of bathhouse vendors, and other artefacts, including needles, scalpels, and crucibles, suggest that a wide range of services were available in the baths. Small finds from the shops of Pompeii’s Stabian baths provide a case study for examining the relationship between public baths and nearby shops and the degree to which the proximity of baths affects a shop’s merchandise and target clientele. This integration of commercial activities into public baths Bathing, Eating and Communing: Glimpses of Daily Life from a Late Antique Bathhouse in Gerasa, Jordan Louise Blanke (University of Copenhagen, Denmark) The importance of bathing in the Roman world is known from classical authors and from the abundant remains of bathhouses in both urban and rural environments. Written sources supplemented by archaeological work from Europe have shown that a visit to the bathhouse included social activities beyond bathing: Eating, drinking and gambling were common practice, and even sewing and sometimes dentistry took place in the baths. In contrast, only little is known from the bathhouses of the East. Drawing on new results from a bathhouse in Gerasa, this paper attempts to rectify this situation. The excavation of the baths and its drainage system has brought forth architecture and finds from the construction of the bathhouse in the fourth century to its demise in the eighth-century. An analysis of these data has offered a glimpse into the past and revealed a changing bathing practice, while many social activities remained the same. email@example.com Down the Drain: Understanding the Deposition of Roman Intaglios and Signet Rings Ian J. Marshman (University of Leicester, UK) It has long been known that Roman engraved gemstones, like their ancient Greek and Etruscan predecessors, were used by individuals for sealing. Traditionally such intaglios have been studied as miniature objets d’art, valuable for their iconography, rather than as evidence for the lives of the people who used them. Correspondingly, their inclusion in theoretically informed archaeological research has been relatively limited. There is now a growing assemblage of intaglios from known Roman sites in Britain. This paper will present the results of an investigation into where such gems were found, and what this can tell us about how they were used in the province. Whilst it is well known that such objects are found in the drains of baths, this represents just one of a wider range of circumstances of deposition. Studying intaglios contextually as archaeological objects can enable us to challenge many assumptions about their use in Roman society. firstname.lastname@example.org Performance in the holy cave? – Archaeological evidence for the initiations into the mysteries of Mithras Ines Klenner (University of Hamburg, Germany) Both of the two Mithrea excavated between 1999 and 2003 in the vicus of Güglingen (South-west Germany) fell victim to a fire. Of the two, the interior of the wooden Mithraeum II was preserved to an as yet unrivalled degree of completeness, with in situ depositions of liturgical objects, cult dishes, animal bones and a sword as well as inscriptions and sculpture. While literary sources and inscriptions give tantalising hints on the initiations into the mysteries of Mithras, archaeological parallels to these descriptions could be documented for the first time at Güglingen. This allowed for an unrivalled degree of insight into the liturgical praxis in Mithrea, in which weapons and other objects seem to have played an important role in staged scenes, perhaps representing dares. email@example.com Roman cutlery and Provincial Roman Table Manners Stefanie Hoss (University of Cologne, Germany) This paper explores the two main manners of communal eating during the Roman period and the various pieces of cutlery used for it. The modern idea of Roman communal eating is dominated by the cena, the formal dinner party, with the food partaken of while lying on a kline in a special room, the triclinium. The eating utensils traditionally connected with this manner of dining are spoons and little metal skewers to pick up small morsels, while knives and forks are supposed to have not been used during meals. In this paper, I would like to present the evidence for communal eating round a table and for the use of knives and forks during meals. Theoretical reflections on room size and furniture costs demonstrate the feasibility of communal eating in a sitting position and decorated knife handles form an additional proof for both the use of tables and of knives while eating. In addition, some exceptional finds provide evidence for the use of forks. The analysis of the difference in body posture during eating (lying vs. sitting) connects the use of both knives and forks to eating while sitting at the table. From the archaeological evidence, it seems that this manner of dining was a habit especially prevalent in the north-western provinces of the Roman Empire. It apparently spread from these provinces to the Mediterranean, where it became more regular during Late Antiquity. This points to a cultural shift from Mediterranean conventions to more northern European ones during that time. firstname.lastname@example.org Staring at Death: The Jet Gorgoneia of Roman Britain Adam Parker (York Museum Trust, UK) Jet artefacts are well known from Roman Britain, with a production centre based around Yorkshire. Of the jet artefacts, iconographical pendants are particularly rare and those depicting images of the Medusa even more so. Despite few being available to modern study, these gorgoneia represent a dispersed collection of inter-connected objects not yet discussed as a cohesive group. Comparative and contextual analyses of these objects allows us to build a better picture of their use within the spatial and personal dimensions of individuals within Romano-British society. The approach is, out of necessity, multi-disciplinarian and involves aspects of art, religion, magic and apotropaism, personal belief, burial practices and practical archaeology. The magical nature of jet as a material adds an additional superstitious element to the potential efficacy and agency of gorgoneia, which in combination with the depositional conditions, allows us to discuss their uses as protective amulets in life and death. email@example.com Current Themes in the Bioarchaeology of Roman Skeletons – Theories on Health in the Roman Empire Session Organizer: Anna Rohnbogner Bioarchaeology and its related disciplines enable the investigation of biological stress and ill-health in human skeletal remains. In Roman archaeology, this approach has generated some surprising and conflicting results that diverge from the iconographic and written sources of the time period. Recent research on health has yielded new insights into the lives of adults and children alike. Differences in health were identified between urban and rural populations and for different geographic locales. Bioarchaeological research also reveals patterns of migration across the Roman world, dietary habits, and child rearing and feeding practices. Holistic approaches are emerging, drawing on not only the body itself but also its treatment in death; much recent work compares and contrasts aspects of health based on bioarchaeology, funerary archaeology, iconography and the classical literature. The integration of bioarchaeological research allows for the identification of subtle patterns in the lives and death of people living under Roman rule, and goes beyond traditional binary opposites such as ‘local’ and ‘Roman’. This session hosts papers on Roman skeletal materials discussing health and elaborating on theories on behaviour, lifeways and population dynamics. Research in every aspect of the bioarchaeological repertoire is presented, discussing theoretical as well as practical approaches that engage with health during the Roman period. firstname.lastname@example.org Saturday, Room 1.09, Palmer Building \| Time \| Topic \| \|--------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| 9.00 \| Investigations at Poundbury Camp, Dorset: setting the agenda for child health in Roman Britain, Mary Lewis \| \| 9.30 \| Health and disease in Romano-British children: theories on lifeways along the urban-rural divide, Anna Rohnbogner \| \| 10.00 \| Time for a change? New insights and challenges in understanding health, diet and mobility in Roman Britain, Rebecca Redfern \| \| 10.30 \| Coffee \| \| 11.00 \| A ‘new violence phenomenon’? Exploring the evidence for elder abuse in Roman Britain, Rebecca Gowland \| \| 11.30 \| The people of Eboracum: a biocultural assessment of health status in a Roman town, Lauren McIntyre \| \| 12.00 \| The Roman extraurban population during the Imperial Age: migration and endogamy, Mauro Rubini \| Investigations at Poundbury Camp, Dorset: Setting the Agenda for Child Health in Roman Britain Mary Lewis (University of Reading, UK) Since their excavation (1966-1987), the 1400 skeletal remains from this late Romano-British cemetery have been the subject of many research investigations. In particular, researchers have highlighting several important child burials including a potential embryotomy, a prone deaf child and a possible ‘Greek’. A full re-analysis of the 400 non-adult remains was carried out in 2011 as part of the Diaspora Project at the University or Reading. The results revealed an incredible array of pathology previously unreported: from rickets and scurvy, tuberculosis, trauma and congenital anomalies, to the first examples of genetic anaemia. Why was living in Romano-British Dorset so bad for child health? The extent and range of pathology mirrors similar results from post-medieval England and hints at terrible living conditions for those in Durnovaria. More research into child health from this period is needed to allow us to understand the true nature of the population buried at Poundbury. email@example.com Health and Disease in Romano-British Children: Theories on Lifeways along the Urban-Rural Divide Anna Rohnbogner (University of Reading, UK) Recent archaeological research into life under Roman rule has raised opposing views. Were benefits of sanitation, administration and agricultural inventions outweighed by the detrimental effects of urbanization? By assessing non-adult (0-17 years) palaeopathology in urban and rural Romano-British populations, trends in health status become apparent. The manifestations of metabolic and infectious diseases in non-adults across Roman Britain are not uniform, indicating differences in diet, status, environmental pressures and feeding practices. This paper presents preliminary findings on lifeways of non-adults in urban and rural environments by using palaeopathology as an exploratory tool for gauging concepts of ‘Romanization’. This in turn enables hypotheses on the susceptibility of the ‘Celtic’ population to Roman influence, which is likely to have been spatially mediated. firstname.lastname@example.org Time for a Change? New Insights and Challenges in Understanding Health, Diet and Mobility in Roman Britain Rebecca Redfern (Centre for Human Bioarchaeology, Museum of London, UK) Over the last decade, how we understand life in Roman Britain has fundamentally changed, because of the inclusion of bioarchaeology and stable isotope research in the interpretation of these communities. The results of these studies has shown that Romanization, gender, age and status all played a significant part in the health statuses and diseases observed in these cemetery populations. This paper seeks to further the debate by examining the extent to which our results and perspectives are biased by migrant health and childhoods spent elsewhere in the Roman Empire. It will share new aDNA, stable isotope and bioarchaeological data from London to explore these themes and introduce a new approach to address these issues in Roman Empire. email@example.com A ‘New Violence Phenomenon’? Exploring the Evidence for Elder Abuse in Roman Britain Rebecca Gowland (Durham University, UK) The elderly are the most neglected demographic in archaeology. In today’s youth-obsessed society the elderly are consistently denigrated, particularly those perceived to be physically or mentally frail. This negative construction is partly a consequence of the unprecedented ageing population, often conceptualized as problematic and burdensome to society. A related issue is the physical abuse of the elderly, which has recently been identified as an escalating phenomenon today. This study investigates whether it is likely to have been a feature of past societies too. The utility of skeletal evidence in the identification of violent trauma has been detailed in cases of child and domestic abuse, both modern and archaeological. This study aims to throw a spotlight on the elderly and elder care in Roman Britain and the potential contributions that bioarchaeology can make towards understanding this invisible demographic in the past. firstname.lastname@example.org The People of Eboracum: a Biocultural Assessment of Health Status in a Roman Town Lauren McIntyre (University of Sheffield, UK) This doctoral study presents new health status information from a comprehensive study of the Roman inhabitants of York, England. New and pre-existing osteological evidence was combined with archaeological evidence in order to examine differences in health according to social and occupational status categories within the population. The results of this biocultural study show that compared to similar Romano-British urban sites, York had significantly elevated prevalence of ante-mortem and peri-mortem trauma, brucellosis, and os acromiale. Comparatively high rates of dislocation, spondylylosis, non-specific infection, porotic hyperostosis and osteochondroma were also observed. Some of the observed pathological conditions with elevated values at York may be the result of poor comparative data, osteological rarity of a condition, or a combination of complex causal factors. Elevated prevalence of traumatic injury to some skeletal elements of the cranium and post-crania was significantly associated with an unusual group of burials from sites located on Driffield Terrace. email@example.com The Roman Extraurban Population During the Imperial Age: Migration and Endogamy Mauro Rubini (Foggia University, Italy) In the first centuries of the Roman Empire (first to second century AD) the development of the economy was mainly based on the military conquest. This fact produced a great movement of people in the Mediterranean Basin and also a parallel flow of gene and pathologies. The Roman population before the birth of the Empire shows great homogeneity due to an archaic endogamic pattern. With the Empire there was a movement of people toward Rome and (mainly) its extraurban territory. Many Republican villae were transformed into great productive settlements with a new rural society well stratified. For these causes a new endogamy pattern was present in some kinship structures to maintain their commercial, political or social status. Our study was effected on 1360 individuals from 19 cemeteries of Imperial Roman Age dated between the first to third century AD and located in the territory near Rome. firstname.lastname@example.org Return to the sauce: new investigations concerning amphorae and their contents Session Organizer: Andrew Souter Given the multitude of amphora forms known in the Roman world, it is crucial to explore their significance as more than just simple containers for goods such as oil, wine and fish products: careful consideration of these containers can ultimately provide unique insights into product specialization (both form and content) and the development of local and interprovincial trade networks. Themes to be addressed include the relation between amphora forms and product specialization; practical considerations concerning production at the kilns; and investigating the commercial organization of production and subsequent distribution of amphorae to local producers and consumer markets. Papers will therefore present current research on surviving amphora material from across the Roman world in addition to discussions that consider theoretical or experimental aspects of production: priority will be given to discussions that deal with relatively unusual or lesser known amphorae or those that can offer new perspectives on previously well-known material. email@example.com Saturday, Room 1.02, Palmer Building 9.00 Roman fish sauces and their amphoras: an experimental approach to the products and how they were transported, Sally Grainger 9.30 Some suggestions on the primary content of flat-bottomed amphorae produced in Sicily in the Roman period, Carmela Franco 10:00 Stamping their authority? Investigating amphora workshops on the Atlantic periphery, Andrew Souter 10.30 Coffee 11:00 Modes of production in Africa Proconsularis viewed through the amphorae from Portus. A study of vessel technology and society, Piña Franco 11.30 Amphora production in Cyprus: new evidence on the complexity of economic organization in the eastern Mediterranean, Anthi Kaldeli 12.00 Rethinking quantified data from amphorae: volumetric calculations and displacement values, Victor M. Martínez Roman Fish Sauces and their Amphoras: an Experimental Approach to the Products and How They Were Transported Sally Grainger (freelance, University of Reading alumna, UK) It is rather strange that Roman fish sauce amphorae are found in an array of baffling and unusual shapes and sizes, the logic of which design we cannot comprehend. This is in stark contrast to the vessels associated with oil and wine which, because we understand the products at least in theory, seem entirely logical. The author has conducted numerous experiments over the last few years to manufacture the various kinds of fish sauce and offers a new approach to this problem. It has been possible to see that the residues generated by fish sauce manufacture are key to understanding the specific design features common to the Dressel 7-11/14 group of amphorae. This paper will also consider how to recognising whether fish sauce or salted fish was being transported from a consideration of the residues found in key shipwreck sites. firstname.lastname@example.org Some suggestions on the primary content of flat-bottomed amphorae produced in Sicily in the Roman period Carmela Franco (University of Oxford, UK) Interest in Roman Sicilian amphorae and their economic importance is a relatively recent phenomenon, previously hampered by the lack of scientific excavations and a general assumption that the locally-made amphorae were trading commodities in local contexts. In more recent years the areas in which Sicilian amphorae were produced have become better understood thanks to the publication of new material. Furthermore, doctoral research being conducted by the writer, specifically devoted to Sicilian amphorae and their role in trade and the economy, has established a more accurate typology and is showing that Sicilian flat-bottomed containers were widely distributed across the Western and Eastern Mediterranean from the 1st to –at least– the end of the 5th century. This paper focuses on the clarification of the nature of the primary content of the flat-bottomed containers exported abroad as provided by epigraphic, literary and archaeological evidence. I will present some reflections and hypotheses with the aim of showing the reasons of the adoption of these forms and whether there was a connection with the quality of wine they contained. email@example.com Stamping their authority? Investigating amphora workshops on the Atlantic periphery Andrew Souter (freelance, University of Nottingham alumnus, UK) Recent studies have established a good understanding of the main categories of Lusitanian amphorae, and attention has been given to their distribution in both local and distant contexts. Nevertheless, the appearance of stamped letters on these containers has only received limited consideration: analysis of such material can provide useful insights concerning the organization of production and the individuals groups involved. This is particularly important to understand given that, apart from simple scratch marks, no other inscribed detail survives on Lusitanian forms. This paper will therefore examine a selection of documented stamps and place them within the context of the workshops in which they are known. Examples attested away from the kilns will also be considered in addition to a commentary on their likely origin. The possible meaning of these letters and the reasons for their appearance will be discussed, thereby revealing unique aspects of production at the series of workshops that functioned in south-west Lusitania. firstname.lastname@example.org Modes of Production in Africa Proconsularis viewed through the Amphorae from Portus. A Study of Vessel Technology and Society Piña Franco (University of Southampton, UK) The principal use of archaeological amphorae, the ‘traded containers of antiquity’ is for analysis of trade networks. While this has greatly advanced our understanding of ancient commerce it has however with time detached this type of vessel from the people who manufactured them and their social context of production. A recent approach to archaeological ceramics sees technology as a means to connect ceramic vessels and their social structures of production, and emphasize the production of all ceramics as a social phenomenon. ‘How things are made’ informs us about the people making vessels and allows us to analyse technological signatures of production, which are observable in ceramics. This paper aims to assess a technological approach considering two amphora types widely traded in the third century AD from Africa Proconsularis to Portus, the Africana 1 and Tripolitanian vessels, and presenting observations carried out at traditional workshops in modern Tunisia. The aim of this analysis is to develop an understanding of the social groups and structures producing the amphorae, and how these relate to Portus. email@example.com Amphora production in Cyprus: new evidence on the complexity of economic organization in the eastern Mediterranean Anthi Kaldeli (University of Cyprus, Cyprus) Despite the increasing archaeological evidence from recent research in the eastern part of the Roman Empire, economic activities are still largely unknown. The aim of this paper is to present the new evidence concerning amphora production in Cyprus, as it provides a clear insight into the character of amphora manufacture and the associated economic aspects. Evidently, the strategic location of Cyprus in the eastern Mediterranean makes the island central in tackling the pertinent aspect of production in the broader region and the subsequent exchange mechanisms. Thus, the line of enquiry followed in this paper will draw on the broader socio-economic context which triggered production, as it offers the means to understand specialization, the organization of production and the character of trade and exchange in this part of the Roman world. Key-issues, such as the modes and scale of production, value, the phenomenon of imitation, and the market forces of supply and demand will also be addressed in an attempt to examine the complexity of the economic processes and eventually increase our knowledge on the character of the Roman economy in the Mediterranean as a whole. firstname.lastname@example.org Rethinking Quantified Data from Amphorae: Volumetric Calculations and Displacement Values Victor M. Martínez (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA) The last few decades have seen a boom in the identification of typologies and methodologies applied in the analysis of amphorae. Thus, while we have moved from simply counting and weighing diagnostic sherds to more complex methods of quantifying samples, such as EVRs or EVEs, it is easy to lose track of the fact that these ceramic containers were designed to carry commodities across land, overseas, and into the hands of consumers, private or public. The Palatine East Pottery Project (PEPP), directed by J. Theodore Peña of the University of California-Berkeley, has initiated an ambitious program of pottery analysis that includes the calculation of the average maximum capacity of various classes of amphorae from 3D models generated in AutoCAD. As one of the pottery specialists for PEPP, I have undertaken to complete this analysis for the western amphorae from the excavations. The volumetric models produced through this technique can be used to compare the amounts of various products—chiefly oil, wine, and garum—that were transported in amphorae. Through this process, we hope to present a more nuanced picture of the movement of quantifiable goods. Similarly, this methodology allows for further possibilities in understanding the production of the amphorae themselves. How efficient were individual amphora classes? Do the modern typologies reflect coherent modules of volume? Is there a correspondence with values in dipinti? This paper presents some of my preliminary finding in this methodology. email@example.com As well as sessions, TRAC also invites individual papers. This session draws together some of the interesting proposals, the first three all form a strong environmental archaeology group looking at the decisions made interacting with the ecosystem, with examples from Etruria and southern Spain. After the break we move into the towns and cities of the Roman world, with an overview of a large new project coming out of Leiden; then focusing down to look at suburbia, and finally zooming in on the individual within their home and how they are living life at the table. Saturday, G10, Henley Business School \| Time \| Title \| Speakers \| \|-------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| 2.00 \| Resilience landscapes: conservative agro-sylvo-pastoral strategies in Roman Etruria \| Edoardo Vanni \| \| 2.30 \| Characterization of exploitation of riparian vegetation in the Ulterior-Baetica Roman province \| Daniel Martín-Arroyo, Pedro Trapero and J. Antonio Bocanegra \| \| 3.00 \| Roman intervention in a lacustrine environment: The Case of Fuente De Piedra Lagoon \| Lázaro Lagostena, M. Mar Castro García and Ángel Bastos \| \| 3.30 \| Tea \| \| \| 4.00 \| The development of the Roman Empire’s urban network \| Damjan Donev, Mathew Hobson, Pieter Houten, Paul Kloeg, K. Pazmany, Frederico Pellegrino, C. Tzanetea and Rinse Willet \| \| 4.30 \| Re-defining the Roman ‘suburbium’ from Republic to Empire: a theoretical approach \| Matthew J. Mandich \| \| 5.00 \| Religion and small finds in Early Roman Britain \| Katrina-Kay S. Alaimo \| Resilience Landscapes: Conservative Agro-Sylvo-Pastoral Strategies in Roman Etruria Edoardo Vanni (University of Foggia, Italy) Archaeological study of ancient landscapes in the Roman Mediterranean has traditionally focused on main economic factors as villa system, harbours, long-distance trade and settlement patterns. Questions about why people adopted specific agro-pastoral strategies have been left to historical analysis. We need to contextualize the decision-making processes of people from an archaeological point of view. Rich new archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological data sets from the Mediterranean, offer an opportunity to reconstruct agricultural and land-use strategies and to study diachronic changes in those practices in relation to contemporary changes in political economy. This article uses the case studies of Roman Etruria to illustrate new approaches for reconstructing agro-pastoral decision making from archaeological data and to contextualize diachronic changes in pastoralism and agriculture within their social and economic framework. I argue that several aspects of landscapes are mainly conservative. Continuity does not concern the practices in itself but the network of natural resources and human choices. Natural resources are points of electrification and activation of strategies into the landscape. I conclude that farmers and herders are more likely to adopt environmentally sustainable land-use practices by activating ways in which landscape becomes conservative. Resilience theory as a conceptual framework will assist archaeologists in interpreting the past in ways that are interesting and potentially relevant to contemporary issues. Many aspects of this theory primarily concentrate on the relationships associated with patterns of human extraction of resources and the impacts of those human activities on the continuing condition of the ecosystem. firstname.lastname@example.org Characterization of Exploitation of Riparian Vegetation in the Ulterior-Baetica Roman Province Daniel Martín-Arroyo, Pedro Trapero and José Antonio Bocanegra (Universidad de Cádiz, Spain) Our Riparia project examines the interaction between society and the environment in the riparian settings of the Roman world, especially in the Ulterior-Baetica. In this case we propose the study of the vegetal cover in the riparian environments from the perspective of economic utilization. The interest that could arouse certain riparian wild plants or crops, has gone unnoticed by current researchers compared to other activities (wine and olive oil production or fish salting). Although the usage of such plants could leave an associated archaeological record, to address this lack of archaeological data collection we proceed to compilation of classic literary testimonies, ethnological information and toponymy. On the one hand, it is intended to interest the scientific community about the material forms, tools and structures, as consequence of the exploitation of the riparian vegetation. On the other hand, a first classification of riparian areas is proposed according to their natural characteristics and possible models of anthropization. As an example of extensive farming systems we identified those associated with livestock and network linked by glens (cattle trails). We include the silviculture of the species of rushes (genus luncus and others) among the intensive exploitation systems, based by demand for canopies, sail or other articles, reflected in the construction of farmhouses and villae. email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org and email@example.com Roman Intervention in a Lacustrine Environment: The Case of Fuente De Piedra Lagoon Lázaro Lagóstena, María del Mar Castro García and Ángel David Bastos Zarandieta (Universidad de Cádiz, Spain) Riparia as environmental concept is applied to human’s relationship with the riverbanks and shorelines spaces from historic times. The environmental characteristics of these transitional spaces generate a certain socio-natural systems. Wetlands are representative of Riparia, and are subject to different perceptions, ranging from the occupation and settlement of the territory, to their production or tax function, in relation to the possibilities of communication, to their perception as part of the marginal and not ordered landscape, or under the consideration to their importance as cultural, geographical and political boundary limits. Our research group has undertaken a project that aims to study the territorial articulation of these spaces in the area of the Hispania Ulterior Baetica province. Fuente de Piedra Lagoon is the most important wetlands of Andalusia (Spain), and presents historical elements that allow characterizing this entity as an essential structure of the territory that has been susceptible of exploitation in Roman times. The analysis of its settlement, the function of this space as confinium of the civic communities Urgapa and Singilia Barba, the economic exploitation aimed at the production of salt, or the analysis of the communication paths, has allowed us to understand the role of this area in Roman times. firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.org The Development of the Roman Empire’s Urban Network Damjan Donev, Matthew Hobson, Pieter Houten, Paul Kloeg, Karolien Pazmany, Frida Pellegrino, Chrysoula Tzanetea and Rinse Willet (University of Leiden, Netherlands) This paper offers a critique of current attempts to understand the processes behind the formation of the Roman Empire’s urban network. The sheer number of urban centres within the Empire has always been a major obstacle to formulating broad explanatory models tackling this subject directly. Current literature focusing on ancient urbanism at the macro level falls into two categories. The first, making up the vast majority of studies, employs quantitative or abstract methods of analysis, reducing the problem of urban development to a limited number of factors (such as city area, population, degree of connectivity, etc.), which can then be managed more easily and analysed statistically, often missing certain qualitative nuances present within the data (Bekker-Nielsen 1989; Bowman and Wilson 2011). In recent times these works have been increasingly concerned with the issues of demography, the performance of the economy, urbanization rates, and so on (Scheidel et al. 2007). The second group attempts to understand the social processes involved in the construction of the urban landscape (Laurence et al. 2011; Revell 2009), but is often overwhelmed by the complexity and individuality of different regional case studies. Our ERC-funded project, An Empire of 2000 Cities: urban networks and economic integration in the Roman Empire, starts from the conviction that a team effort, completing a systematic study of the huge amount of historical and archaeological data accumulated over the past fifty years, can produce more satisfactory explanatory models at the Empire-wide level of analysis. email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.org Re-defining the Roman ‘Suburbium’ from Republic to Empire: A Theoretical Approach Matthew J. Mandich (University of Leicester, UK) Studies on the suburbs of Rome (commonly referred to as the ‘suburbium’) have long been hindered by the ambiguity of the zone, as the majority of attempts to set boundaries on this realm have tended to be more arbitrary in nature. This is chiefly due to the lack of direct primary source material, as no specific demarcations for this space exist in ancient literature or epigraphy. In fact, the term suburbium only appears twice in known classical sources (Cicero, Philippics 12.10.24; Schol. ad Iuvenalum 4.7) Instead, approaching the subject from a modern perspective offers scope to reignite the debate: by examining Rome from an Ekistical standpoint, as a dynamically expanding polis (see Doxiadis 1968), new theoretical approaches may be employed to assess, track, and delineate its hinterland. Specifically, the use of isochrones and time contours can provide new ways by which to map Rome’s ancient suburbs, in the process elucidating extra-urban zones with specific functional characters. From this it will become possible to model how these zones fluctuated across various periods, and how the functions of the sites within them (especially villas) were dictated by such changes. email@example.com Religion and Small Finds in Early Roman Britain Katrina-Kay Alaimo (University of Exeter, UK) The relationship between archaeology and religion is a complex situation laden with complicated definitions and theoretical debates. In order to take the study of temple assemblages and material finds forward, we need to look to the archaeological evidence on the sites. Likewise, small finds is also a growing field, and their abundance on temple sites lends us a hand in analysing the practices of the people participating in the rituals. Both of these fields - that of small finds and the archaeology of religion - contain the potential to inform us on the relationship between material culture and ritual through further discussion. I look to integrate small finds studies and that of religion in the context of early Roman Britain. Approaches relying on the literary evidence of this province can only take us so far. In order to effectively address the issue of religion in Roman Britain, as mentioned above we need to incorporate the material evidence while paying attention to the context of each individual site. The temple sites at Great Chesterford and Harlow, as well as other temples in the vicinity, are piloted using an approach reliant on how the finds draw out patterns and what this can tell us about local practices. Understanding the social practice of these peoples helps explain what activities were performed at the temple sites, and in turn how these sites may have been used differently throughout the year. firstname.lastname@example.org Romans and Barbarians beyond the Frontiers: Archaeology, Ideology and Identities in the North Session Organizers: Sergio Gonzalez Sanchez and Alexandra Guglielmi Until recently, the importance of Barbarian elements in the creation of Roman identity has been overlooked and the influence of Romanitas on Barbarian identities highlighted instead. Nowadays though, one can appreciate how, while European culture claims a Roman past, the identities of its nations are quite often based on ‘barbarian’ deeds, characters and – often conflicting – interactions with Rome. The influence of this Roman-Barbarian dichotomy in the creation of both ancient and modern identities is an aspect of great potential for discussion and its controversial nature is still to be satisfactorily explored. The uniqueness and geographical cohesion of the territories washed by the northern seas (Ireland, Britain, Low Countries, Germany and Scandinavia) has not been adequately exposed or even considered by Roman archaeologists, as their territories mainly lie beyond the frontiers of the Roman Empire. However, they did remain within its reach and influence. Despite Wheeler’s approach in the 1950s and more recent attempts in RAC/TRAC and RoMEC, ‘beyond the frontiers’ studies remains a relatively unexplored territory. Scholars from different academic communities in north-western Europe will present papers drawing on various aspects of current theory and practice in Roman Archaeology (e.g. ancient and modern identities, hybridity, nationalisms, politics and archaeology), applying an ‘outsider’ perspective to it. This session will give continuity to a very successful and engaging session run at TRAC 2013 on Roman-Barbarian interactions and link very well with this year’s RAC’s session on the Roman Frontiers, extending its geographical scope and emphasizing its theoretical aspects. email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.org Saturday, 1.09, Palmer Building \| Time \| Event \| \|--------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| 9.00 \| Roman Britain from the outside: comparing western and northern frontier cultures, Andy Gardner \| \| 9.30 \| Compare and contrast: a Caledonian glance along and across the Limes, Fraser Hunter \| \| 10.00 \| Frontier zones and culture contact - Ireland and the Roman Empire, Jacqueline Cahill Wilson \| \| 10.30 \| Coffee \| \| 11.00 \| TBC \| \| 11.30 \| Two emperors - one border: the Roman limes before 1914, Wolfgang Moschek \| \| 12.00 \| A world of warcraft - warrior identities in Roman Iron Age Scandinavia, Xenia Pauli Jensen \| Roman Britain from the Outside: Comparing Western and Northern Frontier Cultures Andy Gardner (University College London, UK) Archaeological perspectives on the frontiers of the Roman Empire have come a long way from simply describing the installations that supposedly constituted a stark dividing line between two worlds. The dynamic and permeable nature of Roman frontiers is widely recognized, as is the cultural importance of the frontier regions for the development of the Empire and its neighbouring polities, and for post-imperial social formations. But how far can we generalize about the kinds of social processes underway in different frontier areas, even within the ‘Atlantic Archipelago’ of Britain and Ireland? The western and northern frontiers of Roman Britain manifested distinct dynamics, and in this paper these will be compared within both the Roman context and that of more contemporary identity politics. The aim is to outline the potential, and the limitations of, the theoretical approaches we might seek to apply in investigating Roman frontier cultures and their legacy. email@example.com Compare and contrast: a Caledonian glance along and across the Limes Fraser Hunter (National Museum of Scotland, UK) Scottish material tends to be seen as rather a poor relation in the study of interactions with the Roman world, although this has been changing in recent analyses. This contribution will consider two inter-related questions: how far do the patterns and processes seen in Scottish material correlate with other neighbouring areas of barbaricum; and how much regional variation in response is there within what is now Scotland? The intention is to look at the complex causes and effects in these cross-border interactions over some 400 years. firstname.lastname@example.org Frontier Zones and Culture Contact: Ireland and the Roman Empire Jacqueline Cahill Wilson (Discovery Programme, Ireland) In September 2011 the Discovery Programme initiated the Late Iron Age and Roman Ireland (LIARI) project with a remit to investigate society and settlement in the later Iron Age (AD 1-500) and Ireland’s relationship with Roman Europe. Following a successful 18-month pilot, the results of which will be published in April 2014, the project has now moved into Phase 2 of its research. Employing a range of archaeological methods and approaches including LiDAR and aerial photogrammetry, targeted geophysical surveys, new dating and isotope geochemistry our research suggests that we need to include communities in Ireland when considering the impact of Rome beyond the formal frontiers. Our findings will be presented in relation to contemporary scholarship in other frontier zones and will outline how Roman cultural influences can be read through the archaeology of later Iron Age Ireland. email@example.com Two Emperors - One Border: the Roman Limes before 1914 Wolfgang Moschek (Technical University Darmstadt, Germany) Unlike any other European state at the time, Germany did not have one border or central government until 1871, when the birth of the German Kaiserreich as a state shows parallels to the development of the Roman Empire. Theodor Mommsen’s ‘Roman History’ was written from 1854-56 and became a bestseller which was awarded the Nobel prize for literature in 1902 – maybe because his description of the Roman Republic’s rise up to Julius Caesar made people hope for a possible rise of a modern day German Empire? Needless to say Mommsen played a very powerful role in the reception of Roman history. This fascination for Roman history was not limited to historians. How far did it go? The German Emperor Wilhelm II was so fascinated by everything Roman that he even financed the reconstruction of the Castell ‘Saalburg’. But was he only interested in the reconstruction of a building or was he hoping that the nimbus of power and glory that was associated with Roman Emperors might be transferred to himself? This paper tries to explore if Wilhelm II wanted to be the ruler of an Empire - literally spoken - where the sun never went down – like Antoninus Pius. Could it be that the importance of the reception of Roman History and especially the Limesforschung in Germany before 1914 reflect Germany’s struggle for power in the world? firstname.lastname@example.org A World of Warcraft: Warrior Identities in Roman Iron Age Scandinavia Xenia Pauli Jensen (National Museum of Denmark) In the centuries around the birth of Christ the visualization of military power in southern Scandinavia takes a new form. Weapons are displayed in mortuary practices, on burial grounds, on settlements, and in wetland areas. With a basis in the large weapon deposits of the second and third century AD, recent research has identified a variety of cultural and geographical affiliations of the sacrificed equipment. But how shall we interpret this diversity? And how does the researcher’s basic assumptions influence the interpretations, we make? In other words: How much do the conscious and unconscious choices, we make, colour our concept of warrior and society? The large weapon deposits have influenced our interpretation of military presence, but not, alas, in context with the society as a whole. This paper demonstrates how formation of military alliances facilitates interaction between military, political, and religious power structures within the society. email@example.com ‘Deposits Full of Character’ Session Organizer: Meike Weber This session proposes to look at deposits containing ceramics and/or other specific small finds or coins from the viewpoint of pre-consumption and consumption. Papers will focus on the nature of the deposits, for example, waste, ritual, burial, putting them into a wider social, economic and chronological context. In particular the finds will be considered for the interpretation of the organization of trade, merchants and supply, whilst also offering a glimpse into the potentially more personal world of consumer habits and assemblages for the gods, the deceased and the afterlife. firstname.lastname@example.org Saturday, Room 1.02, Palmer Building \| Time \| Title \| Speaker \| \|--------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------------------\| \| 2.00 \| Pre-consumption deposits and their enormous importance for trade and interpretations of the economy \| Meike Weber \| \| 2.30 \| Pottery consumption at pre- and early Roman Silchester: pots for foreigners or immigrants? \| Jane Timby \| \| 3.00 \| Ordinary objects transformed: utilitarian items in non-utilitarian contexts \| Mara Vejby \| \| 3.30 \| Tea \| \| \| 4.00 \| The ritual consumption of evergreen trees in the Roman Empire: economic and cultural implications \| Lisa Lodwick \| \| 4.30 \| Residual or ritual? Pottery from grave backfills and non-funerary features in cemeteries \| Edward Biddulph \| \| 5.00 \| The curious case of the riverside shaft deposits \| Birgitta Hoffmann \| \| 5:30 \| SGRP AGM (members only) \| \| Pre-consumption Deposits and their Enormous Importance for Trade and Interpretations of the Economy Meike Weber (University of Cambridge, UK) Over the years, numerous samian pottery assemblages have been excavated that cannot readily be interpreted as domestic rubbish or the residue of fire or other destructive events. On the contrary, these deposits appear to represent an earlier step in the serviceable life of samian vessels: between production and consumption. Finds with certain distinctive characteristics have been interpreted as pottery shop or warehouse assemblages, which afforded the possibility of studying groups of contemporaneous vessels. These so-called pottery shop assemblages provide an insight into the modus operandi of samian exports. They provide a snapshot, both of the spheres of distribution of different samian production centres, and the organization of trade and supply within a narrow chronological time frame. This presentation presents some of these pre-consumption assemblages from various locations across Britain and the continent with the aim of discussing their potential for the creation of a more defined model of the organization of samian trade. email@example.com Pottery Consumption at Pre- and Early Roman Silchester: Pots for Foreigners or Immigrants? Jane Timby (freelance, UK) Silchester has produced one of the larger assemblages of pre- and early Roman imports in Britain and one of the most intensively documented. Traditionally the major tribal oppida have been regarded as the first urban centres engaging in commerce importing goods and redistributing them to the hinterland. A recent study of the pottery from the region around Silchester, however, suggests that this is not the case; the settlement seems to be acting as a consumer rather than a market place. Are the new imported tablewares and other commodities part of a marketing ploy by Gallic and Roman entrepreneurs testing out new territories? Is the spread of Roman culture across Britain a deliberate political act prior to an intended invasion or, has the material arrived with new settlers who then created a demand for further supplies from their homelands? firstname.lastname@example.org Ordinary Objects Transformed: Utilitarian Items in Non-Utilitarian Contexts Mara Vejby (freelance, USA) This paper will explore the phenomenon of utilitarian items being used in non-utilitarian fashions (seemingly as votive/ritual/symbolic deposits). There are a number of Roman material types created for ‘utilitarian’ purposes, which are subsequently discovered within contexts that imply a symbolic/votive use. Such items include hobnails, tiles, bricks, pottery, and coins, among others. A few of these material types have been more extensively discussed than others within the context of votive or at least symbolic deposits, especially hobnails and coins, while others have been discussed to a lesser extent. This paper aims to discuss the different meanings, functions, and values that utilitarian items may have gained when they are found within alternative contexts. Specific attention will be paid to materials deposited within the province of Morbihan, in Brittany France. email@example.com The Ritual Consumption of Evergreen Trees in the Roman Empire: Economic and Cultural Implications Lisa Lodwick (Oxford University UK) The use of various plant foods in ritual offerings during the Roman period is being increasingly recognized (Robinson, 2002) and in particular the use of parts of Evergreen trees. Whilst some finds have clear ritual associations, for instance when found within temples, the wider identification of ritual use relies on a contextual analysis of archaeobotanical remains and the state of preservation of cones and nuts. The identification of archaeobotanical remains of stone pine and cypress cones in diverse areas of the Roman Empire, including Britain and Egypt, will be evaluated on a contextual and taphonomic basis, to conclude whether plant remains represent food production/consumption waste or ritual offerings. In many cases ritual uses can be interpreted, and these have important implications for the long-distance trade of plant items specifically for religious practices whilst also providing important evidence for similarity and diversity in aspects of religious practice throughout the Roman Empire. firstname.lastname@example.org Residual or Ritual? Pottery from Grave Backfills and Non-Funerary Features in Cemeteries Edward Biddulph (Oxford Archaeology UK) Easily dismissed as residual material from disturbed graves or earlier occupation, miscellaneous fragments collected from grave backfills or non-funerary features in cemeteries may instead represent traces of funerary rites not readily attested, such as funerary feasting or grave-side commemoration. Analysis of such material from Pepper Hill cemetery, which served Springhead Roman town in north-west Kent, suggested that while much of the 'backfill pottery' originally formed part of grave-goods from earlier graves, some appeared to have been deliberately selected and placed within the graves, and was thus as much part of the graves as the complete grave-goods. Taking a range of cemeteries in south-east Roman Britain, this paper will examine the ceramic profile, condition, and pattern of deposition of miscellaneous, fragmented pottery, as well as the deposits in which it was found, to investigate the extent to which we can identify rites associated with acts of cremation, burial and commemoration. Email: email@example.com The curious case of the riverside shaft deposits Birgitta Hoffmann (Roman Gask project/University of Liverpool, UK) In one of the earliest useable archaeological excavation reports from Scotland, the excavator describes a series of shafts that were eroded out by the Almond outside Bertha Fort. The deep pits contain pottery, but the report makes it clear that they are not cremation graves. This paper is going to discuss the original report and compare them to similar deposits since then discovered in sanctuaries and vicī to gain a better understanding of their original use. Email: firstname.lastname@example.org In his essay ‘Tentacular Mind. Stoicism, neuroscience, and the configuration of physical reality’, Thomas Habinek calls for a need to conceptualize a new neuroscience-based approach to examining the Roman world. With recent developments in science, now more than ever, the pertinence of the application of cognitive neuroscience theory to the study of ancient religions has come to the fore. How we think, transfer our knowledge, process information, remember and perceive the outer world is the focal point of the research in cognitive neurosciences; and the products of our thoughts, learning, memory, perception and creation have always been the focal point of the research in humanities. There is a vast field of possibilities for reconceptualization of the material from the Roman world in the light of cognitive theories of religion and culture, evolution, extended mind theory, the gestalt approach to the visual perception, and other methods and theories that have recently emerged in the field. We propose to explore these theoretical concepts with respect to ancient religions, exploring the following questions: - What is the role of material remains (cult or votive sculpture, architecture, small finds) in religious cognition? - How can we reconceptualize religious identities and how are they communicated (through epigraphy, burials, etc.)? - What can we say about some specific religious practices that require extensive religious computation like syncretism or interpretatio Romana? - How have the cognitive processes of learning, communication and perception changed the religious image in the provinces, for all the agents involved? email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.org Saturday, Room 1.03, Palmer Building \| Time \| Topic \| Speaker \| \|--------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|----------------------------------------------\| \| 2.00 \| Religion and cognition: the role of individuals in re-shaping local cults \| Ralph Haeussler \| \| 2.30 \| Psychological approaches to studying communities on Roman military bases \| Anna Walas \| \| 3.00 \| From shared intentionality to sacred space: the cognitive origins of Roman religious reality \| Jacob Mackey \| \| 3.30 \| Tea \| \| \| 4.00 \| Religious identities at the fringes of the Empire: the case of southern Pannonia \| Blanka Misic \| \| 4.30 \| Back to the future: modern-day Orixás and Roman gods – theoretical interpretative possibilities \| Josipa Lulic \| \| 5.00 \| Defying instinct and practice: Roman military religious self-sacrifice and the self-preservation instinct \| Adam Anders \| Religion and Cognition: The Role of Individuals in Re-shaping Local Cults Ralph Haeussler (University of Wales Trinity Saint David, UK) This paper aims for a better understanding of the role of individuals in shaping cults, cult activities and religious understandings across the Roman Empire. Traditionally, the role of civic cults has generally been overstated in our understanding of ancient religions to the decrement of the individual. When discussing the creation of new civic cults there is a general understanding that people learned new behaviour merely by replicating the actions of others. However, it becomes apparent that we are dealing with an increasingly individualistic society, notably in the first to mid-third century AD. Based on their personal experiences, individuals could make conscious decisions on their choice of cult and appropriate sacrifice and ritual. This individualization of religion was a creative process, a discourse between the orchestration of civic (and imperial) cults and personal cognition, resulting in the enormous variety of cults and forms of religious communication in the Roman provinces. email@example.com Psychological Approaches to Studying Communities on Roman Military Bases Anna Walas (University of Leicester, UK) The paper explores community dynamics in the context of spaces the community occupied. It looks at issues pertaining to one’s knowledge of people within the military base by drawing on social psychology, primatology, the predicted extent of human social networks and knowledge of unit structure. This is used to draw out aspects of being stationed in a huge legionary versus a smaller auxiliary base and to bring closer their lived experience. firstname.lastname@example.org From Shared Intentionality to Sacred Space: the Cognitive Origins of Roman Religious Reality Jacob Mackey (Queens College, New York, USA) This paper examines two interrelated roles played in Roman culture by the human cognitive capacity for ‘shared intentionality’, i.e., the human motivation not only to apprehend but also to share the attentional focus, beliefs, intentions, and normative attitudes of others. First, I outline the role of shared intentionality in Roman children’s religious acculturation. The thesis I seek to support with ancient evidence is that Roman children could only have acquired Roman religious culture if they came to share the intentional states of Roman adults toward such entities as gods, rituals, and temples. Second, I show that this ontogenetic process of acculturation by way of sharing intentionality also accounts for the very existence, that is, the ontology, of Roman religious reality. That is, Roman religious realia, such as ritual practices, temples, and sacred space, only existed at all as a result of collective cognition. email@example.com Religious Identities at the Fringes of the Empire: The Case of Southern Pannonia Blanka Misic (Royal Holloway, University of London, UK / Champlain College Lennoxville, Canada) By grounding votive evidence from the southern part of the provinces of Pannonia Inferior and Pannonia Superior in psychological acculturation theory and identity theory, this paper aims to explore expressions of individual religious and cultural identities in southern Pannonian settlements. The paper hopes to display the emergence of differing and flexible religious identities specific to each settlement which are nevertheless united by the larger prevailing trend of nature-divinity worship in Pannonia. Moreover, an attempt will be made to illustrate how economic, social, political and geographic factors all produced an impact on the process and extent of cultural and religious integration, thus helping to form local, regional, provincial and imperial expressions of identity(ies). firstname.lastname@example.org Back to the Future: Modern-Day Orixás and Roman Gods – Theoretical Interpretative Possibilities Josipa Lulic (University of Zagreb, Croatia) Approaching the discussion on culture from the culture-as-elements point of view, cognitive theory identified the indispensable parts of cultural structure: agents and canals of interaction, processes like cognition and communication, and products like cultural artefacts, all of which form a large network governed by human cognitive architecture. In that light I am trying to reconstruct the religious network of two religious systems – religion in Roman Dalmatia and candomblé religion in modern-day Bahia, Brazil - in order to identify analogous nods and links. I will concentrate on the processes of ‘syncretism’ that we can recognize in both systems – in Roman and autochthonous religion in the provinces as well as in African and Christian traditions in Bahia – that are interpreted differently by different authors, and religious officials in the case of candomblé. Special attention will be given to the concepts of Yemanjá/Virgin Mary and Iansá/Saint Barbara in comparison with Venus/Anzotica, Bindus/Neptunus, and Silvanus. email@example.com Defying Instinct and Practice: Roman Military Religious Self-Sacrifice and the Self-Preservation Instinct Adam Anders (Trent University, Canada) An instinct towards widespread and systematic intra-species killing is not innate to humans, yet armies have always been able to train soldiers to kill. An exploration of how they did so involves delving into the psychology of combat, and this, in turn, is related to the growing interest in ‘face of battle’ studies within military history. This paper will explore how the self-preservation instinct manifested itself in Roman combat, and what the Roman army did about it. Examining recent research on the self-preservation instinct, I will compare this to Roman techniques and training and argue that these were specifically designed to work with rather than against such instincts. From there, I will contrast this with instances of devotio or self-sacrifice – a religious practice which essentially defies the self-preservation instincts. Why humans are capable of defying their instincts, particularly for religious purposes, is the final thought I will explore and ultimately leave open for discussion. firstname.lastname@example.org Recent Work on Roman Britain Session Organizer: Pete Wilson This session, continuing an established theme of RAC, seeks to present developments in our understanding of key sites, while also presenting results deriving from lesser-known sites and projects. Whilst the University of Reading excavations at Silchester are well-known, the emerging results in relation to the Iron Age and earliest Roman aspects of the town are as yet not-widely appreciated. Similarly, whilst discoveries relating to Roman London have been well-publicized and there are on-going publication programmes that regularly deliver new volumes, the results of ongoing work focussed on the Walbrook Valley continue to deliver new insights in both Early and Late Roman London. In Lincoln on-going excavations at Lincoln Castle and other sites are providing much new knowledge about the fortress. At Maryport received wisdom regarding the northern parade ground and the internationally renowned collection of military altars has been overturned and new understanding of the late and post-Roman phases of the site. Whilst the research projects in Hertfordshire and at Ipplepen, Devon are transforming our understanding of settlement and rural landscapes in the Roman period. email@example.com Sunday, G11, Henley Business School 9.00 Silchester: the Iron Age oppidum, Mike Fulford 9.30 Recent work in Roman London, Julian Hill 10.00 Developing our understanding of Roman Lincoln, Cecily Spall 10.30 Coffee 11.00 The Roman Temples Project, Maryport, Ian Haynes and Tony Wilmott 11.30 Roman conquest and cultural interaction in rural Britain: new research at Ipplepen (Devon), Ioana Oltean 12.00 Sensing the late Iron Age and Roman Past: community archaeology, geophysics and the landscape of Hertfordshire, Kris Lockyear and Ellen Shlasko Silchester: the Iron Age Oppidum Mike Fulford (University of Reading, UK) As the Silchester Town Life Project draws to a conclusion in the field, a much fuller picture is emerging of the development of the Iron Age oppidum beneath the Roman town from the mid-first century BC up to the Roman conquest of south-east Britain from AD 43. The paper will pull together results from the last few field seasons including those from the initial stages of analysis of finds and environmental data. The period between the earliest occupation in the second half of the first century BC and the Roman conquest from AD 43 appears to be marked by significant fluctuations in the intensity of settlement, its organization and the lifespan of individual buildings. firstname.lastname@example.org Recent work in Roman London Julian Hill (Museum of London Archaeology) Recent work in Roman London has included several sites in the Walbrook valley, sites distinguished by the wide range of finds preserved in damp and anaerobic conditions. As well as the rich artefactual evidence these sites inform particularly on the earlier development of the Roman town to c. AD 120. This presentation will focus on the on-going post-excavation work on these being undertaken by MOLA. email@example.com Recent Investigations in Roman Lincoln Cecily Spall (FAS Heritage, UK) Archaeological investigations carried out by FAS Heritage as part of the Lincoln Castle Revealed project have provided a rare opportunity to access the deeply-buried Roman stratigraphy of the Upper City, encountering features which were hitherto only glimpsed through antiquarian accounts. To the southwest of the castle, evaluation excavation encountered features and deposits associated with the rear of the legionary fortress rampart, while the more extensive excavations being carried out in the eastern part of the castle yard (ongoing in summer 2013), have revealed structural remains of fourth century date at depths of up to 4 m below ground level, representing the remains of three stone buildings, with two infant burials. A mosaic floor was recorded in this area in the nineteenth century, and the excavations have provided evidence for the layout of a late Roman town house within the colonia. firstname.lastname@example.org The Roman Temples Project, Maryport Ian Haynes and Tony Wilmott (Newcastle University, UK) Excavations 200 m north-east of the fort at Maryport in Cumbria have unearthed the remains of a classical style temple. The temple is close to the site where the famous Maryport altars were discovered in 1870. Work at the 1870 site in 2011 and 2012, combines with work on the temple and its surroundings to offer a broader picture of changes in the religious landscape in the Roman and early medieval period. It is now possible to explain the circumstances in which the altars were deposited and to propose plans of the late Roman/early medieval timber structures associated with their burial. Furthermore, we are now able to reconstruct the appearance of the temple with which the altars may once have been associated. The discovery of a section of collapsed wall allows us to determine the height and colour scheme of the building. email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.org Roman Conquest and Cultural Interaction in Rural Britain: New Research at Ipplepen (Devon). Ioana Oltean (University of Exeter, UK) The recent discovery of a previously unknown Romano-British large aggregated settlement near Ipplepen in South Devon, as a result of metal-detected Roman coin finds being recorded with the Portable Antiquities Scheme, brings us the opportunity to explore new aspects of rural life and cultural interaction in an area of Roman Britain previously thought to have experienced little contact with the Roman conquerors. This paper summarizes the preliminary results of the ongoing investigations by the University of Exeter in conjunction with the British Museum, Portable Antiquities Scheme and the Devon County Council Historic Environment Record Office and outline some of the questions which still remain to be addressed in the future. email@example.com The Iron Age and Roman Landscape of Hertfordshire Kris Lockyear and Ellen Shlasko (UCL, London) This project, which was funded under the auspices of the AHRC’s Connected Communities scheme, brought together amateur archaeological societies in the county along with the Hertfordshire HER, St Albans and Welwyn Hatfield museum services and St Albans District Council under the leadership of the Institute of Archaeology, UCL in a programme of geophysical surveys across the county during 2013 and early 2014. The aim was to undertake surveys on a variety of Iron Age and Roman sites in order to enhance our understanding not only of the individual settlements, but also of the settlement pattern as a whole. In the process, the contributing groups gained training in geophysical survey techniques and access to the equipment beyond the end of the project. This paper outlines the results of these surveys in the context of our understanding of the Roman settlement pattern. firstname.lastname@example.org and email@example.com Interdisciplinary Approaches to Research and Sustainable Conservation - the example of the Vesuvian Area: a Workshop Session Organizers: Ralf Kilian, Albrecht Matthaei and Anna Anguissola In the last decade the Vesuvian Area has become an illuminated laboratory for several projects that combine archaeological research with the intent to rescue important sites that belong to the World Heritage. How can the goals and methods of current archaeological research be combined with the necessities of sustainable conservation? How does the development of new technological materials and of the digital humanities contribute to the effort to preserve the Vesuvian sites and communicate the results of archaeological fieldwork both to the scholarly community and to the wider public? What role can the Vesuvian sites play within the global discourse on site management and sustainable preservation? This workshop provides a venue to debate these and other questions related to archaeological research and conservation. To this aim, the panel gathers representatives from some of the most ambitious projects in the Vesuvian sites, as well as scholars engaged in the launching phase of new archaeological fieldwork and restoration activities in Pompeii. firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com, and firstname.lastname@example.org Sunday, G15, Henley Business School 9.00 Conservation and Accessibility in the Vesuvian Sites: Problems and Perspectives. An Introduction, Stefano De Caro Session Chair: Jens Arne Dickmann PART 1: The Challenge of Multi-institutional Collaboration 9.20 New Approaches to Conservation: The Pompeii Sustainable Preservation Project (PSPP), Albrecht Matthaei and Daniele Malfitana 9.40 The Centro Internazionale Studi Pompeiani: Towards a holistic Approach for Pompeii, Mario Grimaldi 10.00 Multi-institutional Collaboration on the Site of Ancient Roman Stabiae, Thomas N. Howe and Paolo Gardelli 10.30 Coffee PART 2: Digital Strategies for Presentation and Accessibility 11.00 Augmented Archaeology? The Vesuviana Project, Daniela Scagliarini and Antonella Coralini 11.30 Digital Strategies for the Preservation and Publication of Villa A ('of Poppaea') at Oplontis (Torre Annunziata), Simon J. Barker 12.00 Discussant: Jens-Arne Dickmann (University of Freiburg, Germany) Introduction Stefano De Caro (ICCROM International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property – UNESCO, Rome, Italy) PART 1: The Challenge of Multi-institutional Collaboration New Approaches to Conservation: The Pompeii Sustainable Preservation Project (PSPP) Albrecht Matthaei (Gerda Henkel Foundation, Rome, Italy) and Daniele Malfitana (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – IBAM, Italy) Pompeii is not only the best preserved ancient city but also the world’s greatest restoration archive. Therefore this city is the ideal place for a project which aims to restore while studying and teaching restoration. The Pompeii Sustainable Preservation Project (PSPP) is a cooperation of leading European research institutions. In this paper we intend to present the plan and structure of the project, for which we are conducting a fundraising campaign and to illustrate our methodology and general aims. The idea behind the PSPP is to help preserving Pompeii by restoring completely one insula through the development and the application of new methods and materials for a long-term, sustainable conservation. Moreover this shall be combined with the training of top students in restoration and archaeology thus giving another long-lasting contribution to these fields and the preservation of the world cultural heritage. email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org The Centro Internazionale Studi Pompeiani: Towards a Holistic Approach for Pompeii Mario Grimaldi (Università Suor Orsola Benincasa, Italy / Université Paris X Nanterre, France) The paper illustrates the ideas animating the Centro Internazionale Studi Pompeiani (CISP - Pompeii). The ultimate goal for this Institution is to establish Pompeii anew as the center of an international network of archaeological sites. Currently –and for a long time–we do not have a unitary and long-term project for Pompeii, that takes into due consideration all possible sides, issues, and aspects of its scientific and social significance: excavation, preservation, measures for the accessibility, valorization and communication of the site. For example, as of today, no museum exists in the archeological site of Pompeii, in which to preserve, study, and exhibit the findings from the city. This site, notwithstanding uniqueness and exceptionality, has been added to the UNESCO list only in 1997. It is as if the State were reluctant to put under International care one of its most important monuments. Within the frameworks of multiple partnerships with other research projects and institutes active in the Vesuvian area, the Centro Internazionale Studi Pompeiani intends to promote the exploration of new strategies and avenues of investigation for both the study and conservation of Pompeii. email@example.com Multi-institutional Collaboration on the Site of Ancient Roman Stabiae Thomas N. Howe (Fondazione RAS, Italy / Southwestern University, Georgetown, USA) and Paolo Gardelli (Fondazione RAS, Italy) This paper argues that the era of the single-funded or single-institution archaeological project is over. Instead, the authors present the work of the Restoring Ancient Stabiae Foundation, a permanent non-profit foundation in Italy with international board representation, which operates to assist the Superintendancy of Archaeology of Pompeii to create an archaeological park at the site of the ancient Roman villas of Stabiae by coordinating numerous academic and non-profit institutions. The Foundation was created in 2002 and became operative as an excavation and an academic institute in 2007, and an accredited research institute in Italy in 2012. The paper will present the original comprehensive Master Plan, it will present two of the excavations coordinated since 2007 by RAS, and will present the long-term funding strategy which exploits the 2002 MOU between US and Italy which allows institutions which support archaeological sites in Italy to request long term loans of antiquities. firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com PART 2: Digital Strategies for Presentation and Accessibility Augmented Archaeology? The Vesuviana Project Daniela Scagliarini and Antonella Coralini (Università di Bologna, Italy) In 1998 the University of Bologna launched a collaborative framework project, called Vesuviana, to carry out archaeological research in Vesuvian area. The project has been undertaken in close collaboration with the Soprintendenza archeologica di Napoli e Pompei, with the aim to promote interplay between scientific research and enhancement of the archaeological heritage. The framework project has developed into two sub-projects: Pompei – Insula del Centenario (IX 8) (1999-2008); and DHER-Domus Herculanensis Rationes (2005+), that have been continually exploring new, trans-disciplinary approaches. Virtual and Augmented Reality, in particular, have been applying in Pompeii and Herculaneum since 1999. Ever since, the staff of Vesuviana has always shared an interest for the role played by Virtual and Augmented Archaeology, both in enhancing knowledge and understanding of archaeological heritage and in advancing scientific research. The directors of the project will offer a review of fifteen years’ activities about these subjects. firstname.lastname@example.org Digital Strategies for the Preservation and Publication of Villa A ('of Poppaea') at Oplontis (Torre Annunziata) Simon J. Barker (The Oplontis Project, Torre Annunziata, Italy) Faced with the problem of studying the 40 painted rooms of Villa A ('of Poppaea') at Oplontis (Torre Annunziata, Italy), the Oplontis Project created a new kind of 3D model. Its purpose was to create the opportunity for the fullest possible contextual study of the decorative apparatus of the Villa. A viewer can navigate the Villa in real time, experiment with different viewing positions; he or she can also change lighting—from dawn to dusk. A user can toggle between the actual state of the walls, floors, and ceilings to reconstructed states. For each surface, a ‘query’ button allows the user to access the scholarly database, containing the Project’s descriptive catalogue, high-resolution photographs, archival sources, and drawings. The paper will present the 3D model and show how we can create new instruments for studying all the objects excavated in an interwoven and—indeed—an interactive experience. The ideal digital archive is one that allows us, and future generations, to find material easily electronically, and to study it in the context of the place where it originally functioned. email@example.com Portable clay artefacts such as figurines, zoomorphic/anthropomorphic jugs and masks have been regarded as items of secondary importance compared to sculpture and pottery, due to a well-rooted culture-historical approach and to a more recent positivistic thought, focused on trade routes and artefacts clearly linked to them (amphorae and Samian ware). During the last decades the significant role played by clay objects in domestic life and funerary practices has been highlighted, together with their significance for the comprehension and interpretation of Roman social structures (Willis and Hingley 2007 Roman finds, context and theory). Research on terracottas has become an independent field of study with its own issues and features, as attested by a considerable bibliography and important conferences (Figurines en context: iconographie et function(s) in Lille 2011; and Hellenistic and Roman Terracottas: Mediterranean Networks and Cyprus in Nicosia 2013). This session endeavours to contribute to a more complete and complex way of examining clay objects’ functional and symbolic implications in their contexts. Scholars, with diversified but inter-linking approaches and backgrounds, will deal with issues related to manufacturing techniques, provenance, distribution, find-circumstances, iconography and dating of clay artefacts recovered in Mediterranean sites and beyond. The topics will range from the analysis of patterns of religious and cultural consumption in the domestic sphere, ritual spaces and funerary areas from the centre of the Roman World (Rome and its harbour Ostia) to vital commercial areas (North Africa and the Levant). Attention will be paid to the selection of certain types of terracottas as religious/apotropaic devices in private areas and shrines or as grave goods in burials and their links, in some occasions, with mors immatura (child’s death). firstname.lastname@example.org Sunday, G10, Henley Business School \| Time \| Topic \| Speaker \| \|--------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|----------------------------------------------\| \| 9.00 \| Composite bodies: gods, humans and the anatomical votive in the Republican sanctuary, \| Emma-Jayne Graham \| \| 9.30 \| Clay artefacts from Roman Ostia: overview of patterns of consumption in urban and funerary contexts, \| Elena Martelli \| \| 10.00 \| Broken Deities: The Pipe-Clay Figurines from Roman London, \| Matthew Fittock \| \| 10.30 \| Coffee \| \| \| 11.00 \| Clay figurines, masks and animal-shaped vessels in children's burials in Roman Imperial Africa, \| Solenn de Larminat \| \| 11.30 \| Terracottas from Roman Palestine: Workshops, Shrines and Tombs, \| Adi Erlich \| \| 12.00 \| Terracottas in a domestic context: the case of the House of Orpheus in Nea Paphos, Cyprus, \| Demetrios Michaelides, Giorgos Papantoniou and Maria Dikomitou-Eliadou \| Composite Bodies: Gods, Humans and the Anatomical Votive in the Republican Sanctuary Emma-Jayne Graham (Open University, UK) From the fourth to first century BC votive offerings in the form of clay body parts were deposited at sanctuaries across central Italy. Interpreted traditionally as requests for divine healing, it has been argued that this process might be perceived as the disassembly and subsequent remaking of the body. Their use therefore implies that relationships with the gods were performed in bodily terms. This paper will not challenge arguments which correlate anatomical offerings with experiences of healing, but will seek instead to demonstrate that, simultaneously, they provided the material means through which ancient mortal-divine relationships were enacted: deposition of partible human bodies in the sanctuary was paralleled by the permeable healing attributes of gods. This approach, which promotes an understanding of how human-divine personhood was constructed through the nature of their respective bodies, offers a new conceptual backdrop against which to set the experiences of ancient cult participants. email@example.com Clay Artefacts from Roman Ostia (Rome): Overview of Patterns of Consumption in Urban and Funerary Contexts Elena Martelli (University of Reading, UK) Ostia, port of Rome, was a collection point for goods, where people from all over the Roman world took part in trade and shared their religious and cultural beliefs. Visual examination of the clay and the analysis of stamps have revealed that ca. 500 previously overlooked terracottas from the town and its necropoleis, are physical evidence of these exchanges and products of this multicultural milieu. A new methodology combining the Italian iconographic tradition for the study of the individual piece with British approaches to finds distribution and social identity, has been applied to money boxes, masks, figurines, anthropomorphic vessels and moulds for making plaster objects. This paper presents some results regarding patterns of consumption of these items in the urban and funerary contexts. For instance, money boxes are connected to the domestic sphere and baths; private shrines are present inside shops and workshops. In necropoleis, terracottas are mainly, but not exclusively, associated with children and freedmen. firstname.lastname@example.org Broken Deities: The Pipe-Clay Figurines from Roman London Matthew Fittock (University of Reading alumnus, UK) Ceramic pipe-clay figurines are an important but under-examined category of British-Romano material culture. Imported from Gaul during the first and second centuries AD, the 129 deity, animal, and human figures from Roman London provide a useful snapshot of the wider under-researched and unpublished material now available from Britain. Typological classification reveals that, like continental collections, Venus figurines are the most common type and vary considerably in form. Distinctive patterns of consumption can be distinguished between London, wider Britain and Gaul, including a relatively high frequency of exotic and unusual types from the settlement itself. Alongside a spatial distribution analysis, the contexts and social distribution of figurines on habitation, trade, and religious sites is explored to evaluate their possible function. Whole figurines from burials and subtle fragmentation patterns additionally provide a direct insight into beliefs and ritual practices to help further elucidate the character of religious life in Roman London. email@example.com Clay Figurines, Masks and Animal-Shaped Vessels in Children’s Burials in Roman Imperial Africa Solenn de Larminat (Université Paris-Sorbonne, France) Clay figurative artefacts deposited in children’s burials in Roman Imperial Africa have mainly been found from the late nineteenth century onwards. Usually dissociated from their archaeological context, these items were well described in publications due to their figurative nature. An inventory of this material has been made and this catalogue allows us to analyse the function of this material based on a large quantitative database. The most common types and their geographical distribution have been highlighted. New excavations in North Africa provide well documented archaeological contexts and give new perspectives on this material through the analysis of the age of the deceased, location of artefacts in the tomb, associated gestures (breaking and reversal), association in the same burial. Multi-disciplinary analysis of these data has sometimes permitted a novel interpretation of the material. This new information and the various areas of research involved allow one to consider the role of these artefacts in African graves from different points of view and highlight regional peculiarities. firstname.lastname@example.org Terracottas from Roman Palestine: Workshops, Shrines and Tombs Adi Erlich (University of Haifa, Israel) During Roman times terracotta production in the Levant decreased, and the workshops produced small numbers of terracottas compared to the Western centres. Nevertheless, recent excavations of sites in Israel shed new light on the coroplast production of the region, and the role clay figurines played in different societies and religions. In Roman Palestine clay figurines are found in the same contexts they are discovered elsewhere: workshops, shrines, tombs, and dwellings. The local industries produced figurines and lamps, such as the workshop at Gerasa (first to second centuries AD) and the workshop at Beit Nattif (third to fifth centuries AD). Clay figurines were found in two northern temples, the theatre shrine at Scythopolis and the temple at Omrit. Roman terracottas were also found in tombs and in domestic contexts. These items were used by Pagans and Christians, and not by Jews or Samaritans. The types adhere to the koine of the Roman East and the repertoires resemble assemblages from Tarsus and Cyprus. email@example.com Terracottas in a Domestic Context: the Case of the House of Orpheus in Nea Paphos, Cyprus Demetrios Michaelides, (University of Cyprus), Giorgos Papantoniou (Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland), and Maria Dikomitou-Eliadou, (University of Cyprus) The terracottas from the House of Orpheus form a significant material assemblage that spans from Hellenistic to Roman times. The paper offers an overview of an on-going project that aims at a systematic assessment of these artefacts employing, stylistic, iconographic, physiochemical, computational and theoretical methods of study. The presentation of the material in its archaeological and iconographic context will be followed by its qualitative and quantitative compositional characterization through the use of pXRF and NAA, two methods of chemical analysis that allowed us to develop arguments regarding the technology of production and the scale of distribution of these figurines. Through the employment of 3D scanning technology, we were, moreover, able to visualize and further explore aspects of the technology and function of the terracottas in a digital form, and provided the groundwork for the creation of moulds to be used for the physical reproduction of selected specimens. The paper will highlight how this interdisciplinary study of the terracottas from the House of Orpheus has led to the enhanced understanding of the function/s of these artefacts in a Cypriot domestic environment. firstname.lastname@example.org; email@example.com; firstname.lastname@example.org Roman landscapes and preventive archaeology in Northern France: new approaches and new evidence Session Organizers: Pierre Vallat, Olivier Blin and Nathan Schlanger Several decades of preventive archaeological operations in northern France have made it possible not only to better distinguish between types of rural settlements, but also, more generally, to identify a range of typological and chronological variables for understanding the evolutions and transformations of the landscape from the end of the Celtic period to the later Roman period. The corpus of data now available enables us to better grasp the rhythms, continuities and upheavals in the modes of occupation of Northern France from the middle of the first century BC to the third century AD. The precise nature of the sites and their status is a key element for understanding their spatial structuration. Studies of the material culture they contain lead us to the questions of agricultural and artisanal productions, and also to networks of distribution over shorter or longer distances. This brings within reach wider scale perspectives regarding the organization, networks of communication and units of measurements across the landscape, notably in relation to their Celtic origins. The way is then opened for modelling settlement patterns and their economic substrates, in relation notably with the ancient management of spatial conditions and resources as revealed through archaeo-environmental studies undertaken in the framework of preventive archaeology. email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Sunday, 1.09, Palmer Building \| Time \| Event \| \|--------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| 9.00 \| Introduction to the session, Olivier Blin, Pierre Vallat \| \| 9.05 \| Saint-Romain-sur-cher and regularly gridded secondary agglomerations in Central France, Philippe Salé \| \| 9.30 \| Long distance roads and territories. What the excavations of the Orléans-Paris road and its milestones can tell us about ancient road networks, Jean Bruant, Sylvain Gautier, Régis Touquet \| \| 10.00 \| Gallo-Roman ceramics of the first to third centuries AD between the Sénon and Carnute territories, Alix Fourré \| \| 10.30 \| Coffee \| \| 11.00 \| The settlement of the plateau de Mer (Loir et Cher) – a synthesis, Fabrice Couvin \| \| 11.30 \| Between craft and environment: studies of wooden ecofacts from ancient wells in Ile-de-France, Anne Dietrich \| \| 12.00 \| Romanization and territorial reorganization on the Plateau de Sénart (Seine-et-Marne) from the conquest to late antiquity, Gilles Desrayaud \| \| 12.25 \| Concluding discussion - the contributions of preventive archaeology, Pierre Vallat, Olivier Blin \| Saint-Romain-sur-Cher and Regularly Gridded Secondary Agglomerations in Central France Philippe Salé (Inrap CIF, France) A section of the Tours to Bourges road, including numerous stretches on both its sides, was excavated in 2002 including over 3 ha at Saint-Romain-sur-Cher (Loir-et-Cher). The earliest antique constructions, dating to the beginning of the first century AD, consist of some lightly built structures within a regularly gridded cadastral plan. At the end of the first century emerges a small secondary agglomeration organized on a new cadastre, based on modules of 150 Roman feet. Each module can be divided into three or four parts, and some are linked together for the establishment of more monumental structures. While undoubtedly linked to the road network, the precise nature of these occupations remains difficult to ascertain; a quarry site and a deposit of rubble-stones suggest some stoneworking activity. Whatever the case, these two antique occupations attest to an authority capable of organising such an architectural programme. Our excavations at Saint-Romain-sur-Cher lead us to examine the cadastral organization of secondary agglomerations in Central France, and to focus on one of them (at Crouzilles in Indre-et-Loire), characterized by presence of pottery manufacturing sites established on a regular pattern. firstname.lastname@example.org Long Distance Roads and Territories. What the Excavations of the Orléans-Paris Road and its Milestones can tell us about Ancient Road Networks Jean Bruant, Sylvain Gautier, Régis Touquet (Inrap CIF, France) The excavation of a modern road (the Old path from Paris to Orléans) has exposed along one of its sections prior phases of usage in both Gallo-Roman and proto-historic times. The possible extension and uses of this axis have proved difficult to ascertain, in the lack of archaeological data. However, several relevant strands of evidence have been recently brought together, through the ‘archaeo-geographical’ analysis of various topographical remains and milestones used for measuring itineraries. Our research method relies on the cartographic observations of ancient measuring rhythms, be they dating to antiquity (the Gallo-Roman league) or to protohistory (the Gaulish league). Among the aspects we address in this paper are: the city limits; the ‘point 0’ of the itineraries; the relations with the viae vicinales; the chronology of some standing stones; the secondary settlements crossed; the interconnections between protohistoric staking and Gallo-Roman land surveying; the distribution of the Gaulish league, and so forth. email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org and email@example.com Gallo-Roman Ceramics of the First- to Third-Centuries AD between the Sénon and Carnute Territories Alix Fourré (Inrap CIF, France) Preventive archaeological investigations have been initiated by INRAP between Artenay and Courtenay, to the east of the Loiret, prior to the construction of highway A19. Starting in August 2005, a total of 120 sites have been subjected to diagnostics (evaluations), while 30 have been excavated. The path of the A19 partly overlaps from west to east the territory of the Sénon and Carnutes Gaulish tribes. The highway actually parallels over some 10 km the ancient road called ‘Caesar’s path’, linking Orléans/Cenabum to Sens/Agedincum, and crosses over the limits between the Sénon and the Carnute cities. Hitherto, the ceramics from this period in the region concerned were little known. Numerous studies undertaken on recovered assemblages have now highlighted the specific characteristics of these border zone ceramics. It has become possible to understand the influences of territorial boundaries on regional supplies and on the wares used across the area. firstname.lastname@example.org The Settlement of the Plateau de Mer (Loir et Cher) – a Synthesis Fabrice Couvin (Inrap CIF, France) The commune of Mer is located on the margins of the Petite Beauce plateaux which dominates from the north the valley of the Loire River. During antiquity, this natural edge was used for the road leading from Orléans/Cenabum to Tours/Caesarodunum. Aerial surveys over the past 30 years have confirmed the high density of rural settlements in the area. Since the year 2000, the development of a 280 ha industrial activity zone has made it possible to grasp this territory in an extensive manner, through several diagnostics (evaluations) and five excavations undertaken by INRAP. While the first investigations mainly concerned prehistoric settlements, since 2011, successive excavations of the villa de ‘beaudisson’ and the rural settlement of La Geule II have made it possible to follow the evolution of these two sites, occupied from the second century BC to the fourth century AD. These excavations have also provided the opportunity of a first synthesis concerning the La Tène and ancient settlement examining the plateau as a whole. email@example.com Between craft and environment: studies of wooden ecofacts from ancient wells in Ile-de-France Anne Dietrich (Inrap CIF, France) The aim of this paper is to evaluate the numerous tree and shrub branches found in archaeological contexts in ancient wells. When systematically done, the investigation of these recovered wood species can lead us to a better understanding of environmental exploitation by ancient populations. The recovery of data raises methodological issues, insofar as taxonomic identification requires a prior understanding of the history and functioning of the wells under study. It is necessary to take into account the typology of deep well layers, ranging from ‘use of water’ to ‘scrapping and fill deposits’. It needs also be recalled that wells close to dwellings could be associated with small plots of land and gardens, whose presence alongside that of trees should be discussed. Likewise, such connections with an immediate environment should be distinguished from small-wood craft activities. The presentation of some recent archaeological analyses to characterize these remains will therefore serve us to develop strong connections between tree species and water well contexts. firstname.lastname@example.org Romanization and Territorial Reorganization on the Plateau de Sénart (Seine-et-Marne) from the Conquest to Late Antiquity Gilles Desrayaud (Inrap CIF, France) Throughout Gaul, the integration of the territories conquered by Caesar into the Roman world was not confined to a policy of ‘large scale developments’, but included also an important modification of the rural fabric itself. The region of Sénard, to the south of Paris, constitutes one of the better examples of the contribution of rural preventive archaeology to this topic. The most striking features of the Romanization of the Sénard plateau are the implantation of a large scale orthonormed network of drainage ditches, and the multiplication of agricultural installations. Since the beginnings of the Empire, changes in the organization and distribution of the agricultural domains can be observed, probably due to a new partitioning and/or distribution of the available lands. During the Low-Empire (Late Empire), the abandonment of the drainage ditches suggests the disappearance of the modes of agricultural exploitation characteristic of the High Empire (Principate). Nevertheless, we can observe the permanence of the some Gallo-Roman cadastral limits, and/or their orientations, in the modern and contemporary agricultural landscape. email@example.com Continuity and Change – the Impact of Foodways on Provincial Pottery Traditions Session Organizer: Roberta Tomber Roman pottery is frequently used to demonstrate cultural unity throughout the Roman world. Furthermore, in many of the western provinces the introduction of amphorae, mortaria and flagons to pottery assemblages is used as an index of the adoption of Romanized food. While there is a veneer of unification throughout the Empire, a closer scrutiny of provincial pottery assemblages highlights important differences between provinces that can be related back to the type of food consumed and culinary habits before and after provincial conquest. This half-day session will explore the impact that differences in culinary traditions and the introduction of new foodways had on local cultures as reflected by their pottery assemblages. Several papers look at individual provinces to see whether and how their indigenous pottery traditions may have altered after Roman conquest, and if this reflects the introduction of new or the continuation of existing foodways. Others look at particular forms and foodstuffs across provinces or regions to examine broad patterns in pottery used for preparation and consumption. Adopting different approaches to the study of pottery, from archaeometric to typological, these papers demonstrate the complexity of pottery assemblages across the Empire and how they reflect cultural traditions. firstname.lastname@example.org Sunday, 1.02, Palmer Building 9.00 New vessels for drinking old drinks in new ways? Eastern England 100 BC to AD 43, JD Hill 9.30 Are we what we grind? An investigation of the use of mortaria in Roman Britain through organic residues, Lucy JE Cramp, Richard P Evershed and Hella Eckardt 10.00 Cooking practices in northern Roman Dacia, Mihaela Ciausescu-Hockey 10.30 Coffee 11.00 Bread across the Empire: case studies from Britain, Italy and Egypt, Roberta Tomber 11.30 Following the frying pan. Using internal red-slip wares in the Roman world, Laura Banducci 12.00 Sliced rim casseroles: scrutinising culinary practices and identity in the Levant, Paul Reynolds New Vessels for Drinking Old Drinks in New Ways? Eastern England 100 BC to AD 43 JD Hill (British Museum, UK) Pots are primarily tools for storing, preparing and consuming foods and drinks; their shapes and repertoires the active product of particular foodways - a term that seeks to encapsulate the social and cultural importance of eating and drinking with the practicalities of cooking the meal. As such, archaeology ought to be very good at documenting the changes in foodways over time, space and between social groups through documenting changes in pottery forms, use and combinations. This paper revisits the changes seen in Britain before and during the Roman Conquest through a study of East Anglian pottery assemblages from the Later Iron Age. It argues that the meal and, especially, drinking took on new forms and social roles in this period that required new forms of pottery. email@example.com Are We What We Grind? An Investigation of the Use of Mortaria in Roman Britain through Organic Residues Lucy J E Cramp and Richard P Evershed (University of Bristol, UK) and Hella Eckardt (University of Reading, UK) Contact with the Roman world introduced a range of new continental styles of cooking pots, dishes and beakers into Britain. The widely-recovered mortarium was entirely without precedent in this province and, with the function not yet unequivocally determined, its relationship with Romano-British food-ways has been difficult to unravel. Techniques of gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and GC-combustion-isotope ratio MS (GC-C-IRMS) have been applied to non-visible lipid residues extracted from Roman-period mortaria and other Iron Age and Roman-period cooking vessels, in order to determine the origin of fats and oils preserved in the ceramic matrix of the vessels. The findings presented here reveal (perhaps surprising) consistency in a specialized plant-processing role for this vessel-type from forts and towns through to rural farmsteads and villas. Nonetheless, we propose that patterns which probably persist from Late Iron Age cultural or economic traditions may still be observed at some locations. firstname.lastname@example.org Cooking Practices in Northern Roman Dacia Mihaela Ciauseescu-Hockey (Birkbeck College, UK) This contribution examines cooking practices in northern Roman Dacia with a view to shedding light on local communities and identity. Dacia is characterized by a wide range of ethnic groups that were exposed to different levels of Roman culture prior to conquest and furthermore emphasized their pre-Roman origins as a means of differentiation. By looking at the vessel types used and the overall composition of the assemblages from two major sites (Apulum and Napoca) it is possible to observe cultural behaviour at the micro-level of everyday activities. The cooking ware assemblages from these sites, in tandem with other archaeological sources, reflect hybridization from several cultures with the preponderance of pre-Roman traditions. email@example.com Bread Across the Empire: Case Studies from Italy, Egypt and Britain Roberta Tomber (British Museum, UK) As a staple of life, the making and eating of bread is deeply embedded within cultural traditions and therefore provides an interesting marker for comparing foodways in different areas of the Roman world. The type of wheat cultivated, influenced by the natural environment, is also significant. Here the archaeological evidence from three provinces with very diverse ethnicities and climates will be examined to assess the effect their pre-Roman traditions had on bread making during Roman times. From Italy an important body of data comes from Pompeii, while the Eastern Desert of Egypt provides similarly robust evidence. In both these regions preservation is exceptional and includes the recovery of actual loaves in addition to the more widespread categories – ceramic vessels and ovens used for cooking, and archaeobotanical remains. The evidence from Britain is less extensive and more difficult to interpret, but benefits from comparison with Italy and Egypt. firstname.lastname@example.org Following the Frying Pan: Using Internal Red-Slip Wares in the Roman World Laura Banducci (University of Toronto, Canada) This paper focuses on a single class of cooking pan which was widely-distributed in the Roman world known as internal red-slip cookware, or Pompeian red-slip ware. It is particularly identifiable owing to what scholars have termed its red ‘non-stick’ internal surface. Though this ware is commonly identified, little information about its use or the duration of its use-life has been demonstrated empirically. This study therefore presents the results of a study of alteration or wear from use, including patterns of surface abrasion and sooting and charring from the cooking process. Petrological samples are also examined to consider these vessels’ thermal properties (shock resistance, durability, conductivity). Results suggest that there was a limited and consistent method of using internal red-slip pans to cook food (specifically, for frying or sautéing) throughout the Empire. This project demonstrates the value of functionally-informed ceramic research and the intersection of foodways and ancient domestic technology. email@example.com Sliced Rim Casseroles: Scrutinising Culinary Practices and Identity in the Levant Paul Reynolds (University of Barcelona, Spain) ‘Sliced rim’ casseroles and their lids have been long associated with both Jewish religious practices of food purification and the region of ‘Palestine’. Though both these definitions appear to be valid to some extent, this paper will attempt to illustrate the more restricted regional zones within ‘Palestine’ in which cooking vessels of these characteristics were made and used, as well as demonstrate their uniform adoption and use by non-Jewish populations from cities to monasteries from the third to eighth centuries across Roman Phoenicia, Palestine, Jordan and Egypt. firstname.lastname@example.org The parish of Silchester in Hampshire, UK, is the location of a large Roman town Calleva Atrebatum. The Roman town, which was founded in the first century AD, was built on the site of an Iron Age town, Calleva. The Roman amphitheatre and town walls are some of the best preserved in Britain, and are open to the public. The town was abandoned sometime after 400 AD for reasons that are not fully understood. This makes it one of only six Roman towns in Britain that are not still populated. email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.org Sunday, 1:15 Coaches depart from Chancellor’s Way, Whiteknights campus. 4.15 Intended return-time to Whiteknights Campus, then to Reading Station
THE PIGs Back in 2011 Robin Hutson the man behind THE PIGs opened the first PIG in the New Forest. “The lightbulb moment came when I saw the walled garden. Right from the start we wanted the Kitchen Garden to be at the heart and soul of the place and to play a big part in influencing the menu.” The concept was to break the mould of country house hotels and repositioning it as a ‘restaurant with rooms’ taking the inspiration from the kitchen garden with a commitment to growing fresh food and championing local producers within 25 miles. The bond between garden and kitchen is now so strong an almost obsessional culture for all things home-grown, homemade and local runs through our DNA. The gardens have also played a major part in influencing many other aspects of the overall operation too and the idea of ‘bringing the outside in’ has formed how the interiors now look. Today there are 8 PIGs in the litter, THE PIG, Brockenhurst, THE PIG-in the wall, THE PIG-near Bath, THE PIG-on the beach, THE PIG-at Combe, THE PIG-at Bridge Place, THE PIG-at Harlyn Bay and THE PIG-in the South Downs will open in September 2021. THE PIG, Brockenhurst, set in the heart of the New Forest, was the first restaurant with rooms in the portfolio for this completely fresh & imaginative approach to the country hotel. Opened in 2011, this is the antithesis of the traditional country house hotel. THE PIG is a restaurant with rooms with the focus on fabulous, uncomplicated and simple home-grown garden food. True to the micro seasons and influenced by the forest, the emphasis is squarely on fresh, clean flavours. Whatever is not grown here at THE PIG’s kitchen garden is locally sourced within a 25-mile radius of the hotel. Plot-to-plate, farm-to-fork, is in THE PIG’s DNA. To achieve this aim there is a strong and vital relationship between gardener and chef where the menu is created every day using the freshest and zingiest seasonal ingredients. The gardening team constantly update the kitchen team on what’s ready to harvest following which delicious dishes are created and served to an eager audience. This two-pronged approach is a critical part of the culinary mix ensuring that THE PIG’s menus will change not so much daily but hourly, subject to what the gardeners consider to be in perfect condition. Served in an authentically reproduced Victorian greenhouse restaurant, complete with bare wood table tops and mismatched bone handled cutlery, a meal at THE PIG is full of fun, food, fabulous wine and an intoxicating atmosphere. The unpretentious home-grown style of THE PIG’s food is replicated throughout the hotel. Eschewing the look of the over-designed properties that proliferate the nation, Judy Hutson designed THE PIG to feel confident and uncompromisingly comfortable. in its own skin. Here it’s all about homely furnishings, muted colours, comfy chairs, big sofas and roaring fires. THE PIG is informal, laid back, interesting and very relaxed! THE PIG’s 32 bedrooms are a continuation on a theme – evolved rather than designed and with oodles of eclectic charm. This gradual evolution over the last decade also means there is now a room or even house to suit every occasion. From a snug in the eaves of the main house to a romantic Forest Cabin getaway or even ‘go the whole hog!’ with self-contained PIG Lodge or PIG House, each complete with spacious sitting room, fully stocked kitchenette giving the perfect destination to take the PIGlets on holiday. One thing is for sure, the now much-loved PIG signature style continues throughout thanks to the overriding creative eye of Judy Hutson with all the PIG classics in place - truly comfortable furnishings, generous beds, oversized showers, free-standing baths, well stocked larders from local suppliers and stunning forest or garden outlooks. Bamford massage treatments can be enjoyed in the Potting Shed which sits at the end of the lily pond or the Shepherds Hut which overlooks the kitchen garden. Room rates start from £185. Reservations for THE PIG, and all other PIGs, can be made online - thepighotel.com - or call 0345 225 9494. In March 2014 a mellow Georgian house (formally Hunstrete House Hotel) launched as THE PIG-near Bath having been lovingly restored in the same relaxed, informal style that has become THE PIG’s signature. It has a lot to offer - with its greenhouse restaurant, private rooms for dinners, sitting room with adjacent cosy bar room, characterful library and billiards room making up generous amounts of downstairs space for guests to gather in for quaffing, scoffing and relaxing. Plus, the unexpected - 24 spacious and comfortable bedrooms within the main house complete with ‘larders’ for peckish people needing to PIG out, and further rooms nestling in the grounds aptly named the Gardener’s Cottage, The Hide and the Apple Store. From plot to plate, what cannot be grown in THE PIG’s kitchen garden is sourced within a 25-mile radius. The kitchen gardeners work tirelessly nurturing the veg and herb garden which results in boundless seasonal produce. The fruit cages are planted with blueberries, raspberries, blackcurrants and more. All of this produce is found throughout the 25-mile menu, with the PIGGY BITS as the opening act, including home-made black pudding balls, Hock eggs, and crackling with Hunstrete apple sauce. The dishes are so local and fresh you can even see them being hand-delivered from the garden to the Kitchen garden table – a chef’s room where there’s a working table right by the garden door at which guests can enjoy the fruits of his team’s labours. Bedrooms are split into snug, comfy, comfy luxe, big comfy luxe and hideaways. They’re effortlessly chic and comfy with freestanding baths where possible and/or large shower bathrooms with Bramley bathroom products and a cosy, luxurious feel. Each room’s larder contains a great range of food and drink all sourced from local artisans who create goodies that guests will find hard to resist. Tucked away in the garden 2 unique Hideaway rooms – Apple store and Hide cover two floors and come with wood-burning stoves, large monsoon showers and freestanding baths. One overlooks the kitchen garden and orchard whilst the other also overlooks the 80-strong deer park, a unique sight by any hotel’s standards. For a slice of pampering or pummeling, The Potting Sheds in the garden are two cosy rustic huts where guests can bask in a massage with Bamford products, and enjoy that unwinding process which THE PIGs are renowned for delivering. Robin Hutson, CEO of Home Grown Hotels, parent company of THE PIG, says: “We love the way THE PIG—near Bath looks. The relaxed atmosphere ensures our guests feel at home instantly, they quickly relax and really enjoy The Pig vibe.” Robin continues, “With the kitchen garden being clearly visible from most areas of the hotel, everyone quickly understands the freshness of the food on their plates and the lengths to which we go to source either from THE PIG’s kitchen garden or from our local suppliers. These include Ruby & White Butchers (9 miles), Park Farm (5 miles), Berninet Bakery (7 miles) or The Good Egg Company (15 miles). The suppliers become our friends and are an important part of daily life at any PIG. Room rates start from £170. Reservations for THE PIG—near Bath, and all other PIGs, can be made online - thepighotel.com - or call 0345 225 9494. THE PIG-on the beach, which opened in June 2014, is an old coastal villa formerly belonging to the Bankes family of Kingston Lacey fame. It is a combination of eccentrically interpreted architectural styles reminiscent of castles in a C.S. Lewis novel. Formerly The Manor House Hotel, THE PIG-on the beach has been lovingly restored in the same relaxed, quirky style that has become THE PIG’s signature. THE PIG-on the beach’s greenhouse restaurant offers guests the finest coastline sea views in the UK looking out to Old Harry Rocks with boats bobbing about idly beyond. From plot-to-plate, what cannot be grown in THE PIG’s kitchen garden will be sourced within a 25-mile radius. The kitchen gardeners, day-in; day-out are busy nurturing their veg and herb garden which produces fennel, courgettes, pea shoots, garden beans and Isle of Wight tomatoes. The fruit cages are planted with blueberries, raspberries, blackcurrants and more. Just some of the appetisers on the menu include local delights such as Dorset Whelks & Wild Garlic Butter and Purbeck Eggs with Verbena Mayo. By the kitchen garden is The Summer House, an old, thatched room for private suppers with a difference offering arguably the best view in the south. It seats twelve and comes with your own chef and special menu, pizza oven and outdoor bar. Guests here are even offered their own ice cream trolley with homemade flavours, fresh from the garden. Back in the main house, beyond the restaurant is the bar with its floors made from old railway sleepers plus a snug wood burner which delivers that ever-important relaxed piggy vibe. The 23 quirky and characterful rooms are like something from a classic fairy tale with Victorian windows, cosy and romantic attic rooms, freestanding baths in clever nooks and the signature ‘larders’ for piggy snacks. Outside bedrooms include The Lookout and The Bothy, two garden rooms - they both sit overlooking the walled garden and are beautiful hideaways for couples to stay in enjoying their own space, privacy and killer sea views. Also in the garden are the Shepherds Huts in the cliff meadow overlooking Old Harry rocks – one a bedroom and the other its adjoining bathroom linked by a decked walkway. For a dose of pampering or pummeling The Shepherd’s Huts in the field beyond THE PIG’s lawn are two cosy rustic huts where guests can wallow in a massage with Bamford products. Robin Hutson, CEO of Home Grown Hotels, says: “We loved working with this great Victorian building embracing its quirks and characteristics. We’ve made the most of every old fireplace and strangely shaped window always with the stunning sea views in mind. The interiors were masterminded by my wife Judy and me and the gardens by my co-director David Elton. Being by the sea, the relaxed look and feel is even more pronounced; at the coast everyone wants to quickly kick back and feel the sand between their toes.” Robin continues, “The location of THE PIG-on the beach is second to none. From London, this is the closest coastline of outstanding natural beauty in the South-West with the next beautiful stretches of sandy beach being as far away as Devon and Cornwall. With Studland Beach being one of the very few sandy beaches in Dorset - most have big pebbles - we really feel we’ve struck gold.” Room rates start from £145. Reservations for THE PIG-on the beach, and all other PIGs, can be made online - thepighotel.com - or call 0345 225 9494. The PIG-at Combe nestled in the Otter Valley near Honiton, Devon, opened in July 2016. Totally secluded, this mellow, honey-coloured Elizabethan gem is set in 3,500 acres of glorious Devonshire countryside. It is easily accessible being 1.5 miles from Honiton, just off the A30 in the village of Gittisham and just 8 miles from the Devon coast. The historic entrance and ‘Great Hall’ are the main bar, completely changing the traditional arrival experience – head straight to the heart of the action in a house of fun not formality. Gone is the formal lounge seating, replaced with a long bar, oversized sofas, and chairs to properly curl up in alongside the inviting roaring fire. Next enter the restaurant where informality rules; there is no polished panelling, pelmets and fitted carpets. Here it’s stripped back to signature bare wood floors and restored shutters. A restored principle double-height, bricked up window, brings light and incredible Devon views into the heart of the room. The former dining rooms have become snug and cosy sitting rooms leading off the bar for more chilling by open fires. The attic floor in the main house (previously unused) has been transformed into huge rafter bedrooms and the original Georgian stable block (also previously unused) is now quirky Horse Yard rooms retaining many of the original stable features. The original Georgian kitchen with its range and fittings is a wildly popular private dining room with a ‘below stairs’ vibe featuring Mrs. Beeton’s recipes. The Old Laundry – now a bedroom - has its own private terrace and garden whilst the inside retains all original features and even the old drying racks. THE PIG-at Combe additionally has its Curlditch Cottages. This classic thatched Devon longhouse is tucked down a private track off THE PIG-at Combe’s main drive; the three adjoined cottages are ideal for families to take for a small or large and lively gathering. With the proximity to Devon’s beaches, access to some of the most beautiful parts of Devon and - of course - a mere amble to THE PIG-at Combe, this perfect corner of the West Country is an ideal bolthole for families who are after traditional summer holidays with a dash of style. The old garden folly oozes derelict chic and creates an atmospheric indoor/outdoor bar and dining area with wood fired oven, oversized tables, benches and lots of cigars! From the folly you can see the kitchen gardens bursting with produce. There’s a saying in Devon that ‘if you stick your finger in the ground it will grow’ and the kitchen garden indeed abides by this expression. With such abundant produce there are in fact three walled gardens for the kitchen staff to select produce from - the vegetable garden, the herb garden and the infusion garden. As with the other PIGs, what cannot be grown in THE PIG’s kitchen garden will be sourced within a 25-mile radius. Within the walled infusion garden there are 2 Potting Sheds which have been converted into treatment rooms offering a range of Bamford massages. Room rates start from £175. Reservations for THE PIG-at Combe, and all other PIGs, can be made online - thepighotel.com - or call 0345 225 9494. In April 2019 THE PIG-at Bridge Place opened, the hotly anticipated sixth PIG in the hotel collection’s portfolio. Formerly Bridge Place Country Club, THE PIG-at Bridge Place is a 17th century manor house just outside the historic village of Bridge in the Nailbourne valley, three miles south of Canterbury and just 56 minutes by train from St Pancras. Never ones to be considered predictable, this gem succeeds in delivering surprises that are sure to delight guests and Pig aficionados alike. With its welcoming red brick façade and ornate Jacobean interior, Bridge Place is an intriguing old building with a rock-n-roll vibe. Over the past four decades this musical honeypot has been home to some renowned parties and gigs, famously or rather ‘infamously’ playing host in the ‘70s to Led Zeppelin and The Kinks. It houses a wealth of period features, including large fireplaces, secret stairways, panelled rooms and endless nooks and crannies. During the restoration process, all of these structural nuances have been respected and enhanced to create seven bedrooms along with numerous cosy bars and sitting areas. Attached to the main building a new, carefully detailed Coach House contains a restaurant with open kitchen. Within The Coach House are 12 further bedrooms; four on the ground floor and eight on the first floor. Over the brook via a hand crafted wooden bridge are seven fitting Hop Pickers’ Huts created from reclaimed materials all dotted along a meandering wooden walkway. Each hut houses a double bedroom with cosy bathroom and wood-burning stove. Next to the kitchen garden is The Barn; a large upstairs/downstairs room with vast bathroom and bedroom hosting views across the garden. With a newly restored gate lodge offering two further dwellings, THE PIG-at Bridge Place has a total of 31 rooms. CEO of Home Grown Hotels Robin Hutson says, “We’ve generally stuck to the South West as far as PIG hotel locations go but we just couldn’t resist this truly unique property in the South East. We really are over the moon about our hotel in Kent.” Interiors have been overseen by acclaimed designer Judy Hutson, whose signature style has given THE PIG its unique brand of effortless, laid-back chic, beloved by guests to date. As with every other PIG, the kitchen garden and restaurant sit at the beating heart of this property; anything that can’t be supplied by the gardens will be sourced from Kent’s best producers within a 25-mile radius of Bridge. Room rates start from £109. Reservations for THE PIG-at Bridge Place, and all other PIGs, can be made online - thepighotel.com - or call 0345 225 9494. THE PIG-at Harlyn Bay opened in July 2020. Of THE PIG-at Harlyn Bay, Robin Hutson says, “This is amongst the very best coastal settings anywhere in Cornwall with immediate access to a beautiful and immensely sought-after part of the North Cornish coastline with some of the county’s most celebrated beaches a stone’s throw from the hotel.” THE PIG-at Harlyn Bay is one of Cornwall’s most historic houses with 16th century origins and plasterwork plus other features from Medieval, Jacobean and Georgian times. This Grade II Listed mansion has far-reaching sea views and sits at the end of a long driveway surrounded by almost five acres of gardens. Just a short stroll from the village of Harlyn, Constantine Bay beaches and Trevose golf course, this Cornish gem is a fabulous addition to the existing collection of PIG hotels. The front entrance of the house leads into the Map Room where there are sofas, chairs and an inviting wood-burning stove. Hang a left and guests find themselves in the bar, one of the most important rooms in the house... Through the rear door of the Map Room, next to the main staircase, is the reception area. The door to the right of the Map Room leads to the main restaurant which consists of three walk-through rooms all full of Cornish character giving guests a real sense of place. Further into the heart of the ground floor there’s a snug which sits adjacent to the hotel’s wine store – a dangerous combo – and beyond that a private dining room beyond which is a residents’ snug. Upstairs in the main house the 11 bedrooms are all generous in size with many of them basking in sea views. They come with either a giant shower or bath (or both) and some with freestanding baths in the bedrooms. There are a further 15 bedrooms in the Stonehouse which sits west of the main house and built with slate in a traditional Cornish way and a Delabole slate roof. Finally, there are 4 of the largest, most comfortable and sexiest Shepherd’s Huts on the planet! These uniquely designed Garden Wagons are randomly placed along the route to the kitchen garden and are guaranteed crowd pleasers. As with other PIGs, Judy Hutson designs each and every room in the style that guests have come to know and love. No one room is the same and Judy skillfully incorporates details that are particular to that building’s soul and location - in this case the moody weathered stone building in the wilds of Cornwall. As with every PIG, the kitchen garden is the beating heart of THE PIG-at Harlyn Bay and this large garden has been restored to its former glory. Everything grown within the beds dictates the style of the seasonal menu. At the end of the main kitchen garden are two Potting Sheds where guests escape for an array of massages and facials. And last but by no means least, and a unique addition to this particular PIG, we have The Lobster Shed – in place of an old Pig Sty. It’s all about the wood-oven and local charcoal fired grill, so enjoy wood roasted fresh lobster, fresh crab with sourdough and Old School Ice Cream Sundaes. These tasty dishes can be washed down with Cornish ciders and beers, Camel Valley fizz and PIG CUT rosé. The shed’s signature ‘Lobster & Camel’ is not to be missed – ultimate combo of lobster, thrice cooked chips and Camel Valley Pinot Noir Rosé Brut. Room rates start from £150. Reservations for THE PIG-at Harlyn Bay, and all other PIGs, can be made online - thepighotel.com - or call 0345 225 9494. THE PIG-in the wall might be the smallest of our litter but this urban PIGlet packs a punch in every other way. The second PIG to open in 2012, this intimate bolthole neatly tucked away within the ancient city walls of Southampton, provides the perfect characterful base for a city break or stepping-stone to explore Hampshire’s ancient woodlands, glorious coastline or nearby Isle of Wight. Like a condensed version of her siblings, the PIG-in the wall brims with much-loved signature style but does things a little differently. Here relaxed deli-dining rather than the full restaurant experience takes center stage. Rooms come with breakfast and morning to evening scrumptious deli counter delights can also be found at the deli and bar. Once inside the ancient crenelated city walls expect a haven of warmth and atmosphere. The center of this Georgian property is its large open plan lounge where natural earthy paint shades, rustic wooden floors, cosy corners, open fireplaces and genteel mismatched furniture abound. This is the heart of The Pig-in the wall where out-of-town guests and city dwellers alike congregate for relaxed morning coffee, tasty Piggy Bit lunches or early evening garden flavour infused house cocktails. Ingredients for all are sourced from the kitchen garden at THE PIG in Brockenhurst and local suppliers. Reminiscent of Mary Poppin’s cavernous carpet bag the upstairs of this quirky townhouse hides 12 unique rooms of varying size – think eaves, beams and secret staircases. All come decorated with a light and airy touch in Judy Hutson’s trademark soulful and stylish manner. Snug, Comfy or Spacious rooms each have well stocked larder, walk-in shower or huge roll-top tub (or both), Victorian-style loo and an array of colourful tiles which PIG aficionados will recognise from many a PIG conservatory. Whether you are staying for business or pleasure, THE PIG-in the wall’s convenient location close to the cruise terminal, train station, airport and city center makes this a perfect place to stay and immerse yourself in the heart of this ancient bustling city. Room rates start from £140. Reservations for THE PIG-in the wall, and all other PIGs, can be made online - thepighotel.com - or call 0345 225 9494. THE PIG-in the South Downs in the hamlet of Madehurst, four miles from Arundel, West Sussex nestles into the folds of the South Downs National Park. Dating back to the 1770s, this house benefits from high ceilings bringing an abundance of natural light and is made up of a Georgian main house with traditional greenhouse restaurant. Beyond the main house rooms comprise a collection of traditional brick, flint and timber clad Sussex stable yard buildings plus a selection of Field and Garden Wagons. All of these have been lovingly restored and sit comfortably within the gardens and courtyards of the hotel. On arrival at the hotel, guests walk into a light reception area to the right of which is a quirky art room with an eclectic mix of portraits and landscapes collected, over the years, by Robin and Judy Hutson. Into the hall area with sweeping staircase up to the house bedrooms and then on to the sitting room and bar both with open fireplaces and inviting sofas and armchairs for guests to while away the hours. Beyond these rooms is The Pig’s signature greenhouse restaurant. Long and elegant, this central hub is where guests can enjoy views of both the hotel’s vineyard and the South Downs. At the far end of the restaurant is a private dining room - or further seating for those busy nights at The Pigs that we’ve all come to know and love. The first floor of the main house brings a handful of the hotel’s bedrooms with various shower rooms, bathrooms, and the odd avocado freestanding bath - a Pig first. Three of these rooms overlook the garden, vineyard and views beyond. Separate from the main building is the Courtyard and Stable Yard housing further rooms, some of which can be joined together for larger groups. The Chicken Shack is just one of the bedrooms in this outbuilding collection with its own chicken shed features remaining in place. The Hayloft, Old Stable and Tack Room were exactly as described but have had a sympathetic and creative refurb thanks to Team Pig. As ever, we can never resist a hut so a selection of Field and Garden Wagons bring further guest accommodation. They come complete with log burners, freestanding baths and monsoon showers and are in both the kitchen garden and the garden space overlooking rolling Sussex fields. From almost every window of the house and outbuildings there are beautiful views across the Downs. The two-acre South West facing field directly in front of the main greenhouse restaurant is where 4,500 vines were planted in May 2020 by Robin Hutson and his wine team. Previously used for grazing alpacas, this free draining chalky subsoil with silt and clay, together with the elevation and orientation, offers excellent conditions for planting the varietal vines of Champagne and Burgundy. Grapes such as Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and Pinot Meunier have been planted to create The Pig’s very own small but perfectly formed Sussex vineyard with the first harvest due in Autumn 2022. Needless to say, THE PIG-in the South Downs has a picturesque kitchen garden, the largest of any Pig at nearly two acres. It contains an old Apple Store which has been restored to its former glory and is now a cosy, quirky bedroom. At the end of the kitchen garden there are two Victorian glasshouses which now act as the walkway to the Potting Shed treatment rooms. Particular to this Pig is a collection of old English apple trees and 50-year-old espaliers. As ever, the abundant veg and fruit grown in this Sussex soil will help to feed the Pig’s hungry guests with bountiful seasonal produce. This Pig is a stone’s throw away from four key Sussex hubs: the historic town of Arundel and Petworth; the yachting playground of Chichester and the vibrant and buzzy city of Brighton. Although only 48 miles from London this tranquil, unspoilt corner of West Sussex is within the South Downs National Park and is made up of open rolling hills, chalky downlands and scattered rural villages. It is just 20 minutes away from over 50 miles of coastline where charming West Wittering, Easthead, East Wittering, Climping, and Littlehampton sit plus natural harbours as well as sailing hot spots such as Bosham. Rooms start from £155 per room per night. The Pig Hotel (thepighotel.com) Notes to Editors THE PIG group is a personal collection of small lifestyle restaurants with rooms where the focus is on authenticity and informality of design, food and service. There are currently eight PIG hotels; THE PIG, THE PIG-near Bath, THE PIG-on the beach; THE PIG-at Combe, THE PIG-in the wall, THE PIG-at Bridge Place, THE PIG-at Harlyn Bay and THE PIG-in the South Downs. With an obsessive commitment to home grown and local produce, THE PIG celebrates the seasons and uses only the best, freshest and most authentic foods and ingredients. It is all about the kitchen gardens, they are the beating heart of the operation. Everything is driven by the kitchen gardener/forager and chef. They grow and source the food and the chef then creates the menu; uncomplicated and simple kitchen garden food, true to the micro seasons with the emphasis squarely on fresh, clean flavours. What cannot be grown in THE PIG’s kitchen garden is sourced within a 25-mile radius of each hotel. There are no ‘cookie-cutter roll-outs’; each hotel has its own personality and sense of self. Every property comes with laid-back warm service and a genuine commitment to environmental and social responsibility. THE PIG hotels aim to deliver an outstanding experience for every guest; a ‘wow’ moment that surprises and delights for a price that won’t break the bank. Home grown in every way – breaking the mould of designed hotels by working with what it has and recognising what is good about that. Designed in the style that has become THE PIG’s signature, each hotel has a garden restaurant and bedrooms with a touch of luxury and bags of homely charm plus Potting Shed massage treatment rooms in or near the kitchen gardens. Notes to Editors THE PIG group is a personal collection of small lifestyle restaurants with rooms where the focus is on authenticity and informality of design, food and service. There are now eight PIG hotels; THE PIG, THE PIG-near Bath, THE PIG-on the beach; THE PIG-at Combe, THE PIG-in the wall, THE PIG-at Bridge Place, THE PIG-at Harlyn Bay and THE PIG-in the South Downs. With an obsessive commitment to home grown and local produce, THE PIG celebrates the seasons and uses only the best, freshest and most authentic foods and ingredients. It is all about the kitchen gardens, they are the beating heart of the operation. Everything is driven by the kitchen gardener/forager and chef. They grow and source the food and the chef then creates the menu; uncomplicated and simple kitchen garden food, true to the micro seasons with the emphasis squarely on fresh, clean flavours. What cannot be grown in THE PIG’s kitchen garden is sourced within a 25-mile radius of each hotel. There are no ‘cookie-cutter roll-outs’; each hotel has its own personality and sense of self. Every property comes with laid-back warm service and a genuine commitment to environmental and social responsibility. THE PIG hotels aim to deliver an outstanding experience for every guest; a ‘wow’ moment that surprises and delights for a price that won’t break the bank. Home grown in every way – breaking the mould of designed hotels by working with what it has and recognising what is good about that. Designed in the style that has become THE PIG’s signature, each hotel has a garden restaurant and bedrooms with a touch of luxury and bags of homely charm plus Potting Shed massage treatment rooms in or near the kitchen gardens.
Sisters and Brothers: I hope this finds each of you well, and I hope that you have been enjoying this hot Iowa Summer! It sort of feels like there were only about six days in July, it seemed to go by very quickly in my opinion! I wish to thank everyone who attended our summer events. Your participation has been greatly welcomed and very much appreciated! Thank you Lady Washington/Rhinehart and New Hampton Chapter for hosting the Grand Family and for the fun events planned. We had a fantastic time at the Barthell Plant Auction and the Borlaug Farm. Thank you so much and we all are appreciative of all the work and preparation. We had a fabulous time with the Conferring of the Degrees at Heartland Chapter. What a fun day and welcome to our new members! Brighton Chapter, Washington also conferred the Degrees, and we were so privileged to welcome two new members as well. Both events were so much fun and we were so pleased to see many of you there. Thank you to all the Chapters involved with the Conferring of the Degrees for all the fun decorations and work involved. We had such a good time at the cookout held in Tama. Thanks to Holly Chapter, Toledo Chapter and Bona Dea Chapter for hosting a fabulous event! Your program was simply awesome and many thanks to Pat Burch for her presentation of the Quilts of Valor, and congratulations to all the recipients of those quilts during the evening. Continued on Pg. 2 Sisters and Brothers: Warm smiles, hugs, firm handshakes are how we greet our Sisters and Brothers, and I look forward to those greetings wherever we go. This makes me think of the song, What the World Needs Now. The news we see every morning and every night is usually not hugs and warm smiles, but not always. Recently at a little league game, a batter was hit in the head by a pitch and fell to the ground. He did have his helmet on, so he was okay and after being checked by coaches and medical professionals, he walked to first base. It was then that he noticed that the pitcher who threw the ball and hit him was crying. The batter simply walked over to the pitcher’s mound, hugged the pitcher, and told him that he was okay. In professional games, you see batters throw their bats at pitchers, you see fights breakout that clear the bench. Then, you think of the little league player forgiving the offense, and you just want to look away ashamed. The lessons of our Order are lessons the world needs right now: the lesson of Adah which teaches us to keep our commitments to God and each other; the lesson of Ruth which teaches us that we may have to make personal sacrifices to do the right thing; the lesson of Esther which teaches us to stand up and defend others; the lesson of Martha which teaches us that faith conquers all of our fears; and the lesson of Electa which teaches us to always stand up for the truth. As members of the Order of the Eastern Star, we may disagree on an issue, but we leave that disagreement outside the Chapter and treat each other with love and respect. Continued on Pg. 3 We were so pleased to attend the Rainbow Grand Assembly in June. What a fantastic time we had with the young ladies! Their Ritual work was outstanding, and I thoroughly enjoyed all the activities we were privileged to be a part of. The work of the 2021-2022 Grand Officers under Kayla’s leadership truly is remarkable, and my heartiest congratulations for such a fabulous job well done! We are so looking forward to the work that Kaitlyn and her Grand Officers will be doing and we wish them the very best, and also we extend our congratulations on their elections. The Rainbow Girls, along with their sponsors and team of dedicated advisors are simply amazing. It was just a delight to be present and to witness the outstanding work of the Assemblies. We will be pleased to be able to present them with our heartiest congratulations and award at the Grand Chapter Banquet. Brother John and I were privileged to attend the DeMolay Banquet. What a delightful group of gentlemen! Eastern Star is very proud of these young men, and we were very pleased to wish the new slate of officers a fabulous new year, and to congratulate the past officers on a job well done. We are very pleased that we will be giving an award to the DeMolay at Grand Chapter. The Golf Outing was so awesome. I am very grateful to each one who came to golf, to have a good time, to take a part in the silent auction, and to those who joined us for a fantastic meal. Thank you all so much for coming and helping to support the Parkinson’s Project. I was very pleased to have our On with Life Team with us. Gail and Tammy were awesome in their remarks. We wish to thank AH Blank Golf staff and management for providing a beautiful day for Iowa Eastern Star and all who took part. Several Starlighters attended the Five State Event in Hannibal, Missouri. We had a fabulous dinner on board the Mark Twain Riverboat, and a lovely cruise on the Mississippi River. We toured the town, had chocolate malt, and thoroughly enjoyed the trip. Our Starlighters performed a skit on Saturday night, complete with Lucy in a red paper wig. Such fun! All the states performed hilarious and fun filled skits. It was so much fun. However, your Worthy Grand Matron left her phone on her table, and had to go back after the event to get it. Surprise to me…they had taken LOADS of photos for me with my camera, and what a fun way to make light of a panicked situation. Ohmygoodness! I have had a ball going through all the pictures of the friends made. We were also honored to attend the Banquet of the Grand Chapter and Council Sessions on July 30th. We had such a great time with them. It was quite enjoyable meeting new friends, visiting with old friends and enjoying all of the fellowship. It was an honor with great humility to be named a Lady of the Council. My dad enjoyed all of his time and work with the Masonic Bodies and I am proud to honor him by wearing the beautiful pin I received. I think he would be proud of me as well. I am deeply honored and humbled by the generous donation received in honor of my dad for the Parkinson’s Project. Such a blessing and of course, the WGM cried. No surprise there. We are very grateful for their support and wish to thank all the members for their contribution. Due to circumstances beyond our control, the degrees we had scheduled for Algona Chapter were cancelled and rescheduled for October 8th. Sometimes stuff happens, we all know that. So, we just move on and keep having fun. I am so excited to attend the All Iowa Event in Earlham on the 13th of August. This event will benefit Iowa Grand Chapter. I will be so happy to see as many of you as possible. Thank you to Sister Bev Reinert, and the All Iowa Committee for taking on this event. John and I appreciate your work. We are going to Rock and Roll! We are looking forward to the Iowa/Nebraska Exchange and the opportunity to spend time with our Job’s Daughters. Sincerest thanks to Claudia Hauser and her team for arranging this event, and to Laurie Sieg, Worthy Grand Matron of Nebraska for working with me to prepare this exchange. Everyone is invited, and everyone is most definitely assured of having a grand time. I am looking forward to spending some fun times with our Job’s Daughters, and so delighted that we will able to present them with an award at Grand Chapter. The Three State Exchange with Minnesota, Wisconsin and Iowa is on for the first weekend in October. Everyone is invited to the event on Saturday night in Bellevue Chapter and then the Sunday event will be at Bellevue State Park. You will have a most excellent time for that is a beautiful Park, and I know that their Chapter is planning a very, very entertaining day. The information is on the www.iowaeasternstar.org website, as are all events. It’s the time of my year to begin our focus of Grand Chapter and all the workings involved. Brother John and I want to thank all the Committee Chairs, Board of Grand Trustees, the Boone Home Board, Board of Education, and everyone who has been working this year for the Good of Iowa Grand Chapter. We are so grateful to each and every one of you for performing your duties with due diligence and care for Iowa Grand Chapter. Every single individual who serves on any committee or board is vital to the life blood of the Order in Iowa, and John and I are very thankful to have served with you and for you. Brother John and I excitedly invite each member of Iowa Eastern Star to attend our ‘Swinging on a Star” Session, October 21-23, 2022. It will be held at the Cedar Rapids Marriott on Collins Road in Cedar Rapids. All Grand Chapter information is on the website as well, so if you have not done so, please check it out. You will hear reports of the Worthy Grand Matron, Worthy Grand Patron, the Boards, and the grand total of the Parkinson’s Project. Please join us. We would be most happy to welcome you. Thank you all for the privilege of serving as Your Worthy Grand Matron. My love and blessing to each of you. Worthy Grand Matron’s Message – Continued from Pg. 2 I have always had great respect and admiration for all Past Grand Matrons and Past Grand Patrons before, but this year has enlightened me in a lot of new ways. To each and every one of the Past Grand Matrons and Past Grand Patrons out there, I am learning what you have probably known for a long time. This “job” is a lot of work. But just as it is a lot of work, it is a journey I will treasure forever. Yes, I have made and will continue to make mistakes, and yes, that’s pretty much a fact. I admire each one of you for the work and dedication to the Order you gave and continue to give. I just wanted to say thank you for the job you did in whatever year you served. You have my deepest gratitude and my greatest respect. Brother John and I excitedly invite each member of Iowa Eastern Star to attend our ‘Swinging on a Star’ Session, October 21-23, 2022. It will be held at the Cedar Rapids Marriott on Collins Road in Cedar Rapids. All Grand Chapter information is on the website as well, so if you have not done so, please check it out. You will hear reports of the Worthy Grand Matron, Worthy Grand Patron, the Boards, and the grand total of the Parkinson’s Project. Please join us. We would be most happy to welcome you. Thank you all for the privilege of serving as Your Worthy Grand Matron. My love and blessing to each of you. Cheryl Payne WGM Worthy Grand Patron’s Message - Continued from Pg. 1 One final thought: why is it that they can make a satellite that can track a car on the freeway from space, but they can’t make a vending machine that will recognize a dollar bill with the corner bent down? John Whitaker, WGP WORTHY GRAND MATRON P.S. The Starlighters were guests of Bedford Chapter for their fun day at an Apple Orchard Farm. We had a fabulous time! After enjoying a delicious lunch complete with apple pie and homemade ice cream, we were treated to a “Hayride” tour of the beautiful farm. Thank you members of Bedford Chapter for a wonderful day, and we appreciated all who came to enjoy the day with us. The Happy Days All Iowa Event was a HUGE hit! Poodle skirts, saddle shoes, leather jackets, rolled up jeans and a bunch of Pink Ladies just added to the fun. This event was held to benefit Grand Chapter, so we will anxiously await the report of the committee at Grand Chapter for the results. We want to thank everyone who came for the fun, fabulous food, trivia, puzzle exchange, and silent auction. The Starlighters are very blessed and humbled by your presence and generosity. Congratulations to Bev Reinert and the committee for a successful and rockin’ good time! Carol and Jack Nelson, members of Linden Chapter, Panora and Lady Washington-Rinehart Chapter, Adel had the honor of presenting to their grandson, Devyn Benn Nelson an ESTARL Award. He is a student at University of Dubuque. We are all appreciative of our Beloved Eastern Star. STARLIGHTERS UN-BEE-LIEVABLY FUN DAY IN CAMANCHE During meetings or refreshments, when candy is involved, please remember to put the wrappers in a pocket or purse. Do not leave under your chair for others to pick up. When receiving an invitation requesting a RSVP and you are part of that group, please do so. Do not assume ‘they know I’ll be there’. If you are unable to attend a stated or special meeting, as an installed officer, please first try to get your own protem and second let your Worthy Matron know you will not be attending and if you found a protem or not. Our Youth need your support. The monies collected are wonderful and greatly appreciated. Equally important is your presence. Attend a stated meeting, installation of officers or a special event. You might be surprised by how much fun you have and the youth shine when adults take the time to be a part of their world. Thank Yous are a wonderful thing. Gifts are not given to get one but it is a nice gesture and greatly appreciated, especially when the gift is mailed and the sender wonders about receipt. Janice Wauson—Editor The Sigourney Kiwanis Club is beginning a project to build a new community pavilion on the Courthouse Lawn in Sigourney. Aspasia Chapter listened to presentations from the Kiwanis about the project and donated $3,000 to kick start the fundraising for the project! Three pictures are attached. The first shows an architect’s rendering of the Pavilion, the second shows Leane Stutzman (Worthy Matron) and Beth TerFehn (Treasurer) presenting the check to two of the Kiwanis Members. The third picture is a picture of the Aspasia Chapter members who were available in June to present the check to the Kiwanis members. ALL IOWA ROCK AND ROLL PARTY Ready for Ice Cream Sundaes and Root Beer Floats Bruce Thomas ready for fun Our own “Betty Boop” Costume Winners First Place: Heather and Kenny as “Sandy” and “Danny” Second Place: Kaylene and Marla as “Lucy” and “Ethel” Third Place: Janice W., Virginia, Lark, Janice A. and Anna as “Pink Ladies” 2022 Starlighters Grand Family New Grand Representative Appointment Just reminiscing ... Grand Chapter 1972 — 50 years ago A few weeks ago it dawned on me that it was 50 years ago that I was a first time Worthy Matron and thus decided this article would spotlight 1972. I took a walk down memory lane as I read the list of Matrons, Patrons and Secretaries who served that year. So many familiar names. Some I got to know just for that year, while many others would cross my path many times throughout the next half century. Some have left our circle and gone to a land beyond our sight, but many others have continued to serve our Order and our paths have crossed again and again. The Ninety-fifth Annual Session of the Grand Chapter of Iowa was held at Veterans Memorial Auditorium in Des Moines on October 31, November 1 & 2, 1972 with Peggy Hauswirth of Laurens Chapter and H. Victor Stead of Maple Leaf Chapter, Maquoketa presiding as WGM and WGP. “The Pathway of Light” session indicated that “we have daily proof of Christ’s abiding presence in our lives, for our pathways are lighted by the assurance of His love and care. They are strewn with his mercies and blessings.” Peggy’s traveling emblem was the Bible, “our guide as we walk through the Labyrinth of Life.” The symbols for the year were: The Lighted Candle, “Representing the warmth of fraternal friendship” The Star, “A symbol of faith, a gift of love” and the Open Fan, “Reminding us to open our hearts to the needs of others.” Sister Eva Lu Morrison, PGM, 1961 and Peggy’s OES Mom extended a welcome to Grand Chapter with the following words: “The glow of the candle has illuminated the pathway as our members traveled from every corner of our great state to join together in this ‘Pathway of Light’ session… Beautiful autumn highways and fruitful fields echoed a warm welcome along the way as an ever present reminder of God’s love and bounteous blessings.” The flag presentation ceremony was written by District Instructor, Betty Briggs. As the flags entered, the trumpeters (Harold Pascal, Newton; Jay Clayworth, Carlisle and Hilmer Nelson, Des Moines) played and the soloist (Gil Mote, WP, South Gate Chapter, Des Moines) sang the hymn, “God of Our Fathers, Whose Almighty Hand.” The reading “God Bless America, Again” was given with an instrumental accompaniment. (Flutist, Kenneth Swan, Sewel; Guitarist, Dennis Hodge, Cedar Rapids and Organist, Marion Walling, Conrad.) Sister Peggy began her report with the following: “How very short is the pathway from yesterday to today… It was an assignment which carried with it duties and responsibilities, as well as priceless privileges and pleasures. She noted that her closing words at her Installation the previous year were… ‘Before us is a year unknown, a path untrod. Beside us walks a friend well loved and known, that friend is God.’ I am grateful that our Heavenly Father did walk with me throughout this year for many times I turned to him for help and guidance, and I thank Him humbly for His watchful care.” The Exemplification of the Degrees by the Grand Officers was held in ten different chapters. Five times in May (3 Saturdays and 2 Tuesdays), four times in June (3 Saturdays and 1 Thursday) and once in September (Saturday). I remember attending at least three of these meetings. The one in Fort Dodge was held at South Junior High School; Cedar Chapter, Cedar Rapids in their chapter room and Storm Lake in the High School Gym. (Note: I cannot confirm, but I believe that all of the degrees were evening meetings.) In her report, Peggy notes: “Three issues of the Galaxy were received by our members this year and a special edition printed for distribution here at our Grand Chapter session. Many favorable comments were received regarding this publication and our members enjoyed the interesting and informative articles that appeared. I most certainly appreciate the many hours this Committee spent in preparing this publication. It is a big responsibility.” (Chairman, Margery Standley, Cedar Falls; Secretary, Verna Lee Morgan, Fonda; Editor, Mildred Culp, Conrad; and Marjorie Edgerton, Lamoni) Continuing for the second year was the Comet (Travel) Club. Almost 8,000 “Go” buttons were sold. The “Star Cruiser” was mentioned more than once. The bus driven by Ted Wentzien with Sister Jo as navigator (WM & WP of Oliven Chapter, Gladbrook) traveled many miles and visited many chapters during the year picking up Eastern Star members in various towns along the way. Many memories were made as they traveled around the state. A new venture for Iowa Grand Chapter was introduced when the WGM planned a tour of Hawaii. “In July, 197 Eastern Star members and their families traveled together on American Airlines to Hawaii. We stayed at the Hawaiian Regent Hotel. What a wonderful experience it was to share and enjoy together the beautiful Hawaiian villages, the blue skies, the warm sun and the gentle people of our fiftieth state… $1,191.00 was on hand from sponsoring the trip. The Board of Grand Trustees voted to use this money to help defray the deficit on the 1971 General Fund.” (Continued on page 8) It’s always fun and interesting to read the gleaning from the District Instructors’ Reports and I often wonder what chapter they were referring to. 1) One Chapter has a tradition of singing the “Doxology” prior to the partaking of any food. 2) Immediately following the Inspection Meeting the Temple was torn down to make ready for a new temple overlooking the Mississippi River. (Bellevue was granted a dispensation to move their charter to the Presbyterian Church while their new temple was being constructed.) 3) Six Past Worthy Advisors were serving as officers in one chapter. 4) My chapter was one of several which had a daughter and father serving together as Matron and Patron. Permission was granted to Davenport Chapter to move their charter to the Iowa Masonic Nursing Home and to Magi Chapter, Boone to move their charter the Eastern Star-Masonic Home to do degree work for Eastern Star members that resided in each home. Estherville, Donnellson and Miles moved their charters to new Masonic Temples. Peggy closed her remarks with the following words: “The path from yesterday to today has been a short but lovely one… Whatever good has been accomplished has been because you walked beside me.” As of January 1, 1972 there were 414 chapters in Iowa divided into 28 districts, with five consolidations noted and four Chapters surrendering their charter. Membership was 65,888, a loss of 1,725 from the previous year. “We pause for a brief period of timed gaze backward on the silent pathway, remembering the loved ones with whom we walked.” Sister Peggy passed away on August 28, 1990” and Brother Victor passed away on October 5, 1995. Final thoughts: Besides being a first time WM in 1972, my Faithful Chapter, Woodward was honored with our very first Grand Officer. Sister Alvera Maas served as Grand Organist and wrote the “Candlelight March” which was sold with proceeds going to ESTARL. And finally, I was not familiar with the song/poem “God Bless America Again” written by Bobby Bare and Boyce Hawkins. If you have a chance, try to located it on the internet and give it a listen. It brought tears to my eyes. Thanks for listenin’ Janelle Hammarstedt Lamont Chapter held a very special event. Janelle Miller was pleased to initiate her husband Josh into the Order. Thanks to all the special problems that helped make it possible. Linden Chapter #482 met June 18th to honor our 50 year members at Cabbage Rose in Guthrie Center. The members are (L-R) front row-Dottie Hill, Janice Whitehead, Lela Schwartz; back row-Shirley Hughes, Kathy Smith, Myrna Whetstone, Virginia Armstrong, Frank Keeran, Joyce Keeran. Aspasia Chapter in Sigourney recognized a new 50-year member, Leslie Nuehring, during our June meeting! Attached is a picture of Worthy Matron Leane Stutzman, New 50-year Member Leslie Nuehring, and Worthy Patron Ross Yoder. I can’t believe August is almost over and it’s time to think about Grand Chapter. My travels have taken me to only a few more Grand Chapters. A total of only 17 in all. It was a pleasure (not really) to travel to North Carolina Grand Chapter with my sister this summer. It is interesting to see the differences between the States and to meet new people. You never know who you will meet. We did meet some people from our home state of Missouri. Traveling with one’s own sister leads to some very interesting tales! I hope all our Grand Representatives have reached out to their counterparts in some way and have enjoyed being a Grand Representative. I hope everyone has enjoyed their summer spent with family and friends. Now we look forward to our Grand Chapter session and the beginning of a new year. It has been a challenge to sit at my computer to read the proceedings of other jurisdictions, since most came to me by email. Technology!! I am a book person; I like to hold a book. Hopefully all our Grand Chapters will get back to opening up to all our Sisters and Brothers and travel to other Grand Jurisdictions will once again be on our calendars. I look forward to greeting everyone at our “Swinging on a Star” session in October. Till then, safe travels! Sandy About Service Dogs A service dog is an invaluable asset to a disabled Veteran. These dogs, besides giving companionship and loyal service, help the Veteran in many ways. PTSD can be debilitating and can keep the Veteran from functioning in society. Service dogs react to the slightest hint of anxiety and intervene by bringing the Veteran back to reality. Always with them, the dog helps them to gain confidence and independence. Traumatic Brain Injuries can cause balance issues and the service dog is always there to support the Veteran. The Veteran can use the dog for balance or breaking a fall. The dogs are used as support while going up or down stairs. Items dropped are retrieved by the dog. Getting up from a chair can be difficult but with the help of a dog they can get up and the dog will help by bracing for support or by using the harness hold; the dog helps with forward momentum. The Order of the Eastern Star Supports Service Dogs! I have attended several schools and 1 of the degrees by the Grand Officers and have had to replenish my pins a couple of times. If I am in attendance at a meeting, I will have my pins with me and I have several brochures from “Partners for Patriots”. As I have said before, “All funds raised in Iowa will stay in Iowa.” Come see me. I have chosen “Partners for Patriots” for this year’s organization to support. They are located in rural Anthon, Iowa. Cindy Brodie is their Director and Lead Trainer. You can find them on the web at email@example.com. Jane Green, Service Dogs Committee of the General Grand Chapter Note: If your submission includes pictures of minors you must also submit a release form (Click here to download the release form) Now that the Galaxy is presented on our website we cannot legally publish minor’s pictures without signed consent from parents or guardians. The form can be found on the website on the Galaxy tab. We had such a good time at the Barthell Home Plant Auction. Eastern Star raises quite a good sum of monies from this auction for the Home. Now a little history, back in 2004, Randy and Danelle Essing and Bernie and I talked with the home about possibly doing something different for a fund raiser during the year of 2005. As gardening is one of my favorite things when we talked with Mae Schmitt, Activities Director for the Barthell OES home, she suggested a Plant Auction as this was and continues to be one of her passions. Through the years it has become bigger and better and raises even more monies for the home. The two pictures are from this year, 2022. The first picture shows The Barthell Home Picnic Committee: Lloyd Billman, Judi Krauskopf, Terri McCulley, Chairman and Mae Schmitt, Activities Director for the Barthell OES Home. The second picture shows past and present Board Members for the Barthell Home: Sheila Kiehne, JoAnn Bergeson, Peggy Liekweg, Luke Reicks (President), Diane King (Member), Mike Whitson (Vice Chair), Mary Davis (Member), Mandy Baker (Executive Director). Submitted by, JoAnn Bergeson, PGM THREE STATE EVENT: Here is a partial listing of the attractions in and around the Dubuque Area. There are also quaint shops downtown, for shopping enjoyment and many other attractions. You are invited to spend the day visiting the various sites and sceneries on your own. National Mississippi River Museum & Aquarium The facility is part aquarium, part museum, part science center. The Museum and Aquarium inspires stewardship by creating educational experiences where history and rivers come alive. Address: 350 E 3rd Street Dubuque, Iowa 52001 563 557 9545 Vermuseum.com to purchase advance tickets Fenelon Place Elevator This funicular railway has been called “the world’s steepest, shortest scenic railway. 296 feet in length, elevating passengers 189 feet from Fourth Street up to Fenelon Place. Adults $2.00 one way and $4.00 Round trip. Address: 512 Fenelon Place Dubuque, Iowa 52001 563 582 6496 Dubuque Arboretum & Botanical Gardens 52 acres makes this Garden the largest in the United States. There is no entrance fee to enjoy the Dubuque Arboretum grounds. Address 3800 Arboretum Drive Dubuque, Iowa 52001 563 556 2100 Dubuque Museum of Art Intimate museum showcasing 20th century American art with an emphasis on the Midwest region. Admission fee is $5.00 for adults. Address: 701 Locust Street Dubuque, Iowa 52001 563 557 1851 Eagle Point Park One of the most outstanding parks in the Midwest, it is 164 acres which overlooks the Mississippi River and Lock and Dam No 11. It offers a stunning view of Iowa, Illinois, and Wisconsin. Admission is $1.00 per car. Open 7am to 10 am Address: 2601 Shiras Avenue Dubuque, Iowa 52001 563 5894263 Crystal Lake Cave Take a guided tour through 3,000 feet of well-lit passageways, showing nature’s crystal menagerie and intricate formations. Admission is $20.00 for adults, $8.00 for kids 4-11 Address: 6684 Crystal Lake Cave Drive Dubuque, Iowa 52001 563 556 6451 Diamond Jo Casino Try your luck on slots and table games. It’s situated in Dubuque’s historic downtown district, and entertainment destination not to be missed. Address: 301 Bell Street Dubuque, Iowa 52001 563 690 4800 Mississippi River Walk The view of the River is spectacular. Enjoy a walk or a leisurely stroll or just sit and enjoy the view at one of the many special spots along the walk. No cost to enjoy the view Address: Port of Dubuque Dubuque, Iowa 52001 563 589 4263 Dubuque Shot Tower Need a nosh, check out the Shot Tower. This longtime pub with simple, old school décor offers amazing pizza and downright awesome pub foods. It’s a piece of history to be enjoyed. Address: 390 Locust Street, Dubuque, Iowa 52001 563 556 101 Stone Cliff Winery Set in an historic beer brewery, this winemaker offers a tasting room, lunch and live music. It is family owned and operated, located in the beautiful rolling hills north of Dubuque. Address: 600 Star Brewery Drive Dubuque, Iowa 52001 563 583 6100 Sunset Ridge Winery This is a small family operated winery located in the bluffs overlooking the Mississippi and Little Maquoketa river valley just 5 minutes north of Dubuque along Highway 52. Address: 12615 Route 52 N Dubuque, Iowa 52002 563 552 7243 Barrelhead Winery A great place to have a wine tasting, wonderful conversation and lunch. Address: 9995 Laudeville Road Dubuque, Iowa 52001 563 556 7073 Mines of Spain Park This beautiful park is a state park in Dubuque County. Enjoy for free 1437 acres of beautiful wooded and prairie land just south of Dubuque. It has been designated as a national Historic landmark and includes Julien Dubuque’s Monument. Address: 8991 Bellevue Heights Road Dubuque, Iowa 52003 563 556 0620 Julien Dubuque Monument The monument was built in 1897 and sits high above the Mississippi River. It overlooks the Mines of Spain property. Address: 1810 Monument Drive Dubuque, Iowa 52003 563 556 0620 Monastery Candy This amazing small business specializes in hand-crafted caramels and candies, made by the nuns of Our Lady of the Mississippi Abbey. Also known as “Trappistine Creamy Caramels”, the candy shop also offers chocolate-coated caramels, mint candies, chocolate hazelnut candies, truffles, and caramel sauce. Address: 8318 Abbey Hill Lane Dubuque, Iowa 52003 866 556 3400 Caroline’s Restaurant in the Hotel Julien, Dubuque Choose Caroline’s for a delectable American Cuisine with a twist. Open for Breakfast and lunch, you will be treated to a distinctive blend of exceptional food and welcoming character. Address: 200 Main Street Dubuque, Iowa 52001 563 556 4200 Sabula Island Sabula Rail Bridge, is a swing bridge that carries a single rail line across the Mississippi River, an attraction not to be missed. You can visit the Island City Harbor Store carries gift items, home goods, clothing and accessories you can’t find just anywhere. Address: 305 South Ave Sabula, Iowa 52070 Mary Jo Laughery, member of Linden Chapter of Panora, has been busy collecting pop tabs for The Ronald McDonald House. Thanks to Ms Julietta Griffioen for her help this year with the layout of the Galaxy. Her help has been invaluable. It has been my pleasure to serve as your Galaxy Chair this year. I have enjoyed reviewing all the articles and hearing from members throughout the state. I have also received calls from members asking where their issue is or if their subscription had expired. PLEASE be sure to inform all your members that the Galaxy can now be found only on our Website. We don’t want anyone to miss out. Thank you. Janice Wauson, Editor Thank you to all of you who have submitted pictures and articles for this issue of the 2022 Galaxy. Please remember that the future of the Galaxy depends on the membership continuing to submit articles about your Chapter’s activities and achievements. This year’s Galaxy committee looks forward to working with all of you for the next twelve months. The next issue will post to the website on December 10, 2023. Articles are due by November 15, 2022. Please submit articles to firstname.lastname@example.org Committee Members: Erin McCroskey, Editor/Reporter; Elizabeth Reicks, Assistant Editor/Reporter
A Study on the Effect of Alcoholism on the Family Members of Alcoholic Patients Manokaran Chinnusamy¹ Priscilla Rubavathy Eugin¹ Sathiyanarayanan Janakiraman¹ ¹Department of General Medicine, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Kalitheerthalkuppam, Madagadipet, Pondicherry, India Address for correspondence Manokaran Chinnusamy, MBBS, MD, 9, Associate Professor Quarters, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital Campus, Kalitheerthalkuppam, Madagadipet, Pondicherry 605107, India (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org). J Health Allied Sci Nu:2021;11:66–72 Abstract Introduction Alcohol use disorder is commonly known as “alcoholism” but is also known as a family disorder, not because it runs in families but because it tends to impact the family members more than just the individual. Alcoholism is one of the leading causes of marital problems, divorce, domestic violence, child abuse and neglect, and strained relationships between the partners and also between the parent and child. The per capita alcohol consumption has increased from 2.2 L (2005) to 2.7 L (2016) and is expected to increase by another 2.2 L by 2025. According to the World Health Organization, 55% of domestic violence is related to alcohol abuse by the partner. This study aims to identify the impact of alcoholism on the individual’s health as well as the family members depending on the level of alcohol dependence. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients admitted in the ward with a history of alcohol intake. AUDIT-C (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–C) questionnaire was used to detect dependence and also a structured questionnaire was used to gather information regarding the financial and psychological well-being of the family from the family member accompanying the person. Other parameters of the patient were also considered such as liver function test, abdomen ultrasonography, and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, wherever available. Results A total of 100 patients were included in the study; 59 patients were admitted due to various reasons secondary to alcohol intake. A score of >4 was suggestive of alcohol dependence: 73% (73) of the participants had a score of >4; 65% of the participants’ family members gave a positive history of impaired interpersonal relationships; 45% gave a positive history of battering; and 69% had mental health issues such as depression, lack of confidence, inferiority complex, and decreased sleep. Also, 51% (51) gave a positive history of financial contribution by the participant toward the family expenses. Conclusion The study shows that the problems of alcohol abuse have been associated with increased suffering to the family members, which contributes to a high level of interpersonal conflict, domestic violence, financial difficulties, and psychological disturbances, along with increasing the risk of developing comorbidities associated with alcohol abuse by the individual, which further adds to burden of the family. Keywords ► alcoholism ► alcoholism and family relationship ► impact of alcoholism Introduction Alcoholism is defined as a diseased condition due to the excessive use of alcoholic beverages. According to the American Psychiatric Association, the three criteria for diagnosis of alcoholism includes: (1) hand tremors and blackouts, (2) obsessive desire to drink, and (3) behavioral problems affecting work life.$^1$ Alcohol dependence syndrome is defined as “a cluster of physiological, behavioural and cognitive phenomena in which the use of a substance takes a higher priority for a given individual than other behaviours that had great value.”$^2$ Alcoholics may belong to any age group, background, income level, and social or ethnic group. Alcoholism not only affects the individual but also the family. Hence it may also be known as a family disease. It disrupts family life and causes harmful effects on the members, which last for a lifetime. Each member of the family is affected differently, especially the spouse and the children. The spouse suffers from feeling of hatred, self-pity, avoidance of social contacts, and may suffer exhaustion and become mentally and physically ill. Many children of the alcoholics suffer from low self-esteem, loneliness, helplessness, fear, guilt, and severe depression. Alcoholism is also associated with crime and violence, which reflects as incest and battering in the family.$^2$ According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, the diagnosis of alcohol use disorder can be made if 2 or more out of the 11 criteria are fulfilled, occurring at any time in the same 12-month period. Severity of alcohol use disorder is based on the number of criteria fulfilled: (1) Mild, two or three criterions, (2) Moderate, four or five criterions, and (3) Severe, six or more of the criterion items.$^3$ One standard alcohol drink roughly contains 14 g of pure alcohol as per United States Guidelines. The amount of alcohol content varies in each beverage. In India, the pure ethanol concentration in various drinks available are as follows: beer, 5% (355 mL); strong beer, 8% (240 mL); wine, 12 to 15% (150 mL); foreign liquor or Indian manufactured foreign liquor, 42.8% (43 mL); and country liquor, 40 to 70% (45 mL). The different measures used in India are: peg, 40 to 60 mL; pint, 330 to 375 mL; and quarter, 180 mL.$^4$ Alcohol use disorder commonly known as “alcoholism” is also known as a family disorder, not because it runs in families but because it tends to impact the family members more than just the individual. Alcohol is one of the leading causes of marital problems, divorce, domestic violence, child abuse and neglect, and strained relationships between the partners and also between the parent and child. The per capita alcohol consumption has increased from 2.2 L (2005) to 2.7 L (2016) and is expected to increase by another 2.2 L by 2025. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 55% of domestic violence is related to alcohol abuse by the partner. Both the spouse and the children of the individuals are psychologically impacted. Materials and Methods Aim and Objective The aim of the study was to identify the impact of alcoholism on the family members of the alcoholic patients with regard to various aspects such as mental health, domestic violence, interpersonal relationships, and financial burden on the family. Study Design Hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary health-care setup of Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College located at Kalitheerthalkuppam in Pondicherry, which is on the outskirts on the way to Villupuram. Due to the reduced tax on alcohol in Pondicherry, the prevalence is comparatively higher. We get patients from the neighboring villages in Tamil Nadu also. Study Patients All adult patients between the age of 20 and 60 years admitted in ward and attending the outpatient department, with history suggestive of alcohol use disorder, under the department of General Medicine, were studied for a period of 6 months. By systematic sampling, 100 patients were selected for the study. Methodology After obtaining informed written consent from the patients, routine history and physical examination of the individual was done. Using Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–C (AUDIT-C) questionnaire,$^5$ alcohol dependence was identified in the participant. Another structured questionnaire was used to detect the impact on the psychological aspect, domestic violence, interpersonal relationships, and financial burden in the family, from the spouse or the family member accompanying the person. Other variables included in the study were: socio-demographic variables, laboratory parameters, abdomen ultrasonography (USG), and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIscopy). Statistical Analysis Data entry and analysis were done using EpiInfo (version 3.5.4) and SPSS version 24 software. Descriptive statistics were calculated for background variables and the prevalence of alcoholism. Chi-square test and $p$-value were calculated to look for the significance of the association between alcoholism and social factors. Results A total of 100 patients were included in the study: 36% of the patients were in the range of 31 to 40 years and 24% in the range 41 to 50 years, which includes the major earning population in our society ($ \sim \text{Table 1} $). Considering the years of alcohol consumption, 51% of the population were consuming alcohol for 1 to 10 years and 36% between 11 and 20 years ($ \sim \text{Fig. 1} $). Table 1 Distribution of patients based on their age \| Age (in years) \| Number \| Frequency (%) \| \|---------------\|--------\|---------------\| \| 21–30 \| 9 \| 9 \| \| 31–40 \| 36 \| 36 \| \| 41–50 \| 24 \| 24 \| \| 51–60 \| 20 \| 20 \| \| 61–70 \| 9 \| 9 \| \| 71–80 \| 2 \| 2 \| Fig. 1 Years of alcohol consumption. Among the patients, 59% (59) had associated smoking habit, which is also one of the major risk factors for various health-related issues. The prevalence of comorbidities among the patients was studied. Thus, 72 patients did not have any comorbidity while 19 patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus, out of which 10 patients had only type 2 diabetes mellitus and 9 patients had both type 2 diabetes mellitus and systemic hypertension. A total of 12 patients had systemic hypertension, 3 patients had previous history of cerebrovascular accident, and 1 patient had a history of coronary artery disease. Also, three patients were found to be positive for hepatitis B infection, one patient had chronic calcified pancreatitis, one patient had bronchial asthma, and another one patient had epilepsy (* Table 2). Among the 100 patients, 59 patients were admitted due to various reasons secondary to alcohol intake, either as a direct or indirect influence such as alcoholic gastritis, alcohol withdrawal seizure, alcohol withdrawal symptoms, hypokalemia, alcoholic liver disease, alcohol-induced pancreatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, cerebrovascular accident, and ingestion of poison following alcohol intake. The remaining 41 patients were admitted due to other causes such as febrile illness, accelerated hypertension, uncontrolled blood sugars, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease. Various laboratory parameters such as serum bilirubin levels, liver enzymes, abdomen USG, and UGIscopy were studied among the patients with the available data. Table 2 Distribution of the comorbidities among the patients \| Comorbidities \| Frequency \| \|--------------------------------\|-----------\| \| No comorbidities \| 72 \| \| Type-2 diabetes mellitus \| 19 (only T2DM, 10) \| \| Systemic hypertension \| 12 (T2DM with systemic hypertension, 9) \| \| Coronary artery disease \| 1 (with T2DM) \| \| Cerebrovascular accident \| 3 (with T2DM, 1; with both T2DM and SHTN, 1) \| \| Pancreatitis \| 1 \| \| Chronic kidney disease \| 1 \| \| Hepatitis B infection \| 3 (with SHTN, 1) \| \| Bronchial asthma \| 1 \| \| Seizure \| 1 \| Abbreviations: T2DM, type-2 diabetes mellitus; SHTN, systemic hypertension. Fig. 2 Serum bilirubin levels. Serum bilirubin levels were available for 93 patients among the 100 patients, out of which 41.9% (39) patients were found to be normal. Serum bilirubin levels were further divided into mild (1.0–1.5 mg/dL), moderate (1.5–3.0 mg/dL), and severe (3.0–10 mg/dL). Also, 22.6% (21) patients had mild derangement, 15.1% (14) had moderate derangement, and 20.4% (19) had severe derangement (* Fig. 2). Liver enzymes were available for 93 patients, out of which 24.7% (23) patients were in the range 30 to 100 IU/L, 52.7% (49) patients in the range 101 to 300 IU/L, and 15.1% (14) patients in the range 301 to 500 IU/L (* Fig. 3). Abdomen USG was done for 40 patients, out of which 10% (4) of patients had normal liver, 32.5% (13) patients had fatty liver, 30% (12) had ascites, 22.5% (9) had cirrhosis, 2.5% (1) had renal calculi, and 2.5% (1) had chronic calcific pancreatitis (* Table 3). UGIscopy was done for 11 patients among which 72.7% (8) had grade I small esophageal varices, 9.1% (1) had grade II medium esophageal varices, and 18.2% (2) had grade III large esophageal varices (* Table 4). The impact of alcoholism among family members was studied with regard to different aspects such as family disputes, financial contribution by the participant, battering, and mental health of the spouse using a questionnaire. Patient history was obtained from the family member accompanying the participant, predominantly the spouse. Based on the questionnaire, 65% (65) of the patients’ family members gave a positive history of impaired interpersonal relationship, 45% (45) gave a positive history of battering, and 69% (69) had mental health issues such as depression, lack of confidence, inferiority complex, and decreased sleep. Also, 51% (51) gave a positive history of financial contribution by the participant toward the family expenses (►Table 5). Prevalence of alcohol dependence among the patients was studied using the AUDIT-C questionnaire. A score of >4 was suggestive of alcohol dependence: 73% (73) of the patients had a score of >4 (►Fig. 4). Association between the degree of alcohol dependence based on the AUDIT-C score and the impact on family members was studied (►Table 6). Among the 27 patients scoring 1 to 4, 5 patients had family disputes, 4 had history of battering, 7 had history of disturbed mental health among family members, and 16 patients financially supported the family. Among the 23 patients in score range 5 to 6, 18 patients had family disputes, 11 had history of battering, 18 had disturbed mental health among family members, and 14 patients financially supported the family. Among the 41 patients in score range 7 to 8, 36 patients had family disputes and 26 had history of battering; 36 participants’ family members had disturbed mental health and 15 patients financially contributed for the family. Among the nine members with a score of >9, six patients had family disputes, four had history of battering, eight patients’ family members had disturbed mental health, and six patients supported their families financially. ►Table 7 shows that the association between alcohol dependence and family disputes, including battering and --- Table 3 Distribution of patients based on their USG findings \| USG finding \| Frequency \| Percent (%) \| \|-----------------------------\|-----------\|-------------\| \| Normal \| 4 \| 10 \| \| Fatty liver \| 13 \| 32.5 \| \| Ascites \| 12 \| 30 \| \| Cirrhosis \| 9 \| 22.5 \| \| Renal calculi \| 1 \| 2.5 \| \| Chronic calcific pancreatitis \| 1 \| 2.5 \| Abbreviation: USG, ultrasonography. Table 4 Distribution of patients based on their UGIscopy findings \| UGIscopy findings \| Frequency \| Percent (%) \| \|------------------------------\|-----------\|-------------\| \| Grade I small esophageal varices \| 8 \| 72.7 \| \| Grade II medium esophageal varices \| 1 \| 9.1 \| \| Grade III large esophageal varices \| 2 \| 18.2 \| Abbreviation: UGIscopy, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Table 5 Distribution of patients based on the impact of alcoholism on the family \| Family impact \| Yes \| No \| \|---------------\|-----\|----\| \| \| Frequency \| Percent (%) \| Frequency \| Percent (%) \| \| Family disputes \| 65 \| 65 \| 35 \| 35 \| \| Battering \| 45 \| 45 \| 55 \| 55 \| \| Mental health \| 69 \| 69 \| 31 \| 31 \| \| Financial contribution \| 51 \| 51 \| 49 \| 49 \| Table 6 Association between the AUDIT-C score and impact of alcoholism on family \| Audit-C score \| Family disputes \| Battering \| Mental health \| Financial contribution \| Total \| \|---------------\|-----------------\|-----------\|---------------\|------------------------\|-------\| \| \| Yes \| No \| Yes \| No \| Yes \| No \| Yes \| No \| Yes \| No \| \| Frequency (%) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1–4 \| 5 \| 22 \| 4 \| 23 \| 7 \| 20 \| 16 \| 11 \| 27 \| \| 5–6 \| 18 \| 5 \| 11 \| 12 \| 18 \| 5 \| 14 \| 9 \| 23 \| \| 7–8 \| 36 \| 5 \| 26 \| 15 \| 36 \| 5 \| 15 \| 26 \| 41 \| \| >9 \| 6 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 8 \| 1 \| 6 \| 3 \| 9 \| Abbreviation: AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–C. Table 7 Significance of the association between the different aspects of impact of alcoholism and AUDIT-C score \| Audit-C Score \| 1–4 \| 5–6 \| 7–8 \| >9 \| Chi-squared value \| p-Value (<0.05) \| \|---------------\|-----\|-----\|-----\|----\|-------------------\|-----------------\| \| Family disputes \| 5 \| 18 \| 36 \| 6 \| 36.803 \| 0.000 \| \| Battering \| 4 \| 11 \| 26 \| 4 \| 15.633 \| 0.001 \| \| Mental health \| 7 \| 18 \| 36 \| 8 \| 32.785 \| 0.000 \| \| Financial contribution \| 16 \| 14 \| 15 \| 6 \| 5.926 \| 0.115 \| Abbreviation: AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–C. Discussion Problems related to alcohol abuse have been associated to different factors, regardless of the causes attributed to this phenomenon. Alcohol consumption and dependence is considered a public health problem and deserves attention because of the social, work, family, physical, legal, and violence-related risks it represents. Hildebrand et al, in their study published in 2013, say that among young people, as per research, there is a large evidence for the influence of social norms on risky drinking behavior. They proposed a survey instrument that would provide a means to measure individual alcohol-related attitudes and beliefs.$^6$ According to the National Mental Health Survey of India 2015 to 16, the prevalence of alcohol use disorder was 9% in adult men and alcohol-attributable fraction of all-cause deaths was 5.4%. Out of all the deaths due to liver cirrhosis, 62.9% were attributed to alcohol use.$^7$ In this study using AUDIT-C score it was found that out of the 100 patients, 27% were not dependent on alcohol whereas 40% had alcohol dependence with a score of 7 to 8, and 9% had a score of >9. Similarly, Sujiv et al, in a study conducted in a primary health-care setting in rural Puducherry, found that out of the 256 subjects studied, 39.8% were found to be current alcohol users and 10.9% had alcohol use disorder. Based on these findings it was concluded that on screening of alcohol users, for every four users one person was identified to have alcohol use disorder.$^8$ A vast majority of the study population hail from Villupuram and Puducherry. According to Kumar et al, the prevalence of alcohol consumption in Villupuram district in 2013 was 16.8%. The age of initiation of drinking was 25+9 years and 56.2% had alcohol dependence.$^9$ The age distribution among the patients showed that majority of the population belonged to the range of 31 to 40 years (36%), followed by (24%) the age group between 41 and 50 years, similar to the observation in the following study. Ramanan and Singh conducted a study on the rural Puducherry and concluded that prevalence of alcohol use among >18 years of age was 9.7% and exclusively among males was 17.1%. The highest prevalence was among 46 to 55 years of age and the residents of joint families.$^10$ The reason for consuming alcohol in most of the cases is depression and anxiety. It relieves the symptoms initially to some extent but over the days it worsens the condition and causes depression and anxiety with increased need for alcohol to reduce the symptoms. Chronic use of alcohol increases the risk for suicide, personality disorders, and risk-taking behavior. According to Adityanjee et al, 17.6% of the psychiatric emergencies were related to alcohol consumption.$^11$ Regarding mental health among family members of the alcoholic patients, it was found that 69% of the caregivers suffered from insomnia, depression, lack of self-confidence, and other such mental health issues. Another study was done to understand the mental health among alcohol users and the following conclusion was given. Brower et al studied 172 men and women receiving treatment for alcohol dependence and found that 61% of the subjects had symptomatic insomnia. Compared with the patients without insomnia, patients with insomnia frequently reported use of alcohol for sleep and also had more severe alcohol dependence and depression. According to the study, insomnia remained a major predictor of relapse.$^12$ In a study by Gururaj and Isaac, the risk of suicide increased 25 times among alcohol users, and among women who were the spouse of alcohol abusers it increased by nearly 6 times.\textsuperscript{13} Further in the study by Gururaj and Isaac, it was concluded that the hospital admission rate secondary to alcohol consumption increased by 20 to 30% because of either direct injury or indirect problems related to alcohol consumption.\textsuperscript{13} Among the 100 patients, 59% were admitted due to various reasons secondary to alcohol, 20.4% patients had severe raise of bilirubin levels, 67.8% had raised liver enzymes more than 300 IU/L, 22.5% had cirrhosis, and 30% had ascites confirmed by USG. Also, 18.2% had grade III large esophageal varices. Similarly, Lucey et al, in their article published in 2008, had investigated patterns of use of alcohol and its clinical effects among cirrhotic patients. Heavy drinking was recorded in 25 adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) subjects but in no non-ALD subjects. In a Cox proportional-hazards model, it was found that only patients with heavy drinking habit on a regular basis were associated with death, while recent heavy drinking led to a huge increase in the risk of variceal hemorrhage.\textsuperscript{14} According to the WHO, the most common complication of long-term alcohol use is alcoholic liver disease. It also states that alcohol consumption increases the risk of breast cancer by 1.4-fold in women and risk of oral and esophageal cancers by threefold and rectal cancers by 1.5-fold in both genders.\textsuperscript{1} In the study by Gururaj and Isaac, it was found that abuse of the spouse was 2.5 times more common among alcohol abusers: 23.3% of them physically abused their spouse.\textsuperscript{13} Similarly in the current study, 65% of the study population had family disputes and 45% had a history of battering. Also, the study by Ramanan and Singh states that half of the patients had strained relationship with family members, especially spouse and children, and also with neighbors.\textsuperscript{10} According to Benegal et al., alcohol-dependent persons spent more money than they earned and around 60% of the families were supported by other family members.\textsuperscript{15} In this study, 51% of the patients financially contributed for the family needs. The majority had alcohol dependence problems and about one-fifth had chronic health problems, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension.\textsuperscript{10} Similarly, in the current study 19 patients had diabetes and 12 patients had systemic hypertension. The various health problems associated with alcohol intake include gastritis, alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis, and risk of cancers such as oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and larynx.\textsuperscript{16} It also leads to infertility and high-risk sexual behaviors, and predisposes to infections such as HIV and Hepatitis-B.\textsuperscript{17} Other effects include loss of bone mineral density, myopathy impaired memory, alcoholic tremors, Wernicke’s encephalopathy, and cerebellar degeneration.\textsuperscript{18} Dutta et al, in their study conducted in rural Tamil Nadu, have found that the prevalence of alcoholism among the study patients was 35.7%. Among them, 4.5% presented with symptoms of alcoholism and had taken treatment. Reason for not taking treatment for alcoholism among study population was mainly due to their family problems (55.2%).\textsuperscript{19} Grant et al, in their study, found a lifetime alcohol use disorder prevalence of 29.1% and a 12-month prevalence of 13.9%. This represents ~68.5 million and 32.6 million adult population, respectively.\textsuperscript{20} The study by Esser et al states that among the studies from lower- and middle-income countries, in a household survey from five states in India, 43.2% of adult male respondents reported at least one alcohol-related harm (physical and psychological abuse and neglect) to children in their homes, in the past year.\textsuperscript{21} Conclusion The study shows that the problems of alcohol abuse have been associated with increased suffering to the family members, which contributes to a high level of interpersonal conflict, domestic violence, financial difficulties, and psychological disturbances, along with increasing the risk of developing comorbidities associated with alcohol abuse by the individual, which further adds to burden of the family. Alcoholism is an emerging major health problem in India. Hence it is necessary to educate the society about the consequences of chronic alcoholism through various health education programs. It can further be controlled by effective control policies on alcohol production, taxation, and promotion, and by introduction of programs to help the individuals with addiction as well as their family members where they can seek help by enrolling in de-addiction programs similar to the Community Reinforcement And Family Training (CRAFT) for engaging unmotivated drug users in treatment and ARISE methods functioning in other countries. Conflict of Interest None declared. Acknowledgment The authors acknowledge the Epidemiology Unit of Community Medicine for their technical support and specially thank the entire team for their help. References 1. World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia. Prevention of harm from alcohol use. http://apapaonline.org/data/Regional_Data/SEARO/Alcohol_Facts_and_Figures.pdf. Accessed July 26, 2018. 2. Parsons T. Alcoholism and its effect on the family. All Psych J 2003;14 3. Jameson JL. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018 4. Nayak MB, Kerr W, Greenfield TK, Pillai A. Not all drinks are created equal: implications for alcohol assessment in India. Alcohol Alcohol 2008;43(6):713–718 5. Fagbemi K. Q: What is the best questionnaire to screen for alcohol use disorder in an office practice? Cleve Clin J Med 2011;78(10):649–651 6. Hildebrand J, Maycock B, Burns S, et al. Design of an instrument to measure alcohol-related psychosocial influences in the development of norms among 13-year-old to 17-year-old adolescents. BMJ Open 2013;3(8):e003571 7. World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory data repository. Available from: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A1109?lang=en. Accessed Dec 1, 2020 8. Sujiv A, Chinnakali P, Balajee K, Lakshminarayanan S, Kumar SG, Roy G. Alcohol use and alcohol use disorder among male outpatients in a primary care setting in rural Puducherry. Ind Psychiatry J 2015;24(2):135–139 9. Kumar SG, Premarajan KC, Subitha L, Suguna E, Vinayagamoorthy, Kumar V. Prevalence and pattern of alcohol consumption using alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) in rural Tamil Nadu, India. J Clin Diagn Res 2013;7(8):1637–1639 10. Ramanan VV, Singh SK. A study on alcohol use and its related health and social problems in rural Puducherry, India. J Family Med Prim Care 2016;5(4):804–808 11. Adityanjee MD, Mohan D, Wig NN. Alcohol-related problems in the emergency room of an Indian general hospital. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1989;23(2):274–278 12. Brower KJ, Aldrich MS, Robinson EA, Zucker RA, Greden JF. Insomnia, self-medication, and relapse to alcoholism. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158(3):399–404 13. Gururaj G, Isaac MK. Psychiatric epidemiology in India: moving beyond numbers. In: Agarwal SP, ed. Mental Health—An Indian Perspective, 1946–2003. Gurgaon: Elsevier; 2004:37–61 14. Lucey MR, Connor JT, Boyer TD, Henderson JM, Rikkers LF; DIVERT Study Group. Alcohol consumption by cirrhotic subjects: patterns of use and effects on liver function. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103(7):1698–1706 15. Benegal V, Velayudhan A, Jain S. The social cost of alcoholism (Karnataka) Nimhans J 2000;18(1/2):67–76 16. Bagnardi V, Blangiardo M, La Vecchia C, Corrao G. A meta-analysis of alcohol drinking and cancer risk. Br J Cancer 2001;85(11):1700–1705 17. Poulose B, Srinivasan K. High risk behaviours following alcohol use in alcohol dependent men. Indian J Med Res 2009;129(4):376–381 18. Peng MC, Chou WJ, Chen SS. Neurological problems in chronic alcoholics. Gaoxiong yi xue ke xue za zhi=. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 1991;7(8):404–412 19. Dutta R, Gnanasekaran S, Suchithra S, et al. A population based study on alcoholism among adult males in a rural area, Tamil Nadu, India. J Clin Diagn Res 2014;8(6):JC01–JC03 20. Grant BF, Goldstein RB, Saha TD, et al. Epidemiology of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III. JAMA Psychiatry 2015;72(8):757–766 21. Esser MB, Rao GN, Gururaj G, et al; Collaborators Group on Epidemiological Study of Patterns and Consequences of Alcohol Misuse in India. Physical abuse, psychological abuse and neglect: evidence of alcohol-related harm to children in five states of India. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35(5):530–538
Exam in SSY305 Communication Systems Department of Electrical Engineering Exam date: August 15, 2022 Teaching Staff Paolo Monti (examiner), 031-772 6027 Chouaib Bencheikh Lehocine, 073-742 6431 Material Allowed material: - Chalmers-approved calculator. - L. Råde, B. Westergren. Beta, Mathematics Handbook, any edition. - One A4 page with your own handwritten notes. Both sides of the page can be used. Photo copies, printouts, other students’ notes, or any other material is not allowed. - A paper-based dictionary, without added notes (electronic dictionaries are not allowed). Students are required to solve the exam problems individually. Cooperation, in any form or with anyone, is strictly forbidden. Grading A correct, precise and well-motivated solution gives at most 12 points per problem. An incorrect answer, unclear, incomplete, or poorly motivated solutions give point reductions to a minimum of 0 points. No fractional points are awarded. Answers in any other language than Swedish or English are ignored. Solutions Are made available at the earliest on August 16 on the course web page. Results Exam results are posted on Canvas no later than August 22. The grading reviews will be on August 23 (remotely via ZOOM) according to a process that will be explained in the course webpage. Grades The final grade of the course will be decided by the project (maximum score 46), quizzes (maximum score 6), and final exam (maximum score 48). The project and exam must be passed (see course-PM for rules). The sum of all scores will decide the grade. \| Total Score \| 0–39 \| 40–68 \| 69–79 \| ≥ 80 \| \|-------------\|------\|-------\|-------\|------\| \| Grade \| Fail \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| PLEASE NOTE THAT THE PROBLEMS ARE NOT NECESSARILY ORDERED BASED ON THEIR DIFFICULTY Good luck! 1. Consider the transmission of 1500 byte long packets over an AWGN channel with noise power spectral density $N_0/2$ using $M$-ary PAM, where $N_0 = 1.1 \cdot 10^{-20} \text{ W/Hz}$. The bits making up the packets are assumed to be independent and equally likely. The received signal power is $2 \cdot 10^{-12} \text{ W}$, and the packet error probability ($P_p$) should not exceed 0.1. (a) Assuming there is no ISI, give an expression for the packet error probability $P_p$ in terms of the symbol error probability $P_e$. (2p) (b) Assuming $P_p = 0.1$, what is the maximum data rate if $M = 4$? (4p) (c) Repeat Part (b) for $M = 8$ and compared the results with the ones obtained in Part (b) with $M = 4$. What conclusions can we derive? (4p) (d) Assume using root-raised cosine pulse shapes with roll-off factor $\alpha = 0.1$ and a matched filter receiver. If the transmission should be free of ISI, what is the bandwidth of the transmitted signal in Part (b) and (c)? (2p) Hint: the symbol error probability for $M$-ary PAM is $$P_e = \frac{2(M - 1)}{M} Q\left(\sqrt{\frac{6}{M^2 - 1} \frac{E_s}{N_0}}\right)$$ Solution Problem 1 (a) The symbol energy can be expressed as $E_s = P/R_s$, where $P$ is the received power and $R_s$ is the symbol rate. We assume there is no ISI. Symbol errors are then independent for PAM over a baseband AWGN channel. The packet error probability can be computed as $P_p = 1 - (1 - P_e)^{n_s}$, where $P_e$ is the symbol error probability and $n_s$ is the number of symbols in the packet. If we want to compute the value of $P_e$ from $P_p$, the value of $n_s$ can be derived as $n_s = n_{byte} \cdot 8 / \log_2(M)$, where $n_{byte}$ is the number of bytes in a packet and $\log_2(M)$ is the number of bits per symbol. We can now compute the symbol error probability as: $$P_p = 1 - (1 - P_e)^{n_s} \Rightarrow$$ $$P_e = 1 - (1 - P_p)^{\log_2(M)/(8n_{byte})}$$ \hspace{1cm} (1) (b) The data rate $R_b$ (bit/s) can be derived as $R_b = R_s \log_2(M)$. As already seen in the solution of Part (a), $R_s = P/E_s$, then: $$R_b = R_s \log_2(M) = \frac{P}{E_s} \log_2(M)$$ \hspace{1cm} (2) The only part missing now is $E_s$, but it can be derived from the general expression of the symbol error probability of an $M$-ary PAM (see provided Hint): $$P_e = \frac{2(M - 1)}{M} Q\left(\sqrt{\frac{6}{M^2 - 1} \frac{E_s}{N_0}}\right) \Rightarrow$$ $$E_s = N_0 \frac{M^2 - 1}{6} \left[Q^{-1}\left(\frac{M}{2(M - 1)} P_e\right)\right]^2$$ \hspace{1cm} (3) We can now plug in the numerical values $n_{bytes} = 1500$, $P_p = 0.1$, $N_0 = 1.1 \cdot 10^{-20}$ in Equations (1)–(2) and compute the maximum data rates for $M = 4$ as $R_b = 8.13$ Mbit/s. (c) When $M = 8$ the data rate becomes $R_b = 2.99$ Mbit/s. The lower data rate is because the power efficiency of $M$-ary PAM decreases with $M$, i.e., a higher $E_b/N_0$ is required to reach a given packet error value for $M = 8$ compared to $M = 4$. Consequently, for a fixed value for the received power, a PAM system with $M = 8$ must operate at a lower data rate to reach the required $E_b/N_0$ compared to the system with $M = 4$. (d) In a $M$-ary PAM system with symbol rate $R_s$ and root-raised cosine pulse shaping with roll-off factor $\alpha$ the value of the bandwidth is $W = R_s(1 + \alpha)/2$. Hence, the bandwidth required is 2.24 MHz and 0.55 MHz for $M = 4$ and $M = 8$, respectively. As expected, the bandwidth requirement is less for the $M = 8$ than the $M = 4$ since the spectral efficiency for $M$-ary PAM increases with $M$. 2. Consider a data transmission from Host A to Host B over the network depicted below. We want to design an application layer that uses an ARQ protocol to provide a reliable, in-sequence transmission service of 1000 byte SDUs. The transmission takes place over UDP, IP, and Ethernet. The application layer protocol header is 25 byte, and the ACK PDU is also 25 byte. We also assume that the IP header is 20 byte, the UDP header is 8 byte, and the Ethernet header and trailer are 22 byte and 4 byte, respectively. R1, R2, R3, and R4 are store-and-forward routers. The links are full-duplex with a line data rate of 100 Mbit/s. The length of each link segment is indicated in the figure. We assume that the link propagation speed is $(2/3)c_0$, where $c_0 = 3 \cdot 10^8$ m/s. The processing time in the hosts and routers is assumed to be negligible. (a) Sketch the layout of the Ethernet frame carrying the data SDUs of the application layer. More specifically, indicate the order and the length of the different protocol elements (headers, trailers, payloads, etc.) that makes up the frame. (1p) (b) Repeat Part (a) for the application layer ACK PDUs. (1p) (c) Suppose the application layer uses a Stop-and-Wait ARQ protocol. What is a good value for the time-out if Route 1 = (A—R1—R2—R3—B) is used? Motivate. (2p) (d) Assume now the application layer uses Route 2 = (A—R1—R4—R3—B). Is the time-out value computed in Part (c) still a good choice? Motivate. (2p) (e) Compute the value of the effective rate of the application layer service, assuming to use Route 1 = (A—R1—R2—R3—B) and error-free transmission. (2p) (f) Suppose R1 drops frames with probability 0.1 and R3 drops frames with probability 0.2. Assume that the frame drops are independent of each other. Note that both data frames and ACK frames are subject to frame drops. What is the effective data rate experienced by the application layer ARQ protocol? Use the route and the time-out value as in point (c). (4p) Hint: Suppose the success probability of a trial is $p$, then the average number of independent trials needed until a successful trial is: \[ \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} kp(1 - p)^{k-1} = \frac{1}{p} \] Solution Problem 2 (a) The Ethernet frame carrying the application layer data SDU (Data-SDU) can be represented as: $ \text{EH\|IH\|UH\|AH\|Data-SDU\|ET} $, where EH, IH, UH, and AH are headers for the Ethernet, IP, UDP and application protocols. ET represents the trailer for the Ethernet protocol. As a result the Ethernet frame consists of 1079 bytes (i.e., $(22\|20\|8\|25\|1000\|4)$). (b) The Ethernet frame carrying the application layer ACK PDU can be represented as: $ \text{EH\|IH\|UH\|AH\|ACK-SDU\|ET} $. The ACK PDU size is 25 bytes, this implies that ACK-SDU = 0. As a result the Ethernet frame consists of 79 bytes (i.e., $(22\|20\|8\|25\|0\|4)$). (c) Let’s compute the time required to transmit and acknowledge, over Route 1, an Ethernet frame containing the App-SDU data. Let’s call this time $ t_{R1} $. If we want to avoid unnecessary re-transmissions, we should set the time out of the SW ARQ protocol ($ t_{out} $) at least to this value. Let’s use the diagram below. The time required by an Ethernet frame containing the Data-SDU to be transmitted at A, traverse R1, R2, R3, and be received at B can be expressed as: \[ t_{f1} = 4 \cdot t_f + 2 \cdot t_{p1} + 2 \cdot t_{p2}. \] (4) The time required by an Ethernet frame containing the ACK PDU to be transmitted at B, traverse R3, R2, R1, and be received at A can be expressed as: \[ t_{a1} = 4 \cdot t_{ack} + 2 \cdot t_{p1} + 2 \cdot t_{p2}. \] (5) $ t_{p1} $ is the propagation time over links (A—R1) and link (R3—B), while $ t_{p2} $ is the propagation time over links (R1—R2) and link (R2—R3). Their value is $ t_{p1} = \frac{200}{c_0} = 1 \ \mu s $ and $ t_{p2} = \frac{1000}{c_0} = 5 \ \mu s $. $ t_f $ and $ t_{ack} $ are the transmission time for Ethernet frames containing the Data-SDU and the ACK PDU, respectively. They can be computed as: \[ t_f = n_f / R = 1079 \cdot 8 / 100 \cdot 10^6 = 86.3 \cdot 10^{-6} \ [\text{s}] \] (6) \[ t_{ack} = n_{ack} / R = 79 \cdot 8 / 100 \cdot 10^6 = 6.3 \cdot 10^{-6} \ [\text{s}], \] (7) where $ n_f $ and $ n_{ack} $ are number of bits of the two Ethernet frames containing the App-SDU and the ACK PDU, and $ R $ is the line data rate. As a final result we have: \[ t_{R1} = t_{f1} + t_{a1} = 357.3 \cdot 10^{-6} + 37.3 \cdot 10^{-6} = 394.6 \cdot 10^{-6} \text{ [s]} \tag{8} \] If Route 1 = (A—R1—R2—R3—B) is used we can set $ t_{out} = t_{R1} $. (d) To answer the question we need to compute $ t_{R2} $, i.e., the time required to transmit and acknowledge, over Route 2, an Ethernet frame containing the App-SDU data. We can use the same reasoning as in Part (b) and compute: \[ t_{f2} = 4 \cdot t_f + 2 \cdot t_{p1} + 2 \cdot t_{p3} \tag{9} \] \[ t_{a2} = 4 \cdot t_{ack} + 2 \cdot t_{p1} + 2 \cdot t_{p3}, \tag{10} \] where $ t_{p3} $ is the propagation time over link (R1—R4) and link (R4—R3), whose value is $ t_{p3} = 10000/c_0 = 50 \mu s $. We can then compute: \[ t_{R2} = t_{f2} + t_{a2} = 447.3 \cdot 10^{-6} + 127.3 \cdot 10^{-6} = 574.6 \cdot 10^{-6} \text{ [s]} \tag{11} \] A good value of the time-out if Route 2 is used is $ t_{out} = t_{R2} $. Since $ t_{R2} > t_{R1} $, we can not use $ t_{R1} $ as the time-out. If we do we will trigger unnecessary re-transmissions. (e) The effective rate of the application layer service when Route 1 is used can be computed as the ratio between total number of bits of App-SDU and the time required for a successfully acknowledged transmission: \[ R_{R1} = \frac{1000 \cdot 8}{t_{R1}} = 2.53 \cdot 10^6 \text{ [bit/s]} \tag{12} \] (f) Let $ p $ be the probability that a transmission trial over Route 1 is successful. We can express $ p $ as: \[ p = \Pr\{\text{”Data frame not dropped at R1”} \cap \text{”Data frame not dropped at R3”} \\ \cap \text{”ACK frame not dropped at R3”} \cap \text{”ACK frame not dropped at R1”}\} \] Since the data and ACK frame drops at R1 and R3 are independent of each other, $ p $ can be calculated as: \[ p = \Pr\{\text{”Data frame not dropped by R1”}\} \cdot \Pr\{\text{”Data frame not dropped by R3”}\} \\ \cdot \Pr\{\text{”ACK frame not dropped by R3”}\} \cdot \Pr\{\text{”ACK frame not dropped by R1”}\} \] \[ p = (1 - 0.1)^2(1 - 0.2)^2 \] \[ = 0.5184. \] We can then compute the effective data rate taking into account that on average it takes $ \frac{1}{p} $ transmissions attempt a frame is successfully transmitted and acknowledged (check provided Hint) as: \[ R_{sw} = \frac{1000 \cdot 8}{\frac{1}{p} t_{R1}} = 1.31 \cdot 10^6 \text{ [bit/s]}. \] 3. Consider a forest where several wireless sensors want to transmit their readings to a base station. The sensors are distributed uniformly over a circular area with a radius $r = 15$ km with the base station in the center. The transmitted frames are 80 byte long. The physical layer has data rate $R$ bit/s and the propagation speed is $c = 3 \cdot 10^8$ m/s. We will consider two medium access protocols: Aloha and slotted Aloha. In the slotted case, synchronization is assumed to be perfect. (a) Suppose to use Aloha to access the medium. What is the best system throughput we can achieve when $R = 3$ Mbit/s? Your answer should be in the unit [frames/second]. (3p) (b) Now consider slotted Aloha. The slot duration is the frame duration plus a guard interval. What is the smallest guard interval such that transmissions from different slots will collide at the base station? (3p) (c) Repeat Part (a) for slotted Aloha. Use the slot duration from Part (b). (3p) (d) Suppose we want to improve the throughput by increasing the data rate $R$. For which data rate do Aloha, and slotted Aloha have the same throughput value? (3p) Hint: Assuming that the sensors generate, on average, $G$ frames/(frame duration). The Aloha system throughput can be expressed as $S = G \exp(-2G)$, where $S$ is measured in frames/(frame duration). $G$ is a free variable we can adjust to maximize the system throughput. Similarly, the system throughput for slotted Aloha is $S' = G' \exp(-G')$, where the system throughput $S'$ and the offered traffic $G'$ are measured in frames/(slot duration). Note that $S$ and $S'$ are measured in different units. Solution Problem 3 (a) With Aloha, the normalized throughput is maximum when $G = 1/2$. If we set $\frac{dS}{dG} = 0 \rightarrow G = 1/2$, we obtain $S_{max} = \frac{1}{2} e^{-1}$ [frames/frame duration]. We can compute the frame duration $t_f$ as: $$t_f = \frac{80 \cdot 8}{R} = 213 \mu s$$ \hspace{1cm} (13) The maximum achievable throughput is $$R_{eff} = \frac{S_{max}}{t_f} = 862.2 \text{ [frames/s]}$$ \hspace{1cm} (14) $$= 0.55 \text{ Mbit/s}.$$ \hspace{1cm} (15) (b) Let us define $\tau$ as the maximum propagation time from any sensor to the base station. We have that $$\tau = \frac{15000}{c} = 50 \cdot \mu s$$ \hspace{1cm} (16) Let us assume that a sensor is located 15 km from the base station. When the sensor starts transmitting at the beginning of a new slot, the frame will reach the base station after $t_f + \tau$. In order to ensure that transmissions from different slots will not collide at the base station, we should set the guard interval to $t_g = \tau$. (c) With slotted Aloha, the normalized throughput is maximum when $G' = 1$. If we set $\frac{dS'}{dG'} = 0 \rightarrow G' = 1$, we obtain $S'_{max} = e^{-1}$ [frames/slot duration]. We can compute the slot duration as: $$t_{slot} = t_f + t_g = 263 \mu s.$$ \hspace{1cm} (17) The maximum achievable throughput for slotted Aloha is: $$R'_{eff} = \frac{S'_{max}}{t_{slot}} = 1.397 \cdot 10^3 \text{[frames/s]}$$ \hspace{1cm} (18) $$= 0.89 \text{ Mbit/s}.$$ \hspace{1cm} (19) (d) If we write the maximum achievable throughput of Aloha and slotted Aloha as a function of $R$, we obtain: $$R_{eff} = R \cdot \frac{e^{-1}}{2 \cdot 80 \cdot 8}$$ \hspace{1cm} (20) $$R'_{eff} = R \cdot \frac{e^{-1}}{80 \cdot 8 + \tau R}.$$ \hspace{1cm} (21) If we want to have $R_{eff} = R'_{eff} \Rightarrow 640 + \tau R = 2 \cdot 640$, and we obtain $$R = \frac{640}{\tau} = 12.8 \text{Mbit/s}.$$ \hspace{1cm} (22) 4. (a) Explain the purpose of the spanning tree algorithm in the context of transparent bridges. (2p) (b) Explain how systematic binary block codes can be used for error detection. (3p) (c) What is characteristic of an end-to-end protocol? Give an example of a TCP/IP protocol that is an end-to-end protocol. Give an example of a TCP/IP protocol that is not an end-to-end protocol. (3p) (d) Define the security goals of confidentiality and integrity. Can One-Time Pad guarantee both goals? Motivate. (3p) (e) Given an example of a channelization scheme in which channels can be accessed at all times. (1p) (a) In the context of transparent bridges, the purpose of the spanning tree (SP) algorithm is to create a loop-free logical network topology from a physical topology that may have loops. In this way, bridges can create and maintain valid forwarding tables (i.e., tables that ensure a frame reaches its destinations) using backward learning, i.e., by inspecting the destination addresses of data traffic on the attached LANs. The spanning tree algorithm logically disables links (bridge ports) such that the resulting topology is a spanning tree. (b) Error detection with systematic binary block codes works as follows. We encode the $k$ first received bits (normally the information bits) to find the corresponding $n-k$ parity bits. These bits are compared with the last $n-k$ received bits. The received bit pattern is a codeword if, and only if, the computed and received parity bit patterns are the same. (c) In an end-to-end protocol, the protocol entities reside in the end nodes. End-to-end protocols reside in the transport and application layers, e.g., UDP, TCP, HTTP, etc. Non-end-to-end protocols (single hop protocols) reside in the layers below the transport, e.g., IP, IEEE 802.3, IEEE LLC, etc. (d) Confidentiality guarantees that two entities can communicate privately even when an eavesdropper listens to their conversation. Integrity guarantees that a message has not been altered during transmission. One-Time Pad guarantees confidentiality but not integrity, i.e., it is possible for an eavesdropper to change bits in the plaintext by simply flipping corresponding bits in ciphertext. (e) FDMA and/or CDMA are two examples of channelization schemes where a channel can be accessed at all times.
CONFIDENTIAL GERMAN RECORDS COMPLETED \| Date \| Writer \| \|--------\|-----------------\| \| 5/28/46\| LT SACKS \| \| \| CALVIN BOOTH \| \| \| FUSSEK ROLLAND \| Classification changed to RESTRICTED by E. A. by F. M. MUEHR Date MAR 15 1946 RESTRICTED CONFIDENTIAL MISSING AIR CREW REPORT INSTRUCTIONS: This report will be compiled in triplicate by each Army Air Forces organization within 48 hours of the time an aircraft is officially reported missing. 1. ORGANIZATION: Location Molesworth; Command or Air Force 8th A.F.; Group 303rd Bomb Group; Squadron 358th; Detachment 2. SPECIFY: Point of Departure Molesworth; Course See attached sheet 3. Intended Destination Oschersleben, Germany; Type of Mission Bombardment 4. WEATHER CONDITIONS AND VISIBILITY AT TIME OF CRASH OR WHEN LAST REPORTED: Clear - Visibility Good - A/C did not crash - See statements 5. GIVES: (a) Date 11 Jan 44; Time 1329; and Location 52°25'N-05°10'E of last known whereabouts of missing aircraft. A/C not missing (b) Specify whether ( ) Last Sighted; ( ) Last contacted by Radio; ( ) Forced down; ( ) Seen to Crash; or ( ) Information not Available. 6. AIRCRAFT WAS LOST, OR IS BELIEVED TO HAVE BEEN LOST, AS A RESULT OF: (Check only one) (x) Enemy Aircraft; ( ) Enemy Anti-Aircraft; ( ) Other Circumstance. as follows A/C returned to England - 9 of crew bailed out near 52°25'N-05°10'E 7. AIRCRAFT: Type, Model and Series B-17F; A.A.F. Serial Number 42-22824 8. ENGINES: Type, Model and Series ; A.A.F. Serial Number (a) (b) ; (c) ; (d) 9. INSTALLED WEAPONS (Furnish below Make, Type and Serial Number) (a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) (e) ; (f) ; (g) ; (h) 10. THE PERSONS LISTED BELOW WERE REPORTED AS: (a) Battle Casualty or (b) Non-Battle Casualty 11. NUMBER OF PERSONS ABOARD AIRCRAFT: Crew 10; Passengers 0; Total 10 (Starting with Pilot, furnish the following particulars; If more than 10 persons were aboard aircraft, list similar particulars on separate sheet and attach original to this form). \| Name in Full (Last name first) \| Rank \| Serial Number \| \|--------------------------------\|------\|---------------\| \| Pilot RETURNED WATSON, JACK W. \| 1st Lt. \| O-679147 \| \| Co-pilot DAVID CLAYTON C. \| 2nd Lt. \| O-682818 \| \| Navigator LEVERTON, JOHN G. \| 2nd Lt. \| O-680532 \| \| Bombardier COLVIN, VANCE R. \| 2nd Lt. \| O-678370 \| \| Top Turret ROWLAND, SAMUEL L. \| S/Sgt. \| 5536794 \| \| Radio Operator ROMANIEG, HARVEY (HME) \| S/Sgt. \| 13066480 \| \| Left Waist Gunner STEWART, EUGENE R. \| Sgt. \| 15530286 \| \| Right Waist Gunner FUSSNER, WILLIAM H. \| Sgt. \| 32517975 \| \| Ball Turret BOOTH, FRED H. \| Sgt. \| 15340445 \| \| Tail Gunner KOSINSKI, ROMAN P. \| Sgt. \| 11104177 \| 12. IDENTIFY BELOW THOSE PERSONS WHO ARE BELIEVED TO HAVE LAST KNOWLEDGE OF AIRCRAFT, AND CHECK APPROPRIATE COLUMN TO INDICATE BASIS FOR SAME: \| Name in Full (Last name first) \| Rank \| Serial Number \| Contacted By \| Last Saw \| Forced Landing \| \|--------------------------------\|------\|---------------\|--------------\|----------\|----------------\| \| WATSON, JACK W. \| 1st Lt. \| O-679147 \| Pilot who returned with A/C \| \| \| 13. IF PERSONNEL ARE BELIEVED TO HAVE SURVIVED, ANSWER YES TO ONE OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS: (a) Parachutes were used Yes; (b) Persons were seen walking away from scene of crash; or (c) Any other reason (Specify) See attached statements 14. ATTACH AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH, MAP, CHART, OR SKETCH, SHOWING APPROXIMATE LOCATION WHERE AIRCRAFT WAS LAST SEEN. See attached chart 15. ATTACH A DESCRIPTION OF THE EXTENT OF SEARCH, IF ANY, AND GIVE NAME, RANK AND SERIAL NUMBER OF OFFICER IN CHARGE HERE Date of Report 23 April 1944 Signature of Preparing Officer JESSE M. BARKETT, Major, AC, S-2 Statement as to Survivors This headquarters has received information from the Adjutant General, Casualty Branch, ETOUSA, that 2nd Lt. John G. Lovertan, O-663588, navigator of A/C 42-29524, is now a prisoner of war. The same information also came over the German radio on 16 April 1944. On 23 February 1944, a letter was received by 1st Lt. Jack W. Watson from Mrs. Ethel Fell, Chesterfield, Ill., mother of Sgt. Eugene R. Stewart, 1833036, to the effect that she had been advised by the War Department that Sgt. Stewart was a prisoner of war. Sgt. Stewart was left waist gunner on A/C 42-29524. This headquarters has been advised by 1st Bombardment Division that 2nd Lt. Clayton C. David, O-682818, co-pilot, is now in a neutral country. Joseph G. Robinson Captain, AC, Group P/W Officer. On 11 January 1944, on the mission to Oschersleben, Germany, I was the pilot of A/C 42-29524. We were subject to heavy fighter attacks during the whole trip, and the A/C was badly damaged. As we came back over Holland, the wing caught fire. As I was afraid the A/C would blow up in the air, I determined to bail out the crew as soon as I was certain we were over land. After we crossed the Zuider Zee, I checked with the navigator and learned we were over land. I then ordered the crew to bail out which they did. It is my belief that all nine parachutes opened properly, and this belief is confirmed by observations from other aircraft. By the time I was certain all the crew had cleared the plane, it was out over the North Sea so I determined to take a chance on its making England safely. I was able to land the aircraft at the airdrome at Metfield, England. Jack W. Watson JACK W. WATSON, 1st Lt., AC. Kur 680 Jan. 11, 1969 Fortrees Rajda, Raymond Henry 2/2gt. Ident. Tag: 11 040 563 = 3 = Mili's, Enion C. 2/2gt. Ident. Tag: 35 442 731 Taken prisoner Glenn, William 7/2gt. Ident. Tag: 38 099 500 Wounded Location: on a field hospital Riccardi, A.J. 8/2gt. Ident. Tag: 17 076 911 Dead SOLVE, VANCE R. Rank: Sgt. MTH: 11 Jan 44 OMES, Garland Rank: 2Lt. KIA- HELLER, Walter J. - Dec AY 482 All dead made with a picture of my army identification tag 2 little pony hats Pocket knife 1/4 canda and 39 points Kin See page 140 Personnel Casualty Report No. 15 - Period 7/8/43 to 2/13/44 - Handwritten as usual. Crash of a burning, 4 engine, unknown enemy aircraft at the Ijsselmeer - directions 330 degrees, 4-5 nm miles from the harbor of Harlingen on 2/13/44 - Harlingen. ANGELO J. R Caucasian Age: 27 Height: 6'4" TAS Killed in action (crash) Army Air. X The dead man was recovered out of the Ijsselmeer near Harlingen on 1/13/44 and buried at the community cemetery Harlingen/Holland - District Gelderland - To East - side - on 1/13/44. Enclosed named efforts were sent to the air district command Holland - Intelligence service. See page 141 On 11 January 1944 an Enemy Aircraft was shot down here. The Pilot was killed and the aircraft was found dead. His identification tags are as follows: 21/50 Overland C-45 11111111 743 A Mrs. Rinaldo G. Jones 2814 Alamoita Ave. P San Antonio, Texas On 12 January 1944, Jones was buried in the cemetery of this place. Please forward information for registry in list of casualty to Army High Command, Army Information Center Berlin N 30 Humboldtstrasse 67/68 Sign: The Registrar Stamp: Recruiting District H.Q. Buchhausen/Thuringen Received on 31 January 1944 KIA See AN 604 HEADQUARTER OF THE RECRUITING DISTRICT HINDELEIN/THURINGEN Section III, File No. 12/64 Heilbronn, 1 February 1944 To: Headquarters of the Recruiting Replacement District Würmer Section II B Ref. No.: Registrar's Office, County Würmer Verbis of the 30th January 1944 Subject: Pilot Garland, Dunn A & No. 1415855 T 45 A of the Army Airforce K/A Sent to you for Signature and the request for forwarding. Received in Heilbronn and signed on 2 February 1944 Headquarters of the Recruiting Replacement District Section II A Würmer 5 April 1944 Forwarded: to Army High Command Army Information Point Berlin Ehrenstaufen Strasse 47/43 3 AS No. 2. Sgt. COLVIN Vance R. O - 679370 T 42 A3 0 Pearl C. COLVIN - R.F.D. 2 - Bavaria, Kane Buried at the Casterbegraafplaats of Amsterdam on 1/17/44 - Grave No. 77/2 Fold No. 69 AV 487144 KIA 11 Jan-44 To CASE 2470 are attached: 1. Officer's pay date card 2. Transient transient's pass 3. Receipt for miscellaneous collections 4. papers of different kinds 5. Identification tags \| No. \| Name \| ID Number \| Type \| Status \| \|-----\|---------------\|-------------\|----------\|--------\| \| 1. \| FLOYD H. \| 0-717244 \| T 41-42 \| A C \| \| 2. \| HOWARD E. \| 34708426 \| T 43-43 \| B P \| \| 3. \| JAMES A. \| 35547464 \| T 43-43 \| A P \| \| 4. \| GAINES W. \| 18153939 \| T 43-44 \| AB P \| \| 5. \| EDMUND F. \| 32744771 \| T 43-44 \| A C \| \| 6. \| JOHN R. \| T-2893 \| T 43-44 \| B P \| \| 7. \| LUCAS E. \| 13109042 \| T 43 \| O P \| \| \| \| \| HELEN B. FINNEY \| \| \| \| \| \| 77 16TH ST \| \| \| \| \| \| WHEELING W. VA. \| \| \| 8. \| LUCAS E. \| 0-755662 \| T 43-44 \| O P \| \| 9. \| NICHOLAS D. \| 2520149 \| T 43-44 \| O C \| REPORT ON SHOT-DOWN AIRCRAFT DATE AND TIME AIRCRAFT WAS SHOT DOWN: Body was recovered from the Kinsel Sea on 16 April 1944, 1200 hours. PLACE OF CRASH: ./. TYPE OF AIRCRAFT: ./. REPORTING OFFICE: Air Base Headquarters E(v) 202/XI CREW SURNAME, AND FIRST NAME: FUSSNER, William H. DATE OF BIRTH: ./. RANK: ./. SERIAL NUMBER: 32617975 CAPTURED: WOUNDED: DEAD: yes DISTRIBUTION: WHICH CAMP: ./. TYPE OF INJURY: ./. GRAVE LOCATION: ./. REMARKS: ./. Dulag Luft, 24 Jul 1944 Wo. Jan 764/44 6-3224 AF(6) REPORT ON LOSSES BY NAMES No. 118 Members of enemy forces. Covering period from April 16 to Apr 19, 1944 1) Body found in Kinselmeer on April 18, 44 about 12:00 WILLIAM H. FUSSENER Ser No. 32617975 T 43 43 A Killed in crash. Next of kin: Lillian Fussener 516 E 15th St. N.Y.City NY C Interred on Oosterbegraafplaats on April 26, 1944; Amsterdam Grave location Section 69, Grave 78/4 REPORT ON SHOT-DOWN AIRCRAFT DATE AND TIME AIRCRAFT WAS SHOT DOWN: body was recovered from the Iseul Sea on 13 April 1944, 1120 hours PLACE OF CRASH: / / TYPE OF AIRCRAFT: unknown REPORTING OFFICE: Air Base Headquarters E(v) 202/XI CREW SURNAME, AND FIRST NAME: ROWLAND, Samuel L. DATE OF BIRTH: / / RANK: / / SERIAL NUMBER: 35367984 CAPTURED: WOUNDED: DEAD: yes DISTRIBUTION: WHICH CAMP: / / TYPE OF INJURY: / / GRAVE LOCATION: / / REMARKS: / / Dulag Luft, 17 Jun 1944 /o/ AV 763/44 Kia 11 Jan 44 6-3224, AF(6) 1) Body found in Ijsselmeer by Fl.B. Boat on April 13; 11.00 Samuel L. ROWLAND Ser. No. 35367984 T 43 A P Died in crash. Interred in Oosterbegraafplaats in Amsterdam on April 25, 44 Grave location: Section 69; Grave No. 75/4 NO MATERIAL Shooting down - Salvaged out of the Ijsselmeer on 1/11/44 about 13.45. Serial no. of the plane and identification signs: unknown Pilot officer BOOTH Fred N. 15340845 T 42 43 A Mrs L. BOOTH - BOX 56 Gurnsey, Ohio. Buried at the Oosterbegraafplaats of Amsterdam on 1/27/44 - BERT No. 71/2 - Field No. 52 NO INFORMATION IN THIS CASE INDIVIDUAL CASUALTY QUESTIONNAIRE Name of crew member: BOOTH, Fred H. Rank: Sgt Serial number: 15340445 Position: Crew (Bomber) Ball Turret Did he bail out? YES Where? AMSTERDAM, HOLLAND If not, why not? Last contact or conversation just prior to or at time of loss of plane: LAST SAW HIM JUST AS HE LEFT REAR ESCAPE HATCH Was he injured? NO (He was first of five to leave rear escape hatch) Where was he when last seen? LEAVING REAR ESCAPE HATCH Any hearsay information: (NONE) Source: Any explanation of his fate based in part or wholly on supposition: I BELIEVE HE CAME DOWN IN THE AMSTERDAM BAY. Total number of missions of above crew member: 6 Dates and destinations if possible: NAVIGATOR CAME DOWN IN WATER: HE WAS PICKED UP BY HARBOR PATROL. NOTE — THE MISSING ARE THOSE WHO BAILED OUT FIRST. PLANE WAS HEADED SOUTHWEST ACROSS AMSTERDAM BAY. Name of crew member: FUSZNER, William H. Rank: S/Sgt Serial number: 32617975 Position: Crew (Bomber) gunner (Right Waist Gunner) Did he bail out? YES Where? AMSTERDAM, HOLLAND If not, why not? Last contact or conversation just prior to or at time of loss of plane: Was he injured? NO Where was he when last seen? SECOND MAN TO LEAVE BY REAR ESCAPE HATCH Any hearsay information: (CON 5/) Source: Any explanation of his fate based in part or wholly on supposition: (SAME AS BOOTH) Total number of missions of above crew member: 6 Dates and destinations if possible: Name of crew member: ROWLAND, Samuel L. Rank: St/Sgt Serial number: 35367984 Position: Crew (Bomber) Top Turret Gunner Did he bail out? YES (According to surviving navigator, he was first off from front to leave front escape hatch) Where? AMSTERDAM, HOLLAND If not, why not? Last contact or conversation just prior to or at time of loss of plane: Was he injured? NOT TO MY KNOWLEDGE. Where was he when last seen? AT BASE, JUST PRIOR TO TAKEOFF. Any hearsay information: (NONE) Source: Any explanation of his fate based in part or wholly on supposition: (BAM & AS BOOTH) Total number of missions of above crew member: 6 Dates and destinations if possible: Name of crew member: COLVIN, Vance R. Rank: 2nd Lt Serial number: 0-679370 Position: Crew (Bomber) Navigator (Bombardier) Did he bail out? YES (I BELIEVE HE WAS SECOND MAN TO LEAVE FRONT ESCAPE HATCH.) (SEE PROCEEDING PAGE) Where? AMSTERDAM, HOLLAND If not, why not? Last contact or conversation just prior to or at time of loss of plane: Was he injured? NOT TO MY KNOWLEDGE Where was he when last seen? AT BASE, JUST PRIOR TO TAKEOFF. Any hearsay information: (NONE) Source: Any explanation of his fate based in part or wholly on supposition: (SAME AS BOOTH) Total number of missions of above crew member: 6 Dates and destinations if possible: 1. Your name ROMANIEC, HARRY Rank S/Sgt Serial No. 13068449 2. Organization 303 Gp Commander Rank Sqn CO (full name) (full name) 3. What year 1944 month JAN day 11 did you go down? 4. What was the mission, target, BRUNSWICK, target time, altitude, route scheduled, route flown 5. Where were you when you left formation? AMSTERDAM, HOLLAND 6. Did you bail out? YES 7. Did other members of crew bail out? YES (EXCEPT PILOT) 8. Tell all you know about when, where, how each person in your aircraft for whom no individual questionnaire is attached bailed out. A crew list is attached. Please give facts. If you don't know, say: "No Knowledge". 9. Where did your aircraft strike the ground? RETURNED TO ENGLAND 10. What members of your crew were in the aircraft when it struck the ground? (Should cross check with 8 above and individual questionnaires) PILOT FLEW PLANE BACK TO ENGLAND (COPILOT BAILOUT, NO QUESTIONNAIRE IS GIVEN FOR HIM) 11. Where were they in aircraft? 12. What was their condition? UNINJURED 13. When, where, and in what condition did you last see any members not already described above? NAVIGATOR AMSTERDAM PRISON ABOUT 15TH OF JAN, 1944 LEFT WAIST AND TAIL GUNNER LAST SEEN IN FRANCE, AFTER LIBERATION. 14. Please give any similar information on personnel of any other crew of which you have knowledge. Indicate source of information. (Any additional information may be written on the back) REPORT FOR THE ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE SOURCE: CLAYTON G DAVIS, 2d Lt, O-662218 UNIT: 358 Bomb Squadron, 303 Bomb Group MEMBERS OF CREW PILOT Capt John W. Watson Ret'd to UK in A/G CO-PILOT O-662218 2d Lt Clayton G David ND NAVIGATOR O-669538 2d Lt John G Leventon P/W BOMBARDIER O-679370 2d Lt Vance B Colvin MIA RADIO OPERATOR 13368489 S/Sgt Harry Romaling P/W TOP TURRET GUNNER 15390286 Sgt Eugene R Stewart P/W BALL TURRET GUNNER 12617975 Sgt William H Gussmer MIA WAIST GUNNER 35367984 S/Sgt Samuel L Rowland MIA WASIT GUNNER 15340445 Sgt Fred H Booth MIA TAIL GUNNER 11104277 Sgt Roman P Rosinski P/W KNOWN INFORMATION: jumped All except Pilot, who returned to base. HEARSAY INFORMATION: Heard 7 are P/W. Date, time and approximate location of plane crash or landing. 11 January 1944; 1400 hours; at Amsterdam, Holland. Nature and extent of damage to plane when source bailed out. Was it on fire, etc? On fire in wing behind No.2 engine. At approximately what altitude did source bail out? 14,000 and 15,000 feet Were any of the crew injured or killed before the plane crashed? No What members of the crew bailed out? Did their parachutes open? All but pilot (who returned to base); all chutes opened. Did the plane explode on striking the ground? Pilot returned to base in A/G. Did source see any other members of the crew dead or alive after reaching the ground? Yes. Did he receive any information from others as to whether any other members of the crew were dead or alive? If so give detailed furnished by his informant and whether the other crew members were identified by name or otherwise. 7 prisoners of which 2 are the navigator and engineer. One other man man believed to be in the basis of help but his name is not known. Did source examine the wreckage of the plane? If so, what was its conditions? No If the plane crashed in water how far was the plane from land and what means was source rescued and what life rafts, wreckage, etc., remained on the surface that would have assisted other personnel to keep afloat. What is source's opinion as to the fate of the other crew members and his reason for his opinion? I believe I am the only one who did not land in water; other members were picked up by German patrol boats to save drowning. Name of crew member: BOOTH, Fred H. Rank: Sgt Serial number: 15340483 Position: Crew (Bomber) Ball Turret Gunner Did he bail out? Yes Where? Zuider Zee If not, why not? Last contact or conversation just prior to or at time of loss of plane: Do not remember. Was he injured? No Where was he when last seen? Near west shore of Zuider Zee, and five miles north of Amsterdam. Any hearsay information: Amsterdam Germans reported him drowned. Source: Any explanation of his fate based in part or wholly on supposition: Total number of missions of above crew member: Six Dates and destinations if possible: Name of crew member: COLVIN, Vance R Rank: 2nd Lt Serial number: 0-679370 Position: Crew (Bomber) and/or (Crew) Bombardier Did he bail out? Yes Where? Over Zuider Zee If not, why not? Last contact or conversation just prior to or at time of loss of plane: Was he injured? Neck wound Where was he when last seen? Any hearsay information: Source: Any explanation of his fate based in part or wholly on supposition: Did not wear a life belt. Total number of missions of above crew member: Six missions. Dates and destinations if possible: Name of crew member: ROWLAND Samuel, L. Rank: S/Sgt Serial number: 35367984 Position: Crew (Bomber) Top Turret Gunner Did he bail out? Yes Where? over the Zuider Zee If not, why not? Last contact or conversation just prior to or at time of loss of plane: Reported to pilot, "Fire looks bad." Was he injured? No Where was he when last seen? ??? Any hearsay information: Source: Any explanation of his fate based in part or wholly on supposition: Reported drowned by the Amsterdam Germans. Total number of missions of above crew member: Dates and destinations if possible: Name of crew member: FUSSNER, William H. Rank: Sgt Serial number: 32617975 Position: Crew (Bomber) #________#: Fight Waist Gunner Did he bail out? Yes Where? Over the Zuider Zee If not, why not? Last contact or conversation just prior to or at time of loss of plane: Complained over his difficulty in not finding parachute. Was he injured? No Where was he when last seen? Unknown Any hearsay information: No Source: Any explanation of his fate based in part or wholly on supposition: His left waist gunner remarked that when he left the plane Fussner was still searching for his parachute. Total number of missions of above crew member: Dates and destinations if possible: 1. Your name Leverton, John G Rank 2nd Lt Serial No. O-669338 2. Organization 358 Sq Gp Commander ? Steven Rank Lt Col Sqn CO Bird Mitchell Rank Major (full name) (full name) 3. What year 1944 month Jan day 11 did you go down? 4. What was the mission, Oeschersleben, target, , target time, 12:01, altitude, 25,000 route scheduled, , route flown 5. Where were you when you left formation? 6. Did you bail out? Yes 7. Did other members of crew bail out? Yes, with the exception of the pilot Lt Jack Watson, who flew the plane back to England. 8. Tell all you know about when, where, how each person in your aircraft for whom no individual questionnaire is attached bailed out. A crew list is attached. Please give facts. If you don't know, say: "No Knowledge". Contacted Sgts. Stewart, Remine, and Wosinski both in Amsterdam and at Frankfurt. They were uninjured and in good health. 9. Where did your aircraft strike the ground? 10. What members of your crew were in the aircraft when it struck the ground? (Should cross check with 8 above and individual questionnaires) 11. Where were they in aircraft? 12. What was their condition? 13. When, where, and in what condition did you last see any members not already described above? 14. Please give any similar information on personnel of any other crew of which you have knowledge. Indicate source of information. (Any additional information may be written on the back) Name of crew member: BOOTH, Fred E. Rank: Sgt Serial number: 15340485 Position: Crew (Bomber) BallTurret Gunner Did he bail out? yes Where? Near Amsterdam Holland If not, why not? Last contact or conversation just prior to or at time of loss of plane: Sgt. Booth was talking on interphone just prior to bailing out. Was he injured? No. Where was he when last seen? Last contact was aboard plane Any hearsay information: No Source: Any explanation of his fate based in part or wholly on supposition: Unknown Total number of missions of above crew member: Approx. 7 Dates and destinations if possible: First 3 missions to Bremen, the last being Dec. 20-43. Jan. 4&5, 44 -- target Keil; Ludwigshafen; Jan. 11-4: Aschersleben - last mission Name of crew member: FUSSNER, William H. Rank: Sgt Serial number: 32617975 Position: Crew (Bomber) Gunner (Right Waist): Right Waist Gunner Did he bail out? Yes Where? Near Amsterdam Holland If not, why not? Last contact or conversation just prior to or at time of loss of plane: Some few minutes prior to bail out, by interphone. Was he injured? No Where was he when last seen? Last contact was aboard plane. Any hearsay information: No Source: Any explanation of his fate based in part or wholly on supposition: Unknown Total number of missions of above crew member: Approx. 7 Dates and destinations if possible: First 3 missions to Bremen, the last being Dec. 20, 43. Jan. 4 & 5, 44-- target Heil; Ludwigshafen/Jan. 11, 44 Aschersleben--- last mission. INDIVIDUAL CASUALTY QUESTIONNAIRE Name of crew member: ROWLAND Samuel, L. Rank: S/Sgt Serial number: 35367944 Position: Crew (Bomber) Top Turret Gunner Did he bail out? Yes. Where? Near Amsterdam Holland. If not, why not? Last contact or conversation just prior to or at time of loss of plane: Sgt. Rowland bailed out just ahead of myself. Was he injured? No. Where was he when last seen? Sgt. Rowland was last seen freeing himself from his parachute in water where he landed and then swimming away. Any hearsay information: Local people who helped me said Sgt Rowland was taken prisoner by the Germans after he got out of the water. He was still reported as unhurt. Source: Any explanation of his fate based in part or wholly on supposition: I thought Sgt. Rowland had been reported a German Prisoner. Total number of missions of above crew member: Approx. 7 Dates and destinations if possible: First 3 missions to Bremen, the last being Dec. 20, 43. Jan. 4 & 5, 44--- target Keil/; Ludwigshafen; Jan. 11, 44 Aschersleben--- last mission. Name of crew member: COLVIN, Vance R Rank: 2nd Lt Serial number: 0-673370 Position: Crew (Bomber) Navigator (Radio) Observer Did he bail out? Yes. Where? Near Amsterdam Holland If not, why not? Last contact or conversation just prior to or at time of loss of plane: Lt. Colvin was reluctant to jump and had not left the nose of the plane at the time I went down to jump. I questioned him & he said he was all right. Was he injured? No Where was he when last seen? Last seen just prior to bail out. Any hearsay information: Yes, an officer meeting Lt. Colvin's description was said to have been found the following day, in the water near where I had landed. He was believed to have drowned. Source: Local people who helped me to escape. Any explanation of his fate based in part or wholly on supposition: I believe the local people were right in their opinion that Lt. Colvin was drowned when he landed in water. Total number of missions of above crew member: Approx. 7 Dates and destinations if possible: First 3 missions to Bremen, the last being Dec. 20, 43. Jan. 4 & 5, 44 -- target Keil; Ludwigshafen; Jan. 11, 44 Ascheraleben---- last mission. 1. Your name Clayton C. David Rank 1 Lt Serial No. 0-682818 2. Organization 303 Gp Commander Stevenson Rank Col. Sqn CO Mitchell Rank Maj. (full name) (full name) 3. What year 1944 month Jan. day 11 did you go down? 4. What was the mission, bombing target, Aschersleben, Ger, target time, Approx. 1215, altitude, 19,500 route scheduled, direct line toward Berlin & route flown as briefed then cut to target 5. Where were you when you left formation? over Amsterdam Holland 6. Did you bail out? Yes. 7. Did other members of crew bail out? Yes, all but pilot, who risked his life in the air against a jump and flew a blazing plane in for a safe emergency landing 8. Tell all you know about when, where, how each person in your aircraft for whom no individual questionnaire is attached bailed out. A crew list is attached. Please give facts. If you don't know, say: "No Knowledge". In addition to information on individual questionnaires, I only have knowledge of the Navigator- who bailed out by way of the front escape hatch, being the first out that exit. He was taken prisoner upon landing. 9. Where did your aircraft strike the ground? landed in England, 10. What members of your crew were in the aircraft when it struck the ground? (Should cross check with 8 above and individual questionnaires) Pilot-- Watson 11. Where were they in aircraft? Pilot 12. What was their condition? Good 13. When, where, and in what condition did you last see any members not already described above? This concludes all accurate knowledge I have. 14. Please give any similar information on personnel of any other crew of which you have knowledge. Indicate source of information. None. (Any additional information may be written on the back) (OVER) Information regarding fellow crew members is often difficult to secure immediately after jumping in foreign lands, because the people who have such information are reluctant to talk because of possible danger. Conflicting information is also often gathered and it is difficult to evaluate. However I feel from what news I could gather, during the few days following our jump, that there was fair possibilities of Sgt. Booth, and Sgt. Fussner being in the hands of friendly people who would help them to escape if possible. This is supposition on my part and I have no proof to verify its truth, but is what I believe as a result of trying to evaluate bits of information, much of it conflicting, from different people. Clayton C. David Let. Lt. AC 0-682818 \| Name \| Rank \| Status \| Address \| \|-----------------------\|----------\|---------\|----------------------------------------------\| \| 1st Lt. Jack H. Watson \| \| \| 4538 Calumet Ave, Indianapolis, Ind. \| \| 2nd Lt. Clayton C. David \| Retd. \| \| Mr. James C. David, (Father) \| \| \| \| \| Rural Free Delivery Number 612, Topeka, Kansas. \| \| 2nd Lt. John G. Leverton \| Retd. \| \| Mrs. Frances F. Leverton, (Wife) \| \| \| \| \| 5010 Victor Street, Dallas 14, Texas. \| \| 2nd Lt. Vance R. Galvin \| \| \| Mrs. Nettie Galvin, (Wife) \| \| \| \| \| 4436 11th, San Diego, California. \| \| S/2gt. Samuel L. Davidson \| KIA \| \| Mr. James A. Davidson, (Father) \| \| \| \| \| 3300 North Euclid, Indianapolis, Indiana. \| \| S/2gt. Harry Romine \| Retd. \| \| Mr. George Romine, (Father) \| \| \| \| \| Coosela Mills, Pennsylvania. \| \| Sgt. Eugene R. Stewart \| Retd. \| \| Mrs. Ethel M. Poll, (Mother) \| \| \| \| \| Box 276, Chesterfield, Indiana. \| \| Sgt. William H. Fusmer \| KIA \| \| Mr. William P. Fusmer, (Father) \| \| \| \| \| 516 East 15th Street, New York, New York. \| \| Sgt. Fred H. Booth \| KIA \| \| Mrs. Pearl Booth, (Mother) \| \| \| \| \| Guernsey, Ohio. \| \| Sgt. Rona P. Kosinski \| Retd. \| \| Mr. Alex Kosinski, (Father) \| \| \| \| \| 23 Griswold Place, Cos Cob, Connecticut. \| TARGET Primary Secondary Last Resort FLAK HEAVY 4 LIGHT 4 COMBAT FW 190 O ME 109 O JU 88 O ME 110 O DO 217 O AUTHORIZED FOR REPRODUCTION OF COPIES COPY NO. AUTHORITY: C.G. VIII BOMBER COMMAND SIG. DATE SECRET BY AUTHORITY OF C.C. VIII BOM. COM. INITIALS DATE PRIMARY TARGET—OSCHERSLEBEN, GERMANY PROPOSED ROUTE ROUTE FLOW SQUAD. BOMB. GROUP (H) LEAD & LOW GROUPS 11, JAN., 1944 CROMER CRAT YARMOUTH FELXSTOWE CLACTON LONDON DOVER AMSTERDAM Mc 4x 29564 HAMBURG BREMEN HANNOVER COLOGNE BERLIN 0926 0919 1457 1001 1031 1035 1355 1257 1110 1210 1149 1139 1131 0° 1° 2° 3° 4° 5° 6° 7° 8° 9° 10° 11° 12° 13° 50° 51° 52° 53° 54° 55° 56°
TECHNICIAN ENGINEER SEPTEMBER, 1958 ... in this issue Trial Examiner Dismisses Complaint of Alabama Station .......................... 3 Labor Day Salute for Members of Iowa Local Union .................................. 6 Minimum Earnings Necessary for Decent Standard of Living ......................... 7 Faint Signals from the Keys ............................................................................. 9 How to Get Your Local Union Fully Registered ............................................ 10 Reading Time .................................................................................................. 12 Technical Notes ............................................................................................... 13 Station Breaks ................................................................................................. 14 ... the cover MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE could be charged in this case to "hardly meets the eye," for the tiny device on our September cover, claimed to be the world's smallest multi-position switch, is literally no bigger than your eye. The coin emphasizes the micro-miniaturization feature of the electronic unit, developed and made by the Avion division of ACF Industries, Inc. The 12-position switch was developed for subminiature ground and airborne radio frequency applications. It occupies about one-fourth of a cubic inch and weighs less than an ounce. The 12 contact points and center band are gold plated for long life. commentary One out of every 14 American workers was unemployed last month, the Labor and Commerce Departments report. The rate of unemployment climbed from 6.8 per cent in June to 7.3 per cent in July. A year ago, the rate was 4.2 per cent. Despite soothing statements by some politically-minded economists, the Government report says that the development means the "over-all job picture did not change significantly in July." Meantime, the newspapers tell the story of a North Carolina family of 11 children who were so poor they could not buy clothes to wear to their father's funeral. They had no milk, no sugar, no coffee, no tea, no screens nor enough sheets or mattresses to sleep on. They live off their garden. Yet certain financial writers and Big Business apologists say that the country has been too fat and prosperous for its own good, and just needed the recession as a "corrective." the index... For the benefit of local unions needing such information in negotiations and planning, here are the latest figures for the cost-of-living index, compared with 1957 figures: July, 1958—123.9; July, 1957—120.8. Trial Examiner Dismisses the Complaint of Alabama Station ON the basis of a prolonged hearing and a lengthy record, NLRB Examiner William F. Scharnikow has recommended to the National Labor Relations Board that the complaint of WKRG-TV, Inc. against Local Union 1264, IBEW be dismissed. The complaint alleged that the Local Union quite improperly sought representation of the station's employees and urged the station's customers to refrain from doing business with the station. Involved in this theory is the fact that a representation election in July of 1957 resulted in a "no union" vote tally. The Local Union sought to show, in the NLRB hearing held in Mobile in March, 1958, that the station was picketed and advertisers were contacted in an effort to preserve and defend the Local Union's position and security in Mobile and, at no time, was any demand made to the station that the Local Union be recognized as bargaining agent for its technical employees. While the Examiner notes that one of the foreseeable results might be to induce recognition, he says it does not necessarily follow that this was the union's objective or motive. He goes on to say that not only is this a rebuttable presumption but that it has been developed that the union's "sole motive was entirely different." Excerpts from the Intermediate Report, now before the Board in Washington, are of sufficient interest and significance to be worthy of careful reading. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BEFORE THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD Division of Trial Examiners Washington, D. C. RADIO BROADCAST TECHNICIANS, LOCAL UNION NO. 1264 OF THE INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF ELECTRICAL WORKERS, AFL-CIO, and J. C. BURNS, IT BUSINESS AGENT and Case No. 15-CB-223 WKRG-TV, INC. Before: William F. Scharnikow, Trial Examiner. INTERMEDIATE REPORT AND RECOMMENDED ORDER Statement of the Case The complaint alleges, but the answer of the Respondents denies, that since July 31, 1957, the Respondents have committed unfair labor practices affecting commerce within the meaning of Sections 8 (b) (1) (A) and 2 (6) and (7) of the National Labor Relations Act, in that they attempted to force or require WKRG-TV, Inc., the owner and operator of a radio and television station in Mobile, Ala., to recognize, bargain with, and enter into a contract with the Respondent Union as the exclusive collective bargaining agent of WKRG's engineer-technician and film department employees, by picketing WKRG's offices and studios and by urging WKRG's customers and others to cease or refrain from doing business with WKRG, although at no time since July 16, 1957, when it lost a consent election conducted by the Board's Regional Director among these employees, has the Respondent Union been the majority, statutory, or certified representative of any of WKRG's employees. Pursuant to notice, a hearing was held in Mobile, Ala., on March 18, 19, 20, and 21, 1958, before the undersigned Trial Examiner duly designated by the Chief Trial Examiner. The General Counsel, WKRG, and the Respondents appeared by counsel and were afforded full opportunity to be heard, to examine and cross-examine witnesses, and to introduce evidence bearing upon the issues. Since the close of the hearing, the undersigned has received briefs from each of the parties. * * * * * * * On April 10, 1957, the Respondent Union filed charges against WKRG with the Board's Regional Director alleging a refusal to bargain on the part of WKRG in violation of Section 8 (a) (1) and (5) of the Act. On May 29, 1957, WKRG filed a petition with the Regional Director in Case No. 15-RM-97, asking for an investigation of the question of representation under Section 9 (c) of the Act. Following a notice from one of the Board's Field Examiners to WKRG that the representation petition would not be processed until there had been a disposition of the unfair labor practice charge, Attorney Freeman met with Respondent Burns and, as a result, the Respondent Union's charges were withdrawn and a consent election agreement was executed. At the election held by the Regional Director on July 16, 1957, the Respondent Union was rejected as exclusive bargaining representative by the vote of a majority of WKRG's engineer-technicians who constituted the stipulated appropriate unit. Accordingly, the Regional Director certified this fact to the parties and, since the Respondent Union had been the only labor organization on the ballot, he further certified that no labor organization was the exclusive bargaining representative of WKRG's employees in the appropriate unit, within the meaning of Section 9(a) of the Act. At a meeting in the latter part of July 1957, the Respondent Union's members authorized a campaign to induce WKRG's advertisers to transfer their advertising to the other Mobile stations with whom the Respondent Union still had contracts, and turned over the entire matter to the executive board. Accordingly, the Respondent Union thereupon began attempts to induce a boycott by the public of the products or services of advertisers on WKRG and to induce the advertisers to transfer their advertising to the local "union" stations. Acting principally through the Respondent Burns, its business agent who was made chairman of its "advertising committee," its efforts in this direction began approximately on July 22, 1957, have continued up to the time of the hearing and have consisted of: (1) Letters to WKRG's advertisers setting forth briefly the Respondent Union's version of its bargaining history up to and including its loss of recognition as bargaining representative as the result of the election. Attributing the breakdown of contract negotiations in March to WKRG's asserted insistence that the Respondent Union "make concessions which would have given (WKRG) and unfair competitive advantage over all of the other stations in Mobile and would have seriously weakened and undermined the position of its union employees," the letter made the following request: In an effort to try to preserve the decent wages and working conditions that we have been able to establish through good-faith negotiations at one television and five radio stations covering the greater Mobile-Prichard area, we respectfully request that you cooperate with us to the extent of placing your advertising with a union station or stations. (2) Visits by Respondent Burns, and in some instances also by other members of Respondent Union's "advertising committee," upon approximately 100 or 125 of WKRG's advertisers. (3) Visits to the membership meetings of the various unions in the Mobile area. (4) The posting, on the bulletin boards at the halls of these unions, of notices setting forth the names of firms who "persist(ed) in advertising over WKRG, the only Non-Union Station in Mobile and Prichard." (5) The distribution among union members and their friends of small cards which were to be left with WKRG's advertisers and which stated: WKRG NON-UNION AS A MEMBER OF ORGANIZED LABOR AND A FRIEND OF YOUR FIRM, I REQUEST THAT YOU REFRAIN FROM ADVERTISING OF THIS ONE NON-UNION STATION. THANK YOU. (6) The distribution of automobile stickers: "WKRG—RADIO—TELEVISION—NON-UNION." (7) The distribution among union members and their friends, and the eventual mailing to WKRG's advertisers, of petitions which stated that WKRG's radio and television stations were the only ones in the Mobile area which were "operating non-union," and asked that the advertiser "discontinue (his) support of WKRG by refusing to further advertise over its facilities." (8) The distribution of post cards addressed for mailing to various advertisers on WKRG and containing essentially the same message as that set forth in the petitions. "In the beginning of August 1957, after the Respondent Union's "advertising committee" had visited a number of advertisers and and the membership meetings of other Mobile unions, the Respondent's Union's members decided to picket WKRG in furtherance of its objective because, as reported by their committee, the advertisers and the other unions' members "couldn't understand why we were calling on the advertisers with no picket line. It didn't make sense to them." Accordingly, on or about August 15, 1957, the Respondent Union began picketing in front of the entrance to WKRG's studio and office in Mobile. At any given time, not more than two pickets patrolled the sidewalk with signs reading: "W. K. R. G.—NON-UNION—ENGINEERS & ANNOUNCERS—LOCAL UNION 1264—I. B. E. W.—A. F. L.—C. I. O." All of these pickets were members of the Respondent Union but none was an employee of WKRG. At first, the picketing was without definite schedule, with a day or two missed occasionally. For the 4 or 5 months immediately preceding the hearing, however, the pickets were there every weekday from 8:30 to 10:30 in the morning and from 3:30 to 5:30 in the afternoon, when traffic was the heaviest. Under instructions from Business Agent Burns, the pickets did not speak to any of WKRG's employees and when a delivery man refused to cross the picket line (on the single such occasion shown by the record), his union was informed by the Respondent Union that was its intention merely to publicize the fact that WKRG was "nonunion" and not to keep people from crossing the picket line. The various other Mobile unions were also informed of this by the Respondent Union and the pickets were instructed by Burns to give only this answer to any inquiries made of them, after the secretary of President Giddens of WKRG came up to Burns on the picket line and asked him what the purpose of the picketing was. There is evidence of only one incident—and that was denied by the picket and is accordingly hereinafter discussed—when a picket allegedly violated these instructions by telling a passerby "that they were going to keep on picketing until they got a union there." Whatever objective the Respondent Union may have had for its picketing and its other conduct affecting WKRG's advertising, it is undisputed that, since the loss of the election in July 1957, it has made no request that WKRG bargain with it, or recognize it as the exclusive bargaining representative of any of WKRG's employees. Nor has it solicited membership applications from any of these employees. Several other undisputed facts should also be noted. Although WKRG had planned for several years to initiate a "combo" operation in the radio station and had sought the support of the other stations against the opposition of the Respondent Union, it did not actually make the change until January 25, 1958, 6 months after the Respondent Union had lost the election. However, within 2 or 3 weeks after the election, Business Agent Burns received an oral request from the manager of WKIB, one of the radio stations in Prichard, requesting a change in its contract with the Respondent Union in order to permit WKIB the same advantages in its operations as were being "enjoyed" by WKRG in its non-union operation. Similarly, on August 13, 1957, Station WKAD, a radio station operated in Mobile by Pursley Broadcasting Service, Inc., also wrote to Burns asking for a modification of its contract with the Respondent Union, in the form of "a clause that would guarantee to Pursley Broadcasting Service that any privileges gained by a competitor who is operating non-union, then these same rights and privileges would be granted by the union to Pursley Broadcasting Service, Inc." The General Counsel and WKRG contend that the object of the Respondent Union's conduct has been to force and require WKRG to recognize and enter into a contract with the Respondent Union. The Respondent Union denies that this has been its objective. In substance, it asserts that its only objective for its picketing and other conduct has been to strengthen its bargaining position in dealing with the other stations for the preservation of the wage standards and working conditions gained by it for these stations' employees (whom it still represents), by procuring increases in the advertising revenues of these stations as "union" stations in lieu of satisfying their expected demands. for concessions in working terms and conditions equal to the competitive advantages available to WKRG in its "non-union" operation. The ultimate, material issue thus presented in the present case is the Respondent Union's motivation for its conduct. Decision of this issue turns not only upon consideration of the significance of the undisputed general facts which have already been summarized, but also upon the credibility of direct testimony given by Respondent's witnesses and their testimony contradicting testimony given by the General Counsel's witnesses as to what was said concerning the Respondent's Union's objective (1) by the picket, William Dolan, on one occasion; (2) by Business Agent Burns in several conversations with Freeman, WKRG's attorney; and (3) by Burns, Doug Raybon, and DeWitt Allen during their visits to WKRG's advertisers, as members of the Respondent Union's advertising committee. * * * * * * * * * * * The Respondent Union has squarely denied the allegations of the complaint as to its motive or objective. As has been noted and fully developed in the discussion of Burns' Raybon's, and Allen's testimony in Section III B. 1. above, it not only denies that its objective was to force recognition or a contract from WKRG, but asserts that, faced with the threat that WKRG's non-union operation would create pressure from the competing union stations in Mobile to lower the local level of working conditions, its sole object was to protect its bargaining position with these competing union stations by increasing their advertising revenues through a transfer to them of WKRG's advertising, and, by this showing of advantage in operating under union conditions, to enable the Respondent Union to preserve for the union stations' employees their existing wages and working conditions. * * * * * * * * * * * The uncontradicted evidence in the record presents a situation in which the testimony of Burns, Raybon, and Allen to the Respondent Union's objective for its picketing and advertising campaign, appears to be completely credible. Respondent Union had just lost the election and the right to represent WKRG's employees. But of greater concern to the Respondent Union than the loss of WKRG's employees was the possibility that its representation of the employees of all the other stations in Mobile might be seriously affected. For, as the record shows, it had good reason to believe that WKRG would institute the "combo" operation for which it had pressed in its recent contract negotiations with the Respondent Union and might at any institute other changes in its existing working conditions so that within a few days the competing union stations would also demand of the Respondent Union as its representative of their employees. Indeed, such demands were in fact made of the Respondent Union by two of the union stations. Therefore, it appears natural that, as the Respondents' witnesses testified, the Respondent Union was primarily concerned with the problem of dealing with such demands, countering them in some fashion, and continuing its effective representation of the union stations' employees. In this setting, it is also quite believable that, as Burns, Raybon, and Allen testified, the Respondent Union decided to picket WKRG and attempt to induce a transfer of business from WKRG to the union stations, in order "to prove to the other stations that it is more profitable to operate with the union than without" and thereby to enable it in its dealing with the union stations to preserve for their employees the existing level of wages and working conditions. The undersigned accordingly credits the testimony of the Respondents' witnesses and finds, as the Respondents contend, that Respondent Union's objective was to enable it to preserve and maintain the level of wages and working conditions for the employees of the union stations in Mobile whom it represents. The undersigned credits the further testimony of the Respondent Union's witnesses that it was not also one of the Respondent Union's objectives to bring pressure upon WKRG and its employees in order to gain recognition or a contract with WKRG. In this connection, the undersigned credits the testimony of Burns that actively consideration of such a possibility was directed as improper upon Attorney Adair's advice, and that, upon Adair's further advice, the Respondent Union entered upon its campaign solely for the purpose of protecting the working conditions of the union stations' employees whom the Respondent Union still represents. Furthermore, it appears clear from the evidence that at no time since its loss of the representation election has the Respondent Union approached WKRG in an attempt to secure either recognition or a contract, that it has not attempted to organize or secure bargaining authorizations from WKRG's employees, and that it has taken no steps which could possibly be regarded as showing an interest in resuming its representation of WKRG's employees. Upon the foregoing considerations, the undersigned finds and concludes: (1) That the evidence does not support the allegation of the complaint that the object or purpose of the Respondent Union's picketing and advertising campaign was to force WKRG to recognize or enter into a contract with the Respondent Union as the exclusive bargaining representative of any of its employees; (2) That, on the contrary, the evidence shows that, faced with the threat that WKRG's non-union operation would create pressure from the competing union stations in Mobile to lower the local level of working conditions, the Respondent Union's sole object and motive for its action was to protect its bargaining position with these competing union stations by increasing their advertising revenues through a transfer of WKRG's advertising and, by this showing of advantage in operating under union conditions, they enable the Respondent Union to preserve for the union stations' employees their existing wages and working conditions; and (3) That, under the Board's decision in the Curtis Brothers and Alloy Manufacturing Co. cases (supra), the evidence does not warrant a finding or conclusion that the Respondents or either of them committed an unfair labor practice within the meaning of Section 8 (b) (1) (A) of the Act. Upon the basis of the foregoing findings of fact and upon the entire record in the case, the undersigned makes the following: Conclusions of Law 1. WKRG-TV, Inc., an Alabama corporation, is engaged in a business affecting commerce within the meaning of the Act. 2. Radio Broadcast Technicians, Local Union No. 1264 of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, AFL-CIO, is a labor organization within the meaning of the Act. 3. Neither the aforesaid labor organization nor J. C. Burns its business agent, has engaged in unfair labor practices within the meaning of the Act. RECOMMENDATIONS Upon the basis of the foregoing findings of fact, conclusions of law, and the entire record in the case, the undersigned hereby recommends that the complaint herein be dismissed in its entirety. Dated at Washington, D. C., this 24th day of August, 1958. WILLIAM F. SCARNIKOW, Trial Examiner. Labor Day Salute For Members Of Iowa Local Union Members of Local Union 347, employed at Station KIOA, Des Moines, Iowa, received a Labor Day salute from their employer through a special advertisement in "The Iowa Federationist," official publication of organized labor in their home state. Station KIOA purchased most of "The Federationist" front page in its August 29 edition to state: "KIOA Salutes Labor. "We salute you on this, your special day. We also thank you for helping to make KIOA the leading station in Iowa. We hope you will continue to keep your dial tuned to 940 for the best in music, the fastest and most accurate news, and community service that you expect from your Number One Station. Special thanks to our own members of International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Local 347." Ohio Fight Looms on "Work" Referendum A bitter November fight over employer attempts to impose a compulsory open shop law on Ohio was assured as backers of a so-called "right-to-work" measure filed 110,000 more signatures than needed on petitions to place the proposition on the ballot. On the August 5 deadline, Ohioans for Right to Work supervised the carting into the secretary of state's office by armed guards of six sacks containing 465,130 signatures. Under Ohio law the petitioners needed 345,209 valid signatures with at least 5 per cent in each of 44 counties in the state. The 465,130 represented at least 5 per cent in 30 of the state's 88 counties. Leaders of the "right-to-work" petition fight have admitted spending at least a quarter-million dollars to secure the signatures. Labor sources in Ohio estimate that the petition drive cost close to a half million dollars. Ohio labor greeted the petition filing with a call for an all-out registration drive and funds to fight the heavily financed "right-to-work" forces with a statewide advertising, television and newspaper campaign. The filing of the petitions in Ohio means that voters in five states will decide on the "right-to-work" issue in November — Ohio, California, Kansas, Colorado and Washington. MINIMUM EARNINGS NECESSARY FOR DECENT STANDARD OF LIVING Budget Figures Compiled by Various Groups Serve as a Yardstick for Wage Negotiations A FUNDAMENTAL union goal is wages sufficient to support a family on at least a reasonable standard of living. How much is this today? How much must a worker now earn to support a family reasonably by American standards? Several authoritative studies are available. (1) The Government—the U. S. Labor Department—has calculated a City Worker’s Family Budget to show how much is needed for what it calls a “modest but adequate” standard of living. This calculation was last made in October, 1951, but if those figures are brought roughly up to date by adjusting for changes in prices and in Federal taxes since then, they show that: At least $4,656 a year must be earned by a worker to support a family (wife and 2 children) on a “modest but adequate” standard of living in an American city in the Spring of 1958. This means at least $90 a week, $2.25 an hour, assuming a 40-hour week and a full 52 weeks of employment through the year. (If a worker is laid off part of the year, or if he receives less than full pay in some weeks because of sick absence, a cutback to part-time employment, or other reasons, he would need larger regular hourly and weekly wages to have the needed annual income.) Separate estimates are available for a number of major cities. They show differences between cities, but regionally it costs about as much to buy the same goods and services in one part of the country as in another. For the same standard of living, as much income is needed in most Southern cities, for example, as in cities in other parts of the country. (2) A group of private community organizations, through the Community Council of Greater New York, has prepared a Family Budget Standard for the New York City area for the guidance of social and health agencies. It shows that, as of October 1957, at least $4,545 a year or $87.40 every week was needed by a 4-person family (worker, wife and 2 children) in the New York area “to maintain current standards of adequate consumption at low cost.” (3) A university group, the Heller Committee of the University of California, estimates each year the amount of annual income necessary for a “commonly accepted” standard of living in the San Francisco area. The Heller Budget reports that at least $5832 a year is needed as of September 1957 for a wage earner (with a wife and 2 children) to afford all those things which are part of a “commonly accepted” standard of living in the San Francisco area. On a weekly basis, this means $112 each week of the year. Significance for Bargaining By indicating the minimum wages necessary for a worker to provide a reasonable living (by current American standards) for a wife and 2 children, the budget figures serve as a significant yardstick for many wage negotiations. The budget figures are a helpful guide for determining the amount of wage increase which may be needed to assure for the worker’s family a living level considered reasonable by the standards of this country. There has been substantial progress in the raising of worker living standards in the past two decades but, particularly as American ideas of what constitutes a reasonable standard of living have advanced, wages of many workers still are far short of the minimum amounts needed. In manufacturing, for example, the average wage, let alone the minimum wage, still is below the level necessary for what is currently considered a reasonable living standard. The average wage of all nonsupervisory production workers in manufacturing in April 1958 was $81 a week. This was some $9 less than the $90 conservatively estimated as required for the modest living standard measured by the City Worker’s Family Budget, and more than $30 less than the over $110 needed for the Heller Budget’s “commonly accepted” standard of living. Some employers have argued that such family budget estimates are not appropriate for use in collective bargaining. They have stressed that, while the budget measures the needs of a wage earner for a 4-person family, families often actually have more than one wage earner and many families are smaller than 4 persons. This argument has little merit. Obviously, no one budget figure can reflect the needs of families of all sizes. Since wages in this country are not varied by size of family (as is done in some countries), it makes sense to rely on one reasonably representative family size in measuring family needs. Wages should be enough to support at least a wife and 2 children, whether or not each worker has a family just that size. And it should not be necessary for two members of a family to work for the family to live on an acceptable American scale. If more than one member of the family goes to work, the family should be able to afford a substantially higher living level. It should be noted also that a 4-person family is widely considered as a typical American-family size. Most families in this country are this size at some time and many families are, of course, much larger. Four persons is the most meaningful and appropriate family-size figure for wage determination purposes. That the Heller Budget is surprisingly modest and by no means provides for luxurious living is illustrated by some of its allowances. Monthly rent, for 4 or 5 rooms, is $60 a month (excluding utilities). In the case of an owned home, the purchase price is $12,839 (with monthly payments of $82.29). The family budget includes a used car (1952 model) bought at a price of $553 and allowance is made for a replacement by another used car every 4 years. On clothing, the husband owns one hat and gets a new one ($9.22) every 4 years, has 2 suits and buys a new one ($60) every 3 years, and has 6 ties, with a new one ($1.50) added every year. His annual bill for all his clothing, including dry cleaning, is $121. The Heller Budget has a more liberal allowance for many items than the City Worker's Budget, particularly on food items. It provides, for example, for an egg a day for each member of the family, more milk (2½ quarts per day for the family) and more other food products than the City Worker's Budget. It also allows more for life insurance ($119 as against $85), with the amount of insurance sufficient so that, in combination with government Social Security benefits, the family income if the husband should die would be half the total budget excluding income taxes. The Heller Budget is also more liberal on allowances for recreation: It allows for one visit to the movies about every 2 weeks, for example. It also allows for a vacation expenditure, about $39 a year (for a resort area tent or cabin for one week). ### Heller Budget for Wage Earner San Francisco September 1957 \| Category \| Weekly Income \| Annual Income \| Percent of Budget \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|---------------\|---------------\|-------------------\| \| Total cost \| $112.14² \| $5,831.70² \| 100.0% \| \| Income taxes \| 11.14 \| 579.09 \| 9.9 \| \| Food and beverages \| 33.75 \| 1,755.00 \| 30.0 \| \| Housing \| 13.85² \| 720.00² \| 12.3 \| \| Household operation (utilities, laundry supplies, etc.) \| 4.21² \| 218.78² \| 3.8 \| \| Home furnishings (furniture, appliances, etc.) \| 4.18 \| 217.12 \| 3.7 \| \| Clothing and upkeep \| 9.13 \| 475.03 \| 8.1 \| \| Transportation \| 10.20 \| 530.44 \| 9.1 \| \| Medical and dental care \| 9.03 \| 469.62 \| 8.1 \| \| Personal insurance (including government insurance) \| 4.68 \| 243.58 \| 4.2 \| \| Personal care (barber and beauty service, supplies) \| 2.10 \| 109.38 \| 1.9 \| \| Recreation (paid admission) TV, vacations, etc.) \| 4.10 \| 213.05 \| 3.7 \| \| Tobacco \| 1.95 \| 101.40 \| 1.7 \| \| Reading \| .66 \| 34.30 \| 0.6 \| \| Education (school dues, supplies, etc.) \| .13 \| 6.63 \| 0.1 \| \| Union dues \| 1.09 \| 56.48 \| 1.0 \| \| Gifts and contributions \| 1.66 \| 86.30 \| 1.5 \| \| Miscellaneous \| .30 \| 15.50 \| 0.3 \| ¹ Annual income necessary for "commonly accepted" standard of living for wage earner, wife and two children renting a home in the San Francisco area in September 1957, as estimated by Heller Committee for Research in Social Economics, University of California. ² Home owner needs $820.15 more a year ($6.15 per week) for housing, $56.48 more a year ($1.08 a week) for household operation. Now is the time to step on the accelerator in your register-to-vote drive. Deadlines for registering voters are coming close in many states. If union members fail to register, they will not be able to vote in the crucial Presidential and Congressional elections this year, and labor's immense potential political strength will not be felt. In many states, voters must register for each election well in advance of the voting date. In others, registration may be more or less permanent but may be conditioned on a voter exercising his franchise every year or two. If he has moved from one voting district to another, he will ordinarily have to register anew. Labor unions have been explaining these problems to their members reportedly for a long time. But there are still far too many people who forget that they must register if they want to vote in November. It is the responsibility of union leaders, and particularly the officers of local unions, to arouse all unionists to the vital importance of getting registered and ready to vote on Election Day, November 4. It is the particular responsibility of COPE Committees in local unions, or other committees or officers charged with political duties, to give special attention now to this critical problem of registration. Local COPE committees should be set up in every union which does not have such a committee. If a committee has already been appointed but is inactive, new people should be entrusted with these vital duties. The business of getting voters registered calls for a lot of hard work on details. One common and effective procedure is to take the list of union members and type it onto cards for ready sorting. The cards then can be separated by the ward and precinct in which members live. The next step is to have a responsible union member take the cards to the county courthouse and check them carefully against the lists of registered voters. Each card should have a place for checking whether the member is registered or not; the proper notation is made on the card by the union representative when he goes to the courthouse. We are not concerned with the question of whether the voter is registered Democratic or Republican; we are interested only in having him register as he desires in order to play his proper part as a citizen. It is important to have everyone realize that labor's interest in these matters is completely nonpartisan, and that unions are merely urging everyone to fulfill a responsibility which he already has as an American. When the cards are checked they should be brought back to local headquarters, and can be used again by block or precinct workers in making contact with unregistered members, and later in getting out the vote. Where all the locals in a community are working closely together, they may wish to consolidate their cards into one list, both for checking at the courthouse and for followup afterwards. If a member is not registered, it is the responsibility of the union to persuade him to do so if possible. The approach is often made by the steward in the plant; this man knows the individual members with whom he works from day to day and understands their personal problems. He is often the best one to explain citizenship responsibilities. Another effective and legitimate procedure is to have union representatives visit members at their homes. This allows for a more leisurely conversation and for plenty of questions and answers. House-to-house canvassing should be carefully organized, with captains and teams assigned to each precinct, armed with suitable publications, and with the cards showing what people are still unregistered. The COPE Committee of the local, or whatever officer has been given responsibility for political work, should keep constantly in touch with the progress being made in visiting members and should speed things up if necessary. It would be well if the local has enough devoted members to take this kind of work on voluntarily. But locals often prefer to compensate members who do such work by paying them lost time for the hours they have sacrificed in the plant. There is no more important and legitimate use for the political education funds of a trade union than to make it possible for vigorous and able union members to assume these important duties without financial loss. Sometimes, when there is money enough, usually in the case of a city central labor union or council, where the resources of many locals can be pooled, a full-time COPE director may be put on the staff. The public officials in charge of registration usually have power to decide how many registration booths there will be, and when they will be open. Union representatives should get in touch with the registrars and make certain that booths are conveniently located for union people and that they are open at times when union members are off work and can register. In some cases, unions have been able to make arrangements for booths to be set up right in the plant so that members can register before or after work or during free time in the shop. In some cases, arrangements have been made with the company to allow specified hours off to register. It can often make all the difference in the world in total registration whether the registration booth is conveniently located, or close to the plant or the places people live. Trade unions have made effective use of ordinary advertising and publicity techniques to push registration; for example, advertisements in streetcars, buses or newspapers, radio announcements, and spots on TV programs. All these measures, if well done, can be helpful. Direct mail is also used. Bear in mind that excellent materials are available from the COPE National office on all phases of political activity, including special publications covering details of registration methods too numerous to mention here. How About You? Here are the closing registration dates for 1958 general elections: \| State \| Senate Race \| Governor's Race \| Last Registration Date \| \|-------------\|-------------\|-----------------\|------------------------\| \| Arizona \| Yes \| Yes \| Sept. 29 \| \| Arkansas \| Yes \| Yes \| Oct. 1 \| \| California \| Yes \| Yes \| Sept. 11 \| \| Colorado \| Yes \| Yes \| Oct. 20 \| \| Connecticut \| Yes \| Yes \| Sept. 27 & Oct. 11 \| \| Delaware \| Yes \| ... \| Oct. 18 \| \| Idaho \| Yes \| ... \| Nov. 1 \| \| Illinois \| ... \| ... \| Oct. 6 \| \| Indiana \| Yes \| ... \| Oct. 6 \| \| Iowa \| Yes \| ... \| Oct. 25 \| \| Kansas \| Yes \| ... \| Oct. 14, 24 \| \| Maryland \| Yes \| Yes \| Sept. 23 \| \| Massachusetts\| Yes \| Yes \| Oct. 3 \| \| Michigan \| Yes \| Yes \| Oct. 6 \| \| Minnesota \| Yes \| Yes \| Oct. 15 \| \| Missouri \| Yes \| ... \| Oct. 8, 11 \| \| Montana \| Yes \| ... \| Sept. 20 \| \| Nebraska \| Yes \| Yes \| Oct. 24, 25 \| \| Nevada \| Yes \| Yes \| Oct. 4 \| \| New Jersey \| Yes \| ... \| Sept. 25 \| \| New Mexico \| Yes \| Yes \| Oct. 6 \| \| New York \| Yes \| Yes \| Oct. 11 \| \| Ohio \| Yes \| Yes \| Sept. 24 \| \| Oklahoma \| Yes \| ... \| Oct. 24 \| \| Oregon \| ... \| Yes \| Oct. 4 \| \| Pennsylvania\| Yes \| Yes \| Sept. 15 \| \| Rhode Island\| Yes \| Yes \| Sept. 5 \| \| South Dakota\| Yes \| Yes \| Oct. 28 \| \| Tennessee \| Yes \| Yes \| Oct. 15, 25 \| \| Utah \| Yes \| ... \| Oct. 29 \| \| Washington \| Yes \| ... \| Oct. 3 \| \| West Virginia\| Yes \| ... \| Oct. 5 \| \| Wisconsin \| Yes \| Yes \| Oct. 22 \| \| Wyoming \| Yes \| Yes \| Oct. 20 \| House-to-house canvassing to get people to register to vote is in the grain of the American democratic political custom. Needless to say, the right kind of approach to the voter is important. It must always be courteous and respectful. The canvasser is a visitor in the voter’s home, he has come there to explain and to answer questions. The important thing is to have each potential voter understand that registration is a duty he owes his country, his union, his family and himself. This Union Cause, The Growth of Organized Labor in America by Katherine B. Shippen, published by Harper and Brothers, 49 East 33rd Street, New York 16, N. Y. 180 pp., $2.50. Here is a book which has long been needed—a well-written history of the American labor movement for young people. The growth of labor unions in America, from the craft societies in colonial times to the large and vital international unions of today, was a dramatic and action-filled process. Miss Shippen's volume tells of the establishment of the early colonists by the sweat and brawn of European tradesmen and craftsmen. She tells of the early workingmen's parties and their part in getting Andrew Jackson elected to the Presidency. She traces the rise of the American Federation of Labor from the 1880's to the present, she explains how the Taft-Hartley law came about in language free of bias. The IBEW member who would like to offer his son or daughter a dramatic book on the labor movement of which his or her father is a part will do well to visit the local book store for a copy of This Union Cause. Basic Feedback Control System Design by C. J. Savant, Jr., published by McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 330 West 42nd Street, New York 36, N. Y. 418 pp. $9.50. This volume is the latest addition to McGraw-Hill's series in control systems engineering. It features "a new approach to automatic control." Instead of using only the frequency analysis method, it bases the design on a combination of the root-locus method and the frequency method. The book emphasizes linear servo-mechanism design. It includes frequency methods such as Nyquist and Bode for completeness. It covers a wide range of servo transductors and components and includes a chapter on nonlinear servo analysis. Synthesis of Passive Networks by Ernst A. Guillemin, published by John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 440 Fourth Avenue, New York 16, N. Y. 741 pp. $15.00. A logical, complete, and consistent theoretical basis for all linear passive synthesis procedure appears in Ernst A. Guillemin's Synthesis of Passive Networks. The new volume discusses both the approximation problem and the realization techniques which are the two essential parts of synthesis procedure. Assuming the previous acquisition of mathematical tools and the theory of circuit analysis, and allowing for no short-cuts, Dr. Guillemin deals with realization theory and methods in the first 13 chapters. The chapter headings here include: properties of driving-point and transfer impedances; driving-point and transfer functions of two-element-kind networks; synthesis of LC driving-point impedances; synthesis of RC and RL driving-point impedances; more about equivalent and reciprocal networks; synthesis of lossless two terminal-pair networks; real-part sufficiency and related topics; synthesis of RCL driving-point impedances; transformerless driving-point impedance synthesis; conventional methods of transfer function synthesis; other methods of realizing transfer functions; and RC transfer function synthesis. The last two chapters cover the approximation problem in the frequency and time domain respectively. Dr. Guillemin is professor of electrical communication at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is the author of three other active Wiley titles: the two-volume Communication Networks, The Mathematics of Circuit Analysis, and Introductory Circuit Theory. Band Compressing In these days of frequency spectrum congestion, there is considerable interest in any new method of compressing the time or frequency band needed to transmit information. A new system, called Ticoss, has been developed which provides a unique approach to multi-channel operation. Ticoss stands for Time-Compressed Single-Sideban System. In a typical application ten two-way stations can operate over a single SSB channel by time-sharing multiplex. The multiplexing is accomplished by dividing each half-second into ten time slots. Stations are assigned a given time slot to transmit or receive and then are shut off during the rest of each half-second period to give other stations on other channels their turn. The heart of the system is the time-compression feature. Information to be transmitted is first stored during each preceding half-second and then read out and transmitted at high speed during the assigned time slot. At the receiving end, the compressed message is stored and then read out at its original slower speed, resulting in a continuous message at the receiver output. This novel system is particularly well suited to mobile operations. (IRE Trans. on Communications Systems, June, 1958.) TV Tube in the Sand Nobel Prize Winner Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron and a man who helped to launch the world into the atomic age, died last month in California. Lawrence was a man with boundless enthusiasm for research. Edward Teller said of him: "No one had more of a true sense of modesty than Lawrence. He shared a delight in any scientific development that was made by anyone." In 1951 Lawrence designed a color TV tube. He did so in a casual way, astonishing to less gifted persons: He and his sons were lying on the beach at Balboa, Calif., during a summer vacation. One suggested TV pictures should be in color like modern movies. "It could be done," said Lawrence, and taking a stick, he sketched the basic elements of a color tube in the sand. Later he built one at the radiation lab—and it worked. But he always regarded it as a toy, and the Lawrence Tube was never developed to compete with the three-gun tube. Video Under Ice Television will play an important role in undersea navigation, Commander W. R. Anderson of the Submarine Nautilus indicated recently when he described the successful trip of his vessel through the Northwest Passage of the Arctic. The Nautilus had a TV camera mounted on its hull to reconnoiter the ice pack overhead. The undersea route of the atomic sub was lighted by a 24-hour daylight which penetrated the ice cover. TV Fights Woods Fires Foresters are using everything from bombing planes to television in an up-to-date campaign against man's ancient enemy—the forest fire. To reduce the fire toll, the Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture has used many new devices. Surplus World War II bombers have been converted into water bombers. They can drop about 600 gallons of water on critical points during a fire. Television cameras enable a single ranger to watch vast stretches of woodland at once. Sighting a fire from two TV cameras helps to pinpoint a blaze so that crews can reach it quickly. Frozen TV Picture International Telephone and Telegraph recently exhibited a method by which instantaneous transfer of pictures from a television receiver to a storage display tube can be achieved, so that the pictures can be "frozen" and studied at leisure. The principle is similar to one developed at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D. C., and reported in a previous edition of Technician-Engineer. Local 501 Wins Vote Local Union No. 501 has been certified as the bargaining agent for the technical personnel involved in installing, operating and maintaining the closed-circuit television system at the Yonkers (N.Y.) Raceway. Vidicon cameras continuously monitor the progress of each race and thus the whole of each race can be recorded on video tape, including the all-important finish line competition. The tape recording offers the obvious advantage of immediate playback in any case where doubt as to the finish or fouls may be involved. Heretofore, this picture was available only on motion picture film and challenges as to the conduct of the races or the finishes were not resolved until the film was developed and available for projection. The New York State Racing Commission is particularly interested in this new process and plans similar installations at other tracks if it proves to be successful and practical. WANE-TV Victory As the result of a hearing before the NLRB an election was directed by a Board decision of July 23rd, among the employees of WANE-TV, Ft. Wayne, Indiana. Questions were raised in this case as to the unit appropriate for bargaining—which were resolved by the NLRB. The unit found by the Board consists of the station's engineering and program department employees who contribute to the presentation of but who do not appear on television programs. Excluded from the unit are the directors, the film director and the usual group of clerical, custodial, supervisory and guard employees. The election, held on August 13, was handily won and Local Union 1225 has been certified as the bargaining agent. Labor Spectacular Members of AFL-CIO unions employed in the television entertainment industry are contributing their time and talents in the production of a 90-minute "recorded spectacular" for exclusive showing to armed forces audiences overseas next Christmas time, it was recently announced by the national USO. The project, unprecedented in scope, is being undertaken in cooperation with America's television entertainment industry and USO. Coordinating labor's participation is Sollie Pernick, a representative of IATSE. More than 150 personalities of stage, screen, TV and radio, all members of AFL-CIO unions, are being invited to participate. Cooperating AFL-CIO unions are: American Federation of TV and Radio Artists, American Guild of Variety Artists, National Association of Broadcast Engineers and Technicians, Screen Actors Guild, Actors Equity Association, American Guild of Musical Artists, International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees, and American Federation of Musicians. New Local Chartered On August 16, Vice President O. G. Harbak installed the charter for Local Union 264, IBEW which instituted a new local union operation in the Los Angeles area; and a specialized local union for electronic technicians. This Local Union is the outgrowth of the Electronic Technicians Organizing Committee, an independent union of some standing. Included in jurisdiction, under the IBEW, are Los Angeles, Orange, Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties. This large area is the scene of very rapidly-growing industries having electronic specialists as essential elements in their operation. Local Union No. 1710 was instrumental in the formation of the new local union and the encouragement given to the E.T.O.C. The cooperation of Business Manager Harry Fesperman, Representative Clinton Brame of Local Union 1710 and International Representative C. P. Hughes has been especially appreciated by the new Local Union. The present membership is relatively small but the potential membership of this Local Union is estimated to be several thousand. The feeling of the present membership is that the resources and ingenuity of the IBEW, combined with the enthusiasm and dedication of purpose of the Local Union and its officers can not fail to produce a better standard of living and genuine job security for a great number of families in the area. Such a philosophy must surely succeed. Give to COPE Your $1 membership contribution is needed for political education. See your local COPE collector today! AFL-CIO Hits Exclusions Last month in the Technician-Engineer we described how the National Labor Relations Board has extended its jurisdictional standards to bring in more labor disputes for study which had heretofore been considered in "no man's land." In taking this action, the NLRB had mysteriously ignored the need for greater work in broadcasting and actually proposed to raise the minimum limits of jurisdiction from firms with a gross volume of $200,000 to those with $250,000. The move would exempt most TV and radio stations with which the IBEW negotiates. Like the IBEW in its brief of last month, the AFL-CIO has come out in opposition to the new stand. The AFL-CIO finds the action to narrow the broadcasting jurisdiction "in direct conflict" with the Board's stated purpose of protecting more workers. Supporting the IBEW position, the AFL-CIO has recommended cutting the gross volume to $100,000. Booklets Out of Stock Robert K. Dye of Spring Valley, Ohio, a member of Local Union 1266 sent for two of the government publications we listed in the June-July edition of the Technician-Engineer, only to be told by the Government Printing Office that the particular publications are "permanently out of stock." Our apologies to Brother Dye. The Government Printing Office tells us that this happens sometimes between the time they circularize a listing of booklets and the time an inventory is taken. For the benefit of other member-readers, the booklets out of stock are Advanced Mathematics for Electronics Technicians and Physics for Electronics Technicians. Cincinnati Move WKRC-AM-FM-TV, Cincinnati, Ohio., will move to a new $800,000 building sometime next year. The stations, which employ members of Local Union 1224, will be relocated on a nine-acre tract within the city limits—assuming the Cincinnati City Council approves a zoning change. A recommendation to change from residential to business zoning would allow the stations to move out of the downtown Cincinnati Times Star Building. Toledo Station Coming Community Broadcasting Co., operator of WTOL-AM and FM, Toledo, Ohio, is progressing in its efforts to get a television station on the air before the end of 1958. Work has begun on a tower for WTOL-TV, Channel 11, and construction of a building will follow. Members of Local Union 1218 are employed by the AM and FM facilities. If She's Too Plump for You, Or You're Too Fat for Her With the advent of picnics, cookouts and similar gastronomic exercises, the subject of dieting has been particularly bandied about, of late. Having come upon a diet which ostensibly is guaranteed to reduce even a skeleton, we will pass it on to those readers who may find the subject of interest. MONDAY— Breakfast: Weak tea Lunch: 1 Bouillon cube in ½ cup diluted water Dinner: 1 Pigeon, 2 ozs. prune juice (gargle only) TUESDAY— Breakfast: Scraped crumbs from burned toast Lunch: 1 doughnut hole (without sugar) Dinner: 2 Jellyfish skins, one gallon dehydrated water WEDNESDAY— Breakfast: Shredded eggshell skins Lunch: ½ doz. poppy seeds Dinner: Bees knees and mosquito knuckles sautéed with vinegar THURSDAY— Breakfast: Boiled-out stains from tablecloth Lunch: Navel of orange Dinner: 3 eyes from an Irish potato—diced FRIDAY— Breakfast: 2 Lobster Antennae Lunch: 1 guppy fin Dinner: Fillet of soft shell crab claw SATURDAY— Breakfast: 4 chopped banana seeds Lunch: Boiled butterfly liver Dinner: Jellyfish vertebra a la Bookbinders SUNDAY— Breakfast: Pickled humming bird tongue Lunch: Prime rib of tadpole Dinner: Aroma of empty custard pie plate tossed in paprika, and clover leaf (one salad) (Note—All meals are to be eaten under microscope to avoid extra portions.) ATTEND Your Local Union Meetings Without trying to be cynical, and with all due appreciation to faithful union members, perhaps it would be wise to put a few good reasons for attending all meetings of your local. 1. First of all, it is a union member’s privilege and obligation to share in the discussion of union business. Our union is a democratic organization. Every member has a vote which he has an obligation to use. 2. Second, a successful union needs the ideas of each member to create its goals and then work toward those goals. 3. Third, a union needs each member’s support in order that the union may speak with a voice of authority in negotiations and grievances. Don’t forget: a union’s strength is in its members. Any one of the above reasons should stimulate you to attend the meetings. We like to compare a union member with a tributary to a great river. Each tributary by itself is weak, but when all the tributaries are working to capacity, the river is strong and powerful. If the tributaries dry up, so does the river, until it becomes a mere trickle, too weak and impotent to accomplish anything. A solid, active membership gives strength to your committees. The spirit imbued by the rank and file of any organization benefits all and such spirit gives weight to the sincerity of the committee’s proposals during contract negotiations, during grievance procedures, organization drives, and other allied activities. When a man is a member, he should be a good member, and good membership requires participation. Think it over; remember YOU are the Union! BE REGULAR • BE ACTIVE Technician-Engineer
Review of Self Care Week 2013 Self Care for Life – Take Control What is Self Care Week? Self Care Week (SCW) is an annual national awareness campaign to promote the benefits of people looking after their own health. The first national SCW ran in 2009 organised by the Department of Health (DH). In 2011 the Self Care Forum was invited to help with the campaign by the former Care Services Minister, Paul Burstow MP, with successive Ministers supporting Self Care Week. For 2013, our aim was to encourage NHS organisations, patient groups and other health interested agencies to use this year’s theme “Self Care for Life – take control” to target their own audiences, to support them to self care for life, choose healthy options and take control of their health and their life. Review This review highlights the impact of the campaign, showcasing how it was promoted nationally, regionally and locally. Looking also at the vehicles used for relaying campaign messages such as websites and social media. And featuring details of other national campaigns which helped to strengthen promotion of the self care messages. Self Care Week achieved national prominence when Earl Howe, the Health Minister launched Self Care Week on 12 November. The number of local activities increased by 50% compared to last year with almost 100 campaigns being run mostly by CCGs. Local coverage of Self Care Week was successful with almost 100 pieces including online, press and radio. Material available on the Self Care Forum website proved popular with NHS organisations resulting in 2164 downloads of the fact sheets. The emerging theme for Self Care Week 2013 was winter pressures and the local population’s use of emergency and primary care services signposting to self care as the most appropriate action. PAGB’s Treat Yourself Better without antibiotics campaign linked Self Care Week, European Antibiotics Awareness Day, RCGP’s Target antibiotic prescribing providing a coherent message on colds and flu and antibiotic prescribing. Learnings for Next Year - We need to begin promoting Self Care Week 2014 earlier. - Better and earlier engagement is needed with Self Care Week partners such as NHS England and CCGs. - Alignment is needed with Self Care Week partners also launching self care campaigns to ensure consistency of messages. - Agree in advance how the impact of the campaign can be measured. National Self Care for Life – Take Control Health Minister Launches Self Care Week SWC was launched at the 15th Annual Self Care Conference by the Health Minister, Earl Howe on 12 November. More than 100 people from CCGs, patient groups, medical, nursing and pharmacy organisations and industry were present at the launch. NHS England Communicates Self Care Week to its 1.2m NHS population NHS England highlighted SCW through their internal channels via: - comms.link - the NHS England bulletin (6000 staff members) - CCG Bulletin - Commissioning Support Units These communications had the potential to reach 1.2m people working in the NHS. The Self Care Forum website offered resources to NHS and other health organisations to support their promotion of SCW to their audiences. Newsletters and emails with tips and encouragement were also circulated widely. The Self Care Week page was visited over 2,948 times from Sept – Nov. During this time, the Self Care Forum Fact Sheets were the most popular resource, with 3299 page views and 2164 downloads. Some Material Available on the Self Care Forum Website Self Care for Life – Take Control 12 Nov – Is Your Medicine Cabinet fit for Winter? Is a winter campaign run by the Self Care Forum for Self Care Week to encourage audiences to address their medicine cabinet before the start of the coughs and colds season. As a partner of Self Care Week PAGB together with Pharmacy Voice supported the Week with a consumer information campaign entitled “Treat Yourself Better without Antibiotics”. It was launched at the Annual Self Care Conference and aimed to inform and educate patients about the use of antibiotic for winter complaints. The campaign runs throughout the winter. A Self Care Week page, aimed at patients and the public, was uploaded on the NHS Choices website on August 2013, and promoted on its homepage from 18 – 24 November. NHS Choices also tweeted. Their SCW tweets reached 111,335 accounts The “what is self care?” page had 5454 visits between Sept - Nov The “self care week” page had 3339 visits between Sept – Nov Self Care Week purposely falls in the same week of European Antibiotics Awareness Day (EAAD) (18th November) as this message is about understanding that antibiotics is not effective on colds and flu. This is clearly an important message and for EAAD this year, the RCGP and Public Health England ran “Target”, a joint campaign which offers advice and support to health care professionals to educate their patients about the use of antibiotics. The campaign includes Self Care Week materials and mentions the campaign. Doctors urged to self care - The BMA urged their membership to protect themselves against flu as part of their SCW promotion. - The RCN raised awareness of the campaign to their membership via internal newsletters and website. - National Pharmacist Association highlighted SCW to their membership via newsletters and their website. - Selfmanagement.uk promoted SCW to their membership online and via media sources including Yorkshire Radio. The National Pharmacist Association, which organises Ask Your Pharmacist Week (AYPW), is a partner of Self Care Week. These two annual awareness campaigns have always been aligned and the Weeks are run consecutively to extend the promotion of self care messages. The 2013 campaign AYPW message encouraged people to think “pharmacy first” to avoid unnecessary GP and A+E visits. Many pharmacists continued the self care message by also supporting Self Care Week. Regional Self Care for Life – Take Control Fire Men help people Self Care West Midlands Fire Service held events to highlight the benefits of self care to their population and workforce. NHS Central Southern Commissioning Service Unit launched a self care leaflet for their population. The leaflet has been made available for other organisations to use. Pennine Care NHS Trust held a series of workshops and a self care conference focusing on empowering local communities in the Greater Manchester area. Local Self Care for Life – Take Control Almost 100 Self Care Week Campaigns Most of the promotion of SCW happened at a local level with the majority of activity through Clinical Commissioning Groups. Campaign messages mainly focussed on local residents use of health services, urging the population to use the right service for the right treatment. Almost 100 local campaigns were run across England, Wales and the Isle of Man by local authorities, health organisations, patient agencies and charities. South Sefton CCG held events for carers and their families. Bracknell Forest Council were particularly active during the week with community events including Street Doctor, keep fit sessions, health workshops and health stalls with blood pressure testing. Activities also included a self care schools competition. Bradford’s Hale Healthy Living Project compiled a SCW information pack for local organisations and health information was shown on screens in GP practices and outside Bradford Town Hall. NHS West Cheshire CCG held a number of events with other local organisations to promote SCW to engage their local population including a Self Care Day and launching of pharmacy first campaign. GP TV Screens Highlight Self Care - Crowdhealth promoted information on their website and through their SoMe feeds. - Forton Medical Practice in Gosport highlighted self care through TV screens and their website. - NHS Dorset CCG launched a brand new self care service to their population to support patients, carers and local health professionals with long term conditions. Haughton Thornley Medical Practice’s PPG organised events to highlight SCW. Lincoln Green Medical Practice’s nurse promoted SCW through their Leeds Respiratory Network twitter feed and facebook page. Self Help Nottingham and Nottinghamshire promoted SCW by encouraging people to “look after their selfie”. Isn’t Every Week Self Care Week? Weldricks Pharmacy and Total Health Pharmacy promoted SCW and tweeted. Berkshire Health Foundation Trust held events to offer self care advice to locals on areas of mental health, COPD and carer’s rights. Asking the question “Isn’t every week self care week?” Waiting Room Displays SCF Fact Sheets - Westcourt Medical Centre promoted SCW via their website and their waiting room displays highlighting the fact sheets. - The Ridge Medical Practice held an “info shop” event for their local population. - Ashfield Voluntary Action held three free events during SCW to help locals with information on how to look after themselves. Isle of Man promoted SCW with a walking football event and a number of health related activities across the island. Oakshill Surgery in Somerset sent a news release highlighting better use of pharmacy and included links to the SCF fact sheets for winter ailments. North Durham CCG urged people to “keep calm and look after yourself” this winter. Free MOT Health Checks Offered! - Hounslow and Richmond Community Healthcare Trust held a series of information events with their health promotion teams. - George Eliot Hospital in Nuneaton held an information stall offering health checks to locals. - Richmond Upon Thames Council promoted free MOT health checks. - North West Ambulance Service used SCW to appeal to their population on proper use of 999 services, stressing that coughs, stomach aches and flu can be treated with a well stocked medicine cabinet. Be a Hero and Self Care this Winter! - West Middx Hospital held an awareness event with health experts, including pharmacists, to educate people about how they can look after themselves. - Binfield Surgery inspired people to get fit for self care week and organised zumba classes and posture correcting classes. - Brighton and Hove CCG launched their “be a hero and self care” winter campaign with posters, leaflets and quizzes urging people to self care and save A+E for those whose lives are in danger. Self Care Week is an excellent national programme which raises awareness of the importance of making healthy choices every day. Dudley’s own Self Management Programmes are a great way of empowering local people to make decisions which will improve their own physical, mental and emotional wellbeing and I encourage people to take advantage of these free courses. [Dudley metropolitan Borough Council] People who know how to practice self-care and keep the emergency department for those whose lives are in danger really are our heroes, helping save lives. The types of illnesses and injuries that can be treated at home with self-care include flu, diarrhoea and vomiting, cuts and grazes, sprains and minor burns and infections. The tools and advice to help look after many of these issues are available at local pharmacies and, if a doctor’s appointment is necessary, your pharmacist will be able to advise you. [Brighton and Hove CCG] Campaigns Ask Locals to Recognise when to Self Care Many people visit their doctor at this time of the year with colds and sniffles when they could treat themselves at home just as effectively with a well stocked medicine cabinet. [Southport and Formby CCG] Some common illnesses don’t require medical intervention and can be treated at home where most patients feel more comfortable. Take control means recognising when to self care and when to seek medical advice, and if you need advice, think about your local pharmacist or whether a visit to the GP surgery is necessary. [Croydon CCG] We can’t highlight enough the importance of self care. By taking simple measures such as eating a healthy balanced diet and taking regular exercise, people can make a positive impact on their health and mental wellbeing. Self Care Week provides us with an ideal opportunity to stress the benefits of taking care of yourself and also recognising when to self care and when to seek advice. [Greater Preston CCG] National and Local Websites Support Self Care Week Self Care for Life – Take Control East Lancashire health bosses back national Self Care Week Self Care Week 18th - 24th November 2013 - "Self Care for Life – Take Control" Melbourne Grove Medical Practice East Dulwich Self Care Week 18-24 November 2013 Self care for life – take control Telephone: 020 8299 0499 Fax: 020 8299 1954 Out of hours: 020 8298 9102 Self Care for Life - Take Control Next week is Self-Care Week running from 18 - 24 November. This year's theme is 'Self-Care for Life – Take Control'. Community health trust supports Self Care Week Wednesday 13 November 2013 Hounslow and Richmond Community Healthcare NHS Trust is supporting a national campaign which encourages people to become more health conscious and take measures to stay well. Throughout Self Care Week, which runs between 18-24 November, the Trust’s health promotion teams will take part in various local events to raise awareness about the importance of self-care and healthy living, and give people the opportunity to find out about the range of free healthy lifestyle services that the Trust provides. On Wednesday 20 November, members of the Trust’s health promotion team will be holding an information stall at West Middlesex Hospital’s Self Care Week awareness event, which takes place in the hospital’s main atrium between 11am-2pm. Health teams from the team will be on hand to offer advice about how to take control of your health and mental wellbeing, improve your lifestyle, or manage long-term conditions. The team will also be promoting sensible drinking as part of Alcohol Awareness Week – offering advice and information about how to monitor alcohol intake and avoid excessive consumption or binge drinking. Self Care for Life – Take Control MHS Kingston CCG is supporting Self Care Week 2013. This year’s theme is ‘Self Care for Life – Take Control’. Local GPs are joining the campaign to raise awareness of how individuals can take control of their health and ultimately improve their overall well-being. Self Care Week 2013 takes place from November 18-24. It aims to help people take care of themselves and let them know what’s available to help them look after their health. The campaign is being run by the Self Care Forum in partnership with the Department of Health. This year’s theme is “Self care for life – take control” and aims to raise awareness of how you can take control of your own health and wellbeing. Self Care for Life - take control People can often take care of themselves when they have common symptoms such as sore throats, coughs etc, for example by using over-the-counter medicines. Self care week is all about supporting you to take control of your health and where to get it from. Check out the useful tips on how to use medicines correctly. Take care of your health in Dartford, Gravesham and Swanley Do you know how to look after yourself? Self Care Week, which runs from Monday to Sunday (18-24 November) is a chance to learn how. Self Care Week 2013: How can you do more to look after your own health? Croydon Clinical Commissioning Group (CCG) is supporting Self Care Week 2013 by highlighting the services available in Croydon which helps people to do more to look after their own, and their family’s, health. Through Pharmacy First, everyone living or working in Croydon can now not only go to their local pharmacy to collect a prescription but can get one-on-one health advice from trained medical professionals in their pharmacy during an appointment. People can also be offered medicines to treat a wide range of common health complaints. Self Care for life - Take Control! Enfield CCG is supporting Self Care Week 2013, which runs from 18 – 24 November and is encouraging patients to use this week as an opportunity to take control of their health. Self-Care week takes places from 18th - 24th November and is themed "Self Care for Life - Take Control". What is self care? Self Care for Life is about being knowledgeable about your health and wellbeing, taking steps to stay well, eat properly, take regular exercise and look after your symptoms of minor ill health. Self care means keeping fit and healthy, as well as knowing how to take medicines, treat minor ailments and seek help when you need it. If you have a long-term condition, self care is about understanding that condition and how to live with it. There is lots of information available about how you can use Self Care to improve your health and wellbeing including how to: - lose weight - get fit - stop smoking - look after yourself City charity make appeal for 'selfies' as part of Self Care Week campaign City charity Self-Help Nottingham and Nottinghamshire are currently encouraging people to share their healthy living tips by sending a 'selfie' as part of their celebrations for Self Care Week 2013. Self Care Week is an annual national awareness week that focuses on embedding support for self care across communities, families and generations. This year's Self Care Week started on Monday 18 November, with a theme of 'Self Care for Life – Take Control'. For anyone unfamiliar with the term 'selfie', Self Help Nottingham and Nottinghamshire are asking people to send them a self portrait photo via Twitter or Facebook, along with a few words explaining what they've done in their lives to improve their own physical health, mental and emotional well-being and self esteem. Below you can see some examples of 'selfies' that members of the staff team at Self-Help Nottingham and Nottinghamshire have submitted themselves to get the ball rolling. For more information, visit the Self-Help Nottingham and Nottinghamshire website. Self Care – Take Control in Self Care Week It has been widely reported that hospitals and GPs are under increasing pressure as the winter months approach and seasonal ailments stop many of us in our tracks. Self Care Week (18-24 November) encourages us all to be more health conscious. Self care is about taking control of your own health, making healthy choices and being able to look after yourself when you are unwell. Doctors are being reminded of the importance of getting themselves immunised against flu. As part of NHS self-care week draws to a close on Sunday, the BMA is highlighting the need for hospital doctors and GPs to ensure they also look after themselves. Social Media Supports Self Care Week Self Care for Life – Take Control More than 50 organisations tweeted, many of them CCGs, SCW messages reached over 34,000 accounts and 98,000 impressions (Dr Martin McShane from NHS England and the Self Care Forum Board was amongst the tweeters) By looking after your health today, the NHS will be there for you tomorrow. #SCW2013 It's national self care week - the theme is 'Self Care for life - Take Control' - find out more here goo.gl/LeFFUz Read here: Taking control – the work - life balance – a blog by Sharon Howard bit.ly/1bQ Find out more about how to take care of your own health when living with long term conditions @NHSChoices ow.ly/gmi2B What will you change this #SelfCareWeek we of your health and improve your health & well For #SCW2013 take control, know how to look after your health and your family’s health. Improve your health literacy! Art project helps give patients a sense of hope and purpose at Northumberland hospital goo.gl/qVZCZd #timetochange It's Self Care Week (18-24 November) – follow this link for more details on how to look after yourself better nhs.uk/selfcare Self Care Week 18-24 November 2013 Worcestershire Acute @WorcsAcuteNHS #selfcare means keeping fit and healthy, as well as knowing how to take medicines, and seek help when you need it. NHS Choices @NHSChoices Self care week aims to help people manage their long term conditions with the greatest independence. Read up here bit.ly/I1r5yb HALE Project @HALEProject Events across Bradford District for #SelfCareWeek to help you take control of your health & wellbeing. Details at bit.ly/efMnv9 SOPFG @SOPFG There's no stopping our patient representatives joining in with the Zumba fun #selfcareweek pic.twitter.com/6hnc6vEh0p HorshamMidSussex CCG @HorshMidSusxCcg In England, 99% of us are never more than 20 minutes away by car from a pharmacy #RightCareRightNow #SelfCare 100 Local Campaigns Highlighted in 100 Local Newspapers Self Care for Life – Take Control Antibiotics not for running noses, warn doctors Look after yourself this week, says Richmond healthcare trust Treat Yourself Better without Antibiotics campaign Essential that public are signposted to community pharmacy for self care advice, says Pharmacy Voice Pharmacy Voice has released a video recording of ‘wholehearted’ support from Earl Howe, Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Quality, for the new Treat Yourself Better without Antibiotics campaign. The campaign, from Pharmacy Voice and the PAGB, was launched during self care week at a London conference, with a speech from Earl Howe. Members of the public are being encouraged to self-care for coughs and colds and not to visit their GP or A&E unnecessarily unless they are experiencing red flag symptoms. The campaign is also calling on all local authorities for greater support for self care. Service users and carers are being invited to an all day conference for a chance to discuss local health services in Rochdale, and how they should be developed, for people living with long-term conditions. Hosted by the Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust the conference will be a chance for local service users, carers and partners to contribute to the various services offered in the area. Attendees of the conference will look at how Pennine Care develop services to support people to become more health conscious and choose healthy options which will impact positively on their physical health as well as their mental wellbeing and self esteem. Organiser Lynette Whitehead, Patient and Liaison (PALS) Officer from Pennine Care, said: “We want service users, carers and partners to help us think about how we view and support people as a whole person, how people can influence the services that are provided and how they are an equal partner to healthcare staff.” “We also want to empower our local communities which will be an ongoing theme throughout the conference workshops.” The event will coincide with Self Care Week, which runs from 18 – 25 November. Throughout the week Pennine Care will run various events to promote self care at a local level. This will be done through various workshops, including “how can you influence the services provided?” and “you as an equal partner with healthcare staff”. The conference will be held from 9:30am to 4pm, with lunch, refreshments and transport provided, on Tuesday November 19 at the Queen Elizabeth Hall, West Street, Oldham. To book a place call PALS on 0161 716 3178. Pharmacy Care provides healthcare across Rochdale, Bury, Oldham, Stockport, Tameside, Glossop and Trafford. Lancashire residents urged to 'self care' to ease pressure on health services Lancashire residents have been urged to 'self care' as part of a bid to ease pressure on hospital staff during winter. Coun Khan, who is also a member for social care, said this week's 'self control' and awareness campaign aimed at raising awareness of the importance of self control of your health costs. Treat coughs and colds at home, public told Louise Prime Friday, 15 November 2013 The public should usually manage their coughs, sneezes, ear-ache and other cold and flu-like symptoms themselves, the Government is reminding them in Self Care Week. Its campaign to encourage self-care, which starts on Monday – European Antibiotics Awareness Day – aims cut the number of people making GP appointments to ask for unnecessary antibiotics to treat minor ailments. Self Care Week at Newbury Hospital - find out how to control own health and well-being Newbury Hospital staff and local residents will have an opportunity to learn more about how they can take control of their own health and pick up the early signs of... Self Care Forum publishes resources to support self care week Medics are urging residents to learn how to take control of their own health as part of a national drive this week from November 18 to 24. Self-care week launched today From daily activities such as staying active and eating healthily to conditions such as depression, learn more about self-care. Health Minister Dr Mary Creagh has started Self Care Week in England to raise awareness of how people can play in their own wellbeing. Nicola Bailey, spokesperson for North Chatham CCG at today’s launch event. What is The Self Care Forum? Established in May 2011, the Self Care Forum’s objective is to further the reach of self care and embed it into every day life resulting in a life long habit. The Self Care Forum Board is made up of individuals keen to improve health literacy, enabling people to make informed decisions about their health and their family’s health. Members of the Board are individuals from health related backgrounds and include patient group representatives, GPs, nurses, pharmacists, academics, DH, NHS England, media medics and the consumer healthcare industry. Self Care Week Partners Melbourne Grove Medical Practice East Dulwich BMA NHS Kirklees Forton Medical Centre Wellspring Medical Practice Royal College of Nursing crowdhealth total health PHARMACY at the heart of the local community NPA National Pharmacy Association MHF MEN’S HEALTH FORUM PAGB West Midlands Fire Service Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust South Sefton Clinical Commissioning Group RCGP Royal College of General Practitioners LCH NHS Self Care Week 18-24 November 2013 Self Care for Life – Take Control Self Care Week Partners Care +, NHS Choices, NHS England, Mentholatum, My Health My Way, Westcourt Medical Centre, PACE, Patient Information Forum, NHS Warrington Clinical Commissioning Group, Migraine Action, Self Management UK, Bracknell Forest Council, Weldrick Pharmacy, NHS Central Southern Commissioning Support Unit, CEUTA Healthcare Group of Companies, Whittington Health, HALE Healthy Living Project, NHS Newham Clinical Commissioning Group. Self Care for Life – Take Control A Big Thank You On behalf of the organisers of Self Care Week we would like to thank everyone who participated in SCW 2013. Without your help our aim to have everyone self care for a healthier, happier life would not be possible. We hope we are one step closer to furthering the reach of self care and embedding it into every day life, to make it a life-long habit. If you would like any further information about the Self Care Forum go to www.selfcareforum.org or contact Libby Whittaker, email: firstname.lastname@example.org
1. APOLOGIES FOR ABSENCE There were none. 2. DECLARATIONS OF INTEREST Phillip Kerle declared that he is a governor at Orbital South Colleges 3. MINUTES OF THE PREVIOUS MEETING AGREED: THE PREVIOUS MINUTES FROM 13 JULY 2020 WERE APPROVED AS AN ACCURATE RECORD. 4. MATTERS ARISING The Clerk presented the matters arising update to the Committee: \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| 1. \| The Committee agreed to recommend a nil pay award to the Board at its meeting of 23 July 2020 \| \| \| This was done and the Board resolved no pay award at its meeting of 23.7.20. \| \| 2. \| The Committee noted the report and agreed to recommend the updated IFMC for 2019/20 to 2021/22 to the Board at its meeting on 23 July 2020 \| \| \| This was approved by the Board at its meeting of 23.7.20 under Item 6.1.ii. \| \| 3. \| The Finance and General Purposes Committee agreed to delegate authority to the CEO to pursue the option of providing security to LPFA/LPP. It was \| AN to update. \| \| \| also agreed that this would include approval for the CEO to discuss the matter with ESFA and College bankers. \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| 4. \| The Committee agreed to recommend the draft Capital Expenditure Programme detailing the maximum level of capital expenditure in each of the years shown in the attached report. \| The Board agreed this at Item 8.1 at its meeting on 23.7.20. \| \| 5. \| The Committee agreed to recommend the Policy for delivery of subcontracting to the Board at its meeting of July 23 2020 \| This was completed and the Board approved the Finance regulations at item 6.7 at its meeting on 23.7.20. \| \| 6. \| The Committee agreed to recommend the list of subcontractors to the Board at its meeting of July 23 2020 \| This was approved at Item 6.4 at the Board meeting on 23/7/20 \| \| 7. \| The Committee agreed to delegate to Philip Kerle final review and recommendation of the financial regulations to the Board at its meeting of July 23 2020 \| This was completed and the Board approved the Finance regulations at item 6.7 at its meeting on 23.7.20. \| \| 8. \| The Committee agreed to recommend the FGP terms of reference and cycle of business to the Board at its meeting of July 23 2020 \| This was done and approved by the Board. Subsequently, the process for the cycle of business has been updated so that element of the Terms of reference will be removed. \| \| 9. \| The FGP Committee agreed to waive the procurement process outlined in the financial regulations at the advice of the COO \| This was in the remit of the FGP so did not need to be recommended to the Board. \| \| 10. \| The FGP Committee agreed to recommend awarding the contract to Protocol to the Board at its meeting of July 23 2020 \| - The Board agreed the proposal in principal subject to more detail on the governance structures being presented. - A specific entry will be made on the College risk register - A draft business plan will be prepared \| Anil Nagpal confirmed that the College is progressing with the work involved in providing security to the LPP. They have reached a position where the ESFA will hold primary rank on the Hammersmith site with the LPP interest being secondary. The deadline has been extended to December 2020 and Anil Nagpal is confident this can be concluded successfully. --- 1 In accordance with governmental social distancing guidelines owing to the Covid-19 public health crisis and as permitted under Instrument 1f of the Corporation Instrument and Articles of Government. 5.1 Management accounts July 2020 Anil Nagpal presented the report on the financial performance to July 2020 which was the end of the College financial year. The budget figures contained with the financial plan reflect those submitted to the ESFA in July 2019. However, he reminded members that the IFMC (integrated financial management colleges) submission made in February 2020 reported a deficit of £3.6m which incorporated variances identified since the summer submission. He summarised the following: - Draft outturn position for 2019/20 is a deficit of £1,791k - This is adverse to budget £371k - The fixed asset register - The College has been able to mitigate losses due to Covid. - Pensions related costs are projected to be circa £2m - The projected deficit including the pension costs is £3,821k (including C19 impact) - Staff pay is now projected to be below budget at c67.2% - Current ratio, whilst positive is below target - Cash days are 71 The robust interrogation of the fixed asset register had proved to be a considerable task. The College has been under-depreciating assets for the last few years. A consultant from RSM has been looking at the position and significant progress has been made. The College has been under-depreciating to a total of circa £3.1m which will bring the total to £5.2m to include the catch up. The correction will be an accounting entry which does not affect the cash balance at 31.7.20. The College has been able to offset some of the impact using the profit on disposal on A and B blocks and the catch-up on deferred Capital Grant. Work is continuing the asset register is continuing but this is not helped by poor systems. Governors asked for a clarification on Capital expenditure which has been revised from £200k to £900k and asked what had happened to the amounts not accounted for. Anil Nagpal responded that these sums would have been spent on restarting the Gateway project and the decoupling work has not been completed. Karen Redhead commented that the College will now be carrying an additional amount of £1m each year for depreciation but this will be a non-cash item. Anil Nagpal is a member on a couple of national and local senior finance networks and is aware that the FE Commissioner is looking at improving the efficiency of management accounts and revisiting financial health scoring. The Committee noted the report. 5.2 Management accounts August 2020 Anil Nagpal presented the management accounts for the first period of the year: - Projected outturn for 2020/21 is a deficit of £2,208k - No variance is reported at this stage - Report for period one is ‘light touch’ All KPIs are forecast at target Number of actions have been put in place to ensure finances remain on track Remains a challenging landscape All income and expenditure continue to be closely monitored. Emerging risks are carefully managed with mitigations to be put in place. Risks included additional costs related to C19, income from enrolment is down and the risk of reduction in commercial income due to the current climate. Governors asked by how much the enrolment figures are reduced. Karen Redhead signposted members to the summary in the CEO report for the upcoming Board meeting on 22 October 2020. In some cases, the shortfall is marginal and in other areas there is a more significant issue. Governors asked if the College could recover the enrolment position. Karen Redhead confirmed that this was entirely possible and pointed to the example of 16-18 enrolment which at the start of year the College had been 5% down but has now caught up. Enrolment will fluctuate over the next couple of months, but the College will focus to address this. She is not concerned about Adult enrolment as demand from West London employers and from those made redundant as a result of Covid-19 is strong. The College is working hard to be flexible to meet this demand. Commercial income is the biggest unknown and it will take longer to have an accurate picture of this area. The team working on commercial curriculum now reports to David Warnes as he is more experienced in this area. The international offer has been moved significantly online to support learners restricted by international travel constraints. Anil Nagpal informed the Committee that he can control costs when income streams are reduced. The Committee noted the report. 5.3 Confirmation of Going Concern The Finance and General Purposes Committee asked Anil Nagpal for his view of the College’s position as a going concern. He responded that he had looked at the College’s current assets less liabilities to reach a view and noted the following: - The College has a significant below-the-line hit on the balance sheet as a result of the actuarial valuation for pensions of £11m - The College had received a total of £7.3m cash injection over past months - Extended creditor stretch had been unwound by the end of July 2020 - Cash balance of £6.9m at end of year - Capital money of £1.1m to spend by end of March 2021 - £0.5m for college collaboration fund of which £140k is for WLC - Far stronger position than at start of year Ian Comfort was reassured that the balance sheet, despite the adjustments outlined, still indicates that the College is still a going concern. The Committee asked Anil Nagpal if it was his assertion that the FGP Committee could make a statement of assurance that the College is a Going Concern to the Board at its meeting of 22 October 2020. He agreed that this was appropriate and reminded the Committee that the auditors would test out this position and give their opinion in the Annual Statements in December 2020. The position will also be reflected in the College’s statement to the ESFA at the end of November 2020. Ian Comfort left the meeting at 18.30 6 Subcontracting update report This item was taken immediately after the items 1-4. David Warnes offered his update on the detailed paper presented to July 2020 Board: - Following approval of the 2020/21 subcontractors at the July 2020 Board, due diligence has been completed, references received and contracts issues and signed - Subcontracting was reduced across all subcontractors last year and have been reduced this year - All subcontractors were required to submit a Covid19 risk assessment to ensure social distancing guidelines are being followed for learners and staff - Summary of 2019/20 outturn and 20/21 contracts was outlined - Total subcontracting budget for 2020-21 is £3m and the College is on, or above, target - The split is £2.3m for ESFA non-devolved and £0.7m GLA devolved AEB budget - Subcontractor performance is monitored by College Partnership Management Group - The College is still validating the achievement results, but all partners have seen some reduction in outcomes greatly due to the impact of Covid-19 - The only additional subcontractor, Bounce Back, for this year has not yet started delivery Governors asked if the College will experience clawback if subcontractors fail to reach minimum achievement level. David Warnes explained that for AEB there is an element of 20% of the allocation which is linked to achievement. The College does not pay the partners if they underachieve so it will not be adversely affected in financial terms. The Committee noted the report. David Warnes left the meeting at 18.15. 7 Property matters: Estate strategy update report Anil Nagpal gave the Committee a short verbal report. - The decoupling of blocks A and B at Southall is delayed until new year - Gateway project still on hold until planning issue is concluded - The College is seeking further funding opportunities - Awaiting the release of the bidding of DFE capital funding grant Governors asked if the £1.21m capital grant received in Sept 2020 needed to be expended by March 2021. Anil Nagpal confirmed that this is the case, and the plan is being refined but it will be expended on student facing areas. He acknowledged that the timing represented an ambitious deadline. IBR – College is working with PM Consulting and will answer any requests from BDO for Governors asked if discussions with Ealing Council around development of the Sports Centre have progressed. Anil Nagpal confirmed that the College is looking to progress these conversations but is awaiting the outcome of a Council Cabinet meeting. Anil Nagpal is liaising with landlords at Park Royal and those discussions are ongoing. The Committee noted the report. 8 Update on cashflow report Anil Nagpal informed the Committee that the ESFA requires a cashflow report by 27 November and that this will be signed off by Karen Redhead as the College’s Chief Accounting Officer. The report will include a cashflow projection with further commentary expanding upon what was submitted in July 2020. Governors asked if Committee members will have sight of this document. Anil Nagpal explained that it needed to be submitted before the December FGP meeting. Governors asked if this can be circulated electronically for review. ACTION: AN TO CIRCULATE THE CASHFLOW REPORT GOING TO THE ESFA IN ADVANCE OF SUBMISSION TO FGP MEMBERS. The Committee noted the report. 9 Settlement report – this item was taken as a confidential matter 10 Bursary policy report Anil Nagpal presented the report and recommended that the Finance and General Purposes Committee reviews it. The policy is more prescriptive and has more structure than the prior version. Learners will be able to access funds in a clearer process throughout the year. Governance asked what percentage of the bursary is funded by the College. AN confirmed that the bursary is fully funded by the DFE and it is passed to student in accordance with ESFA policy and this is audited. AGREED: THE FINANCE AND GENERAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE AGREED THE COLLEGE’S RATIONALE AND GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSING AND DISTRIBUTING BURSARY FUNDS AS SET OUT IN THE POLICY AND PROCEDURE. 10.1 Bursary Policy This policy reflects West London College’s commitment to equal access to education for all learners. It, and the accompanying procedures, will be reviewed annually in line with the ESFA learner funding guidance. AGREED: THE FINANCE AND GENERAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE AGREED TO RECOMMEND THE BURSARY POLICY \| 11 \| Any other business to be notified to the Chair in advance There were none. The meeting closed at 19.00. \| \|---\|---\| \| 12 \| Date of next meeting Thursday 8 December at 18.00 \| --- Chair’s signature ........................................ Date..........................
GRIM Issue No. 7 September 2020 TEENAGE WASTELAND High School, Hormones & Homicide ADOLESCENCE OUT OF CONTROL ARE YOU AN EVE OR A LILITH? FINDING YOUR COVEN THE LEGACY OF CHRISTOPHER PIKE DOWNLOADING DIGITAL HORROR THE FACULTY’S DRUG WAR AUDRE’S REVENGE BITES BACK TEEN CREEPS PODCAST CANADA’S SPINSTERS OF HORROR FEAR & LOATHING IN RIVERDALE 5 Leave Those Kids Alone Identity & Conformity in High School Horror by Nina Nesseth 7 Horror in the Digital Age Unfriended, Ratter & the Terror of Tech by Kelly McNeely 10 Thrilling Eve Becoming ‘Dangerous’ Women by Jessica Parant 13 The Iconic '90s Master of Murder The Cultural Legacy of Christopher Pike by Joe Lipssett 15 Stepping Out of the Shadows The Brave New World of The Lost Boys by Sophie Day 16 Scary Tales & Fairy Tales Resisting Authoritarianism in Pan’s Labyrinth by Elizabeth Grice 19 Kissing the Shadows In Conversation with The Spinsters of Horror by Valeska Griffiths 21 The Daydreamer’s Hero Mastering the Great Escape by Vincent Bec 23 Consent in Crisis Mourning The Loved Ones by Valeska Griffiths 29 We Are the Weirdos, Mister Witchcraft, Rebellion & Friendship in The Craft by Prisca Lam 31 Der Nachtmahrr Mental Illness & Transformation in a Teenage Nightmare by Carolyn Mauricette 37 Guaranteed to Jack You Up The Drug War & The Faculty by Mariam Bastani 39 Unlocking the Curiosity Door Stranger Things as a Modern Adolescent Fairy Tale by Rebecca Booth Plus: The Real Crash Surviving Your Final Destination 9 Click Me If You Dare Creepypasta as a Symbol of Chaotic Power 28 Paradise Lost Life After Afterlife with Archie 29 Let it Bleed Monsters & Power in Maturity 34 Once Bitten Audre’s Revenge & The Current State of Horror 35 Teenage Fury The Modern Drama Queen’s Coming-of-Age 43 Fiction Luke 15:32 46 Fiction Conciliat Amorem Mulierum & Maxime Puellarum 47 Invasion of the Pod People Teen Creeps 49 Spirit Gum Samhain in Style: 5 Must-Follows for Fall 51 The Haunted Library 53 Dear Countess Valencia 54 Grim is a production of Anatomy of a Scream. anatomyofascream.com twitter & Instagram: @aoas_xx twitter: @thisisgrimmag Special Thank You Barbara Griffiths Bloody Good Horror Jeff Nguyen Rebecca Booth Vecteezy Zack Long Grim No. 7 All rights reserved Calling 2020 ‘Challenging’ is the Definition of Understatement. From the Hong Kong protests to the Australian bushfires to the tragic failure of the impeachment of he-who-shall-not-be-named to the ongoing horror of the novel coronavirus pandemic to the epic Black Lives Matter uprisings, to whatever new emergency, revolution, or atrocity is happening as you read these lines, 2020 has served up a relentless deluge of anxiety-provoking historical events. None of us are untouched by the ravages of this calendar year. While there have been some bright spots (a greater awareness of systemic racism borne of the protests against white supremacist police violence, much-needed legislative and policy changes, and the prospect of real justice in several cases), the psychic toll of 2020 weighs heavy on our collective consciousness. Being in lockdown for much of the year has isolated us from our friends and (chosen) families, and witnessing endless footage of police brutality continues to hurt our hearts. As such, many of us have turned to old comforts to soothe our troubled souls. Much-loved media from the past is seeing renewed popularity as people host watch parties and indulge in youthful favourites. As such, this issue’s theme of teen horror feels appropriate for this time, drawing as it does upon the entertainment that so many of us enjoyed during our own adolescence. Featuring essays exploring everything from the 1990s Teen Horror Cycle (as defined by Alexandra West) to the work of YA novelist Christopher Pike, we may consider this issue a comforting reprieve from the anxieties and tumult of this past year. But, even as we find our small distractions where we can, we mustn’t grow complacent. Examine your privilege. Improve your praxis. Continue to donate, protest, amplify, share, and educate wherever possible. Black Lives Matter. Black Art Matters. Black Words Matter. And, please—wear your fucking mask. Valeska Griffiths @bitchartTO CC Stapleton The Black Museum Lurid Lectures for the Morbidly Curious Toronto's Premiere Horror Lecture and Event Series In a Casual and Interactive Atmosphere. Visit theblackmuseum.com for lecture downloads and info on upcoming events. Foreword by Doug Bradley Edited by Rebecca Booth, Valeska Griffiths & Erin Thompson Curated by R F Todd now available at holpublishing.com Alex Neufeldt is a writer and journalist based in Treaty 1 Territory—Winnipeg, Manitoba. She is a recent graduate of the University of Winnipeg. You can find her on twitter at @AlexEJNeufeldt, read more of her creative work in Juice Journal, and read her journalistic work in The Uniter. Amy Bowman’s greatest loves include teen movies and all things spooky, so she is thrilled to contribute to this issue of Grim. She does a bunch of stuff in Toronto, but is most proud of her trivia championships. For more bon mots and trenchant insights, follow her on twitter @sovietmovies. Andrew Roebuck is a writer, podcaster, and cat enthusiast. Hailing from southwestern Ontario, he has contributed to Anatomy of a Scream, Bloody Good Horror, and Scriptophobics. If you want to talk giant monsters or Archie’s river-punching ability, you can follow him on twitter @vinemodenicol. Carolyn Mauricette is a programmer for the Blood in the Snow Canadian Film Festival. She is also a film writer and has contributed to the Encyclopedia of Japanese Horror Films, Encyclopedia of Racism in American Films, and written pieces on diversity and women in sci-fi for graveyardhistersisters.com and film reviews for cinemaxis.com. Her website is viewfromthedark.ca and she co-hosts the Reely Melanated podcast. CC Stapleton is an artist and writer from Atlanta. Having studied art history in college, specifically Renaissance-era devotional iconography, she can find—and rave at length about—the symbolism embedded into anything. She contributes to Bloody Good Horror and Anatomy of a Scream, co-hosts the Bloody Good Horror podcast, and hosts her own podcast Something Red, uncovering haunted worlds pressed between pages. She welcomes you to get dark with her on twitter @ccstaplethight. Elizabeth Grice has always loved creepy stories. She has an M.A. in English Literature from Queen’s University, where her research focused mainly on reanimated corpses in Gothic fiction. Since her main interests in film are death, femininity, and the supernatural, she spends a lot of time watching horror movies (and costume dramas). She also enjoys peppermint tea, pretty much anything involving ghosts, and curating a look that has been described before as “preppy witch.” Emily von Seele hails from Seattle, where it rains a lot, which gives her plenty excuses to stay inside and watch movies. She has written for Bloody Disgusting, Daily Dead, and Talk Film Society, and is co-host of the Dead Kings podcast. You can usually catch Emily on twitter (@emiloryellablog), where she has been known to gab excessively about movies and tweet adorable pics of her two cats—seriously, they are the cutest ever. Gina Hargreaves is a horror enthusiast with an M.A. in Film Studies. Her musings have appeared in the American Review of Canadian Studies, Anatomy of a Scream, and Grim. She co-edited and co-authored The Canadian Horror Film: Terror of the Soul (2015) and contributed to A Chemin de Pain: Essays on Quebec’s Nostalgic Screen (2020). She’s served as a coordinator with Cellar Door Film Festival, Eve Film Festival, TIFF, and the NFB, and now curates for The Black Museum, a horror lecture and screening series in Toronto. Find her on twitter @smalldarkthings. Jessica Parant is known as Spinster #1 of the Spinsters of Horror and co-hosts I Survived Your Podcast. When not working her day job as a Senior Content Manager at an IT company, she is busy following her love of passion for horror with writing, researching, and podcasting. You can follow her on twitter and Instagram @SpectralJess07 and read her macabre musings on spinstersofhorror.com. Joe Lipsett is the co-editor and Facebook group manager of Anatomy of a Scream. He co-created the TV/film blog QueerHorrorMovies.com and writes for Bloody Disgusting, Consequence of Sound, The Spool, and Grim. He co-hosts two podcasts: Horror Queers and Hazel & Kathnis & Harry & Starr. Joe enjoys graphic novels and dark beer, and plays multiple sports (adequately, never exceptionally). Follow him on twitter @bostolemyremote. Jolie Mandelbaum is a PhD candidate, writer, editor, and all-around creep. Her plan for the zombie apocalypse is to pour a bottle of hot sauce over her head. You can follow her on twitter @DrAsenathWaite, where she plays and reviews horror games. Kelly McNeely is a tea-drinking, craft-making, machete-wielding screen junkie. She is also a staff writer at iHorror and has written for Modern Horrors, Salem Horror Fest, 1428 Elm, and Netflix Life. You can check out her Creepy Crafter videos on Facebook or follow her on Instagram and twitter @kellsmcneils. Lily Todorov is a freelance illustrator from Toronto with a background in art history and film studies. Her interest in the horror genre began as early as the age of six, when she watched The Ring. Ever since, she’s been hooked on the things that keep her up at night. She welcomes you to check out her art on Instagram @lilytodorov and on lilytodorov.com. Lindsay Traves is a writer, blogger and columnist based in the Big Smoke. After submitting her Bachelor’s thesis, ‘The Metaphysics of Schwarzenegger Movies,’ she decided to focus on writing about her passions which include sci-fi, horror, sports, and graphic novels. She’s probably talking about Scream right now or convincing a stranger to watch The Guest. You can find her blogging @TheSmashList, recommending often missed great movies to fill your watch list, and her running Internal monologue @msnstraves. Marian Bastani is the operations coordinator of Rue Morgue magazine and co-founder of Audre’s Revenge Film. She was also the content coordinator of Maximum Rocknroll magazine, has been the front person for the punk band The Backwards, and has been on a number of academic speaking tours regarding her in ink, taken part in several women in horror panels, and fought off all racist scumbag. Marian has a B.A. in Theology and Religious Studies from Loyola University Chicago and has a deep mistrust of academia and most white people. Michael Williams is a lifelong lover of horror who delights in the uncanny and occasionally writes about it. He is also in charge of programming at WIWVL’s Insomniac Theater, the Internet’s oldest horror movie blog written by him. The best time to reach him is before dawn. Monika Estrella Negra is a queer, Black punk/goth hybrid of mystery. A writer, nomadic priestess, spiritual gangster, and all-around rabblerouser; she’s written for Black Girl Nerds, Grim, Black Girls Create, Black Youth Project, Rue Morgue, and Fangoria, and authors the zine Tales From My Crypt. She is the creator of Audre’s Revenge Film and Black and Brown Punk Show Chicago a GRRRL Haus Cinema Resident Filmmaker (2019), and aspires to become a Meme Lord. Find her on twitter @audreverenge and Instagram @audres.revenge.film. Nina Neseth is a professional science communicator and writer based in Sudbury, Ontario. She is the co-author of The Science of Orphan Black (ECW Press, 2017) and writes for Nightmare on Film Street, where she digs deep into the intersection between horror and science. You can find her on twitter @cestmabiolegie or via her website ninaneseth.com. Pricia Lam holds an M.A. in Cinema Studies from University of Toronto. Her research interests include but are not limited to New Queer Cinema, oppositional aesthetics, feminist theory, masculinity studies, crime film, satire, postmodernism, and Internet culture. Her most recent work, “If Hong Kong Disappears…” focuses on post-Umbrella Movement Hong Kong cinema through the lens of dystopias, disappearances, and cultural nostalgia. Rebecca Booth has a master’s degree in Film Studies from the University of Southampton. Formerly the Managing Editor of Diabolique, her book on The Devil Rides Out (Liverpool University Press) will be published in 2021. She has contributed essays to printed collections such as Lost Girls: The Phantasmagorical Cinema of Jean Rollin (Spectacular Optical), Unsung Horrors (We Belong Dead), and the forthcoming Tonight, on a Very Special Episode: A History of When TV Sitcoms Sometimes Got Serious. Sophie Day may be one of the wimpiest-est horror fans you’ve ever met, but she wears that title like a badge of honor. She is a contributor to Bloody Good Horror—where she enjoys being accused by trolls of being an angry feminist—and is one of the hosts of the podcast Behind an Electric Terror, as well as the 28 Days Lady-er podcast. Valeska Griffiths is the founder and co-editor of Anatomy of a Scream, executive editor of Grim, and co-editor of Sacred Scared: Idiocy, Religion and Worship in the Horror Film (House of Leaves Publishing). She is the serial comma’s ride-or-die, served on the jury for the Ax Wound Film Festival, presented at Frightmare in the Falls, and occasionally guests on podcasts. She spends her time dancing (badly) around her bedroom, watching makeup tutorials, and living deliciously, October is her natural habitat. Haunt her on twitter @bitchraftco. Vincent Bec is a queer horror enthusiast and fierce Saw franchise advocate. She recently graduated from North Carolina State University with degrees in psychology, media communication, and gender studies, and dreams of becoming a filmmaker, writer, and visual artist. She is a valued contributor to Anatomy of a Scream. Next on her agenda is getting into a film studies doctorate program in hopes of becoming an official expert in horror movies and queer cinema. Keep up with her on twitter @dislasherdarsayant. Zack Long is editor-in-chief, podcaster, writer, and script consultant of Scriptophobica.ca, a site dedicated to helping genre writers improve their craft, and the author of Screen Writing: A Comprehensive Guide to Writing the Horror Screenplay. He’s written for Grim, Daily Grindhouse, Scriptophobic, Anatomy of a Scream, Film and Fishnets, and Horror-Writers. He can be found on twitter @LightsFading. Sex and puberty are far from the only horrors of adolescence. I’m sure I’m not alone when I say that my teen experience was way more preoccupied with figuring out who I was, where I fit in among everyone else than I was concerned with what changes my body might be going through. Often, the thing most terrifying to teens is other teens. Adolescence comes with a unique power to shed and try on new identities, maybe for the benefit of making chameleonic shifts through peer groups, maybe to find a sense of belonging. The genre of teenage high school horrors often places special focus on the mutability of teenagers, but what they have to say on the topic is garbled. They ride the line of appealing to teen desire for individuality while also acting as cautionary tales. Ultimately, teen horror films are guilty of the same amount of clever, snappy dialogue can hide the fact that these adult writers do teens a disservice. It’s not always clear whether they’re trying to tap into teen insecurities or adult fears. What’s nefarious about both the Blue Ribbons and the alien-infected students isn’t simply that they’re transformed. The real horror is that these teens have zero control over their identities and no way to explore who they want to be and make mistakes along the way. The alien-infected students are pushed to conform, but in doing so, they are no longer welcome or safe to stay in Cradle Bay. What’s left unaddressed by the film is the idea that the adults of Disturbing Behavior are just as afraid of the chaos of adolescence as teens are. While the alien fear stems from fears of rejection, the adult fear comes from a lack of control. As for the Blue Ribbons that survived the night, there’s no returning them to a state of individuality. The outcast students of The Faculty may have destroyed the Alien Queen, but they do transform regardless. The epilogue of the film looks suspiciously like the “happy ending” that Alien Queen Marybeth (Laura Harris) had offered to Casey (Elijah Wood) and his friends, where “[t]he jock can be smart, the ugly duckling beautiful, and the class wuss doesn’t have to live in terror.” In fact, the class wuss is the school hero, and he and the popular newspaper editor are an item; the goth has shed her “crayon-colored eyeshadow” and bought a rainbow pastel pleated skirt that she can wear while smooching the jock; and the brooding drug dealer is now a cleaned-up football player (bizarrely in a questionable relationship with his teacher). Rather than upholding the idealities of the film’s ending and allowing the kids of The Faculty have somehow all drifted closer to the mean, the average American teens you might spy in an afterschool special. So, what exactly is the message that horror was trying to sell to teens in 1998? Disturbing Behavior and The Faculty both give us villains that threaten individuality, but defeating these villains doesn’t reward the teen protagonists with the comfort that who they are is a source of strength. Instead, they seem to convey the idea that destroying the systems that uphold a status quo will either a) leave you without community; or b) move you to change yourself and conform to your peers in the aftermath. What an unappealing way to leave adolescence! For teens who are already that may have felt like outcasts and seen themselves reflected in Disturbing Behavior’s snarky, sullen Rachel (Katie Holmes) or The Faculty’s nervous and nerdy Casey. These days, fictional teens are facing down the horrors of themselves in relative isolation. Perhaps it was real-world events such as the Columbine High School shooting in 1999 that inspired the fear that rippled through American high schools, but the new millennium saw narratives tipping towards shy, bullied, or outcast teens lashing out at the world. Gone were the days when misfit teens would band together to defeat forces that sought to control them. Now, the outcast teens are facing down the horrors of themselves in relative isolation. In 2009’s Jennifer’s Body, Needy (Amanda Seyfried) doesn’t have anyone to consistently lean on as she tries to find her identity as a person separate from her mother and demonic BFF. In 2012’s Excision, Pauline (Annalynne McCord) explores herself and her sexuality in ways that appall and alienate her peers. The decision to remake Corrie in 2013 and perpetuate the image of one teen in tumult and alone against everyone else at her school is telling; even The Rug’s Corne (Daisy Grant) gets a makeover and a transformation that both prevents her from conforming to her desired peer group and forces her toward monstrosity. Mia cannot stop who she is becoming and she tries her best to control it, but she finds herself rummaging through her parents’ drawers for copies of adoption papers and giving into impulses to eat live fish. For Mia, piecing together her identity comes with a quest of futility. She can try to be a rebel or a party-girl, she can be romantic and try on new lovers, but trying to these things won’t stop her legs from fusing into a tail. Understanding herself comes with the understanding that the peers with whom she’s been so desperately trying to belong were never her natural peers to begin with. Like many teens, I found a sense of community after high school and realized that I don’t have to spend so much energy desperately trying to impress people to fit in. Mia’s biology forces her out before she can learn this for herself, and it’s unclear whether she’ll find community in her new life as a sea creature. Unlike both The Faculty and Disturbing Behavior, what’s driving Mia to fight for her identity, Needy to fight her best friend, and Pauline and Carrie to unleash their personal brands of terror doesn’t come from adult figures or alien beings; they’re driven by feelings of their own unusual natures or by their peer groups. They can’t confide their fears or conspiracy theories because those confidences wouldn’t rally people around them. Telling would put them at risk of being further cast out. Will we ever see teen horror shifting back toward community as part of the quest for identity? Films that put the power of teen friendship into focus like It Follows (2014), The Final Girls (2015), and The Last Girl on Earth (2017) are few and far between. Nation (2018) are far less common than films that see teens alone and brooding in their misery. Given the physical and social isolation that 2020 has created worldwide, a little more friendship in horror might be just what we need. Horror in a Digital Age Unfriended, Ratter, and the Terror of Tech by Kelly McNeely If you’re going to set your horror film in the “modern” age, there are certain technological conveniences that must be eliminated. If it’s easy to call for help, there’s no plot. There’s no thrill. There’s no suspense. The Wi-Fi connection in the hotel was astonishingly short-lived. Service was inconveniently (or, perhaps, conveniently) unreliable. There was an explanation that allowed the story to move along and the teens to get killed. But filmmakers have risen to this challenge and adapted to embrace the new technological gifts; films like Cry Wolf (2005), Pulse (2001), FearDotCom (2002) and One Missed Call (2003). While early examples were still finding their footing, this trend of techno terrors continued with teen and adolescent horror leading the charge. New entries evolved to develop sophisticated and complex problems that understood their target audience, crafting some cleverly constructed scenarios of real dangers that turn aggressively real. Films that use technology not as an obstacle to be overcome, but as a catalyst or source for the horror. Now, not to sound like a tinfoil-hat-wearing paranoid proponent of shutting down the internet, but when you think about how much blind faith we put in our computers, our phones, our texts, and so on, it’s actually pretty frightening. Generally, we’re fairly apathetic to this. We pay no mind to targeted ads that pop up based on keywords pulled from a private text, and we never actually read the User Agreement. At this point, we’ve become so accustomed to it that account security leaks. But, to quote Unfriended: Dark Web (2018), “it’s a deep goddamn ocean, and there are sharks swimming below you.” The subgenre of teen tech horror attempts to both enlighten and frighten its viewers. Films like Ratter (2015) demonstrate our blind trust in our tech, preying on the knowledge that we really do keep our devices on hand at all times—and there are unseemly characters out there who will take advantage of that. Ratter’s fresh-faced college student Emma (Ashley Benson) goes about her day with comfortable optimism, blissfully unaware that every step she takes, every decision she makes is being recorded by her. Her constant proximity to a tech device—be it her cell phone, laptop, or gaming camera—betrays her, allowing a stranger to hack in and actively obsess over (and eventually intervene in) her day-to-day life. Online anonymity is the blessing that curses us all. From the safety of hiding behind a screen, we feel we can get away with anything. The keyboard can be wielded as a weapon, holding a magnificent, dangerous power. By choosing to hide behind the protective of the mystery man behind the screen, it effectively violates the oblivious victim and drags the viewer along in the process. We see what he sees, and we feel for Emma as she unknowingly falls prey to his persistent gaze. And then, there’s Assassination Nation (2018), which demonstrates how thin the veil of security really is. When someone hacks the personal accounts of Salem’s citizens and releases every photo, text, email, and search history for all the world to see, they don’t take it well. Taken out of context, anything can seem salacious, and no one is safe from the town’s virtuous scrutiny. The entire town is now a virtual battlefield, armed to the teeth and fuming mad, unloading their bigotry and hatred on a suspected group of teenage girls (in a way that’s historically familiar but still reflects the current internet culture). It’s a modernized story of shame and blame on a hairpin trigger. Part of what makes Ratter so effective is that we have no confirmed identity for that faceless, nameless threat on the other side of the screen. It doesn’t give us a convenient explanation and leaves the door open to the possibility that this could happen to anyone. And it does. The title refers to an online phenomenon where a stranger pretends someone will hack into a stranger’s camera technology to secretly watch them. It’s enough to make you want to cover every webcam in your house. The keyboard can be wielded as a weapon, holding a magnificent, dangerous power. We all use these devices on a day-to-day basis without really understanding how they work, or how vulnerable they are. Unfriended: Dark Web shows us at the mercy of our digital footprint when Matias (Colin Woodell) steals a laptop from a local cafe. Naturally, the laptop’s owner keeps it in a bag, and there are the dozens of snuffs for that lie within its hard drive. Though he tries to distance himself, each time Matias logs in, he and his friends are pushed ever closer to their demise. They are haunted and hunted by an anonymous villain that tracks their every move. This criminal works in the seedy underbelly of the web where no rules apply, using code names and bitcoin to hide their real identity. With all the awful opportunity that flows through the dark web, it operates on anonymity; it relies on it. The friends are wandering through the wild west of the internet where virtual gunslingers roam free, full of dark and twisted desires that always come at a price. Each film pulls from our current technoclimate to build a unique brand of horror that preys on new anxieties and weaknesses. It’s particularly effective for teen-focused horror because those who were raised in a digital age are at the forefront of what they can do, everything they can do can be (and often is) shared online. But we don’t often think about the long-term ramifications of this. These films all base their plot—and in Unfriended, Dark Web and Ratter, their visual storytelling—around the new dangers we find online. Our blind trust in tech, the problems with online anonymity, the seedy underbelly of the wide world web; when mining our societal anxieties for relevant horror material, it makes sense that writers and filmmakers would tap into that. It’s not a question of “getting with the times,” it’s understanding that there’s a whole new market of terror-based opportunity. Our world is ever-shifting, more connected than ever before, and it’s becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the effect that tech has on us all. George Orwell understood the horror that “big brother” could be watching you, while teen-focused modern horror explores the fact that someone could be watching—and it’s far more likely. It accepts this bizarre and scary reality to explore scenarios that are not only socially devastating but, ultimately, life-threatening. And all you have to do is log in. The Real Crash: Surviving Your Final Destination by Amy Bowman The Final Destination series tends to be remembered as little more than a death factory. Though the franchise can lay claim to some of the most inventive death setpieces in the 00s, the teen-centric films, namely Final Destination (2000) and Final Destination 3 (2006), also examine something deeper. In these installments, Death is the ultimate villain, but the horror is in survival. When Alex (Devon Sawa) gets himself and six others off the doomed plane in the first film and when Wendy (Mary Elizabeth Winstead) rescues several classmates from an ill-fated rollercoaster in the third, they believe they’ve been lucky enough to survive and can attempt to recover quietly. Unfortunately, Alex and Wendy will first become the faces of their tragedies. Alex’s teachers and the parents of his friends irrationally blame him for the disaster and he is continuously followed by the FBI, who are suspicious of his involvement. At one point, he tells agents Schrek (Roger Guenveur Smith) and Weine (Daniel Roebuck), “I saved six lives, six lives, and everybody at my school thinks I’m a freak.” Even watching television with his dad cannot offer respite, because there is near-constant coverage of the plane wreckage and subsequent investigation. Alex quite literally cannot look away from the accident that nearly took his life. In these instalments, Death is the ultimate villain, but the horror is in survival. The coming-of-age subgenre of horror often explores this duality. The young women in these films are taught to be an Eve figure through obedience and only using sex for procreation. If women deviate from this path and indulge in their sexual desires, act independently, or even question patriarchal rules, they are like Lilith—monstrous and a danger to ‘societal norms.’ Four films that explore this dichotomy are Robert Egger’s The Witch (2016), Karyn Kusama’s Jennifer’s Body (2009), Mitchell Lichtenstein’s Eve’s Curse (2015), and Julia Ducournau’s Raw (2016). In Femin and Raw, we are introduced to Dawn (Jess Weikert) and Justine (Garance Marillier), young women who experience terrible consequences when they enter into womanhood and engage in sex for the first time. Similarly, Eve is the one who tasted the forbidden fruit and cursed all women after her. Whereas in The Witch and Jennifer’s Body, we have Lilith figures in Needy (Amanda Seyfried) and Theresa (Anya Taylor-Joy), young women with strong independence and defiance that allow them to break free of patriarchal oppression. The Submissive Woman: Eve’s Curse One of the concepts these feminists have challenged over the years is the fundamentalist Christian belief that women are to blame for all evil. It was Eve who first ate from the apple and then tempted Adam, which led to mankind’s expulsion from Paradise. This transition of human sexuality into human existence as both men aware and ashamed of their nudity and engaged in sex. Eve disobeyed God; as she was the mother of humanity, women were then seen as susceptible to evil, temptation, and sin. As it was a sin to eat the forbidden fruit, in the world it was only through forcing women to accept their subordination to men that it would be corrected. Thrilling Eve: Becoming ‘Dangerous’ Women by Jessica Parant In Raw, we are introduced to introverted and anxious lifetime vegetarian Justine as a young girl who is homeschooled. From the outset, we can tell that Justine is a smart young woman with a strong moral code looking to find her footing. She is subjected to hazing and, in one ritual, is forced by her sister Alexia (Elis Ruegg) to eat a raw rabbit kidney, causing Justine to suffer a strong physical allergic reaction. Afterward, Justine shamefully begins to crave the taste of meat, first trying to steal a hamburger, then eating sheep’s brains, and ultimately moving on to raw chicken. It is not until Alexia accidentally cuts off her own finger (and Justine cannot stop herself from tasting it) that things begin to truly change. Just like Eve and the eating of the forbidden apple, Justine’s indecisiveness of human flesh, a taboo, promotes a sexual awakening. It becomes evident in a sexually charged dance scene in front of a mirror that Justine is connecting with the wild feminine energy in her body. Justine has sex for the first time with her roommate Adrien (Rabah Nait Oufella), she realizes that the stronger her arousal is, the stronger her desire to eat human flesh becomes. She finds out that Alexia suffers from the same taboo hunger, but it is the fact that her sister actually embraces it. In Alexia, we see our Lilith figure, a woman who welcomes the monstrous side of herself. Her lack of morality is on full display when she causes car accidents to feed her insatiable appetite for human flesh. As the sisters fight over the affections of Adrien, Justine’s strong moral code comes into conflict with her sister’s laissez faire approach to their situation. Justine discovers that their condition is congenital (passed down from their mother), a woman who struggles with her own urges when aroused. Justine and Alexia are cursed with a condition that makes them unable to participate in society. Just as religious doctrine states that women live under a curse due to Eve’s transgression in Eden, Justine realizes that she must carry the burden of what being a sexually active woman will entail for her, endangering those who become intimately close to her. Just like Eve and the eating of the forbidden apple, Justine’s indulgence of human flesh, a taboo, promotes a sexual awakening. In Teeth, we see Dawn as a young woman who looks to be a leader in an abstinence group, where she speaks about the importance of ‘keeping your gift’ (preserving her virginity). However, as she begins to develop feelings for Tobey (Hale Appleman), a member of the group, she finds herself opening up sexually, but struggles with her bodily desires. This is seen one night when Dawn has a sexual fantasy about Tobey and another time she relieves herself by masturbating. She stops remembering her pledge to stay pure; she must deny herself in order to stay committed to her promise and save herself for marriage. This is evident in the sexual fantasy itself, which has her dressed as a bride. When Dawn continues to explore her feelings for Tobey and becomes physical with him, she is cast out of the group. She rebelled against Adam and left Eden of her own volition. When she refused to return, she was cursed by God and his angels to become the mother of demons; to prey on weak-willed men and vulnerable newborns. However, because she did not partake in the original sin, Lilith does not suffer the same curse as other women, which is to live under male rule and suffer through menstruation and childbirth. Yet, she is seen as representative of threatening, wild, feminine sexuality. The fact that she steps out of her ‘place’ as a woman and questions the patriarchal figure could only mean one thing—she truly is a witch. Thomasin is now a monster that must be caged, judged, and burned. In the end, after enduring the deaths of her entire family and killing her mother, Thomasin makes a choice to “live deliciously.” She embraces the very monstrosity that was believed to be within her. Instead of choosing the life of a repressed Christian housewife, she chooses the power that comes with her newfound freedom. Like Lilith, leaves ‘paradise’ to be free of the patriarchal shackles placed upon her. In Jennifer’s Body, we are introduced to two best friends Anita (known as ‘Needy’) and Jennifer (Megan Fox). They are the typical tropes; Needy the modest ‘Plain Jane’ in comparison to Jennifer’s wild and promiscuous ways. Having been friends since they were children, their dynamic is complex, with a hint of sexual tension. From the start, Jennifer is our Lilith figure; flirtatious, independent, opinionated, and unafraid to speak her mind. In The Witch, the band Low Shoulder mistakes her for a virgin and attempts to sacrifice her in a satanic ritual to gain fame and fortune, she returns from the experience demonized. Like Lilith, she becomes a literal man-eating ‘succubus,’ Jennifer emulates, revives, and even ‘owers’ and men (just as Lilith was said to do) and eats them to maintain her strength, beauty, and supernatural powers. Needy becomes the man-killing monster that men fear when women cannot be controlled by force or wooed by male charms. While Jennifer has become the embodiment of Lilith, Needy also becomes a transformation. At first, she takes on the burden of Jennifer’s secret as a means to protect herself and her boyfriend Chip (Johnny Simmons), and to save Jennifer. However, as Needy spends the film being gaslighted by her boyfriend, she begins to change. No longer is she the timid, submissive young woman of the film’s first act. She becomes more confident and hard-headed, and, in the climactic battle between her and Jennifer, she is bitten, soon transforming into a monstrous woman. Like Jennifer, she embodies the literal Lilith archetype by becoming a demon. Yet, unlike Jennifer, her chaotic acts of violence are deliberate and well-thought out. Low Shoulder. In an act of vengeance, she shows these men that their crimes will not go unpunished. Needy becomes the man-killing monster that men fear when women cannot be controlled by force or wooed by male charms. Lilith’s and Eve’s stories have been constructed in a way that lays the blame for all evil in the world on the actions of a woman. That is why the patriarchy, fueled by religious intentions, seeks to control religious texts by creating a culture of sexual repression. What I love about the subgenre of coming-of-age horror is its subversiveness. Young women come into womanhood and engage in sex for the first time through a monstrous gaze that, while it may seem scary at first, can also be seen as empowering. Women young and old are working to reclaim and redefine their sexuality by reconciling the feminine dualities of Lilith and Eve. The Iconic '90s Master of Murder The Cultural Legacy of Christopher Pike by Joe Lipsett A girl bursts into a crowded party, shooting popular classmates because she claims they’re bloodthirsty creatures. A boy is tied to a bed and fed a steady diet of cocaine by the sexiest girl in school until he dies. A girl is recounted dark stories from a mysterious hitchhiker on an overnight road trip. A ghost tries to solve her own murder before she passes into the afterlife and is forgotten. Taken independently, these descriptions sound lurid and pulpy. To readers of a certain age, however, these plots evoke a wave of nostalgia, particularly for Brian Kotzky’s iconic neon covers featuring evocative illustrations of teens in danger punctuated by writing in raised, cursive font. These are all quintessential young adult horror novels by bestselling author Christopher Pike. Pike is the nom de plume of Kevin Christopher McFadden, a reclusive Buddhist who penned nearly thirty teen thrillers between the years 1985 and 1999. In the grand tradition of especially 90s YA authors, he never learned to write in features, following the advice of his agent that he initially gave it a shot. What he found was a passionate fanbase of teen readers hungry for horror tales that skewed older and more mature than what R.L. Stine and other contemporaries like Dean Koontz, W.J. Smith, Carolyn B. Cooney, and Richard Tankersley Cusick (to name just a few) were producing at the time. For teen horror readers, the 1990s was a goldmine of both product and self-discovery. The list above is just a short catalogue of authors who regularly churned out deliciously macabre books. Most of these texts had an obsession with sexually voracious but virginal teenage heroines, deadly parties, and supernatural/interplanetary occurrences. And while the 90s undoubtedly made parents tut-tut, in many ways these books were merely the sexed-up descendants of Nancy Drew and The Hardy Boys, the more chaste pulp mysteries of the previous generation (ironically Kotzky drew the covers for more than a hundred Hardy Boys casesfiles). Pike’s narratives alternated between terrifying teenage sociopaths driven by revenge, jealousy, and greed (Alexa in Die Softly, Sharon in Gimme a Kiss, Chad in Fall Into Darkness) and supernaturally-inclined narratives that ran the gamut from vampires (The Last Vampire, Monster) to werewolves (Circles), time-traveling robots (Scavenger Hunt, The Immortal, The Eternal Enemy). Over time, Pike’s interest in yoga and meditation (plus a near-death experience) contributed to a number of his books being entwined into spiritual and existential territory (The Last Vampire, The Midnight Club, The Starlight Crystal). For teen horror readers, the 1990s was a goldmine of both product and self-discovery. Sex was often a driving factor but, unlike other teen thrillers, characters in Pike books actually did have sex. The conflict in Pike’s books was frequently the result of lust, jealousy, and the complicated emotional negotiations that precede or succeed a sexual encounter. In this way, teens’ obsessive tendency to fixate on sex and sexuality, combined with the perils of navigating the pressures of middle and high school, felt like authentic teen issues and less like plot-driven mechanisms. Most importantly for teen readers who were grappling with these issues, Pike’s books eschewed judgment and avoided preachy moralistic lessons. Characters were too busy trying to survive to advocate for abstinence or a drug-free America. Pike was at his best when sex, (supernatural) violence, and characters humanity intersected in complicated ways. My introduction to his oeuvre was Scavenger Hunt, a book that—on the surface—is about Cessy and Davey, a pair of ancient lizard siblings who lure horny teens out to a classic example where they sacrifice their order to save Cessy and Davey’s lives. When I read the book against my parents’ expressed wishes at age 10, I was horrified by the idea of getting dumped into a pit full of acid. Over time, however, I realized that the book was far more nuanced: protagonist Carl is struggling with survivor’s guilt over the death of his best friend Joe, who has returned in disguise to seek revenge because he irrationally blames Carl for letting him die. Add to this the heartbreaking development when Rick, the book’s disabled and most intellectually mature character, sacrifices himself to prove to Cessy the value of humanity and save the others from certain death. Pike’s books eschewed judgment and avoided preachy moralistic lessons. Characters were too busy trying to survive to advocate for abstinence or a drug-free America. In some regards, it’s disappointing that the majority of Pike’s output was published just before Hollywood began adapting popular YA titles for film and television in the early 21st century. As it stands, only one of Pike’s iconic texts made it to the screen: 1990’s Fall Into Darkness debuted as a made-for-television movie in 1996, directed by Mark Sobel and starring teen heartthrobs Jonathan Brandis and Tatiana Ali. Pike’s popularity has waned in recent years as other publishing giants came to dominate the literary landscape, but there’s no denying the impact of his teen thrillers in the 90s. For teens like me, the terrors of sex and death were a gateway drug that spurred a lifelong love of literacy, as well as horror. Without Pike’s lurid, sexy, pulpy novels occupying space on my nightstand and in my imagination, who knows where I would be? Rather than a master of horror, I would probably be on the road to nowhere. Stepping Out of the Shadows: The Brave New World of The Lost Boys by Sophie Day In its original trailers, Joel Schumacher’s The Lost Boys (1987) was advertised as a “fairy” run-of-the-mill, schlocky vampire film that, at its centre, holds a love story. While both of those things may be true, the love story at the film’s core is different than audiences may have assumed from its marketing. The film follows two brothers, Michael (Jason Patric) and Sam Emerson (Corey Haim), after their move to Santa Carla, California with their newly single mother (a flawless Dianne Wiest). Shortly after arriving in town, Michael spots a beautiful young woman, named Star (Umi Gerzi), on the boardwalk, in the company of a group of equally beautiful men. The gang’s leader, David (Kiefer Sutherland), takes an immediate interest in Michael and after forcing him to his little limousine, invites him back to their lair. Once there, Star fades into the background and it is clear that the four men know something that Michael doesn’t. They giggle and toy with him, seeing if he will flinch, but he doesn’t. After passing this second test, David hands Michael a small glass pendant encased in gold and jewels and offers him a drink. And drink he does, in what is arguably one of the most sensual sequences of a very thirsty film! As the film progresses, Michael remains interested in Star and goes back to her again and again, but it is David that he can’t get out of his head. We hear a literal track of David whispering his name over and over again throughout the film. When it’s Star that he sleeps with, it is David who has him return to escape. In this way, these duelling characters seem to represent two different parts of Michael. When he confronts Star about what is happening to him, she tells him that she tried to warn him (which, she did). When David invited him to partake, she beseeched him to say no, that this Star comes to represent Michael as he is meant, while David represents another desire that Michael may not be ready to grapple with. For most of the film’s runtime, Michael exists in this limbo. He drinks from Star, but he is part of his home belonging to David, but he has not fed, and so he has not fully let go. In the liminal space where Michael finds himself, he is forced to question who he is and what he wants. Another interesting dimension of this film is the relationship between Michael and his younger brother Sam; it is competitive and sometimes short-tempered, but ultimately one of mutual love. When Michael starts acting strangely, Sam pesters him but is ultimately concerned for his brother. However, it is in Sam’s reaction to Michael’s transformation that we again see the way that vampirism stands in for sexuality. Upon learning that his brother has begun to turn, he screams, “My own brother, a goddamn shitting vampire—wait till Mom finds out!” It is a line that feels campy and fun on its own, but weightier in light of what we have seen. Michael isn’t just their childhood friend, Sam’s line is a threat. Sam doesn’t say “I want to help you” or “I’m here for you”; he threatens to expose him. And Michael is scared. He isn’t ready for their mother to know. When Michael begins to levitate and literally be physically drawn away from their home (toward David, he presumes), he clings to the window of Sam’s bedroom and begs his brother for help. Sam is scared, but Michael beseeches him, “I’m your brother, Sammy, open up!” Sam opens his window and pulls Michael inside. In the film’s climax, the other members of the vampire gang are dispatched unceremoniously by Sam, the Frog brother, and Sam’s Emersons pet dog named Nandor, but not David. Michael must take David on himself. This fight is up there with all of the great homoerotic fight scenes between a ‘hero’ and a ‘villain’ (move over Ice Man and Maverick). And when David dies, impaled on a rack of antlers, he looks at Michael and weeps. In the late 1990s, conversations about masculinity began to shift. In an article entitled “Masculinity and Self Perception of Men Identified as Informal Leaders” published in 2008, Rolla M. Bradley points out that the number of academic courses examining masculinity increased from 30 to 300. 1987, in particular, was a year that saw the release of such popular films as Friedkin and Over the Top, as well as Three Men and Baby. It was into this atmosphere that The Lost Boys emerged. When the film was first conceived by Janice Fischer and Jamie Termini, it was modeled off of the Goonies (1985), which had been released just a few years earlier to great success. David and Michael were imagined as young teens and the Frog brothers (Corey Feldman and Jamison Newlander) written as chubby 8-year-olds. Perhaps most notably, Star was originally written as a boy. While it’s Star that he sleeps with, it is David who he can’t seem to escape. In this way, these duelling characters seem to represent two different parts of Michael. There’s a quote from Guillermo del Toro that, for years, has lived in a folder on my laptop, simply labelled “Guillermo del Toro.” The only thing of the quote is the only thing in this folder. (My personal filing system is obviously a mess, but I do stand by this specific decision.) The quote is this: “Much like fairy tales, there are two facets to Pan’s Labyrinth: one is the moral one, which is the most responsible type of fairy tale; Don’t wander into the woods, and always obey your parents. The other type of fairy tale is completely anarchic and anti-establishment.” While del Toro has often spoken (and written) about how he draws inspiration from classic fairy tales and horror and about horror’s potential for subverting conservative ideologies instead of reinforcing them, his 2006 fantasy-horror film Pan’s Labyrinth illustrates both of these ideas as well as the latter more strongly fifteen years after the film’s original release. I can’t ever get over how perfect a coming-of-age story Pan’s Labyrinth is. Whether intentional or not, The Lost Boys is a film saturated with desire. Whether it’s a sexual desire, a desire to start living on your own, the desire to create a family, it’s a film about people searching for something. Trying to find themselves. In its opening credits, Jim Morrison croons, “People are strange,” and, in one way or another, we can all relate to that. REFERENCES Bradley, R.M. (2008). Masculinity and Self Perception of Men Identified as Informal Leaders. Doctoral Dissertation, University of the Incarnate Word, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. Scary Tales & Fairy Tales Resisting Authoritarianism in Pan’s Labyrinth by Elizabeth Grice Pan’s Labyrinth follows and celebrates Ofelia’s journey to maturity as something no less magical than the world of her childhood. Since Pan’s Labyrinth was first released, there have generally been two interpretations of the film’s ending. When the fascist Captain Vidal (Sergi López) shoots Ofelia during their final confrontation, this moment marks either the tragic death of the film’s seemingly idyllic imagination, due to the cruel realities of the adult world, or it marks Ofelia’s successful completion of the final magical test, signalling both her maturity and her safe return to her underworld kingdom. I feel very strongly that the real ending is the latter of the two options. Although there are several moments in the film that seem to suggest that Ofelia might simply be imagining the more fantastic elements of the story, the film presents this journey as an enormous triumph that actually leads to greatly improved circumstances for Ofelia. As she learns to resist temptation from the faun, she think for herself, culminating in her ultimate refusal to obey a disturbing command at great personal expense, the film champions a rejection of patriarchal authoritarianism in both a literal and metaphorical sense. Ofelia portrayed the Pale Man! that the door is locked. The faun’s response is to hand Ofelia a piece of chalk just like one he gave her earlier for the completion of her second task, which she uses to draw a magical portal to another room. The next time we see Ofelia, she’s in the Captain’s office, holding the piece of chalk and determined to rescue her baby half-brother. Soon after, when Mercedes throws open the door to Ofelia’s room (Mercedes’s dropping the chalk and breaking the chalk lock as she opens the door) and finds it empty, the only clue she can find as to where Ofelia may have gone is a chalk doorknay drawn on the wall. Though we don’t see Ofelia’s magical escape from the faun, behind the door, the clues pointing to the reality of that magical escape add up just in time to soften the blow of Ofelia’s apparent death, which happens only minutes later. When Mercedes and the rest of the rebels finally catch Captain Vidal, rescue Ofelia’s half-brother, and assure Vidal that his son will never even know Vidal’s name before killing the Captain (the final “fuck you” to a villain obsessed with patrilineal continuity), their small victory over Vidal’s fascist outpost lends the conclusion of the non-supernatural storyline a note of hope, when otherwise things still appear pretty bleak. The rebel group arrives too late to rescue Ofelia and Mercedes, who shares a close bond with her, arriving just in time for Ofelia’s final moments. Ofelia’s death is wrenching and awful—but it’s not the note on which her story, or the overall story, ultimately ends. The idea that Ofelia’s return to the underworld kingdom will require her death was already foreshadowed. To begin with, the very name ‘underworld kingdom’ kind of says it all. Additionally, the faun tells Ofelia during their very first meeting that the three tests she must undergo are designed to ensure that her magical essence is intact and that she has “not become mortal.” All along, it seems inevitable that Ofelia will eventually need to die in order to return to her true family in the underworld—but this won’t be a permanent death. Ofelia succeeds in her first task of recovering a golden key from a giant parasitic toad, but in so doing, she also carelessly ruins the expensive dress personally sewn for her by her mother (Araceli). When the faun asks why Ofelia fails to understand why this carelessness hurts her mother. During the second test, Ofelia manages to recover the knife she’s tasked with retrieving, but in rashly ignoring the faun’s warning that she should take none of the food on the Pale Man’s table, she brings about the death of two of her fairy guides. It’s because of this carelessness in the second task that the faun becomes angry with Ofelia and warns her she will have no more chance to return to her kingdom—and that in order to succeed in her third and final task, she will need to obey his orders without question. When the command that Ofelia must follow turns out to be allowing the faun to spill “just a drop of blood” from her baby brother, Ofelia flat out refuses. (Though the faun insists that “a pinprick, that’s all” will sufficiently provide the innocent blood needed to open the magical portal, he holds the large knife that Ofelia refused to use, and the scene is very that...unconvincing, to say the least.) When the faun reminds Ofelia that she had promised to obey and that if she refuses to hand over her brother, she will never be able to return to the underworld, she stands firm. When the faun disappears, Ofelia refuses to hand her brother over to Vidal, too; this is when he shoots and kills her. Ofelia’s death is wrenching and awful—but it’s not the note on which her story, or the overall story, ultimately ends. Yet, as the scene in which Ofelia is finally reunited with her parents in the underworld at the moment of her human death confirms (her blood having opened the portal instead of her brother’s), Ofelia has actually passed the third test. The faun explains, “Ofelia’s ‘spilled her own blood rather than the blood of an innocent—that was the final task, and the most important.’ Even more importantly, though, Ofelia’s refusal to put her brother at risk shows that she is capable of making sacrifices, her inquisitive mind and willingness to be defiant with a consideration for the safety and comfort of others. While Ofelia thoughtlessly breaks rules and allows others to suffer the consequences during her first two challenges, she purposefully breaks the rules during the third so that no one else has to suffer. In the end, Ofelia matures without having to learn any awful lessons about outgrowing fairy tales, or about the importance of obedience—or anything miserable like that—the fairy entirely the opposite. When the narrator mentions at the end of the film that Ofelia, in her role as Princess of the underworld kingdom, “reigned there with justice and a kind heart,” we can be certain that every detail on reaffirms everything. Pan’s Labyrinth has already shown us about the person Ofelia has become. REFERENCES Cruz, G. [2011]. 10 Questions for Guillermo del Toro. Time. Retrieved from content.time.com/magazine/article/0,9171,203037001,00.html Kissing The Shadows In Conversation with the Spinsters of Horror by Valeska Griffiths Boasting a website (spinstersofhorror.com), a bustling Facebook group, and their own podcast, Canada’s Spinsters of Horror are well on their way to establishing their own feminist horror empire. Old friends who have long shared an obsessive love of horror, metal, and cats, Jessica Parant and Kelly Grechier are defiantly unconventional, and have spent the past two years carving out their own unique space in the horror community. Let’s get right into it: why ‘Spinsters of Horror’? It’s such a deliciously provocative name, due to the connotations attached to the word ‘spinster.’ Kelly Grechier: Jessica actually came up with the name Spinsters of Horror! As with a variety of other negative labels used towards women (witch, slut, bitch) making a positive comeback, it’s a term of empowerment for us. We are unconventional women, living unconventional lives, who love horror—it’s perfect! For me, personally, it has become more than the name of my horror project, but a realization of who I am as a woman—I live alone with my cats, am fiercely independent, and value my time/space over anything (and anyone) else. Being a Spinner is something that suites them and life that works for them and not anyone else. Jessica Parant: As Kelly has already expressed, we are all about reclaiming the flames/negative labels that have been constantly pinned on women throughout the decades. I want people to feel empowered by these terms and not put down or slighted in any regard. Also, I have always lived a more quiet and introverted life surrounded by cats and crime books, so I tend to call myself a Spinner at heart. And, since I got divorced, I decided I would never marry again. I do date as I am polyamorous and have a long term partner, however, I am very adamant about having an independent life outside of my relationships and staying 100% true to myself. That’s admirable (though unfortunately still fairly subversive in our society). You call yourselves “metal bitches” and both love the macabre. You navigate some fairly traditionally masculine spaces—do you see them becoming more open to the presence and voices of women? KG: Thankfully, I have experienced very little backlash from being a woman involved with horror (even extreme horror and metal), and I do think it’s becoming a more attractive trait to men. I think they are more apt to enjoy horror now, especially after 10 years ago. There is still a long way to go until things are more equal in their representation, but it’s happening! We have centuries of societal/gender expectations to fight against. JP: Sadly, I have experienced some backlash in both the metal and horror communities as a woman, especially one who doesn’t “look like” I am into the genres. Since I don’t always dress or act in part that is placed upon women in each genre, I am forced to deal with some gatekeeping from time to time. However, I do notice that it is improving and men are becoming more engaged and supportive of women in both communities. That doesn’t mean the work is over—I still feel we have work to do with both communities to be safe, inclusive, and receptive to women. 100% agreed. Your site takes a semi-academic yet very accessible approach to horror critique. Who would you say is your ideal audience? KG: Originally, we did want to reach out to or focus on the female-identifying audience and give them a space to enjoy horror. But now I feel like it’s more of a community about showing that you can take the horror genre seriously and have fun at the same time! Overall, we just wanted to include our voices into a community that we both adore so much. JP: When I started podcasting with The Dark Spectrum (my first podcast) and now I Spit on Your Podcast, I just wanted to include my voice and thoughts in the horror community. I want our podcast to be inclusive and open to all audiences that are open to thoughtful discussions about the genre, as well as having some fun. Some of my best conversations with people over the past five years have been about the horror genre and various films. But, I also want to try for a more positive light on the horror genre. I feel that, all too often, people who say they like horror and those in the horror community are seen as degenerates by people who don’t see the merit and beauty of the genre. Based on my prior interviews and episodes, that the horror genre reveals the dark truth of our human existence and opens it up for discussion. Your monthly audio offering I Spit on Your Podcast provides thoughtful and well-researched discussions on horror films and themes—which episodes are you most proud of and why? KG: ‘Episode 5: Rape Revenge – Is it Feminist or Flith?’ was a very early episode that garnered a lot of positive attention. I think it showed listeners that we aren’t afraid to get a little dirty sometimes and tackle some challenging subject matter. I think we did so with tact and concern. It’s a hard, but important, episode to listen to. Right, that was a great episode on a really tough subject. KG: ‘Episode 18: Halloween – Stalkers and Obsession’ accidentally went to a very dark place and I love it very much. I think for this one we explored a very popular and revered horror franchise and brought the discussion to a new and disturbing place, and I don’t think that’s all that common for horror podcasts. A few honourable mentions are ‘Episode 19: Bisexuality in Buffy’, ‘Episode 10: Spinsters in Space!’, and ‘Episode 9: Cosmic Horror & Insanity’. JP: ‘Episode 5: Rape Revenge – Is it Feminist or Flith?’ was a hard episode for me to do because of my past and the sensitivity of the subject matter. I had always avoided rape-revenge movies, but I find them truly horrific. However, I found that discussing the connections I made with other women in the horror community to be very healing. ‘Episode 16: Exorcising the Feminine – The Exorcist and The Last Exorcism’—because of my Catholic upbringing, I was terrified of demonic possession and I had many sleepless nights after having accidentally seen a clip from The Exorcist or from an exorcism show. So, doing this episode that delved into my upbringing and learning about how this practice has been used to hurt and control women since the middle ages. And, once again, it is something that relates back to witchcraft. My honourable mentions include our ‘Episode 4: Witches and Female Empowerment – Season of the Witch and The Autopsy of Jane Doe’, ‘Episode 22: Elvira Mistress of the Dark’ and ‘Episode 15: Italian Horror – Elegant Brutality’. All great picks! Final question: do you have any plans to expand on the Spinsters brand in the future? What can we look forward to from the two of you? KG: It seems I have organically, and inadvertently, turned my monthly Taboo Terrors into a separate brand! A subgenre of Spinsters of Horror, if you will. I have now done two interviews for Taboo Terrors and I would love to do more in the future. We have also started a new series called ‘Spinsters vs Spinster’ where we have friendly debates on films that we either love or find overrated. I am currently working on expanding our merch to include more design options for fans. I am also coming up with some wacky ideas and schemes that Jessica, thankfully, always agrees to! JP: Honestly, where we are now is beyond anything I ever imagined for this fanbase. I had no idea wanting to just do a podcast and few blog posts a month about a genre I developed such passion for. However, as Kelly is our Social Media and Marketing Manager, if she brings up an idea I am generally apt to go along with it which has allowed us to grow more in what we offer and expand outside of our comfort zones. We do have some plans for the Spinsters in the upcoming six months with more ‘Spinsters vs. Spinster’ episodes and some other ways to engage with the Spinsters’ social media. Hopefully, my streaming of horror video games is something people enjoy, so we may do more of those in the future. As well, we plan to keep writing and expanding our reach through various other horror mediums. by Vincent Bec For many horror franchises, each new chapter brings with it a new final girl. In Renewal and A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master (1988) the final girl torch is passed from Kristen Parker (Tuesday Knight) to Alice Johnson (Lisa Wilcox). Alice is more unassuming than the average final girl. While final girls are usually portrayed as being one of the bubbly, girly girls of their friend group—doomed to die from the moment they’re shown on screen—most final girls still have an effervescent, main character quality. There is a type of coolness present in many of the tomboyish final girls, such as Nancy and Sidney from The Wardrobe of Sidney Prescott (Neve Campbell) from the Scream films may be drab and unattractive, but she is a confident, take-no-shit type of person from the beginning. Nancy Thompson (Heather Langenkamp) from A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984) spent her film in frumpy sweaters, yet showed MacGyver-esque intelligence and resourcefulness. Both Nancy and Sidney are a core part of their friend groups. They may dress modestly and be more introverted than other characters, but their personalities cannot be described as shy. Alice, on the other hand, begins her film painfully demure. She belongs to a popular friend group, but feels slightly removed from them, more like a sidekick than a leader. She is one of those “daredevil” girls who love to spend hours of their free time in daydreams. The daydreams of maladaptive daydreamers differ from average daydreams due to their heightened detail, clarity, and duration. However, these striking daydreams are not delusions, because the daydreamers can recognize that they are not real. There are two main characteristics of maladaptive daydreaming: the content and detail of the dreams; one’s ability to control their compulsion to dream, the amount of distress it causes, the perceived benefits of having it affect their ability to carry out daily activities. Her arms are crossed in front of her chest, holding a notebook. This stance acts as a barrier between her and the world. However, by the time Alice is ready to confront Freddy Krueger, her hair is pulled back from her face. Her clothing is tighter, leaving her less room to hide from the world. Her look no longer fades into the background. In this outfit, Alice stands tall in front of her mirror. Her stance is open, but firmly planted, facing up room and looking at the world to come. Alice’s apparel isn’t the only big change the audience can discern between the beginning and end of the film. Her room decor goes through a transformation as well. At the beginning, her vanity mirror is covered with pictures of her with other people. At this point, she would rather see herself with others than see her standalone image. This signifies that she originally based her self-worth on external factors, mainly her relationships with other people. By the end of the film, she has taken all the pictures from her mirror, leaving her with only an internal image of self-worth. The difference between Alice at the beginning of the film and Alice at the end appears to be a complete metamorphosis. However, there is a discrepancy regarding who Alice was at the beginning and who she is at the end. Some maladaptive daydreamers describe the disorder as an addiction to daydreaming. The phenomenon of ‘maladaptive daydreaming’ was first identified by University of Haifa professor Dr. Eliezer Somer in his 2002 paper “Maladaptive Daydreaming: A Qualitative Inquiry”. Maladaptive daydreaming is a disorder in which someone is preoccupied about 50% of their awake time in daydreams. The daydreams of maladaptive daydreamers differ from average daydreams due to their heightened detail, clarity, and duration. However, these striking daydreams are not delusions, because the daydreamers can recognize that they are not real. There are two main characteristics of maladaptive daydreaming: the content and detail of the dreams; one’s ability to control their compulsion to dream, the amount of distress it causes, the perceived benefits of having it affect their ability to carry out daily activities. Her arms are crossed in front of her chest, holding a notebook. This stance acts as a barrier between her and the world. However, it is clear that she uses it as a way to withdraw from a variety of problems: from her alcoholic father to her general dissatisfaction with her inability to have control in her life. The first characteristic is the level of detail in the daydreams. Alice’s daydreams are so lifelike that it is almost impossible for her to separate them from reality until another character snaps her out of the dream. The next characteristic is a person’s ability to control their compulsion to daydream. Alice’s first daydream of the film takes place in a crowded parking lot while surrounded by her friends and interrupted by Rick asking if she is “spacing again.” She daydreams enough for the habit to be known to the people around her. Additionally, she is unable to wait until she is alone to daydream. Alice’s daydreaming has been a safe place for her to practice the person she wants to be until she is strong enough to bring the tactics she practiced in her dreams into her real life. During a lesson on assertiveness and martial arts techniques, Rick tells Alice she has to visualize the moves with her mind first and her body will follow. It has become a motto that is one of the reasons we dream during sleep is to give our brains a controlled environment in which to practice working through various scenarios we may face. Alice’s daydreaming has been a safe place for her to practice the person she wants to be until she is strong enough to bring the tactics she practiced in her dreams into her real life. Gradually, we begin to see the assertiveness she has practiced in her dreams become a reality. When Dan meets her at the diner she works at later in the film, she is able to bully him, tell him what she will drive, affirming her leadership in the situation. When they get into an accident and an EMT tries to sedate Dan, Alice stops him. As she goes from unable to speak up to capable leader, Alice’s daydreams become the background. By the end of the film, Alice’s lack of ability to control her dreams transforms into an ability to control her life. For those who desire to move on from their maladaptive daydreaming and into a life where they have control and the ability to be the person they wish to be, Alice is the ultimate reflection of their hopes and dreams. REFERENCES Somer, E. (2002). Maladaptive Daydreaming: A Qualitative Inquiry. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 32, 6- Consent in Crisis: Mourning The Loved Ones by Valeska Griffiths I didn’t attend my high school prom (or anyone else’s for that matter). None of my friends did—hung out with the witchy, punky, goth crowd and school dances were generally viewed with disdain. As a consequence, I don’t have strong connections to many movies based on or around prom, apart from Brian De Palma’s Carrie (1976)—I’m immune to their spell of nostalgia, and old biases die hard. Sean Byrne’s The Loved Ones (2009), however, is a deliciously twisted take on the traditional high school rite of passage, a hot pink jawbreaker with a surprisingly vicious core and one hell of a saccharine earworm of a character theme. The Australian horror film could rightly be categorized as torture porn, which usually isn’t my particular bag either, but its gleeful sense of humour, unabashed absurdity, and candy-coated aesthetic actually make charming the mixing of the dark and the innocent, duality and suffering. Much of this is due to the electrifying performance of Robin McLeavy as Lola Stone, the seemingly sweet and moody loner who oozes charisma and insanity in equal doses when spurred by her high school crush, Brent (a brooding and unshaved Xavier Samuel.) The story in a nutshell: girl likes boy, girl asks boy to prom, boy turns her down, boy ends up with some new holes in his body. You know, the typical high school love story. But the A plot isn’t the only interesting piece of the story. The secondary plotline, which follows Brent’s friend Jamie (Riley Wilson and his prom date, moody goth Mia [Jessica McNamara]), offers a surprisingly nuanced take on consent and trauma. The film opens in a car, with Brent’s father teaching him how to drive. All seems well until a shirtless, mutilated, dead-eyed young man steps onto the road, Brent swerves to avoid hitting him and smashes the car into a tree, killing his father. The fallout from this moment is heavily implicated throughout the rest of the film in not only Brent’s story, but also in Mia’s. For all of its giddy indulgence in a pop-art pastiche of grim violence and subverting rites of passage, this is a film deeply concerned with grief and the ways that we cope (or fail to) with devastating loss. Brent is not a typical angst-filled teen—six months after his father’s death he’s dealing with suicidal ideation, a deep sense of guilt, and a mother whose desperation to keep her son close is pushing him away. He is unable to express himself emotionally with his loving girlfriend, Holly (Victoria Thaine) and is a cutter. But Brent is not the only one who is reeling from the trauma of that fatal accident. Mia is one of the film’s most interesting characters. Midway through a first viewing, you could be forgiven for questioning the significance of the secondary plot—Jamie and Mia eventually spend a great deal of time drinking and drug use, but no real communication. Its connection to the main story seems tenuous, at best. But its inclusion is actually brilliant as both a pointed but subtle response to slut-shaming and as a jumping-off point for a dialogue about rape culture. On the night of the prom, a sullen Mia seems hell-bent on obliteration as she and Jamie pre-game in the parking lot. The camera lingers as Mia drinks deeply from a large bottle of Jacks, we see close-up shots of her smoking an enormous joint as though it were keeping her alive. Jamie watches in disbelief, awe, and trepidation, eventually suggesting that they go inside. While exiting the car, she stumbles and falls to the ground. When they get to it, prom, they don’t last long. During what seems to be their first spin on the dancefloor, they are ejected by their principal after a wasted Mia is caught performing a sexual act on her bemused date. Back in the car, they sit silently until Mia suddenly starts kissing Jamie; they wind up having sex in the back seat. Although Mia is the aggressor in her encounters with Jamie, she is clearly incapacitated and therefore unable to truly consent. In his infatuation and desire to lose his virginity, Jamie disregards this fact. His first sexual act is one of rape. As likable as he is—and he is a very likable character—it is crucial to recognize this act for what it is. In making him likable, the film counters prevailing cinematic narratives around sexual assault. So often, rape is seen as being perpetrated solely by obvious villains—scummy, evil characters with no redeeming qualities. The deliberate and unusual choice of making Jamie a sympathetic character is reflective of the reality of many sexual assaults. It isn’t just the demons hiding in the bushes, the sneering monsters that telegraph their intentions. Rape is one decision away, and that decision can be made by anyone (don’t #notallmen me.) Mia’s story ends with a shot of her sobbing helplessly on her bed after Jamie drops her back home. So often, rape is seen as being perpetrated solely by obvious villains—scummy, evil characters with no redeeming qualities. The deliberate and unusual choice of making Jamie a sympathetic character is reflective of the reality of many sexual assaults. As with Brent, Mia’s story is not one of typical teenage rebellion. Near the end of the film, we discover that the mutilated young man that caused Brent’s car crash was her brother; missing and presumed dead, he was one of the sociopathic Lovecraftian victims. Mia’s own devastation about the loss of her much-loved brother is the driving force behind her drug and alcohol abuse—through substances and sex, she seeks to mask her unspeakable pain. Mia is nearly silent throughout the film’s runtime, but to articulate her anger and hurt for comedy. Before revealing her trauma and deep damage, the film invites us to judge her actions, rendering us complicit. Once we understand her story, we are invited to judge ourselves. Andrew Fleming’s cult sleepover classic The Craft (1996) conjures a world where otherness and trauma may generate solidarity, rebellion, and friendship. The film follows Sarah Bailey (Robin Tunney), a transplant in a Catholic high school in Los Angeles, and a band of misfits rumored to be witches. The misfits worship a deity named Manon and dabble in witchcraft, but are missing one fourth member to complete their coven. After seeing that Sarah exhibits supernatural powers, the girls become convinced that in her lies their missing link. Together, they see that their powers combined can will into reality anything they desire. The film hints at a fully fleshed, moving universe outside the narrative where racism, classism, unachievable beauty standards, and poor mental health suppress the four girls. In this film, the girls express this rebellion in a host of ways: through their costuming, their identification with their “weirdo” identities, and their banding together for a sense of unity, friendship, and strength. TEENAGE REBELLION (FOR WEIRDOS) The four main characters in The Craft are different from those of contemporary teen girl flicks insofar as the girls are all outsiders, wrangled by the cutthroat high school hierarchy and its rites. The popular girls ridicule them, and the boys on the football team call them “the bitches of Eastwick.” Contrary to films like Jawbreaker (1999), Heathers (1988), or Clueless (1995)—sattles which represent and deconstruct tales of popular female socialities and their cutthroat friendships—the coven in The Craft never shows any sort of ascension or descension in the contained world of the high school. Bonnie’s (Nevé Campbell) mother force her to see herself as a “master” instead of embracing normative feminity while Nancy’s (Fairuza Balk) class and turbulent family background disallow her from participating in normative upper-class cultures. Rochelle’s (Rachel True) blackness remains a political marker for her to not fit in, despite her talents and her wealth, and Sarah suffers from mental illness, leading her to be ostracized. The Craft introduces us to a group of girls who have never and will never fit in, because they are fundamentally cast aside by normal society. The othering of these main characters functions to create a narrative for teenage girls that exists outside of social constructs like high school popularity; for the “weirdos” who would fit in, and perhaps never want to. Emily Chandler (2016) notes that, “The Craft [...] acknowledges that as long as popularity hinges on being middle-class, normative-bodied, white, hetero, cisgender, and charmingly beautiful, many girls will be barred from achieving this subjectivity” (p. 115). By suggesting alternatives to the popularity contest that most teenage girl films, like Mean Girls (2004), John Tucker Must Die (2006), or Bring It On or Mean Girls (2006), contain, The Craft imbues significant value to the formation of social groups that bind together based on solidarity or shared social experiences. Unity can be created in difference, and they find support systems within one another in friendship. Similar to political collectives who mobilize through opposition, the coven in The Craft find social power in their solidarity, as well as supernatural powers, to fight back against the forces that oppress them. Together as witches, As they grow closer, their costuming begins to change as well. The high school’s homogeneous unity is amplified by their crisp, gender-segregated Catholic school uniforms as the coven increasingly becomes uniformed in order to express their identity or underscore their otherness: they accessorize increasingly in gothic symbols, such as crosses, heavy makeup, dark clothes, and lace. Through combining traditionally feminine items of clothing with deviant, tough, or powerful accessories like spikes and harnesses, Melissa Maerz (2010) claims that gothic subculture creates a possibility for teenage girls to “critique the mainstream at the same time indulging in it” (p. 36). They strut as a matched unit down the hallway, basking in their newfound confidence as a unified group, in a way that Chandler notes is subversive, as “none of the other students notice the coven’s imposing sense of style [and] manish and provocative clothing [...] consistent with The Craft’s lack of interest in notions of popularity” (p. 115). Thus, The Craft offers a world for a coven of social outlaws to explore their otherness and find power and strength within their differences. In the film, witchcraft—the physical manifestation of solidarity and friendship—proves to be the most allying force that these girls hold together. OUR COVEN The Craft also offers solidarity for the group through Wiccan paganism, or witchcraft. Historically, witches were persecuted heavily in the 16th and 17th centuries, and witch hunts and trials saw an estimated 85% of the people tortured and executed were women over the age of forty (Thurston, 2001). The setting of an upper-class Los Angeles Catholic high school functions to create a similar atmosphere of oppression and social alienation for the coven, contrasting the religious symbols that adorn the classrooms with their nature-based Wiccan religiosity and the secular gothic-style clothes that drape their clothing. The only teenagers in the film call them “witches,” and witches readily bring issues of misogyny and heteropatriarchal sex-shaming in the history of witch trials into the present day of the high school. In the 20th century and towards the present, modern interpretations of Wiccan paganism began to allow “the integration of feminist, environmentalist, and queer-positive politics with religious experience,” (Tosenberger, 2010, para. 1) creating a space of agency and control, as is seen within the coven in The Craft. Rather than perceiving them as satanic creatures, The Craft presents the coven’s relationship with witchcraft as a binding force, a retributive power, and a source of strength and love. In one of the most iconic scenes of the film, the coven skips school to go to a field and invoke the spirit of Manon for the first time. For the first and only time in the film, the sun shines brightly on the four, creating a liminal space of lush green fields, warm sunlight, chirping birds, and wide open spaces—a place of paradise, an escape while the rest of the high school continues its life far away, as Juliana Hatfield sings “Danger is great joy / Dark is bright as fire / Happy is our family / Lonely is the ward.” The coven calls upon another “sister” as they invoke the power of Manon through “perfect love and perfect trust.” It is only after their circle is complete—all four of the girls join powers, completing the compass of North, East, South, West—that their power is harnessed into the material world to cause miracles. The moment of bonding and of the realization of their shared powers is blessed by Manon’s kaleidoscope of butterflies flitting down to bless them in a spiritual, transcendental moment of friendship and vulnerability. Their powers are infinitely strong, but the witches limit their scope to within their own lives: righting the issues that have plagued them and caused them pain. Sarah wishes for a love spell and the most popular boy in school falls in love with her. Rochelle’s spell causes a racist girl in her swim team who bullies her to be happy again, and slowly lose all of her blonde locks. Bonnie’s wish is granted, and the burns on her back miraculously heal, restoring her confidence. Nancy’s first brush with power incites the death of her abusive stepfather whose death in turn reveals that $175,000 insurance policy that finally allows for her and her mother to move out of their trailer home. Roger Ebert critiques that, “What I have always wondered about supernatural characters in movies is why their horizons are so limited. Here are four girls who could outgross David Copperfield in Vegas, and they limit their amazing powers to getting even.” I believe that Ebert’s critique is sound, but myopic. As Anne Cohen (2018) notes, “too often, women feel powerless to change circumstances—political, social, financial, take your pick—that feel beyond their control. The Craft presents a universe in which any wrong could actually be made right. And in our current climate, that’s an appealing prospect.” For the coven in The Craft, witchcraft is not a tool of power but rather, a tool to create a utopia. The coven corrects the wrongs that dominate the white, upper-class American society has condemned them to through the magic of witchcraft within their contained hamster wheel of their high school. The Craft imagines solidarity as a viable tool to carry out injustice, to structure karma in a seemingly unfair world, or to punish those who have hurt them. Witchcraft, then, is an allegory of the power of opposition: the religiosity of having a coven, or a community, of individuals outside of normative societies predicated on popularity, wealth, or success. SHARED TRAUMAS Trauma functions similarly as a binding force, working to ally them together even closer through physical and emotional, interpersonal connection. Midway through the film, the girls have a sleepover where they share their deepest secrets and fears. The coven participates in acts of care for one another. Sarah braids Rochelle’s hair lovingly, in stark contrast to the people in their school who constantly make racist remarks about it. Rochelle says, both awkwardly and unsurely, that she’s sorry for the death of Sarah’s mother, unable to bring herself to say more that can address the heinousness of the moment. Meanwhile, as Bonnie begs Manon to take away her scars, Nancy watches her with concern in her eyes, mouthing “baby” to herself in empathy and pain; she turns away when the sight becomes too much to bear. The scene is starkly different from the previous scene of transcendence in the open field. Instead, it takes place in the private space of a bedroom—the room dark, save for the moon and a flickering candle—whose light as both a destructive source as well as an illuminating one. They share their weaknesses and traumas with one another in hushed tones; secrets that they all keep from themselves, within the sacred space of their friendship. They recognize, too, the impossibilities of ever understanding one another’s traumas completely. Bonnie’s quest to be beautiful is something that Nancy cannot fully comprehend, but she shows care nonetheless regardless. Rochelle, too, utters an apology that seems disingenuous to the admission of Sarah’s mother’s death, but she sits in silence for a moment in respect. The Craft shows a multifaceted, multidimensional possibility for friendship to be more than just a binding force for weirdos. It also becomes a space for sharing, for safety, and for vulnerability; where traumas can be expressed and understood and healed. In The Craft, friendship becomes a sacred space for emotional connection, for love and for secrecy; a spiritual experience in and of itself. PUNISHMENT? Friendship in the film is a rebellious, powerful force, and a healing one. But its ending seems to collapse all of the significance that it imbues as the girls turn on one another, as their powers are used to threaten each other, their witchcraft spins into chaos that causes more evil than good. In its conclusion, following a lengthy magic-infused fight, Bonnie and Rochelle lose their powers, and break their friendship with Sarah and Nancy. Nancy is relegated into a mental institution, where she “goes crazy” and remains bound forcefully to the bed. Sarah escapes relatively unscathed, keeping her powers and punishing all of the girls for using witchcraft for evil. This ending is already reworked. The film’s Wicca consultant, Pat Devin, had an issue with the original ending where Rochelle and Bonnie join forces with Sarah to kill Nancy, impaling her with a knife. He advised Nancy’s character, saying that “Nancy—who had been abused, neglected, molested and finally driven mad … was not intrinsically evil and did not deserve to die” (Yohalem, 1997). Indeed, she doesn’t. Nancy’s rage as she kills Chris—angrily accusing him of calling girls sluts when “[he’s] the slut”—is a feminist declaration of revenge for her sisters, and yet she is treated as a woman drunk on power after this murder, causing the splitting that destroys the coven. Chandler claims that the film offers two scenarios: “either three of the girls can unite to vanquish the fourth, or all four girls can live and their coven is splintered” (p. 121). For Chandler, the importance of friendship in the world together lies in the difficulty of pure female friendships, which the film upholds. She claims that the coven’s schism represents an unforgivable betrayal. However, in my opinion, the film builds a strong cast of women and in the end falls under trappings of heteropatriarchal ideals of womanhood: women must be punished for excess (Nancy) and praised for their restraint of excess (obvious in Sarah). It is no surprise that Sarah, while upper-class, able-bodied, sexually chaotic and traditionally feminine—is the only one who escapes unscathed while the rest of the coven is returned back into their social places, left behind with little conclusion. What can we do with such a disillusioning ending? The Craft remains culturally relevant, a cornerstone for teen girl film even today for its nuanced and complex representations of teenage female friendship—one saturated on shared experiences and traumas. It creates a space where it is possible for the ‘others’ to simply exist outside of normative society, and find a life outside of the social climb—in warm spaces outside of school, in shared experiences and spiritual experiences—and, most importantly, in a community that exists even long after high school graduation. REFERENCES Chandler, K. (2016). Loving and Cruel: All at the Same Time? Girlhood Identity in The Craft. Girlhood Studies 9(2). Cohen, A. (2018). In Troubled Times, We Turn To Witches & The Craft Led The Way. Refinery29. Retrieved from refinery29.com/en-ca/2018/10/215312/the-craft-review-valerie-miller Ebert, R. (May 3, 1996). The Craft. Roger Ebert. Retrieved from rogerebert.com/reviews/the-craft-1996. Maerz, M. (May, 2010). Goth Gets Adorable. SPIN 24(4). Thurston, R.W. (2001). Witch, Wicca, Mother Goose: The Rise and Fall of the Witch Hunts in America and North America. Edinburgh, Scotland: Longman. Tosenberger, C. (2010). Neo-Paganism for Teens. Jeunesse: Young People, Texts, Cultures 2(2). Yohalem, J. (1997). Interview with Pat Devin on the Movie, The Craft: Covenant of the Goddess. Retrieved from web.archive.org/web/20050501000000/http://www.cog.org/netgates/thecraft.html. YouTube instalment, “Did Red Letter Media Invent Slenderman?” (2017) in which hosts Mike Stoklasa and Jay Bauman reflect on a similar character from their 2006 film, The Recovered. This creepypasta is suddenly anchored in terrifying reality. But of the three examples of Slenderman, it is arguably the most disturbing with its examination of the figure and the role he played in that Waukesha County, Wisconsin, criminal case. You know the one: two twelve-year-old girls were charged with attempted first-degree murder, citing Slenderman’s dark influence over their violent actions. This creepypasta tests the boundaries between hoax and actual encounter, moving beyond computer screens and actual characters to an illustration of real life effect. It ostensibly obscures those boundaries for other creepypasta ghouls in the digital ether. Normally, these narratives have only two possible outcomes: - either they rise and fall in popularity on the Internet as spirits are being periodically reawakened into restlessness as they are copied and pasted, remixed and spread until they are forgotten, - or they are confined into a fictional existence away from the hauntological state of the Internet through screen adaptations that bring the narrative—and crucially its status as a work of fiction—into reality (Ondrak, 2018, p. 176). The Slenderman example aside, the underlying ontological ambiguity in creepypasta allows for a suggestion of ‘the real’: they’re usually written about in colloquial speech in an informal style, jumping between online pleasantries, their decidedly fragmented and deconstructed way of telling stories elicits a sincere feeling of believability” (Ondrak, 2018, p.167), like gossip about a friend of a friend. It prompts a “recollection of [the] obscure” or “a manufactured memory” (Ondrak, 2018, p.174) for those sincerely engaging with it. The story of Candle Cove (expanded upon in the Channel Zero series), captures this phenomenon through an online forum, with participants recalling the same terrifying children’s show that apparently never existed: a bonding moment over a collective nightmare. Creepypasta captivates and exerts an interaction, effectively holding sway over those who attempt to harness its chaotic power. It excites morbid curiosity, beckons others into its folds, and evokes a sense of invincibility in its creatures conjured. Once created and shared, you can’t forget. Indeed, creepypasta readers participate in this chaotic power through a Frankensteinian complicity in borrowing and copying parts to reconstruct life anew, not unlike another creepypasta figure, the Doll Maker. This disturbed nature is exemplified by the possessed dolls with the uncanny appearance of humans, inevitably bringing about devastation and death. Though cinematic translations of creepypasta narratives haven’t seen the same popularity or success as their digital origins, the ‘transmission’ theme is arguably already embedded in contemporary horror in symbolic ways: in the inexplicable reanimation of corpses, in the endless slew of ogres, and in the intangible forces transmitted from body to body as they stalk their victims. But who knows what the future will bring? REFERENCES Ondrak, J. (2018). Spectres des monstres, spectres des monstres, hauntology and creepypasta narratives as digital fiction. Horror Studies 9(2). Paradise Lost: Life After Afterlife with Archie by Lindsay Traves & Andrew Roebuck Riverdale, home to Archie and the gang, is the perfect town. Time passes and the world changes, but everything in Riverdale maintains its static bliss. Archie comics represent a version of the world at peace, a world where the middle class is more concerned with a broken-down jalopy than with fasting Social Security checks or dealing with the residents of Riverdale when Reggie Mantle kills Jughead Jones’s beloved pet, Hot Dog. Created in 1939, Archie and the gang represented the ideals of the time; set to appeal to the same audience as Andy Hardy movies, movies that indulged in classic American idealism. As the real world grows and evolves, new characters and sensibilities sneak into Riverdale, but nothing bad ever happens there (or if it does, it’s always the hero’s fault, short on his tab). Beneath the reality of the Riverdale is something else; a world with no room for deviation. In 2013, the world of Archie met the world of horror with the release of Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa’s Afterlife with Archie. Horror is entropy incarnate—when it arrives, things have to change. By bringing terror to Riverdale, Afterlife with Archie allowed readers to look into the deeper psychology of the beloved characters, as they’re thrust into life-or-death situations. Zombies have invaded the perfect town of Riverdale and they’re ripping their way through the entire populace. For many, this means death; for others, it means something much worse. The origins of Afterlife with Archie will sound familiar to people from the video store era. Much like the sensation of going to your local Blockbuster and grabbing a copy of The Shining, comic creator Aguirre-Sacasa laid his eyes upon a variant cover for an issue of Life With Archie featuring undead versions of the familiar characters. In a 2013 interview with Chris Cummins for Den of Geek, Sacasa said of the origins of the book: > When I was a kid, I remember I was obsessed with horror. I was in my local comic book shop in L.A. called Golden Apple. And I saw Francesco’s cover for issue 23 of Life With Archie and said ‘Oh my God, Aguirre-Sacasa did a zombie book!’ So I bought it. And then when I got home I saw it was just a variant (cover). The artist behind the cover was Francesco Francavilla, known for horror covers and posters. The two partnered up and created Afterlife with Archie. Aguirre-Sacasa is known for his work as a showrunner on CW’s Riverdale and Netflix’s Chilling Adventures of Sabrina. The ten issues of Afterlife with Archie feature a blend of the supernatural and layered stories told within the Archie framework; with mere panels, they tell a story that will leave readers shivering with discomfort for days. As a plot device, zombies are often used to explore the base humanity of characters. By dipping a gaggle of nice Riverdale kids into the foam of a zombie mouth, Afterlife with Archie allowed readers to view the polished archetypes for what they really are. Pulling back the curtain on the perfect town, Archie tends to expose deep-seated racism, misogyny, and dark secrets. And Afterlife with Archie utilized zombies to pierce the veil, allowing readers to see what was behind Riverdale’s vision of perfection. We’ve seen this ‘unmasking’ explored before. Bryan Forbes’s 1975 feminist horror The Stepford Wives (and its 2004 remake) showcased the perfection of traditions’ values through the eyes of a group of women who are married to men. After moving to a quiet town where traditional values and gender norms are held in high esteem, the wives notice something strange afoot. The strangeness turns out to be the literal replacement of the progressive women by traditional housewives, as a means of keeping things “nice” for otherwise upset oppressors: the men. By peeling back the gant and kicking through the drywall, the film explores the peaceful progress that is often viewed as ‘perfect’ and exposes the earth-shattering violence. 1998’s Pleasantville, directed by Gary Ross, sent modern teens into a 1950s sitcom that represented the perfect America. Tobey McGuire plays David, a teen obsessed with the escapist representation of traditional America for which he longs. Trapped in literal black-and-white, Pleasantville seems like a paradise, perfect in every way—it has a pink fence and 2.5 kids, but just beneath the surface are stories of women who want to go to school, unsatisfied spouses stuffed into gender roles, and rampant sexual repression. By peeling back the paint and kicking through the drywall, the film explores the peaceful progress that is often viewed as ‘perfect’. The Stepford protest is positioned by oppressors as the enemy to peace, but these are the types of steps the oppressed must take in order to foster change. In Pleasantville, Stepford Wives, and Riverdale what is viewed as ‘nice’ is often hiding something more dysfunctional. By unleashing zombies into Riverdale, Afterlife with Archie was able to explore that. The ‘nice’ traditional town is often used as a tool to curb progress and position it as the enemy. And the Burke’s #MeToo movement was used to shatter everything about Hollywood (and ultimately beyond), exposing the disaster that hid in plain sight. The signs of oppression were always there, but not always pointed forward to the future. We address the issue, resulting in a flurry of firings, cancellations, and falls from grace. The reaction by many was to skewer the movement as “ruining everything”. We had preferred to see something “nice” Hollywood-style. But what about Bill Cosby as a sweater-wearing father figure, Louis CK as a king of comedy, Mario Batali as a cuddly Italian chef. Those shouting “burn it down” are often positioned as the villains of the story, but progress is necessary for the world to move forward. By tearing down what is viewed as ‘perfect’, Archie’s zombie apocalypse stands as the unrest that leads the charge of progress. Archie comics have progressed alongside the world. Kevin Keller, Archie’s first gay character, was introduced in 2010, and Riverdale was not quite set ablaze. While a 2013 issue chronicled Kevin’s coming-out, zelos still remains a bi-racial gay couple. In the real world, the issue was protested by a group called ‘One Million Moms’ (who have also decried such dangers as Mattel’s inclusive line of dolls and ‘cussing’ in Burger King commercials). These shouting “burn it down” are often positioned as the villains of the story, but unrest is necessary for progress, and the first step is to strip down what is viewed as ‘perfect’. To compare Riverdale as we know it from Archie comics to this town of Riverdale, we must accept that it being a symbol of oppression for those who don’t conform, but to label it a relic of the time of its creation: escapism for those of us who long for what David saw in Pleasantville. If Riverdale represents the supposed American ideal, then Afterlife with Archie reveals disillusionment of those ideals through the lens of a zombie apocalypse. It is for those of us who turn to horror to analyze our real world anxieties and challenge the status quo. When zombies upend society and the illusions are gone, stories of close siblings, traditional marriages, and competitive friendships become rape-revenge tales, stories of cheating husbands, and self-esteem-slammimg love triangles. When slapping zombies onto the page, Afterlife with Archie didn’t hesitate to throw everyone into the fray. With apparent intentionality, disaster came to Riverdale immediately following the portrait of the untouchable privileged white guy finally going too far, and the reaction synthesized all minority characters. When Reggie Mantle recklessly through Riverdale, he finally did the unthinkable and killed Jughead’s dog, shattering the emotional core of the gang. It came to Sabrina to attempt to rectify the tragedy with witchcraft, setting off a chain of events that burnt Riverdale to the ground. With each familiar relationship tested, readers either had suspicious feelings confirmed or were forced to face their own truths. Keith’s lesbian and rich white patriarch, is an adulterer; the Archie-Veronica-Betty love triangle is a massacre to the sultry brunette who learned to derive self esteem from the attention of men; the teenage witch is a Satan-aligned necromancer. In Archie comics, Jason Blossom is Cheryl’s overprotective brother; a bit too jealous and comfortable commenting on his sister’s appearance. He’s the pill that makes the lemon-spirited Cheryl sick to her stomach. When he’s forced to peel back the sunshiney Riverdale veneer, their relationship transforms from the story of a mean girl with an overprotective brother to a Flowers in the Attic style horror story of abuse that culminates in rape revenge. In 1976, Archie introduced Chuck Clayton, Riverdale’s first black student, and, in 1976, his girlfriend Nancy Woods. Chuck and Nancy were able to exist amongst Riverdale residents, but they remained othered. Kept in their quadrant for the duration of rostalgia’s 50s Riverdale stories, the zombie apocalypse revealed that Nancy was actually a closeted taboo relationship with Ginger Lopez. The progressive version of Riverdale in the 1970s might have welcomed Chuck and Nancy, but would not have been so kind to the interracial lesbian relationship, something we saw with the reaction to the story of Kevin Keller. From the ashes of Rockwellian America rose the stories of the oppressed and repressed citizens of Riverdale. Zombies revealed the true nature and politics of the movements that pierce the veils and force progress. By reanimating the beloved Hot Dog, the necromancer revealed the rotting corpse underneath the perfect town. REFERENCES Aguirre-Sacasa, R. (2013). Afterlife with Archie. Manhatten, New York: Archie Comics. Cummins, C. (2013). Afterlife with Archie: Interview with Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa and Francesco Francavilla. Den of Geek. Retrieved from http://www.denofgeek.com/comics/afterlife-with-archie-interview-with-roberto-aguirre-sacasa-and-francesco-francavilla/8 Teenage mental health can be a rocky road. Many factors contribute to the quality of mental health, from physical changes, environment, socioeconomic status, and region. The World Health Organization cites several factors including the “desire for greater autonomy, pressure to conform with peers, exploration of sexual identity, and increased access to and use of technology.” Media influence and gender norms can exacerbate the disparity between an adolescent’s lived reality and their perceptions or aspirations for the future. It’s a trial by fire to maintain your sanity during this formative, conflict-filled time in a person’s life, especially in this fast-changing world. Cinematically, we’ve seen films like Black Swan (2010), Donnie Darko (2001) and Daniel Isn’t Real (2019) putting a unique genre spin on young people and mental illness. With director AKIZ’S (Achim Bornhak) 2015 film Der Nachtmahr, we can add another to this list. AKIZ uses a creature tied to classic Romantic literature and art to personify a young woman’s struggle with mental illness, self-acceptance, and her relationship with reality. Tina (Carolyn Genzkow) is almost eighteen, comes from an upper-middle-class home, and is part of the crowd at her school. She attends a drink-and-drug party and part where she sees something in the bushes, has a weird, dream-like experience of being run down in the road, passes out, then comes home to hear strange noises in her kitchen. She swears there is someone in the house and her parents have the home inspected to reassure her. After attending therapy sessions at the behest of her parents due to her disturbing behaviour, Tina makes contact with a foetus-like creature initially unseen and terrified; she starts to feel what it feels and begins to care for it. Before she can explore her relationship with her charge, her parents discover the creature and, in a traumatic takedown, have it taken away to be studied. Tina must break free of the trauma and show the world who she is, despite her troubles and what people think of her. There are many interpretations of Der Nachtmahr, and the director welcomes them all. Some have said they felt the film was about abortion, bulimia (since the creature binge eats), substance abuse, mental illness, a demon coming to claim a soul, or a coming-of-age story. During most of the film, we are unsure of what is real and what is a projection of Tina’s mind—even when her parents discover the creature and frantically do away with it—but we are certain of their concern for her mental state. Tina’s friends distance themselves from her and, along with her teachers, parents, and only frustrate this for young woman as she struggles for a grasp on reality. AKIZ uses a creature tied to classic Romantic literature and art to personify a young woman’s struggle with mental illness, self-acceptance, and her relationship with reality. As a child, director AKIZ was influenced by Stephen Spielberg’s ET: The Extra-Terrestrial (1982) and the symbiotic relationship between Elliot (Henry Thomas) and his alien friend. Like Elliot, Tina feels what her creature feels and learns to come to terms with her demons as her actions directly affect this new being in her midst. Once repulsed by its milky eyes, grey pallor, and knobby, hunched form, she soon embraces it as an extension of her reality for them both to exist. Tina’s struggle is illustrated by personifying it with a creature while also making the film a snapshot of the era using current technology, music, and youth, but there are ties to Gothic Romanticism and horror as well. The source of the film is inspired by the 1781 painting ‘Der Nachtmahr (The Nightmair)’ by Henry Fuseli (1741-1825), which famously features a woman asleep with a demon perched on her chest as a horse looks on. The work’s name according to AKIZ is archaic in the German language and means creature or imp, not a direct translation of the common word ‘nightmare’, but it ties the painting to the film. Fuseli’s famous piece was a departure from the simple classical art, which it conveyed a feeling of dread of meaning and introduced sexuality, the supernatural, and Gothic horror to the artistic world at that time. Along with Fuseli’s iconic painting, we also have a reference to his contemporary, English poet William Blake (1757-1827) in the film. Both were major figures during the Romantic era (approximately 1800-1890) and in Gothic art, and they play an interesting role in Der Nachtmahr where we see perception, reality, and sanity transcend to the sublime. The Romantic Era countered the Age of Reason (late 17th to 18th centuries) and veered towards the experience, feeling, and self-expression as well as the sublime where the experiential experience of art exceeded the ordinary. We also see the rise of the great Romantic writers like Shelley and Byron, champions of Gothic horror. During this time, Blake was known for using his own mythology in an oppressive world. He was outspoken against organized religion, championed humanitarian rights, had visions of the divine, and was considered mad by some, but within his complex writings lies a way to use political thought to subversion. Whether he was critiquing politics and religion or preaching the virtues of the sublime, his is a many-layered language and one that describes a constantly changing state of being. Blake emphasized experience instead of logic in his work, and this applies to what Tina feels during her transformation as she rebels, defies expectations, and creates her own reality. Blake’s The Book of Urizen, a prophetic Genesis poem written to contradict religion, reason, and logic, brings us closer to Tina’s transformation and acceptance of her mental state. Kim Gordon, lead singer of the band Sonic Youth, plays Tina’s English teacher and discusses Blake’s tome, particularly the verse regarding the birth of Orc, a mythical figure who is born to Blake’s version of Adam and Eve (Enitharmon). Orc in simple terms represents rebellion, revolution, and freedom: “Could within Enitharmon’s womb/ The serpents grow casting its scales,/ With sharp pang the hissings began/ To change into a grating cry,/ Many sorrows and dismal throes,/ Many forms of fish, bird & beast/ Brought forth an infant form / Where was a woman before,/ The Eternals their tent finished.” Alarm’d with these gloomy visions / When Enitharmon groaning / Produc’d a man Child to the light. A shriek ran thro’ Eternity; / And a paralytic stroke; / At the birth of the Human shadow.” Students discuss the birth/death metaphors while Tina notes the passage represents a feeling with no name. It is here that we see her slowly embracing her perception as different from others. Throughout the film, we get a sense that she has never quite fit in—when her creature appears, this is more than evident. She emphasized expectations instead of living her own work, and this applies to what Tina feels during her transformation as she rebels, defies expectations, and creates her own reality. The ending of Der Nachtmahr is ambiguous by design and open to viewer interpretation. In the final frames, Tina dresses as a warrior, breaks her creature out of a lab, and crashes what was meant to be her 18th birthday party. Her friends are horrified when they see her with the creature and her parents try to rescue her, but Tina’s creature helps her break free by literally taking the Wheel and driving off into the night. Tina’s debut as her new self is either an ascension to her sublime state of being or a mental break—it’s left for us to decide. We can believe that she is embracing her mental illness, succumbing to it, taking one last spin. Was she attracted to an incubator because she a visionary like Blake, did she die, or simply escape into the night for a new beginning? There’s reason to believe that several timelines occur throughout the film, as AKIZ used dream sequences repeatedly and one major rewind sequence to create a disorienting feeling for the audience that mimics Tina’s surreal experience, implying a break from current reality and culmination of alternate ones. The film becomes our own individual sublime experience and is key to an interpretation born of the Romantic era creators. Der Nachtmahr is the first part of a film trilogy to personify birth, love, and death, but AKIZ doesn’t make it simple to decipher exactly what has been birthed. Tina rebels and creates her own revolution with her Orc-like creature, leading the charge to her freedom. If she suffers from mental illness, the ending of the film leaves her in the hands of her parents in one reality; in another, she accepts it, so she can manage a condition that never really goes away. Instead of suppressing her creature, those around her might let her make peace with it, as a part of her journey to adulthood. While we don’t know what happens to Tina, her choice to accept her creature, whatever it represents, is the first step to reclaiming her or constructing the demon she discovers within. REFERENCES Blake, W. (2005). Selected Poems (G.E. Bentley Jr., Ed.). London, England: Penguin Books. World Health Organization. (2019, October 23). Adolescent Mental Health. Retrieved from who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health In her seminal 1993 work, The Monstrous Feminine, Barbara Creed states: “The reasons why the monstrous-feminine horrifies her audience are quite different from the reasons why the male monster horrifies his audience…As with all other stereotypes of the feminine, from virgin to whore, she is defined in terms of her sexuality. The phrase ‘monstrous-feminine’ emphasizes the importance of gender in the construction of her monstrosity” (Creed, 1993, p.3). This is true across horror, but is specifically relevant to horror films revolving around teenage girls. The onset of sexual maturity is a benchmark that forever changes how a woman is perceived. Ask any midwestern father and he will tell you that the moment his daughter turned thirteen, she became a totally different person. The sweet little girl was gone, and a demon stood in her place, wearing makeup, staying out late, and plaguing the household with her fits of rage and constant attitude. Adolescence has always been a battle, but for teenage girls, it is twofold—we have to deal with the changes that our own bodies are undergoing, while also dealing with the near-constant judgment and negative assumptions from the world around us. Even as we struggle to understand our growing breasts and our widening hips, the patriarchy notices them immediately and places unspoken expectations on us. Even as we struggle to understand ourselves and create a space for our growing minds, society sees us only as harpies—angry, mindless, and vicious. Even as we struggle to understand ourselves and create a space for our growing minds, society sees us only as harpies—angry, mindless, and vicious. Culturally, Carrie reflects a societal fear of menstruation. Not only of the act (which the patriarchy would have us keep secret and to ourselves) but of the larger implications. Carrie undergoes a change with her puberty. It is one that gives her a horrible power and makes her dangerous. In her own words, Carrie has become a “witch” and has been given “Satan’s Power.” Though it’s the most natural thing in the world and something that affects 50% of the population, our reproductive system is still something that society fears. In Teeth, Dawn’s (Jess Weixler) changing body is kept secret from her through the power and control of religion. A woman’s body is viewed as something precious—in other words, unapproachable. Her virginity is not her own. It is a gift to be saved and given to her future husband. When Dawn begins to explore her sexuality for the first time, she discovers that she carries the mythical Vagina Dentata, which activates and attacks her partner if she feels threatened. A woman having control over her own body and sexuality is a concept that makes our patriarchal society cringe. A woman’s body is something to be controlled and conquered. The idea that she would hold power over it is innately threatening. In traditional male/female relationships, society sees the man as being the more dominant power. By giving the “weaker” side the power in this pairing, the formerly dominant side becomes fearful that something... A woman having control over her own body and sexuality is a concept that makes our patriarchal society cringe. While these films reflect society’s fear of womanhood, they also reflect the innate potential that women hold. With these seemingly horrific changes also comes a newfound power. Both of the characters experience it in their own right, just as women have done in her own life. Patriarchal society may try to tell us that our magic puts us at a disadvantage to men and demands that we take on a subservient role, but our maturity brings with it its own magic, just as it does in fiction. Carrie might have been the butt of the high school joke, but her powers allow her to finally take revenge on her tormentors. Her story may not have a happy ending, but her power also allowed her the possibility of breaking free from the torment that she suffered at the hands of her abusive mother and her classmates. Dawn is afforded a tool with which to protect herself from the unwanted advances of men. While it acts as an automatic defence mechanism, she eventually learns to control it. By the end of the film, she has power over the dentata and is able to unleash it, allowing her body to finally become her own. These coming-of-age horror films reflect the fear that our patriarchal society has of our bodies and our independence, but they also show the power that those things innately hold. It is through the stories of these characters, we see what we, as women, are up against, and we see ourselves in the fight, wielding the power that comes with our natural maturity. REFERENCES Creed, B. (1993). The Monstrous Feminine: Film, Feminism, Psychoanalysis. Abingdon, England: Routledge. I never thought that my latest film, Bitten, a Tragedy, would have an end. I have tried numerous times to dedicate myself to the idea of a completed project, only to find out that it is to be more difficult than expected. A bit of back story—I ended up in Toronto by way of an abusive relationship and a desire to build Audre’s Revenge. Finding collective of creatives, with my best friend and business partner Mariam Bastani. I was used to roughing it, as I had bounced around from place to place post my divorce in 2014. Audre’s Revenge Films was in Chicago shortly after I had decided to start organizing shows within the DIY punk scene of Chicago. I had always been a cinephile to a certain degree, however, I was interested in playing along with horror as my medium. Horror has always held a special place in my heart because of its lawlessness. There are so many opportunities to create a story that can be considered horror, that in life are seen as arbitrary to those who do not directly experience the narratives themselves. My personal experiences have been queer, trans, and very leftist. However, in my particular experience, I faced a lot of anti-blackness even from some radical circles I was a part of, and it caused irreparable trauma that I am still dealing with today. It is from this trauma that I created my inaugural film of my ‘career’: FLESH (2016). Fast forward to 2018 and I have just returned to Philly with a vision of Bitten in hand. I wanted it to be a story of evolution regarding my Vengeance Anthology, that I created post-FLESH. The second and third films, They Will Know You by Your Fruit (2017) (co-directed with Valene Bah and SL / JBUS / N117), were made while within my time spent in Montreal and Toronto. It was my goal to make a movie in each city I inhabited, in order to capture the spirit of differing experiences and perspectives of the Black woman within them. Each story, each film, and each photo set were a direct incarnation of the stories shared between myself and other Black women. Our common threads were the complexities of existing in a white-dominated world and how to survive. This is where Audre Lorde, the famed Black Warrior Lesbian Poet, wrote about in many of her essays. It is for her that our company is named. In Bitten, Lydia is an archetype for the brash, alt party girl who doesn’t seem to have any depth outside of her daunting appearance. However, upon arriving at a warehouse party in West Philly, USA, it is obvious that she is searching for something. In my mind, she is searching for her own power to her own haunting within her own life. Especially in this time of political unrest, anti-racism work amongst white individuals, and a pandemic, Lydia has the timely re-presence in my mind’s eye. When I started the film three years ago, my priority was to show a different side to the horror community that the mainstream community wrote off so easily. Now with ‘diversity’ being a buzz word in everyone’s repertoire, and with production houses and brands seeking to reconcile their ancestor’s privilege guilt; the eye has been turned to color and diversity. Though the talk of tokenism runs rampant, and there are many who have stolen or appropriated our language, music, style of dress, and unapologetic Blackness, there has been a lot of solid work created by independent Black filmmakers being made. Independent Filmmakers such as Misty Dawn, England Simpson, Sonica Spratley, and Ashlee Blackwell have created, despite the lack of support from many film outlets that withhold their resources for professional nepotistic pursuits. I wanted Bitten, a Tragedy to represent the superficiality of white redemption and what proper anti-racist work should look like. Ancestral veneration is not something exclusive to Black and Indigenous/POC cultures. It is also a source of power for Indigenous European ancestry and has taken on multiple forms in transgenerational context. It has also been a cause of ancestral pain/fear which is intertwined with us to survive. This is where Audre Lorde, the famed Black Warrior Lesbian Poet, wrote about in many of her essays. It is for her that our company is named. It doesn’t matter how you dress and it doesn’t matter how much money you give to poor Black people (which you should do ANYWAY), What matters is deconstructing that haunted legacy of inhumanity and stepping into a newer world of inclusivity and true equality. The same can be said for ridding one’s self of what ‘horror’ truly encompasses as a genre. Though its lawlessness can be detrimental to some (lest we forget the ongoing sexual assault, elitism, and racism that plagues the film industry as a whole), it can be used as a place of expression for those who seek a better world for the marginalized. I sincerely hope that my last and fourth installment—and my dear Lydia—can make this a reality. Photo: Valerie Bah Photo: Eva Wo Photo: Lucid Strike Aside from the same themes present in most teen horror films (non-conformity, sexuality, stupid adults, vicious high school hierarchies) there is one area that makes Robert Rodriguez’s 1998 teen horror/sci-fi film The Faculty stand alone in the canon—drugs. Even upon first viewing of all the scenes of the drug situation meets The Breakfast Club mashup, one is struck by its distinct use of drugs, which reflects not only the accepted, yet inaccurate connection of drugs to rebel youth, but decades of the enduring effects of the US drug war. Many drug storylines in teen movies portray dealers and users as losers, degenerates, and bad kids. Enter local dealer of OCS’s Herrington High, Zeke Tyler (Jason Mewes). He’s a muscular, driving, bad boy with a comparatively ‘urban’ wardrobe. However, he is also highly intelligent, the rich son of jet-setting parents, and a dealer who built his own lab and doesn’t get high on his own supply. Although Zeke sells drugs, he is not a gangster. He has a gun, and sexually harasses a teacher—all ‘bad kid’ flags—these behaviours are ‘rebellious,’ not criminal. Zeke is sympathetic because of his redeeming ‘white’ qualities. Because whiteness has always been central, white teens will never be seen as junkies or dealers for non-white teens and likely be put in an expensive rehab while their Black, brown, and Indigenous counterparts are policed and criminalized. White kids will always get a second chance because they are good kids, some bad or too intelligent to exist in the mind-numbing world of high school, while everyone else is presumed born criminal—specifically Black youth. Zeke is sympathetic because of his redeeming ‘white’ qualities. By the time The Faculty was released, the drug war had escalated quickly since its official beginning with President Nixon in 1971. One of Nixon’s top advisors, John Ehrlichman, admitted that it was started primarily to vilify the people who were causing them the most trouble—the civil rights movement with marijuana and Black people with heroin. This colonial approach ramped up during the Reagan era, creating policy demanding punitive measures based on the ‘morality’ of the drug user. With that, mass incarceration of POC began. This legacy of false association endures today, with structural racism at the crux of the criminal justice system. It’s no wonder that at primarily white Herrington High, the white drug dealer is well-known and selling with little caution; also, drugs being accessible and students using is an open secret. While The Faculty does not make an explicit statement against the drug war, it does show its failure and, further, its life-threatening distraction to real issues that plague young people (and many more). In tandem with its colonial and moralistic roots, drug policies are also heavily informed by temperance-based views positioning drugs themselves as the cause of addiction. This false rationale asserts that if drugs are the cause of addiction, suppliers are also to blame. This viewpoint makes no mention of systemic prejudice, safe drug use, decriminalization, or education, just costly focus on primarily supply-based prevention. The Faculty highlights the ineffectiveness of this approach. As in most teen movies, parents are clueless to struggles kids are having stemming from mental health issues, violence, bullying, etc. The film opens with the football coach hurling sexist slurs and threats at alpha-male Tyler, at the same time, Tyler’s classmate Casey (Elijah Wood) is physically assaulted. Popular girl Delilah (Jordan Brewster) is cruel to everyone, assaulting gothy Stokes (Clea DuVall) with homophobic insults. Despite all of this, any behavior outside of the ‘norm’ must be rooted in drug use. This legacy of false association endures today, with structural racism at the crux of the criminal justice system. It’s important to note that during the ‘90s Clinton administration there was debate over treating drug use as a disease. Much public and congressional attention focused on areas of Clinton’s budget that allocated an increase in prevention and rehabilitation, not surprisingly, the majority was dedicated to the increase in law enforcement and supply-sided drug eradication. Essentially, it was the same shit. In The Faculty, conformity is the disease, except at the film’s disappointing end. The final scenes highlight the privileges of those characters that capitulated to the system that victimized them, because whatever discomfort they experienced before the invasion was not so severe that they would give it up. In the end, these white kids become their parents. Despite this, using with others is what determines who the heroes are and drugs save the day, which is often true for those of us who have little to no mental health, medical, economic, or social support systems provided by systemic design. The drug war is one major cog in the machine that keeps grinding us down, and The Faculty is a time stamp that reflects the futility and danger of a costly and racist legacy. French writer Madame d’Aulnoy coined the term contes de fées (‘fairy tales’) in her 1697 collection of stories with supernatural elements and magical elements. Printed collections popularized by later male authors such as Charles Perrault, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, and Hans Christian Anderson were developed from—and largely plagiarized—earlier oral and literary tales (Warner, 1995, p. xiii). Scholars broadly categorize the fairy tale via these two categories: ‘genuine’ tales passed down orally, often associated with the lower social classes and delivered by maternal or maternal figures; and ‘literary’ tales, less common in both nursery settings and domestic gatherings of women, and ‘literary’ ethnographic and popular documentations of these cultural texts. As Marina Warner asserts in From the Beast to the Blonde: The Modern Fairy Tale and Its Tellers (1995) both served to warn young children, adolescents, and younger women of the dangers of the world via ‘pleasure in the fantastic’ and curiosity about the real’ (p. xvi). These original fairy tales were much darker, more sinister, and more morally assertive than their contemporary siblings. Over the centuries, such strong themes within the fairy tale were diluted to suit a younger audience, as this fiction became synonymous with children’s literature. For example, the earliest recorded version of Sleeping Beauty is found within the Perceforest, a collection of six books containing prose and poetry that chronicled the fictional history of Great Britain. This manuscript was written in France sometime between 1330 and 1344 and includes a chapter on the Histoire de Trolus of de Zellandine. Unlike the romantic, if anti-feminist, child-friendly versions of the tale, in which Princess Aurora is saved from her cursed state of perpetual sleep with a kiss from Prince Charming, Trolus impregnates Zellandine while she lies unconscious, and she gives birth to the child without waking. Over the centuries, such strong themes within the fairy tale were diluted to suit a younger audience, as this fiction became synonymous with children’s literature. Stranger Things (2016-), the Netflix Originals series written and directed by Matt and Ross Duffer, can be read as a contemporary adolescent fairy tale in the way it draws on the horrific roots of this genre, incorporating similar dark and morbid elements, monsters, and magical or supernatural elements particularly evident in the oral or female-authored fairy tale. In doing so, it acts as a gateway to the horror genre for an adolescent audience. Stranger Things draws influences to 1980s television, films, and music, inciting a nostalgic response in viewers. Stranger Things organically evolves and extends to wider themes and narrative influences in subsequent seasons. This article will focus solely on the first四季, which can be read singularly as a focused fairy tale narrative. The story takes place in 1983 and follows a group of adolescent boys—Mike (Finn Wolfhard), Dustin (Gaten Matarazzo), and Lucas (Caleb McLaughlin)—in a town called Hawkins, Indiana. When searching for their missing friend, Will (Noah Schnapp), who vanishes after coming face-to-face with a mysterious monster, the boys discover a young girl hiding in the woods. The girl identifies herself as Eleven (Millie Bobby Brown) and comes to a mark on her wrist and is revealed to have telekinetic powers. The friends eventually learn that Eleven (or El as she is affectionately nicknamed) is a government weapon, a result of MKUltra, the Central Intelligence Agency’s secret program that ran from the 1950s to the 1970s and involved illegal experiments on human subjects. Eleven has escaped her captors, specifically lead scientist, Dr. Brenner (Matthew Modine), after escaping an experiment that exposed the potential of her abilities. Her mind ripped a hole between this world and another, the Upside Down. Believed to be dead by the town, he communicates with his mother, Joyce (Winona Ryder), via electrical impulses sent through the house flicker in code. Joyce is thus disbelieving when Will’s body is found in a quarry. The local sheriff, Hopper (David Harbour), has been investigating the disappearances of several missing teenagers, including Will, and the creature, and is suspicious of the government base located on the outskirts of the town. He discovers that Will’s ‘body’ is not real, and has been planted to cover the disappearance of the boy. Hopper is joined by his estranged older sister Nancy (Natalia Dyer), and Will’s older brother Jonathan (Charlie Heaton) to find Will; their plan is to enter the Upside Down through the gateway in the depths of the town. While searching, Hopper and caught sneaking into the base and Hopper strikes a deal to tell Dr. Brenner of Eleven’s whereabouts as long as he and Joyce can go into the other world to rescue Will. They locate and bring Will out alive while the monster, wounded after being baited by Nancy and Jonathan (in order to distract it from Joyce and Hopper’s presence) to the Upside Down, is killed. However, upon returning to the children, Eleven, severely drained after killing a group of government officials, sacrifices herself to save her friends by fighting the monster with her mind; she obliterates the creature and is engulfed in the swarm of particles. Stranger Things is thus concerned with a variety of universal themes that can be mapped against the landscape of classic and modern fairy tales, including love, loss, death, guilt and redemption, faith, friendship and loyalty, love, sexual awakening, morality, and bravery. The show’s modern commentary on such themes is revealed via its narrative structure, its modernist structural elements, and archetypal characters identified within Vladimir Propp’s syntagmatic categorization of Russian fairy tale functions in Morphology of the Folktale (1928). For example, Will’s disappearance is the incitement function, as his removal... from the community instigates the narrative tension, the rescue mission undertaken by his family and friends, and the corresponding reveal of the wider government conspiracy. Similarly, Propp asserts that seven abstract archetypes can be found in his fairy tale: the hero character performing multiple roles that ultimately prompt action. The boys’ favourite teacher, Mr Clarke, is the ‘dispatcher’, or oracle, of this tale, unknowingly providing them with the knowledge they need to progress in their quest. From his explanation of parallel universes, to a how-to-make-your-own guide in building a sensory-deprivation tank, he is the ostensive source of scientific understanding that feeds into the magical elements of this tale. Instead of a wicked stepmother, the ‘villain’ archetype is a morally ambiguous stepfather figure: Dr. Brenner, the lead scientist in the experiment program. Manipulative and controlling, he has convinced Eleven to call him Papa, an ironically endearing term considering the sterile environment and conditioned paternal relationship. The shadowy persona of Dr Brenner’s villain remains as mysterious as the covert world he signifies. His ‘villain’ archetype embodies a mountain for narrative action. We of course have a band of heroes with the younger characters, who are introduced animatedly participating in the cabinet role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons. The show acts as an anchor for the children as they face adversity, fantastical and mundane, throughout the series. Each displays bravery in the face of danger, as well as a fierce loyalty; they sneak out in the dead of night to rescue their friend, make an attempt to evade government officials to ensure Eleven isn’t recaptured, and Mike jumps off a cliff to save Dustin from being knifed by the town bully. However, these well-meaning, if naive, acts are eclipsed by the selfless and resilient nature of Eleven, who uses her powers in each situation to save herself and her friends. Despite being torn from her mother’s womb and raised as a human lab-rat with no concept of the outside world, she is the most compassionate and empathetic female character in the series. It is interesting that she is the character relied upon by the male group to save them in times of peril, thwarting the traditional fairy tale tropes of the damsel in distress. This is particularly evident in the final episode, when she uses her powers to save her friends knowing that it will kill her. Her character dually incorporates the ‘helper’ and ‘donor’ archetypes as per Propp’s paradigm, in that she herself is the ultimate gift given over to the fight and sacrifices herself. This act is complicated by the fact that we understand Hopper has revealed Eleven’s location to Dr. Brenner in exchange for entry to the Upside Down to save Will. His duplicity makes him the ‘false hero’ of the quest, thus rendering the ‘saviour’ role to Eleven’s sacrifice, is unknown to many of the other characters also embodying the hero’ archetype. The final scenes suggest Hopper knows Eleven is alive, as he leaves her favourite food in the house, but the unknown—weaponizing Eleven on protecting Will—a detail renders him a ‘flawed hero,’ a trope developed in subsequent series. Classic fairy tales have a ‘princess’ archetype, also known as the ‘sought-for’ character, embodied by Nancy. However, eschewing the wholesome archetypes of modern literary fairy tales, Nancy’s narrative draws on female-authored fairy tales to subvert the conventional relationship between gender, sexuality, passivity, and power, though it is Nancy who actively strives to search for the monster and travels alone through the portal to the Upside Down in Mirkwood, it is her navigation of burgeoning sexual relationships and refusal to be intimidated by peer-pressure that ultimately defines her character. Dating the most popular boy at school, Steve (Joe Keery), Nancy is staunch in her refusal to sleep with him despite increasing pressure. When she finally decides to give in, she feels a sense of action on her terms. When they run together with Jonathan as they hunt the monster, Nancy appears to develop feelings for him. However, rather than play the tangled love-triangle to expected ends, the relationship becomes increasingly and importantly deconstructing the ‘Prince Charming’ role for a contemporary, younger audience. The voyeuristic actions of Jonathan, as he photographs Nancy undressing as she is about to have sex with Steve, and the fact that Steve, unlike Nancy, with Jonathan, jumps to conclusions, put shames’ her via spray-painted signs across the town, harken back to oral tales warning of potential dangers for women in a patriarchal world—here a direct reference to sexual manipulation and harassment. However, these depictions are complicated by Steve’s guilty conscience developing his seemingly shallow character into a heroic role outside of his relationship with Nancy, and Jonathan’s eventual forgiving for Nancy, as he would rather her be happy with Steve than selfishly admit his feelings. This complexity, and the fact that Nancy does not need either man to save or define her, marks the trio as a modern incarnation of traditional roles. Nancy’s narrative draws on female-authored fairy tales to subvert the conventional relationship between gender roles, passivity, and power. As the name suggests, the Upside Down is revealed to be another dimension that exists parallel to ours and appears to be a dark mirror of the world we know. Within Germanic mythology, Mirkwood—literally translated as murky/dark wood—is often referred to as a dark and treacherous forest that separates worlds; those who navigate it must do so with great care, even the Norse gods. The term was anglicized by William Morris in A Tale of the House of Mirth (1895) and further popularized by J.R.R. Tolkien in The Hobbit (1937), as Mirkwood, in Stranger Things, Will meets the monster on the road leading to Mirkwood before he is transported to the other dimension; it is also here that Eleven encounters the boys for the first time, and later as they meet, Nancy and Jonathan discover a gateway to the other world. This reference suggests that the Upside Down is reminiscent of the dark or enchanted wood of the fairy tale. The enchanted forest is a place of transformation, where magic thrives and monsters and supernatural beings dwell. In the last scenes of season one, we discover that Will has been residually affected by the extended period he spent in the Upside Down, as he experiences disorientation. Will also has a flashback here, or more worryingly, is temporarily transported back to the other dimension. The fact that a worm-like creature was attached to his face when he was discovered by the police in the Upside Down suggests that Will has some sort of parasitic connection to that place. Indeed, in myriad mythologies, heroes travelling beyond the boundaries of our world are deeply affected by the time spent in the other dimension and are oftentimes unable to leave because of this contamination. Fairy tales are fantastical morality plays, syntagmatically informed cognitive lessons wrapped in stories that stay with us, and which we in turn pass on to younger generations. Particularly for adolescents who may not be familiar with the horror genre, the show’s parallels with the dark world of the fairy tale unlocks the curiosity door to horror’s subversive, political, and empowering commentary. REFERENCES Propp, V. (1928). Morphology of the Folktale. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. Warner, M. (1995). From the Beast to the Blonde: On Fairy Tales and Their Tellers. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Many modern, female-centred, coming-of-age horror movies share roots with ancient Grecian dramas wherein individuals act as stand-ins for greater societal concepts. Coming-of-age stories feature an essential turning point that allows the protagonist to display their progress towards maturity. Needy, Hayley, and Brigitte, the protagonists of Jennifer’s Body (2009), Hard Candy (2005), and Ginger Snaps (1998) reach this point and beyond as they display character arcs similar to the stages of development the ancient Greeks went through on their evolution toward a legal system that was fair to all, as fifth-century BC playwright Aeschylus illustrated in his play cycle The Oresteia. The three plays, Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, and The Eumenides, symbolically tell the tale of ancient Greece’s coming-of-age via the conversion from lawlessness and vigilantism to a legal code that applied to all and was enforced by the government, not individuals. This transition is mirrored by the adolescent girls’ transition from the chaotic powerlessness of childhood to the responsibility that comes with the agency of adulthood. The belief that guilt was an inheritable trait and children could be held responsible for the actions of their parents was embraced by the ancient Greeks in their mythology. A prevalent example is the curse on the House of Atreus, which appears in many of mythology’s best-known tales. The curse began here. Although its origins are not clear, many sources attribute the beginning of the curse as King Tantalus’ punishment by the gods for blasphemy. They cursed his bloodline, guaranteeing his descendants would suffer his fates. The Oresteia uses the final generations afflicted by the curse to illustrate Greece’s transition towards a just rule of law. Powerful females’ prevalence in horror run the gamut from supremely evil characters such as The Brood’s (1979) Nola to children fighting evil monsters like Nancy from A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984). In Aeschylus’ allegorical drama, the ancient divine justices are cast as females: Athena, the Goddess of War and Wisdom, and the Erinyes, also known as the Furies, frightful daughters of Uranus, whose purpose was to torment the worst offenders. In these contemporary coming-of-age horror films, the main emphasis is on the young females’ transfiguration to powerful independent beings. They began by manifesting weakness and being dependent on more forceful characters before gaining strength and independence to successfully free themselves and fight evil. Coming-of-age stories feature an essential turning point that allows the protagonist to display their progress towards maturity. The Oresteia begins at a time when there was no legal code or authority. Justice was up to the individual’s discretion and enforced by acts of vigilantism. In Agamemnon, the first play of the trilogy, King Agamemnon is murdered. Tantalus and affected by the curse, is assassinated by his wife for sacrificing their daughter to Diana on his way to the Trojan War. Though she had no sanctioned authority, the Erinyes then any authority to hold Agamemnon accountable. Ironically the same lack of an authoritative legal code that allowed her husband to go unpunished also protected her. A hallmark of the coming-of-age genre is a character’s development of agency, the ability to do things independently. In Karyn Kusama and Diablo Cody’s Jennifer’s Body, high school student Needy (Amanda Seyfried) commits an act of vigilantism similar to Clytemnestra’s when she slaughters rock band Low Shoulder in retaliation for killing her friend and unleashing a demon in her hometown. She begins the movie insistent and insecure of herself content to follow the lead of prettier and popular Jennifer (Megan Fox). However, she breaks from Jennifer’s influence when she discovers her friend has become a monster. Jennifer’s transformation is the result of the world’s first attempt at a satanic sacrifice. After Needy kills the demon in Jennifer’s body, she discovers that surviving the battle has empowered her and she goes after the band to make them pay for their crimes. The Goddess Athena’s decision to use a trial by jury in The Libation Bearers, to decide the fate of an accused criminal became the foundation of the legal code that the ancient Greeks adapted. Matricide was considered one of the most egregious crimes in ancient Greece. When Orestes, son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, killed his mother to avenge his father, the Furies (Erinyes) awoke to torment him. They pursued him to Athens where he fled to appeal to Athena for relief. When she avoid displeasing the divinities, she chose to let a jury of citizens decide Orestes fate, only casting her vote if there was a tie. She was so pleased by the outcome, she declared that all legal disputes would be settled this way. Hayley (Ellen Page), the young teenage girl from David Slade and Brian Nelson’s Hard Candy, follows the paths of the Furies and Athena as she both torments and tries Jeff (Patrick Wilson) a man she accuses of being a child pornographer, paedophile, and murderer. Hard Candy inverts the tale of Little Red Riding Hood by making the weaker-appearing Hayley stronger than the wolf. Her immaturity and guiltiness is a ruse to gain access to Jeff’s home to gather evidence of his guilt. Confronted by her findings and revealing his brutal nature after Hayley performs a pseudo-castration, Jeff confesses and is sentenced to death. Unlike Needy, who delivers her vigilante justice to Low Shoulder without comment, Hayley declares she is acting as the proxy of every girl he has hurt, legitimizing her righteous retribution. One of the highest purposes of a fair legal code is protecting the innocent. Athena’s choice to end the curse and to stop holding children accountable for their descendants’ crimes, in The Eumenides, the final play of The Oresteia extends the responsibilities of law to that purpose. After acquitting Orestes with her tie-breaking vote, she makes two important declarations: the Erinyes are now repurposed as protectors of justice and are renamed the Eumenides. She also puts an end to inherited guilt by ending the curse on the descendants of Tantalus. Orestes and his surviving sister, Electra, are freed from the sins of the past. From now on, everyone is born innocent and under the protection of the law. As Hard Candy used the figure of the Big Bad Wolf as the antagonist, John Fawcett and Karen Walton’s Ginger Snaps uses wolves as lycanthropes to be the perpetrators of the evil that unsharps and enslaves the human. The cyclical story moves from one ‘generation’ to the next via bite just as inherited guilt transfers from parents to their children. High school student Brigitte (Emily Perkins) becomes alarmed when her older sister, Ginger (Katharine Isabelle), is attacked by a wolf herself. As the next full moon draws near, Ginger’s appearance and behaviour begin to change as the violent nature of the werewolf begins to assert itself. When Ginger fully transforms, she traps Brigitte and attempts to infect her. Brigitte realizes it is up to her to kill Ginger and end the curse, lest she become a werewolf too and join in the slaughter. According to Aeschylus, the gods themselves set the example of how humans can free themselves from the endless cycle of deadly tributum like the one that beset the House of Atreus. The Atreid paid the price for their ancestors blasphemous behaviour until freed by Athena’s judgement in the trial of Orestes. In doing so, she showed humanity a path to a higher form of justice that applied to all and protected all. Needy, Hayley and Brigitte sought to balance the scales of justice and in doing so were cast from their adolescent selves into powerful creatures who acted with the authority of the gods to slay evildoers. Their coming-of-age stories staunch the flow of blood started by evil men and monsters to make the world safer for all. --- We don’t talk about what happened to Paul. We know (we think we know) but we don’t talk about it. Our neighbors don’t know (they think they know) but they do talk about it. They don’t say anything to me. But even if they did I wouldn’t hear it much, seeing as I don’t go into town for school anymore. Ma says it’s because of what Ms. Lowdry said about Paul. But I have chores to do. We all know that’s the real reason. Pa never asked him where he went, what he did, or what made him come back. Pa’s mouth used to like a rabbit from a rattlesnake. So did Paul’s. Doesn’t anymore. Pa also didn’t ask about that. He just sat there a lot and instead he let Paul sit on the couch and watch television. Paul was so pale, back then. I remember the glow of the tv turning him all sorts of strange colours. He didn’t even make a fuss when Paul didn’t eat his old favourite meal (creamed corn, popovers, red potatoes, chicken-fried steak). Mom and Aunt Lily spent two hours preparing it and I had to bike into town to get his old favourite ice cream (Chapman’s, Heavenly Honey). Paul didn’t even end up wanting it, so I got his soup. After Paul went to sleep his first night back, I asked Pa why he didn’t ask him anything. Some things are between a man and his Lord. Some things are not for little sisters to know (yet). I don’t think Pa knew then, but I think he saw the same thing I did. I think he was still surprised, though, when everything else happened. Here are my chores now: - I get the eggs - I feed the chickens - pigs - cow - I wash what needs washing - I clean what needs cleaning - I make lunch for Paul - the rest of us I pick the apples I make the apple juice I go out to where the walkway meets the road (58 steps from our porch) and I sell the apple juice. Aunt Lily used to sit on the porch and keep me company but now Ma does that. We make supper for us and Paul We eat Me and Ma do school until bed. Everyday. Here are Paul’s chores: - He sleeps until lunch - He eats lunch (that I make) - He sits on the couch and watches television - He eats supper (that I make) - He sits on the couch and watches television until bed. I don’t even get to sit on that couch anymore. Not that I want to. (but I’m still mad) I don’t remember the first Sunday we missed church. Everyone else says they do. They say that’s when they knew. But I remember that week. That Thursday was when we got Paul’s first visitor, Ralph. A good friend from high school, who was betrothed to Lydia Kinderty, who was going to get married 3 months ago. He and Paul insisted we have him for supper that night. Ralph wanted to catch up, and Paul, he said, must have known a mighty fine time since he was always late for school. The call of a mighty freedom must have rubbed off on Ralph, that night, because he eloped with some city girl the next day. Which means Ralph must have driven to the city that night. he must have left after he and Paul went out to smoke, but it must have been after I was asleep, because I didn’t hear it. - That’s what Pa says must have happened. That’s what I remember from that week. That, and the fact that the next morning was the first time Paul ate since coming back. Then I started getting more chores. Couple of weeks later, Ma got the idea for the apple juice. I don’t think people were suspicious then. Now they stay away, except for the kids who linger on the edge of the farm, trying to get a peek at Paul, never speaking to me. Kids I used to go to school and church with, they used to giggle and whisper over stories about the New Monster or the Jersey Devil. The way they look at our house used to bother me more, back before I realized they wouldn’t cross the fence. I almost get lonely, just me and my quiet house, but I would be worse if we weren’t on the highway. The town cars often break down, horses often need water. And I’m out there every afternoon with apple juice, ribbons in my hair and sun in my eyes. No matter how much work I put into everyone’s lunch and how much washing I have to do afterwards. It was easier when we still had Aunt Lily, but we don’t talk about that either. We talk so little that even if I don’t like the people who stop by once in a while, mostly I don’t mind, mostly they talk to me. I’d like them even more if I got more time to talk with them, but mom always hustles me upstairs for school and bed when we finish eating supper with them. If I’m ever going to grow up to be a good young lady, she says, I need to learn to put family first. I know when to talk and when to keep quiet; stay out of people’s hair. The older I get, the more I think loneliness and hunger might be the same thing. Paul’s been back for a year and a half, I don’t know why he still gets to have all the visitors. I’m hungry, too. The first time she heard about the curse at bedtime, Liv was 9 and Mother poured the whole sordid story, steaming and writhing, onto her lap. The story, but not the curse, which was somehow too terrible to look at directly. That night, Liv began dreaming before she fell asleep. A fiery demon with scalded horns lay silent to Liv in the same way another broke down in Liv’s mother’s back, convulsing, tendons and limbs wrenched from joint, her precious body dissevered. Mother rushed in at the screams, rocked her, smoothed her hair, apologized, “No, my love, it doesn’t hurt, okay? Not physically. And it used to be so much harder to manage. Besides, it doesn’t happen until you turn 16.” Liv asked periodically, but she was always too young to know, and was still too young to know at 13, when Mother pissed herself standing at the stove, fainted, and then died of bladder cancer after either two or 500 years, Liv couldn’t tell. That left her only with the summoning as an option. She knew almost nothing, the curse would begin in 6 months, and Mother’s papers were only bills, taxes, car registrations—not a damn thing useful in this life or the next. Liv felt less like she was being shoved through the hole of an hourglass when she discovered that summoning a demon was in no way an obscure skill anymore. Forbidden knowledge was on YouTube, summoning was the keyword, and if you could get to the demon without having to deal with some triangle-toothed weirdo in open ceremonial robes, why wouldn’t you? She expected to run out of time hunting down grimoires, but the goeta came from Amazon, as did a large vinyl stencil for the seal, and she practiced the ritual together herself from blogs. Chillingly reached by her own hands was easy. It was Creepy. YouTube confirmed that everything from the pour to the label to the sorting was the domain of machines, and the humans who fixed those machines always wore gloves. So, she stole the chalk from Walmart. A forbidden place might also have been harder to find in 1502, but in America in 2020, everyplace was owned and was, at any time, always forbidden to someone. Given history, Liv figured she could probably keep her ass at home and fulfill that requirement. Still, it was not just the curse. The demon had also given the colonial version of their little family a gift, though Liv never learned the details of that, either. And now, that had been depleted by her great-grandmother. Liv was left with all the cards—the sigil, the dine and dash. But the demon delivered, so she will deliver. For a forbidden place, Liv settled on her most hated teacher’s house. Finding her there naked with a demon had to at least be a taboo, so in the middle of the night, she leaned a ladder directly under his attic window and when it had not moved in three days, she climbed in, tacked her schedule to the wall, and got to work. The first night, she scrubbed the walls with saltwater and a boar’s hair brush—another problem solved by Amazon’s array of certified organic beard brushes. The salt splintered her nails until they broke to the quick. Undeterred, on the second night, she poured ammonia on the rotten wood floor and spread it with a hay broom tied with her own hair. The fumes choked her ever with the window open and a bandage tied around her mouth, and she gagged on her own breath as she scrubbed backward, her eyes blinking vacuous. On the third night, Liv used the same broom to brush the soaked powder into a canning jar, which she sealed up with wax and threw into moving water. On the fourth night, Liv tried to burn Mother’s living room mirror, but it wouldn’t burn, and the glass shattered and cracked into cheap wood blackened into carkenrous ash. She called that one good enough. On the fifth day, in the woody areas just off the town’s recreational trails, she found a rowan tree heavy with pimply clusters of berries low enough for her neatly snip near the pedicel and catch in a reusable shopping bag. That night she smashed the berries with talcum powder to make a cold paste that she stored in an emptied Cetaphil jar. All the candles hissed into darkness at once and a figure stepped between Liv and the window, blocking the moonlight. The animal smell turned cloying and then overwhelming. Liv retched, struggling to stay silent as she spit a mouthful of vomit over her head. Beside her, the demon’s face chest from below, reeking of melted metal and burning grass, and in her ears, the unending scraping of vulgar hooves, violent and clamorous. Liv cradled her face with her forearms and breathed into herself. “Stay calm. Believe what you see. Don’t leave until you are done. Stay calm. Believe what you see. Don’t leave until you are done.” She remained bowed until her lower back cramped and her stomach rolled. When she sat up, she was alone. The sigil, the mirror, the candles, gone, her body clean, and the house silent. The shape of two forked toes and a flat pad the size of a dinner plate was burned into the floor exactly in the center, and directly below her feet, a series of claw marks tossed splinters into the air. Liv got dressed, gathered her things, and slid down the ladder for the last time. It was 3 a.m., but the city would be awake and Liv was fresh out of people to tell her not to do things. As the metro escalator split her onto the sidewalk, a man in fashionably distressed jeans and a tweed blazer drifted towards the street to avoid colliding with her. Liv wandered towards a bar visible on the next block, where just hanging around outside and looking like a 15-year-old girl ought to be enough. After an hour of women tossing her sad-eyed and concerned glances as they were corralled inside, Liv moved directly into the line of sight of the bouncer, lifted her shirt and bra, and shaped up and down. He pulled his phone from his pocket and began to thumb through it as he looked left and right for customers. “Holy. Shit.” Liv stumbled towards an alley until the darkness swallowed her laughing and sobbing, happy no one can see her like this. When we’re not enjoying spooky things, we’re listening to women talk about them! This month, we’re spotlighting Kelly Nugent and Lindsay Katai of Teen Creeps. Listen: teencreepspod.com First of all, congratulations on the podcast because Teen Creeps has been going steady since 2016! For readers who haven’t yet listened, how would you describe the podcast? What’s your five second pitch? Lindsay: Teen Creeps is a podcast where we lovingly skewer the 80s and 90s YA horror of our youth. You started the podcast not knowing much about the other aside from the fact that you both read Christopher Pike as teens. How has the podcast—and your relationship—evolved over time? Kelly: We started the podcast as people who were friendly, but not close like we are now. Something that I’m really proud of is that our friendship has grown over the course of the podcast, and you can hear it happen in our episodes. L: We talk about what’s going on in our lives before we record, so Kelly’s now one of my closest friends. That wouldn’t have happened if we hadn’t done this podcast, so I’m very, very grateful it worked out this way. At one point you changed the focus of the podcast from teen horror and the works of Christopher Pike to “YA pulp fiction.” What prompted the switch to a broader definition of YA fiction and how did it change Teen Creeps? K: We started running out of books to cover! And we wanted to keep doing the podcast. L: I think our tagline of it being a podcast about YA pulp fiction was there from the beginning, but we thought we were going to cover only Christopher Pike until we finished his oeuvre, as it were. But as we started picking up more listeners, we got more requests for other books and we thought we may as well start branching out right away! And this way we haven’t run through all his books yet. We’re happy that’s been put off because he’s our favorite and it would be a bummer to be totally done. Revisiting YA fiction of your youth can be both nostalgic and/or problematic (confession: I co-host a YA podcast Hazel & Katniss & Harry & Starr and some of these older books are ROUGH). What was the appeal of these books for you as teenagers and why do they still have an effect on us as adults? K: Nice! So, you get it. They told a story that I wanted to be a part of. These books were sexy, and the main characters had problems that were so much more exciting than mine: monsters, vampires, demons. Plus, hot guys always had crushes on the girls, which was something completely foreign to me. It was escapism at its finest. Granted, I was eating up exactly what was being fed to me, resulting in my teenage understanding of male attention being...interesting to say the least. L: I have. And somehow, while I loved both Jonathan Brandis and Tatyana Ali, I didn’t think it was very good. It felt tame. Why hasn’t he been adapted more? K: A lot of his stuff is a little more esoteric and/or philosophical (which is why I love it), and I think studios are kind of like, ‘Mmmkay. This won’t sell!’ And, they tend to underestimate their audience, and shoot for what will be more broadly consumed. L: That’s probably a huge part of it. Also I think R.L. Stine loomed larger in culture because of how many flippin’ books he put out there, so his stuff got more adaptations. And I think R.L. just puts himself out there like crazy, while Pike is more withdrawn. If you could pick one episode for newcomers to check out, which one would it be and why? K: V.C. Andrews’s The Sweet Audrina, or for a more recent one, Diane Hoh’s Prom Date with Omar Najam. L: It’s hard to argue with Kelly’s choices, but I’ll add Sweet Valley High: The Movie and Richie Tankersley Cusick’s April Fools with Omar Najam. And our episode on John Carpenter’s Halloween with Oscar Montoya is a departure from talking about a book, but is such a fun episode. Welcome to Spirit Gum, the column that explores the intersection of horror and beauty. Spirit Gum is a popular adhesive used in FX and beauty makeup. Paintersly people often go from well-shaped lips to well-placed blood drips, and this is the place to examine those of us who are always red-handed. Samhain in Style: 5 Must-Follows for Fall The most direct intersection of makeup and horror is in how we paint ourselves into spooky new personae for the Hallowe'en season. Whether it's black and orange lipstick or full-body gore paint that gets you in the spirit, beauty influencers are a source of incredible inspiration, serving up signature "lewks" to rock on Hallowe'en. Here are some of my favourite must-follow beauty gurus to help you get painted up for Samhain. Katrina Maruffo (@makeupbytrenz) Katrina is a freelance makeup artist and beauty influencer with a eye for the spooky. She showcases unbelievable makeup and body art to die for, but really comes to life during Hallowe'en season. She's done stunning work on the classic drip bottom lash line—but I can't resist this take on Sutan Amrull's Dog Race version of Carrie. For anything from a quick inspiration to a guide as Palmer's newest vessel to an in-depth and approachable tutorial on transforming into Sally from Nightmare Before Christmas, Katrina is a must-follow. Rebecca Seals (@rebeccaseals) Rebecca is a prolific source of stunning costume creation, based on characters that share her red hair. Her beauty makeup sensibilities work perfectly with her focus on characters like Black Widow, Daphne from Scooby Doo, and Kim Possible. For a slightly more sinister and slightly more creepy-crawly, you can take a trip from Kim Possible straight into Rebecca's work on Hocus Pocus. I'm particularly smitten on her terrifying tutorial for Coraline's Other Mother. Lucia (@lisheshelshorizon) Another master of mixing beauty and facepaint! Her beauty looks are perfect for the moonchild in all of us, and she's got some amazing designs. Year round, she intertwines familiar beauty techniques with face and bodypainting to create something delicious, specifically her Catwoman look. Her work is absolutely dreamy and great inspiration for gorgeously adapted looks. She's also been adapted the melting skin trend into a hot Power Ranger look, so you won't be short on creative ideas if you check her out. Jony Gao (@jonygao) Jony first became a beauty-focused makeup artist with a penchant for cute videos showcasing rapid tutorials set to catchy music. Click through and you'll be treated to his hilarious brand of the otherwise normal. He's got a knack for the cute, too. His appreciation for offbeat horror characters, and ability to create his own, make him a Hallowe'en (and always) favorite of mine. He's got a tutorial on a grown-up Chucky (Rueben), a straightforward Pennywise, and my personal favourite, Dandy Mott from American Horror Story: Freakshow. Lex (@MadeForLook) Ready to graduate from beauty Hallowe'en looks to full-on face painting? No one guides you through it like Lex. She creates looks from fan suggestions, art, and her own twisted mind. She'll talk you through the process, have you try out different makeup. She's absolutely demolished some of the best comic book characters, her twists on Disney characters are always delightful, and a ton of beginner-friendly takes on greats like Freddy and Jason, no masks or liquid latex required. If you want a full body paint transformation into a character from Marvel or HBO, she has you covered. Masks in Horror Cinema: Eyes Without Faces Alexandra Heller-Nicholas University of Wales Press, 2019 While this book may have come out in 2019, it is absolutely my favourite film studies text this year. Since it’s my column, we’ll just have to deal with it. Heller-Nicholas is a scholar who has meant a lot to me throughout the years and this is her most impressive work yet. As the title implies, it deals with the way that horror films use masks. In order to examine this topic properly, though, she first delves into the historical applications of masks in art prior to film. All of this is fascinating and captivating and easily makes this book worth recommending. But there’s more. The reason that Masks in Horror Cinema is my book of the year is 100% due to the concept of ‘shamanic imagination.’ This term has completely revolutionized my way of thinking about art, media, spirituality, consciousness, and the way that these elements come together within the typical viewer or the popular imagination. This term is key to the book. Talking about masks in horror doesn’t mean to look at them as mere objects, but us through to the shaman around the campfire of our evolutionary cousin’s tribe. Our understanding of shamanism isn’t based on this shaman; we never lived in an age when we could meet and come to understand him. Instead, we have our own version of the shaman and his powers, and this gives us our shamanic imagination. It isn’t real shamanism but rather shamanism as the popular imagination understands it. This term can be used to easily describe other studies. For example, Steve A. Wiggins’ book Holy Horror, The Bible and Fear in Movies (2018) studies the use of the Bible in horror films. He describes the Bible as a ‘textual object,’ which to him means “the thing in itself,” which he uses to describe the power the Bible holds in these films. But what he is really describing is what horror films tell us about the shamanic imagination’s Bible, not our own. I would have given Masks in Horror Cinema a strong recommendation without this new term but this concept elevates it from a should read to a must read in my horror canon. The Suburban Gothic in American Popular Culture Bernice M. Murphy Palgrave Macmillan, 2009 The Suburban Gothic in American Popular Culture (2009) is a fantastic text by Bernice M. Murphy, but really I could be talking about any of her books here. The Rural Gothic in American Popular Culture; Backwoods Horror and Terror in the Wilderness (2013) or The Highway Horror Film (2014) are both wonderful books too! I recommend all three of them. But my favourite is The Suburban Gothic. Murphy is one of the best people writing about location within horror cinema, though both The Suburban Gothic and The Rural Gothic deal with more than just film. These two books are a great introduction to the concept of what the American approach to Gothic horror. The Rural Gothic gives a wonderful view of how the Gothic first took root in America, emerging from the woods like the titular VVitch. If you are looking to read these books chronologically, then begin with The Rural Gothic before moving on. You can then jump to the suburbs or the highway, either one is fine. The Suburban Gothic is a sequel, within a historical framework, as the story here doesn’t really get started until after World War II. Bernice examines how the American presence in the war led to the creation of the suburbs in what is a deeply researched and utterly fascinating opening to the book. From there, she looks at how various critics of the suburbs have attacked their existence. Which brings up a fascinating point. Most Gothic tales revolve around old towns, old castles, old ruins, and/or old cemeteries in the old country. But the suburbs are the opposite. They are cookie-cutter fresh, resembling every lot like a city builder with poor graphics. They’re not clean, too ‘the same’ to be threatening in a Gothic way. At least, a traditional Gothic way. Thus, The Suburban Gothic was born. But to learn more about that, you’re going to have to read the book. Dear Countess Valencia Countess Valencia is a certified Gothic therapist, an interior decorator with a soft spot for spooky, and a 6000-year-old Vampire-Canadian with more opinions than she knows what to do with. In each issue of Grim, her advice column tackles timeless dilemmas and dishes out practical solutions. Is it still unacceptable to practice white magic after Labour Day, or is that rule outdated? First off, let me applaud your commitment to witchly etiquette!! Too many young sorceresses these days practice their craft willy-nilly without proper consideration for the finer points of politesse (I am not naming any names!). As to your question, there is still some controversy regarding the use of white magic after this time—but only among the snobbiest of our ilk! Yes, this rule is definitely outdated. In my opinion, white magic is fashionable all year round. Throw on some glitter, gather some rosemary, and cast to your heart’s content! Is it unethical to use telepathy on a partner you suspect is cheating? Yikes. Questions regarding matters of the heart are always so challenging. I’m so sorry to hear that you suspect your partner is unfaithful, but I’m afraid that telepathy is not the ethical way to approach this situation. There are other, more suitable ways to solve this mystery. If your partner is a vampire, consider procuring a drop of their blood and testing for the appearance of any new glycoproteins. If you’re dating an incubus, attach a discreet tracker to one of his horns to see where he goes at 3am. If your love is (ugh!) a human, try a mature conversation about the relationship and your feelings. Best of luck, my spooky love! Have a question for Countess Valencia? Need advice about the spookier side of life? Submit your queries via the contact form at anatomyofascream.com. CLASSIFIEDS Commercial & Residential Real Estate Coworking space available for cheap! My massive industrial warehouse has space available for all manner of work: bloodletting, cannibalizing, poetry-writing, conjuring, hexing, scrying, autopsies, cross-stitching, idly wasting your time while the world decays slowly around you, and honing your multi-level marketing business. JK, I’d never allow MLMs in my warehouse. Call Ahmed: (666) 702-1456. Services - Offering Ceremonial robes too tight? Quick & affordable (un)holy tailoring services for all Black Mass sartorial needs. Custom garments avail. Isla: (666) 541-0700. Allergic to sage? Can’t remember your Latin? Need to clear your home? Call Hua: (666) 234-4251 for expert cleansing & blessing services. Experienced theremin player available to perform anywhere in the tri-city area. Make your next party, séance, or alien autopsy 100% spookier! Contact Ji-yeon at (666) 828-6289. Services - Seeking Have you ever danced with the devil in the pale moonlight? Do you want to? In need of a ballroom partner for Wed & Thurs evenings. Lucy: (666) 661-5666. Crime scene clean-up needed! Timing of crimes negotiable. Call Priyanka or Lita: (666) 455-8123. Rates still v fair!! Jobs With everyone working from home now, my own job is more challenging. Need an assistant able to create a diversion that will get homeowners to leave their houses for approx 10 min at a time. Joy: (666) 803-4932. Buying & Selling In desperate search of an antidote to a mysterious herbal poison. BIG REWARD. Can’t get into the details right now. Text Mari at (666) 732-2504 to learn more. Selling: ragged blanket found in the woods. Well, replace ‘found’ w/ ‘dug up’ & ‘woods’ w/ ‘cemetery’. Anyway, it’s green. Want it? K: (666) 546-2711. Romantic Encounters 2020 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER REAL TALK: I’m pretty much a piece of shit. I’m okay to a few people, but most curse my name on the regular. I’ll probably break your heart and you’ll always remember me with a grimace. If interested in a date, call The Year of Our Lord 2020 at (666) 220-2020. Humans for Humans We met in the time of pumpkins and spirits. I wore black, as is my custom. You wore a guileless grin. We flouted convention and drank deeply of the cheapest beer, revelling in our own careless abandon. The music was perhaps too loud, but no one cared; it was the rhythm of the night and we were there for it. Write me sometime. “Every once in a while, I encounter a book, or even the rumor of one, that feels like it was written just for me: Scared Sacred: Idolatry, Religion and Worship in the Horror Film, an anthology of critical essays published by House of Leaves Publishing, more than lives up to the beautiful promise of its name. [...] With my previous book reviews, I tried to exercise some kind of professional restraint in expressing my enthusiasm for a particular work, but I’ll make no such pretenses here: So far, Scared Sacred is very much the book I wish I had when I was first getting into horror a few years ago. We are perpetually haunted by old symbols and old ideas, and this book is a beautiful reminder of that.” - Laura Kemmerer, What Sleeps Beneath Scared Sacred: Idolatry, Religion and Worship in the Horror Film Edited by Rebecca Booth, Valeska Griffiths & Erin Thompson. Curated by RF Todd. Foreword by Doug Bradley. Visit holpublishing.com “Alexandra West is one of the most brilliant minds working in the field of film studies today. The fact that she devotes her considerable intellect to our little bloody corner of the film world is truly a gift…” – Jeff Schmidt, Nightmarish Conjurings Available from McFarland Books. To find our digital and back issues, visit anatomyfascream.com anatomyofascream.com a female-focused, queer-positive horror entertainment site with moxie to spare! featuring reviews, essays, festival coverage, analyses, interviews & videos. haunt us: twitter & instagram: @aoas_xx facebook.com/anatomyofascream youtube: anatomy of a scream
This is to certify that the product identified below is in compliance with the regulations herewith specified. \| Description \| Non metallic flexible hoses \| \|----------------------\|-----------------------------\| \| Type \| ALFAGOMMA 2SN HF - 2SN Minetuff \| \| \| DUNLOP HIFLEX 2SN GREENLINE PLUS / HI TUFF \| \| Applicant \| ALFAGOMMA HYDRAULIC SPA \| \| \| VIA ENRICO MATTEI 6 \| \| \| 64020 CASTELNUOVO VOMANO (TE) \| \| \| ITALY \| \| Manufacturer \| ALFAGOMMA HYDRAULIC SPA \| \| Place of manufacture \| VIA ENRICO MATTEI 6 \| \| \| 64020 CASTELNUOVO VOMANO (TE) \| \| \| ITALY \| \| Reference standards \| Part C, Chapter 1, Section 10 of RINA Rules \| Issued in Genova on October 9, 2019. This Certificate is valid until October 8, 2024 RINA Services S.p.A. Marco Dardano This certificate consists of this page and 1 enclosure Reference documents Alfagomma data sheet edition 257 15/03/2010 (2 SN-HF). Alfagomma data sheet edition 307 15/04/2015 (2SN MINETUFF). Hose fitting combination: \| DN \| Ferrule \| Insert \| \|----\|---------\|--------\| \| \| Carbon steel \| Stainless steel \| Carb. steel \| Stainl. steel \| CuNi \| BzAl \| \| mm \| inch \| dash \| AG branding \| DH branding \| AG branding \| AG branding \| AG branding \| AG branding \| AG branding \| AG branding \| \| 6 \| 1/4 \| 4 \| H1100204-04 \| D330000-04/0 \| H3100204-04 \| H3100404-04 \| H12-04 \| H32-04 \| H62-04 \| H72-04 \| \| 8 \| 5/16 \| 5 \| H1100204-05 \| D330000-05/0 \| H3100204-05 \| H3100404-05 \| H12-05 \| H32-05 \| H62-05 \| H72-05 \| \| 10 \| 3/8 \| 6 \| H1100204-06 \| D330000-06/0 \| H3100204-06 \| H3100404-06 \| H12-06 \| H32-06 \| H62-06 \| H72-06 \| \| 12 \| 1/2 \| 8 \| H1100204-08 \| D330000-08/0 \| H3100204-08 \| H3100404-08 \| H12-08 \| H32-08 \| H62-08 \| H72-08 \| \| 16 \| 5/8 \| 10 \| H1100204-10 \| D330000-10/0 \| H3100204-10 \| H3100404-10 \| H12-10 \| H32-10 \| H62-10 \| H72-10 \| \| 19 \| 3/4 \| 12 \| H1100204-12 \| D330000-12/0 \| H3100204-12 \| H3100404-12 \| H12-12 \| H32-12 \| H62-12 \| H72-12 \| \| 25 \| 1 \| 16 \| H1100204-16 \| D330000-16/0 \| H3100204-16 \| H3100404-16 \| H12-16 \| H32-16 \| H62-16 \| H72-16 \| \| 31 \| 1 1/4 \| 20 \| H1100204-20 \| D330000-20/0 \| H3100204-20 \| H3100404-20 \| H12-20 \| H32-20 \| H62-20 \| H72-20 \| \| 38 \| 1 1/2 \| 24 \| H1100204-24 \| D330000-24/0 \| H3100204-24 \| H3100404-24 \| H12-24 \| H32-24 \| H62-24 \| H72-24 \| \| 51 \| 2 \| 32 \| H1100204-32 \| D330000-32/0 \| H3100204-32 \| H3100404-32 \| H12-32 \| H32-32 \| H62-32 \| H72-32 \| Applicable specifications Alfagomma type designation: Flexor 2SN HF / MINETUFF acc. 2SN-EN 853 Dunlop Hiflex type designation: 2SN Greenline Pluss / HI TUFF - acc. 2SN-EN 853 Materials/Components Inner Tube: oil resistant synthetic nitrile rubber Reinforcement: two braids of high tensile steel wire Cover: chloroprene rubber, weather, oil and abrasion resistant Ferrule: Carbon steel (11SMnPb30 EN 10277-1--2008); Stainless steel (X5CrNiMo17-12-2 AISI316 EN 10216-5/04). Insert: Carbon steel (11SMnPb30 EN 10277-1--2008); Stainless steel (X5CrNiMo17-12-2 AISI316 EN 10216-5/04); CuNi 90/10 - 70/30; BzAl 11. Technical characteristics Temperatures range: -40 °C / +100 °C Maximum working pressure according to the following table: \| mm \| inch \| dash \| Flexor 2SN-HF, 2SN-HF Minetuff; DUNLOP HIFLEX 2SN Greenline PLUSS / Hi Tuff \| \|----\|------\|------\|-----------------------------------------------\| \| \| \| \| Steel / Stainless Steel \| CuNi - BzAl \| \| 6 \| 1/4 \| 4 \| 400 \| 40 \| \| 8 \| 5/16 \| 5 \| 350 \| 40 \| \| 10 \| 3/8 \| 6 \| 330 \| 40 \| \| 12 \| 1/2 \| 8 \| 275 \| 40 \| \| 16 \| 5/8 \| 10 \| 250 \| 40 \| \| 19 \| 3/4 \| 12 \| 215 \| 40 \| \| 25 \| 1 \| 16 \| 165 \| 40 \| \| 32 \| 1 1/4\| 20 \| 125 \| 40 \| \| 38 \| 1 1/2\| 24 \| 90 \| 40 \| \| 51 \| 2 \| 32 \| 80 \| 40 \| RINA Services S.p.A. Via Corsica, 127 - 16128 Genova Tel. (+39) 010 526551 Fax (+39) 010 5263000 Places of manufacture: Hoses: ALFAGOMMA HYDRAULIC SPA - Via E. Mattei, 6 - 64020 Castelnuovo Vomano (TE) Manufacturing plants: 64020 Castelnuovo Vomano (TE) - Via E. Mattei, 6 87050 Figline V. (CS) - Area Industriale Piano Lago Couplings: ALFATECHNOLOGY SRL - Via Torri Bianche, 1 - 20059 Vimercate (MI) Manufacturing plants: 20040 Bellusco (MI) - Via dell'Industria, 12 87050 Mangone (CS) - Area Industriale Piano Lago Fields of application Hydraulic systems with hydraulic fluid having a flash point higher than 150 °C (closed cup test) Pneumatic systems Compressed air systems CO2 Fire extinguishing systems Fresh water systems Sea water Sanitary systems Remarks Flexible hoses are only to be used in short lengths where it is necessary due to vibrations or flexible mounting of the machinery. The hoses shall not replace/be used where permanent piping is possible/required. The hose assemblies must only be fitted in places where they are always accessible. Flexible hoses of these types are not to be used on boiler fronts. Hose assemblies covered by this certificate shall not be used in system subject to pressure below atmospheric or vacuum condition. The cover of hoses for gaseous applications shall be pin-pricked. This Type Approval Certificate is valid for hoses connected to the machinery/system with flange and/or threaded connection (in accordance with limitation in Pt. C, Ch. 1, Sec. 10, Tab. 15 of RINARules) only. Other fitting defined as mechanical joints (Rina Rules Pt. C, Ch. 1, Sec. 10, Para. 2.4.5 Fig. 2), could be accepted upon satisfactory result of prototype tests performed on hose/fitting assemblies. Production testing All hose assemblies delivered under the RINA type approval scheme shall be subject to a pressure test at 1.5 times the maximum working pressure and shall be delivered with the pressure test report with reference to this type approval certificate. Tests carried out Dimensional check, change in length, burst pressure, proof pressure, impulse test, oil resistance test, ozone resistance test, cold flexibility test, cover adhesion test, fire test. - Burst test and change in length test reports numbers 13/2015, 14/2015, 15/2015 & 16/2015 dated 2015-07-20 witnessed by DNV GL surveyor (2SN/1AT HF with AD2 couplings DN6, 12, 25 & 51) - Burst test and change in length test reports numbers 05/2015, 06/2015, 07/2015 & 08/2015 dated 2015-07-20 witnessed by DNV GL surveyor (2SN MINETUFF with AD2 couplings DN6, 12, 25 & 51) - Burst test reports (@-65°C) numbers 001/2014, 002/2014 & 003/2014 dated 2014-08-01 witnessed by DNV GL surveyor (1SN/1AT HF – DN6, 12 & 20) - Burst test reports (@-65°C) numbers 17/2015, 18/2015 & 19/2015 dated 2015-07-21 witnessed by DNV GL surveyor (1SN MINETUFF – DN6, 12 & 20) - Burst test test reports numbers n. 111/2019, 112/2019 & 113/2019 dated 2019-09-18 witnessed by RINA surveyor (2SN/2AT HF DN 6, 25 & 51) - Impulse test reports numbers: 074/09 (1SN – DN6), 094/10 (1SN-DN12), 090/09 (1SN – DN25), 080/09 (1SN –DN38), 128/10 (2SN – DN5), 120/09 (2SN – DN10), 106/09 (2SN – DN19) & 076/09 (2SN – DN38) - Burst test and change in length test reports numbers 38/2010, 36/2010, 16/2010 & 37/2010 dated 2010-12-16 witnessed by DNV surveyor (2SN/2AT – DN5, 10, 20 & 38) - Fire test reports (done by LAPI) numbers: 1669.0IS0110/10 (2SN/2AT – DN6), 1670.0IS0110/10 (2SN/2AT – DN16) & 1671.0IS0110/10 (2SN/2AT – DN51) with H1100204 type fittings / dated 2010-11-26 - Change in length, dimensional check, abrasion resistance, cover adhesion test, oil resistance test, cold flexibility test, ozone resistance test reports numbers: 427-10, 428-10, 429-10, 430-10, 431-10, 432-10, 433-10, 434-10, 435-10, 436-10, 437-10, 438-10, 439-10, 440-10, 441-10, 442-10, 443-10, 444-10, 191-10 & 192-10 - Change in length, dimensional check, abrasion resistance, cover adhesion test, oil resistance test, cold flexibility test, ozone resistance test reports numbers: 01/2015, 02/2015, 03/2015, 04/2015, 05/2015, 06/2015, 07/2015, 08/2015, 09/2015, 10/2015, 11/2015, 12/2015, 13/2015, 14/2015, 15/2015 & 16/2015 dated 2015-07-04 - Impulse test reports number 228/14, 223/14, 240/14 & 012/14 (2SN MINETUFF – DN6, 12, 25 & 51) with AD2 couplings - Fire test reports (done by LAPI) numbers: 770.0IS0110/15 (2SN MINETUFF – DN6), 771.0IS0110/15 (2SN MINETUFF – DN16) & 772.0IS0110/15 (2SN MINETUFF – DN51) with AD2 type fittings / dated 2015-06-01 Marking of product For traceability to this Type Approval, the products are at least to be marked with: - hose manufacturer’s name or trademark; - date of manufacture (month/year); - designation type reference; - nominal diameter; - pressure rating; - temperature rating. Genova October 9, 2019
benjaminsmedia INTERNATIONAL RIGHTS CATALOG 2016 Picture books and audio books for kids since the very old days benjamins media, publisher of picture books for children for a very long time, is led by a dream team. My wife first: she has been managing the project for nearly fifteen years. When she became pregnant, I arrived, and when she got it back (from her maternity leave), I stayed. It’s been going on for twelve! Finally, Ludovic. He has been the sound director, the artist of benjamins media since 2006. We have very different backgrounds – theater for Sophie, radio for me, cartoon for Ludovic – but the same goal: edit children’s literature of high quality for all children, even the visually impaired. Three collections available – Size S, M and L – 28 books for children aged 2 to 8. We publish four books per year and all our stories are interpreted, music and sounds. No sound effects, but soundscapes: the sound makes sense. Rudy, editor. A Wolf in The Salad Shaker / Le loup dans le panier à salade Author: Virginie Piatti Illustrator: Julien Billaudeau Themes: the other, hunger, wolf, verdure basket, friendship Publication date: September 2015 48 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 16 x 16 cm Price (book & CD): €17 Audio book / Length: 11' Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Ludovic Rocca With the voices of Christel Touret, Catalina and Alfred Music: Baroc music (A. Vivaldi, L. Boccherini) Age: 2+ —Grandma? —Yes? —There’s a wolf in the salad shaker! It’s a tiny little wolf. If you find a wolf in your salad, make no mistake about it. It’s not here to eat your sausages, but to make friends with you! A funny picture book where you will find a little red riding hood, and a family of wolves, among many other things. Flash and listen (French): The rights of every title are available, for picture book only or for picture book + CD Pompons / Pompons Author: Édouard Manceau Illustrator: Édouard Manceau Themes: Tiger, birds, pompons, indian musics Publication date: June 2015 48 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 16 x 16 cm Price (book & CD): €17 Audio book / Length: 13’ Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Ludovic Rocca With the voice of Anvar Music and songs : Harmonium, sitar, Jew’s harp Age: 18 months+ Two little birds discover a white pompom. When moving, the pompom makes a sound - the sound of a harmonium! And if you put a white pompom next to another, you can draw figures: a line, a stair, a river. And yes: it creates a melody. Each pompom has a color and represents an instrument: a jew’s harp, a sitar, a tabla… And the song appears at the end, when the tiger arrives. Internationally acclaimed author Edouard Manceau invites us to discover how music scores work, as well as the instruments and songs from India. A wonderful trip into music and illustrations. This book cannot be published without the CD. Flash and listen (French): No, Wait a Minute, Froggy! / Pas tout de suite Bouille Author: Muriel Zürcher Illustrator: Gwen Keraval Themes: patience, impatience, frog, hunger Publication date: March 2015 48 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 16 x 16 cm Price (book & CD): €17 Audio book / Length: 11’ Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Ludovic Rocca With the voices of Marion Aubert Original Music (country) by Franck Marty Age: 15 months+ Froggy is an impatient little frog. She can’t stand waiting. When she’s hungry, she needs to eat right away! When she wants to play, she does it right away too! But from one hop to another, Froggy will learn something: of course you need to be quick in order to catch a fly on a rock, but waiting can still be a good thing sometimes… This story is full of leaps and bounds, and unexpected developments! Toddlers will love following Froggy. She moves constantly, builds new things, and then knocks down everything. With Froggy, kids will learn patience, but also impatience – just a little! Artie and Moe, two inseparable little fish, don’t like to nap. When they must sleep, they turn to one side, then to the other, play breaded fish « shhhhhhh »... Then, one day, without a sound, Artie and Moe slid outside the blanket, to see what there is on the other side... Clic: a country’s house: a dog barks. Who lives there? Clic: a sheep? a cat? a pig? Clic: oh! it’s a dog. The dog is out and knocks to his neighbor’s door. But who is his neighbor? Clic: a hen? a turkey? a rooster? Clic: it’s a duck! dog’s best friend! They will tinker together... From a sound (clic), the child have to discover what it hides (clac), and follow the two friends’ adventures. Clic Clac is a book of sound riddles, to listen, without delay! So there! Wolf’s Big Belly / Gros ventre du Loup Author: Nadine Brun-Cosme Illustrator: Ed Themes: wolf, instincts, propensity, guilty, friendship Publication date: November 2013 48 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 16 x 16 cm Price (book & CD): €17 Audio book / Length: 18’ Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Ludovic Rocca With the voice of Véronique Groux de Mieri Music: Funk 70’s Age: 2+ The story of this wolf begins like a traditional wolf’s story: Wolf is hungry. So he will eat. Here, he swallows a little girl dressed in red, there, a blond sheep. But a problem arises the third day. While Wolf is watching out for a new prey, his left neighbor passes: «Oh, Wolf! What a wonderful surprise!» says the neighbor, looking at his small round belly. «When is it for, this little one?» Wolf looks at his round belly, he pales, he blushes, apologized and returned... Académie Charles Cros, Coup de cœur printemps 2014 Flash and listen (French): --- Mimine and Momo / Mimine et Momo Author: Marie Nimier Illustrator: Thomas Baas Themes: Learning, opposites, friendship, human body Publication date: November 2012 48 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 16 x 16 cm Price (book & CD): €17,50 Audio book / Length: 12’ The composer and performer: Élise Caron Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Ludovic Rocca With the voice of Élise Caron Original Music (guitar) by Élise Caron Age: 18 months+ When Right Hand (Mimine) and Left Hand (Momo) meet each other, they decide to start spending all their time together. They discover new funny games, mimicking falling rain ‘plic plic’, faking ghosts ‘boo boo’, flapping together like a Spanish fan ‘air! air!’. However, our new hand-friends are still very different although they look twins: one thumb going here and another thumb going there... They don’t really get everything going on over in this life, but still everything is fun! A Académie Charles Cros, Coup de cœur printemps 2013 My Popotamus / Mon Tipotame Author: Jeanne Cappe Illustrator: Ed Themes: Hippopotamus, zoo, being jealous, being yourself Publication date: December 2011 48 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 16 x 16 cm Price (book & CD): €17 Audio book / Length: 15’ Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Ludovic Rocca With the voice of Vincent Leenhardt Traditional Music : Accordion Age: 18 months+ «Why does Tom always refuse to play with me?» is asking Poum, the little hippopotamus made of blue rubber. Tired of being on his own, Poum decides to rebel, jumps onto a car and heads to the zoo to find new friends. While he will get the chance to meet monkeys, lions and even hippopotamus mates, Poum gets to know that true friendship may come up when you do not expect it anymore... A nice discovery walk made of words, pictures and sounds, storying moments of meeting and fun along the journey... until the nicest surprise popping on the way back! Kitty Explores the World / Petit Chat découvre le monde Author: Claire Ubac Illustrator: Julia Wauters Themes: Mom, baby, garden, emancipation Publication date: January 2011 48 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 16 x 16 cm Price (book & CD): €17 Audio book / Length: 12’ Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Régine Michel With the voice of Claire Ubac Music: Pièces pour flûte traversière by André Jolivet Age: 18 months+ Kitty, driven by his curiosity, leaves his comfortable basket and takes off to explore the world around him... Surprises, strange discoveries and reassurance are awaiting him! Flash and listen (French): The rights of every title are available, for picture book only or fort picture book + CD Punishments / Les Punitions Author: Michaël Escoffier Illustrator: Félix Rousseau Themes: nonsense, punishments, secrets, childhood, family, education, parents Publication date: February 2016 48 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 21,5 x 21,5 cm Price (book & CD): €21 Audio book / Length: 12’ Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Ludovic Rocca With the voices of Alice, Clémence, Maxime and Victor Music: Frank Marty For children from 3 years old. Stories really funny or full of poetry, they would please the young readers. "Do you know what my parents do when I interrupt them? They cover me in invisible paint. It's horrible, people keep walking into me!" Four children – two boys and two girls – discuss punishments while sitting under a table: the punishments their parents give them when they're naughty, and the punishments they'd like to give their parents sometimes. After all, parents can be as bad as children! This humorous text discusses punishments and children's imagination. Flash and listen (French): The rights of every title are available, for picture book only or for picture book + CD Grandpa Superflash / Papy superflash Author: Benoît Broyart Illustrator: Ed Themes: family, superhero, courage, mission Publication date: October 2015 48 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 21,5 x 21,5 cm Price (book & CD): €21 Audio book / Length: 16' Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Ludovic Rocca With the voices of Benoît Broyart, Alice, Béranger, Meissa and Romane Music: Keith Mansfield Age: 5+ Grandpa Super Flash’s my grandpa. Yesterday he was on a mission with his super-hero cape, today… he’s sitting in his armchair with his slippers on. I want him to be a super hero, so I say loudly “someone needs you on this planet!” At this point, someone knocks at the door: Greenman, a super friend of grandpa. Grandpa Super Flash has a new mission! A funny book on the relationships between grandchildren and grandparents, in a style that reminds us of the American comics from the 50’s. Flash and listen (French): Master of the World / Le Maître du monde Author: Vincent Loiseau Illustrator: Charlotte Gastaut Themes: adventure, friendship, growing up Publication date: October 2014 48 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 21,5 x 21,5 cm Price (book & CD): €21 Audio book / Length: 18' The composers and performers: Héloïse Lefebvre and Tony Baker Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Ludovic Rocca With the voice of Vincent Loiseau Original music: style jazz gipsy Age: 5+ In a cereal box, you can find a game. If you send back 8 coupons, you receive: the-ring-of-power-that-makes-you-the-master-of-the-world. I played, I won! "But on my way to school, where I wanted to try my power by making my teacher do some stupid stuff, I dropped my ring in a manhole..." Brother in Jar / Un frère en bocal Author: Émilie Chazerand Illustrator: Aurélie Guillerey Themes: family, brotherhood, being jealous, sharing Publication date: September 2013 48 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 21,5 x 21,5 cm Price (book & CD): €21 Audio book / Length: 18’ Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Ludovic Rocca With the voices of Aymenic Dupuy et Jean-Michel Boch Music: Italian Twist Age: 4+ Hippolyte has an only child: no brother, no sister. His mother calls him her "prince", her "masterpiece, her perfect little chap"... But, he has to take out the trash, to set the table, to wipe and tidy the dishes... One day, gone looking for crackers at Mister Baratin’s shop, the corner’s grocer, Hippolyte comes back home with a brother... in a jar! Aristide, the new favorite son, is born... Flash and listen (French): --- You’re Beautiful, You’re Strong, You’re Muscular / T’es beau, t’es fort, t’es musclé Author: Jérôme Aubineau Illustrator: Charles Dutertre Themes: tolerance, sharing Publication date: September 2013 48 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 21,5 x 21,5 cm Price (book & CD): €21 Audio book / Length: 16’ The composer and performer: Basile Gahon Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Ludovic Rocca With the voice of Jérôme Aubineau Age: 5+ A beautiful, strong and muscular genius, with an earring, gives a seed to Mother Misery; a sort of magical bean. Happiness should flower... But when Spring comes, Abel the Rebellious and his gang pee on the flower. Then, the genius goes out of his bottle again... How Tall / Grand comment Author: Nadine Brun-Cosme Illustrator: Aurore Petit Themes: Grow, friendship, tree, rabbit Publication date: September 2012 48 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 21,5 x 21,5 cm Price (book & CD): €21 Audio book / Length: 16’ Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Ludovic Rocca With the voice of Sylvia Etcheto Original Music (piano) by Clarisse Varilh Age: 3+ What does it feel like being tall? The question is haunting little rabbit Leon, teasing his parents to get an answer: Is it about sitting on Big Bear’s shoulders? On Big Giraffe’s head? Or even on Giraffe’s head standing on the top of Big Bear’s shoulders? No, no, no Leon, you don’t need the Giraffe or the Bear to be a big boy! Leon will discover at the end that there is always someone littler than yourself. Flash and listen (French): Olaf the Melomaniac Giant / Olaf, le géant mélomane Author: Annelise Heurtier Illustrator: Cécile Gambini Themes: Solitude, boredom, forest, orchestra Publication date: September 2012 48 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 21,5 x 21,5 cm Price (book & CD): €21,50 Audio book / Length: 26’ Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Ludovic Rocca With the voice of Jacques Allaire and the children choir Mississippi Blues Devils Music: Bandana Babies by Duke Ellington Age: 4+ A giant, an harmonica… in between two magical instants: two pinched lovers, one radio, blues music, a concert, a blind piano tuner… Olaf the Melomaniac Giant tells the story of a bored colossus alone in his mountains, cut off from the world. Too tall, too clumsy. Yet one day, discovering firewood in the forest, Olaf comes face to face with two campers, and got a chance to discover music, the blues will then totally change his life. Académie Charles Cros, COUP DE CŒUR Spring 2012 Teeny Tiny Mini Bunny / Mini rikiki mimi Author: Christine Beigel Illustrator: Laurent Moreau Themes: Rabbit, holidays, reunions, being inventive Publication date: November 2011 36 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 21,5 x 21,5 cm Price (book & CD): €21 Audio book / Length: 15’ Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Ludovic Rocca With the voice of Sylvia Etcheto Music: Pop music and ukulele Age: 3+ Flash and listen (French): --- Little Moon Messes Around / Lunon chamboule tout Author: Agnès Bertron-Martin Illustrator: Elisa Géhin Themes: Bed songs, maternity, the moon, being angry Publication date: September 2010 36 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 21,5 x 21,5 cm Price (book & CD): €21 Audio book / Length: 22’ Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Ludovic Rocca With the voice of Christel Touret Music: Music minimalist style Age: 3+ What's going on in the sky tonight? The Moon is expanding, deflating, shaking. It eventually gives birth to... a baby! But Little Moon can't sit still: he jumps, spins around and creates huge waves in the night that wreak havoc on Earth. Tired and fed up, the inhabitants decide to put an end to this madness once and for all. Académie Charles Cros, Coupe de l'oreille d'or spring 2010 A REVUE DES LIVRES POUR ENFANTS DORÉE DE L'ŒIL Selection 2011 Flash and listen (French): That’s not True! You Lied! / C’est pas vrai ! T’as menti ! Author: Gigi Bigot Illustrator: Maximiliano Luchini Themes: Marriage, princess, lie, bet Publication date: September 2009 36 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 21,5 x 21,5 cm Price (book & CD): €21 Audio book / Length: 23’ The composer and performer: Gabrielle Compan Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Ludovic Rocca With the voice of Gigi Bigot Original Music (accordion): Gabrielle Compan Age: 5+ The king of this story, like all the kings, has a daughter to marry off. However, the lucky man has to invent first an amazing story, the most unbelievable story he can tell. But if he wants to marry the princess, the king has to yell out, “It’s not true, you lied!” After many others, a young shepherd decides to take up the challenge... Here is a wild story, based on over-killed and accumulations. The reader will learn that there is no white lies. A tale from Brittany, revisited by the talented Gigi Bigot. Flash and listen (French): What, what, what? Said the Cat... / Quoi, quoi, quoi ? dit le chat... Author: Sarah Cone Bryant Illustrator: Magali Attiogbé Themes: Greed, walk, cat, parrot Publication date: September 2008 32 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 21,5 x 21,5 cm Price (book & CD): €21 Audio book / Length: 33’ Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Ludovic Rocca With the voice of Véronique Deroide Music: Hindu music and jazz Age: 4+ Everything begins very wisely: the parrot invites the cat for an excellent dinner. But very soon, everything breaks down; the cat eats up the meal… then this host! And he doesn’t stop there! This boor of tomcat dashes then into a comic continuation of incredible misdeeds. Humor, exaggerations, repetitions, this tale uses a rich and colorful language. Why not knocking down everything? For then cleaning up everything, and starting everything again! Little Bear does whatever he wants. He does not care to be kind or polite. He is the strongest! He treats badly the other inhabitants of the forest. But on day, that’s too much! This lively story gives voice to the nature and the animals. It helps to approach with kids the question of the balance of power, and the confrontation with the “small bears” at the playground! It’s almost dark and all the parents have already come to pick up their children at the nursery. All of them except Liloo’s mom… Luckily, Sandra has an idea to help Liloo pass the time while waiting for her mom. Now, it’s time to sleep, and Liloo doesn’t want to go to bed. Neither does her Teddy. Actually, he came out tonight! Two tender and playful stories to handle the subject of the fear of darkness. Age: 3+ The Name Gobbling Monster / Le monstre mangeur de prénoms Author: David Cavillon Illustrator: Julien Billaudeau Themes: Friendship, syllable, identity, monster Publication date: March 2007 32 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 21,5 x 21,5 cm Price (book & CD): €21 Audio book / Length: 20’ Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Ludovic Rocca With the voices of Christel Touret, Jacques Allaire... Music: Music style brass band Age: 5+ Bewilderments and shivers around the school: the monster is roaming! A monster swallows whole... the first name of the children! One day however, the ogre finds on his road the small but fearless Jonathan... This great picture book mixes with humor the supernatural and the everyday life. How to become unique? How to live with others? Here are some challenges for the heroes of this funny contemporary tale. Prix Plume d’Or jeunesse 2011 Prix du public Plum de Paon 2011 Flash and listen (French): Letiko, the Daughter of the Sun / Letiko, la fille du Soleil Author: Nata Caputo Illustrator: Pauline Comis Themes: Parents, journey, rabbit, sun Publication date: September 2007 40 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 21,5 x 21,5 cm Price (book & CD): €21 Audio book / Length: 18’ Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Ludovic Rocca With the voices of Maryline Fontaine, Robert Lucibello... Music: Danse sacrée, Danse profane, Beau soir by C. Debussy Age: 5+ The Sun, the master of the world, fulfills the wish of a single woman: it gives her the child whom she always wished. In exchange, the Sun requires to take back it in her twelfth birthday. The nice woman, so happy to have her beloved girl, forgets very quickly her promise...The youngest will shiver, following the brave Letiko making her way. A surprisingly modern Greek tale, to deal with love, family relationships, and self-construction. Silence Runs Away / Le silence fait une fugue Author: Maryvonne Rebillard Poet: Gilles Brulet Illustrator: Claire de Gastold Themes: Silence, city, countryside, musical fugue Publication date: May 2006 40 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 16 x 21 cm Price (book & CD): €20 Audio book / Length: 26' Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Régine Michel With the voices of Christel Touret and David Marchal Music: Pièces pour piano by S. Prokofiev Age: 5+ Little Silence needs calm and tranquility to flourish. But in a world filled with noise, he’s constantly bothered and distressed. Will he always have to run away? A delightful story and two poems to deal with the need of harmony and beauty. Flash and listen (French): The rights of every title are available, for picture book only or for picture book + CD Noar the Crow / Nôar le corbeau Author: Guy Jimenes Illustrator: Amélie Jackowski Themes: Crow, witch, friendship, courage Publication date: November 2011 56 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 16 x 24,5 cm Price (book & CD): €22 Audio book/ Length: 39' Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Ludovic Rocca With the voice of Charo Music: Music style blues, electric guitars Age: 6+ One morning, Noar the crow finds this ad in the newspaper: "Crows needed to pick cherries. See Mr. Ogrebeard near the D. pond in the faraway forest"... Noar is thrilled. He found a job! Unfortunately for him, Ogrebeard turns out to be the victim of a terrible curse... Flash and listen (French): The rights of every title are available, for picture book only or fort picture book + CD The Mommy-Daddy / Le papa-maman Author: Angelina Galvani Illustrator: Zeina Abirached Themes: Family, fantasy, Paris, adventure Publication date: January 2011 56 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 16 x 24,5 cm Price (book & CD): €22 Audio book/ Length: 45’ The composer and performer: Rémi Auclair Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Ludovic Rocca With the voice of Angelina Galvani Original Music (double bass) by Rémi Auclair Age: 6+ Mireille has a mommy-daddy who raised her alone, a stepmother, Belle, and a half-sister, Sally-M, who only has one arm and one leg… Mireille also has a secret wish, her grandmother’s magical glasses and an incredible resourcefulness. All of which helps her to save her mommy-daddy in a Paris inhabited by evil creatures… This story of twists and turns is written and narrated by Angelina Galvani. She carefully treats the subjects of being a single parent, blended families and children’s resourcefulness. Saving Prince Victor / Il faut sauver le prince Victor Author: Christine Beigel Illustrator: Raphaëlle Barbanègre Themes: Brother-sister, Courage, kingdom, being in love Publication date: September 2009 48 pages, end papers incl. / Size: 21,5 x 21,5 cm Price (book & CD): €21 Audio book / Length: 31’ Design, sound production, voice production and sound ambiance: Ludovic Rocca With the voices of Jacques Allaire, Marion Aubert and Gigi Bigot Music: Prélude à l’après-midi d’un faune by C. Debussy Age: 6 + Finally! After 21 daughters, King Noluk of Kurst from the land of Ginxt just had a boy. But one day what a disaster! A band of thugs takes over the thrown and prince Victor is taken prisoner. Love inspires Zoe, a peasant, to try to save her prince charming… “Jusgottagettocastle!” Flash and listen (French): Prix du public Plume de Paon 2010 Prix Lire dans le noir 2010 benjaminsmedia Rudy Martel 5, rue de l’École de Médecine 34000 Montpellier France + 33 467 52 98 42 / + 33 620 97 27 05 www.benjamins-media.org email@example.com Foreign rights: Stéphanie Vernet + 33 644 09 03 25 firstname.lastname@example.org Flash the code and find it out! Creation produced with support from: Illustrated by Félix Rousseau © Les Puntions - 2016
Jet-driven viscous locomotion of confined thermoresponsive microgels Appl. Phys. Lett. 120, 104101 (2022); doi: 10.1063/5.0076244 Ivan Tanasijević, Oliver Jung, Lyndon Koens, Ahmed Mourran, and Eric Lauga Jet-driven viscous locomotion of confined thermoresponsive microgels Cite as: Appl. Phys. Lett. 120, 104101 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0076244 Submitted: 22 October 2021 • Accepted: 28 January 2022 • Published Online: 08 March 2022 Ivan Tanasijević, Oliver Jung, Lyndon Koenens, et al. COLLECTIONS This paper was selected as Featured This paper was selected as SciLight ARTICLES YOU MAY BE INTERESTED IN Direct measurement of photocathode time response in a high-brightness photoinjector Applied Physics Letters 120, 104102 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0078927 Work function tunable laser induced graphene electrodes for Schottky type solar-blind photodetectors Applied Physics Letters 120, 101102 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0080855 High operating temperature plasmonic infrared detectors Applied Physics Letters 120, 101103 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0077456 Jet-driven viscous locomotion of confined thermoresponsive microgels Ivan Tanasijević, Oliver Jung, Lyndon Koens, Ahmed Mourran, and Eric Lauga Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom DWI Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2113 Sydney, Australia Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: email@example.com ABSTRACT We consider the dynamics of micro-sized, asymmetrically coated thermoresponsive hydrogel ribbons (microgels) under periodic heating and cooling in the confined space between two planar surfaces. As the result of the temperature changes, the volume and, thus, the shape of the slender microgel change, which leads to repeated cycles of bending and elastic relaxation, and to net locomotion. Small devices designed for biomimetic locomotion need to exploit flows that are not symmetric in time (non-reciprocal) to escape the constraints of the scallop theorem and undergo net motion. Unlike other biological slender swimmers, the non-reciprocal bending of the gel centerline is not sufficient here to explain for the overall swimming motion. We show instead that the swimming of the gel results from the flux of water periodically emanating from (or entering) the gel itself due to its shrinking (or swelling). The associated flows induce viscous stresses that lead to a net propulsive force on the gel. We derive a theoretical model for this hypothesis of jet-driven propulsion, which leads to excellent agreement with our experiments. Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0076244 Self-propulsion allows micro-organisms to explore their environments, from small bacteria\textsuperscript{1} to larger aquatic organisms.\textsuperscript{2} Since early quantitative studies in the 1950s,\textsuperscript{3,4} theoretical and experimental studies of various micro-organisms have led to discoveries of the numerous physical mechanisms used by motile cells to self-propel through viscous fluids,\textsuperscript{5–8} in particular algae,\textsuperscript{9} bacteria,\textsuperscript{10} and spermatozoa.\textsuperscript{11} The quantitative investigation of such phenomena has led to a better understanding of biological and physiological phenomena, including human reproduction\textsuperscript{12} and infectious diseases.\textsuperscript{13} Beyond biology, the field of biomimetic design is showing a lot of promises in mimicking these mechanisms to create controllable artificial microswimmers,\textsuperscript{14–18} which are now starting to find use in medical applications\textsuperscript{19} such as targeted drug delivery\textsuperscript{20} and minimally invasive surgeries. One of the major practical design limitations for small-scale biomimetic propulsion was formulated by Purcell,\textsuperscript{21} who states that if an artificial swimmer undergoes periodic shape changes that are “reciprocal” over a single period (i.e., that remain identical under a time-reversible symmetry), the overall displacement of the swimmer is necessarily zero. The justification of this theorem lies in the time-reversibility of the Stokes equations that describe the motion of the surrounding fluid at the micro-scale. As a result, one of the games to play for biomimetic propulsion is to circumvent the limitations of the scallop theorem.\textsuperscript{22} The most obvious way is to use a propulsive mechanism that leads to non-reciprocal kinematics,\textsuperscript{23–31} which, in many cases, is facilitated by the elastic compliance of the swimmer.\textsuperscript{32–35} Other common ways include exploiting inertia\textsuperscript{36,37} or the non-Newtonian properties of the surrounding fluid.\textsuperscript{38,39} In this paper, we investigate the motion of artificial micro-swimmers based on a thermoresponsive hydrogel actuated under reciprocal cycles of heating and cooling. We first explore experimentally the propulsive features of these swimmers and find that the external actuation results in a slightly non-reciprocal shape change. Using standard modeling of the hydrodynamic forces and flows for slender objects, we next show that the non-reciprocity in shape change is not sufficient to account for the overall swimming motion. Instead, we demonstrate that the propulsion originates from the local flows induced by the swelling and deswelling of the gel, with a mathematical model that leads to excellent agreement with experiments. Microswimmers were produced as slender ribbons made of crosslinked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) PNIPAm,\textsuperscript{40–44} laden with... gold nanorods and sputtered with a layer of gold on one of its largest sides, as illustrated in Fig. 1(a). The microswimmers were placed in the tight space between two flat rigid surfaces [Fig. 1(b)], so that the resulting motion can be considered to be quasi-two-dimensional (2D). For more information on the experimental methods, we refer the reader to the supplementary material. In order to actuate the microswimmers, we take advantage of the thermoresponsivity of the hydrogel. An increase in temperature reduces the solubility of the polymer, thereby shifting the equilibrium state, i.e., the balance between the free energy of mixing the solvent molecules and polymer chains and the elastic free energy of the network.\textsuperscript{30} Due to the entropic nature of the hydrophobic interaction, water is transported out of the gel upon collapse, until a new balance between elastic and osmotic forces has been reached. In the case of a temperature-driven volume phase transition, the temperature change depends on the strain, which is orders of magnitude faster than mass transport. Consequently, the unbalance between osmotic and elastic forces depends considerably on the rate of the temperature change and the dimensions of the microgel. The key property that allows for the directional motion of the microgels is the anisometry of their bodies, which we control by using particle replication in non-wetting template.\textsuperscript{31} Such technique is valuable for the synthesis of a well-defined composition and shape. It allows the integration of plasmonic nanoparticles for optical heating and the possibility of a second passive layer. Such a bilayer bends with the temperature [see Fig. 1(c)], converting volume change into elastic energy.\textsuperscript{32} Under near infrared laser (NIR) irradiation, the gold nanorods absorb light energy and heat the polymer matrix, while the surrounding fluid acts as a heat sink.\textsuperscript{33–35} Rapid optical heating inevitably creates heterogeneities because the response of the polymer is slow, requiring diffusion of water molecules out of the network.\textsuperscript{36} The anisometry of the microgels and the transient heterogeneity cause stress accumulation resulting in body deformation. The process, although with hysteresis, is reversible, and the shape recovers as soon as the irradiation ends. In our experiments, we induce a periodic shape deformation of the microgel of period $T = t_{\text{on}} + t_{\text{off}}$, by irradiating it steadily with a NIR light for a time $t_{\text{on}}$ and letting it recover for a time $t_{\text{off}}$. An example of the resulting shape deformation is shown in Fig. 1(d), where we extracted the centerline of the microgel from experimental videos and averaged over a large number of periods (>100). For a range of irradiation and recovery times, we discover a non-vanishing net ![FIG. 1.](image) FIG. 1. (a) A microgel ribbon made of crosslinked PNIPAm synthesized in a fluoroclastomer mold and sputtered with a 2 nm thick gold as a passive layer. The ribbon has a length $L = 80 \mu m$, a width $w = 5 \mu m$, and a thickness $t = 2 \mu m$. When released into cold water, the gel swells and bends (with the gold layer inward) along the longitudinal and transverse axes with a curvature $R_{\text{long}}$ and $R_{\text{trans}}$, respectively. Above 31 °C, the gel shrinks and the curvature increases as the gold layer outward. (b) Experimental setup including a custom heating stage, a microscope for optical observation and NIR laser source at 45°. The microgels are located inside the microchannels through which the ribbons spontaneously orient themselves edge-on relative to the confining surfaces, creating a gap of about 1.5 μm above and below the swollen gel. (c) Variation of the longitudinal curvature (with $C_{\text{long}} = 1/R_{\text{long}}$) as a function of the ribbon length $L$ during a 5 °C/min heating (full, red symbols)/cooling (empty, blue symbols) ramp from 20 to 35 °C. Optical micrographs show the characteristic shapes of the ribbons swollen at 20 °C (i) and shrunken at 35 °C (ii). The graph shows the hysteresis of the ribbon curvature, along with the optical micrographs (iii) and (iv), taken at 31 °C, where the ribbon length is close to the pretransition state ($L = 80 \mu m$) but shows a significant difference in curvature depending on whether it is being cooled or heated.\textsuperscript{37} (d) Shape of the gel centerline during periodic photothermal actuation, extracted from the experimental videos and averaged over many periods, for $t_{\text{off}} = 60$ ms and $t_{\text{off}} = 12$ ms. Light green background indicates the part of the period when the microgel is heated (laser is only). displacement of the gel over a single period of actuation. We illustrate these results in Fig. 2 for $t_{\text{off}} = 60$ ms and $t_{\text{on}} = 10$ ms. In Fig. 2(a), we show a time lapse of the gel’s motion, while we plot the average instantaneous speed $U$ of the gel in Fig. 2(b) and the average displacement of its geometric center-of-mass in Fig. 2(c). It is clear from Fig. 2(a) that the gel translates in a direction that is not parallel to its apparent axis of symmetry. Given our setup, this might appear unexpected as the system is quasi-2D, and the 2D shape of the gel appears to remain symmetric with respect to its initial axis of symmetry [i.e., the x axis in Fig. 1(d)]. However, in our previous studies,\textsuperscript{3,4,5} we observed that even the equilibrium shapes of such microgels are slightly chiral. We believe that the microgels investigated in this paper are also slightly chiral, around the axis perpendicular to the plane of observation, which causes the observed misalignment between the apparent axis of symmetry and the direction of translation. For a different choice of $t_{\text{on}}$, we observe a motion that is a combination of rotation and translation (see Fig. S1(a) in the supplementary material). Similarly, we believe that the chirality is responsible for this as well. Since the gel undergoes a non-reciprocal shape change [as illustrated in Fig. 1(c)], we might suspect that these shape changes, combined with the drag from the surrounding fluid, are sufficient to explain the observed net translation. We tested this using resistance force theory of slender fibers.\textsuperscript{52–54} We compute the net drag on the gel as a function of its shape and of the ratio of drag coefficients $\Gamma = \xi_c / \xi_s > 1$. In an infinite fluid $\Gamma \approx 2$, but, due to the immediate presence of the walls, this drag coefficient ratio could be different from this bulk value and could also be time-dependent since the microgel changes shape throughout a period of actuation. However, independently of our choice for $\Gamma$, we find that the predicted velocities so obtained are one order of magnitude smaller than what we see in the experiments. We, therefore, conclude that the net motion of the gel is induced by different physical mechanisms. We propose here that the swimming of the gel results instead from the flux of water that is emanating from the gel itself, due to its swelling/shrinking. In a tight confinement, which is the situation in our experiments, this creates strong local flows whose associated viscous stresses result in a net propulsive force acting on the gel, and hence to locomotion. To verify this hypothesis, we derive a theoretical model for these flows, which we show is able to reproduce quantitatively the translational motion of the gels. Note that existing models have been developed to explain the motion of passive, strongly confined microgels in external flows.\textsuperscript{55–58} In our case, the microgel self-propels in a quiescent fluid, and our model focuses instead on the propulsion mechanism. We assume that the gel is quasi-2D, and that it remains symmetric with respect to the x axis, a justified approach given the centerline shapes in Fig. 1(d). In the center-of-mass body frame, a material point $x$ on the surface of the gel, $S$, is assumed to move (due to shape changes) with velocity $u(x)$, while the surface of the gel is ejecting fluid with local velocity $\phi(x)\hat{n}$, where $\hat{n}$ is the unit normal to $S$ at $x$, pointing into the fluid. The goal of the model is to predict the translational velocity $U(t)e_x$ of the gel’s center-of-mass. To proceed, we use the theoretical framework developed for jet propulsion in the absence of inertia.\textsuperscript{59} Following that work, we can compute the swimming speed of the gel by applying the Lorentz reciprocal theorem of Stokes flows using two flows: (i) the flow resulting from the deformation of the gel (i.e., the current problem of interest) and (ii) a second ‘test’ flow resulting from the translation of the gel with an arbitrary prescribed velocity $Ue_x$. Using $\sigma$ to denote the stress exerted on the gel in the test flow leads to the integral identity,\textsuperscript{59} $$0 = \int_S [Ue_x + u_S + \phi(x)\hat{n}] \cdot \sigma \cdot \hat{n} \, dS.$$ (1) We assume that the fluid ejection speed is uniform along the permeable sides of the microgel, and given that the flow is due to volume change in the gel, we may relate the rate of flow in and out of the gel to the rate of change of the gel length as $$\phi = -xz\dot{L},$$ (2) where $x$ is a dimensionless order-one parameter. The relationship in Eq. (2) assumes implicitly that the rate of change of microgel’s length $L$ is the only input in the model on the fluid transport and is, therefore, sufficient to capture the asymmetry between the swelling and the shrinking process, experimentally demonstrated, for example, as the hysteresis in Fig. 1(c). In an idealized case, $z$ would represent the ratio between the full cross-sectional area of the microgel and the portion of area that is permeable. However, as the geometry in our experiments is rather intricate, we let $z$ be the only fitting parameter of the model. The result in Eq. (1), which is a surface integral, can be next coarse-grained over the thin cross section of the gel and turned into a line integral along the length $L$ of the gel cross section. To approximate the average of the stress $\sigma \cdot n$ due to the test flow acting on a cross section, we use the resistive-force theory of slender filaments,\textsuperscript{36} stating that $\sigma \cdot n \propto (\mathbf{t} + 2\mathbf{n}) \cdot U \mathbf{e}_x$. With the choice $\Gamma = 2$ (wall and unsteady effects were found to be subdominant in our comparison with the experiments), we then obtain the following integral equation: $$0 = \int_L \left[ U \mathbf{e}_x + u_S - zL \mathbf{n} \right] \cdot \left[ \mathbf{t} t + 2\mathbf{n} n \right] \mathbf{e}_x \, dl,$$ (3) where $\mathbf{n}$ is now the unit normal pointing into the fluid but on the non-plated side of the gel, where most fluid ejection occurs, and $\mathbf{t}$ is the unit tangent along the centerline [see Fig. 1(d)]. The integral is performed along the centerline of the gel with $dl$ being its line element. We can now use Eq. (3) to derive the instantaneous translational velocity as $$U = \frac{2zL \int_L n_x \, dl - \int_L u_S \cdot [\mathbf{t} t + 2\mathbf{n} n] \cdot \mathbf{e}_x \, dl}{\int_L (t_x^2 + 2n_x^2) \, dl}.$$ (4) We note that our model does implicitly include the strong hydrodynamic confinement of the gel. The normal stresses and, therefore, the perpendicular drag force acting on a cross section are dominated by the pressure drop required to force the fluid through the narrow gap. This suggests that the integral of $\partial n \cdot \sigma \cdot n$ is coarse-grained to a line integral with the integrand proportional to $\mathbf{n} \cdot \mathbf{e}_x$, as done above. The confined geometrical setup is, therefore, implicitly included in our model. To test our theoretical prediction, we use the kinematics for the gel’s centerline extracted from experimental videos. This was done using the finite difference method on the centerline shapes. The videos were recorded at the frame rate $\Delta t = 1$ ms with actuation periods $T = N \Delta t$ that were always an integer multiple of $\Delta t$. This allowed us to track the gel over many periods, so that, within each period, we record the shape at exactly the same set of phases $t_n = n \Delta t$, with $n = 0, 1, \ldots, N$. Thus, by averaging the extracted shapes and gel displacements over many periods of actuation ($\approx 100$), we greatly improve the accuracy of our finite difference approach. The theoretical prediction for $U_n = U(n \Delta t)$ in Eq. (4) can then be written as $$U_n = zF_n + U_n^S,$$ (5) where $$F_n = \frac{2L \int_L n_x \, dl}{\int_L (t_x^2 + 2n_x^2) \, dl}, \quad U_n^S = -\frac{\int_L u_S \cdot [\mathbf{t} t + 2\mathbf{n} n] \cdot \mathbf{e}_x \, dl}{\int_L (t_x^2 + 2n_x^2) \, dl},$$ (6) with $F_n$ representing the contribution due to the fluid transport through the surface of the gel and $U_n^S$ that due to the evolution of the shape. Note that taking $F_n = 0$ is equivalent to assuming the locomotion is due solely to the non-reciprocal shape changes, which is not able to reproduce our experimental results (see above). The only free parameter in the model is the order-one dimensionless constant of proportionality $z$ from Eq. (2). We fix its value by performing a least-square fitting on the model given by Eq. (5), where $U_n$ is extracted from the experiments, while $F_n$ and $U_n^S$ are computed using the kinematics extracted from the experimental data, as described above. The optimal value of $z$ was found to be slightly different for different experimental conditions, which is not surprising, given that it encapsulates complicated and highly sensitive microgel swelling/shrinking dynamics. In Figs. 2(a) and 2(c), we show the comparison between the experimental data (blue symbols) and the theoretical model (solid red line). Our theoretical prediction for the translational velocity is in excellent agreement with the experimental results for both the instantaneous value of the velocity [Fig. 2(b)] and the total integrated displacements [Fig. 2(c)]. Moreover, we obtain the same level of agreement in an experiment with a different set of irradiation times that lead to a significant rotation of the microgel (see Fig. S1 in the supplementary material). We further investigate the hydrodynamics of swimming by predicting theoretically the fluid flow around a cross section of the microgel. As a model system, we assume that the cross section of the gel is circular ('disk' in what follows) of radius $r_0$ and is ejecting (taking in) fluid at speed $U_0$ from the part of its perimeter that describes an angle $2\beta < 2\pi$ [see sketch in Fig. 3(a)]. As the fluid is ejected (taken in), the radius of the gel must change as $r_0 = -\beta U_0/\pi$ due to the conservation of volume. In an unbounded fluid, an analytic solution exists for the flow around this two-dimensional setup.\textsuperscript{37} Under the assumption of zero net hydrodynamic force, the disk translates with velocity $-U_0 \sin \beta/\pi$ and drives a two dimensional flow $u \hat{r} + v \hat{\theta}$ in polar coordinates given by $$\frac{u}{U_0} = \frac{\sin \beta \cos \theta}{\pi} \left( \frac{r_0}{r} \right)^2 - \sum_{n=2}^{\infty} \frac{\sin n \beta \cos n \theta}{\pi n} \left[ n \left( \frac{r_0}{r} \right)^{n-1} - (n-2) \left( \frac{r_0}{r} \right)^{n+1} \right],$$ (7) $$\frac{v}{U_0} = \frac{\sin \beta \sin \theta}{\pi} \left( \frac{r_0}{r} \right)^2 + \sum_{n=2}^{\infty} \frac{n-2}{\pi n} \sin n \beta \sin n \theta \left[ \left( \frac{r_0}{r} \right)^{n-1} - \left( \frac{r_0}{r} \right)^{n+1} \right].$$ (8) We illustrate this unbounded flow (non-dimensionalized by $U_0$) in Fig. 3(b) in the case $\beta = 2\pi/3$ (the flow shown is the series truncated at order $(r_0/r)^{40}$, with $n = 40$). If we now confine the disk between rigid surfaces, the strongest flow occurs in the narrow gaps between the disk and the walls, and the analytical solution that could capture this part of the flow would be cumbersome. To gain intuition about flow features in this case, we use COMSOL Multiphysics to solve the Stokes flow under the assumption (i.e., force-free locomotion of the disk with $\beta = 2\pi/3$) for a disk symmetrically located in a space of size $2r_0/0.9$ between two rigid surfaces. We show in Fig. 3(c) the streamlines and the magnitude of the flow, illustrating the strong flows that are locally induced in the tight space. between the disk and the surfaces and their right-left asymmetry—this is the physical origin of the net propulsion. In summary, in this paper, we report a jet-driven type of microrobot propulsion. In contrast with many studies of artificial swimming which rely on the non-reciprocal bending of the centerline of slender swimmers to swim, here locomotion is driven by the localized fluid transport in and out of the gel caused by its rapid swelling and deswelling. This viscous-jet hypothesis is confirmed to be the dominant mechanism of propulsion by a hydrodynamic model that shows excellent agreement with our experimental results. See the supplementary material for details of the experimental methods. This project has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (Grant No. 682754 to E.L.) and from Trinity College, Cambridge (IGS scholarship to I.T.). This research was supported by the German Science Foundation, through the priority program on micromummers under Grant No. 255087333. We have also benefited from the thriving scientific environment provided by the SFB 985 on functional microgels and microlgel systems. AUTHOR DECLARATIONS Conflict of Interest The authors have no conflict of interest to declare. DATA AVAILABILITY The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. REFERENCES 1. D. Bray, Cell Movements (Garland Publishing, New York, 2000). 2. S. Guasto, R. Ruscioni, and R. Stocker, “Fluid mechanics of planktonic microorganisms,” Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 44, 373–400 (2012). 3. G. Taylor, “Analysis of the swimming of microscopic organisms,” Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 209, 447–461 (1951). 4. J. Gray and G. J. Hancock, “The propulsion of Sea-urchin spermatozoa,” J. Exp. Biol. 18, 833–841 (1953). 5. L. Lighthill, Mathematical Biofluidynamics (SIAM, Philadelphia, 1975). 6. E. Lauga, The Fluid Dynamics of Cell Motility (Cambridge University Press, UK, 2020). 7. T. J. Pedley and J. O. 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Australian Math. Soc. 5, 255–264 (1971). 58. COMSOL Multiphysics® v. 5.6 (COMSOL AB, Stockholm, 2020), available at https://www.comsol.com/. Jet-driven viscous locomotion of confined thermoresponsive microgels: Supplementary material Ivan Tanasijevic,1 Oliver Jung,2 Lyndon Koenis,3 Ahmed Mourran,2 and Eric Lauga∗1 1Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom 2DWI Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany 3Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2113, Sydney, Australia (Electronic mail: firstname.lastname@example.org) (Dated: 26 January 2022) Soft template moulding of bilayer hydrogel ribbons The microswimmers were prepared by particle replication in nonwetting templates (short PRINT[1]), which has been modified to yield bilayer structures as described in our previous reports[2]. Preparation of the mould: A microstructured, (25 x 50) mm Si-Wafer with an array of rectangular bars of L = 80 µm, w = 5 µm and b = 2 µm (AMO GmbH) was replicated using a fluorinated elastomer (PFPE, Fluorolink MD 40, Solvay Solexis). Therefore, a liquid PFPE containing 1 wt% of photoinitiator 2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone (Sigma-Aldrich) was prepared an degassed by bubbling with nitrogen. A (25 x 50 mm) glass slide was placed on the wafer using double layer of Parafilm strips as spacer (total thickness: 200 µm, Bemis). This gap was therefore filled with PFPE liquid and subsequently cured with UV irradiation (370 nm, 2 W) for 10 min. This results an elastomeric film that is easy to separate from the template, which we wash with acetone to remove any unreacted substances. Preparation of the bilayer hydrogels The hydrogel was prepared from a UV curable solution containing 575 mg N-Isopropylacrylamid (NIPAm, 97%, recrystallized in n-hexane), 7.83 mg crosslinker N,N’-Methylenbisacrylamide (BIS, 99%), 11.4 mg photoinitiator 4’-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone (98%) and 981 µL DMSO as solvent, containing the PEGylated gold nanorods. The concentration of nanorods was adjusted to an optical density of 240 at the maximum absorption (typically around 810 nm), which was measured by UV-VIS spectroscopy. The gelation was performed in a homemade chamber including a quartz glass window to apply a pressure of approximately 260 kPa, while maintaining UV transparency for curing. Typically, a (6 x 6) mm piece of the mould was placed on the base of the chamber and 0.5 µL of the prepolymer solution were applied. A flat (5 x 5) mm featureless PFPE film (thickness: 400 µm, produced similarly to the description above) was placed on the mould and press-fitted through the quartz window. After UV curing for 20 min (366 & 254 nm, 8W), the mould was separated and a 2 nm gold layer was applied by sputter-coating (60 mA, 10 s, Edwards S150B). A (25 x 25) mm glass slide was plasma treated (O₂, 40 mL/min, 200 W, 5 min, PVA TePla 100) and a droplet of 714 g/L solution of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, 40 kDa, Sigma-Aldrich; in ethanol/water, volume ratio: 7/63) was applied, into which the sample was placed upside down. The sample was then left to dry, allowing the hydrogel bind temporarily to the glass slide and thus peel it off the mould. Production of chambers for microscopic investigations PDMS-moulded chambers with a height of 10 µm and a footprint of (600 x 600) µm were produced to confine the movement of the swimmers. The master structures were designed using a CAD program (Inventor, Autodesk), exported as .stl file and transferred to a multiphoton lithography setup (Photonic Professional GT, Nanoscribe GmbH) to 3D print the structures onto a glass slide. Here, a 25x immersion objective (numerical aperture (NA), 0.8; Zeiss) and IP-S photoresin (Nanoscribe GmbH) were used. The slicing and hatching distance were 1 µm and 0.5 µm, respectively. The laser power was set to 100% and scanning speed at 100 mm/s. Prior to use, glass slides were plasma treated (O₂, 40 mL/min, 200W, 5 min, PVA TePla 100) and incubated overnight in a solution containing 1% 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl acrylate (Sigma-Aldrich) in acetone. This allowed covalent binding of the printed material to the glass substrate. After print, excess resin was washed by incubation in 1-methoxy-2-propanol acetate (Sigma-Aldrich) for 10 min and in isopropanol (Sigma-Aldrich) for 3 min. The obtained master was then replicated using PDMS. Typically, 0.2 mL of a degassed PDMS (Sylgard 184, Dow Corning) was added and covered with a glass slide. Square capillaries (Vitrocom) with a width of 600 µm were used as spacers, to give a total film thickness of 600 µm. The PDMS was cured at 90°C for 60 min, separated from the master and washed with isopropanol. Filling of the chambers with microswimmers A Si-Wafer was diced to (20 x 20) mm, cleaned with ultrapure water (0.055 µS/cm, Purelab Plus UV) and plasma treated (O₂, 40 mL/min, 200W, 5 min, PVA TePla 100). To release the hydrogels from the mould, the latter was peeled and subsequently 2-3 µL of ultrapure water (0.055 µS/cm, Purelab Plus UV) were added by pipetting. After sufficient time for the swimmers to release, 2 µL of this dispersion were pipetted onto the freshly prepared Si-Wafer and dried at 35°C. The moulded PDMS was cut to (15 x 15) mm and a (25 x 25) mm glass slide (thickness 150 µm) was cleaned with ultrapure water. Both were then treated with plasma (O₂, 30 mL/min, 100W, 30 s, PVA TePla 100). This step increases the hydrophilicity of the PDMS to enhance filling with water and avoid adhesion of the hydrogel, while the 150 µm thin glass slide improves the mechanical stability of the setup. Depending on the objective of the experiment either 2 µL of ultrapure water, or 2 µL of a microsphere dispersion (FluoSpheres®, 1.0 µm, Invitrogen; 1:10 volume ratio in ultrapure water) was pipetted onto the wafer. Immediately, the PDMS film was used to trap the swimmers in the chambers and the glass slide was added to gently apply pressure and remove excess liquid. The sample was kept at 40°C for a few minutes to evaporate excess liquid and ensure sealing. NIR-light actuation and microscopic investigation* The hydrogels were actuated by pulse sequences of near-infrared LASER irradiation (808 nm, 10 W, Roithner Lasertechnik) at an incident angle of 45°, giving an elliptical spot size of approximately (2 x 1.5) mm. The temperature of the sample was kept at (20 ± 0.1)°C, using a water cooled peltier element mounted onto the microscope stage. Recording videos with high frame rates (1 frame/ms) was realized using a digital microscope (VW-9000D, Keyence) with a high-speed camera. --- 1 J. P. Rolland, B. W. Maynor, L. E. Euliss, A. E. Exner, G. M. Denison, and J. M. DeSimone, “Direct fabrication and harvesting of monodisperse, shape-specific nanobionomials,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 127, 10996–10100 (2005). 2 H. Zhang, Out of equilibrium actuation of microprinted hydrogel objects for ultrasmall locomotor systems, Ph.D. thesis, RWTH Aachen University (2017).
CRITIQUE OF THE JOINT TARIFF DESIGN POLICY OF THE NIGERIAN ELECTRICITY REGULATORY COMMISSION - ‘Wale Irokosu This article will posit that the new tariff fixing policy for power distribution companies in Nigeria, known as the Joint Tariff Design Process (JTDP), amounts to an abdication of statutory duty by the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC). Also, it will opine that the aforesaid policy will amount to unnecessary unionisation of consumers and create unnecessary bureaucracy in the power sector. On 8th April, 2015, the Chairman of NERC announced a new policy direction for the Nigerian Electricity Supply Industry (NESI). The JTDP stipulates that electricity tariff paid by consumers of electricity will be determined jointly by the Distribution Companies (DISCOs) and the consumers/end users. Thus, NERC will only play the role of an independent adjudicator in reviewing the tariff agreed upon between the DISCOs and consumers within the DISCO’s concession area.$^1$ By the said policy, the DISCOs are to come up with their costs of distributing electricity power and will then propose a tariff based on the said costs. Their proposed tariff and cost plan will be presented to a session/panel of the DISCOs, consumers and representatives of NERC for deliberation and approval. After consultation with the consumers, the DISCOs will then forward the cost plan and proposed tariff to NERC for approval.$^2$ It is pertinent to state that the central duty of an electricity regulator is to balance the interest of consumers with that of the providers of electricity. Essentially, the regulator is to ensure a fair balance between making electricity available to consumers at affordable rates and making the business of electricity profitable. The latter duty entails allowing suppliers of electricity recoup their investment and make reasonable returns. Also, the regulator is expected to ensure safety of power utilities, and ensure adequate competition in the sector. Furthermore, it should provide a regulatory regime that ensures universal access to electricity including for low-income households, protection of the environment, and investment in innovation. All three of these services are forms of social services, which markets on their own, are unlikely to supply in adequate levels.$^3$ In Nigeria, the power to regulate electricity tariff in Nigeria is vested in NERC by virtue of Section 76 of the Electric Power Sector Reform Act (EPSRA) 2005. Section 76(1) of EPSRA 2005, stipulates that NERC has power to regulate distribution tariff in respect of which licenses are required under the EPSRA 2005. According to Section 76 (2) of the EPSRA 2005: "Prices for the activities referred to in subsection 1 of this section shall be regulated according to one or more methodologies adopted by the Commission (NERC) for regulating electricity prices and such tariff methodologies shall: - Allow a licensee that operates efficiently to recover the full costs of its business activities, including a reasonable return on the capital invested in the business; - Provide incentives for the continued improvement of the technical and economic efficiency with which the services are provided; - Provide efficiency for the continued improvement of quality of services; - Give to consumers economically efficient signals regarding the costs that their consumption imposes on the licensee's businesses; - Avoid undue discrimination between consumers and consumer categories; and, - Phase out or substantially reduce cross subsidies." Section 76(6) of the EPSRA 2005, also provides that prior to establishing a tariff methodology, NERC should give notice in the Official Gazette and in one or more newspapers with wide circulation, of the proposed establishment of the tariff methodology, indicating the period within which objections or representations may be made to NERC in connection with the proposed methodology. Further, by Section 76(7), in preparing a tariff methodology, NERC shall consider any representations made by the license applicants, other licensees, consumers, eligible customers, consumer associations, association of eligible customers and such other persons as it considers necessary or desirable. NERC shall also obtain evidence, information or advice from persons who in NERC’s opinion, possess expert knowledge which is relevant in the preparation of the methodology. The above provisions of the EPSRA, 2005 show that: - NERC has the sole responsibility to prepare and approve tariff methodologies; - It is the duty of NERC to give notice to the general public that it is preparing a tariff methodology, thereby asking for representations within a specific time; - NERC is only mandated to consider representations from licensees as well as consumers. - Licensees such as DISCO’s are not statutorily authorised to prepare tariff methodologies like the JTDP To be continued on page 5 MTN'S PROPOSED ACQUISITION OF VISAFONE: IMPLICATION FOR COMPETITION IN NIGERIA TELECOMS SECTOR - Lekan Dairo and Kevwe Okpobia. The focus of this piece is on the implication of the proposed acquisition of Visafone by MTN, particularly its effect on competition in the telecommunication sector. MTN is Africa's and Nigeria's largest telecommunications provider. Visafone, is the last major Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) operator in Nigeria with a subscriber base of 2,031,802 (Two Million and Thirty One Thousand, Eight Hundred and Two), a category it shares with Multilinks Telkom, which has a subscriber base of 10,213 (Ten Thousand Two Hundred and Thirteen). It is noteworthy that CDMA technology is better in terms of the quality of calls. However, the GSM technology is more profitable for mobile telephone operators. Although, a move of this nature was foreseeable considering the dwindling fortunes of Nigeria's CDMA sub-sector of the telecoms industry. However, it is expected that the industry regulator, the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), would properly scrutinize the transaction. In 2006, MTN acquired VGC Communications, a private telephone operator in Lagos. Prior to the acquisition, VGC Communications had laid extensive fibre optic cables and Internet service provision having been licensed to provide nationwide cabling and radiotelephone services by NCC and was strategically posed to be a major player in the Nigeria Telecoms industry. It is important to note that at the time of the said acquisition, VGC Communications boasted of a subscriber base of over 20,000 (Twenty To be continued on page 6 Base Bill: A charge calculated by applying the rate charged from the appropriate class schedule to the level of consumption. Base Load: The minimum amount of electric power delivered or required over a given period of time at a steady rate. Capacity Charge: A component of a power tariff that comprises of the fixed cost of providing power determined by the rating of the main circuit breaker through which a premises is supplied with electricity and it is levied on a consumer’s account whether electricity is consumed or not (e.g. cost of maintaining the power plant). Captive Generator: A person who generates power exceeding 1 Mega Watt for personal consumption and does not sell to a third-party. This power is generated off the national grid. DISCO: Distribution Company. Embedded Generator: A person licensed to generate electricity that is directly connected to and evacuated through a distribution Network. Energy Charge: A component of a power tariff that comprises of the variable cost (e.g. cost of fuel) of providing power. It is based on the actual energy consumed. Fossil-Fuel: A deposit of hydrocarbon obtained from accumulated decayed plants and animals such as coal, petroleum, oil and natural gas. GENCO: Generation Company. Grid Code: Instructions, rules, procedures, guidelines, etcetera, for the operation and planning of an interconnected power system (the grid) and accounting requirements relating to the operation of the said interconnected power system. Kilowatt: The standard unit for measuring electricity demand, equal to 1,000 watts. Lifeline Tariff: A tariff set by the Commission for the benefit of a target consumer group, which incorporates cross subsidies by other customers based on a tariff regime fixed under section 76(5) of the Act. MYTO: Multi Year Tariff Order refers to NERC’s establishment of the regulated prices to be paid to licensed generation, transmission, distribution and retailing companies. NBET: Nigeria Bulk Electricity Trading Plc. is a Federal Government owned company incorporated on 29th July, 2010. It is also known as the bulk trader. As the name implies, it has been set up to engage in the purchase and resale of electric power from independent power producers and successor generating companies. Off-Taker: A person who has agreed with a resource producer, a captive generator to purchase future production of power. Power: Current delivered at a given voltage. It is measured by capacity and is usually expressed in watts, kilowatts or megawatts. Power Tariff: A price approved by the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission that specifies the prices, terms, and conditions under which electricity services are to be provided. PPA: Power Purchase Agreement is an agreement between a power producer and the bulk purchaser and/or a distribution licensee and/or an eligible customer, for the purchase of power. REPS: Renewable Energy Power System means a power system that generates power using energy sources that replenishes such as solar energy, biomass, small hydro and wind power. Transformer: An electrical device that transfers electricity between two or more circuits and used for changing the voltage of alternating currents. Turbine: A machine that uses a continuous turning wheel or motor to convert kinetic energy of fluids to mechanical energy for the production of constant power. Watt: Electric unit of power, which measures the rate of energy conversion or transfer at one joule per second. Wheeling Service: This refers to the movement of electricity from one system to another, over transmission facilities of intervening systems. would have it. - It is not envisaged that a licensee comes up with tariff methodologies and structure, and then invites consumers to advocate for themselves on the sustainability of the tariff methodology and/or structure. It therefore becomes clear that by the JTDP, NERC will be abdicating its statutory responsibility to regulate power tariff. A major flaw of the JTDP is that the highly informed, sophisticated and profit oriented DISCOs are left to bargain tariff with (in most cases) a group of less informed consumers, who cannot understand the nuances of the complex power industry.$^7$ [It is opined that well-informed consumers may either not have the time or access to the cost structure of the licensee in order to query the methodology proposed by the latter.$^8$] More so, cost identification is usually a problem for regulators. Essentially, regulators often find it difficult to obtain full information on operators' costs and are therefore prone to making mistakes that either allow excessive returns or not allow sufficient return to encourage fresh investment. It is improbable that consumers or consumer advocacy groups would do a better job than the regulator. It is obvious that NERC is better placed to scrutinize the tariff due to its industry expertise, resources and access to the necessary information [Secondly, the NERC, in line with the JTDP, now seeks to constitute consumer advocacy groups that will discuss with the DISCOs before a tariff is determined. The poser is: what will be the criteria for identifying and constituting the advocacy group as well as the process of determining their demographic spread?$^9$] Most importantly, it is opined that this will amount to creating consumer unions in the power sector and meetings with the DISCOs are bound to be confrontational, emotional and political. Unions in Nigeria have been known to carry out mob activities, which are rarely in the interest of the country.$^10$ Furthermore, due to political visibility of power infrastructures, the industry has proved to be a particularly challenging area to introduce market forces, as the government often intervenes if market forces deliver a politically inconvenient outcome.$^11$ This makes the sector, particularly the distribution segment, unattractive to investors, who are wary of their ability to earn an acceptable return on investment. The key challenge for regulators in developing countries has been the ability to muster the authority needed to protect the distribution companies against the monopsonistic$^12$ tendencies of politically organized consumers. It is said that the largest inefficiency and greatest difficulties lie in the distribution segment between the power system and politically influential retail customers.$^13$ JTDP further compounds the challenges of development of the Nigerian Electricity Supply Industry. The Electricity Industry is in dire need of investments to increase power generation, improve the obsolete transmission and distribution infrastructure. This may be improbable with militant and organized consumer groups united against paying the going rate for electricity. The NERC is expected to be the bridge or stabilizing factor between the operators and the consumers. Thus, we recommend the following: - NERC should assume its role as the body statutorily empowered to develop tariff methodologies for the industry; - NERC should reverse the JTDP policy and in the alternative, come up with a policy that will enable NERC design the tariff structure after having consulted jointly with the DISCOs and sampled the opinions of the consumers. This will better meet the spirit of the EPSRA 2005; - NERC should also take up the task of informing the consumers of how power tariffs are arrived at. That way, consumers will be enlightened without the need for confrontations that may arise from meeting with the DISCOs. --- $^7$ "NERC Justifies the Joint Electricity Tariff Design Policy", http://businessnews.com.ng/2015/04/15/nercjustifies-joint-design-electricity-tariff/ accessed October 21, 2015. $^8$ ibid. $^9$ David Victor and Thomas C. Heller, (eds.), The Political Economy of Power Sector Reform: The Experiences of Five Major Developing Countries, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 28 $^10$ What really happens is that the Discos propose a tariff (based on the methodologies in the current MYTO), holds consultations with consumers and then make a rate case to NERC. NERC may approve the tariff or ask the Disco to amend. $^11$ This problem is mostly for NERC (or well informed consumers). $^12$ There are significant provisions in the Market Rules for consumer groups, including the Stakeholder Advisory Group. $^13$ See: http://punchng.com/consumers-kick-as-nerc-finalises-new-electricity-tariffs/ See also: http://ileadership.ng/news/475227/protesters-barricade-lagos-assembly-over-abnormal-electricity-tariff $^14$ ibid., p. 1 $^15$ A market similar to a monopoly except that a large buyer not seller controls a large proportion of the market and drives the prices down $^16$ David Victor and Thomas C. Heller, op.cit., at p. 299 $^17$ South Africa, a nation of about 55 million people, with a power-generating capacity of over 35000MW is still rationing or shedding its power load MTN’S PROPOSED ACQUISITION OF VISAFONE: IMPLICATION FOR COMPETITION IN NIGERIA TELECOMS SECTOR Continued from page 3 Thousand)$^3$, while presently, 9 (Nine) years after the acquisition, VGC/MTN has a subscriber base of 9,731 (Nine thousand Seven Hundred and Thirty One)$^4$. Thus, from the aforesaid, it goes without saying that the acquisition of VGC Communications Limited by MTN, has dampened competition to a reasonable extent by eliminating a viable opposition of MTN at the early stage of its development and stifled its growth. From the aforesaid statistics, it apparent that Visafone is the only existing competitor of MTN in the CDMA category. Consequently, if NCC endorses this transaction, the future of the CDMA technology driven mobile phones would be uncertain. The importance of a healthy competition in a free market economy cannot be overemphasized. It facilitates innovation amongst businesses, creates jobs, lowers costs of goods and services, increases the choice for consumers, and improves quality of goods and services. In addition, competition guarantees trade freedom and checks abuse of market power in the economy. Thus, the impingement of competition in any economy, will lead to stunted development. To better appreciate, the essence of competition in the telecoms industry, a few examples of the competitive and innovative approach of certain mobile phone operators (MNOs) provide a good understanding of the discourse. For instance, Globacom’s initiative of giving out sim cards for free, crashed the cost of sim cards. Additionally, the operation of per second billing today is largely due to its introduction by Globacom in 2003. Before the commencement of business by Globacom, the prevailing sentiment of the erstwhile industry players (MTN, ECONET and MTEL) was that per second billing was impractical and subscribers were billed per minute. Also, in 2014, Etisalat changed the dynamics of international calls by creating a platform, whereby its customers can receive calls for free abroad. The incumbent mobile network operators (MNOs) had to adopt the same approach, even though, the said companies had initially given the impression that it was not commercial viable or unprofitable to offer such services. NCC has a fundamental role to play in the impending acquisition of Visafone by (an already dominant player in the sector) MTN$^5$. This transaction raises a lot of questions, with respect to the monopolistic status of MTN vis-a-vis other MNOs and whether the said acquisition will eliminate or substantially lessen competition in the telecoms industry. The primary regulatory framework for competition in the telecoms industry is the NCC Act, 2003 ("The Act") and the Competition Regulation, 2007 ("the Regulation") issued by NCC. Section 3 of the Act establishes NCC with powers to regulate the industry$^6$. In addition, NCC has the powers to make regulations, guidelines and directives for the purpose of regulating competition.$^7$ Section 4(1) also provides that: - the protection and promotion of the interests of consumers against unfair practices including but not limited to matters relating to tariffs and charges for and the availability and quality of communications services, equipment and facilities; and, - the promotion of fair competition in the communications industry and protection of communications services and facilities providers from misuse of market power or anti-competitive and unfair practices by other service or facilities providers or equipment suppliers. By virtue of Section 90 of the Act, the Commission, notwithstanding the provisions of any other written law, has exclusive competence to determine, pronounce upon, administer, monitor and enforce compliance of all persons with competition laws and regulations, whether of a general or specific nature, as it relates to the Nigerian Communications Market. Section 91 further prohibits licensees from engaging in any practice that has the purpose or effect of substantially lessening competition in any aspect of the Nigerian Communications Market. In furtherance of this, the Commission is empowered to publish from time to time guidelines or regulations, which clarify the meaning of "substantially lessening of competition."$^8$ Section 91 (3) and (4) prohibits licensees from entering into certain understanding, agreement or arrangement.$^9$ NCC has the powers to determine that an operator in the sector has acquired a dominant position in the market and may direct such operator to cease a conduct that has or may have the effect of substantially lessening competition in the market and it may also apply and unemployment.$^{10}$ It must be reiterated that NCC has found that MTN is the dominant operator on two vibrant markets.$^{11}$ With this level of dominance, MTN has already been engaging in anti-competitive activities to impugn other operators competing with it in the market. This point is affirmed by the directive of NCC stating that MTN has breached Regulation 25 by engaging in anti-competitive practices.$^{12}$ An instance is the issue of the differential between MTN Nigeria's on-net and off-net retail tariffs, which NCC directed MTN to collapse immediately to bring MTN's tariff for on-net calls at par with its tariff for off-net calls.$^{13}$ By virtue of the Competitions Regulations 27 and 28, NCC has the powers to approve any transaction of this sort.$^{14}$ Regulation 28 further stipulates that NCC must be notified of such transactions for approval.$^{15}$ It is unclear at the time of writing this article, if MTN has made such notification to NCC. In the event that it has, NCC must scrutinize the impending transaction to ensure that healthy competition is maintained in the industry before making a decision.$^{16}$ In the event that NCC approves the transaction, it will definitely increase MTN's market share in telecoms industry and make it the largest mobile MNO in Nigeria both in data and voice services. Thus, making it difficult for its competitors to fairly compete in the industry. It is recommended that NCC adopts the reasoning of the authority in the United States' case of AT&T's $39billion dollars proposed takeover of T-Mobile, where the acquisition was blocked, as it was decided that the transaction would substantially lessen competition for mobile wireless telecommunications services across the United States, resulting in higher prices, poorer quality services, fewer choices and fewer innovative products for the millions of American consumers who rely on mobile wireless services in their everyday lives.$^{17}$ It is clear that there are available statutory provisions prohibiting the transaction under the NCC Act and other Regulations. The said NCC Act and other Regulations, provide industry specific statutory provisions against anti competitive practices. Whether these provisions are sufficient to deal with the ever-growing demands and challenges of the telecommunication industry in Nigeria is another issue entirely. On thing is certain: there is a need for vibrant and active monitoring of this transaction and others of this nature, vis-à-vis the anti-competitive provisions of NCC Act and other existing Regulations. The enforcement of these existing laws has to be meticulously implemented by the Regulators. In conclusion, it is our opinion that the proposed acquisition of Visafone by MTN constitutes a threat to competition within the mobile telephone market in Nigeria. It is advised that the NCC consider the implication of the transaction on the survival of the entire CDMA category in Nigeria; as well as its effect on competition, in general, within the telecommunication industry. --- 1 Rise and fall of CDMA in Nigeria http://www.littlecomdigest.com/rise-and-fall-of-cdma-in-nigeria/ 2 MTN Acquires Visafone to put end to CDMA in Nigeria, IT & Telecom Digest, http://www.littlecomdigest.com/mtn-acquiresvisafone-to-put-end-to-cdma-in-nigeria/ 3 http://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/en/issue-no-337/money/mtn-concludes-70-mil/en 4 Base on operator data by the Nigerian Communication Commission (NCC), accessed at http://www.ncc.gov.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=67 5 In the case of Gencor Ltd v. Commission [1999] ECR II-753 the Court held that merger control is there “to avoid the establishment of market structures which may create or strengthen a dominant position and not need to control directly possible abuses of dominant positions”. 6 Competition laws are usually enacted for the promotion or maintenance of fair market competition among businesses. They prohibit any there anti-competitive conducts, through regulatory control. Competition law is known as antitrust law in the United States and European Union, and as anti-monopoly law in China and Russia. In previous years it has been known as trade practices law in the United Kingdom and Australia. www.en.wikipedia.org last checked 11/11/2015 7 Competition law, or antitrust law, has three main elements: * prohibiting agreements or practices that restrict free trading and competition between business. This includes in particular the repression of free trade caused by cartels; * banning abusive behavior by a firm dominating a market, or anti-competitive practices that tend to lead to such a dominant position. Practices controlled in this way may include predatory pricing, tying, price gouging, refusal to deal, and many others; * supporting the formation of new combinations of large corporations, including some joint ventures. Transactions that are considered to threaten the competitive process can be prohibited altogether, or approved subject to "remedies" such as an obligation to divest part of the merged business or to offer licenses or access to facilities to enable other businesses to continue competing. 8 Section 1 of the Act, provides that one of its objectives is to ensure fair competition among industry operators and participation of Nigerians in the industry. 9 These guidelines are to be published with regard to or in response to a number of factors namely: global trends in the relevant market; the impact of the conduct on the number of competitors in a market and their market shares; the impact of the conduct on barriers to entry into the market; the impact of the conduct on the range of services in the market; the impact of the conduct on the cost and profit structures in the market; and any other matters which the Commission is satisfied are relevant. 10 "any understanding, agreement or arrangement, whether legally enforceable or not, which provides for rate fixing; market sharing; boycott of another competitor; boycott of a supplier of apparatus or equipment; or boycott of any other licensee or from at any time or under any circumstances, and it is common for the provision or supply of a product or service in a communications market that the person acquiring such product or service in the communications market is also required to acquire or not to acquire any other product or service either from himself or from another person." 11 Section 92 of the Act. 12 This will expand MTN services in Nigeria, to the broadband market. 13 http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/mtnvisafone-deal-this-acquisition-may-breedmonopoly/#sthash.SfIaUEnh.dpuf 14 https://www.theetable.ng/averting-monopoly-nigerias-telecom-industry/ 15 MTN Acquires Visafone to put end to CDMA in Nigeria, IT & Telecom Digest, http://www.littlecomdigest.com/mtn-acquiresvisafone-to-put-end-to-cdma-in-nigeria/. It had previously in 2006 acquired VGC Communications, a private telephone operator in Lagos, which had laid extensive fibre optic cables and internet service providers, and also engaged in nationwide cabling and radio telephone services by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC)) 16 https://www.theetable.ng/averting-monopoly-nigerias-telecom-industry. Following the Determination of Dominance in Selected Communications Market (DDSM) and imposed specific obligations meant to ensure it balances competitive behaviour and also ensure the sustenance of long term competition in the telecommunications industry. These alongside other occurrences lend credence to how much influence MTN has in the Nigerian Telecommunication Industry. 17 Monopoly of the market: This transaction is likely to create monopoly in the sector, even though, broadband is still at its infancy in Nigeria. Unemployment: Following the boom in the telecommunication sector, the sector has become one of the largest employers of labour in Nigeria. With the disheartening unemployment situation in Nigeria, the withdrawal of country needs in the collapse of companies in the telecommunication sector, same will lead to massive lay-off of workers. This dreadful situation will be inevitable if the regulators ignore MTN’s acquisition of Visafone. Significant barrier for entry: Just as the acquisition will lead to massive exit of many network providers from the telecommunication sector, it will also discourage new entrants and new investors in the sector. Elimination of Choice: The effect of this will be systemic elimination of alternatives. In the absence of alternatives, the consumers lose their status as the center of attraction and allows for the dominant player rather than market forces to determine price and even quality of service on offer in the market. Nigerians will in the long run be left with only MTN and their services without any alternative to choose from. 18 This was arrived at by NCC under, Regulation 20 of the Competition Practices Regulation’s which stipulates that any Licensee whose gross revenues in a specific communications market exceed forty percent (40%) of the total gross revenues of all Licensees in that market, is in a dominant position in that market. MTN was found to have 44% share of market subscribers and to be dominant in two sectors of the market. 19 http://www.opinionnigeria.com/before-nigeria-descends-into-telecoms-monopoly-by-jare-oladumuyoy/ 20 http://businessdayonline.com/2015/08/an-analysis-of-the-competition-regime-in-the-nigerian-telecommunications-industry/ 21 Regulation 27 makes any transaction that involves acquisition of more than 10% shares of the Licensee or change in control of licensee or direct or indirect transfer or acquisition of any individual license previously granted by the Commission subject to the approval of NCC. 22 The transaction pending between MTN and Visafone requires the approval of the Commission. 23 As canvassed above, allowing this transaction to pull through without proper investigation might have enormous consequences on the nation’s economy, as the transaction will make MTN dominant in a third category of telecom services (data i.e. the data market). In a recent telecom merger in the United Kingdom involving BT’s takeover of EE, the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) considered whether the takeover would substantially lessen competition in any market in the UK by looking at a number of factors including market structure, market position, strength of other players, closeness of competition between the merging parties etc.; CMA came to the conclusion that both companies operated in largely separate areas. BT strong in fixed-line telephones, broadband and digital TV services, EE mobile, with limited coverage. Whilst, in the United States, the purchase of T-Mobile by AT&T for $30billion dollars was blocked by the authorities, as the proposed purchase will give AT&T a 43% market share of mobile phones in the United States, hence, making it the largest mobile phone company in the United States, making AT&T significantly larger than its competitors. Available at http://news.sky.com/story/1577468/bits-12-5bn-takeover-of-e-clearlyed-cma. Also, BskvB bid for Manchester United was blocked by the Authority, after investigation by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission revealed that it would be anti-competitive, against the public interest and would damage the quality of British football if the takeover was approved. 24 http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-files-antitrust-lawsuit-block-att-s-acquisition-l-mobile 1. Nigerian Electricity Management Services Authority Act 2015; On 27th May 2015, President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan signed the Nigerian Electricity Management Services Authority (NEMSA) Bill into law. The Nigerian Electricity Management Services Authority (NEMSA) was established with the intent of taking over the management of the Electricity Management Services Limited (the EMSL). NEMSA is an independent agency charged with the responsibilities of maintaining technical competence, safety and security while ensuring regular power supply, testing and certification of electrical materials/equipment and all electrical installations in the country. Highlights - Conferring NEMSA with powers to conduct inspections and certifications in the Nigerian Electricity Supply Industry and the enforcement of technical electrical standards, codes and regulations. - Establishment of a governing board to oversee the affairs of NEMSA which includes remuneration of its staff, making standard policies etc. - Granting NEMSA unrestricted access to premises and records of establishments in furtherance of their objects. - Reserving the Authority with power to serve notice on any institution of its choice requiring information as regards their electrical paraphernalia, its performance and standards. Although there seems to be a great overlap with the functions and duties of the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC), its establishment is viewed to reduce the monopoly of NERC which serves as the industry regulator, inspector, certifier, prosecutor, investigator, fact-finder, judicial officer and judgment enforcer. 2. Equipment Leasing Act 2015 On 26th May, 2015, The Equipment Leasing Bill was signed into law. This is the first legislation enacted in relation to equipment leasing business in Nigeria. It will make for a more structured and convenient business of equipment leasing which in turn will facilitate economic growth and development. Highlights - Participants in the business of equipment leasing will be incorporated as a limited liability company in Nigeria with the business incorporated into its memorandum of association. - Leases were categorized into: financial, operating and variants of financial and operating leases. - An Authority was established for equipment leasing registration and provides for the registration of lease agreements within fourteen days after which a certificate of registration will be issued. Implications of the Act i. Unregistered leases will be invalidated such that legal enforcement of such relationships will be impossible rendering it unable to protect rights and interests of the parties involved. ii. A registered business name cannot carry on the business of equipment leasing. 3. The Cybercrimes (Prohibition, Prevention Etc.) Act The Cybercrimes (Prohibition, Prevention Etc.) Bill was signed by the president on 15th May, 2015. The Act seeks to maintain cyber security through the prohibition, detection and prosecution of cybercrimes and other related matters. It seeks to ensure the protection of networks, intellectual property, critical national information, computer systems and electronic communications. Highlights - It caters for the protection of Critical National Information Infrastructure being computers, networks and information considered vital to Nigeria’s security and provides for the criminal liability of anyone who contravenes any provision relating thereto. - It prohibits any unauthorized access to any computer system for the purposes of alteration, deletion, transmission, damage and suppression of data vital to national security or for fraudulent purposes. - The Act imposes a duty on financial institutions to its customers to establish an effective check for cybercrimes and ensure proper verification of customers prior to carrying out electronic financial transactions. Failure of such verification is an offence for which the institution/organization is liable to fine. - It mandates that any unauthorized debit on the account of a customer must be reversed within 72 (Seventy Two) hours the failure of which is an offence liable on conviction to restitution of the debit and fine. - The Act mandates service providers to retain records, traffic data and subscriber information for two years and at the request of relevant authority, release any information required to be retained. - It empowers a judge to order a service provider to intercept, collect, record content data or traffic data associated with specified communication on the basis of information on oath for the purpose of a criminal proceeding or investigation. • It established the Cybercrime Advisory Council for recommendations on cyber security and the National Cyber Security Fund domiciled with the Central Bank of Nigeria into which 0.005 of all electronic transactions will be paid by businesses listed in Schedule 2 of the Act and all other monies, grants and gifts that may accrue to the fund. 5. Standard Organisation of Nigeria Act 2015 On 27th May 2015, Standard Organisation of Nigeria Amendment bill was passed into law. It repealed the Standard Organisation of Nigeria Act Cap. S9 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2004. The Act expands the regulatory functions and powers of the Standards Organisation of Nigeria which will gear towards improving global competitiveness and safety of consumers through ensuring the availability of standard products in compliance with relevant statutes. Highlights • The Council's powers have been extended to: i. Evaluation of quality assurance activities ii. Establishment of mandatory conformity assessment programme for locally manufactured products in Nigeria. iii. Nigerian Industrial Standards and import and export product surveillance etc. • The Act has reasonably reviewed financial liability to N1,000,000 as opposed to N50,000 being the maximum financial limit of the previous Act. • It increased the imprisonment term for offences liable on conviction to between nine months and one year and extends the application of its provisions to corporate bodies. This structure of increased liability is believed to be able to discourage counterfeits and importation of fake and sub-standard products. The Act however does not make provisions for fines relating to offences by corporate bodies. 6. Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria (Amendment) Act 2015 On 26th May, 2015, the erstwhile President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, His Excellency, President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan signed the Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria (Amendment) Bill into Law. Highlights • The Act mandates that quarterly report of its operations be submitted to the National Assembly. This is undoubtedly in order to ensure transparency and accountability. • It Created the Banking Sector Resolution Cost Fund to facilitate the Corporation in meeting its obligations. The fund is domiciled with the CBN and exempted from taxes. • The CBN is expected to appropriate a sum to the Fund coupled with an annual levy imposed on eligible financial institutions. • The Act makes each financial institution responsible for the computation of the amount payable to the BSRC fund and where the amount is decreased, the final and conclusive figure will be that computed by the Board of Trustees. • A defaulting financial institution shall be liable to N1,000,000,000 for each act of default or non-compliance if found guilty. • The Act vests eligible bank assets and assignment of contracts relating thereto in the Corporation in spite of the existence of pending suits in respect of the eligible bank asset. • The Corporation is empowered to take over existing action from an eligible financial institution before acquiring assets forming subject matter of the suit. 7. Violence against Persons (Prohibition) Act 2015 On 25th May 2015, the erstwhile President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, His Excellency, President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, signed the Violence against Persons (Prohibition) Bill into law. The Act promotes the long, structured concepts of Human Rights through the prohibition and elimination of violence in his or her public and private life. Highlights • It prohibits a range of activities, which may compromise human physical, mental, psychological or physical balance. • It defines rape as penetration of mouth, anus and vagina without consent or if consent is derived by any means of intimidation or threat. • Recognising that women can rape as well, it punishes rape by life imprisonment. In furtherance of this, the law mandates that at an open and accessible register of sex offenders shall be maintained. • The law makes liable with the option of jail term or fine anyone who wilfully inflicts physical injury on another, incites or aids another to commit a violent act, coerce another to engage in self-detrimental acts and wilfully places another in fear of physical injury. • It prohibits female circumcision and punishes an attempt to commit it. • It further prohibits deprivation of a person's liberty, emotional, verbal and physical abuse on another, abandonment of children, spouse and other dependents without sustenance, subjecting a widow to harmful traditional practices, incest, indecent exposure, forceful ejection or eviction of a spouse or one from his or her home and causing mischief with an intent to cause distress. • It establishes a commission to ensure its full implementation and a trust fund for catering to the needs of the victims. • The Act cannot act in vacuum hence the need to make a complaint to the appropriate authorities. Perhaps the mitigation of the strictness of this provision is that the Act provides that a third party can make a complaint. 8. Immigration Act 2015 On 25th May 2015, the erstwhile President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, His Excellency, President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, signed the Immigration bill into law. This Act repealed the Immigration Act of 1963. In effect, a lot of changes reflecting modern trends in immigration issues have been incorporated into this Act and they are highlighted below: Highlights - The Head of Immigration Service is designated as “Comptroller General.” - The Comptroller General of Immigration is empowered to approve and issue temporary work permits and Combined Expatriate Residence Permit and Aliens Card (CERPAC). - Commercial airliners are to ensure their passengers have correct documents prior to travel and are liable if in default. - Approval of the CGI must be obtained prior to foreign nationals’ change of employment within Nigeria; failure of which may make the person liable to deportation. - Alteration of existing travel documents renders the holder liable with an option of Two Million Naira fine or three years imprisonment. - Companies/employers are to ensure strict compliance of foreign nationals to Immigration laws in Nigeria failure of which will render them liable. - Immigration Courts have been established at Ports of Entry for speedy resolution of Immigration matters. An offender may be remanded for a maximum of 21 days in custody at first instance but the total period of remand must not exceed three months. - Failure to renew Expatriate Quota positions or submit its monthly returns will attract a fine of three million naira. The responsible officer will be liable on conviction for a year or to a fine of one million naira. Expatriates shall be liable to a maximum of 12 months imprisonment or maximum of three million naira fine upon failure of renewal of residence permit, renew business, transit, visitor’s pass or temporary work permit. - Officers are empowered to detain any expatriate deemed to be in contravention of the Act. - If a person is guilty of an offence for which no general punishment has been specified, the person is liable for a fine of one hundred thousand naira or one year imprisonment or both. - It also prohibits handcuffing a suspect unless there is an apprehension of violence or attempt to escape. ### 10. National Tobacco Control Act On 26th May 2015, The National Tobacco Control Bill was signed into Law by President Goodluck Jonathan. The National Tobacco Control Act 2015 repealed the Tobacco Smoking (Control) Act, Cap. T6, LFN 2004. The Act will ensure effective regulation and control of production, manufacture, sale, labelling, advertising, promotion and sponsorship of tobacco and tobacco products in Nigeria. Highlights - The Act prohibits smoking in public places and imposes a duty of any person who owns or is in control of public places to display a “no smoking” sign and take reasonable steps to ensure compliance with the provisions of the Act. - It prohibits tobacco advertisement, promotion and sponsorship excluding application to manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers and any consenting person of 18 years and above. - It prohibits access to tobacco products and sale to any person 18 years and below. - It requires that a manufacturer or an importer of tobacco submits a report on tobacco product contents and emissions as may be prescribed by Standard Organisation of Nigeria. - It mandates that the package of tobacco products shall contain health warnings in English language and in a manner not calculated to deceive or create a false impression about the product and its hazards. - It prohibits the industry from making voluntary contributions to any political party, government institution or public office holder. 1. A brother and sister who fought a High Court battle over plans for their mother’s funeral have accepted a compromise that will include the congregation joining in a rendition of If You Were the Only Girl in the World. Iris Freud, who was born into the Church of England but married a practising Jew, died aged 92 last month. Her funeral was delayed because Susanna Levrant, her daughter, and David Freud, her son, disagreed over where she should be buried. Mrs Levrant, 66, wanted a C of E service, with familiar hymns and the singing of If You Were the Only Girl in the World, a hit for Perry Como in 1946 that their father used to sing to their mother. While Mr Freud, 67, wanted a more austere service to fit in with his desire to observe traditional Jewish mourning. After a two-day hearing at the High Court at which Mr Justice Arnold said he would not relish exercising the “judgment of Solomon” and forcing a compromise on the siblings, the pair had to come to an agreement. Mrs Freud will be buried in consecrated ground at Mortlake cemetery, near Putney, west London, where she lived for 66 years.$^{20}$ 2. It is often said during marriage ceremonies, that “till death do us part”. This vow seems to be said without significance. However, the significance of same was met with reality in a recent case at the High Court of Lagos State Nigeria. A woman who had fought tooth and nail for dissolution of her marriage as well as custody of her child passed away on the same day that Judgment was delivered dissolving the marriage and granting her custody. She was confirmed to have passed away at around 1pm of the said date, whereas, Judgment was delivered at around 3pm of the same date. Death indeed parted them before the court could. $^{20}$ The Times: UK News
Loughton Day Saturday 16 September from 11am to 4pm WE LOOK forward to seeing you at our inaugural Loughton Day on Saturday 16 September from 11am to 4pm, a free event open to all residents. Join us at Loughton Cricket Club, High Road, The Uplands IG10 1NQ, to see what Loughton has to offer! (Entrances are in Traps Hill opposite Loughton Library, Swimming Pool and Car Park) Loughton community groups, clubs and organisations have all been invited to showcase what is available in our Town, whether you are interested to know more about the voluntary groups or would like to take up a new hobby or pastime, this is the place to find out more. There will be performances from UpStage Theatre Company, Straight Up Dance UK, a Puppet Theatre, music and much more. The Scouts will be cooking up a BBQ, alongside a Caribbean food stall, Loughton Churches Together will be providing a tea, coffee and homemade cakes marquee and the Cricket Club house will be open for refreshments too. ## Contact numbers ### COUNCIL SERVICES - Loughton Town Council 020 8508 4200 - City of London Corp (Epping Forest) 020 8532 1010 - Epping Forest District Council 01992 564000 - Waste Management Hotline 01992 564608 - Essex County Council (ECC) 03457 430 430 - Adult Social Care 0345 603 7630 - Child Social Care 0345 603 7627 - Debden Library 0333 0132654 - Education & Schools 0345 603 2200 - Loughton Library 0333 0132677 - Registrar: Births, ceremonies & deaths 0345 603 7632 - Essex Parking Partnership (enquiries) 01206 282316 ### ADVICE, HELP & INFORMATION - 3Food4u 01992 842642 - Action for Family Carers 0300 770 80 90 - Affordable Counselling Epping Forest 01992 573402 - Citizens Advice 0808 278 7885 - Citizens Advice Consumer Service 03454 04 05 06 - New City College, Epping Forest 0330 115 9000 - Jobcentre Plus (Loughton) 0345 600 00 19 - NSPCC helpline (freephone) 0808 800 5000 - RSPCA cruelty line 0300 1234 999 - Samaritans 116 123 - SSAF (Loughton Epping & Harlow) 01206 764114 - Trading Standards ECC (business) 0345 603 7626 - Victim Support (Essex) 0300 303 0165 ### COMMUNITY - Accuro 01279 870297 - Age UK Essex 01245 346106 - Age UK Advice 0800 678 1174 ### Care & Repair Service - Churches Together www.loughtonchurches.org.uk - Epping Forest ReUse 01992 578228 - Ignite (Youth Activities) 020 8508 3643 - Loughton Arts Centre 07532 053194 - Loughton Voluntary Care Assoc. 020 8508 6114 - Restore Community Centre 020 8508 9883 - Royal British Legion (Loughton Branch) 020 8508 5044 - Royal Voluntary Service 0845 608 0122 - Supporting Carers in Essex 0300 770 80 90 - Voluntary Action Epping Forest 01992 910701 - Volunteering Enquiries 01992 284701 ### HEALTH & HOSPITALS - ADAS (Alcohol & Drugs Service) 01279 641347 - Alzheimer’s Society Epping Forest 01279 427622 - Breathe Easy Harrow & Epping Forest 01992 573387 - British Red Cross 020 8508 2162 - Forest Medical Centre 020 8508 2160 - The Hope Private Hospital 020 8205 3311 - King George V 020 8983 8000 - Loughton Health Centre 020 8502 5000 - NHS Direct 111 - Princess Alexandra 01279 444455 - Rectory Lane Health Centre 020 8272 4600 - Spire Roding (Private) 020 8551 1100 - St Margaret’s 01279 444455 - Whips Cross 020 8539 5522 ### LOCAL AMENITY REFUSE POINTS - Essex County Council www.essex.gov.uk/recyclingcentres - Chigwell IG7 5AA - Luxborough Lane - Waltham Abbey EN9 1JU - Brooker Road ### POLICE & FIRE (dial 999 for emergencies) - Essex Police (non-emergency) 101 - Action Fraud 0300 123 2040 - Anti-terrorist hotline 0800 788321 ### PUBLIC UTILITIES - UK Power Networks emergency 105 - National Gas Emergency Service 0800 111 999 - Thames Water 24 hour leakline 0800 714 614 ### SPORT - David Lloyd Chigwell 0345 129 6783 - Debden Sports Club 020 8608 9392 - Loughton Athletic Club 07958 903842 - Loughton Bowling Club 020 8508 3546 - Loughton Tennis Club 020 8502 2064 - Loughton Football Club 020 8508 4737 - Loughton Leisure Centre (& pool) 020 3226 5460 - Loughton Rugby Football Club 07938 488222 - South Loughton Cricket Club 07941 347812 ### TRAVEL & TOURISM - Arriva (traveline) 0344 800 4411 - First Essex Customer Services 0345 602 0121 - Gatwick Airport: Your service centre 01293 555713 - Heathrow Airport 0844 336 1801 - London Travel Information (TfL & London Overground) 0343 222 1234 - Luton Airport 01582 405100 - National Express 0871 781 8181 - National Rail Enquiries 03457 484960 - Southend Airport 01702 338 800 - Stansted Airport 0844 338 1203 - Tourist Info Centre (Waltham Abbey) 01992 660336 - Traveline (public transport information) 0871 200 22 33 A resounding thank you to all, and to the ‘Loughton Wombles’ who assisted with the clean-up afterwards! Another imminent large scale event is the inaugural Loughton Day at Loughton Cricket Club (off Church Hill and Traps Hill) on Saturday 16 September from 11am-4pm. This free event will bring local groups together from all over Loughton, to show the wider community ‘what they do’. There will be approximately 30 stalls (ranging from handicrafts and plants to the ‘Guide dogs for the Blind Association’). Children’s entertainers will be present together with a face painter and a stage area, giving local performers the chance to demonstrate their skills, including dance troupes and theatre ensembles. A diverse assortment of hot and cold food will be served, from the traditional café style to Caribbean food and a BBQ organised by a local Scouts Group. The event is organised by Loughton Town Council with the great support of Loughton Cricket Club. We look forward to seeing you all there and let’s hope the sun shines on the day. Our annual allotment awards were made at the Horticultural Show at Murray Hall on 2 September 2023. A report on this event and a list of the allotment winners will appear in the next winter edition of ‘Think Loughton’. At the time of writing, work is in full ‘swing’ in constructing the brand new children’s playground at the Roding Valley Recreation Ground, adjacent to the existing tennis courts and running track. The old playground, which was frequently flooded by the overflow from the River Roding bursting its banks has now been dismantled and cleared and the ground reseeded with grass to return the area back to its natural surroundings. Once the playground is up and running, an opening ceremony will be held to mark the occasion. As ever, please visit the Town Council website for further updates and for other new events. Best wishes Mark Squire Town Clerk IN AID of its Love Your Library Day, a guided tour around the town’s streets on Saturday, 27 May 2023, was organised by Loughton Library, with Cllr Chris Pond providing the narrative on a number of the heritage blue plaques in the vicinity. Just over 30 attendees came along and enjoyed a beautiful day with an informative walk around Loughton, finishing off with tea at the library while enjoying the local history display. Following its success, the library hopes to hold similar tours in the future. Town Mayor: Cllr Michael Stubbins Deputy Town Mayor: Cllr Katie Valentine Town Clerk: Mark Squire Councillors ALDERTON WARD Cllr Philip Abraham 020 8502 2925 1 Lancaster Drive, Loughton IG10 3NQ firstname.lastname@example.org Cllr Michael Stubbins 07766 485822 70 Greenfields, Loughton IG10 3HF email@example.com Cllr Katie Valentine 07477 012213 Loughton Town Council, 1 Buckingham Court, Rectory Lane, Loughton, IG10 2OZ firstname.lastname@example.org BROADWAY WARD Cllr Philip Beales 020 8418 0459 65 Harrowgate Drive, Loughton IG10 1LP email@example.com Cllr Kevin Rainbow 07921 662715 19 Audley Gardens, Loughton IG10 2EL firstname.lastname@example.org Cllr Les House 020 8508 3369 100 Harrowgate Drive, Loughton IG10 3DQ email@example.com FAIRMead WARD Cllr Carol Davies 07815 230372 Loughton Town Council, 1 Buckingham Court, Rectory Lane, Loughton, IG10 2OZ firstname.lastname@example.org Cllr Sebastian Fontenelle 07988 906371 Loughton Town Council, 1 Buckingham Court, Rectory Lane, Loughton, IG10 2OZ email@example.com Cllr Will Kauffman 07799 148740 28 The Greens Close, Loughton, IG10 1CE firstname.lastname@example.org FOREST WARD Cllr Stella Murphy 020 8508 2794 Loughton Town Council, 1 Buckingham Court, Rectory Lane, Loughton, IG10 2OZ email@example.com Cllr Trevor Dowding 020 8508 8877 Loughton Town Council, 1 Buckingham Court, Rectory Lane, Loughton, IG10 2OZ firstname.lastname@example.org Cllr Jon Riley 020 8508 6604 Resident of Forest Ward, Loughton, IG10 4RB email@example.com RODDING WARD Cllr Stephen Murray 020 8508 7548 Avondale Drive, Avondale Drive Loughton, IG10 3BT firstname.lastname@example.org Cllr Rose Brookes 07391 879412 3 Lower Park Road, Loughton, IG10 4NB email@example.com Cllr David Wixley 020 8418 9284 Copper Beach Court, Goldings Road, Loughton IG10 2OZ firstname.lastname@example.org Committee membership RESOURCES & GENERAL SERVICES C M Owen VC S Fontenelle R Brookes B Cohen W Kauffman S Murray M Stubbins ENVIRONMENT & HERITAGE C C C Pond VG C P Pond P Beales B Cohen S Fontenelle K Valentine G Wiskin PLANNING & LICENSING C C Davies VC W Kauffman P Abraham S Murphy K Rainbow J Riley G Wiskin RECREATION C D Wixley VC K Valentine S Fontenelle L House N MacKinnon S Murray M Stubbins Think Loughton is published by Loughton Town Council 1 Buckingham Court, Rectory Lane, Loughton IG10 2OZ Telephone: 020 8508 4400 E email@example.com W www.loughtontc-gov.uk Design and layout by Scotty Design 8 St Michaels Road, Chelmsford, Essex CM2 9PT T 07985 825757 E firstname.lastname@example.org W www.scottysdesign.co.uk Printed by Micropress Printers Ltd Russell Lane, Reydon, Suffolk IP18 6SZ T 01502 725850 F 01502 725855 E email@example.com W www.micropress.co.uk Advertising sales are managed by Total Media Russell Lane, Halestead, Essex CO9 1FD T 07942 800865 E firstname.lastname@example.org Town Council Meetings 1 Buckingham Court, Rectory Lane, Loughton, IG10 2OZ at 7.30pm 2023 Sept 6 Recreation 11 Planning & Licensing 19 Environment & Heritage 25 Planning & Licensing Oct 4 Resources & General Services 9 Planning & Licensing 18 Council 23 Planning & Licensing 31 Recreation Nov 6 Planning & Licensing 15 Environment & Heritage For dates of subsequent meetings, check the council’s website. REMEmbrANCE DAY PARADE: This year’s commemorations will be held on Sunday 12 November 2023. Starting at 11am there will be two minutes’ silence at the War Memorial on Kings Green. The parade proceeds from Loughton’s Royal British Legion Headquarters in Church Hill to the War Memorial which will follow later at 11.50am. The Remembrance Service and Poppy Wreath ceremony commences at 12.15pm followed by the march off up Church Hill to the War Memorial. Please remember those that have fallen and given their service on our behalf. NEW PLAYGROUND: On 17 July works commenced on the new playground at Rodling Valley Recreation Ground (RVRG), unfortunately having been delayed primarily due to the torrential downpour and high ground temperatures experienced at the RVRG during the Spring months. It is anticipated that the playground will be completed around the time this newsletter reaches you in early September. Keep an eye on our website for updates and details of the official opening ceremony. ALLEYWAY SIGNS: The following new alleyway signs were procured and erected in Loughton in June 2023: Ash Green Path, Drifway Path, Poolefield Path, Rayhouse Path, Ryegrass Path, Stanmore Path and Tee Path. YOUR TOWN – YOUR VIEWS: Loughton Town Council’s Planning & Licensing Committee invite and encourage all local residents to have their say. Make sure you know what’s going on in your neighbourhood and express your views if any planning or building applications may affect your amenity. We hold Planning Committee meetings on a fortnightly basis and our agendas, listing applications under consideration, are posted every other Tuesday on our website Planning & Licensing, Loughton Town Council (www.loughtontc.gov.uk) in the noticeboards. The Committee’s comments are submitted to the District Council to consider when determining these applications. Send your comments to: email@example.com or via our website www.loughtontc.gov.uk Loughton’s new Mayor and Deputy AT THE Annual Council meeting in May Cllr Mick Stubblings was elected as Loughton Town Mayor for 2023/24. Cllr Chris Pond, in his nomination said “Cllr Stubblings had made a very good Deputy Mayor. He is an authentic Loughton fellow, having been born, bred and lived his whole life in Loughton. Often seen and known by his fellow Councillors for walking his dog, Mick is a valuable Councillor for Alderton Ward, and a member of the Loughton Historical Society.” Following his successful re-election, Cllr Stubblings thanked members for the honour of becoming Loughton Town Mayor, saying he was “very proud and happy to be following Cllr Cohen and can only hope to achieve as much as she did in her year.” Tribute was paid to the work of outgoing Mayor, Cllr Barbara Cohen, stating how well she had fulfilled her role in such a proficient and exemplary way, doing a remarkable job bringing extra attention publicly to her role. The new Town Mayor congratulated Cllr Katie Valentine on her appointment as Deputy Town Mayor. Katie joined the Council in 2021 representing Alderton Ward when nominating her. Cllr Chris Pond described Katie as a worthy Deputy, as she too was born, went to school and lived her whole life in Loughton. Katie is really looking forward to supporting Mick. L-R: Deputy Town Mayor, Cllr Katie Valentine & Town Mayor, Cllr Mick Stubblings From warm places to social spaces OUR WARM places have now changed to social spaces. As the weather warms up, warm places across the Epping Forest district have become social spaces. During the winter months many venues across the district offered a place for residents to go to stay warm, meet old friends and make new ones, play games and get access to different services. The success of these during winter has led to many venues to offer a place for support and company throughout summer. Find a social space Venues offering a social space can be found across the Epping Forest district in Abridge, Chigwell, Epping, Loughton, Nazeing, Ongar, Sheering and Waltham Abbey. www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk/cost-of-living/social-spaces/ Improve, don’t move! Maximise the value of your home. It’s time to upgrade your garage door to a Garolla. £895 • COMPACT UP TO 2.4M WIDE • FITTED-PRICE £2,740 • PREMIUMS TM • BLACK • FITTED-PRICE We’ve been trusted by 100,000 customers to transform their home. It’s no wonder we’re the most recommended on Trust Pilot and Check-a-Trade, so you can rely on us when we say we are the UK’s number one! Our straightforward approach is backed by our trusted local engineers who are on-hand to guide you through the whole process. From our door, to yours. • SPACE-SAVING – MAXIMISE GARAGE HEADROOM • SECURITY-ENABLED AUTO-LOCKING SYSTEM • CHOICE OF 21 COLOURS TO MATCH YOUR HOME • REMOVAL AND RECYCLING OF YOUR OLD DOOR • DEDICATED GAROLLA AFTER-CARE TEAM T: 020 3151 8169 Lines are open 7 days a week. Meals on Wheels Service Have you got an elderly neighbour, relative or friend that is struggling to cook nutritious meals for themselves? Look no further! At Campling Foods we deliver hot, fresh, homemade meals to those in need each and every day of the year! No contracts or minimum orders. Free tasty dessert with every order. Free delivery. If you have any questions please contact us today on 07507 763078 camplingfoods.co.uk CamplingFoods Benefits in kind DO YOU run a charitable organisation or a community interest company that benefits Loughton residents? If you do and need funds to achieve your aims the trustees of the Loughton Men’s Institute have limited funds for which they will consider applications to support other local charities or community interest companies. To obtain an application form please email: firstname.lastname@example.org The trustees meet quarterly and will consider grants of up to £2,000. First-rate reviews NEW CITY COLLEGE EPPING FOREST (NCC EF) Performing Arts students were invited to be part of the National Theatre (NT) Connections Festival, working and collaborating with experienced actors and stage technicians, culminating in a performance at a professional theatre, Queen’s in Hornchurch. Students studying Level 3 Performing Arts Extended Diploma at the Borders Lane campus took to the stage, to perform a new play, Innocent Connections, based on a sci-fi play set in the near and distant future, featuring characters who are robots or part android. It was a fantastic success with stunning visuals, captivating performances and thought-provoking story-telling receiving really great feedback from the audience and professional actors supporting the students. One said: “As a partner with the festival, Queen’s were thrilled to welcome five companies over the course of two weeks to present their work. ‘The festival was a resounding success and the students’ performance was top class. It is always rewarding to be involved championing the talent of up-and-coming young actors.’ “Before the performance, performance students spent the day behind the scenes, gaining technical experience with lighting, costumes and props and rehearsing for the show. A few weeks beforehand they had the chance to workshop with NT directors, including Joanna Bowman, who joined the EF campus to watch the ‘home performance’ of the play.” Tania Edwards, Performing Arts teacher at EF campus, said: “Being part of the Festival was fantastic for our students. All the theatre staff were helpful and welcoming. Performing on their stage was a great experience. The whole day was fun while giving them a real insight into how a professional theatre runs. It also offered them a rare chance to create a complete production and get invaluable feedback on their work.” Connections, established for 27 years, is an annual nationwide youth theatre festival run by the NT. Every year, the NT commissions 10 new plays for young people to perform, bringing together some of the UK’s most exciting writers with the theatre-makers of tomorrow. Community fun in the sun THIS YEAR’S Community Fun Day at Jessel Green on 25 June was another resounding success. Loughton Town Council would like to thank all the sponsors of this year’s event – John Lewis & Partners, Cottage Loaf PH, Gaillard Homes, Higgins Group Plc, Daniel Robinson Funeral Directors, Loughton Gardens & Landscape Gardeners, MG Tree Services, Essex Box Camp, JS Barnes Roofing & Construction and Loughton Village Drive, which in the current financial climate were essential in helping us host this popular day of family entertainment and kept children’s wristband costs at last year’s level. As the sun shone down yet again, Loughton residents both young and old were treated to a variety of amusements and refreshments, as you can see from these photographs. The day was rounded off in its usual manner with John at The Cottage Loaf taking care of the entertainment and many people came into the draw. The Town Council’s tombola still raised over £150 for the Town Mayor’s charity ‘Guide Dogs for the Blind’. A big thank you to the Red Balloon Family Foundation, UpStage Forum and Jessel Green Community Church for their assistance, Thames Water for its supplies on such a scorching day; and the Loughton Wombles that helped in the clean-up operation following this event, returning Jessel Green to its usual pleasant open space. L-R: Cllr Rose Brockes, Cllr Stella Murphy, DTM, Cllr Katie Valentine, Deputy Town Clerk, Kim Lumb, Cllr David Wixley and Neil Bartlett, Former Save Jessel Green Campaigner Town Mayor, Cllr Mick Stubbings at the wheel, with UpStage Theatre Co performers Event organisers – Pigna Brycs, Community Manager and Debbie Taylor, Community & Services Officer Christmas Window Competition 2023 THE TOWN COUNCIL invites all Loughton businesses to participate in this year’s Best Dressed Christmas Window Competition. Simply decorate your windows with a Christmas themed display, to guarantee automatic entry into the competition, and bring some festive cheer to the town. Judging by the Town Mayor and two fellow Councillors commences on 1 December until 7 December 2023. Displays are judged on a number of criteria including overall impression/visual impact, creativity/ideas, artistic merit, inventive use of materials and effort. There are four category entries: Independent Chains / Multiples; Charities; and Eateries (Pubs/Cafes/Restaurants). Each category winner receives an engraved cup, to keep for 11 months, with a donation of £75 from the Council to their chosen charity. Unfortunately, due to decreasing entries received over the last few years, and the move towards greener initiatives, Councillors have somewhat reluctantly agreed not to continue with our Christmas Card competition. For information on the Window Competition contact Debra Paris on 020 8508 4200 / email@example.com Eateries 2022 Winner – Aura, 179-181 High Road Time for a new challenge EPPING FOREST UNIVERSITY of the Third Age (u3a) welcomes new members. Are you retired, semi-retired, soon to retire, and looking for new things to do? Why not join us, a local charity offering Loughton and surrounding area retirees the chance to enjoy a wide range of pursuits, develop new interests, tone your bodies and minds, be stimulated, meet new people and make new friends. Activities include: learning new languages; current affairs; fashion; food, literature and wine; board games; chess; gardening; arts & flower arranging; art and photography; model railway building; embroidery or making greeting cards; snooker and table tennis; keep fit and tai chi; plus a number of walking groups. Social events and outings to places of interest are organised throughout the year. All u3a activities are run by its members, who are encouraged to form their own new group activities with others having a shared interest. There are plenty of roles within our charity which contribute to its management and develop new activities. Epping Forest u3a members also receive a monthly Newsletter, can use its “book and jigsaw swap” service and attend monthly talks from guest speakers held at Theydon Bois Village Hall. Meetings are held throughout the month on the first Monday of the month (except Bank Holidays when they are held on the second Monday). Anyone interested should come along to find out more and how to become a member. Alternatively, visit the Epping Forest u3a website at www.u3asites.org.uk/epping Live well your way Your home is where you feel the most comfortable and the happiest. It is the place you know the best. If you want to stay living comfortably at home, Home Instead® can help make that possible. We can offer you the option to continue living a happy and fulfilled life in your own home. We do this with tailored, personal and adaptable home support based on what you need. For more information call 01992 666 777 Email firstname.lastname@example.org Visit our website homeinstead.co.uk/epping-forest Our Care - Home Help - Companionship - Personal Care - Dementia Care - Live-in Care “Truly outstanding quality of care which has enabled me to continue living independently in my own home. The care has been flexible and tailored to my changing needs. The continuity of care givers has been marvellous and I enjoy seeing the carers that I know well. Top Marks!” Vera, a client for the past 8 years Each Home Instead franchise is independently owned and operated. Copyright © Home Instead® 2022. Dates for the diary - Second Sunday of each month - 1.15pm Messy Church families are welcomed to join us for craft and activities for primary age school children to enjoy – free, but donations welcome. The Church of the Holy Innocents, Church Lane, High Beach, IG10 4BF; Vicar: Revd. Jane Yeadon – 07960 604416, Parish Administrator: 07853 336880. - 1st Sunday September 2pm-5.30pm - Sunday afternoon tea enjoy homemade cake, tea/coffee in the churchyard of High Beach Church. The Buxton Cakery available for private hire £25.00 a slice, DB for half a cake, £12 for a whole cake. Takeaway service available. Tea/ coffee, cakes and scones with jam also available. The Church of the Holy Innocents, Church Lane, High Beach, IG10 4BF; Vicar: Revd. Jane Yeadon – 07960 604416, Parish Administrator: 07853 336880. - 5 Sept 2pm T J Johnsons Jazz & Blues Band (Thydon & Abinger Jazz Club, Abingdon) at Wood Green Hall, 39 Oriarg Road, RM4 TUD. Disabled facilities. Free Parking / Bar / tea & coffee. Open to non-members. Event prices £10 per person, £7.50 per person (until end of 2023). Enquiries: email@example.com or Dave or Sheila Dyer 07903 676209 www.thydonjazzclub.weebly.com - 10 Sept 3pm Its Good to Sing a free concert led by a local choir, The Church of the Holy Innocents, Church Lane, High Beach, IG10 4BF; Vicar: Revd. Jane Yeadon – 07960 604416, Parish Administrator: 07853 336880. - 12 Sept 6pm Beautiful, Beastly, Bizarre: The Art of Hieronymus Bosch a lecture by Dr Paula Nuttall, Director of the V & A, Medieval and Renaissance Art Course (Specialist in Renaissance Art). This lecture unravels the meanings of his enigmatic paintings in their historical context. The Arts Society, Bancroft’s Prep School, 611 High Road, Wood Green, IG8 0NF; Donation Requested. Refreshments available from 7.15pm. Visitors welcomed! Information from: firstname.lastname@example.org - 16 Sept 7.15pm Loughton Day Loughton Orienteering Club, 262 High Road, IG10 1NQ free event. Discover what Loughton Community Groups have to offer, and meet up with other locals, while enjoying entertainment, live music, food & drink and more. - 17 Sept 3pm Free walk-in concert at St Mary’s Church, Quagga Lane, Ann Smart, Elaine Patterson, Gill Townsend and Anna Frazer, The Church of the Holy Innocents, Church Lane, High Beach, IG10 4BF; Vicar: Revd. Jane Yeadon – 07960 604416, Parish Administrator: 07853 336880. - 19 Sept 2pm Amy Roberts Jazz Band Wood Green & Abingdon Jazz Club, Woodbridge Village Hall, 39 Oriarg Road, RM4 1UD. Disabled facilities. Free Parking / Bar / tea & coffee. Open to non-members – membership available, £7.50 per person (until end of 2023). Event prices £10 per person. Enquiries: email@example.com or Dave or Sheila Dyer 07903 676209 www.thydonjazzclub.weebly.com - 23 Sept 7pm Fringe Festival, performed by Opera Octaves. The Church of the Holy Innocents, Church Lane, High Beach, IG10 4BF; Vicar: Revd. Jane Yeadon – 07960 604416, Parish Administrator: 07853 336880. - 24 Sept 7pm ‘Singing in English’ Trust a talk by Rich Yallop from the Woodford & District National Trust, All Saints Church Hall, Wood Green. Members and non-members welcome. Enquiries: firstname.lastname@example.org / 07774 164407 - 28 Sep 7.45pm Essex Handicrafts Association, Wood Green Hall, IG8 AGM. Meeting on the 4th Thursday of each month in the church hall at Loughton Methodist church contact Karen Myles 020 8020 4881 or email@example.com (see p3). - 29 Sept 7pm ‘From Coronation Street, A Celebration of the Coronation of King Charles III. The Church of the Holy Innocents, Church Lane, High Beach, IG10 4BF. Tickets £11. Numbers strictly limited and only available via TicketSource or www.ticketsource.co.uk. Use the Refuges or search for “Coronation Name”. There will be no ticket sales on the door. - 4 Oct 2pm Thydon & Abinger Jazz Club, 611 High Road, Wood Green, Abingdon Village Hall, 39 Oriarg Road, RM4 1UD. Disabled facilities. Free Parking / Bar / tea & coffee. Open to non-members – membership available, £7.50 per person (until end of 2023). Event prices £10 per person. Enquiries: firstname.lastname@example.org or Dave or Sheila Dyer 07903 676209 www.thydonjazzclub.weebly.com - 7 Oct 7pm Quiz Night at The Owl Pub Wood Green teams at 7.30pm, all ages. The quiz will start at 7.00pm why not enjoy a meal at the Pub beforehand. Tickets £10 each from Sandra Potter on 07813 450000. - 10 Oct 8pm Wilde about Oscar Wilde extraordinary life & times. A lecture from Dr Paula Nuttall, A Pre-Raphaelite author/lecturer/presenter, blue badge guide. The Arts Society, Bancroft’s Prep School, 611 High Road, Wood Green, IG8 0NF. Donation Requested. Tickets are available from 7.15pm. Visitors welcomed! Information from: email@example.com - 17 Oct 10.30am Lively Companions talk a visit from the Woodford and District National Trust, the Memorial Hall, South Woodford. Members and non-members all welcome. Enquiries: firstname.lastname@example.org / 07774 164407. - 17 Oct 2pm McQuaid’s Hot 4, Theydon & Abridge Jazz Club, Abridge Village Hall, 39 Ongar Road, RM4 1UD. Disabled facilities. Free Parking / Bar / tea & coffee. Open to non-members – membership available, £7.50 per person (until end of 2023). Event prices £10 per person. Enquiries: email@example.com or Dave or Sheila Dyer 07903 879209 www.theydonjazzclub.weebly.com - 18 Oct 2pm 2023 – 1st Oct 7pm The Vicar of Dibley, by Ian Gower/Paul Carpenter at Theydon Bois Village Hall, Cross Road, Theydon Bois, Essex CM16 7ER. Tickets £15 Available online from www.ticketsource.co.uk. For more information call the box office phone: 01992 919038 from 1 Sept. Website address: www.theysdonrama.org - 26 Oct 7.45pm Essex Historic Houses Association, St Mary’s Church, Subject to be confirmed. Meets on the 4th Thursday of each month in the church hall at Loughton Manor House, 100 High Road, Mytchett, Surrey KT20 8SQ 4581 Branch Secretary (see p13). - 26–28 Oct 8pm (Sat at 7pm) Time of My Life, by Alan Ayckbourn. Can we ever know the true meaning and value of our life, or can it only be judged retrospectively? Ayckbourn’s funny and poignant play charts the fortunes of a couple in their 40s. No business. At first, all seems well. But all is not as it seems. Shifting back and forth in time, to reveal the past, the present and aspects of the future, Loughton Amateur Dramatic Society (LADS) Centenary Season, at Loughton Arts Centre, High Road, Loughton IG10 1JF. Tickets £12. Call the box office on 07552 736 110 (answer machine) or visit www.lads.org.uk - 28 Oct 7.30pm Theydon & Abridge Jazz Band! Theydon & Abridge Jazz Club, Abridge Village Hall, 39 Ongar Road, RM4 1UD. Disabled facilities. Free Parking / Bar / tea & coffee. Open to non-members – membership available, £7.50 per person (until end of 2023). Event prices £10 per person. Enquiries: firstname.lastname@example.org or Dave or Sheila Dyer 07903 879209 www.theydonjazzclub.weebly.com - 31 Oct 4.30pm – 7pm Festival of Light in the Church of the Holy Innocents, BBQ, puppet shows and activities for younger people. Donations welcome. The Church of the Holy Innocents, High Beach, IG10 4BF. Vicar: Revd Jane Yeadon – 07960 830416. Parish Administrator: 07953 393888 - 7 Nov 2pm The Shooting Club, Theydon & Abridge Jazz Club, Abridge Village Hall, 39 Ongar Road, RM4 1UD. Disabled facilities. Free Parking / Bar / tea & coffee. Open to non-members – membership available, £7.50 per person (until end of 2023). Event prices £10 per person. Enquiries: email@example.com or Dave or Sheila Dyer 07903 879209 www.theydonjazzclub.weebly.com - 12 Nov 11.30am Remembrance Sunday Service from Loughton Royal British Legion Headquarters in Church Hill to the War Memorial. At 12.15pm the Remembrance Service and Poppy Wreath ceremony will commence followed by the march off up Church Hill. - 14 Nov 7.30pm The Arts Society AGM, Loughton Arts Centre, Eastern Paradise, lecture from Anne Howarth, Lecturer at the V&A, The British Museum & The Queen’s Gallery a story of art and design at Dame Alice Arts Society, Bancroft’s Prep School, 611 High Road, Woodford Green, IG8 0PR. Refreshments and refreshments are available from 7.15pm. Visitors welcome! Information from: firstname.lastname@example.org - 15 Nov 2.30pm Historic Houses Association a talk from the Woodford & District National Trust. All Saint Church Hall, High Road, Coggeshall. Members and non-members all welcome. Enquiries: email@example.com / 07774 164047 --- TIME OF MY LIFE BY ALAN AYCKBOURN --- Disclaimer: Loughton Town Council takes no responsibility for events organised by external organisations/ individuals that appear above. Please always check details and availability with the relevant organiser. Stay safe & well A FREE stimulating, interactive health and wellbeing event for local residents is being held at The Murray Hall, Borders Lane, Loughton on 4 October 2023, time tbc, including information stands, informative talks from various organisations and a seated exercise session suitable for all. Receive a free information bag, lunch and an interactive performance about scamming. Limited spaces available. More details coming soon www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk Under the tab book an activity or event or email the Older Peoples Community Engagement Officer Karen Murray on firstname.lastname@example.org THE WOODFORD & DISTRICT NATIONAL TRUST look forward to welcoming members and visitors to its communal meetings. Starting on 27 September at 3.30pm with ‘Essex Wildlife Trust’ as the topic at All Saints Church Hall (GB) and followed by a talk on 17 October at 10.30am on ‘Living Companies’ at Memorial Hall, South Woodford, E18 2PA; and at 2.30pm on 15 November “Historic Houses Association” at All Saints Church Hall. Do come along, details from Richard Speller 07774 164407 (see Dates for the Diary Ps 8-9). GROW Community Garden GROW celebrated its 7th Anniversary, with a show of appreciation to its volunteers, on 19 July 2023. The event was attended by several Loughton Town Councillors, including the Town Mayor, Cllr Mick Stubblings, who thoroughly enjoyed being part of the event, stating how appreciative he was of the work that GROW Community Garden undertakes on behalf of the residents of Loughton and the commitment and involvement of the volunteers. The outdoor space is valued, where friendships and social connections can be developed. This is especially important for people with disabilities or people who may feel isolated or socially vulnerable in the community. The Town Mayor said “It was evident that their time at GROW helped with their confidence, allowing them to connect with others”. Loughton Town Council is proud to continue its support of such a worthy cause and the Town Mayor reflected this in selecting GROW as his chosen charity at this year’s Horticultural Show, held on 2 September at The Murray Hall, Borders Lane. A VIEW of the farm buildings of Alderton Hall c1925, looking over the Roding Valley fields to Rolls Park, Chigwell. The house (of which a corner may be seen today) remains, despite efforts in 1964 and 67 by former owner, actor Jack Watling, to have it demolished. The houses now fronting Alderton Hill date from about 1960 although the one in the “current” photo is more recent. The lime tree in the foreground remains to this day. Closure of St John’s churchyard Notification of intention to close the churchyard of St John the Baptist, Loughton. AS REQUIRED by law, we informed the local community, through a notice in the summer 2022 edition of Think Loughton, of the intention of the Parochial Church Council (PCC) of St John the Baptist, Loughton to close the Churchyard to burials. This was the first stage of the statutory process for the closure of Church of England churchyards that are full. The PCC has determined that St John’s churchyard is full and that the churchyard should, therefore, be closed to all future burials, including the interment of ashes – with the exception of any identified plots of space for further interments of mortal remains. The PCC is required to notify interested parties of its intention, and to allow sufficient time for parties to make representations. The PCC has already notified the Local Authority and the Loughton Town Council that would assume responsibility for the care and maintenance of the churchyard in the event of its closure to burials. The PCC is now notifying you, our local community, through this edition of Think Loughton, to explain how to make representations, ask questions, or seek information. This is the legal background: The Burial Act 1855 provides for the Secretary of State to make representations to the Privy Council for an Order in Council to discontinue burials in any burial ground, except on such exceptions (such as unmarked family plots with space, or the interment of ashes). There is no provision for such Orders in Council, once made, to be rescinded – closure of a churchyard, with or without exceptions, is final. Before the PCC may apply to the Secretary of State for closure of the St John’s churchyard, we must be able to demonstrate that the churchyard is, indeed, full, and that all proposed exceptions (such as family plots of space for further burials) have been specifically identified. Please notify St John’s Church by Tuesday 31st October 2023 if you think that you have or your family has an existing and documented right to be buried in an identified plot of the churchyard of St John the Baptist, Loughton. Once the PCC’s application for closure has been approved, both the Ministry of Justice and the Privy Council will publicise the details of the proposed closure, allowing an opportunity for any objections to be lodged. If you have any questions, or if there is any aspect of the proposed closure of the churchyard closures that you would like to discuss, please contact the Parish Office at St John’s by Tuesday 31st October 2023. You can do this: - by writing to: The Parish Administrator, St John the Baptist, Church Lane, Loughton IG10 1PD - by e-mail to the Parish Office email@example.com - by telephone to the Parish Office (020 8532 0060 - Chris Davies - Rector, Geoffrey Watson - Churchwarden, Jo Duffett – Churchwarden A helping hand, a listening ear, a warm smile. Your Visiting Angel is here. Caring for a loved one can be overwhelming. But you don’t have to do it alone. With a Visiting Angel by your side, you’ll have a helping hand to ease the load, a listening ear to support you, and a warm smile to lift your spirits. We understand the importance of comfort at home and companionship, and that’s why we go above and beyond to provide the best home care possible. We can help with activities ranging from shopping & companionship to personal care, hospital discharge and end of life support. We can visit from one hour each week to every day for as long as you need us to help with: - Companion & Social Care - Personal Care - Dementia & Alzheimer’s Care - Post-Hospital Stay Care - Palliative Care - End of Life Care Call us to arrange a FREE Homecare Assessment today! Visiting Angels South West Essex Call 0203 1542 808 Email firstname.lastname@example.org Visit www.visiting-angels.co.uk/essexsouthwest Abbeyfield Loughton Society Limited Rider House, 121 High Road, Loughton Rider House is a residential home for persons aged sixty and over seeking support with independence. For more details please contact our House Manager on 020 8508 8887 or visit our website: www.riderhouseloughton.co.uk Looking for a venue? The Murray Hall Borders Lane, Loughton 020 8508 4200 - private parties - conferences - community events - clubs and societies - dances and performances “Definitely the best” “Will use again” “Immaculate Hall” “Friendly staff” 13 Woodlton Symphony Orchestra welcomes new string players. Rehearsals Thurs, 7-45pm. Woodlton Valley High School, 020 8924 9370 www.wisorchestra.org.uk SOCIALS - Bowl Social Bowls for beginners at Loughton Bowls Club, Eleven Acre Green. From May–Sept. Fri. 5pm. Free parking. Call Chris 020 8526 1661 - The Loughton Lounge, Railway Station Rd. A charitable brotherhood - members (18+). Tues & Thurs, 8.30pm. email@example.com www.loughtonclub.blogspot.com - Café Hope St Mary’s Church, 201 High Rd, Mon-Fri 9.15am-2.45pm 020 8508 5044 - Friday Market, St Michael’s Church, Roding Rd, Fri. 10-11.15am - Loughton Probus Club, Gilwell Park, Loughton, 4th Tues (last Tues in December) Derek Allen 020 8504 3074 www.probusloughton.org.uk/ - Rotary Club of Loughton and Eppinghurst Hill, Church Lane, Blue Bear, Market Place, Abingdon, RM4 1UA, 1st Fri 6.15pm www.loughtonrotary.org.uk - Royal British Legion, Loughton Branch, 119 Church Hill, Mon-Sat, 1-3pm (bingo); Tues & Thurs, 1-4pm line dancing; 2nd & 4th Weds quiz night; last Thurs of month, 7-9pm. 020 8508 5044 www.loughtonclub.co.uk - Weeley Café, Loughton Methodist Church, 260 High Rd, Mon-Thurs 10am-3pm; Fri 10am-1pm; Sat 10am-1pm Closed Sun, 020 8502 3071 SPORT - Alpine Trampolining Club, (disabled people to 19 yrs), Dabson Park High School, Willingale Rd, Weds 6.45-7.45pm. Loughton Flyers Trampolining Club & EFDC, Fabrizio Ferrari 01992 564567 / firstname.lastname@example.org - Amici Basketball Club, Roding Valley High School Scout Hall, Atterdown Hill, Mon, 8-10pm, Age 30+. Chris 077113 054998 - Avenue Lawn Tennis Club, 18 The Avenue, Friendly family club. Membership: Juniors 020 8502 3793 & adults 020 8502 4010 - Clubbercise Murray Hall, 106 Bolders Lane, Dance work out routines Weds 7-9.8-10pm 07877 010101 - Coaster Flyboys, Grange Farm Pavilion, Grange Farm Lane, Chigwell IG7 6DT, Sats & Suns 07961 820444 - Dance Classes, 10am-1pm, Connaught Tennis, Squash and Bowls Club Beginners & Improvers Social Lawn Bowls. First 5 sessions free, Make friends, have fun. Every 2nd & 4th Tuesday 5pm to 7pm. Connaught Club, Chigwell Road, Enfield, 020 8520 2541 - EFDC (fitness all abilities). All classes £5 first session free. Loughton Bowls Club, Eleven Acre Rise. - Strength & Balance – Mon 10-11am Beginner Yoga – Tues 10-11am (all abilities freely, free of charge for carers) – Loughton Cricket Club, The Uplands - Plates – Weds 9.30-10.30am - Keep Fit – Fri 10-11am - Enquiries: email@example.com 01992 564567 - Epping Forest Orienteering Group regular Sunday walks in the local area. www.efog.org.uk - Loughton Opportunity Club (EFSC) Multi-sports club for young people with mild-moderate physical & learning difficulties. Oak View School, Whitsalls Rd. Tues, 10am-1pm. Contact Michael Mcmahon, co.uk www.opportunityclub.com - Flexercise with Caroline Loughton Methodist Church, Wesley Hall, 260 High Rd Tues & Thurs, 10.30-11.30am (£7 (First class free) 07714 477764 - Key Little School of Dance, Loughton, Ballet, tap, jazz, examinations & shows, 4 yrs to adults 07712 106941 / www.katylittleschoolofdance.co.uk - Loughton Cricket Club, The Uplands, under 11s, under 13s, under 15s, from April to September. Children (5yrs) to adults. For info: Contact Cliff Greenhill Chairman 020 8502 4010 / firstname.lastname@example.org www.loughtoncricket.hitscricket.com - Loughton fencing Club Wed evenings, 7-9pm, Park School, Willingale Rd. All abilities, equipment supplied. Jnrs 7-8.30pm, snrs 7.30-9pm. 07943 711771 email@example.com - Loughton Football Club, Avondale Close, 8-18 yrs + senior team. Sun (yr 7 upwards) 11am – 1 week day evenings (training). Keith Campbell 020 8508 4757 www.loughtonfootballclub.co.uk - Loughton Karate Club, Loughton Hall, All ages & all levels, Sun 5-6pm + weekday evenings. Stephen O’ Brien 07758 341000 - Loughton Women’s Self-Defence Class – see website http://loughtonkarateclub.co.uk/Membership/ Victoria Tavern, Smarts Lane, Hill wasps & climbers welcome. Mons 8.30pm. www.loughtonrm.com - Loughton Community Hall in Loughton IG10. Events and shows, rooms to let, dance and keep fit classes, Art Centre. For info: firstname.lastname@example.org www.loughtonhall.org.uk / 020 8509 1660 - Loughton Kung Fu Club, Hornbeam Road, Buckland Hill, IG7 6LT, Mains, Wednesdays 7.30pm, Matches Sundays. Contact: Michael Walker 07938 333333 - Loughton Wado-Kai Karate Club, Roding Valley High School Drama Hut, Alderton Hill, All ages. Weds 7pm, 07971 672542 www.loughtonwakai.co.uk - Old Loughtonians Hockey Club All ages, beginners to elite welcome, www.oldloughtonians.co.uk 020 8502 4010. email@example.com - Plates classes Epping Forest Community Centre, 106 Bolders Lane, IG7 6GJ, Wed 8pm, Thurs 10am, £3. Suitable for all. www.grinntafflesplates.co.uk - Roding Valley Angling Club members welcome. Tel 07818 392020 / firstname.lastname@example.org - Total Media Academy - Ages 6-14 at Roding Valley school in Loughton, Wednesdays 6-7pm. Contact Tony on 07943 711771 - Tried & True Martial Arts - 6 x side leagues and vets league Roding Valley school & Debden Park school in Loughton www.triesandtrue.co.uk Contact Tony on 07829371177 - Walk West Essex Ramblers (sorry no dogs) Weds, Fridays & Thurs. 020 8508 1466 / 07434 902288 / www.westessexramblers.org.uk - Wing Tchun Kung Fu Roding Valley High School, Alderton Hill, All ages & all abilities £8, Sundays (times vary betw 11.15m-3.15pm for each age group) 07977 132177 / www.omni-martialarts.com TALKS - Woodlton Society Woodlton Green, Bancroft’s Prep School, Church Lane, Roding Hill Rd, Loughton IG10 1JF. Member of NAPD, 2nd Tues, 7-15 for 8pm. 020 8509 6281 - Mothers’ Union, St John’s Church in Lad’s Chapel, Church Lane, 3rd Thurs, 10.30am. Coffee & cake. 020 8508 1914 Southgate 020 8508 7530 - National Trust, E3 non-members, Refreshments & NT Info. 020 8508 9541 See Dates for the diary - St John’s Wives’ Group, St. John’s Parish Hall, Church Lane, Loughton, 1st & 3rd Mon 2pm (excluding August), Anne Pinto 020 8508 3559 Home cleaning Daily Housekeeping One Off Clean Carpet Cleaning Book a cleaner online cleanwell-london.co.uk Tel: 020 8508 8129 We don’t just clean, we care FURNITURE REPAIRS and RE-UPHOLSTERY SERVICE Repairs To Antique & Modern Furniture Chairs Reframed 25 Years Experience Free Estimates Good Range Of Pattern Books No Job Too Small JOHN CHISWELL Formerly Chiswell Bros., Forest Road, Loughton 07710 155181 DANIEL ROBINSON & SONS Independent Family Funeral Directors & Monumental Masons Bosworth House - 4 Church Hill—Loughton - IG10 1LA 24 hour, friendly, helpful & professional service Tel: 020 8508 1008 www.drobinson.co.uk PAINTING & DECORATING SERVICES Interior & Exterior Decorating Painting, Wallpapering Personalised Children’s Room Design Free Quotes Friendly Reliable Service 07340 460597 email@example.com Triton Cycles RIDE BIKES - HAVE FUN - FEEL GOOD Bicycles, accessories & service All bikes delivered ready to ride We service all makes and models of bicycles Collection and delivery service available Authorised Bosch Service Centre Unit 4 Prospect Business Park, Langston Road Loughton, IG10 3TR WWW.TRITONCYCLES.CO.UK 020 8508 0682 Local Market Analysis and Expertise. Discover the Real Worth of Your Home. Receive Our Comprehensive Sales Market Report. Book Your Free Valuation Now. More Local Properties Urgently Required Call us now on 020 8508 0101 www.roffeys.net
Trinity Sunday and commemoration of Memorial Day 30 May 2021 Solemn High Mass Processional (Asperges) Nicaea Hymn 266 John B. Dykes, 1861 1. Holy, holy, holy! Lord God Almighty! Early in the morning our song shall rise to Thee; Holy, holy, holy! Lord God Almighty! 2. Holy, holy, holy! All the saints adore Thee, Casting down their golden crowns around the glassy sea; Holy, holy, holy! Merciful and mighty! 3. Holy, holy, holy! Though the darkness hide Thee, Though the eye of sinful man Thy glory may not see; Cherubim and seraphim falling down before Thee, Holy, holy, holy! There is none beside Thee, Holy, holy, holy! Merciful and mighty! 4. Holy, holy, holy! Lord God Almighty! All Thy works shall praise Thy name in earth and sky and sea; Holy, holy, holy! Merciful and mighty! God in three Persons, blessed Trinity! Amen. Which wert and art and evermore shalt be. Perfect in pow'r, in love and purity. God in three Persons, blessed Trinity! Reginald Heber, 1827 Introit Collect for Purity BCP 67 Summary of the Law 69 Kyrie Eleison Hymn 710 Healey Willan, 1928 Lord, have mercy upon us. Lord, have mercy upon us. Lord, have mercy upon us. Christ, have mercy upon us. Christ, have mercy upon us. Christ, have mercy upon us. Lord, have mercy upon us. Lord, have mercy upon us. Lord, have mercy upon us. Gloria in Excelsis Hymn 739 Old Scottish Chant Glory be to God on high, and on earth peace, good will towards men. We praise thee, we bless thee, we worship thee, we glorify thee, we give thanks to thee for thy great glory, O Lord God, heav'nly King, God the Father Almighty. O Lord, the only-begotten Son, Jesus Christ; O Lord God, Lamb of God, Son of the Father, that takest away the sins of the world, have mercy upon us. Thou that takest away the sins of the world, receive our prayer. Thou that sittest at the right hand of God the Father, have mercy upon us. For thou only art holy; Thou only art the Lord; Thou only, O Christ, with the Holy Ghost, art most high in the glory of God the Father. Amen. Collect for Trinity Sunday ALMIGHTY and everlasting God, who hast given unto us thy servants grace, by the confession of a true faith, to acknowledge the glory of the eternal Trinity, and in the power of the Divine Majesty to worship the Unity; We beseech thee that thou wouldest keep us stedfast in this faith, and evermore defend us from all adversities, who livest and reignest, one God, world without end. Amen. Prayer for Memorial Days ALMIGHTY God, our heavenly Father, in whose hands are the living and the dead; We give thee thanks for all those thy servants who have laid down their lives in the service of our country. Grant to them thy mercy and the light of thy presence, that the good work which thou hast begun in them may be perfected; through Jesus Christ thy Son our Lord. Amen. The Lesson Isaiah 6:1-8 In the year that king Uzziah died I saw also the Lord sitting upon a throne, high and lifted up, and his train filled the temple. Above it stood the seraphims: each one had six wings; with twain he covered his face, and with twain he covered his feet, and with twain he did fly. And one cried unto another, and said, Holy, holy, holy, is the Lord of hosts: the whole earth is full of his glory. And the posts of the door moved at the voice of him that cried, and the house was filled with smoke. Then said I, Woe is me! for I am undone; because I am a man of unclean lips, and I dwell in the midst of a people of unclean lips: for mine eyes have seen the King, the Lord of hosts. Then flew one of the seraphims unto me, having a live coal in his hand, which he had taken with the tongs from off the altar: And he laid it upon my mouth, and said, Lo, this hath touched thy lips; and thine iniquity is taken away, and thy sin purged. Also I heard the voice of the Lord, saying, Whom shall I send, and who will go for us? Then said I, Here am I; send me. Te Deum laudamus WE praise thee, O God; we acknowledge thee to be the Lord. All the earth doth worship thee, the Father \| everlasting. To thee all Angels cry aloud; the Heavens, and all the \| Powers therein; To thee Cherubim and Seraphim continually do cry, Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God of \| Sabaoth; Heaven and earth are full of the Majesty \| of thy glory. The glorious company of the Apostles \| praise thee. The goodly fellowship of the \| Prophets praise thee. The noble army of Martyrs \| praise thee. The holy Church throughout all the world \| doth acknowledge thee; The Father, of an infinite Majesty; Thine adorable, true, and \| only Son; Also the Holy \| Ghost, the Comforter. THOU art the King of \| Glory, • O Christ. Thou art the everlasting \| Son of • the Father. When thou tookest upon thee to deliver man, thou didst humble thyself to be \| born of • a Virgin. When thou hadst overcome the \| sharpness • of death, thou didst open the Kingdom of Heaven to \| all believers. Thou sittest at the right \| hand of God, in the glory \| of the Father. We believe that thou shalt come to \| be our Judge. We therefore pray thee, help thy servants, whom thou hast redeemed \| with thy precious blood. Make them to be numbered \| with thy Saints, in glory \| everlasting. O LORD, save thy people, and bless thine \| heritage. Govern them, and lift them \| up for ever. Day by day we \| magnify thee; And we worship thy Name ever, \| world without end. Vouchsafe, O Lord, to keep us this day with\|out sin. O Lord, have mercy upon us, have \| mercy • upon us. O Lord, let thy mercy be upon us, as our \| trust • is in • thee. O Lord, in thee have I trusted; let me never \| be confounded. For the Epistle Revelation 4:1-11 AFTER this I looked, and, behold, a door was opened in heaven: and the first voice which I heard was as it were of a trumpet talking with me; which said, Come up hither, and I will shew thee things which must be hereafter. And immediately I was in the spirit: and, behold, a throne was set in heaven, and one sat on the throne. And he that sat was to look upon like a jasper and a sardine stone: and there was a rainbow round about the throne, in sight like unto an emerald. And round about the throne were four and twenty seats: and upon the seats I saw four and twenty elders sitting, clothed in white raiment; and they had on their heads crowns of gold. And out of the throne proceeded lightnings and thunderings and voices: and there were seven lamps of fire burning before the throne, which are the seven Spirits of God. And before the throne there was a sea of glass like unto crystal: and in the midst of the throne, and round about the throne, were four living creatures full of eyes before and behind. And the first was like a lion, and the second like a calf, and the third had a face as a man, and the fourth was like a flying eagle. And the four living creatures had each of them six wings about him; and they were full of eyes within: and they rest not day and night, saying, Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty, which was, and is, and is to come. And when those living creatures give glory and honour and thanks to him that sat on the throne, who liveth for ever and ever, the four and twenty elders fall down before him that sat on the throne, and worship him that liveth for ever and ever, and cast their crowns before the throne, saying, Thou art worthy, O Lord, to receive glory and honour and power: for thou hast created all things, and for thy pleasure they are, and were created. Gradual and Alleluia The Gospel St. John 3:1-15 THERE was a man of the Pharisees, named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews: the same came to Jesus by night, and said unto him, Rabbi, we know that thou art a teacher come from God: for no man can do these miracles that thou doest, except God be with him. Jesus answered and said unto him, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God. Nicodemus saith unto him, How can a man be born when he is old? can he enter the second time into his mother's womb, and be born? Jesus answered, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God. That which is born of the flesh is flesh; and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit. Marvel not that I said unto thee, Ye must be born again. The wind bloweth where it listeth, and thou hearest the sound thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh, and whither it goeth: so is every one that is born of the Spirit. Nicodemus answered and said unto him, How can these things be? Jesus answered and said unto him, Art thou a master of Israel, and knowest not these things? Verily, verily, I say unto thee, We speak that we do know, and testify that we have seen; and ye receive not our witness. If I have told you earthly things, and ye believe not, how shall ye believe, if I tell you of heavenly things? And no man hath ascended up to heaven, but he that came down from heaven, even the Son of man which is in heaven. And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of man be lifted up: that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have eternal life. Nicene Creed I BELIEVE in one God the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, And of all things visible and invisible: And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God; Begotten of his Father before all worlds, God of God, Light of Light, Very God of very God: Begotten, not made; Being of one substance with the Father; By whom all things were made: Who for us men and for our salvation came down from heaven, And was incarnate by the Holy Ghost of the Virgin Mary, And was made man: And was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate; He suffered and was buried: And the third day he rose again according to the Scriptures: And ascended into heaven, And sitteth on the right hand of the Father: And he shall come again, with glory, to judge both the quick and the dead; Whose kingdom shall have no end. And I believe in the Holy Ghost, The Lord, and Giver of Life, Who proceedeth from the Father and the Son; Who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified; Who spake by the Prophets: And I believe one Catholic and Apostolic Church: I acknowledge one Baptism for the remission of sins: And I look for the Resurrection of the dead: And the Life of the world to come. Amen. Sermon Hymn Dulce Carmen 1. Lead us, heav'n-ly Fa-ther, lead us O'er the world's tem-pes-tuous sea; 2. Sa-viour, breathe for-give-ness o'er us; All our weak-ness thou dost know; 3. Spi-rit of our God, de-scen-ding, Fill our hearts with heav'n-ly joy; Guard us, guide us, keep us, feed us, For we have no help but thee, Thou didst tread this earth be-fore us; Thou didst feel its keen-est woe; Love with ev'-ry pas-sion blend-ing, Plea-sure that can ne-ver cloy; Yet pos-sess-ing ev-'ry blessing, If our God our Fa-ther be. A-men. Lone and drear-y, faint and wea-ry, Thro' the de-sert thou didst go. Thus pro-vid-ed, par-don'd, gui-ded, No-thing can our peace de-stroy. James Edmeston, 1821 Sermon The Rt. Rev. Anthony F. Rasch Offertory Sentences and Verse 1. I bind unto myself today The strong Name 2. I bind this day to me forever, By power of 3. I bind unto myself the power Of the great 4. I bind unto myself today The virtues 5. I bind unto myself today The power of of the Trinity, By invocation faith, Christ's Incarnation; His baptism in the love of cherubim; The sweet "Well done" in of the starlit heav'n, The glorious sun's life God to hold and lead, His eye to watch, his of the same, The Three in One, and One in Three. Jordan river; His death on cross for my salvation; judgment hour; The service of the seraphim; giving ray, The whiteness of the moon at even, might to stay, His ear to hearken to my need; 2. His bursting from the spiced tomb; His rising 3. Confessors' faith, apostles' word, The patriarchs' 4. The flashing of the lightning free, The whirl- 5. The wisdom of my God to teach, His hand to up the heavenly way; His coming at the prayers, the prophets' scrolls; All good deeds done un- wind's tempestuous shocks, The stable earth, the guide, his shield to ward; The word of God to day of doom: I bind unto myself today. to the Lord, And purity of virgin souls. deep salt sea, Around the old eternal rocks. give me speech, His heav'nly host to be my guard. 6. Christ be with me, Christ within me, Christ behind me, Christ before me, Christ beneath me, Christ above me, Christ in quiet, Christ in danger, Christ beside me, Christ to win me, Christ to comfort and restore me, Christ in hearts of all that love me, Christ in mouth of friend and stranger. 7. I bind unto myself the Name, The strong Name of the Trinity; By invocation of the same, The Three in One, and One in Three. Of whom all nature hath creation; Eternal Father, Spirit, Word: Praise to the Lord of my salvation, Salvation is of Christ the Lord. Amen. St. Patrick, 372-466; Tr. Cecil Frances Alexander, 1889 Doxology (Hymnal 139, 1st verse) Praise God, from whom all blessings flow; Praise him, all creatures here below; Praise him above, ye heav'nly host: Praise Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. Amen. Bidding Prayers Orate, Fratres Celebrant: Brethren, pray that my sacrifice and yours may be acceptable to God the Father Almighty. People: The Lord receive this sacrifice at thy hands, to the praise and glory of his Name; both to our benefit and that of all his holy Church. Amen. Prayer for the Whole State of Christ’s Church General Confession ALMIGHTY God, Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, Maker of all things, Judge of all men; We acknowledge and bewail our manifold sins and wickedness, Which we, from time to time, most grievously have committed, By thought, word, and deed, Against thy Divine Majesty, Provoking most justly thy wrath and indignation against us. We do earnestly repent, And are heartily sorry for these our misdoings; The remembrance of them is grievous unto us; The burden of them is intolerable. Have mercy upon us, Have mercy upon us, most merciful Father; For thy Son our Lord Jesus Christ's sake, Forgive us all that is past; And grant that we may ever hereafter Serve and please thee In newness of life, To the honour and glory of thy Name; Through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. Absolution The Comfortable Words Sursum Corda The Lord be with you. And with thy spirit. Lift up your hearts. We lift them up unto the Lord. Let us give thanks unto our Lord God. It is meet and right so to do. Preface for Trinity Sunday Sanctus and Benedictus Hymn 797 Healey Willan, 1928 Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of hosts, heaven and earth are full of thy glory: Glory be to thee, oh Lord most High. Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord, Hosanna in the highest. Prayer of Consecration The Lord’s Prayer Hymn 722 Traditional, very ancient Our Father, who art in heaven, Hallowed be thy Name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, On earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our trespasses, As we forgive those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, But deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom, And the pow’r, and the glory, for ever and ever. Amen. The Peace Celebrant: The peace of the Lord be always with you. People: And with thy spirit. Agnus Dei Hymn 712 Healey Willan, 1928 O Lamb of God, that takest away the sins of the world, have mercy upon us. O Lamb of God, that takest away the sins of the world, have mercy upon us. OLambof God, that ta-kest a-way the sins of the world, grant us thy peace. Prayer of Humble Access Communion Verse Communion of the Faithful Celebrant: Behold the Lamb of God; behold Him that taketh away the sins of the world. People: (3x) Lord, I am not worthy that thou shouldst come under my roof, but speak the word only and my soul shall be healed. For those attending in person: Please line up in the center aisle, being careful to maintain appropriate distance. You will receive Communion in one species (Host only) into your hands. Please ensure that you have replaced your mask before taking your seat again. For those attending remotely: Please take a moment of silence to realize the presence of Jesus Christ in your soul and make your spiritual communion. In union, O Dear Lord, with the faithful at every Altar of Thy Church, where Thy blessed Body and Blood have been offered to the Father, I desire to offer Thee praise and thanksgiving. I present to Thee my soul and body, with the earnest wish that I may ever be united to Thee. And since I cannot now receive Thee sacramentally, I beseech Thee to come spiritually into my heart. I unite myself to Thee, and embrace Thee with all the affections of my soul. O let nothing ever separate me from Thee. Let me live and die in Thy love. Amen. Grant, O Lord Jesus Christ, that as the hem of Thy garment, touched in faith, healed the woman who could not touch Thy Body, so the soul of Thy servant may be healed by like faith in Thee, Whom I cannot now sacramentally receive; through Thy tender mercy, Who livest and reignest with the Father in the unity of the Holy Ghost ever one God. Amen. Communion Hymn Melita 1. Almighty Father, strong to save, Whose arm hath bound the restless wave, Who bidd'st the mighty ocean deep Its own appointed limits keep; O hear us when we cry to thee For those in peril on the sea. 2. O Christ, the Lord of hill and plain O'er which our traffic runs a main, By mountain pass or valley low; Where e'er, Lord, thy brethren go, Protect them by thy guarding hand From every peril on the land. 3. O Spirit, whom the Father sent To spread abroad the firmament; O Wind of heaven, by thy might Save all who dare the eagle's flight, And keep them by thy watchful care From every peril in the air. 4. O Trinity of love and power, Our brethren shield in danger's hour; From rock and tempest, fire and foe, Protect them where-so-e'er they go; Thus evermore shall rise to thee Glad praise from air and land and sea. Hymnal Version, from A Missionary Service Book, 1937 Stanzas 1 & 4, William Whiting, 1860, alt. Prayer of Thanksgiving Almighty and everliving God, we most heartily thank thee, for that thou dost vouchsafe to feed us who have duly received these holy mysteries, with the spiritual food of the most precious Body and Blood of thy Son our Saviour Jesus Christ; and dost assure us thereby of thy favour and goodness towards us; and that we are very members incorporate in the mystical body of thy Son, which is the blessed company of all faithful people; and are also heirs through hope of thy everlasting kingdom, by the merits of his most precious death and passion. And we humbly beseech thee, O heavenly Father, so to assist us with thy grace, that we may continue in that holy fellowship, and do all such good works as thou hast prepared for us to walk in; through Jesus Christ our Lord, to whom, with thee and the Holy Ghost, be all honour and glory, world without end. Amen. Dismissal Pontifical Blessing Bishop: Blessed be the name of the Lord People: From this time forth forever more. Bishop: Our help is in the name of the Lord People: Who hath made heaven and earth. Bishop: The Peace of God, which passeth all understanding, keep your hearts and minds in the knowledge and love of God, and of his Son Jesus Christ our Lord: And the Blessing of God Almighty, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, be amongst you, and remain with you always. Amen. The Last Gospel Celebrant: ✠ The Beginning of the Holy Gospel according to John. People: Glory be to thee, O Lord. St. John 1:1-14 IN the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. The same was in the beginning with God. All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. In him was life; and the life was the light of men. And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not. There was a man sent from God, whose name was John. The same came for a witness, to bear witness of the Light, that all men through him might believe. He was not that Light, but was sent to bear witness of that Light. That was the true Light, which lighteth every man that cometh into the world. He was in the world, and the world was made by him, and the world knew him not. He came unto his own, and his own received him not. But as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on his name: which were born, not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God. And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, (and we beheld his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father,) full of grace and truth. People: Thanks be to God. Retiring Processional: Hymn 267 Regent Square Henry Smart, 1867 1. Holy Father, great Creator, Source of mercy, love, and peace, Holy Jesus, Lord of glory, Whom angelic hosts proclaim, Holy Spirit, Sanctifier, Come with unction from above, God the Lord, through every nation Let thy wondrous mercies shine. 2. Look upon the Mediator, Clothe us with his righteousness; While we hear thy wondrous story, Meet and worship in thy Name, Raise our hearts to raptures higher, Fill them with the Saviour's love, In the song of thy salvation Every tongue and race combine. 3. Heavenly Father, heavenly Father, Through the Saviour hear and bless, Dear Redeemer, dear Redeemer, In our hearts thy peace proclaim, Source of comfort, Source of comfort, Cheer us with the Saviour's love, Great Jehovah, Great Jehovah, Form our hearts and make them thine. 4. Amen. Alexander Viets Griswold, 1835 Announcements Celebrant The Right Reverend Anthony F. Rasch Deacon The Reverend Deacon John Yeager Subdeacon Robert Jones Cantor Ken Kubo Zoom Wrangler Landon Melamed Altar Guild Gretchen Martin Thank you for joining us for this service! Please continue to take care of yourselves and let us know if you need additional prayers or assistance. Happy Birthday: Larry Gleason (31 May)
LABOUR STANDARDS IN GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAINS HOW TO MEET THEM TO BECOME MORE COMPETITIVE AND SUSTAINABLE TRAINER'S GUIDE FOR SMES AND OTHER ENTERPRISES LABOUR STANDARDS IN GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAINS HOW TO MEET THEM TO BECOME MORE COMPETITIVE AND SUSTAINABLE TRAINER'S GUIDE FOR SMES AND OTHER ENTERPRISES International Labour Organization Country Office for the Philippines December 2019 Copyright © International Labour Organization 2019 First published 2019 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: email@example.com. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Labour Standards in Global Supply Chains International Labour Office – Geneva: ILO, 2019 ISBN: 978-92-2-134157-4 (print) ISBN: 978-92-2-134158-1 (web pdf) ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications and electronic products can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address, or by email: firstname.lastname@example.org Visit our website: www.ilo.org/publins Preface Over the past decade, several measures and initiatives have been introduced by governments, businesses, trade unions and civil society organizations to make global supply chains more sustainable and responsible. Through responsible business conduct (RBC) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) frameworks at the global level, national legislation in importing countries and private compliance initiatives, enterprises participating in global supply chains are increasingly asked to live up to expectations in the labour and environmental area in addition to compliance with national law. As such enterprises are exposed to due diligence requirements, social audits and code of conduct for suppliers, intended to supplement public governance systems. For enterprises, in particular those that are new to exporting to international markets and without dedicated staff working on CSR and compliance issues, this can be a difficult topic to manoeuvre. At the International Labour Conference in 2016, governments, employers and workers held a discussion on “Decent Work in Global Supply Chains” tasking the ILO during the discussion on to: “strengthen its capacity to give guidance to enterprises on the application of labour standards within their supply chains and make information available on specific country situations, laws and regulations, including on the implementation of labour rights due diligence in coherence with already existing international frameworks.”$^1$ They moreover stated that many of these international frameworks help enterprises to foster decent work and should be better known and promoted in a coherent way. Most of these frameworks refer back to International Labour Standards (ILS), adopted by governments, employers and workers’ in the ILO. This puts the ILO in a good position to advise and train governments, employers’ and workers’ organizations and enterprises in their implementation. The purpose of this trainer’s guide is to help enterprises, in particular small - and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), understand the origins of these international frameworks, code of conduct for suppliers and audits, the different areas that they cover and what enterprises can do to improve and demonstrate their adherence to international principles and compliance with national law and corporate codes. The training also demonstrates that respecting workers rights and improving working conditions can be part of competitive business strategy to join the ranks of employers that enjoy a good reputation among workers and business partners. $^1$Resolution concerning decent work in global supply chains, 105th Session of the International Labour Conference 2016 http://bit.ly/ILOGC105 This trainer’s guide is a product of a collaboration between the EU-ILO-OECD Responsible Supply Chains in Asia project and the ILO Sustaining Competitive and Responsible Enterprises (SCORE) Programme. The Responsible Supply Chains in Asia project$^2$, funded by the European Union, is overseen by the Multinational Enterprises and Enterprise Engagement Unit (ENT/ MULTI) in the ILO’s Enterprises Department and managed by the ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. The ILO SCORE Programme is funded by SECO and NORAD and managed by the SME Unit in the ILO’s Enterprises Department. Magali Martowicz (ILO consultant) developed the guide and the corresponding trainer guide and PowerPoint presentations, building on training materials and other resources developed by ENT/MULTI. Stephan Ulrich led the overall development process. A team of ILO experts - Yukiko Arai, Adam Greene, Fredy Guayacan, Olga Orozco and Emily Sims - provided technical guidance. Appreciation also goes to the staff in the ILO Manila Office (Ruby Banez, Hideki Kagohashi, Julius Panzo) and the Employers Confederation of the Philippines (Director-General Jose Roland Moya, Dang Buenaventura, Ray Guerrero Tadeo) for their collaboration in validating the training package in the Philippines in March 2019. We recommend the use of this training package for all enterprises, especially small and medium, becoming part of global supply chains. It will help them better understand requirements in the area of labour standards and help them become more sustainable enterprises. Githa Roelans Head, Multinational Enterprises and Enterprises Engagement Unit Enterprises Department ILO Geneva Michael Elkin Chief Technical Advisor ILO Sustaining Competitive and Responsible Enterprises (SCORE) Programme $^2$For more information on the EU-ILO-OECD Responsible Supply Chains in Asia project, see https://www.ilo.org/rsca ## CONTENTS 1. CONTENT AND AUDIENCE - Room Layout - Materials 3. POWERPOINT SLIDES - Introductory Slides - Section 1 - Section 2 - Section 3 - Section 4 - Section 5 - Section 6 - Section 7 - Section 8 - Section 9 - Section 10 - Section 11 The 2019-2020 academic year was a challenging one for all of us, and we are grateful to our students, faculty, staff, and community partners for their resilience and dedication in the face of adversity. We are excited about the opportunities that lie ahead and look forward to continuing to serve the needs of our community. Sincerely, Dr. John Smith President CONTENT AND AUDIENCE The “labour standards in global supply chains: How to meet them to become more competitive and sustainable” training guide is made of the following materials: - A power point deck - A participants handbook - The trainer’s guide You have the trainer’s guide in your hands. Please review carefully the participants handbook and the powerpoint deck before delivering any training. You will notice that the participants handbook is more detailed than the powerpoint deck. Kindly use the handbook to inform your messages during the training delivery. You will also notice that the participants handbook is meant to be used as a working document. The participants will have to use it during the training to take notes and fill up the action plan, and after the training to respond to the self-assessment questionnaires and deepen their understanding of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The CSR module is meant to be used as a modular training. This means you can train participants on all CSR topics or on a selection. You may decide to expand one topic and shorten another depending on the participants needs. If you decide to train the participants on a selection of topics, rather than the full list, please review the timings of each section. Please note that the timings, as indicated in the trainer’s guide, are for a full training. The ideal audience size is 20 to 30 participants. Maximum length: 6 hours excluding breaks. ROOM LAYOUT The training room should be in cabaret style, as in the picture below. Ideally, the tables should be small and sit a maximum of five people (this is important for the exercise on Freedom of Association: The world café© method). MATERIALS • One handbook per participant. • Screen, projector, laptop, microphones-portable hand-held style. • Flipchart, pens, blue tack. • Post-it notes [Section 2 on Benefits of OSH]. • A3 white paper sheets (as many as there are tables for participants), for the task analysis exercise [Section 3 on Wages and Benefits]. • A3 white paper sheet with basic fishbone drawn [Section 4 on Hours of Work]. • A3 white paper sheets (child labour case study) (as many as there are tables) [Section 5 on Child Labour]. • Access to internet to play YouTube video [Section 7 on Discrimination]. • 7 x A4 envelops with harassment messages printed out on them – the messages need to be printed big enough so that everyone in the room can read it – to be used for the human line exercise [Section 8 on Harassment]. - Supervisors shouting regularly and using dirty words towards workers. - A supervisor inappropriately touching a worker. - Supervisors hitting workers (for example, on head) for mistake. - Worker verbally threatening to beat a co-worker up. - Male colleague sending inappropriate texts and pictures to female colleague. - Supervisor requesting sexual favours against promotion/payrise. - Workers insulting other worker on the company bus back home. • Vases with flowers (as many as there are tables with participants) – to be put on table for the World Café Exercise [Section 9 on Freedom of Association]. • Mellow music + speakers [Section 9 on Freedom of Association]. • Checkered or white tablecloth (as many as there are tables with participants). The tablecloths should only be used for the World Café Exercise [Section 9 on Freedom of Association]. Example HERE$^3$. • White kraft butcher block paper (as many as there are tables with participants) or 7 x A3 white – to be used for the World Café Exercise. Example HERE. • Coloured pens (as many as there are tables with participants). • World café table cards – to be printed and folded, one on each table during the World Café Exercise (Section on Freedom of Association) – Link HERE. --- $^3$ References to hyperlinks can be found at the end of this Trainers’ Guide. POWERPOINT SLIDES Introductory slides - slides 1 to 7 Time: 15' \| SLIDE # \| SLIDE \| INFORMATION \| \|---------\|-------\|-------------\| \| 2 \| ![Welcome Slide](image) \| • Introduction of training. • Please refer to the preface for explanation of CSR module. \| \| 3 \| ![Introductions Slide](image) \| Ice breaker game: • The ice breaker game is done quickly and in a fun way. • The trainer starts by explaining the ice breaker game: “We do not know each other, and as we are going to spend the day together, it will be lovely to know who we are. Let us all stand up and share our name, company name, what you expect to learn in this training, and one thing you like about your company, it can be anything!” • The trainer leads by sharing his/her name, names the ILO, says they hope to learn from the participants’ experiences and shares a fun fact (examples: “we have the best snacks in the cafeteria”; \| “I get to meet lots of interesting people every day”; “I feel I can make an impact”). - The trainer then goes around the room with a microphone in hand and asks each participant to share their name, company name, what they expect to learn, and what they like about the company. Time: 10 minutes. 4 Objectives By the end of the session, you will have a better understanding of: - Corporate Social Responsibility, responsible business and compliance - Key international instruments and workers’ rights - Potential clients’ CSR requirements - Your own CSR performance - The first steps to take to improve compliance with CSR requirements 5-6 Agenda \| Time \| Topic \| \|------\|--------------------------------------------\| \| 90' \| What is CSR? \| \| 10' \| Introduction to Occupational Safety and Health \| \| 30' \| International Instruments \| \| 30' \| Work of ILO \| \| 30' \| Work of UN \| \| 20' \| Forced Labour \| \| Time \| Topic \| \|------\|--------------------------------------------\| \| 30' \| Equal Opportunity and Treatment \| \| 30' \| Human Rights \| \| 45' \| Principle of Accountability and Collective Action \| \| 20' \| Action Planning \| Go through agenda for the day or days (if you are doing a two-day module). 7 Remind participants of/to: - HANDBOOK (take a handbook and show it to the audience). - Use handbook during the training. - Handbook follows agenda shown before (section by section). - Can take notes (show the note taking section). - Participants will find more details and a self-assessment for each topic which they can fill at the end. • Switch off mobile phones. • Ask any questions, if unclear. Inform participants on emergency exits and bathrooms. Section 1 - What is Corporate Social Responsibility - slides 8 to 25 Time: 45' \| SLIDE # \| SLIDE \| INFORMATION \| \|---------\|-------\|-------------\| \| 9 \| ![Slide Image](image) \| Dreaming exercise: • Tone of slide: composed, take your time, make sure participants are in a mood to dream and feel what it may be like to receive an award. • Ask 2/3 participants to share their thoughts – try and pick people who you see are emotional about it/excited about it. • Participants may say something like: “we won the award because we have the best quality products”; “we employ many people in our area”; “we are the fastest to produce”, “we always find a solution for our clients”. You want to get out of the exercise a positive feeling for the audience, get them in the mood that the CSR training will give them tips to reap the award. \| ![Image](image) \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Time: \| \| \| • 5 mins for explaining and letting the audience dream. \| \| \| • 5 mins for asking participants to share their stories. \| \| \| Summarize what best supplier means, spend a bit longer on the aspects that were not mentioned in the previous conversation: \| \| \| • Cost: offering the best price. \| \| \| • Time: working within the imparted deadline, meeting all production times. \| \| \| • Quality: passing Q and A inspections, have a near zero defect rate. \| \| \| • Reliability: working hand-in-hand with clients, finding solutions. \| \| \| • CSR: offering good working conditions to workers. \| \| \| Conclude the slide by saying that this training focuses on CSR or how to become a better employer – and that buyers require this more and more – as they require cost, quality, speed, among others. \| \| \| Your buyers may request you to: \| \| \| • Share a social audit report. \| \| \| • Organize an audit yourself through third party auditing company. \| \| \| Social Adults – Quick Facts \| \| \| • Average monthly income: 100 USD (300 to 400 USD). \| \| \| • Average age: 28 years old. \| \| \| • Average education level: 12 years. \| \| \| • Workers’ informal residence: more than 50% of the workforce. \| \| \| Time: go quickly through the slide – max up to 2 mins. \| \| Ask the audience if someone had an audit recently – get them to: - describe the process; - explain what they learned. If no one had an audit, please briefly explain the process and objectives. Time: 5 mins. Two slides go together – stress importance to understand buyers requirements when it comes to CSR. History of campaigning: - In the press, but in real life too (sit-in outside shops) – campaign against brands, events, suppliers. - Show pictures of activists’ sit-in outside flagship stores, shaming consumers going in and shaming brands. - Ask the participants how they would feel if they were the owner of the shop. Go through the slide. Explain how brands and retailers have developed codes of conduct to respond to the campaigns through their CSR strategies. Remind participants that they can find more details in the handbook. Key messages are: - Codes of conduct based on recommendations from international institutions such as UN, ILO or OECD. - More details in the handbook. Time: 2 mins. Key messages are: - Countries are using recommendations from international institutions to change laws – NEW focus on supply chain – far-reaching pieces of legislation. - Stress that if buyers are French, British or from California, those pieces of legislation may apply and legally the buyers have to look into human rights abuses at their suppliers. - More details in the handbook. Time: 2 mins. Key messages: - More and more tools that scrutinize your employment practices, more and more pressure to comply with legislation and code of conduct. Go through the points and explain one by one: - OSH: to keep you safe. - Working time: to ensure you do not work too many hours. - Wages: to ensure you get a minimum amount. - Child labour: to ensure that no kids are in work. • Forced labour: to ensure that no one is forced to work. • Discrimination: to ensure that no one is discriminated against because of its colour, race, sex, among others. • Harassment: to ensure that there is no violence, threat, humiliation or any other unacceptable behaviours. • Grievance: if there is an issue, you have a way to raise it and the confidence that it will be looked into in a fair way. • Freedom of association: if yourself cannot get your voice heard, you can organize yourselves with your colleague to go and talk to your supervisors. Stress that the other two (business ethics and environment) are part of the code of conduct but in this guide, we look only at the labour components. Go through the slide. Ask the audience if they are doing any of it, know of anyone in their neighbourhood doing any of it and how they feel about it. Go through the case studies in the handbook in more details and explain what the initiatives are about – stress links between doing good for community and reaping benefits for business. Take the audience through the steps. Please read the following case study and make reference to it in the slide. Explain key elements. https://betterwork.org/blog/portfolio/working-conditions-productivity-and-profitability-evidence-from-better-work-vietnam/ Facilitate short discussion on difficulty in finding and retaining workers or get audience to agree that finding and retaining skilled staff is a major worry. Conclude saying complying with CSR requirements help attract and retain best workers. Go through the slide and stress that: - Brands reputation is attacked (Nike with wrong use of logo). - Suppliers reputation is attacked (Foxconn, one of Apple main manufacturers). - Countries reputation even attacked (Bangladesh – show that if you type in Google "Bangladesh" the first words that come up are: factory collapse, factory fire, and so on. Conclude saying complying with CSR requirements maintain good reputation. Go through the slide. Highlight the plan-do-check-act (PDCA) cycle alternative and explain that at the end of each section, we will quickly go through the PDCA cycle for each topic. Highlight it as an alternative process that supports continuous improvement. Section 2 - Occupational Safety and Health - slides 26 to 45 Time: 40' \| SLIDE # \| SLIDE \| INFORMATION \| \|---------\|-------\|-------------\| \| 27 \| ![Safety and Health](image) \| • Hear opinions from various participants – you want them to say things like “protect workers”; “workers health”. • Go through the definition. Time: 3 mins. \| \| 28 \| ![Safety and Health](image) \| • Ask audience what Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) includes. • Hear opinions from various participants – you want them to say things like “fire safety”; “machinery”; “chemicals”. • Refer to list in the handbook. Time: 5 mins. \| \| 29 \| ![Occupational Safety and Health](image) \| • Facilitate short exercise “so what are the benefits of looking at all those aspects of OSH? Fire safety, machinery, among others?” • Ask participants to write on post-it notes the benefits of OSH. \| • One post-it note = one benefit. • Benefits usually include: - Greater productivity. - Better work atmosphere. - Better quality. - Higher retention of workers. • Collect post-it notes and group them on flipchart by categories – notes related to better productivity are stuck together, among others – create visual clusters. • Highlight if there is one bigger than other missing one, and so on. Time: 10 mins. MATERIAL: POST-IT NOTES • Go through the list of not complying (NC) (two slides). • Ask if that rings a bell and if they recognize some in their workplaces – blocked fire exits is a very common one, for example. • Ask if audience knows where the picture comes from? NB: picture come from Rana Plaza collapse in Bangladesh – major industrial accident in recent history – killing more than 1,000 workers (mainly women) in garment factories in building in 2013 – very recent – Dhaka, Bangladesh. • Go through the facts, tone is serious. There are things we would not do – because we know they are dangerous – so how can we shift our beliefs and practices on OSH at work? - We would not let a baby play with electricity. - We would not drink dirty water. - We would not feel comfortable going on an over-crowded bus. Picture on the left: - Poor housekeeping. - Unclear if fire extinguishers or materials flammable, but risk of fire. - Difficulty to evacuate if that is fire. Picture on the right: - Blocked fire exit. - Poor housekeeping. - NB: poster on door reads: do not lock or block, it is the law. Picture on the left: - Very high risk of injuring oneself. - No proper workstation. - Poor handling of dangerous machine. Picture on the right: - Empty containers, potentially chemicals. - Unlocked storage – anyone can come to enter in contact with substances. - Spillage on ground – risk to environment. \| Slide \| Image \| Notes \| \|-------\|-------\|-------\| \| 36 \| ![Spot the Issues](image) \| - Risk of losing business – not just hurting workers. - Boiler explosion – see story HERE. For each picture, allow time for participants to share their thoughts, give hint. You want to spend about 2/3 mins per pictures. \| \| 37 \| ![Why does it happen?](image) \| - Explain the concept of root causes. - Stress that they are hard to spot. \| \| 38 \| ![The 5 Whys Technique](image) \| - Go through the “5 whys” technique. \| \| 39 - 41 \| ![The 5 Whys Technique](image) \| Pick one participant from audience and ask him/her to work out the root cause of the example. There is no one single right answer as we do not know the exact context in which the issue is happening – use your judgement to help the participant drill as much as possible into a potential root cause. \| For example, for the blocked exit potential “because” may be: - Supervisors told him/her to do so and worker did not know s/he could not stack boxes there. - Supervisors did not know and are not trained on OSH. - There is no OSH training in factory for middle management. - OSH is not a priority in factory. - Senior management does not understand the importance of it. As you progress through the examples above, write down the main root causes for not implementing OSH – before showing the slide, ask the participants if they can think of any other, then show the slide and go through the list. Explain that this self-assessment is designed to guide and measure participants progress. The first time they use the self-assessment will create a baseline. Revisiting the questions in six months, one year and two years will help them to see how far they have come and where they still need to improve. They should also be encouraged to involve workers in the assessments, so that they are getting an accurate picture of their companies as possible. Go through the slide. Quickly wrap-up the section, reviewing what participants have covered and using the PDCA cycle. We have to: - Plan: OSH policy (what you want to achieve). - Do: form your team, risk assess your site (use the “5 whys”). - Check: monitor if it is done well (re: use “5 whys” if not done well). - Act: take actions! Section 3 - Wages and Benefits - slides 46 to 57 Time: 30' \| SLIDE # \| SLIDE \| INFORMATION \| \|---------\|-------\|-------------\| \| 47 \| ![Wages and Benefits](image) \| Go through the definition. \| \| 48-49 \| ![Workers' Issues](image) \| Read out each bubble. Tone is serious. Leave time for each NC to sink in. Leave time for participants to relate to the issues workers face. Time: 5 mins for both slides. \| \| 50 \| ![Wages and Benefits](image) \| Before showing the slide, ask the participants if they know what NC are most common from the slides you just showed. Go through the list and make link with comments from previous slides: \| \| \| \| - Message: paying wages and benefits is a complex task that encompasses many aspects. \| \| \| \| - How to analyse if we do it well: task analysis: show example of brushing teeth and get the table to work together and deconstruct all steps (tables are small groups of five approximately); (if a table has only two or three people try and group them to have a group of five). \| International Labour Organization - Responsible Business Allow for 10 mins for the exercise. While groups work on exercise, show slide 54 on main NCs. At the end, each table presents quickly its task analysis (if you have time). MATERIAL: A3 white paper or kraft butcher roll Present what a task analysis could encompass and go through the elements: - Task 1: defining a wage policy, making sure all elements of wages payment are legal. - Task 2: make sure the contract is in line with the policy. - Task 3: make sure workers understand it. - Task 4: record all wage related information. - Task 5: make sure payroll processes it correctly. You may want to pick a few elements from each broad task if they have been discussed previously. Explain that this self-assessment is designed to guide and measure participants progress. The first time they use the self-assessment will create a baseline. Revisiting the questions in six months, one year and two years will help them to see how far they have come and where they still need to improve. They should also be encouraged to involve workers in the Go through the slide. Quickly wrap-up and review points from wage management system. Section 4 - Hours of Work - slides 58 to 69 Time: 30' \| SLIDE # \| SLIDE \| INFORMATION \| \|---------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| 58 \| ![Image](image.png) \| Tone is serious. Leave time to think and feel what it was like. Ask two or three participants to share their experience. Time: 5 mins. If a participant is very emotional and talks a lot, let the person talk and select fewer participants to share. Be empathic. \| \| 59 \| ![Image](image.png) \| Link with above discussion and go through the definition. \| \| 60 \| ![Image](image.png) \| Go through the NCs. \| \| 61 \| ![Image](image.png) \| Before going through the slide, recognize that a company can easily violate limits on working time, as it is a complex issue to manage and then go through the slide. The slide is animated and each box will appear when you click. \| Read out the boxes as they appear. You will see that some boxes are linked to others. Establish the links. For example: Clients are not satisfied, they imposed tight deadlines, which puts pressure on the already poor production planning. If the client is not satisfied, orders will reduce, which leads to lower profits and higher costs. So to save cost, we pay little and compensate with longer hours. Time: 3 mins. Facilitate short discussion – you want participants to at least recognize that this is a complex issue. Introduce the fishbone exercise. Put this slide up when you get the tables of five people to work on a fishbone analysis of their own hours issue in their workplace. You have to make sure that the participants are from the same industry. Go through the five categories and explain how the exercise works. Time: 10 mins. MATERIALS: basic fishbone printed out on A3 white paper Once the exercise is over, show an example of fishbone – if you have time ask the participants to go through their fishbones. Explain that this self-assessment is designed to guide and measure participants progress. The first time they use the self-assessment will create a baseline. Revisiting the questions in six months, one year and two years will help them to see how far they have come and where they still need to improve. They should also be encouraged to involve workers in the assessments, so that they are getting an accurate picture of their companies as possible. Go through the slide. Wrap up. Section 5 - Child Labour - slides 70 to 79 Time: 30' \| SLIDE # \| SLIDE \| INFORMATION \| \|--------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| 70 \| Child Labour What is child labour? Child labour – means that “deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development”; Young workers – “persons above the minimum age of employment but under the age of 18” Go through the definition. \| \| 71 \| Child Labour What is child labour? - Poor documentation (no proof of age) - No system in place to verify the age of the worker – no independent parties claims or authenticate documents - Employing children under the minimum age of employment as a controlling measure - Children working in hazardous conditions - Many homeowners pay low wages, encouraging them to involve their children in production Young Workers - Not having basic literacy skills - Working at night or OP Go through the NCs. \| \| 72 \| ![Image](image.png) Take the time to read the case study in your handbook. Refer to participants to case study in Section 5.1 of the handbook – explain that they will have to read the case study and answer the following questions. Leave them time to read. Time: 5 mins. \| \| 75 \| What non-conformances do you identify in the text? Why are they occurring? Work in group and establish measures to: - Improve direct recruitment practices - Improve use of third-party agencies and franchises - Manage young workers Get them to work in small groups (tables of five) and answer the questions. Facilitate discussions. Get each group to present responses. Time: 15 mins for work; 10 mins to present. \| MATERIALS: A3 white paper sheet Explain that this self-assessment is designed to guide and measure participants progress. The first time they use the self-assessment will create a baseline. Revisiting the questions in six months, one year and two years will help them to see how far they have come and where they still need to improve. They should also be encouraged to involve workers in the assessments, so that they are getting an accurate picture of their companies as possible. Go through the slide. Wrap up quickly. \| SLIDE # \| SLIDE \| INFORMATION \| \|--------\|-------\|-------------\| \| 80 \| \| Explain the story of fishermen on the boat. In short: Lang Long from Cambodia accepted to cross the border to Thailand for a construction job. When he reached Thailand, he was kept in a room and was sold to a fisherman to work at sea. Lang Long was resold twice in his three-year long captivity. He tried to escape multiple times to the point that one captain shackled him by the neck when other boats neared. Lang was finally rescued by an aid group. Victims recount horrific violence: sick cast overboard, defiant beheaded, insubordinate sealed for days below the deck in a dark, rotten fishing hold. \| Tone is very serious. Leave time for participants to understand the horror of this story. Then go mainstream by quoting stats. Point that forced labour is present everywhere not in the same horrific manner, but it is more common than one can think. Time: 7 mins. Go through the definition. Responses are in the slides comments: - Slide 83 – NO, it is a small amount easily reimbursable, documented. - Slide 84 – YES debt bondage. - Slide 85 – YES involuntary OT. - Slide 86 – YES ID retention. - Slide 87 – YES debt bondage, finder’s fee. - Slide 88 – YES restriction of movement. You want to get participants to recognize that those practices may occur in their industries, you want them to recognize that they represent a case of forced labour. Time for each slide: 3 mins. Go through the NC and relate them to previous case studies. Explain that this self-assessment is designed to guide and measure participants progress. The first time they use the self-assessment will create a baseline. Revisiting the questions in six months, one year and two years will help them to see how far they have come and where they still need to improve. They should also be encouraged to involve workers in the assessments, so that they are getting an accurate picture of their companies as possible. Go through the slide. Wrap up quickly. Section 7 - Equal Opportunity and Treatment - slides 94 to 104 Time: 20' \| SLIDE # \| SLIDE \| INFORMATION \| \|---------\|-------\|-------------\| \| 94 \| ![Discrimination](image) \| Play the video until 1'12. Key message: Scientists put two monkeys side by side and gave both a task to perform: if the monkey gives a rock to the lady, she gives them food. Initially, she gave both cucumbers. Monkeys are fine performing the task if they receive the same food. When she gives one of the monkeys a grape (a better food) for performing the same task, she creates inequality that leads to the violent reaction of the monkey as shown in the video. What does that tell us? Time: 5 mins. \| \| 95 \| ![What is discrimination?](image) \| Go through the definition. \| \| 96-99 \| ![Discrimination Quiz](image) \| Responses are “YES” to all cases. You want the participants to acknowledge this is an issue and represent a form of discrimination. Time for each slide: 3 mins. \| Go through the definition. Explain that this self-assessment is designed to guide and measure participants progress. The first time they use the self-assessment will create a baseline. Revisiting the questions in six months, one year and two years will help them to see how far they have come and where they still need to improve. They should also be encouraged to involve workers in the assessments, so that they are getting an accurate picture of their companies as possible. Go through the slide. Wrap up quickly. Section 8 - Harassment - slides 105 to 112 Time: 20' \| SLIDE # \| SLIDE \| INFORMATION \| \|---------\|-------\|-------------\| \| 105 \| ![Image](image1.png) \| Tone is serious. Leave time for participant to remember a time – stress that it can include “scared to receive feedback on a report”; “did not know how to go about something and too scared to ask”; “had a terrible boss who would shout at everyone” – does not need to include extreme cases. Ask 2/3 participants to share their stories. \| \| 106 \| ![Image](image2.png) \| Request seven participants to stand up. Hand over seven envelops. On each envelop, you will have printed one message: - Supervisors shouting regularly and using dirty words towards workers. - A supervisor inappropriately touching a worker. - Supervisors hitting workers (for example, on head) for mistake. - Worker verbally threatening to beat a co-worker up. - Male colleague sending inappropriate texts and pictures to female colleague. - Supervisor requesting sexual favours against promotion/payrise. - Workers insulting other worker on the company bus back home. \| Each participant takes the message out of the envelop and reads it out loud. The message printed describes a situation of harassment. The seven participants are then asked to work together to rank the situation from unacceptable to most unacceptable – at the end they form a line from the least to the most acceptable. You should encourage discussions such as “is this situation worse than..?” There is no right or wrong ranking – it is simply to show that some situations are more tolerated than others. Go through the definition. Go through NCs and read out examples. Explain that this self-assessment is designed to guide and measure participants progress. The first time they use the Self-assessment will create a baseline. Revisiting the questions in six months, one year... and two years will help them to see how far they have come and where they still need to improve. They should also be encouraged to involve workers in the assessments, so that they are getting an accurate picture of their companies as possible. Go through the slide. Wrap up. Section 9 - Freedom of Association - slides 113 to 120 Time: 45' Make sure that you set-up the room with a “café” ambiance before this session starts: put the tablecloth, vases, coloured pens on the tables. Ask participants to change tables and mix with other participants – to change atmosphere and do not get conversations “stuck”. \| SLIDE # \| SLIDE \| INFORMATION \| \|---------\|-------\|-------------\| \| 113 \| ![Freedom of Association](image) \| Go through the slide. Get acknowledgement from audience – ask if anyone has example of good practice to share – if no one responds, acknowledge the difficulty of small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have to ensure this right is enforced. \| \| 114-115 \| ![Harassment](image) \| Go through the list. \| \| 116 \| ![Freedom of Association](image) \| Explain the World Café exercise: • Ask participants to change tables and mix with other participants. • Ask one person from each table to be the host – this person will stay at the table while other participants will change table after each round. • Ask one person to draw discussions on white paper – explain the importance of \| drawing to illustrate ideas and go over mental barriers. - There will be three rounds of discussions of 10 mins each, after each round, people (except host) change table. Host explain new joiners past conversations and new joiners build on ideas. - Read out loud the question and explain that the groups will have to work together to find a response. - Start the exercise. - Play mellow music in the background. - Facilitate the discussions, if needed. - At the end of the three rounds, put up all drawings on the wall, summarize all drawings and comment them. More info: http://www.theworldcafe.com/ Explain that this self-assessment is designed to guide and measure participants progress. The first time they use the self-assessment will create a baseline. Revisiting the questions in six months, one year and two years will help them to see how far they have come and where they still need to improve. Go through the slide. Wrap up the section. Section 10 - Grievances - slides 109 to 118 Time: 30' \| SLIDE # \| SLIDE \| INFORMATION \| \|---------\|-------\|-------------\| \| 121 \| ![Image](image1.png) \| Tone is serious. Leave time for participant to remember a time – stress that it can include “review with my boss and worried all night about it”; “find it hard to work with a specific department, working relations are not optimum”; “does not need to include extreme cases”. Ask participants to share their stories. Time: 5 mins. If a participant is emotional about his/her story, let the person talk and select fewer people. Be empathic. \| \| 122 \| ![Image](image2.png) \| Go through what workers think, pause, get people to connect with the grievances. Get them to acknowledge the issues. \| \| 123 \| ![Image](image3.png) \| Go through the slide and again, get the audience to acknowledge that if they have an issue, they are less likely to work well. The graph is a simple illustration to make the point that efficiency goes down when one is worried. \| Managers and employees can work together to resolve their differences and find a common ground to improve overall company performance. Go through the definition. Go slowly through the list and get the audience to recognize the issue. Get the audience to work in small groups (tables of five) and answer the question: “what needs to be in place for workers to raise their grievances?”, “how do we implement a process that generates trust and fairness?” Ask the groups to report back to the bigger group (if you have time). The broad categories that should emerge are: - Ways to report grievances. - Investigation of grievances. - Responses and conciliation. Time: 15 mins. Summarize the feedback and stress that a strong grievance process should answer all these questions. Make a link to the feedback if some groups have responded clearly to the questions. For example: “When and how quickly should you investigate? Who should investigate?” The trainer may say something along those lines: “Group A responded very well to this question by pointing out that the response must be quick and gave a clear timeframe (20 days) and should be done by someone neutral or external to the grievance (HR or CSR team)”. Go through the statements, explain in more details the ones that generate more interest. Ask if it resonates with audience, if they feel they can apply the principles in their day-to-day. Time: 5 mins. Explain that this self-assessment is designed to guide and measure participants progress. The first time they use the self-assessment will create a baseline. One year and two years will help them to see how far they have come and where they still need to improve. They should also be encouraged to involve workers in the assessments, so that they are getting an accurate picture of their companies as possible. Go through the slide. Wrap up. Section 11 - Action Planning - slides 133 to 137 Time: 20' \| SLIDE # \| SLIDE \| INFORMATION \| \|---------\|-------\|-------------\| \| 133-134 \| ![Review](image) \| Wrap up all learnings, take time to go through all topics, tools. Ask participants what they found most interesting, what they will use (usually fishbone and “5 whys” are big wins). \| \| 135 \| ![Reminder](image) \| Ask participants to take their handbook and find the action plan page. Ask them to write up their action plan based on the above review, ask them to think about the actions that will make most difference in their business. Leave about 15 mins. \| \| 136 \| ![Thank you](image) \| Thank you and close the day. \| This brochure is produced with funding by the European Union through the Responsible Supply Chains in Asia programme EUROPEAN UNION ISBN: 978-92-2-133898-7 (print) 978-92-2-133898-4 (web pdf)
COMPLAINT (for filers who are prisoners without lawyers) UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF WISCONSIN (Full name of plaintiff(s)) Beau D. Jammes v. (Full name of defendant(s)) Outagamie County Case Number: (to be supplied by Clerk of Court) A. PARTIES 1. Plaintiff is a citizen of Wisconsin, and is located at 644 Maxon St Wapun WI 53943 (Address of prison or jail) (If more than one plaintiff is filing, use another piece of paper.) 2. Defendant Outagamie County is (if a person or private corporation) a citizen of Wisconsin. and (if a person) resides at ____________________________________________ (Address, if known) and (if the defendant harmed you while doing the defendant’s job) worked for _________________________________________________________ (Employer’s name and address, if known) (If you need to list more defendants, use another piece of paper.) B. STATEMENT OF CLAIM On the space provided on the following pages, tell: 1. Who violated your rights; 2. What each defendant did; 3. When they did it; 4. Where it happened; and 5. Why they did it, if you know. On 1/19/16 Judge Vincent R Biskupic unlawfully stayed a portion of my jail sentence for 19 months this happen in Branch 6 of Outagamic court house in Appleton. Case 2:18-cv-00493-JPS Filed 03/28/18 Page 3 of 5 Document 1 C. JURISDICTION ☐ I am sued for a violation of federal law under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. OR ☑ I am suing under state law. The state citizenship of the plaintiff(s) is (are) different from the state citizenship of every defendant, and the amount of money at stake in this case (not counting interest and costs) is $1,000,000. D. RELIEF WANTED Describe what you want the Court to do if you win your lawsuit. Examples may include an award of money or an order telling defendants to do something or to stop doing something. I would like a award of $1,000,000 for pain and suffering mental stress lost of wages loss of employment loss off housing E. JURY DEMAND I want a jury to hear my case. ☒ - YES □ - NO I declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct. Complaint signed this 24 day of March 2018. Respectfully Submitted, [Signature] Plaintiff's Prisoner ID Number Dodge correctional institute PO Box 700 Wapauw Wi 53943 (Mailing Address of Plaintiff) REQUEST TO PROCEED IN DISTRICT COURT WITHOUT PREPAYING THE FULL FILING FEE ☒ I DO request that I be allowed to file this complaint without paying the filing fee. I have completed a Request to Proceed in District Court without Prepaying the Full Filing Fee form and have attached it to the complaint. ☐ I DO NOT request that I be allowed to file this complaint without prepaying the filing fee under 28 U.S.C. § 1915, and I have included the full filing fee with this complaint. On or about the 16th of October 2015, the Appleton Police Department arrested me on charges which were later dismissed in Outagamie District Court without prejudice at the time of my arrest. I was on probation for disorderly conduct and resisting arrest in the aforementioned county. I was to be on probation for 1 year from May 5th 2015 to May 4th 2016, and would have only 7 months left on that probation. Yet even where the charges were dismissed in district court, and where I was in compliance to all the conditions of my probation, Judge Vincent R. Biskupic of the Outagamie District Court, in spite of the dismissed charges and my compliance to the term of my probation, I was placed on a de facto term of probation for 19 months in addition to the 6 months which remained on the original term of probation. It was stated that this de facto term of probation was added in order to monitor my behaviors where later I appealed to the State Appellate Court the added de facto term of probation which was illegal. Therefore, I am seeking to have this court allow me to pursue this claim against the State of Wisconsin, Appleton Police Department, Outagamie County Judge Vincent R. Biskupic for violation of my civil rights. Respectfully, Beau Jammer Beau Jammer office of the clerk united states district courts easter district of wisconsin 362 u.s. court house 517 e wisconsin avenue milwaukee wisconsin 53202 plaintiff beau jammes of jackson corr inst black river falls wisconsin 54615 p.o.box 233 defendant,s judge vincent r biskupic of outagamie county courts john doe 1 john doe 2 john doe 3 of appleton police department on or about the 12th of october 2015 the appleton police department arrested me on case # 15-cm-1141 and detained me on charges. at this time of my arrest i was thrown against the wall by john doe1, john doe 2, john doe 3 of appleton police department. case #15-cm-1141 was dismissed with out pre- judice. At the time of my arrest on case # 15cm-1141 i was on probation for case#15-cm-05 as of 5-5-15. On december 1st 2015 i was revoked from pro- bation for case number 15-cm-1141. on december 9 2015 on case # 15-cm1141 the case was dismissed with out prejudice. witch was 8 days after being revoked for case #15-cm-05. on january 19th 2016 for case #15-cm-05 the remaining sentence was stayed pending review hearings. after 19 months of review hearin gs i was sentence back to do my time for case # 15-cm05 on 9/08/2016 the judge in both cases mentioned was the same judge vincent r biskupic plaintiff beau jammes at jackson correctional institution black river falls wisconsin p.o box 233 54615 defendant judge # vincent r biskupic of outagamie circuit court in appleton wisconsin defendant john doe 1 # of appleton police department appleton wisconsin defendant john #### doe#2 of appleton police department in appleton wisconsin defendant john doe #3 of the appleton police department of appleton wisconsin defendants john doe 1 john doe 2 john doe 3 violated my 4th amendment by illegal search and siezarandmy 8th amendment was violated also by cruel and unusual punishment by throwing me against the wall defendant judge vincent r biskupic violated my 5th amendment by ##sentencing me twice which is double jeaperdyand my 14th amendment by due process sign ___________________________ dated ________________ Office of the Clerk United States District Courts Eastern District of Wisconsin 362 U.S. Court House 517 E Wisconsin avenue Milwaukee WI 53202 Plaintiff Beau D. Jammes Jackson Correctional Institution P.O. Box 233 Black River Falls WI 54615 Defendant's Judge Vincent R. Biskupic of Outagamie County Circuit Court's John Doe 1 John Doe 2 John Doe 3 of Appleton Police Department On or about October 12th, 2015, the Appleton Police Department unlawfully arrested and detain Beau D. Jammes, by John Doe 1, John Doe 2, John Doe 3, of the Appleton Police Department, at the time of Beau D. Jammes arrest John Doe 1, John Doe 2, John Doe 3. Throw Mr. Jammes into the wall repeatedly at the Salvation Army in Appleton, Wisconsin before notifying Mr. Jammes that they was police of Appleton Police Department. John Doe 1, John Doe 2, John Doe 3 was in plain cloths. Mr. Jammes was arrested for case # 15CM 1141, disorderly conduct use of a dangerous weapon, and a probation warrant. Mr. Jammes was on probation for case # 15CM 65. Will falsely imprison for case # 15CM 1141. Mr. Jammes repeatedly told his probation agent he was innocent on October 30, 2015. His probation agent decided to revoke Mr. Jammes. Mr. Jammes went in front of Judge Biskupic on December 1st, 2015. Mr. Jammes again told the judge this time he was innocent to give him 8 days. He could prove it because Mr. Jammes was in front of Judge Biskupic for case # 1141 for jury trial on December 9th, 2015. Judge Biskupic still revoked Mr. Jammes on December 1st, 2015 telling him if he beats his case to petition to come back to court. That he will either release him or make him finish his time. On December 8th, 2015 Mr. Jammes and his attorney finally reviewed the Video's where in his police report was said he held a switch blade in his right hand. In the video nowhere could you see Mr Jammes raise his right hand or be in possession of a switch blade. On December 9th, 2015 charges was dismissed without prejudice for case # 15cm1141. On January 19th, 2016 Mr Jammes went back in front of Judge Biskupic for case # 15cm05. Judge then placed him on a stayed sentence pending review hearings which is an unlawful term of probation. On September 8th, 2017 Mr Jammes was sentenced to finish the 1 year in county with good time which is 9 months from December 1st, 2015 after he was already revoked for that case. Mr Jammes appealed the case unfortunately by the time his attorney got the case, he finished his time already, so the case was moot. I Beau D Jammes there for ask the courts to allow me to pursue this claim against Judge Vincent R Biskupic, John Doe 1, John Doe 2, John Doe 3 for acting arbitrarily, capriciously, unconstitutionally and in complete violation of state and federal laws. It is my intent to sue Judge Vincent R Biskupic, John Doe 1, John Doe 2, John Doe 3 on a theory of willful and wanton negligence on exemption to absolute immunity, for the following reasons. 1.) My 4th amendment was violated when I was falsely arrested by John Doe 1, John Doe 2, John Doe 3 of Appleton Police Department. 2.) My 8th amendment was violated when I was thrown into the wall repeatedly by John Doe 1, John Doe 2, John Doe 3 of Appleton Police Department. 3.) My 5th amendment was violated when Judge Biskupic sentenced me twice to probation and county time on case # 15-CM-05. 4.) My 14th amendment was violated when Judge Biskupic violated due process. Beau James 7/24/18 I. NATURE OF ACTION 101. This is a civil action brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §1983 in order to obtain damages as a result of the false arrest and excessive force of Defendants (all of whom are employees of the Appleton Police Department) which resulted in unnecessary loss of liberty, pain and suffering and emotional distress in violation of the Fourth and Eighth Amendments to the United States Constitution. II. JURISDICTION AND VENUE 201. This Court has jurisdiction over this action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§1331 (federal question jurisdiction), and 1343(a)(3) (42 U.S.C. §1983 jurisdiction). 202. The Eastern District of Wisconsin is the proper venue for this action because Mr. Jammes claims arose in principle part in Outagamie County, within the geographical boundaries of the Easter District of Wisconsin within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. §1391(b). III. PARTIES A. Plaintiff 301. Plaintiff Beau Jammes is an adult resident of Wisconsin. B. Defendants 302. John Doe 1 is, on information and belief, an adult resident of Wisconsin. 303. At all times to this case, John Doe 1 was employed by Appleton Police Department as a police officer. 304. John Doe 2 is, on information and belief, an adult resident of Wisconsin. 305. At all times to this case, John Doe 2 was employed by Appleton Police Department as a police officer. 306. John Doe 3 is, on information and belief, an adult resident of Wisconsin. 307. At all times to this case, John Doe 3 was employed by Appleton Police Department as a police officer. IV. ALLEGATIONS OF FACT 401. Mr. Jammes was on probation supervision for one count of Resisting/Obstructing an Officer in Outagamis County Case Number 15CM5. The offense was committed 12/30/14, convicted 05/05/15, and sentenced to one year which was withheld the same day, placing Mr. Jammes on one year probation. 402. On October 12, 2015, three Appleton Police officers, John Doe 1, John Doe 2, and John Doe 3, (collectively Defendants) unlawfully arrested Mr. Jammes. The Defendants claimed Mr. Jammes held a switch blade knife in his right hand, but the charges were later DISMISSED because nowhere in the surveillance video from cameras from around the Appleton Public Library did Mr. Jammes have possession of a switch blade knife in his hand. 403. During the unlawful arrest, the Doe Defendants repeatedly threw Mr. Jammes against the wall from which he suffered serious injuries, severe pain and suffering. Further, Mr. Jammes' probation in Outagamie County Case Number 15CM5 was revoked on December 1, 2015, based on the allegations from Defendants unlawful false arrest, resulting in 23/ days of unlawful incarceration. V. VIOLATION OF LAW 501. Mr. Jammes repeats and realleges here each paragraph of this Fourth Amended Complaint as set forth herein. 502. The Defendants, through their false arrest caused Mr. Jammes to suffer loss of liberty in violation of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. 503. As a result of the Defendants' excessive force, Mr. Jammes experienced pain and suffering and emotional distress in violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. VI. RELIEF WANTED WHEREFORE, plaintiff Beau Jammes respectfully requests judgment against Defendants as follows: 1. Entering judgment for plaintiff and against each defendant, jointly and severally; 2. Awarding compensatory damages against all Defendants; 3. Awarding punitive damages against all Defendants; and 4. Awarding all such relief as the Court deems just and equitable BEAU JAMMES pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1746 declares under penalty of perjury that the aforementioned is true and correct. Dated 28th day of August, 2018. Beau Jammes #
St. Matthias Catholic Church Second Sunday of Easter (Divine Mercy Sunday) April 23, 2017 First Reading — All who believed were devoted to the teachings of the apostles, the communal life, the breaking of the bread, and prayer (Acts 2:42-47). Psalm — Give thanks to the Lord for he is good, his love is everlasting (Psalm 118). Second Reading — God has given us an undiminished inheritance, safeguarded for us in heaven (1 Peter 1:3-9). Gospel — The risen Christ comes to his disciples with peace and the Spirit. The absent Thomas doubts (John 20:19-31). The English translation of the Psalm Responses from Lectionary for Mass © 1969, 1981, 1997, International Commission on English in the Liturgy Corporation. All rights reserved. St. Matthias is a Roman Catholic Community striving to respond to the call of Jesus through worship and sacraments, faith formation, service, and social opportunities. Under the guidance of the pastor and pastoral staff, we seek to strengthen current lay leadership and develop and empower new leadership. Although a small parish, we commit ourselves and parish programs to hospitality, generosity to those in need, and outreach to all those seeking a faith community. As Catholics, we recognize the many challenges facing the Church, but we trust in the Holy Spirit to guide us into the future. Mass Schedule Monday—Thursday 5:30 pm Saturday 5:00 pm Sunday 8:00 am & 10:30 am Reconciliation Saturday 3:45 pm or by appointment First Communion and Confirmation Call Sabrina Harper to find out more about these sacraments. Baptism Call Liz Vugrinecz to schedule an appointment for preparation. Marriage Contact Deacon Rich Foley at least six months in advance of the wedding date. Parish Library Open Monday—Thursday from 9:30 am—6:00 pm; Saturday 9:30 am—6:00 pm; Sunday 8:00 am—11:30 am. Located in the Upper Rm of Lacey Hall. Bible Study with Deacon Rich: Acts of the Apostles Have you wondered what happened after Jesus ascended into Heaven? How did the early Church not only survive, but grow? What role did Peter and Paul play in the foundation and formation of the Body of Christ, His Church? The book of the “Acts of the Apostles” provides answers to these and other questions. Acts is a story of hope. It is a story of how a few Christians empowered by the Holy Spirit were chosen to bring Christ and the Good News to the ends of the earth. Weekly readings, presentations and discussions, along with some video clips, will enrich your faith and rekindle your love for Christ as you relive the lives of his first disciples during this Easter time. Beginning Monday, April 24th, Deacon Rich will lead an eight-week Bible Study series on “Acts of the Apostles.” Sessions will be held in Fr. Lacey Hall from 7 – 8:30 p.m. each Monday from April 24th through June 19th (no session on Memorial Day). Please bring your Bible, notepad and pen. While any Catholic Bible will work, the preferred Bibles are the New Revised Standard Version and The New American Bible. Please join us for any or all of the sessions. If you have any questions, please contact Deacon Rich. First Holy Communion Seventeen of our St. Matthias children will be receiving their First Communion on May 7th at 10:30 am. There will be a reception immediately following Mass. The children are: Sara Abreu-Fernandez, Marcello Caruso-Turiello, Anna Corea, Dominic De La Cruz, Thomas Gibson, Mia Giorgi, Nicholas Henderson, Jenna Hoppe, Kais Klein, Casey McDougall, Liam Niu, Sofia Peypoch, Fred Quontomatteo, Ava Satterwhite, Sarah Schembri, Hunter & Jason Taylor. They have been preparing for this sacrament with their parents since February. Please pray for them as they receive this next sacrament of Initiation and become closer to Jesus through reception of His Body and Blood. Confirmation Sixteen of our St. Matthias youth will be Confirmed on May 21st at 5:00 pm Mass at St. Pius. Please keep these young people, their parents and sponsors in your prayers as they complete the final steps in the preparation process which will include a retreat on May 13th at Vallombrosa Retreat Center. They are: Blake & Evan Battarini, Joey Bravo, Brighid & Beatrice Bugos, Megan Chandler, Estela Gonzalez, Abbey Haas, Tommy Hartman, Muddy Mendes, Matt Muscat, Landon Pierce, Sebastian Salazar, Nora Schembri, Lexi Thorpe, Gianna Voltattorni. They have been preparing for this sacrament since fall 2015 with their sponsors, parents and Confirmation Team. GIFT: Our Call to Justice & Charity Our next GIFT gatherings will be held Sunday, April 30th from 11:30 am—1:30 pm and repeated on Wednesday, May 3rd from 6:00 pm—8:00 pm. (These are the “May” gatherings and are the last planned GIFT sessions for this fiscal year). The theme for these gatherings is “Our Call to Justice and Charity” and concludes our sessions about our Pastoral Plan, Shaping Our Future. Our Call to Family & Pastoral Care Mass Intentions & Clergy Assignments \| Date \| Time \| Intentions \| Clergy \| \|-----------------------------\|------------\|-------------------------------------\|----------------\| \| Saturday, April 22nd \| 5:00 pm \| People of St. Matthias \| Fr. Paul Rossi \| \| Saturday Octave of Easter \| \| \| \| \| Sunday, April 23rd \| 8:00 am \| George & Gisele Beyrouti † \| Fr. Paul Rossi \| \| Divine Mercy Sunday \| 10:30 am \| Una Oettinger † \| Fr. Ted Magpayo\| \| Monday, April 24th \| 5:30 pm \| \| Fr. Paul Rossi \| \| Easter Weekday \| \| \| \| \| Tuesday, April 25th \| 5:30 pm \| \| Fr. Tom Martin \| \| Saint Mark, Evangelist \| \| \| \| \| Wednesday, April 26th \| 5:30 pm \| \| Fr. Ted Magpayo\| \| Easter Weekday \| \| \| \| \| Thursday, April 27th \| 5:30 pm \| \| Fr. Ted Magpayo\| \| Easter Weekday \| \| \| \| \| Saturday, April 29th \| 5:00 pm \| Bill & Phyllis Panelli & Janice Sahagun † \| Fr. Ted Magpayo\| \| Saint Catherine of Siena, Virgin and Doctor of the Church \| \| \| \| \| Sunday, April 30th \| 8:00 am \| People of St. Matthias \| Fr. Ted Magpayo\| \| Divine Mercy Sunday \| 10:30 am \| \| Fr. Ted Magpayo\| Pray for the sick in our community... Terry Azofeifa Patrick Boland Dolores Eggert Merle Engleka Leon Dei Rossi Matt Giannattasio Nancy Guass Bill Henry Patricia Hughes Richard Marino Joyce Morger Robert Muun Yvonne Salinger Theresa Tavernier Shannon Tavernier Ruby Vasquez Kirk Vorsatz ...that they may be comforted by the love of Jesus. To add or remove a name from this list, please call 366-9544 or email firstname.lastname@example.org. Spiritual Direction @ St. Matthias Spiritual Direction at its best entirely focuses on helping the directee to become attentive to the presence, action, and movements of God in ordinary human experiences, and on noticing the directee’s own responses to these movements of the Holy Spirit. These sessions are usually an hour long. There are several Spiritual Directors whose contact information is listed on our bulletin board in Fr. Lacey Hall. They are: Vivian Clausing, email@example.com (650) 619-6433 Sr. Dee Myers, firstname.lastname@example.org (650) 274-4923 Sharon Erro, who prefers initial contact by email at email@example.com and Tim Valderrama, firstname.lastname@example.org. Vivian and Tim are St. Matthias parishioners. Tim holds his meetings at St. Matthias by appointment. All are wonderful and all have studied Spiritual Direction at Mercy Center, Burlingame, one of the most respected programs in this field. If interested in Spiritual Direction, it is suggested that you interview at least three people before you decide who best fits your needs. Anyone interested in finding out more about Spiritual Direction, please contact Liz Vugrinecz at 650-366-9544 Ext. 12 or at email@example.com. Family Support Group Members of this group provide support to the parish community in many ways including funeral planning, emotional support and prayers. Call the parish office to find out more. Prayer Tree Network Please contact our Prayer Phone Tree if you have someone who needs prayers for healing, grieving, loss, discernment, strength, comfort or support. Call Marylynn Donnelly at 365-5192 or Carol McAdams at 369-4365. Pastoral Care of the Sick Do you know a parishioner ill at home, homebound, or in a care facility who would like to receive Communion or anointing? Call the parish office, and we will arrange to have a priest or deacon visit. For a priest at Kaiser or Sequoia hospital, contact Fr. Martin Muruli through the nurse’s station at either hospital. Our Call to Stewardship All we have is a gift from God. What we do with what we have is our gift to God. Sharing our gifts and returning them to God means giving generously of our time, talent, and treasure. To find out ways to share your time and talent, visit this page or www.stmatthiasparish.org. Treasure Received July 2016 – June 2017 (income needed to balance budget) $282,000.00 Vanco (Electronic Giving) Donations (March) $5,251.81 July 2016 – April 9, 2017 (actual year-to-date) $244,724.99 Weekly Need $5,500.00 Sunday Collection—April 9, 2017 $4,900.00 70 Offertory Envelopes Received = $2,577 vs. Loose Donations $2,323 Difference $600 2017 AAA Campaign Assessment $59,420 Thank you for your generosity to our 2017 Archdiocesan Annual Appeal! As of 3/22/2017 we have received in donations or pledges — $25,685 — 43% of our goal! Online Giving Online giving is safe, secure and easy. Start giving online today! Visit our website at stmatthiasparish.org and click on “Support Us” then “Online Donation” to sign up. Plumbing Update The plumbing issues reported in this bulletin last week have been resolved. The clean outs have been installed at the Preschool and Rectory buildings and section of sewer pipe was replaced at the Rectory. We appreciate the parishioners who helped to oversee this work and make suggestions to the plumbers. We will continue to keep you up-to-date about maintenance issues as they arise. Last weekend was our Building Fund collection. Although we have some funds on reserve, these repairs will be costly and the reserve was being held for the parking lot resealing/restriping. Please consider a generous donation to help with these needed repairs. Thank you for your generous support of our Building Fund Collection, we received $419.00 for this fund April 8/9. This weekend’s second collection is for Black and Indians Home Missions in the United States. This national office, established in 1884, supports catechetical and evangelization efforts in mission areas. Photo & Announcement Deadline Announcements and photos for the St. Matthias bulletin must be submitted by Monday at 10:00 am for the following Sunday’s bulletin. Please email announcements and photos to Sabrina Harper at firstname.lastname@example.org with the dates you would like the announcement to be included. Our Call to Prayer and Worship April 23rd is Divine Mercy Sunday Origins of Divine Mercy Sunday—Saint Faustina: Mankind’s need for the message of Divine Mercy took on dire urgency in the 20th Century, when civilization began to experience an “eclipse of the sense of God” and, therefore, to lose the understanding of the sanctity and inherent dignity of human life. In the 1930s, Jesus chose a humble Polish nun, St. Maria Faustina Kowalska, to receive private revelations concerning Divine Mercy that were recorded in her Diary. Bl. John Paul explains: This was precisely the time when those ideologies of evil, nazism and communism, were taking shape. Sister Faustina became the herald of the one message capable of offsetting the evil of those ideologies, that fact that God is mercy—the truth of the merciful Christ. And for this reason, when I was called to the See of Peter, I felt impelled to pass on those experiences of a fellow Pole that deserve a place in the treasury of the universal Church. ~ Pope Saint John Paul II, Memory and Identity (2005) In his second encyclical, Rich in Mercy, Pope Saint John Paul II offers an extended meditation on the mystery of God’s mercy, which he calls “the greatest of the attributes and perfections of God” (Dives in Misericordia, 13). He returned to this theme throughout his pontificate: Lord, who reveals the Father’s love by Your death and Resurrection, we believe in You and confidently repeat to You today: Jesus, I trust in You, have mercy upon us and upon the whole world. ~Bl. Pope John Paul II, Regina Caeli message prepared for Divine Mercy Sunday, April 3, 2005 Pope Benedict XVI called John Paul “a great apostle of Divine Mercy” and echoed his predecessor’s thoughts: In our time, humanity needs a strong proclamation and witness of God’s mercy. Beloved John Paul II, a great apostle of Divine Mercy, prophetically intuited this urgent pastoral need. He dedicated his second Encyclical to it and throughout his pontificate made himself a missionary of God’s love to all peoples. ~Pope Benedict XVI, Angelus message, September 16, 2007 Mercy is the central nucleus of the Gospel message; it is the very name of God, the Face with which he revealed himself in the Old Covenant and fully in Jesus Christ, the incarnation of creative and redemptive Love. May this merciful love also shine on the face of the Church and show itself through the sacraments, in particular that of Reconciliation, and in works of charity, both communitarian and individual. May all that the Church says and does manifest the mercy God feels for man. ~Pope Benedict XVI, Regina Caeli address, March 30, 2008 Archdiocesan Marian Retreat A Marian Retreat will be hosted on Saturday, May 6th from 8:15 am—2:30 pm at St. Mary’s Cathedral, 1111 Gough Street, San Francisco. This retreat is in preparation for the consecration of the Archdiocese of San Francisco to the Immaculate Heart of Mary. Pre-registration is required by April 24th via Karen Guglielmoni email@example.com. $20 suggested donation. Morning hospitality and lunch is provided. Send checks to Office of Pastoral Ministry, Archdiocese of San Francisco, One Peter Yorke Way, San Francisco, CA 94109, Payable to Archdiocese of San Francisco. Our Call to Community Building State of the Parish Next Steps 3.0 Our Call to Stewardship is one of the key components of our Pastoral Plan, Shaping Our Future. Our plan states that, “To be Christian stewards of all God’s gifts to us includes more than a generous giving of time, talent and treasure.” Pope Francis writes that, “Any Church community, if it thinks it can comfortably go its own way without creative concern and effective cooperation in helping the poor to live with dignity and reaching out to everyone, will also risk breaking down, however much it may talk about social issues or criticize governments. It will easily drift into spiritual worldliness, camouflaged by religious practices, unproductive meetings and empty talk.” Our newly formed Stewardship Commission is developing an action plan for 2017-18 beginning with our Verification Sundays which enable us to update our parish database. In the near future, the Commission will be surveying parishioners about their talents and ways to become or continue to be an active steward in our parish community. Our April GIFT session will focus on the spiritual aspects of stewardship and is open to all parishioners. As we approach the great celebration of Easter, we are reminded of the importance of our Baptismal promises. The practice of renewing Baptismal promises at Easter is essential for all of us who are stewards of our faith. Stewardship is our response to Jesus invitation to “follow him.” We follow Jesus by proclaiming the Gospel in word and deed, helping to build up our parish community and sharing the peace of Christ with one another. We will keep you informed of upcoming events and our action plans for 2017-18. Please keep St. Matthias Parish in your prayers as we are Shaping Our Future. St. Matthias Preschool News The preschool and parish staff would like to thank all of the families, alumni and parishioners for attending the 40th Anniversary dinner celebration on April 1st. It was an enjoyable evening full of delicious food, drink and fun. A special thank you to Fr. Tom, Woodside Deli, La Biscotteria, San Carlos Flight Center, Redwood City Fire Station 12 and all who contributed to the silent auction. Congratulations to our Raffle Winners: • Maui Condo: Pimental Family • $500 Cash Prize: Lloyd “Chip” Pratt Congratulations to our Live Auction Winners: • Redwood City Fire Stations 12 Tour and Dinner for 4—Hal Urban • Aerial Helicopter Tour over SF Bay Area—Michael Bender If You Live Alone You Need LIFEWatch! 24 Hour Protection at HOME and AWAY! • Ambulance • Police • Fire • Friends/Family Solutions as Low as $1 a Day! FREE Shipping - FREE Activation NO Long Term Contracts SPECIAL OFFER: FREE LIFEWatch Shoppers Tote with your order CALL NOW! 800.393.9954 LIFEWatch USA NATIONAL CALLING SERVICE SINCE 1970 Gray’s Paint & Wallpaper Morewear • Benjamin Moore Cabots • Olympic Stains Sikkens • Pratt & Lambert Ralox Laquer • Farrow & O’Brien 1411 Woodside Rd., R.C., CA BOB GRAY 365-6222 MAJOR LEAGUE SERVICE. 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WORLD LIBRARY PUBLICATIONS 800-566-6150 • www.wlp.jspaluch.com/3182.htm Redwood Chapel www.redwood-chapel.com FD #861 Your Community Funeral Directors Since 1865 847 Woodside Road • Redwood City, CA 94061 Phone (650) 369-5537 Worcside Delicatessen ITALIAN DELICACIES 369-4235 CATERING 1453 Woodside Road Across From Worcside Plaza www.jspaluch.com Woodside Chapel 400 Woodside Road Redwood City, CA 94061 Al Stanley, parishioner (650) 369-4103 FD 879 Crippen & Flynn Carlmont Chapel 1111 Alameda de las Pulgas Belmont, CA 94002 Family owned & operated (650) 595-4103 FD 1095 The Most Complete Online National Directory of Catholic Parishes FINDAPARISH.com Check It Out Today! catholicmatch California CatholicMatch.com/myCA Catholic Cruises and Tours Come Sail Away on a 7-night Catholic Exotic Cruise starting as low as $1045 per couple Brian or Sally, coordinators 860.399.1785 www.CatholicCruisesAndTours.com An App For Catholics GROW YOUR FAITH Download TODAY Available on the App Store GET IT ON Google play ONEPARISH.COM Parish Info • Donate • Daily Faith 800-566-6150 • www.wlp.jspaluch.com/3182.htm Our community changed lives this Lent, and CRS Rice Bowl wants to say thank you! Don’t forget to turn in your CRS Rice Bowl. There is a large “rice bowl” box located at the back of Church. Please drop off your donations between April 22-30th. Thank you! NEW IN THE PARISH OR CHANGE OF STATUS FORM To register in the parish or make a change in address, to add or remove family members, please fill out the form below. (Please cut it out and place in the collection basket). Name ____________________________________________ Address ___________________________________________ City ______________________ Zip _________________ Home Phone / Cell __________________________________ Email ____________________________________________ ( ) new to the parish ( ) change of address ( ) moving, remove from list ( ) would like a visit Our Justice and Charity Commission is working on an action plan for 2017-2018. (Our parish calendar runs from July 1—June 30th). We are in conversation with several organizations, including; Life Moves (Maple Street Shelter), the Gubbio Project, Street Life Ministries, St. Anthony’s Dining Room, Immigrant Dignity, St. Vincent de Paul, and St. Francis Center, about the work that they do and how we can support them in the promotion of the priorities established by you when surveyed in April 2016. All of our Justice and Charity activities relate to those priorities of Homelessness, Hunger, Affordable Housing and Poverty. As plans develop, we’ll keep you posted.
BALANCE OF POWER Sonia Awale Probably the best thing to happen to Nepal’s economy lately is India’s refusal to buy more electricity, that could eventually force the government to expedite transmission infrastructure and increase domestic demand. Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) is losing billions in spilled power this monsoon because it cannot evacuate power. Some private hydropower have actually stopped generating altogether. Installed hydropower capacity is touching 3,600MW during monsoon, and projects for further 1,800MW are under construction. But domestic consumption is stuck at 1,800MW. Nepal could export electricity, but India has agreed to buy only 452MW from projects with no Chinese investment. Even then if the full quota was exported, Nepal would only earn Rs20 billion, whereas the trade deficit with India at a record high is Rs170 billion. In fact, Nepal imported Rs20 billion worth of power from India last year to cover the dry season deficit. “At the current rate, if we do not put up transmission lines in time, by 2025 we will be losing electricity worth Rs10 billion during winter and Rs170 million during the monsoon,” warned Kathmandu University engineering professor Bishal Silwal at a recent seminar. NEA blames delays in substations and transmission lines on locals blocking construction. Kathmandu Valley therefore faces frequent power outages due to tripping even though there is enough power in the grid. “The problem right now is not of supply but infrastructure,” former NEA head Hitendra Shakya explained at the seminar. “It is a matter of time.” There is also lack of coordination between various agencies of the government to encourage domestic consumption with tax rebates for industries, battery-powered vehicles and household appliances. An average Nepali household consumes 325kWh of electricity, much lower than the global figure of 3,180kWh. Former energy secretary Dwarka Nath Dhungel, author of a new compendium on the political economy of hydropower, says: “The amount of electricity should be the last thing on our minds. We might be generating a surplus but we still import power from India during winter, let’s first try to use our surplus to replace that import.” Indeed, while some 95% of Nepal’s population is said to have access to electricity, districts like Bajhang, Dolpa, Bajura, Jumla and Mugu are still not connected to the grid. Nepal’s wetter eastern half has most of the hydropower generation capacity, while the drier arid west does not have enough. Surplus power could also jumpstart Nepal’s struggling informal economy, industry and agriculture. This in turn would create jobs so Nepalis are not forced to migrate abroad. “Hydropower should be a crucial element of our national development strategy so we make its maximum use domestically and for employment. Only then should we be exporting power,” adds Dhungel. Using electricity to slash Nepal’s petroleum import bill has just Rs10 billion for the country at least Rs20 billion a year, and be a faster way to decrease the trade deficit with India. Improving public transport and cutting pollution would be a bonus. Nepal’s balance of power with two neighbours is also getting skewed with a tilt towards India, as New Delhi leans on politicians here to systematically cancel Chinese investments in hydropower. Some say India’s real interest is in regulating Nepal’s rivers to ensure future water for its own nuclear power electricity (see page 10-11). “Politicians spout non-stop nonsense about how they will make money through by exporting electricity when water is our strategic commodity,” says Dhungel. “They are trading our water resources to stay in power by keeping a certain neighbour happy.” With the rise of China and India as global players and the new Sino-US cold war, Nepal has become a geostrategic hotspot. But it is now also a climate hotspot, and shrinking glaciers will affect electricity supply and the hydrology of Himalayan rivers. Dwarka Nath Dhungel sums it up: “We can’t change our neighbours, but we can understand their aspirations better so that we have leverage when dealing with them. But first, we need to become stronger by making the best use of our own resources domestically.” On 16 July, the Department of Revenue raided the cargo terminal at Kathmandu airport and seized 61kg of gold being smuggled in from Hong Kong. The gold was being brought by two wheelers. Although this was the biggest haul of contraband gold in the country’s sordid history, it emerged that the smugglers had already carried out similar jobs dozens of times before. In the days following the raid, Nepal Police arrested 21 individuals involved, including customs officers, Chinese and Indian nationals, and middlemen. Top politicians and their cronies who were the alleged intermediaries were not touched. The names of former Maoist minister Banshan Pun, former speaker Onsari Gharti Magar, the family of former vice-president Ram Bahadur Mahat and Maoist Centre vice-chair Krishna Bahadur Mahara and his son, Mahara was also said to be involved in another gold smuggling operation in December 2022 in which a Chinese national was found to have brought in gold concealed inside e-cigarettes at the airport. Investigative journalists then uncovered Mahara & Son trying to pressure officials to release the gold for auction. The Maoist leader was indeed being involved, but police have photos recorded to prove otherwise. Meanwhile, the gold itself has vanished from storage. The stench from a scam after this scan has yet become unbearable. If this was an international tournament, Nepal should get the Gold Medal for corruption. And these are just the scandals that we know about; a vast number of specific cases remain unexposed by politicians and bureaucrats of businesses throughout the land. Interestingly, not a single politician from the Maoist camp of Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal and Home Minister Narayan Kaji Shrestha is behind bars. Nepali Congress (NC), opposition UML and Maoist defectors are all free for the fallacious gold smuggling scandal. The Lalita Nivas real estate scam has implicated just about everyone, even those who bought the property. But the Maoists, since senior figures from all three main parties are now entangled in one scandal or the other, a devious effort is afoot to protect each other from prosecution. It seems Nepal’s highest politicians can only agree to scratch each other’s backs. The final point: the party-meetings to discuss the UML obstruction of the house over the gold smuggling case. Now former Sher Bahadur Deuba has continuously and blatantly blocked attempts to investigate his wife Arzoo Rana in the refugee issue, and former Prime Minister Madhav Kumar Nepal in the Kathmandu Valley police chief AIG Shyam Gyawali, SSP Munesh KC of the Kathmandu Valley Crime Investigation Office, and Chief of Kathmandu Police SSP Prabin Bahadur Karki. Dahal was too only happy to oblige since his comrades were also knee-deep in scandals. Nepal’s junta political government is held together only by mutual distrust. Deuba and other parties of the coalition are keeping close watch so Dahal does not turn against them and move towards own leadership in retaliation. And Dahal needs Deuba so he can remain in power to continue to loot in cahoots with cronies. Nepal’s Supreme Court also ordered investigations into NC (anti-Maoist) chair Manohar Kumar Nepal and Nepal Socialist Party head Baburam Bhattarai in the Lalita Nivas scam, but that has gone anywhere. Both parties are in the coalition. Meanwhile, the government has concluded that the Gaur Massacre does not need an investigation. Dozens of Dalit youths were brutally massacred in a 2007 confrontation. But since Upendra Yadav who was killed in a bus-masturbation it is now a key member of the ruling coalition, Dahal is willing to let bygones be bygones. While scandals are erupting thick and fast, the Maoists are still inebriated 15 years ago of billions meant for their former cadres in UN-supervised demobilisation camps whose numbers they have admitted to inflating. Even as the Prime Minister and the Home Minister keep giving speeches saying the rule of law will prevail, they look like some are more equal than others. With a few exceptions, none of the big fish have been caught, and even those who could now be let go because investigating officers have been removed and replaced with yes men. Early on, it really did look like Home Minister Shrestha and CIB chief of the Police were going after the big wigs, but that this never developed. Alas, that was wishful thinking. The politicisation of crime and corruption in politics is now complete. Chirist Karki --- Gold Medal for corruption On 16 July, the Department of Revenue raided the cargo terminal at Kathmandu airport and seized 61kg of gold being smuggled in from Hong Kong. The gold was being brought by two wheelers. Although this was the biggest haul of contraband gold in the country’s sordid history, it emerged that the smugglers had already carried out similar jobs dozens of times before. In the days following the raid, Nepal Police arrested 21 individuals involved, including customs officers, Chinese and Indian nationals, and middlemen. Top politicians and their cronies who were the alleged intermediaries were not touched. The names of former Maoist minister Banshan Pun, former speaker Onsari Gharti Magar, the family of former vice-president Ram Bahadur Mahat and Maoist Centre vice-chair Krishna Bahadur Mahara and his son, Mahara was also said to be involved in another gold smuggling operation in December 2022 in which a Chinese national was found to have brought in gold concealed inside e-cigarettes at the airport. Investigative journalists then uncovered Mahara & Son trying to pressure officials to release the gold for auction. The Maoist leader was indeed being involved, but police have photos recorded to prove otherwise. Meanwhile, the gold itself has vanished from storage. The stench from a scam after this scan has yet become unbearable. If this was an international tournament, Nepal should get the Gold Medal for corruption. And these are just the scandals that we know about; a vast number of specific cases remain unexposed by politicians and bureaucrats of businesses throughout the land. Interestingly, not a single politician from the Maoist camp of Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal and Home Minister Narayan Kaji Shrestha is behind bars. Nepali Congress (NC), opposition UML and Maoist defectors are all free for the fallacious gold smuggling scandal. The Lalita Nivas real estate scam has implicated just about everyone, even those who bought the property. But the Maoists, since senior figures from all three main parties are now entangled in one scandal or the other, a devious effort is afoot to protect each other from prosecution. It seems Nepal’s highest politicians can only agree to scratch each other’s backs. The final point: the party-meetings to discuss the UML obstruction of the house over the gold smuggling case. Now former Sher Bahadur Deuba has continuously and blatantly blocked attempts to investigate his wife Arzoo Rana in the refugee issue, and former Prime Minister Madhav Kumar Nepal in the Kathmandu Valley police chief AIG Shyam Gyawali, SSP Munesh KC of the Kathmandu Valley Crime Investigation Office, and Chief of Kathmandu Police SSP Prabin Bahadur Karki. Dahal was too only happy to oblige since his comrades were also knee-deep in scandals. Nepal’s junta political government is held together only by mutual distrust. Deuba and other parties of the coalition are keeping close watch so Dahal does not turn against them and move towards own leadership in retaliation. And Dahal needs Deuba so he can remain in power to continue to loot in cahoots with cronies. Nepal’s Supreme Court also ordered investigations into NC (anti-Maoist) chair Manohar Kumar Nepal and Nepal Socialist Party head Baburam Bhattarai in the Lalita Nivas scam, but that has gone anywhere. Both parties are in the coalition. Meanwhile, the government has concluded that the Gaur Massacre does not need an investigation. Dozens of Dalit youths were brutally massacred in a 2007 confrontation. But since Upendra Yadav who was killed in a bus-masturbation it is now a key member of the ruling coalition, Dahal is willing to let bygones be bygones. While scandals are erupting thick and fast, the Maoists are still inebriated 15 years ago of billions meant for their former cadres in UN-supervised demobilisation camps whose numbers they have admitted to inflating. Even as the Prime Minister and the Home Minister keep giving speeches saying the rule of law will prevail, they look like some are more equal than others. With a few exceptions, none of the big fish have been caught, and even those who could now be let go because investigating officers have been removed and replaced with yes men. Early on, it really did look like Home Minister Shrestha and CIB chief of the Police were going after the big wigs, but that this never developed. Alas, that was wishful thinking. The politicisation of crime and corruption in politics is now complete. Chirist Karki --- There is national consensus among politicians only when it comes to protecting each other from prosecution --- FLOODS Disastrous neglect, greed, graft, and incompetence have resulted in Kathmandu drowning, as it has been for many years now, unrelenting ‘Madhavnath’s Progress’, Sona Awal. EQUILIBRIUM This is a terrible situation (False equivalence in Nepal academia), Kashi Dahal, Page 1(174). Clearly, the system is run by individuals, particularly those who are corrupt and incompetent and bring competence into the country’s development. They all need to be replaced with new energy, positive and innovative leadership. DR SHISHA What a great inspiration (The barefoot doctor of Nepal), Pekka Siris Rana, Page 1(173). Thank you Dr Shishu for your dedication and serving the people of Nepal. What an opportunity to meet him in Pokhara (wonder, what would have happened if the Mission Hospital in Pokhara, Dr Iwamura inspired a new generation of health professionals and physicians for Nepal Devendra Pant NUGADA We don’t need this argon (Right wing school), Page 1(173). The budget for this project can be used for other infrastructure projects of greater value to the economy and the people. These underperforming international airports are enough for Nepal. Gaurav Dipak Gyawali --- Wine, women and song by Hari Prasad Sharma Young, wealthy and English-educated, Bibhusen Shrestha found the conservative and repressive kingdom of his father-in-law intolerable. He returned to Nepal in search of his old education, a passport to fraudulent means and then, an invitation of all caste restrictions, slipped out of the country and set sail from Bombay for the high life of Europe. Read full story on www.nepaltimes.com --- Most visited online page --- QUOTE TWEETS Nepali Times @NepaliTimes A Nepali returns from Russia, whose friends joined the Russian army and now want to come back, speaks on camera to tell all other Nepalis that the place is dangerous, there is no saving, and the #BarefootDoctor is Israel. — Anuchita Mejmundar @Anuchita A much less known dimension of the #BarefootDoctor is that he is also why job seekers, joining the Russia-Ukraine war without adequate training or compensation, trapped in a desperate situation. #NepalTimes #Nepal Nepali Times @NepaliTimes Agricultural Tribhuvan University gives Nepali graduates of foreign universities the runsaround. False equivalence in Nepal academia \| Kashi Dahal — Dr. @SumanRajAdhikari “Dr. @SumanRajAdhikari EDU-NET SWEDEN TU intends to charge but do I hope ?@SumanRajAdhikari @Sris @Bibhu @Kashishrestha ALL FOR ONE AND ONE FOR ALL Anti-Maoist scandals involving their leaders that has disrupted Parliament, Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal held an all-party meeting at Singha Darbar on Monday. TURKISH AIRLINES touristanbul EVERY LAYOVER IS AN OPPORTUNITY TO EXPLORE THIS BEAUTIFUL CITY Free touristanbul service in Istanbul for international transfer passengers who have 6-24 hours of layover time at Istanbul Airport 011-4538363 \| 4538436 \| email@example.com A STAR ALLIANCE MEMBER Now that Nepal’s local governments have run out of roads to bulldoze, they are building view towers on every mountain top they can find. It is a phenomenon so bizarre this fetish to construct towers on top of already very high peaks originated, but no one could have been led by the first one built at Sim Bhanjyang on the Tribhuvan Rajpath in the 1960s. But the view tower mania really started in the last ten years and accelerated after the election of local governments in 2017, when elected officials vied with each other to build concrete structures on mountain tops in the mistaken belief that it enhances the view and helps tourism. In actual fact, they are eye sores and a colossal waste of money that could have been spent on health, education or repairing existing roads. “Elected officials are trying to mark their territory to address the true needs of the people by wasting taxpayers’ money on non-functional construction,” Pushkar Koirala, an expert at the Ministry of Federal Affairs told Nepali Times. Bagnati Province alone has built a new tower in nine of its 13 districts at a total cost of Rs238 million. Other provinces are trying to catch up. Gandaki Province set aside Rs100 million to build view towers on peaks that are already very lofty. Kosi Province is spending Rs10 billion on view towers in 16 sites. Even Sudur Pachchim Province, which is behind other parts of the country in development, is afflicted with five new camp towers set aside Rs2.5 billion which it can ill afford to build a view tower in Kailali district. Except for the Valley’s three districts and Chitwan, Bagnati Province’s Makwanpur, Nuwakot, Dang, Dolakha, Kayan, Ramechhap, Sindhuli, Sindhupalchok, Dhaning and Dolakha are all proud owners of at least one view tower each. Because view towers have become so common, local governments are calling them ‘hill stations’, with some of them having conference centres, public toilets and other facilities to attract visitors. However, the structures will only be handed over to local municipalities under their terms of reference for sustainable tourism are presented by Roshan Srivastav of Bagnati’s Tourism, Industries and Cooperative Ministry. “If the municipalities cannot manage these facilities, they can be managed by local community forest user groups and can charge visitors’ fees,” Srivastav said. Perhaps the most egregious symbol of the view tower craze is the new SkyWalk tower in Kathmandu’s Kamaladeli neighbourhood. The hexagonal shaped steel and glass structure cost Rs2 billion and has been criticised for being a jarring monolith that violates the Valley’s traditional architecture. The 80m high tower has a glass floor on its top deck and has already become a ‘safari’ spot for visitors. However, the Rs2,000 entry fee is regarded as being exorbitant. Barely 200m away, another 29-storey Kathmandu View Tower has become another eyesore now for 4 years, and has been embroiled in allegations of massive corruption. The half-complete Rs7 billion structure is currently being used as a car park. Last year, Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal inaugurated a view tower in Rolpa district at a cost of Rs600 million when the district does not even have an adequate state district hospital and its roads are in a permanent state of disrepair. Not to be outdone, K.P.Oli of the then ruling UML inaugurated another 12-storey view tower in Rupandehi district. Oli was Prime Minister when he allocated Rs1.5 billion to construct a 15-storey view tower in his constituency in Jhapa district. Critics of these structures have poured scorn on social media, saying they are just manifestations of nepotism and a way for local politicians to award construction contracts to their cronies. Others said that since there were no more highways to be built, governments were on a view tower and artificial building spree without proper environmental and ecological impact studies. Surya Tharuwal Nepal who used to be secretary in the Ministry of Local Development said: “The aim is for poverty alleviation, sustainable development, income generation, education and health, but none of the three levels of government are fulfilling this responsibility.” Sirma Dutta NMB for health NMB Bank is investing in quality healthcare at the local level by donating medical equipment to Dhulikhel Hospital, including a neo-natal incubator, anesthesia machine, and therapeutic hypothermia unit. NMB Bank of the Year Asia 2021 by the Banker Magazine, NMB has 20 branches and 12 extension counters across Nepal. BYD bao 5 Chinese auto giant BYD has introduced a new professional personalised sub-brand BYD FANGCHENGBAO as well as Dual Mode Off-road (DMO) Super Hybrid Platform with intelligent balance, intelligent safety, intelligent driving, off-road, and energy consumption. The first model of the new brand BAO 5, a super hybrid off-road SUV, was also launched during the event as well as a concept car BAO 8 and BAO 3. The Case Challenge Kathmandu University School of Management has won Goyal Group’s Case Challenge Chapter One, where participants had to solve a case study within one afternoon. The Case Challenge is the first of four chapters by the Goyal Group, upcoming instalments will include manufacturing, tourism, and industry. CMO Asia 2023 Ujaya Shrestha, Executive Director, Nepal has been recognised with Asia’s Most Admired marketing leader at the CMO Asia Awards 2023 in Singapore. Shukya has over 20 years in strategic communication and branding and has led impactful SBCC campaigns. The Awards recognised 40+ CMOs from esteemed companies. Flights to Dammam Nepal Airlines will begin direct flights from Kathmandu to Saudi Arabia’s Dammam on 6 September at Rs635,000. This adds to Nepal Airlines’ 11 international destinations, but with only four Airbus aircraft there are fears the carrier is over-extending itself. Imports decline Imports fell by 1.6% from Rs1.61 trillion and exports of Rs1.57 trillion in the last financial year, a drop of 16.1% in imports and 21.4% in exports compared to the previous year. Imports of spiny iron and chemicals saw an increase while those of machinery, vehicles and oil declined. On the export side, air sheets and castanum recorded a rise, but soybean oil and jewellery saw a decline. The trade volume also fell by 15.5%, leading to a deficit of Rs1,454 million. Global IME Capital Global IME Capital Ltd. and Bank of Tatrmadu Ltd. have merged to form Global IME Capital Ltd. The unified operation was inaugurated by Ramesh Kumar Hamal, Chair of the Nepal Stock Exchange Board. The integration combines merchant banking, insurance, sales management, custodial services, and institutional responsibilities. Inflation nearly 8% According to Nepal Rastra Bank’s new report, consumer inflation for FY 2079/80 is at 7.74%, surpassing the previous year’s 6.32% and the target set by monetary policy at 7%. Sector-wise, transport saw a hike of 12.50%, entertainment 10.18%, health 10.01%, education 8.79% and household goods 6.55%. Kathmandu recorded an overall hike of 7.55%, Tara 8%, hills 7.56% and the mountains 7.2%. Nepal-UN tie-up President Ram Chandra Paudel met the United Nations Resident Coordinator Hanan Ghez-Hunidy this week to review the two decades of Nepal’s progress from the post-development countries, sustainable development goals and the peace keeping operations as well as UN’s five-year plan to support Nepal in inclusive economic growth, social development, disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. 4G in Jumla Ncell has extended 4G service to Jumla in Karnali Pradesh through new towers, bringing 4G coverage to 91.39% of the county. It has over 4,000 4G sites across the country, having installed 338 of them last financial year. It also extended 4G capacity in nearly 1,450 towers in over 60 districts. Re:charge Refresh. Relax. Rejuvenate. Premium fitness haven at the heart of Kathmandu, now open for the exclusive few. Chhaya Devi Complex, Amrit Marg, Thamel, Kathmandu T. +977.1.5252000, M. +977.980.1976092 firstname.lastname@example.org www.aloftkathmanduthamel.com Denizens of Kathmandu need to know that there is a whole new area of super rich biodiversity just a 30-minute drive from the Ring Road. The 2,750m high Pulchoki is the highest peak at the valley’s rim, and a favourite picnic spot for the citizens of Kathmandu. Every weekend and on holidays hundreds of noisy people descend on the crest of Pulchoki in Godavari, and the blaring music and shouting scares the animals away. They also leave piles of trash behind. Unlike national parks like Shivapuri or Chitwan, Pulchoki is not guarded by the army. Yet its forests have been largely protected because of its steep slopes and community forestry groups lower down. And despite the destruction of trees by charcoal burners in the past, Pulchoki still shelters a wide variety of indigenous mammals, rodents and reptiles. Though these denizens are not as large or outstanding as their relatives in national parks, they are still fascinating for wildlife spotters. The slopes are steep, some rocky cliffs, pockets, ravines all cloaked in a cloak of oak and rhododendron covered in orchids and lichen and an undergrowth thick with ferns. This makes it nearly impossible to see the animals, which is why a fleeting glimpse is so rewarding. The formidable steps that lead up to the telecommunications tower at the summit is convenient for walking along, but that is not where the wildlife are. It is a matter of being at the right place when the wildlife goes unrecognised as a result. But they are all there in the green shadows. Friends of the Forest I have been fortunate over the years to spot some of these friends of our forest and here they are: If you hear a dog-like bark in the middle of Pulchoki forest (regardless of the hours), it is a harmless Barking Deer (Muntiacus muntjak) voicing an alarm. This small deer is very shy and is more often heard than seen. The only species of the deer family in this forest, it frequents wild bamboo thickets (Arundinaria sp.), especially when there are young shoots after the pre-monsoon rains. It travels along ravines and steep slopes, an instinctive precaution in avoiding danger. It has no natural enemies (only large resident carnivores (aside from human poachers), the Hill Leopard (Panthera pardus). In the evenings during the mating season (generally in the summer and winter) often becomes the only indication that a leopard is lurking nearby. They prey on Barking Deer, and will occasionally kill a dog, goat or a cow. It is only when a female is tutoring her young in the art of a ‘clean kill’ that the action seems more violent. Some time ago, three cows were killed in a single night in a village at the edge of the forest but were not eaten at all. They rarely harm humans, and do not deserve their blood-thirsty reputation. But one that is by definition blood-thirsty is the leech, which erupts from the undergrowth during the monsoon months. The Yellow-throated Marten (Martes flavigula) is slightly larger than the Barking Deer. It is a solitary animal, and is rarely seen. It is a predator of birds, small mammals and reptiles. It is also known to eat fruit. than a rabbit with a black face, black feet and a long bushy black tail. This animal almost always hunts at night but is also active in the day. This is a small animal, which can open the hole of a bee hive with its sharp teeth, insert its tail, suck out the honey and pull it out along with angry but tasty bees. It also hunts the Indian Hare (Lepus sp.) and this is where working in pairs yields results as they zigzag to zero in on the quarry. The pangolin also raids chicken coops in villages, to kill as many as it can with a clean bite through the head. The Himalayan Gray Himalayan Palm Civet (Paguma larvata) likes cherry-berries of the palm tree (Prymna sp.) when it flowers in April. The big tail of the animal detaches just before its descent, which it does head first with an almighty thud. The Indian Grey Vixen (Viverra zibetha) is comical in appearance, looking like a cross between the zebra and the fox. It visits the outer fringes of the village and occasionally falls victim to dogs. It dines on smaller animals and likes to steal food from the waste. The Jackal (Canis aureus) hunts chickens, stranded goats, insects and anything that hops, skips and jumps. It is a “what-to-eat-if-you-can-catch” menu. Its howls are like a saxophone “boo-bah, boo-bah, boo-bah...” and local people believe howling is inauspicious. It definitely is eerie, but what makes it even more eerie is the superstitious belief of the local populace. The author has heard this call on six different occasions and this belief has caused the death of many. The Jungle Cat (Felis chaus) is much larger than the domestic house cat and its coat has a brownish dirty look. Hunting hunting rodents, wild cats have been known to make off with goat kids from the village. The Pangolin (Manis sp.) has a plump dark-brown body but very few people have seen this animal colloquially known as “Oat”. The Mongoose (Herpestes sp.) is a vicious predator, keeps a safe distance from humans but can frequently be seen around settlements. Though this agile creature is noted for its skill in killing snakes, this ability has not been reported by any locals. Young chicken do fall prey. Another predator on Pulchoki is the Himalayan Pit Viper (Agkistrodon bilineatus) which is quite venomous and is most active during the night. Breviush with black patterns on its body makes it easy to spot as a poisonous snake but its venom is not usually fatal. The only snake that is found is the Green Pit Viper (Trimeresurus albolabris) with striking iridescent green scales that camouflages it well in the village while it waits for prey, ready to pounce on the Pit Viper. The King Cobra is a newcomer, though one did mention it has been recorded in this area. A male and a female have been sighted on different occasions, both in and around the ICIMOD Living Lab. Hibernation is in holes, under rocks, and sometimes in piles of rotting vegetation (including cow dung piles). The Himalayan Black Bear (Selenarctos thibetanus) can be dangerous to humans and is on charge. There have been no reports of such attacks on Pulchoki, but it is prudent to be cautious. They climb trees to get at fruit, leaving claw marks on the bark. The rare Pangolin (Manis sp.), the Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurista leucogenys), Orange-bellied Squirrel (Dremomys lokotzki) and the Indian Porcupine (Hystrix indica) are harmless and have their homes in the forest. The last known Himalayan Tahr (Hemitragus jambalicus) of Pulchoki was wiped out by poachers some years ago. The Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) has made a successful comeback – actually, too successful because it has multiplied prolifically and raids farms. Pulchoki is also a birder’s paradise, with 360 of the 809 species recorded in Nepal spotted here. It is also a refuge for a vast variety of butterflies, dragonflies and other insects. There are several places in Nepal that have such a rich repository of wildlife in such a small area. --- rare flower Near the Malaysia-Thailand border, and is now a hub for research and eco-tourism. The Park is home to Rafflesia, the world’s largest flower, and one of the rarest and most threatened species. A Rafflesia arnoldii blossom is featured on the Malaysian 10 Ringgit banknote and was named after the Dutch founder of Singapore, Sir Stamford Raffles. What makes Rafflesia so unique is that it takes nine months to blossom into a flower up to 1.2m in diameter with the smell of rotten flesh and dies within a week after pollination which makes it difficult for anyone to see it. David Attenborough featured the flower in his BBC TV television and called it a “corpse flower” because of its extraordinarily foul odour. Given that these flowers were deployed extensively in these jungles, one cannot help but wonder if the Nepalis saw and marvelled at this enormous flower with a stench strong enough to put off all enemies. Cau Lal Gurung, 96, is a Gurkha veteran of the Malayan campaign and a carrier of the additional Chhiringi song of his people. He spent much of his youth in Malaya, travelling for months through the remote parts of the jungle hunting for animals. “We found plenty of guerrillas, but never came across a Rafflesia flower,” Gurung says. Since the Rafflesia flower blooms for a day or two, it is a rare sight indeed. One has to be lucky, and be at the right place at the right time. The Malaysian Nature Society set up our eight decades ago has been collaborating with the government for biodiversity conservation and environmental education. Programs including the BirdLife-led forest governance project and forest condition are under operation with the engagement of indigenous people Orang Asli. The Royal Belum State Park itself was recognised as an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area in 2004 by BirdLife International, and also the first to receive an IUCN (Conservation Assured Tiger Standards) in Southeast Asia. In 2019, it was also shortlisted on the UNESCO World Heritage Site list. But Malaysia is also one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of palm oil. The multi-billion dollar treasured has come at the cost of its rainforest to make way for palm plantations. A win-win plan is needed to safeguard the ecology and green environment. Some local authorities planners want to clear 80 sq km of native hardwood forest in the eastern Tarai to build Nilgiri airport. Hum Gurung is the Asia Partnership Manager and Former Regional Project Manager of Asia Pacific Forest Governance Project, BirdLife International. EVENTS Prakriti ‘Prakriti—Where The Gods Reside’, is an artistic odyssey showcasing unseen paintings, abstract art, and digital animations. (06-26 August, 12-8pm, Bodhnatho Gallery, Kupondole, 987697225) Teej Mela Discover the perfect blend of style and affordability at the Teej Mela, the destination for top-notch fashion finds. (06-27 August, 10am-6pm, World Trade Centre, Togapureswor) Gai Jatra Tour Immerse in the vibrant tapestry of Newari culture during this full-day tour of the spirited Gai Jatra festival, and dance through the heart of Bhaktapur. Also includes a feast comprising of local cuisine. (31 August, 12pm onwards, Bhaktapur Darbar Square) Bird watching bird Conservation Nepal is organising a bird watching event this Saturday at Bajrabarahi Forest in Lalitpur. Do not forget to pack an umbrella or a raincoat. Call for details. (26 August, 6:30pm; 984165582) Photography Exhibition Explore Nepal and its resilience, culture, and connections through the lens of six emerging photographers at the exhibition A Way of Telling opening this Friday. (25 August, Spic, Patan Rocca, Dhauga) DINING House of Eggs Egg lovers can rejoice at this egg-themed restaurant by the luxury Amritsar Egg Chole, Potato and Rosti, even an Egg Sizzler. GaikongKot (01) 4446530 Casa Mexicana Enjoy a taste of Mexico with an assortment of tacos, quesadillas and burritos. From vegetarian to meat options, there is a lot to choose from. Balkundel, 9803624067 Olive Garden Experience Italian cuisine with a carefully crafted menu and premium wine selection at Olive Garden. Call to make dinner reservations. (6pm-10:30pm, Radisson Hotel, Lainpat, (01) 451818 / 985104831 MUSIC Sukul Sessions An evening of acoustic music awaits at Sukul Sessions: Volume II, where music students will grace the stage and showcase their talents. (25 August, 3pm onwards, Three by Four, Jharmohar) Kaleidoscope launch The grand launch of Pokhara’s Kaleidoscope Music Academy is set to be headlined by Nabin K Bhattarai and the Atmpra Band. Book tickets at www.ticketsanjal.com (25 August, 6pm; Rs500-1000, Paradiso, Lakeside, Pokhara Maili Join musician Anikita P.M for a musical evening this weekend as she unveils her debut album ‘Maili’ in Pokhara. (26 August, 8pm Rs500-1000, Paradiso, Pokhara Pahenlo Batti Muni Experience an evening of experimental rock with Pahenlo Batti Muni. Free entry for all. (1 September, 7pm, Hard Rock Cafe Monsoon Reggae Groove to the rhythm of rain and reggae at Monsoon Reggae: A Tropical Delight, featuring Wind Pawan and Riddim Sons. (26 August, 3pm onwards, 16308, Make, Jharmohar GETAWAY Raniban Retreat Located on a hillock of Raniban forest, this environmentally-friendly boutique hotel offers a spectacular view of the mountains. Pokhara (01) 5105405 Maruni Sanctuary Lodge Take a peek at the wandering wildlife and lush nature of the Chitwan National Park from the comfort of the cabins and cottages of Maruni. Sauraha (01) 4706832 Mirabel Resort Perfect for families, Mirabel Resort offers comfort, continental cuisines and expansive views of Kathmandu Valley. Take a walk around Dhulikhel before trying out the mouth-watering barbecue. Dhulikhel (01) 490872 Retreat at Damaar A humble stay within the forestry of Kavre, Retreat at Damaar is ideal for those seeking peace of mind and a home away from home. Bhaktapur, Kavre, 9821023442 Gorkha Gaun Resort Ideally located in the lush green hills of Gorkha and facing Manaslu in the north Gorkha Gaun Resort is just a four-hour drive away from Kathmandu. Settle into their homely rooms and try the local cuisine. Gorkha, 987007176 Buingsal With a variety of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian options, Buingsal has something for everyone. Give the vegetarian sekewa a try. Madhuban (01) 4427393 Hermann Helmers Get a variety of cakes, pastries, muffins, pie, bread, and other baked goods at Hermann Helmers German Bakery. Pokhara (01) 542800 WEEKEND WEATHER Relentless rain The monsoon is going to get progressively more intense. Its revival in September. The Department of Meteorology and Hydrology is predicting a continuation of the monsoon rains although not quite as heavy as some of the downpours we have seen recently. We are expecting to see looking at nearly 20mm of rain daily over the weekend and into the beginning of Monday. This means the maximum temperature will hover in the mid-20s. OUR PICK The latest Cinderella adaptation, a 2021 romantic musical, is a modern take that uses the famous fairy tale to talk about women empowerment, pursuing one's dreams, gender fluidity, racism, and more. Ella is still a poor girl living in a small town when stepmother Ella gets a solid backstory this time. But this Ella wants to become a dressmaker, not a princess. There is Prince Robert, who has to make a rather difficult decision about whether to save his life. And it is his sister Guendolyn who has the real knack for leadership. Stars Camila Cabello, Idina Menzel, Minnie Driver, Nicholas Galifian, Billy Porter and Peter Dinklage. MISS MOTI-VATION There is always light. If only we’re brave enough to see it. If only we’re brave enough to be it. - Amanda Gorman --- गर्मी मौसममा संक्रामक रोगबाट बच्नै र बचाउँ - गर्मी मौसममा मोलेरिया, कालाजार, डेंगु, हैजालगायतका विभिन्न संक्रामक रोगहरू फैलिन सक्छन्। - संक्रामक रोग फैलाउँदै झिङ्गा, लाम्हुखडे, भुसुना आदि दिको नियन्त्रण गर्ने। - संक्रामक रोगबाट बच्न शुद्ध र उभालेको पानी पिएँ। - वासी तथा सडेगलका खाना नखाउँ। - घरघरित र वर्षपको सरसफाइमा ध्यान दिइँ। नेपाल सरकार विज्ञापन बोर्ड Patrick Devlin who taught a whole generation of Nepali environmentalists at Lincoln University in Christchurch died on 16 August at age 86. Many of us Nepali students in New Zealand call him as ‘Pat Gurū’, a name that was a mark of our deep respect as well as the closeness we felt to him. For five decades, he was involved in training professionals in his home country as well as Nepal and other Asian countries. Pat’s students now shoulder the responsibility of continuing his legacy in training national park wardens and professionals managing nature reserves. When the history of the evolution of national park management is written, Pat will be remembered for his immense contribution in professionalising national park and reserve service in his home country as well as in Nepal and South East Asia. Among the many feats of Pat Devlin’s Nepali students were Lhakpa Norbu Sherpa who helped establish the Qomolangma Nature Preserve in Tibet, which shares its border with three national parks on the Nepali side, making it one of the largest protected areas in Asia. Other students also hold important positions in international conservation organisations: Ghana Gurung heads WWF Nepal, Ang Phuri Sherpa is Executive Director of Red Panda Network International, and Huur Gurung is Asia Partnership Manager for BirdLife International. Other Nepali Lincoln alumni that Pat tutored include Shankar Keirala, who had a long stint with the Ministry of Forests, Soil Conservation and other ministries. Gopal Upadhyay, Megh Pandery and Phanindra Raj Khatri went on to head the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, and Mingma Norbu Sherpa was the head of WWF’s Asia Pacific Programme. Mingma Sherpa was among the dozen prominent Nepali and international conservationist, officials and journalists who were killed in a helicopter crash at Ghunsa in 2006 during the inauguration of the 2,035 sq km Kanchenjunga Conservation Area. Prof David Simmons, another of Pat’s distinguished students, played a central role in establishing Lincoln University’s Mingma Norbu Sherpa Memorial Scholarship with support from Pat Devlin, Mingma’s family, WWF Nepal, and New Zealand. Ten Nepali students who got the scholarship have so far graduated with master degrees from Lincoln. All national parks and reserves in New Zealand, including 70% of protected areas in Nepal were once managed by graduates from Lincoln University. Pat’s base camp to educate and train conservation professionals. He was the main supervisor for the majority of Nepali graduate and undergraduate students from 1970 onwards. As a supervisor, Pat was very supportive but non-compromising when I came to the University to work. Pat inspired his students to produce the best. I had the honour to be the last student he supervised when I went back to Lincoln University to pursue a PhD in a program in environmental management in 2008. Pat Gurū was much more than a supervisor to me. Besides constant encouragement and support, he and his wife, Maureen, were great hosts. They welcomed to me and my family as they had been to a generation of Nepali students, made sure we were comfortable and enjoyed their time and experience in New Zealand. During the 1970s and 80s, the majority of rangers working for national parks and reserves in New Zealand had no formal degrees or training. They chose the career out of a love for nature and the great outdoors and were often in the remote parts. As national parks and reserves started to become popular, park management grew more challenging and complex. Pat was quick to realise this and devoted his entire life to developing and teaching parks and recreation courses at Lincoln University, and most importantly grooming and mentoring the next generation of managers. He was key to the design of ‘park and recreation’ courses at Lincoln and also oversaw the Parks and Recreation syllabus into six-week block courses for in-service park rangers that professionalised New Zealand’s national park and reserve services and management. Lincoln University under Pat also rolled out block courses to the Royal and Forestry service in Kuching in Malaysia. Pat also wanted to roll out his block courses in Nepal, but it did not materialise. However, he did help the Nepal to include multidisciplinary teams to effectively manage emerging challenges related to tourism, buffer zone management, climate change, human-wildlife conflicts, and local aspirations. Pat was modest and generous to a fault. Despite his accomplishments, he was not one to brag about them or seek the limelight. Always calm and composed, he took all challenges in his stride. My last meeting with Pat was in April this year. Despite failing health, he stood up, shook hands, smiled, greeted us all, and made us feel at ease. He took immense pride in the achievements of his students, and kept in touch with them as much as possible right till the end. Patrick Devlin’s life work lives on in New Zealand, Nepal, and beyond around the world. His funeral was held in Christchurch on 23 August. Shikhardev Thokal, PhD is a freelance consultant in environmental conservation, nurse and bioethics. India, Nepal ignore climate crisis Bilateral negotiations disregard impact of the climate crisis in new hydropower deals ■ Ramesh Bhushal This June, monsoon rains brought freak floods to the mountains of Nepal while parts of India reeled from a severe water shortage. This has always been the story of the Himalaya: either too much water or too little. This contrast is now aggravated by the impact of the climate crisis. While flash floods ravaged south India, leaving hydropower plants, wells dried out in the Tarai on the border with India amidst a prolonged drought affecting farming. The water table on both sides of the border has been going down due to over-extraction by deep tube wells as well as the destruction of the groundwater recharge areas of the Chure Range, the southern foothills of the Himalaya. The Chure is being ravaged by quarries, deforestation and population growth. However, this transboundary water crisis is absent from bilateral negotiations on river sharing between India and Nepal. Nepali environmentalist Chandra Kishore was the first to draw attention to the seriousness of the water crisis. He wrote in a page 16 article in this newspaper on 28 July: “The climate crisis is a water crisis, and access to water used to be dominated by who bore deep wells for water but even those with pumps do not have water. The worst hit are the poorest families.” Chandra Kishore has taken to social media to express his frustration that these important issues are not included in the political agenda in India or Nepal, and even less in conversations between the two governments. “Kathmandu [India] talks but doesn’t act, since the leadership is too busy dealing with India on how to stay in power,” he says. “And Delhi’s greed already reaches Delhi.” The Indian state is currently governed by a party opposed to the BJP that rules India. Chandra Kishore’s frustration speaks to a wider failure by the Nepali government to prioritise domestic problems — such as changes in the Himalayan water cycle and ecological destruction to a state of emergency status — if they complicate or threaten economic ties with India. Up to 70% of the annual water flow in the Gangetic river comes down from tributaries in Nepal — most of that in the four monsoon months. These Himalayan rivers are crucial to the lives and livelihoods of millions of citizens in India and Nepal. Poor river management in both countries with poorly designed flood control embankments and infrastructure, insufficient groundwater recharge, and over-pumping have worsened the effect of weather extremes due to the climate crisis. Despite these factors, high-profile bilateral discussions between India and Nepal usually overlook climate change and other environmental concerns. In 2014, the two nations jointly issued a joint press release on Narendra Modi’s first prime ministerial visit to Nepal that did not even mention climate change. During the next two visits, Modi has not said the climate crisis has never come up. Rather than talking about the vulnerabilities of their shared river systems, India and Nepal use these meetings solely to explore the potential to generate hydropower. Hydro-electricity makes up 96% of Nepal’s installed electricity capacity, and exporting power to India could help Nepal reduce its trade deficit. During Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal’s visit to India in June, a long-awaited energy deal agreement was finalised. Prime Minister Modi confirmed in a joint press conference that India would import 10,300MW of electricity in the next decade. Experts say that India’s main concern is not electricity but water, and its planners are fully aware of the impact of climate change will have on future water availability. But Indian officials hide the real agenda by talking only about electricity. Nepal’s former water resources minister Dipak Gyawali told The Third Pole: “To India, climate change is a foreign issue and for Nepal, it’s something to talk about to be nice, especially with western countries.” While Nepal negotiates with India to try to export more hydroelectricity, many within Nepal do not have adequate or reliable access to power. The Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) has been trying to unsuccessfully increase domestic consumption, and one reason is frequent power cuts even during the monsoon. Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) spokesperson Surendra Bahadur Bhattarai said the installed hydropower generation in the rainy season is 2,800MW, while peak demand however at 1,800MW. There is surplus power, but there are not enough transmission lines to evacuate power (see box). Energy experts say there has been too much focus on electricity generation and not enough on transmission lines. Says former head of NEA Mukesh Kafle: “As a result, we have not been able to dispatch generated energy to the grid and, with increasing demand, local distributors themselves aren’t able to handle the load.” Most of Nepal’s hydropower is generated in the Terai rivers, and one such is the Super Dordi in Lamjung district. The Dordi River is in full spate because of heavy rains in the monsoon, but the scheme with an installed capacity of 54MW is only generating 10MW. Says Super Dordi’s Prakash Karki, “If we had good transmission line, we could run at full capacity.” The reason for power outages this summer is not because there is not enough electricity, but because inadequate transmission lines means the power generated cannot be distributed to the load centres, leading to frequent tripping. Another of vital transmission lines was held up because of the delays in the ratification of the US-funded MCG scheme, as well as local obstruction to putting up poles and obtaining necessary permits to clear forests. “The outages are going to get worse if things remain the same,” the NEA’s Bhutanwar warns. The Independent Power Producers Association of Nepal (IPPAON) would like more power domestically, but since it is difficult to increase power demand within Nepal and meet it with imported coal or gas, exporting to India is the only option. Nepal’s Department of Electricity Development has issued 241 construction licenses for generating more than 8,820MW. And there is no hydropower consultation approved or awaiting approval that would generate more than 8,680MW. Meanwhile, the Ministry of Water Resources, Energy and Irrigation is working on a 10-year national hydropower strategy, but says it is not yet ready to share details. Not everybody is as excited about selling electricity to India. Gyawali thinks such interest in Nepal’s rivers is being driven not by market forces, but by the Indian government’s wish to exercise strategic control over Nepal. India only imports hydroelectricity from Nepal that does not have Chinese investment or development. Indian companies have replaced China as the country’s principal investors in the hydropower sector. India is now involved in projects generating 4,000MW and a further 1,100MW was signed off between Dahal and Modi last month. River conservationists are also worried about the domestic cost of developing hydroelectricity for India. Megh Ale, president of the Nepal River Conservation Trust, says: “Imagine what will happen to these rivers if you just think about electricity. In the last two decades, we have dammed almost all our major rivers except the Karnali. We should also think about ecology and ecosystems while not undermining the livelihoods of people. Current madness will be costly.” Several studies have warned that Nepal’s dams have already impacted aquatic biodiversity. A study by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in 2018 says: “Damming of rivers has had major environmental impacts with serious and irreversible impacts, including a rapid decline in the population of many fish species.” Basantata Raj Adhikari, the director of Tribhuvan University’s Centre for Disaster Studies says that the investment in hydel hydroelectric is reasonable enough to take climate change into account: “It is going to impact India’s own environment. Everything that happened in June in the hills of eastern Nepal washed away several hydro projects.” The Institute for Social and Environmental Transition (ISET) in Kathmandu released a report in June on transboundary rivers that originate in the Chinese Range. It highlights that the various Nepali-Indian agreements governing these rivers are obsolete and do not allow sustainable water management, participation, or recognise emerging risks. “It’s a case of an underestimation of the scale of the problem,” says Ajaya Dixit of ISET. In a June 2023 study by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) in Kathmandu says the amount of water in the Himalaya is expected to peak in mid-century, driven by accelerated glacial melt, after which it is expected to decline. It is not just Nepal, where the impacts of the climate crisis are being felt. This year’s devastating floods in northern India could also be a sign of worse to come. Climate change is going to have a geo-strategic impact beyond how it will affect our rivers. But so far, the concern of experts and activists is not reflected in bilateral and regional consultations on river sharing. 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Four Reasons to Say a Blessing Before Thanksgiving A recent article in the Huffington Post urged people to eat out less. The writer suggested connecting with friends and family at home rather than at a restaurant. Why? Lots of noise and people make it easy to avoid the more meaningful conversations. Raised menus can hide expressive faces. At home, however, we are more open. We reveal more of ourselves. We deepen our connections to one another. Well, I like eating out, but I think the writer is right. The most sacred moments happen at home. The upcoming Thanksgiving is an opportunity for such sacredness. One way to make it happen is to say a blessing before the meal. Why? 1. Blessings create gratitude: It is hard to be grateful when we are rushed. When we focus our minds and say words of thanks, we become more aware of what we are doing. It doesn’t matter what we say. (So long as we don’t do the famous Bart Simpson grace: “Dear God, we worked for all this stuff, so thanks for nothing.”) The act of pausing and acknowledging what is in front of us can make us feel more grateful for it. 2. Blessings elevate the conversation: Have you ever noticed the way the feeling of a meal changes when we say a blessing before it? We become more aware of ourselves. We may feel a little more embarrassed if we start engaging in small talk or petty gossip. The experience becomes more elevated, and thus more meaningful. This change doesn’t always happen. But there is a reason people have been saying blessings for thousands of years. They connect us to one another and to something larger than ourselves. 3. Blessings make memories: By making us more aware of the moment, a blessing can help sear it in our memories. As Rabbi Yael Levy has written, “In Hebrew, the word for thanksgiving—Hoda’ah—also means acknowledgment. And when we say prayers of thanksgiving, we are also saying, ‘I acknowledge this moment, I am aware of this encounter.’” This awareness is more than simple recollection. It rests in our hearts. (Continued on page 7) Cantor Glikin’s Desk — Why I Send My Children to Jewish Overnight Camp and You Should Too! It was during my first year of cantorial school at Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion that I first became aware of the far reaching effects of Jewish overnight camping on shaping Jewish identity. While I never had an overnight camping experience growing up (chalk it up to an overprotective mother), as I was meeting my classmates in our first year of seminary study in Israel, I became aware of a common narrative shared by the aspiring cantors, rabbis, and educators. This narrative would begin with the words: “I grew up attending [insert Union for Reform Judaism (URJ) camp name.] Camp was my second home and it was there that I realized that my Judaism was super important to me and that I wanted to learn more.” Very quickly, I understood that I needed to find out what happened at these Jewish overnight camps since they were obviously doing something right. During the summer following my third year of cantorial school, I became the Worship Services Director at URJ Camp Eisner in the Berkshires. It was a memorable summer where despite being an adult, I was able to internalize some of the magic of camp with which so many of my friends and classmates had grown up. And, perhaps, precisely because my first experience of camp was as an adult, I was able to look at the experience in a more objective way than had I been an impressionable child. Below are some of my learnings from that summer, complimented by my experience of serving on the Faculty of URJ’s Olin Sang Ruby Union Institute (OSRUI) in Oconomowoc, WI over the past two summers. Jewish Camp Lives on Jewish Time Much of Religious School is spent talking about what “the Jewish people do.” We talk about celebrating Shabbat and the holidays. We talk about Jewish ritual and traditions. Much of the time, we talk about Judaism as an anthropological phenomenon, a theoretical abstraction. But, at camp we LIVE and BREATHE Judaism. At camp, the entire week builds up to Shabbat. At camp, Judaism and Jewish values are integrated into every moment of the day. Jewish Camp Makes Judaism Fun One of the most frequently cited complaints about supplementary Religious School education is that there is never enough time. I hear this complaint from the teachers: “There’s just not enough time to teach everything that I want to teach!” And, I hear this complaint from the students (most frequently, my own children): “There’s just not enough time to have fun!” Jewish overnight camp is a 24/7 experience and there is enough time! There’s enough time to have fun, there’s enough time to learn things Jewish, there’s enough time to have Jewish fun with Jewish kids and Jewish staff. Everything about camp is fun. And, everything about Jewish camp is Jewish fun. Jewish Camp Helps Shape Strong Jewish Identities Research shows that in conjunction with synagogue affiliation, attendance at an overnight Jewish camp is one of the best predictors of Jewish involvement as an adult. Kids who attend Jewish overnight camp grow up to be more committed Jewish adults and are more likely to raise their children Jewish. If you want to have Jewish grandchildren, then sending your children to a Jewish overnight camp while also belonging to a congregation at home is one of the best ways to assure that the Torah that has been passed down to you from your ancestors continues to be passed down to your descendants. Whether you are the parent or the grandparent, please consider sending the child in your family to an overnight Jewish camp this summer. As at any other overnight camp, your child will have the experience of a lifetime – zip-lining, horseback-riding, swimming, sailing, singing, dancing, painting, developing new skills and interests, making new friends. But, at a Jewish camp, your child will also grow Jewishly, having lived on Jewish time, having celebrated Jewish holidays with Jewish friends, having learned more Jewish values, and having had Jewish fun. Overnight camp can be expensive. Please know that last year OSRUI offered over $300,000 in financial assistance to those interested in attending and there are also national foundations that help sponsor first-time campers at a Jewish overnight camp. If you have any questions, or would like to learn more, please be in touch with me. When I serve on faculty at OSRUI this coming summer, I would love to be able to visit your child there and to send you pictures of our adventures together! - Cantor Vicky Glikin --- SAVE THE DATE: This year’s Women’s Seder will be on Sunday, March 22 at 4:00 pm! Questions? Email Cantor Glikin at firstname.lastname@example.org. Planning! Not necessarily exhilarating. But essential, whether in the corporate or the not-for-profit sectors. Strategic planning furnishes much-needed focus, vision, and discipline in our competitive environment. It also – and this is the essence of the matter – enables us to devise well-informed decisions about how to allocate our financial and human resources. Ideally all of this will yield beneficial outcomes. On a grand scale among the most effective strategic planners in American history was President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Foreseeing the magnitude of the global storm ahead late in the 1930s, he utilized the private sector – financial as well as resources and manufacturing – to mobilize our nation’s military and naval might for the conflict that loomed ever closer on the horizon. Perhaps you know of Bernard Baruch (1870-1965). Renowned as a Wall Street financier, he served as special advisor to President Roosevelt for war mobilization. A single example underscores the virtues of planning. When the president addressed Congress in 1942 he spoke of the need for “a crushing superiority of equipment” to serve our uniformed forces stationed in overseas theaters of operation. When the North African campaign hung in the balance early in 1943, the Allied forces required an immediate infusion of supplies. American production centers quickly answered the call. A convoy of twenty cargo vessels left American ports transporting 5,000 two-and-a-half ton trucks, 400 dump trunks, and 80 fighter planes. By the time the Allied forces defeated the German army in the spring of 1943 in North Africa, the total number of American tanks in combat totaled 1,400. The enemy count was 80. General Lucius D. Clay, who served as the American military’s chief of procurement, stated the matter succinctly: “We were never able to build a tank as good as the German tank. But we built so many of them that it didn’t really matter.” At Congregation Solel’s annual meeting – in May of 2014 – I spoke of an eleven-month process to prepare our next strategic plan. Our new document, scheduled for completion in April of 2015, will extend into 2020. Unless I am mistaken, the current deliberative exercise amounts to our third strategic planning process since the onset of our new century. Many Reform Jewish congregations – and surely other faith communities – invest themselves in this very same process. And so do our colleges, museums, fine-arts organizations, and public service associations. Congregation Solel is most fortunate. Leading us through our strategic planning process – tentatively entitled Envisioning Solel, 2015-2020 – is Ken Dickman, our Vice President for Finance. Working with the congregation’s clergy and staff as well as our vice presidents, a series of kick-start papers have been developed (e.g., education, lifelong learning, worship, community, finance, and administration.) At each of our monthly board of directors meetings we focus on one or more of these evolving documents with an eye toward refining our focus. Kick-start paper: Worship (an excerpt) Worship encompasses three issues at the most basic level: 1) prayer; 2) study, and 3) good deeds. The objective is to begin to identify the core characteristics of worship at Solel and how they meet the differing needs of our very diverse set of congregants. It is best to think of strategic planning as a conceptual exercise. Avoid mistaking our prospective strategic plan as akin to hardened concrete or an inescapable straight jacket. Strategic planning goals and tactics are supple and tactile. Importantly, they are subject to recalibration as circumstances warrant. In fact, during 2016 our then one-year old strategic plan will be carefully reviewed and tweaked by the congregation’s board of directors. This review-and-revise process will occur annually during each succeeding year until it is time for Solel to again develop yet another brand new strategic plan during 2020. A key dimension of strategic planning involves community participation. In March of 2015 a draft of the congregation’s strategic plan will be circulated. The next step will entail a widely publicized listening session. What we hear from our fellow congregants will surely add texture and shape to our final document, scheduled for submission to the board of directors at its meeting on April 19. Strategic planning is something many of us do in our everyday lives. We routinely examine our household balance sheets, we scrutinize our long-term investment practices, and we think ahead to our future needs (e.g., planning for a family simcha, adding to college funds for our children or grandchildren, setting aside resources in an IRA, etc.) Some of us consult a planner periodically to gain the benefits of expert guidance. Much the same is happening at Congregation Solel. Admittedly it is not as much fun as taking in a wellCHALLAH BAKING WORKSHOP SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 1 9:45 AM — 11:15 AM Would you like to amaze your friends and family with homemade challah on Shabbat? Have you always wanted to make your own challah, but didn’t know how? Join Rabbi Evan Moffic, and challah enthusiast and congregant, Tim Cohen, in a Solel challah baking workshop. Each participant will leave with a loaf of home-made challah! Bring an apron and your enthusiasm! LET US KNOW IF YOU HAVE GLUTEN FREE NEEDS. This FREE event is limited to 10 adult participants. RSVP to the office at email@example.com or (847) 433-3555. Rosh Chodesh Tevet Celebration for Women Sunday, December 21 7:00 pm - 9:00 pm Rosh Chodesh is a celebration of ourselves, our uniqueness as women, and our relationship with the Divine. Join us as we make new friends, see familiar faces, and learn more about ourselves and each other. In the spirit of tzedakkah, please bring non-perishable food donations for the Deerfield Food Pantry and Moraine Township Food Pantry. 7:00–7:20 pm – Social time – get to know the other women of Solel and nosh. 7:20–7:50 pm – Rosh Chodesh ritual led by Cantor Glikin. 7:50–9:00 pm – A special activity. This Rosh Chodesh Celebration is hosted by Mara Sands Treves. Please RSVP to Solel’s office at firstname.lastname@example.org. Questions? Please be in touch with Cantor Vicky Glikin at email@example.com. We look forward to seeing you at this wonderful event for women! Save the date for the Women’s Seder on March 22! Future Rosh Chodesh Celebration Dates: February 19 May 18 reviewed film, attending a sporting event, reading a compelling book, visiting a thought-provoking museum exhibition, attending an inspiring symphony, or taking a beautiful scenic walk. But strategic planning is a fundamental exercise with its own intrinsic rewards. It stands essential – indeed unavoidable – in our purposeful journey as we mindfully envision the future Congregation Solel. - Michael Ebner (847) 275-7441 firstname.lastname@example.org Solel Goes to Northwestern! Solel's Youth Choir has once again been invited to sing the National Anthem at Northwestern University's Jewish Heritage Day. Northwestern University will be facing Mississippi Valley State in a game on December 14 at 5:00 pm. Come, enjoy the game with other Solelites, and support the members of the Youth Choir as they lead the singing of the National Anthem! Tickets are $15 and can be purchased by calling Mike Zoller at (888) 467-8775 ext. 0969 (tell him that you're part of Solel's Youth Choir so that he knows to seat you with our group.) Hope to see you at what promises to be a fun intergenerational event! Human Rights Shabbat Service Friday, December 5 at 7:30 pm Guest Speaker: David Shapiro Professor at Northwestern Law School Attorney at the MacArthur Justice Center Join us as we address the issue of solitary confinement with David Shapiro, a professor at Northwestern Law School and an attorney at the MacArthur Justice Center will be speaking at services. Mr. Shapiro represents clients seeking redress for injuries caused by the criminal justice system. Prior to joining the faculty at Northwestern, he was a staff attorney at the ACLU National Prison Project, where his litigation and advocacy work focused on immigration detention, privatized incarceration, access to information about jails and prisons, and prisoners' First Amendment rights. SAVE THE DATE! for Congregation Solel’s Annual Mitzvah Day Sunday, January 18, Starting at 9:30am ...make a difference...be a part of the Solel community... put Jewish values into action Programs and projects for all ages. If you have a bar/bat mitzvah project that you are working on, sign up for a spot at the Mitzvah Mall-- a fun way to get your project done. We need volunteers to help make this day special. For more information and to get involved, contact Cynthia Plouché at email@example.com. Pastoral Care at Congregation Solel Rabbi Moffic, Cantor Glikin, and your Solel community want to support you in times when you or someone close to you is in need of physical, spiritual, or emotional healing. Please notify the office if you would like to have your name or the name of a loved one added to the MiSheberach list. Please notify us if you or a loved one are in the hospital and would like a visit or a phone-call from your clergy. If you are in need of meals, rides, or companionship, please contact the office, so that we can put you in touch with the Mitzvah Committee. Your congregation cares about you! Please help us to know when you are in need of extra care at firstname.lastname@example.org. Rabbi Moffic (Continued from page 1) 4. Blessings make the food taste better; I admit this is entirely subjective. Yet, I recall the old Jewish story about a King who once dined at a Jewish home on the Sabbath. He was amazed by the food. The next day he asked his chef to figure out why the chicken tasted so good. The chef went to the family, got the recipe and made it for the King. The King lifted up his fork and knife, cut the chicken, put it in his mouth and said it didn’t taste the same. “It’s the exact same recipe!” said the chef. So the King went back to the family and asked why their chicken tasted so good. They replied, “we used the secret Sabbath spice.” “What is that spice?”, asked the King. They said, “the blessing of family and friends.” - Rabbi Evan Moffic Jewish Parenting 101 with Cantor Vicky Glikin & the Religious School Committee December 7 & March 15 9:45-10:45 am This workshop series will draw on the bestselling phenomenon among parents and educators, The Blessing of a Skinned Knee, an essential guide that offers an inspiring roadmap for raising children. December 7: Topic: Giving, Receiving, and Food Suggested reading: Chapters 5-7 of The Blessing of a Skinned Knee March 15: Topic: Discipline and Our Goals in Raising our Children Suggested reading: Chapters 8-10 of The Blessing of a Skinned Knee Attend all or just one of the sessions. RSVP by email the synagogue office at email@example.com or call (847) 433-3555. Solel Members Perform Life-Saving Mitzvot The Fall Blood Drive on November 9, 2014 was a success. Thanks to the generosity of Solel members and other members of the community, 53 people successfully donated blood that will supply 159 units of blood to patients who are in need. Once Upon a Bagel again donated three-dozen bagels for donors participating in the drive. It was a nice opportunity for Solel members to shmooze and feel good about performing life-saving mitzvot. Rabbi Yochanan Salazar, a sofer, or Jewish scribe, will be restoring Solel’s Czechoslovakian Holocaust era Torah, saved from the Nazis, utilizing the ancient biblical text and instruments on this Torah. Rabbi Salazar will be working on the Torah at Congregation Solel on Tuesday, February 24 at 4:15 pm - 8:00 pm. Please join us to observe the restoration and ask Rabbi Salazar any questions you may have about the process. Rabbi Yochanan Salazar-Lowe is a master sofer (scribe), educator and lecturer. Born in Ecuador, South America, he moved to the US as a teen. Before becoming a scribe he studied in Hudson College and later attended NJIT where he majored in electronics engineering and public speaking. While in college he met his wife, Hanna, together they moved to Florida where they now live with their six children. He received his rabbinic ordination in 2004 from Rabbi Daniel Channen in Beit Shemesh, Israel. In Miami, Rabbi Salazar studied the art of Sofrut as an apprentice under Rabbi’s Druin at Sofer on Site. After years of training he received his ordination as a Sofer from Rabbi Eliyahu Ben Hayyim the Head of Sheparidic studies at Yeshiva University in New York. With his expert and gifted talent for precise and accurate Torah repair work, he now heads the Torah Restoration Department of Sofer On Site. “More than the Jews have kept Shabbat, Shabbat has kept the Jews” - Ahad Ha’am December 12 at 7:30pm at Lakeside Congregation Join us for a special Shabbat service featuring Congregation Solel’s and Lakeside Congregation’s adult choirs, as our communities join together to celebrate the power of connection and Shabbat. The service will feature special music prepared just for this occasion. Cantors Vicky Glikin and Michael Davis will deliver a sermon-in-song on the themes of Shabbat and community. Dalia Rabin, Dennis Ross and Ethan Bronner Thursday, December 4, 7:15 pm Join Dalia Rabin, the former Israeli Deputy Minister of Defense and current chairperson of the Yitzhak Rabin Center, and Ambassador Dennis Ross, who played a leading role in shaping US involvement in the Middle East peace process, for an enlightening discussion on the future of Israel. Cost: $10/person Payment options: log in to www.solel.org, check by mail, or credit card by phone (847) 433-3555. Lunch & Learn with at Solel December 9 at noon Downtown Lunch & Learn with Rabbi Moffic December 3 at noon Join Rabbi Evan Moffic for these special classes as he reflects on events of both Jewish and broader public interest. Future Dates Downtown L&L Dates: January 7 February 4 March 4 April 7 May 6 Pray ’n Play Saturday, December 13 10:30 am This isn’t your ordinary Tot Shabbat! Join other families with children 0-5 years of age for a fun, interactive “Gymboree-style” Shabbat program, featuring music, maracas, puppets, & parachutes. Followed by a complimentary bagel brunch and playtime. Older siblings are welcome to attend! Come, sing, play, make friends!! Saturday Mornings 10:30 am January 10 February 14 March 14 April 11 May 9 Shabbat Shalom! A Service for the Whole Family Friday, January 30 Future Dates: February 27 March 27 April 24 May 29 With its high energy and casual atmosphere Shabbat Shalom! is the perfect way for families and Solelites of all ages to celebrate Shabbat. 5:30 pm – Pizza dinner 6:15 pm – Enjoy a warm and meaningful service led by Cantor Glikin and Rabbi Moffic, with participation by Solel’s Youth Choir “Rimonim” Shabbat. Friendship. Community. Family. Song. Announcement of Religious School Director Search Committee At the November meeting, the Board of Directors approved the Religious School Director search committee, appointed by Michael Ebner. We are very pleased to announce the members of the committee below. This team represents a cross section of our congregation and is committed to finding a director to shape the future of education at Solel. We thank its members for their willingness to serve in the congregation in this capacity. Co-chairs: Ross Erlebacher Susan Kaden Committee Members: Art Kessler Kathy Keyser Shara Lieberman Jeffery Schrimmer Carol Schweidel Lisa Wasserman Ex Officio Members: Rabbi Evan Moffic Cantor Vicky Glikin Allan Litwack Josh Lowitz Laura Frisch Please look for updates regarding the search in future editions of the Pathfinder. For further information, please contact Susan Kaden at firstname.lastname@example.org or Ross Erlebacher at email@example.com. Joyce Schrager’s Short Stories class will resume on March 25, 2015 & her Current Events class will resume on March 16, 2015. Thank You For Your Contributions Human Needs Fund Robbie and Jotty Friedland, in memory of Dorothy Kessler Michael Kohn, in memory of Dorothy Kessler Elliot and Frances Lehman, in memory of Dorothy Kessler Music Fund Harold and Linda Chizewer, in memory of Robert Pattis Michael and Darryl Ebner, in memory of Dorothy Kessler Larry and Susan Mason, in honor of Franklin Wolf’s marriage to Tracy Lande and in memory of June M. Balonick and Stacy Rago Rabbi’s Discretionary Fund Alice Belgrade and Ivory Moss, in honor of Rabbi Moffic Marjorie Biederman, in honor of Rabbi Moffic Lisa and Barry Rossen, in honor of Anna’s Bat Mitzvah Burton and Deborah Zirin, in memory of Dorothy Kessler Tribute Fund Natalie Caplin, in memory of Arthur Caplin James and Donna Gottlieb, in memory of Ben Marks and Sandi Weinberg Howard and Carolyn Haas, in memory of Andrew Haas David and Lisa Helfand, in memory of Alan Goldman and Sylvia Helfand Suzanne Meldman, in memory of Jack Carter Wendy and Wayne Rhodes, in memory of Dorothy Kessler Janice Ross, in memory of Jerome Ross Ellen Rubert, in memory of Dorothy Cordes Frances Salpeter, in memory of Robert Salpeter Charles Sonneborn, III, in memory of Dorothy Kessler Barbara Tuch Cohen, in memory of Louis Pollak Brenda and Fred Turner, in memory of Jakob Wildberg Susan and Richard Wellek, in memory of June M. Balonick and Dorothy Kessler As of November 25, 2014 Condolences to... Bruce and Marcia Balonick, on the passing of their mother, June M. Balonick, and sister, Stacy Rago Gary and Cheri Robinson, on the passing of his mother, Jean Robinson --- Tax Season is Upon Us As we move towards year end it is now time to consider the tax implications of your annual donations and gifts to non-profit organizations. At the top of our members list should be Congregation Solel. The congregation is a 501(c)(3) organization, so your donations and gifts are tax deductible to the extent allowed by law. Please remember your congregation in determining your year-end gift giving. Any questions please call Allan Litwack at Solel at (847) 433-3555 or email: firstname.lastname@example.org. --- Stock Transfers to Congregation Solel (New Location) In order to make stock transfers from your accounts to Congregation Solel, the congregation works with Mesirow Financial, Inc. Please Note: This is a NEW location for gifting stocks to Congregation Solel: Mesirow Financial, Inc. DTCH 0226 F/B/O NFS Account#WMP-002738 Congregation Solel As always, your contributions to Congregation Solel are tax deductible to the extent allowed by law. If there are any questions, please call Allan Litwack, Executive Director, at (847) 433-3555, ext 225. Thank you for your continued support. \| Sun \| Mon \| Tue \| Wed \| Thu \| Fri \| Sat \| \|-----\|-----\|-----\|-----\|-----\|-----\|-----\| \| \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| \| \| 9:30 am Current Events \| 4:15 pm Religious School \| 12:00 pm Downtown Lunch & Learn \| 7:15 pm 92Y: America & Israel: The Way Forward \| 7:30 pm Human Rights Shabbat \| 9:15 am Torah Study 10:30 am Prayer 10:35 am Morning Minyan \| \| \| 11:00 am Current Events \| 6:30 pm Confirmation \| 7:30 pm Religious School Committee Meeting \| \| \| \| \| \| 7:30 pm Choir Rehearsal \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| \| 9:00 am Youth Choir Rehearsal \| 9:30 am Current Events \| 12:00 pm Lunch & Learn at Solel \| 7:30 pm Choir Rehearsal \| 7:30 pm Choir Rehearsal at Lakeside Congregation \| 7:30 pm Shabbat Service with Sole & Lakeside Choirs at Lakeside Congregation \| 9:15 am Torah Study 10:30 am Prayer 10:35 am Morning Minyan \| \| 9:45 am Religious School \| 11:00 am Current Events \| 4:15 pm Religious School \| 7:30 pm Just Congregations \| \| \| \| \| 9:45 am Jewish Parenting 101 \| 7:30 pm Human Needs Committee Meeting \| 7:00 pm Human Needs Committee Meeting \| \| \| \| \| \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| \| 9:15 am Executive Committee Meeting \| 9:30 am Current Events \| 1st Candle \| 12:00 pm Lunch & Learn \| 6:15 pm Hannukah Celebration with Youth Choir \| 9:15 am Torah Study 10:30 am Morning Minyan \| \| \| 9:45 am Religious School \| 11:00 am Current Events \| 4:15 pm Religious School \| 7:30 pm Confirmation \| \| \| \| \| 10:15 am Board Meeting \| 7:00 pm Jewish War Veterans \| 6:30 pm Confirmation \| \| \| \| \| \| 4:00 pm Youth Choir at Northwestern \| 7:00 pm Human Needs Committee Meeting \| 7:00 pm Human Needs Committee Meeting \| \| \| \| \| \| 21 \| 22 \| 23 \| 24 \| 25 \| 26 \| 27 \| \| No Religious School \| 9:30 am Current Events \| No Religious School \| Office Closed \| 7:30 pm Shabbat Evening Torah Service \| Kindel Shabbat Candles at dinner at the following times (CDP): 5:00 pm \| 9:15 am Torah Study 10:30 am Morning Minyan \| \| 7:00 pm Women’s Rosh Chodesh Celebration \| 11:00 am Current Events \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 28 \| 29 \| 30 \| 31 \| \| \| \| \| No Religious School \| 9:30 am Current Events \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 7:30 pm Choir Rehearsal \| 11:00 am Current Events \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 7:30 pm Choir Rehearsal \| \| \| \| \| \| Shabbat Services Schedule Friday, December 5 Human Rights Shabbat Service .........................7:30 pm Vayishlach, Gen. 32:4-36:43 Saturday, December 6 Torah Study ..........................................................9:15 am Morning Minyan ..................................................10:35 am Friday, December 12 Shabbat Service with Choirs at Lakeside ............7:30 pm Vayeishev, Gen. 37:1-40:23 Saturday, December 13 Torah Study ..........................................................9:15 am Pray ‘n Play ...........................................................10:30 am Morning Minyan ..................................................10:35 am Friday, December 19 Hannukah Celebration with Youth Choir .............6:15 pm Miketz, Gen. 41:1-44:17 Saturday, December 20 Torah Study ..........................................................9:15 am Morning Minyan ..................................................10:35 am Friday, December 26 Shabbat Evening Service ......................................7:30 pm Vayigash, Gen. 44:18-47:27 Saturday, December 27 Torah Study ..........................................................9:15 am Morning Minyan ..................................................10:35 am Updating Your Solel Calendar with Future Events in 2014-2015 Thursday, December 4, 7:15 pm: 92Y Live: America & Israel - The Way Forward Friday, December 5, 7:30 pm: Human Rights Shabbat Sunday, December 7, 9:45 am: Jewish Parenting 101 Friday, December 19, 6:15 pm: Hannukah Celebration with Youth Choir Sunday, December 21, 7:00 pm: Women’s Rosh Chodesh Celebration Sunday, January 18: Mitzvah Day Want to inquire more deeply into a passage after the Shabbat service? Find the weekly parashot and commentaries at these links: Weekly D’var: http://uri.org/learning/torah/ or http://www.reformjudaism.org/ Many Paths. One Community We are a spiritual home that engages our members and community in prayer, learning, and the pursuit of social justice. We prize inclusiveness, innovation, and involvement in our programs, life cycle events, and leadership. Everyone who walks into our building should feel inspired, uplifted, and connected. Pathfinder 1301 Clavey Road • Highland Park, IL 60035 Phone: (847) 433-3555 • Fax: (847) 433-3573 Rabbi’s Study: (847) 433-3708 Religious School: (847) 433-3417 Email: email@example.com Website: www.solel.org Rabbi: Rabbi Evan Moffic (firstname.lastname@example.org) Cantor: Cantor Vicky Glikin (email@example.com) Executive Director: Allan Litwack (firstname.lastname@example.org) Director of Education: Geoffrey Prass (email@example.com) President: Michael Ebner (firstname.lastname@example.org) Rabbi Emeritus: Rabbi Don Taylor (email@example.com) Pathfinder Deadline for Submissions: The next Pathfinder will be published January 2015 Please submit material by email on or before December 15, 2014 in order for it to appear in the January Pathfinder.
CWCA President’s Letter Dale Johnson, President Hello Canterbury Woods Residents! My name is Dale Johnson and I have had the honor to be the Canterbury Woods Civic Association President since May of 2015. My family and I have been living in Canterbury Woods since July of 2011 and are active on the Civic Association, the Canterbury Woods swim team, and in the Fairfax County School System. I have a wonderful wife, Monica Johnson, and two children who are attending Frost Middle School and Woodson High School. I am a retired United States Navy Officer and work full-time for a Defense contractor. One of the hardest things to do within the Canterbury Woods community is to maintain good communication and transparency of information about how the CW Civic Association works on your behalf. We have several ways in which we try to get information to everyone. This includes the following: 1) The Canterbury Woods Civic Association website at: http://cwecivic.org/ 2) The Canterbury Woods Yahoo Group at: https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/canterburywoodsca/info 3) The Canterbury Woods Facebook Page at: https://www.facebook.com/groups/CanterburyWoodsCivicAssociation 4) The Canterbury Woods Gazette. Our community newsletter. 5) The “Sandwich Board” signs. If you see the signs out but didn’t get a chance to read the sign or understand what it was saying, then all you have to do is to go to the website http://cwecivic.org As a civic association one of our primary long-term goals is to promote an all-inclusive, safe, and friendly neighborhood for our families to live and grow. I want to mention a few upcoming events here that deserve your attention so that you don’t miss out on them. Yard Sale (5 May): The Canterbury Woods Community Yard Sale is on the 5th of May. We will advertise that there will be a Community Yard Sale with signs at the entrance, so there will be traffic in the neighborhood looking for the various locations. You are more than welcome to put signs on your own property or advertise your specific address, however the Civic Association will not be listing each individual address. Bulk Goods Trash Collection (12 May): The 12th of May is scheduled as our “Bulk Goods” collection day. As part of the CWCA negotiations with American Disposal Services we receive ONE free Bulk Trash pickup for the year. This is supposed to only be for ADS customers as Republic would not negotiate a free pickup day, however, you may be able to negotiate a free one for only your address. Each address is only allowed to place 3 “Bulk Goods” items on the curb and you have to make sure the items are on the allowable list as defined at the ADS website. “Bulk Goods” consist of non-electrical, oversized items that can be compacted in the back of a collection truck (i.e. sofas, mattresses, box springs, etc.). This is not a “White Goods” pickup (i.e. refrigerators, etc.) Make sure that your items are curbside the night before. The truck came early in the morning last year and some homeowners had to drag their items back inside their house! Annual CWCA Meeting (16 May): The annual CWCA meeting will be at the Canterbury Woods Elementary School library from 7:00 - 8:30 pm. Most of our meetings throughout the year are attended by only the board members, but at the annual meeting we invite all residents to attend. We will go over the budget, special interest items, and have a guest speaker. This year we are looking for a speaker that is associated with the Lake Accotink project. Supervisor John C. Cook from the Braddock District is usually in attendance and will also speak for a few minutes. This is a great chance to learn what the CWCA does on your behalf, meet some of your neighbors, and to hear about current issues affecting your community. Please attend. I look forward to meeting you and serving any needs that may potentially arise within our fine community. Sincerely, Dale Johnson Neighborhood News SAVE THE DATES! April — please pay your CWCA dues! April 28— CWES Fun Fair, 11am—3pm May 5— Community Yard Sale, 8am May 12— ADS Bulk Trash Day May 16— CWCA Annual Meeting, 7pm May 26— CW Pool season opening, 11:30am Spring Time is DUES TIME in CW! The envelope included in this newsletter is for payment of your Canterbury Woods annual dues. You live in one of the 517 houses in CW and -- whether renter or owner -- you all benefit from the nominal $30 dues. You can bring your children to the Fall Festival in October and the Holiday Party in December. You can meet your neighbors and socialize at National Night Out in August. Your dues pay for house numbers painted on the curbs, publicity for the annual neighborhood yard sale, our website, our paper directory, the holiday decorating contest, maintenance of the entrance markers, and this newsletter you are reading. That’s a lot for very little money! Pay with check, cash (envelope is enclosed in this newsletter) or Paypal (go to cwcivic.org) Questions? Contact Susan DiMaina, CWCA VP/Dues Chair 5001 Chanticleer Ave. 703-323-6098 DIRECTORY UPDATE: The following neighbors were accidentally left out of the 2018/2019 directory. Please add them back in. Tackett, Ariana and Paz America……..5113 Southampton Drive……703-978-8475 Block Captains All of the nearly 520 homes within Canterbury Woods are divided up into areas or "blocks". Each block is assigned a block captain. You, as a resident, will see this block captain periodically throughout the year distributing information, passing out directories, and introducing new neighbors with a welcoming packet. Do you know who your block captain is? The answer can be found in the directory, but the most complete listing is available on the CWCA website (www.cwcivic.org under "board" then block captain listing). Need a Translator? We are fortunate to have quite a bit of diversity in our community, but not all of us speak several languages so sometimes it makes it difficult to communicate with our neighbors. Below is a list of residents who have volunteered to act as translators. Our Block Captains, for example, may use them to contact non-English speakers in their “blocks” to explain our annual dues or to gather info for the directory. If you would like to communicate better with a neighbor about a dangerous tree, broken fence, or any other issue, refer to the list below. CHINESE—Allie Blumstein 703-764-5968 KOREAN/SPANISH—Mihee Corey 703-978-1409 VIETNAMESE—Deirdre Vo 703-937-7340 GERMAN/PASHTUN/LIMITED FARSI—Tom Dalton 703-913-3275 Neighborhood News, con’t. 3 Ways to be a Good Neighbor 1. After trash day, pick up debris that has fallen out of the garbage truck or has blown into your yard. Don’t be like the little kid who says, “I didn’t drop it. Why should I pick it up?” 2. Look at your yard – front, side, and back – with a critical eye. Do you have a lot of junk that you’ve taken to “storing” outside and in plain view of your neighbors? Does your carport look like a messy workshop? The CW Covenants say: No lot shall be used or maintained as a dumping ground for rubbish or appliances. Trash and garbage containers shall not be permitted to remain in open public view at the curb except on days of trash collection or on the evening before such days. No accumulation or storage of litter, new or used building material, or trash of any other kind shall be permitted on any lot. Trash, garbage or other waste shall not be kept except in sanitary containers or as otherwise prescribed by Fairfax County Ordinances. All other equipment for the storage and disposal of such material shall be kept in a clean condition. Recycling shall be kept in closed containers if stored outside of a residence or garage. 3. What’s in front of your house? The CW Covenants say: No junk vehicle, house trailer, or commercial vehicles, such as but not limited to moving vans, trucks, tractors, wreckers, hearses, compressors, concrete mixers or buses, shall be kept on any lot or any portion of the common areas. Storage on any lot of boats, travel trailers, camping equipment or trailers shall be hidden as much as possible from view from the street. Pet Manners Pick up your dog’s poop! The unpleasant trend in the neighborhood seems to be people who walk their dogs but don’t pick up the poop once the dog does his “business.” Block captains have reported this problem all over the neighborhood. Notice to parents: if your child walks your dog, make sure he/she is accomplishing that part of the task! No unleashed dogs! Be very careful when you open your front door so that your dog does not run out. Small children playing nearby have been frightened, and people have been knocked down by a “playful” dog on the loose. You may know that your dog is “friendly” but others (especially those who are uncomfortable with dogs) do not know that. Also, a dog zooming into the street can get hurt and/or cause an accident. No incessant barking! Good weather is coming and while you may have a fenced-in yard and want to let your dog sit outside, please monitor his barking. Constant barking is really irritating and distracting to your neighbors. Remember lots of people work from home or have children trying to nap, or just don’t enjoy your dog’s endless barking. Yes, we’re ALL in a hurry... The speed of cars as well as stop sign roll-throughs on our streets is a chronic problem in our neighborhood. We’d like to think it is only THOSE OTHER PEOPLE who are passing through, but as many residents have observed, a lot of the speeders and stop sign scofflaws live right here in CW. We recognize you! PLEASE slow down, and obey the stop signs. Summer Fun’s Around the Corner! Join the Canterbury Woods Swim and Tennis Club Canterbury Woods Swim and Tennis Club is the place to be this summer! From swimming and playing tennis, to raft nights and wine downs… there’s enough fun for everyone—and no better way to cool off during the dog days of summer! May 19—Spring Clean Up and Swim Team Sign Ups May 25—Pool Opening Party for Adults May 26—the pool officially opens for the season! 2018 Dues are as follows: - Early-Bird Discounted Member Dues: $450 (if received or postmarked on or before 1 May 2018) - Regular Member Dues: $475 (if received or postmarked between 1 May and 25 May 2018) - Late-Payment Member Dues: $500 (if received or postmarked on or after 26 May 2018) - Summer Memberships (for non-bond holders, and for non-bond holding military/fed govt members): $500 - Inactive Dues: $90 For more information, visit https://cwpool.wildapricot.org or email firstname.lastname@example.org. Canterbury Woods C-Serpents Swim Team Pool season may be a couple months away, but the excitement for summer swimming has already begun! Many of our swimmers have been practicing all winter long and are looking forward to friends, fun, sunshine and some friendly competition! The Canterbury Woods Swim and Tennis Club “C-Serpents” welcome you to become part of the swim team; and we accept swimmers from ages 5 through 18 of different experience levels. You could be a beginner swimmer or a junior Olympian…the “C-Serpents” will embrace you as one of their own! In order to participate, swimmers must be registered members of the Canterbury Woods Swim and Tennis Club. This year the “C-Serpents” will be in Division 10 out of 18 Divisions in the Northern Virginia Swim League (NVSL). For A meets this year, we will compete against Somerset Olde Creek, Annandale, Virginia Hills, Highland Park, and Great Falls. For our B meets, we remain in the Woodson League, and will compete with local pools, Long Branch, Rutherford, Truro, and Fairfax. Maggie Neubig will return for her 4th season as our head coach. For more information, you can visit the Canterbury Woods Swim and Tennis Club webpage at https://cwpool.wildapricot.org/Swim-Team or you can send a question to email@example.com. CWSTC is Celebrating the 10th Annual Modified Sprint Triathlon This year marks the 10th annual sprint triathlon hosted by the Canterbury Woods Swim and Tennis Club! While this year’s date has not been set yet, planning is already underway and the event will be held on a Sunday morning in July. There are both kid (13 and under) and adult events. You can participate as a team or go solo. Be on the lookout—specific event details will be posted on the CW Swim and Tennis Club website when we get closer to the event. In preparation, below outlines official trail etiquette. The trail system is a multi-use trail that can be used for walking, jogging, or riding a bike and is for public use. Therefore, we have to share the trail and be cognizant of other activities that are taking place on the trail. The triathlon happens only once a year with a small number of participants, and takes place on the Long Branch Stream Valley Trail. A picture is shown below with routes highlighted. The bike portion takes place between the Canterbury Woods Swimming pool and Guinea Road. The jogging portion takes place between Wakefield Chapel Road and the Canterbury Woods Swimming pool. The event is over before noon. Trail Etiquette- Trail etiquette is included as part of the official Park Rules. The rules are guidelines for behavior on the trails and includes the following: - Maintain proper control of bicycles at all times - Faster users pass on left, slower traffic stay to the right! - Announce your passing –“Passing on your left” - Stay on existing trails - Stay off single-tracks when raining or muddy. - Do not disturb vegetation or wildlife - Pets must be leashed at all times - Trails and park close at dark Check back with www.hhttps://cwpool.wildapricot.org/ for more details closer to the date Did You Know… No Plastic Bags or Trash Bags in Recycling Bins! Did you know that recycling any kind of plastic bag in your weekly recycling bin can get wrapped around the moving and rotating machinery at your local recycling center, forcing the workers to shut down and manually cut the plastic off the mechanisms? Plastic bags can and should be recycled but only at special facilities. Most large grocery chains, home improvement stores, and retailers like Wal-Mart and Target provide collection bins that are usually by the main entrance. The bags go to facilities that are specifically made to handle them. Many people use plastic trash bags to hold their recyclables, which is just as bad as recycling any other plastic bag. Alternatives include using paper bags or just leaving what you would like to recycle loose in the bin. Consider forgoing bagging your recycling at all and to using reusable shopping bags versus plastic ones. We all know that recycling is excellent for the health of our environment and we should do our best to do it as much as possible. - Submitted by Shannon and Charlotte, who are earning their Girl Scout Silver Award by helping communities understand the importance of proper recycling Do not put plastic bags in your recycling cart. Place recycling loose in your recycling cart. Spring Time is Clean Time! Spring is here and it’s a great time to focus on outside maintenance. Renters and owners alike have a responsibility to keep your home and surroundings presentable. Not only do your neighbors appreciate you keeping your house in good condition, but potential buyers in the area are looking at the neighborhood as a whole, and the upkeep of every home makes a difference in house values! Renters, be sure you know what your responsibilities are as the renter. If you are unsure, please review your lease or contact your landlord for more information. Below are some suggestions for indoor and outdoor cleaning while spring is in the air! OUTDOOR SPRING CLEANING • trim overgrown shrubs • cut back vines (they can damage brick!) • clean gutters • plan for routine lawn mowing/edging • wash siding • organize your carport/garage • take down out of date holiday decorations • fix any outdoor issues, such as shutters and screens • wash your deck and deck furniture • turn on outside water, make sure the hose is in working order INDOOR SPRING CLEANING • change batteries in your smoke detectors • wash windows, inside and out • clean out dryer and air vents • clean bathroom exhaust fans • wipe down ceiling fan blades • wipe down the inside of your refrigerator and throw away expired food • clean out your fireplace • clean the inside of your oven • dust those hard to reach spots by attaching a microfiber cloth to your broom with a rubber band • replace your air filters Celebrate the 4th of July Safely! It’s never too early to be thinking summer and 4th of July celebrations! We have a lot of new homeowners in the community who are coming from areas of the country where all fireworks are legal. In Fairfax County, ignorance of the law, at the very least, can cost you a lot of money. In addition, setting off unauthorized fireworks in our community can damage your relationship with your neighbors. Many people are injured each year in Fairfax County due to fireworks. Some are injured seriously and left with permanent damage. We want you and your family/friends to celebrate safely, so here are some tips: 1.) Illegal Fireworks - Many fireworks are not available in Northern Virginia because they are illegal. Firecrackers, cherry bombs and skyrockets are just a few examples of fireworks, which may be purchased in other areas, but are illegal here. Since even the possession of unapproved fireworks is prohibited in Fairfax County, such fireworks will be confiscated and you can be charged with a Class 1 misdemeanor, which carries a maximum penalty of a $2,500 fine and/or one year in jail. Any firework, which explodes, emits a flame or sparks higher than 12 feet, or performs as a projectile is prohibited. 2.) Keep a Safe Distance - If you’re setting off legal fireworks, keep all bystanders at least 25 feet away and light only one firework at a time. 3.) The Danger of Sparklers - Maybe you consider sparklers innocent and safe, but sparklers actually account for the majority of injuries. Pieces can break off and burn bystanders. Young children should not use sparklers because they can reach a temperature as high as 1800 degrees Fahrenheit. The video above shows some examples of mannequins quickly burning due to a sparkler. 4.) Be Considerate - Some people, including young children, elderly people and veterans, don’t like the loud sounds and bangs from fireworks. Pets aren’t usually fans, either. Think about those people and furry pals as you plan to celebrate — or you can skip your own fireworks and attend a celebration in the City of Fairfax, at Lake Fairfax (Reston) or Lorton. Congrats to our Holiday Decorating Winners! The 2017 Holiday Decorating Contest winners were posted on our website (cwcivic.org) but if you missed them, here are our winners. It is great fun to drive around the neighborhood at the holidays and see all the sparkling creativity! By the way, we need a small committee to take on the running of this contest. If you are interested, contact Susan DiMaina to find out more about it. (firstname.lastname@example.org or 703-323-6098) BEST IN SHOW 1st 8415 Queen Elizabeth Blvd. (Prillaman) 2nd 5104 Southampton (Ries) 3rd 4919 Althea (Mosel) HM 4814 Hercules (Pearson) HM 5014 Wakefield Chapel (Restrepo) BEST USE OF LIGHTING 1st 8800 Prudence (Kessler) 2nd 4914 Althea (Benesch) 3rd 5016 Fleming (Stinson) HM 8521 QEB (S. & K. Smith) HM 8507 QEB (Kokkinis) HM 8513 Canterbury (Napoli) HM 4900 King Richard (Reingruber) HM 4928 Andrea (Gueavara) BEST WREATH DISPLAY 1st 8707 Nero (Grant) 2nd 5023 Fleming (Purkat) 3rd 5009 Althea (J. & K. Smith) HM 8611 Canterbury (Tousignant) HM 5005 Althea (Adamus) HM 4913 King Richard (Kinkead) MOST ORIGINAL/CREATIVE 1st 8505 Canterbury (Bird) 2nd 4916 King Richard (Garrison) 3rd TIE 4811 Woodland Way (d’Alelio) and 5003 Chanticleer (Lloyd) HM 4825 Candace Lane (Kirchner) HM 8503 QEB (Anderson/Shelton) HM 5010 Althea (Bonafede) HM 5000 King Richard (Willcox) HM 8803 QEB (Lee) The CWCA Gazette is a publication of the Canterbury Woods Civic Association, published periodically throughout the year to inform residents on topics of common interest. The CWCA and The Canterbury Woods Gazette Editorial Board are not responsible for the opinions expressed by contributors. The Editor reserves the right to edit contributions in the interest of clarity and brevity, and welcomes comments on content. Editorial Board: Editor - Liz Brocato; President - Dale Johnson. Visit our website at [www.cwcivic.org](http://www.cwcivic.org)
Marginal Urbanism Altering Socio-spatial divisions to contest Urban Marginality of People and Land: The Case of Delhi. Aditi KASHYAP, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, India Abstract The wide disparity in living conditions as a result of acute categorisation of resources and economic ability as the only way to access decent liveability renders the ‘unfortunate’ as a rudimentary part of the city through systemic non-authorisation by state, market and policy. Such socio-spatial fragmentation has also led to the standardisation of practices to conserve ecological assets, that often result in falling apart of the whole system of socio-ecological interdependencies and hence affects human living conditions for the worse. This research by design envisions the city of Delhi as a collective of societally-upgraded and ecologically sensitive neighbourhoods where the human, ecological and economic prospects are brought under a mutually beneficial strategy. Deriving this upgrade, from the available local skills of the income-poor residents, the perceived role of the slum residents as mere ‘city beneficiaries’ changes to ‘agents of city ecology upkeep’, a shift from being ‘rendered nobody’ to the ‘established primary’. The demonstration site is a conglomeration of diverse social groups, city-scale economic activities, with approximately 25% of its total population living in inhuman conditions. The design augments seamless physical access as the fundamental tool to discontinue construction of socio-spatial divisions and then effectively structures infrastructure-led design solutions, starting from the necessities of housing and institutions that strengthens capacity building to neighbourhood level destinations and thoroughfares. Keywords Slums of Delhi, Policy Framework, Livability, City Ecology 1. Synthesising the case of Delhi 1.2. The concern and the argument The socio-spatial morphology of Delhi is characterised with multi-faceted margins that view the income-poor residents as an unwanted accumulation and strips them of their rights as a primary contributor to the urban system of everyday functioning. In reality, slums are a symptom of systemic socio-political neglect that does not allow equitable dispersal of shelter-livelihood opportunities to the population who work with lower capitals. Such a polarised system of developmental policies impacts the social behaviour of the people living within towards those who come from outside. Alongside, Delhi through its planning mechanisms has its ecological assets bounded, maintained by authorities giving restricted access to the city-dwellers, to protect them. It is a superficial safeguarding measure that has made ecology management an issue of hierarchical authorities managing respective area-based divided ecological parcels, stripping away its productive potentials. The paper argues that a mutually beneficial urban socio-ecological regeneration opportunity lies in combining developmental rehabilitation efforts for income-poor people and ecological potential in the city. It is possible to establish new inter-dependencies beyond the existing ones (See fig.), through an alternative systemic framework that allows for new socio-economic associations and identities to weave in. The new interdependencies stem from Need-Have-Lack modalities of the existing situation that integrates the ecological upliftment as a key factor in better live-work conditions which is the primary objective. The economic input is put forward by recognizing the objective potential of ecology in cities, where they change from gated ornamental aesthetics to self-sufficient productive assets. ![Figure 1: The disparity](image) Figure 1: The disparity ![Figure 2: The new interdependencies within the existing Need-Have-Lack modalities](image) Figure 2: The new interdependencies within the existing Need-Have-Lack modalities ### 2. Theoretical Background #### 2.1. Ecosystem Services and Sustainable Livelihood Framework Ecosystem Services (ES) (DFID, 1999) is a framework that reinterprets the ecology as a socio-economic discourse rather than only recreational or ecological. In figure 3, a matrix weighs each of the ecosystem services against specific urban design components for depend-impact relationships in the context of Delhi. It establishes the need to orchestrate development in terms of a systems approach to ecology, such that the connection between ES source areas and end-users is minimised in distance and maximised in potential (Renner, 2018). An alternative that shifts the perception from ecology in cities to ecology of cities, such that we prepare the ground for ecology for cities; a minimum quantity of ecology that is necessary for a city to be considered liveable (Bueren, 2012)(ref fig 2). The Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) says that in any context, structures and processes of transformation and the vulnerability level are strongly interdependent on transformations in livelihoods and assets which impact livelihoods. These links are highly dynamic relationships that attempt to analyse a context with capitals - Natural, Human, Physical, Financial and Social. Thus, the SLF attempts to simplify the multi-dimensional reality of livelihoods by integrating four pillars of development (economic, social, institutional and environmental) to reduce poverty. Though a differentiated livelihood analysis needs time, financial and human resource and development projects tend to lack the time and effort to be holistic. However, the urban poor is crucial to enhancing ecosystem services as even a nominal increase in transformation effort results in substantial economic increase for them. Better management of and access to basic locally-produced ecosystem services can start a sustainable action from the first day and increase ecological sustenance in cities. This merger of theories involves a diverse gamut of authorities. Hence the design deals with one unit of the city at a time and then extrapolates to the city as a whole, bringing the local mechanisms and local skills into play. The two theories when put together in practice, can result in a holistic upgradation of the living quotient of the cities by allowing the unrealised potential in human capabilities and natural sustenance to make space for each other. Marginalisation might then cease to exist when people and land can grow, modify and develop as and how they allow. 2.2. The Developmental Policy Framework and the marginalised situation of the JJCs and Ecology The slums of Delhi, as called Jhuggi Jhonpri Clusters (JJCs), can be typified by the criteria listed below: - A functional city resource in the precinct. - A residential neighbourhood as immediate adjacency. - Low-Cost Self-built Houses. - Presence of government land. \| Type of Settlement \| Estimated population in 2000 (in lacs) \| Percentage of total population \| \|------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------\|-------------------------------\| \| JJ Clusters \| 20.72 \| 14.8 \| \| Slum-designated areas \| 26.64 \| 19.1 \| \| Unauthorised Colonies \| 7.40 \| 5.3 \| \| JJ resettlement colonies \| 17.76 \| 12.6 \| \| Rural Villages \| 7.40 \| 5.3 \| \| Regularised-Unauthorised colonies \| 17.76 \| 12.6 \| \| Urban Villages \| 8.88 \| 6.4 \| \| Planned Colonies \| 33.08 \| 23.7 \| Figure 5: The types of residential settlements in Delhi. Source: Delhi Development Authority The presence of any two or more conditions stated above can facilitate both shelter and livelihood for the income-poor residents of the city who have either migrated or cannot afford legal housing in their city. Hence such living is a chosen socio-economic strategy based on proximity to livelihood opportunity and affordability. Such is the genesis of the only residential type that is identified as a mere ‘cluster’, by the Master Plan of Delhi (MPD) (See Fig.3). Such households stay in hutments with rental rates of 2500-5000 INR and locate themselves strictly within the neighbourhood’s value chain networks since a daily transportation charge is not preferred. JJCs are classified as illegal but they are not illegitimate, as the planning mechanisms notifies it as a form of residential use and provides them with insufficient water, public toilets, electricity, often initiated as a pre-election luring strategy. Since 1956, when the word ‘slum’ was introduced into the policy documents, Delhi has tried relocation, resettlement, and in-situ rehabilitation but none of them provided decent liveable conditions to the JJC residents. These policies by the governance structure primarily look at the physical condition of the slum as the flaw and neglect the socio-cultural diversity of living (Banerjee, 2012) that has resulted out of an economic give and take mechanism between the ‘slum’ and the ‘better’ slice of the city nearby. It reduced the people’s acceptance in the city to ownership of a formal space of living (Bhan, 2009). Hence, all the practices have failed, partially or fully, as it did not put livelihood ahead of housing. The projects also violated its own master plan of not relocating the residents beyond 5 kilometres from the original location (DDA, 2019). The two methods- resettlement and in-situ rehabilitation- have, respectively, either prioritised the mega-events in the city over the lives of the poor or was programmed for top-down utopian results that not only failed to address the existing living condition and but also failed in securing a footing, across the umpteen authorities involved, to materialise itself as of yet (CPR, 2014; Bhan, 2014). In a polarised policy framework and socially out-cast situation, lives about 30 lakh people in 4, 20,000 hutments in 675 JJCs (DUSIB, n.d.). These policies by the governance structure primarily look at the physical condition of the slum as the flaw and neglect the socio-cultural diversity of living (Banerjee, 2012) that has resulted out of an economic give and take mechanism between the ‘slum’ and the ‘better’ slice of the city nearby. It reduced the people’s acceptance in the city to ownership of a formal space of living (Bhan, 2009). Hence, all the practices have failed, partially or fully, as it did not put livelihood ahead of housing. The projects also violated its own master plan of not relocating the residents beyond 5 kilometres from the original location (DDA, 2019). The two methods- resettlement and in-situ rehabilitation- have, respectively, either prioritised the mega-events in the city over the lives of the poor or was programmed for top-down utopian results that not only failed to address the existing living condition and but also failed in securing a footing, across the umpteen authorities involved, to materialise itself as of yet (CPR, 2014; Bhan, 2014). In a polarised policy framework and socially out-cast situation, lives about 30 lakh people in 4, 20,000 hutments in 675 JJCs (DUSIB, n.d.). The multiplicity of agencies and authorities (See fig. 3) means not only delayed implementation but also mismanagement due to diplomatic blame-game between them. The method of top-down financing, in this multiplicity, often means trickling down of funds to meagre levels that can barely afford a quality solution. Such deceptiveness is exercised in all aspects of development in Delhi, which is why there isn’t enough affordable housing or sufficient infrastructure within the core area of the city, leading to unchecked market-based housing solutions. The developmental authorities look for the easiest profitable and diplomatic way of getting around an urban issue. Rise of slums and restricted city parks are the result of the same failing developmental policies. Unproductive green and excessive paving are the facial makeovers to the worsening liveability quotient even for the plant kingdom, in the most polluted city of the world. The area-based logic of categorising green areas into parks, district parks, city parks, no development zone etc. (YRP, 2017) has made the ecology of Delhi a recreational asset and a privileged possession. This often leads to contestation against the ‘illegal dwellers’ stating that the city’s lands are polluted by them solely and had they not been there, the city would have been beautiful (Baviskar, 2006). Such rhetorics make evictions the easiest solution to the woes of the middle and higher income groups, even with umpteen agencies involved, something that Baviskar rightly calls ‘bourgeoisie environmentalism’. 2.3. The Demonstration Site- Lajpat Nagar, Delhi Being a location that is accessible by three city-level roads, two lines of the metro rail and having one of the four largest retail markets in the city, this precinct has no dearth of livelihood options. It is now an accumulation of 6 types of planned colonies who belong to different socio-economic and ethnic classes. With the Central Market as the pivot of commercial activities with a footfall of 15,000 (TNN, 2020) people every day, the commercial activities have dominated. As the neighbourhood increased in population and economic activities, it attracted a labour population for employment opportunities, resulting in the shaping up of seven JJCs, namely Madrasi Camp, Shiv Mandir Camp, Vijay Camp, Indira Camp, JJ Camp, Pratap Camp, and Adivasi Camp. Figure 8: The site and its connectivity. Source: Author These camps are about 50-60 years old, and are distinct from each other linguistically as each of them is an accumulation of migrants from different states of India. Being culturally different, they show significant differences in the use of spaces, festivals celebrated and even livelihoods. For example, male residents of Madrasi camp are into car cleaning/driving jobs while those of Vijay Camp are employed as mechanics or hawkers primarily, which is altogether different from Adivasi camp’s dominant puppetry profession. Pratap Camp is distinctly involved in scrap dealing for the whole of the neighbourhood leading to further deteriorated living conditions for the inhabitants. However, except Adivasi Camp, all the other camps have not been able to capitalise on the skills that they gained before migrating to Delhi and have hence shifted to available jobs within the urban livelihood diaspora. Figure 9: Shift in livelihood due to migration to Delhi 2.3.1 Interview Findings Through approximately 35 semi-structured interviews, in each of the JJC’s, the following findings were noted: - They travel to their place of work on foot and locate themselves across multiple opportunities in the neighbourhood’s value chain which are centred on the Central Market. - Men start with low skill jobs (e.g., car cleaning) and sometimes move on to semi-skilled jobs (e.g., mechanics) but low pay and long hours prevent them from upskilling and upward mobility. - The women work equal or more hours but opportunities are mostly limited to domestic help. - Children are sent to beg at the Central Market, missing school. A few parents aspire for better private but unaffordable schools. The better performing government schools have an NGO plugged to their daily workings. - All the camps depend on public conveniences for daily bathing and defecation. No hutment is built with a toilet by the landlords. The renters cannot alter any part of the hutment. ![Figure 10: Working Hours-Earnings-Skill level. Source: Author](image) - The Central Market and adjoining streets are often riddled in traffic congestion, disruptive pedestrian movement and frequent contestation for street frontage between the permanent shop owners and vendors. - Due to heavy commercial activity and traffic, the residents of Lajpat Nagar have formed block-wise associations to gate their complexes, manage parking and restrict activity within. - Parks are planted with hybrid or alien species and stay locked most of the time while children do not have a playground. - Almost all the households employ two or more slum residents on a daily basis, however, the neighbourhood has restricted the latter’s access from the slum to the houses (ref fig 9). - Drug dealing, as the primary occupation, in Madrasi Camp, has resulted out of non-availability of low skill jobs or skill development opportunities. ![Figure 11: The contrasting but issue-ridden conditions of the two socio-economic groups. Source: Author](image) - Alcoholism is not uncommon among men. A government school principal noted an empirically established relationship between better employment and lesser consumption of alcohol, better savings in the family and increased school attendance by the children. - These clusters tend to have a mostly steady overall population of working adults who return to their native places after 30-40 years often allowing someone in their familial or village network to take their place in the livelihood opportunity they leave behind. These strong bonds with their native places are an important bridge for a cycle of rural-urban migration. Figure 6: The generation-wise changing population Figure 12: The underused bounded parks of the neighbourhood. Source: Author Figure 13: Mapping the issues. Source: Author 3. Design Envisioning 3.1. The Proposed Policy Framework In figure 14, the prioritized section (in darker color rectangles) of finance, agent, planning, method and space are shown which analytically shows the existing framework and how slum upgradation rehabilitation is a trickle-down attempt (Dupont, 2013). The proposed vision needs a framework that counters existing top-heaviness in planning and replaces trickling-down finance with microfinance; one where the people take a stake in their immediate surroundings and become the producer and consumer. For this it becomes instrumental to bring together local residents, traders associations and NGOs as the agent to take up the program and then finance it through a locally available financing process involving the immediate political representative. Such a framework fairly reverses the course of action, as illustrated in figure 15. This then goes beyond to inform the planning guidelines for the accurate status that the city’s housing and livelihood provision are in, to build the deficit housing such that the city is ready for the population increase it is likely to see. It also allows for various real estate projects to come up based on the need of the precinct; not the city. Darker color indicates priority in the framework and blue arrows indicate the primary stakeholders involved. Figure 14: The Existing Development Process Figure 15: The Proposed Development Process 3.2. Design Implementation Methodology The framework then translates into a methodology (Fig. 14), that first puts forward a housing policy which makes any house without a toilet illegal, and not because it is constructed on unused government land. It also states that if any trader can provide a livelihood, then it must provide a house under the traders’ association, corresponding to the livelihood in exchange of rent. Any demolition must ensure another house in the same precinct before it. Thus, this enables the quantity of housing to be per the number of livelihood opportunities, by making housing as a local strategy at the hands of the employers, as financed by various housing schemes from state and nation. Later, to increase sustainability and livelihood opportunities, all the potential resources are brought together to make an interdependent ecosystem. For example, the waste cloth from the cloth market goes to the women of madrasi camp and the puppeteer of Adivasi camp to make rugs, puppets and various articles out of it. Various wastes are collected and delivered to the Hindustan Prefab Limited that makes new building material for the affordable housing and the neighbourhood, at large, that gives immediate safer job opportunities to the drug-dealers of Madrasi Camp. The green components are recharged by converting them into forests, urban farming parks and playgrounds, which takes the slum residents as agents of upkeep such that the produce is their asset to be kept or sold. These moves bring... together the groups to acknowledge each other’s existence and liberate the unused lands into newer places of associations through new induction of necessary social infrastructure. Such infrastructure encourages capacity building, education and skill development. Thus, the slum upgrade becomes a part of neighbourhood upgradation. 3.3. Structuring Design into the Everyday Human Scale ![Structure Plan](image) Figure 17: Structure Plan. Source: Author The major design move, comes in the form of consolidating a central green that has public facilities, sports centre, building innovation centre, night schools, craft display galleries on the edges such that activities emanate from it and across and establishes a common space for not only the neighbourhood but also the precinct. The design also makes motorised vehicles as an externality, to be kept parked in the MLCPs at the edges of the neighbourhood such that the internal streets and paved areas are open for both residential and commercial public activities. It also connects city level destinations in the precinct through the park on top of the concrete covered drain and adjacent public institutions, types of commerce for a better pedestrian experience, creating diverse urban experiences as one moves from one anchor to another. Provision of skill centres, schools, weekly markets, recreation spaces come additive to efficient housing type and decentralised treatment system for the JJC’s self-sufficiency. A possibility where the need for better shelter, open spaces and sanitation facilities are combined, along with purposeful community seams for future resilience. ‘Culture’ as a character to an open space aligns with the puppetry and musical instruments playing skill of the people Adivasi Camp and Pratap Camp. ‘Social Infra’ aligns with the highest working population of Indira Camp and Vijay Camp and finally ‘Sports’ to connect the schools and hence eventually the whole neighborhood for a sports infrastructure upgrade of their own (Fig 18). Figure 18: Micro Structure Plan Figure 19: Aerial view of the Social Infrastructure node. Source: Author 4. Conclusion To make an ecologically sensitive approach fundamental to planning is a relatively newer idea, with no such already implemented work which has borne results over a longer duration of time that can be referred to as case study. However, Ethekwini Municipality, South Africa and Havana, Cuba are few cities which have initiated development programmes where long-term ecological and human socio-economic sustenance is prioritised. Any selected location across Delhi (fig. 22) can reimagine itself where two of the most marginal resources - People and Land, can upgrade each other. Such upgrade is localised and hence, each of the local future projection and current socio-political, spatial alterations will be unique in urbanity that will add dynamism to how a locality is perceived. Each future then will have enough resistance to shocks like the COVID pandemic, where the slum residents won’t lose their jobs within a day and the children will also be able to attend online classes. Delhi would then be able to project itself, as a sustainable, developed and global city. Figure 22: Delhi as a collective of potential neighborhoods. Source: Author The map does not show all the JJ clusters in this stripped imagery of Delhi. References Banerjee, A. e. (2012). Delhi’s Slum Dwellers: Deprivation, Preferences and Political Engagement among the Urban Poor. London: International Growth Centre. Baviskar, A. (2006). Metamute. Retrieved February 10, 2020, from https://www.metamute.org/editorial/articles/demolishing-delhi-world-class-city-making Bhan, G. (2009). "This is no longer the city I once knew". Evictions, the urban poor and the right to the city in millenial Delhi. Environment and Urbanization, 127-142. Bhan, G. (2014). India Seminar: From the Margins: a symposium on life, living and struggle in Delhi’s urban periphery. Retrieved April 23, 2020, from http://www.india-seminar.com/2014/663/663_gautam_bhan.htm Bueren, E. v. (2012). Sustainable Urban Environments: An Ecosystem Approach. Dordrecht: Springer. CPR. (2014). Rehabilitation of Jhuggi-Jhonpri Clusters in Delhi. Delhi: Center for Policy Research. DDA. (2010). Master Plan for Delhi-2021. Delhi: Delhi Developement Authority. DDA. (2019). Policy for in-situ redevelopment/rehabilitation by the DDA. Delhi: DDA. DFID. (1999). Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets. London: Department for International Development. DUSIB. (n.d.). List of 675 JJ Bastis. Delhi: Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board. HLRN. (2014). Force to the Fringes: Disasters of 'Resettlement' in India: Savda Ghera, Delhi. New Delhi: Housing and Land Rights Network (HLRN). Renner, I. L. (2018). Integrating Ecosystem Services into Development Planning: A stepwise approach for practitioners (2 ed.). Bonn and Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Sheikh, S. S. (2014). Planning the Slum: JJC Resettlement in Delhi and the Case of Savda Ghevra. Delhi: Cities of Delhi, Center for Policy Research. YRP. (2017). Delhi’s Urban Dilemma: Ecology and Public Space. Virginia: Yamuna River Project, University of Virginia.
Impact of Instance Selection on kNN-Based Text Categorization Fatih Barigou* Abstract With the increasing use of the Internet and electronic documents, automatic text categorization becomes imperative. Several machine learning algorithms have been proposed for text categorization. The k-nearest neighbor algorithm (kNN) is known to be one of the best state of the art classifiers when used for text categorization. However, kNN suffers from limitations such as high computation when classifying new instances. Instance selection techniques have emerged as highly competitive methods to improve kNN through data reduction. However previous works have evaluated those approaches only on structured datasets. In addition, their performance has not been examined over the text categorization domain where the dimensionality and size of the dataset is very high. Motivated by these observations, this paper investigates and analyzes the impact of instance selection on kNN-based text categorization in terms of various aspects such as classification accuracy, classification efficiency, and data reduction. Keywords Classification Accuracy, Classification Efficiency, Data Reduction, Instance Selection, k-Nearest Neighbors, Text Categorization 1. Introduction Text categorization (or text classification, TC) can be briefly defined as the task of assigning predefined categories to text documents. It is an important component in many information organization and management tasks as well: text retrieval, filtering, sorting and topic identification [1]. A wide variety of machine learning and statistical classification techniques have been applied to text categorization, among them, k-nearest neighbor algorithm (kNN) has shown great potential. The kNN technique is a very simple and powerful instance-based learning algorithm. Despite its simplicity, it can offer very good performance that is why it is one of the most extensively used nonparametric classification algorithms in TC [2]. The kNN algorithm differs from other learning methods because all computation is deferred until classification and no model is induced from the learning examples. The data remains as they are; they are simply stored in memory. To decide the class of a new sample, the algorithm computes similarities (or distances) between this sample and all training samples in order to look for the kNN of the new sample and predicts the most frequent class of those kNNs. kNN algorithm uses all training data for classification; hence, it requires a high storage memory and a high degree of calculation complexity. In order to tackle these drawbacks, several improvements are proposed over the years to reduce the number of distance (or similarity) calculation actually performed. They aimed to improve the time performance by accelerating the classification process while keeping the error rate as low as possible. We distinguish between two types of accelerating strategies; instance selection methods [3-5] and computation time reduction methods [6]. The first one aimed at reducing the number of examples by filtering out data that are nonessential from a given training dataset. The second one accelerated the search operation during classification by setting well-organized structures of the training set such as kd-trees, ball trees or hashing functions. Although they often yield impressive speed ups, these methods still store the entire training set and their performance tends to deteriorate with increasing data dimensionality. In this paper, we focus on instance selection methods to reduce kNN-based text categorization computation. In the most of the previous works, the focus was mainly on the instance selection from structured data sets where the dimensionalities and the size are very low [3]. However, as text categorization has become one of the major techniques for managing large volume of text document, very little research focus on instance selection for TC [7]. Furthermore, the performance of TC systems when performing instance selection for kNN algorithm has not been fully examined. On the other hand, numerous studies are particularly interested with feature weighting [8] and feature selection [9] to improve text categorization. Therefore, this work investigates and analyzes the impact of using instance selection as reduction methods on the performance of kNN-based text categorization. This is the great question, which we try to answer in this work; does instance selection offers improvement on efficiency of kNN-based text categorization without degrading its classification accuracy? The rest of paper is organized as follow. Section 2 provides an overview of related literatures, including the concept of instance selection and a set of instance selection approaches, highlighting their main characteristics. To compare the effect of those approaches on kNN-based text categorization, Section 3 presents the different experiments carried on three different text datasets followed by a discussion of the results obtained. Finally, the last section summarizes the work done. 2. Instance Selection In order to deal with the problems that arise with the use of the nearest neighbor in classification, numerous methods have been developed and proposed in the literature to reduce the number of training data and simultaneously keep the error rate as low as possible. As Garcia et al. [3] explain in their article, when dealing with the design of training set reduction algorithm, we have to decide or choose between two competing solutions. The first one, called instance selection [3-5,10-12], selects a small representative subset of the initial training set. The second one known as prototype generation, generates a new set of prototypes to replace the initial ones [13]. In this paper we focus only on instance selection methods that we encountered during our literature review. We start this section by defining the concept of instance selection. Then we give an overview of the most representative instance selection algorithms developed to date. The instance selection is an area of research that has been active more than four decades. Since the creation of the kNN algorithm in 1967 [14], a wide variety of instance selection approaches have emerged to address the main drawbacks associated with the algorithm and its variations. Their main objective was to improve the time classification of kNN by reducing the size of the training dataset using an intelligent selection of instances that must be maintained as learning instances. 2.1 The Principle of Instance Selection Instance selection aims at obtaining a representative subset of the initial training dataset capable of achieving, at least, the same performance of the whole training set. Considering the task of text categorization with kNN algorithm, a formal definition of instance selection can be the following: if $D_T$ is the training set consisting of pairs $\langle x_i, y_i \rangle$ $i = 1..n$ where $x_i$ defines input vector of features of document $d_i$ and $y_i$ defines its corresponding class label, then the objective of instance selection (IS) is getting a reduced subset of instances $D_S \subseteq D_T$ such that $\|D_S\| << \|D_T\|$ and $D_S$ does not contain useless instances and when classifying a new text by the kNN algorithm using $D_S$ dataset instead of $D_T$ dataset, performance classification is as good as if it has used $D_T$ dataset [5]. The instance selection methods attempt to preserve the character of the original data by deleting data that are nonessential; they are designed to obtain a training set which is representative and with a smaller size than the original one. Their main objective is to reduce the classification time without degrading the performance of classification. Depending on the strategy followed by these methods, they can remove noise, redundancy or both. 2.2 Instance Selection Approaches The IS problem has been addressed by many authors with different approaches. Garcia et al. [3] gave a complete review of various IS methods and conducted an experimental study comparing 50 related instance selection algorithms using structured datasets from UCI Machine Learning Repository. Instance selection has also been applied to noise detection in gene expression classification data [15], regression [16] and time series prediction [17]. In this paper, we review only some of well-known instance selection algorithms. According to type of selection those algorithms can be divided into four groups: condensation algorithms, edition algorithms, hybrid algorithms, and meta-heuristic algorithms. Condensation algorithms The idea of these algorithms is to remove redundant instances, thus reducing the size of the data set and search complexity. They try to extract a consistent subset of the overall training set in such a way the classification results with kNN are as close as possible to those obtained using the whole dataset. Through the nearest neighbours rule they look for instances that match their closest neighbours. Because those instances provide the same classification information than their neighbors, they can be removed without degrading the accuracy of the classification of other instances that surround them. Decisions taken by condensation algorithms are not robust, i.e. they preserve the noise. In this category, the condensed nearest neighbor (CNN) algorithm is the oldest condensation method described by [18]. An incremental search is used by this algorithm; it begins with an empty subset $D_S$ and one instance per class is chosen randomly from $D_T$ and inserted in $D_S$. Then and incrementally adds each instance in $D_T$ to subset $D_S$ if it fulfils the following criteria: any instance misclassified by its nearest neighbours among the prototypes that are already selected is immediately stored. This incremental process is iterated until there are no more misclassified instances. The performance of the CNN algorithm is sensitive to the noise; noisy instances will usually be misclassified by the CNN and thus will be retained. This causes more misclassification than before reduction. CNN has inspired the development of new methods such as reduced nearest neighbor (RNN) [19], selective nearest neighbor (SNN) [20], Tomek condensation nearest neighbor (TCNN) [21], modified CNN (MCNN) [22], pattern by ordered projections (POP) [23] and fast CNN (FCNN) [24]. The RNN algorithm is a modification of CNN introduced by [19]. It starts with $D_S = D_T$ and removes each instance from $D_S$ if such removal does not cause any other instances in $D_T$ to be misclassified by the instances remaining in $D_S$. Since the instance being removed is not guaranteed to be classified correctly, this algorithm is able to remove noisy instances and internal instances while retaining border points. Experiments have shown that this rule yields a slightly smaller subset than the CNN technique, but it is costly. The SNN algorithm [20] computes the smallest and consistent training set $D_S$ of $D_T$ having the following additional property: each point of $D_T$ is closer to a point of $D_S$ of the same class than to any other point of $D_T$ of a different class. SNN runs in exponential time and, hence, it is not suitable on large training sets. The POP method [23] is the heuristic approach for finding representative patterns. The main idea of the algorithm is to select only some border instances without calculating distance and eliminate the examples that are not in the boundaries of the regions to which they belong. Recently, FCNN [24] makes CNN sub-quadratic to train (as opposed to $O(n^3)$ for CNN), with empirically better test generalization accuracy. It works as follows. First, the consistent subset $D_S$ is initialized to the centroids of the classes contained in the training set $D_T$. Then, during each iteration, for each point $p$ in $D_S$, a corresponding point $q$ of $D_T$ belonging to the neighbors of point $p$ but having a different class label is selected and added to $D_S$. The algorithm stops when no further points can be added to $D_S$, that is, when $D_T$ is correctly classified using $D_S$. Edition algorithms This family follows a strategy which is opposite to condensation; it discards the instances that are harmful to the classification accuracy. This kind of method is mostly used as noise filters and realizes small reductions. The process is decremental; an instance is removed if it is misclassified by a majority vote of its k nearest neighbours. The first and most known edition method was edited nearest neighbor (ENN) algorithm [25]. ENN is based on the following idea: if an instance is misclassified with kNN rule, it must be removed. ENN starts from the initial training data set ($D_S = D_T$), then at each iteration, an instance of $D_S$ is removed if it is not in agreement with the majority of its kNNs. Hence, ENN is an iterative algorithm and the final subset contains only instances that are correctly classified by their kNN. As a result, noisy instances are removed resulting to the improvement of the classification accuracy, but the reduction rate remains low by comparison with other methods [5]. Repeated ENN (RENN) was also proposed by Wilson [25]. The only difference is that the process of ENN is repeated as long as any changes are made in the selected set. Another variant of the ENN method called ALLKNN is proposed by Tomek [21]; the ENN is repeated for all $k$ ($k = 1, 2, \ldots, l$). MENN [26] is a similar algorithm to ENN but in addition it works with a prefixed number of pairs $(k, k')$ where $k$ is employed as the number of neighbors employed to perform the editing process, and $k'$ is employed to validate the edited set DS obtained. One of the most effective editing techniques is the relative neighborhood graph (RNG) [27] method. The general idea is that after construction of a proximity graph, instances misclassified by their neighbours in this graph are removed. Few edition algorithms have been proposed in comparison to the other families. The main reason is that the first edition method, ENN, obtains good results in conjunction with kNN and the other edition approaches do not achieve high reduction rates, which is the main goal of interest in IS. Hybrid algorithms After more than two decades of editing and condensing algorithms, a new trend known as hybrid algorithm appeared as a highly competitive performance combining condensed and edition approaches to remove noisy and redundant instances. They try to find the smallest subset DS which increases the classification performance with a significant reduction rate. Aha et al. [28] proposed a series of algorithms including Instance Based-3 (IB3) that is the most complete version. IB3 was the first hybrid method which combines an edition stage with a condensation one. IB3 is an incremental algorithm that uses a classification score to determine which instances to preserve. Randall Wilson and Martinez [29] presented a series of subtractive algorithms called Decremental Reduction Optimization Procedure (DROP1–5). DROP1 is the basic reduction model, while DROP2–5 are expansions that enhance the performance of the algorithm via noise filters and other extensions. But, the most efficient of the algorithms is DROP3, which best addresses the problem of noisy instances. Compared to DROP2 a filter is added as a pre-processing step to remove samples that are misclassified by their $k$ nearest neighbours. Brighton and Mellish [30] conducted some comparative experiments. They found that DROP3 makes the kNN classifier providing better performances over other instance selection methods. Evolutionary algorithms Considering instance selection as a search problem, genetic algorithms have been widely used for this task in the last two decades. Among them, evolutionary algorithms (EA) stand out [3]. A complete survey of them can be found in [31]. An evolutionary algorithm begins with a set of randomly generated solutions called a population, then, new solutions are obtained by the combination of two existing solutions; crossover operator and mutation operator. All the individuals are then evaluated assigning to each one a value called fitness, which measures its ability to solve the problem. After this process, the best individuals, in terms of higher fitness, are selected and an evolution cycle is completed. This cycle is termed a generation. The main weakness of those approaches is the high computational cost that puts them at a disadvantage compared to other approaches when they come to practical application [32]. However, when compared to non-EAs, which have a short execution time, EA-based algorithms offer more reduction without overfitting. Cano et al. [33] performed an experimental study of different evolutionary algorithms. Based on their results, the adaptive search algorithm CHC got the best performance in accuracy and reduction with Another evolutionary method for instance selection called steady-state memetic algorithm (SSMA) has been presented in [34] to cover a disadvantage of evolutionary methods; their lack of convergence facing big applications. The algorithm integrates global and local searches, as it uses adaptation concepts to produce a training set, and later employs a mimetic optimization to obtain the final population of instances. This method, contrasted to the CHC algorithm [33], produces better accuracy results. Discussion The IS problem has been addressed by many authors with different approaches. However, any definite conclusion can be given on the best method. Experimental analysis on selection techniques has shown that no ideal method exists. Especially, Garcia et al. [3] realize that the choice then depends on the problem at hand. Nevertheless, the results of different experiments obtained by several researchers could always help us to move towards some methods which they consider interesting. Indeed, this literature review allowed us to discover several methods that are interesting point of view performance and efficiency. As shown in Table 1 we have the following findings: - Among the condensation methods, authors in [24] consider FCNN algorithm as a powerful technique and one of the fastest approaches. But its accuracy is sensitive to noise. On the other hand the best reduction is achieved by RNN but its reduction is time consuming. - According to [32], in the editing methods family, the performance of ENN and its low computational costs make it the preferred edition method for most authors. - The hybrid methods combine noise filters with condensation to overcome problems of the editing and condensing strategies. According to [29] experimental results showed that DROP3 had a higher average accuracy than IB3, and had the best mix of storage reduction and generalization accuracy. - As representatives of the meta-heuristic family, we noted that the SSMA and CHC methods offer an excellent compromise between the reduction rate and classification performance but their runtimes execution is very high. It can be noticed that the most interesting methods in terms of effectiveness are EAs. In fact, according to Derrac et al. [31], EAs can improve the performance of data mining algorithms. In particular, Cano et al. [33] have shown, through an experimental study, that evolutionary algorithm can obtain better results than many non-evolutionary instance selection methods in terms of better instance selection rates and higher classification accuracy. The main limitation of those methods is their computational complexity, due to the evolution process involved [33]. However, currently, data sets sizes have grown considerably which means that they are not suitable for large quantities of data. Based on these limitations, several solutions have been proposed to deal with massive data challenge. Cano et al. [35] proposed stratification for large problems. The original data set is divided into smaller subsets of instances then a CHC evolutionary algorithm is applied to each subset. According to [36], the algorithm shows good performance, but it is still too computationally expensive for huge datasets. Another interesting work that faces the challenge of applying EAs to large data sets concerns the parallelization of the task of instance selection. This idea is recently proposed by Triguero et al. [37] where they developed a map reduce approach for IS algorithms. Table 1. Instance selection approaches \| Family \| Algorithm \| Strength \| Weakness \| \|----------\|-----------\|--------------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Condensation \| CNN [18] \| Interesting reduction rate, memory cost and time classification reduced. \| Will not find a minimal consistent subset. Very fragile in respect to noise and depends on the order of arrival of instances. \| \| \| RNN [19] \| Significantly reduces the size of the training set by removing redundant instances. \| Cost of reduction remains high and does not guarantee a minimal output set. \| \| \| SNN [20] \| Computes the smallest and consistent training set. \| Runs in exponential time; it is not suitable on large training sets. \| \| \| FCNN [24] \| It is order independent, requires few iterations to converge scales well on large-sized multi-dimensional data sets. Discards redundant and harmful instances; the size of the training set and time of classification is then reduced. \| Sensitive to the selection of points that are very close to the decision border. \| \| \| POP [23] \| A considerable reduction of training data. No need for distance computation. \| Works independently within each dimension. \| \| Edition \| ENN [25] \| Low computational costs Good performance Edits out noisy instances \| The rate of reduction is not very significant. \| \| \| RNG [27] \| The relative neighbourhood graph can be computed in linear time. \| Decision-boundary changes are often drastic, and not guaranteed to be training set consistent. \| \| \| AllKNN [21]\| Serves more as noise filter. Better reduction and high accuracy than ENN.\| Can leave internal instances intact, thus limiting the amount of reduction. \| \| Hybrid \| DROP3 [29]\| Best mix of storage reduction and generalization accuracy. \| It can in rare cases remove too many instances in the noise reduction-pass which lead to decrease performance. \| \| \| IB3 [28] \| Offers noise tolerance and high reduction rates. \| Does not work well with big data sets and several irrelevant attributes. \| \| Evolutionary \| CHC [33] \| Better accuracy and high reduction rates. \| Lot slower \| \| \| SSMA [34] \| Improved convergence for large problems. \| Very slow during reduction \| 3. Experimental Study In this experimental study we focus on a particular problem, we evaluate the impact of instance selection techniques on effectiveness and efficiency of kNN-based text categorization. We will compare the performance of kNN algorithm using the whole training data set and its performance when using a selected subset of training data set obtained with instance selection methods. All instance selection methods used in this study are collected from KEEL software (http://www.keel.es) and summarized in Table 2. All of our experiments were performed on an Intel Pentium Dual CPU T2330 @1.6 GHZ with 2.00 GO memory. Table 2. Overview of the algorithms evaluated in the experimental study \| Algorithm \| Description \| \|-------------\|------------------------------------\| \| CNN [18] \| Condensed method \| \| MCNN [22] \| Condensed method \| \| FCNN [24] \| Condensed method \| \| POP [23] \| Condensed method \| \| ENN [25] \| Noise filter \| \| MENN [26] \| Noise filter \| \| AllkNN [21] \| Noise filter \| \| RNG [27] \| Noise filter \| \| DROP3 [29] \| Hybrid method (noise filter and condensation) \| \| IB3 [28] \| Hybrid method (noise filter and condensation) \| \| CHC [33] \| Evolutionary based wrapper method \| \| SSMA [34] \| Evolutionary based wrapper method \| 3.1 Data Collection We conduct an experimental study involving three documents data sets to evaluate kNN classification performance with instance selection. Table 3. The description of text datasets \| Dataset \| Number of categories \| Number of documents \| \|-------------\|----------------------\|---------------------\| \| WebKB \| 4 \| 4,199 \| \| Reuters-52 \| 52 \| 9,100 \| \| 20-Newsgroups \| 20 \| 18,828 \| As shown in Table 3, we used as benchmark dataset three widely-used corpora obtained from the website http://web.ist.utl.pt/acardoso/datasets/. The first data set is the well-known WebKB corpus; it consists of 4,199 documents belonging to four categories. Reuters-52 version is the second data set; it consists of 9,100 documents belonging to 52 categories. Finally, the 20-Newsgroups is the third corpus used in our experiments. It contains about 18,828 documents uniformly divided in 20 categories. One noticeable issue of the Reuters and WebKB corpora is the skewed category distribution problem. The most common category in the Reuters corpus is the earn category; it accounts for 43% of the whole set. Similarly, the most common category in WebKB corpus is student category, it accounts for 39.1% of the whole set. We used the KEEL tool to randomly divide the corpus into 80% for training dataset and 20% for testing dataset. 3.2 Performance Measures To assess the impact of instance selection on kNN-based text categorization system, we measure performance in terms of accuracy, reduction rate, classification time, and reduction time. We have recorded reduction time with reduction rate achieved on the training set and accuracy rate with time of kNN classification achieved on the test data set. We used the following measures: - Accuracy: it counts the number of correct classifications regarding the total number of instances classified. - Reduction rate (\|D₅\|): it measures (in percent) the reduction rate achieved by an IS algorithm: - Time of reduction: We calculate the total time spent by IS to generate the D₅ subset from the Dₜ dataset - Time of classification: we calculate the time needed to classify all the instances of test dataset regarding the reduced training set D₅. ### 3.3 Preprocessing The first step in the process of constructing a classifier is to produce from training documents a format appropriate for the classification algorithms, Vector Space Model. We establish an initial list of terms by performing a segmentation of text into words, eliminate stop words using a pre-defined stop list and use the Porter algorithm [38] to perform stemming of the different retained words. Each document “dᵢ” is represented by the characteristic vector $(w_{i1}, w_{i2}, ..., w_{iM})$ where “$w_{ij}$” is the weight of term “$t_j$” in the document “$d_i$” and “$M$” is the number of unique terms obtained after feature selection using information gain method [39]. With this measure, we have selected 400 terms. Binary weighting is also used; the method checks if a particular term appears in the document. The values in the characteristic vector of document “$d_i$” can be 0 or 1. If the term appears in the document, then the weight value “$w_{ij}$” is set to 1, otherwise is set to 0. To predict the class of a new document “q”, the algorithm searches for its kNN by calculating the Euclidean distance (eq.1) with all training documents $D = \{d_i; i = 1, N\}$ and then by majority vote (Eq. (2)) predicts the most common response of those kNNs. \[ D_e(d_i, q) = \sqrt{\sum_{k=1}^{M} \left( w_k(d_i) - w_k(q) \right)^2} \] where $w_k(d_i)$ is the weight of the term $t_k$ in document $d_i$, $w_k(q)$ is the weight of the term $t_k$ in new document “q”. \[ class(q) = \text{ArgMax}_{c_j \in C} \left( \sum_{d_i \in kNN} D_e(d_i, q) \times y(d_i, c_j) \right) \] where $y(d_i, c_j) = \begin{cases} 1 & \text{if } d_i \text{ is of class } c_j \\ 0 & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}$ and $C = \{c_1, c_2, \ldots, c_{\|C\|}\}$ is the set of categories. ### 3.4 Experimental Results Figs. 1–6 show respectively information about accuracy and time of classification on the unseen documents (20%) according to the compression provided by the instance selection algorithms. The figures correspond to kNN classification ($k = 3$) combined with several instance selection algorithms. The horizontal axis of Figs. 1–6 shows the compression of the training set in percent (100 = the whole training set is used). The vertical axis corresponds to accuracy changes (Figs. 1–3) and Time of classification changes (Figs. 4–6) on the test data set of WebKB, Reuters, and 20-Newsgroups corpuses, respectively for a given instance selection algorithm. Figs. 7–9 give information about time elapsed in seconds to complete a run of an instance selection method when used to compress the training WebKB, Reuters, and 20-Newsgroups corpuses, respectively. Fig. 1. Variation of accuracy according to the rate reduction obtained by the instance selection algorithms over WebKB data set. Fig. 2. Variation of accuracy according to the rate reduction obtained by the instance selection algorithms over Reuters data set. Fig. 3. Variation of accuracy according to the rate reduction obtained by the instance selection algorithms over 20-Newsgroups data set. Fig. 4. Variation of time classification according to the reduction rate obtained by the instance selection algorithms over the WebKB corpus. Fig. 5. Variation of time classification according to the reduction rate obtained by the instance selection algorithms over the Reuters corpus. Fig. 6. Variation of time classification according to the reduction rate obtained by the instance selection algorithms over the 20-Newsgroups corpus. Through these figures we have interesting results; reducing instances yields the best trade-off between accuracy and time of classification. Nevertheless, we notice a small loss in accuracy when using 20-Newsgroups because the latter presents class overlapping. The first significant result of this study (see Figs. 1 and 2) is that SSMA and RNG combined with kNN give the best accuracy. When using WebKB corpus, the accuracy of kNN with SSMA is 79.7% and with RNG is 78.17%. The base accuracy of kNN is 78.5%. When using Reuters corpus the accuracy of kNN with SSMA is 90.09% and with RNG is 89.24%. The base accuracy of kNN is 89.17%. It can be noticed that although the dataset is not balanced, the results improved. Looking at Figs. 1 and 2, it can be noticed that the MCNN, the CHC and the SSMA algorithms give the highest reduction rate. The training set of WebKB left with CHC was 0.90%, with MCNN was 0.85% and with SSMA was 2.5%. The training set of Reuters left with CHC was 0.64%, with SSMA was 1.21% and with MCNN was 1.29%. Looking at Fig. 3, we noted that the property of data corpus has a great impact on instance selection. Unlike WebKB and Reuters-52 corpora, small performance degradation is noted with 20-Newsgroups. In the absence of SSMA and CHC methods in this experiment, we find that the performance of condensation methods like CNN and FCNN is superior to that of other instance selection methods. But, if we look also at time of classification in Fig. 6 and time of reduction in Fig. 9, we see that IB3 yields the best trade-off between performance (accuracy and time of classification) and time of reduction. It is particularly remarkable in Figs. 4–6 that the more the rate of reduction increases more time classification decreases. CHC, SSMA, and MCNN allow the highest reduction rate. They are followed by IB3, DROP3, and FCNN. On the other hand, as can be seen in Figs. 7 and 8 there is a great difference between the time costs of the meta-heuristic approaches and the other approaches. SSMA and CHC offer the worst time of reduction. In terms of speed, these are the condensation approaches MCNN, POP, FCNN and the hybrid approach IB3 which are the best. In Fig. 9, it can be observed that the time of reduction increases with the 20-Newsgroups corpus. Instance selection algorithms are affected when the size of data set increases. For example, the CNN algorithm represents a greater cost of time reduction. Fig. 7. Time of reduction obtained over the WebKB corpus. 3.5 Discussion We note from these experiences and taking into account the accuracy, time of classification and the rate of reduction that instance selection applied to training documents provides a compromise between accuracy and time of classification. This result hints at the fact that kNN-based text categorization can benefit from instance selection. The results show also some effects related to the property of data corpus. The latter has a great impact on instance selection. We see a better performance of classification when using instance selection with WebKB and Reuters-50 data corpora however we notice a small loss in accuracy with 20-Newsgroups because this latter represents class overlapping. The SSMA EA is the best method; it allows a better compromise between accuracy and reduction rate but it is still time consuming during reduction, for example, it takes about 259 seconds (more than 4 minutes) to reduce a corpus composed of 3,359 documents (80% of the WebKB corpus) with a vocabulary of 400 words. We conclude that instance selection methods, which enable high reduction, while maintaining performance are generally slower during the selection stage. Those methods belong to the category of meta-heuristic. Faster methods that achieve a good reduction ratio are condensation approaches such as POP, FCNN and MCNN and the hybrid method IB3. Therefore, to summarize this study, we can point out the best performing instance selection methods: - The best condensation method in terms of efficacy is FCNN and. - Within the edition family, RNG achieves the best accuracy but it is slower. - Considering the hybrid family, IB3 is better than DROP3 in terms of efficacy but the last one allows a better reduction rate. - The global best methods in terms of accuracy are SSMA, RNG, CHC, IB3, and FCNN. - Considering trade of accuracy, time of classification and reduction rate, the global best methods are SSMA and CHC. - Considering time of reduction, the global best methods are IB3, POP, FCNN, MCNN, and ENN. 4. Conclusion This paper addressed the analysis of the instance selection algorithms and their use in data reduction in text categorization with kNN classifier. kNN is a simple and widely used machine learning method in the field of text categorization. Behind its simplicity, however, kNN algorithm is time consuming. There have been efforts to minimize the running time. Here we are interested by instance selection approaches to reduce the running time. Instance selection in large data sets are important algorithms needed by a variety of high performance computing applications, for example, text categorization for information retrieval, spam filtering, and text mining of large corpuses. In this paper, we review a set of methods for selecting instances and study their impact on kNN-based text categorization. Experiments show that improvements can be made by using instance selection; the results show that with higher dimensional data, in most cases instance selection methods combined with kNN perform better than directly using kNN. An experimental study was carried out to compare the results of various instance selection algorithms over three text data sets. The main conclusions reached are as follows. - Evolutionary algorithms outperform the classical algorithms (condensation, edition and hybrid), simultaneously offering two main advantages: better data reduction percentages and higher classification accuracy. - The CHC and SSMA are the most appropriate EA, according to the algorithms that we have compared. They offer good performance in both accuracy and reduction; however, their main disadvantage is that they spent during reduction more runtime than the others approaches. The problem then is runtimes grows when very large datasets are processed like in text categorization. Therefore, as a final concluding remark, we consider EAs to be a good mechanism for data reduction to improve kNN-based text categorization efficacy and efficiency and in particular the CHC and SSMA algorithms. They can select the most representative instances satisfying both the objectives of high accuracy and reduction rates. As mentioned earlier, their main limitation is their long reduction time, which makes it difficult to apply these algorithms to very large data sets. To cover as much as possible the problem of time cost, future work will consider how to speed up the evolutionary algorithms like CHC and SSMA. We would say that future research could be directed toward the study of using graphic processing unit (GPU) to parallelize the evolutionary algorithms. For future work, more experiments on more large text datasets can be also performed. References [1] F. Sebastiani, “Machine learning in automated text categorization,” ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 34, no 1, pp. 1-47, 2002. [2] T. Songbo, “An effective refinement strategy for KNN text classifier,” Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 290-298, 2006. [3] S. Garcia, J. Derrac, R. Cano, and F. 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Herrera, “A memetic algorithm for evolutionary prototype selection: a scaling up approach,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 8, no. 41, pp. 2693-2709, 2008. [35] J. R. Cano, F. Herrera, and M. Lozano, “Stratification for scaling up evolutionary prototype selection,” Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 953-963, 2005. [36] C. Garcia-Osorio, A. de Haro-Garcia, and N. Garcia-Pedrajas, “Democratic instance selection: a linear complexity instance selection algorithm based on classifier ensemble concepts,” Artificial Intelligence, vol. 174, no. 5/6, pp. 410-441, 2010. [37] I. Triguero, D. Peralta, J. Bacardit, S. Garcia, and F. Herrera, “MRPR: a MapReduce solution for prototype reduction in big data classification,” Neurocomputing, vol. 150, pp. 331-345, 2015. [38] M. F. Porter, “An algorithm for suffix stripping,” Program, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 130-137, 1980. [39] Y. Yang and J. O. Pedersen, “A comparative study on feature selection in text categorization,” in Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Machine Learning, San Francisco, CA, 1997, pp. 412-420. Fatiha Barigou [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5444-4000](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5444-4000) She graduated from Department of Computer Science, University of Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella, Algeria. In 2012, she received her Ph.D. degrees in Computer Science from the University of Oran 1. She is currently a research member of Laboratory of Computer Science of Oran. Her research interests include natural language processing, information extraction, information retrieval, knowledge-based system, pattern recognition and text mining.
Muir, John Memorial Shelter Fresno County, CA N/A Multiple Name This property is listed in the National Register of Historic Places in accordance with the attached nomination documentation subject to the following exceptions, exclusions, or amendments, notwithstanding the National Park Service certification included in the nomination documentation. Signature of the Keeper: ____________________________ Date of Action: 8/15/2016 Amended Items in Nomination: Significance: The appropriate Period of Significance is limited to: 1930-1933. [This period acknowledges the significant events associated with dedication of the shelter as a commemorative site in association with John Muir and is consistent with opinions provided by the FPO and SHPO in their comments.] The Significant Dates are limited to 1930 and 1933, deleting 1966, which falls outside the period of significance and only reflects continuing use. The appropriate Areas of Significance are clarified to reflect: Architecture, Conservation, and Recreation/Entertainment. [This serves to clarify inconsistencies within the current nomination and FPO/SHPO comments.] These clarifications were confirmed with the NPS FPO office. DISTRIBUTION: National Register property file Nominating Authority (without nomination attachment) 1. Name of Property Historic name: Muir, John, Memorial Shelter Other names/site number: Muir Hut Name of related multiple property listing: N/A 2. Location Street & number: Grant Grove Village in Kings Canyon National Park, Highway 180 City or town: Grant Grove State: California County: Fresno Not For Publication: [ ] Vicinity: [X] 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this [X] nomination ___ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property [X] meets ___ does not meet the National Register Criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant at the following level(s) of significance: [X] national ___ statewide ___ local Applicable National Register Criteria: [X] A ___ B ___ C ___ D Signature of certifying official/Title: Lee Ann Jones for Jay Beasley/7/21/2016 Date: 7/21/2016 State or Federal agency/bureau or Tribal Government: National Park Service In my opinion, the property [X] meets ___ does not meet the National Register criteria. Jenan Saunders, commenting official Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer Date: 5/27/16 Title: CA State Office of Historic Preservation State or Federal agency/bureau or Tribal Government: 4. National Park Service Certification I hereby certify that this property is: ☒ entered in the National Register ___ determined eligible for the National Register ___ determined not eligible for the National Register ___ removed from the National Register ___ other (explain:) Signature of the Keeper 8/15/2016 5. Classification Ownership of Property (Check as many boxes as apply.) Private: [ ] Public – Local [ ] Public – State [ ] Public – Federal [X] Category of Property (Check only one box.) Building(s) [X] District [ ] Site [ ] Structure [ ] Object [ ] Number of Resources within Property (Do not include previously listed resources in the count) \| Contributing \| Noncontributing \| \|--------------\|-----------------\| \| 1 \| \| \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2 \| 0 \| Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register 0 6. Function or Use Historic Functions (Enter categories from instructions.) RECREATION AND CULTURE: monument/marker commemorative monument/marker RECREATION AND CULTURE: outdoor recreation storm shelter Current Functions (Enter categories from instructions.) RECREATION AND CULTURE: outdoor recreation storm shelter RECREATION AND CULTURE: monument/marker commemorative monument/marker 7. Description Architectural Classification (Enter categories from instructions.) OTHER: Italian Trullo Hut Tradition Materials: (enter categories from instructions.) Principal exterior materials of the property: Stone: Sierra Granite Mortar: Portland cement, river sand, and granite dust Wood: California White Oak (Quercus lobata) Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current physical appearance and condition of the property. Describe contributing and noncontributing resources if applicable. Begin with a summary paragraph that briefly describes the general characteristics of the property, such as its location, type, style, method of construction, setting, size, and significant features. Indicate whether the property has historic integrity.) Summary Paragraph The John Muir Memorial Shelter is a rustic, freestanding octagonal stone structure with a steep, conically shaped corbelled stone roof. The shelter owes its form and detailing to the seventeenth century Italian Trullo Hut building tradition concentrated in the Apulia region of southern Italy. The stone structure encloses a single open chamber with a sixteen-foot high corbelled stone ceiling, built-in perimeter stone seating, and a stone fireplace with raised hearth and external chimney. The load-bearing masonry shelter measures 21’ by 21’ across its base exterior dimensions. The shelter has an entry Dutch door facing east, a single fixed-pane window facing north, and a segmental-arched granite fireplace and hearth facing south. The shelter’s historic integrity remains intact from 1930: its original coursed granite fieldstone octagonal walls are uncompromised; its distinctive beehive-shaped granite roof has maintained its original conical form and steep slope; and the original oak entrance door and window both have been preserved. The memorial shelter was sited strategically at the Muir Pass saddle, at an elevation of 11,955 feet. It sits in close proximity to the John Muir Trail (JMT), about thirty feet away, within the park boundary of Kings Canyon National Park in Fresno County, California. The remote site at the crest of the Sierra Nevada range is accessible only by foot, horseback or by helicopter. The nearest automobile access and trailhead is at Florence Lake, located about 23 miles to the northwest. The nearest town is Bishop, CA, located about 41 trail miles to the northeast. Bishop is reached by foot from Muir Pass by following the Pacific Crest Trail (PCT) north to the South Lake Trail intersection, then east to Bishop. Views from the Shelter include Mount Solomons to the south-southwest and Mount Warlow to the north. Wanda Lake is west of Muir Pass and Helen Lake is to the northeast. Narrative Description The John Muir Memorial Shelter was conceived to serve both as a commemorative memorial and an emergency dwelling for hikers and backpackers. It was erected by the Sierra Club in 1930 at the top of the Muir Pass, at the lofty elevation of 11,955 feet above sea level. Muir Pass, which separates the Evolution Basin and the Middle Fork of the Kings River, is approximately the halfway point of the 212 mile long John Muir Trail (JMT). The Muir Memorial Shelter’s fieldstone character blends harmoniously with its surrounding granite outcroppings in this high Alpine Zone of the Sierra Nevada, approximately two thousand feet above the tree line. The picturesque Alpine landscape context for the shelter’s site selection in 1930 is extraordinary for its expansive treeless vistas of glacial carved granite canyons, silhouetted alpine peaks, and several crystalline lakes (such as Helen and Wanda Lakes, named after Muir’s two daughters) extending as far as the eye can see. The 360 degree view from the saddle of Muir Pass provides no evidence of trees or vegetation in any direction. The viewshed from Muir Pass is purported to be the only location on the JMT where the treeless austere landscape dominates the entire horizon. Thus the shelter’s elevated and remote siting at Muir Pass is an important character-defining contextual feature of the Trullo structure. Those that make the arduous climb to the pass are rewarded, by William Colby’s intention, with an unparalleled panoramic view of Sierra Alpine grandeur. The glacier-clad Mt. Goddard and the north face of the multihued Goddard Divide provide an impressive backdrop to the southwest, while the string of summits of Mount Huxley, Spencer, Darwin and Mendel line the northeast horizon. These dramatic viewsheds epitomize the “Range of Light” qualities that Muir famously ascribed to the Sierra Nevada. The single-cell octagonal shelter rises 16'-0" from the granite paver floor to the conical peak of the roof. Its load-bearing masonry walls are constructed of coursed granite fieldstone set with a high-strength Portland cement mortar. Its stout 2-½' thick octagonal walls provide a stable base to support the steep (14:12 sloped) corbelled granite roof. In plan, the exterior footprint of the structure forms a 21' by 21' truncated square. Its interior floor plan reduces to a 16' by 16' octagon, owing to the hut’s thick perimeter walls. The eight facets of its octagonal walls are not equal. Four of the interior walls measure eight feet across, while the other four truncated walls, measure 6' in width. A granite fireplace, hearth, and mantel ensemble on the south wall is the interior’s primary focal point. Directly opposite the fireplace, a 2' by 2' oak framed single-pane window sits within the north wall. The original 1930 entrance door is a 2'-6" wide by 6' high oak-paneled Dutch door. The upper leaf of the door features three vertical lights. The door’s jamb is recessed two feet within the masonry opening of the east wall. A granite stepped chimney rises over the south wall to a chimney cap height 14'-0" above finish floor. Four smoke outlets measuring 8" x 12" vent directly under a pyramidal granite chimney cap. Alterations and Integrity The shelter’s historic integrity remains intact from 1930: the shelter has remained unchanged in form, plan, and details. Its original coursed granite fieldstone octagonal walls are uncompromised; its distinctive beehive-shaped granite roof has maintained its original conical form and steep slope; the corbelled granite chimney is intact, and the original oak entrance door and window both have been preserved. Despite weathering many years of intense wind, rain and snow at the 12,000 foot-elevation, only entry door rebuilding, window repairs and minimal stone repointing has been required. There are only two minor exceptions to the shelter’s pristine integrity. An obelisk-shaped granite finial once projected 22" above the peak of the roof. It disappeared from the roof sometime after 1960. The finial is the only original character-defining detail that has been lost since its 1930 construction. During the summer of 1985 a Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SEKI) restoration work crew accomplished some much-needed granite repointing work. In August 2013 another SEKI restoration crew made carpentry repairs to the entry door and north window. They also closed off the firebox with granite fieldstone and mortar to prevent flue access by resourceful marmots, and to restrict campfires above 10,000 feet, consistent with the park’s policy within Alpine Zone Wilderness. 8. Statement of Significance Applicable National Register Criteria (Mark "x" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing.) - [x] A. Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history. - [ ] B. Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. - [x] C. Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. - [ ] D. Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. Criteria Considerations (Mark “x” in all the boxes that apply.) - [ ] A. Owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes - [ ] B. Removed from its original location - [ ] C. A birthplace or grave - [ ] D. A cemetery - [ ] E. A reconstructed building, object, or structure - [x] F. A commemorative property - [ ] G. Less than 50 years old or achieving significance within the past 50 years Muir, John, Memorial Shelter Fresno, California Areas of Significance (Enter categories from instructions.) ARCHITECTURE RECREATION CONSERVATION Period of Significance 1930-1933 Significant Dates 1930 - construction 1933 - dedication 1966 — 50 year historic Significant Person (Complete only if Criterion B is marked above.) Cultural Affiliation Architect/Builder Gutterson, Henry H. Wenz, Michael Statement of Significance Summary Paragraph (Provide a summary paragraph that includes level of significance, applicable criteria, justification for the period of significance, and any applicable criteria considerations.) The John Muir Memorial Shelter is eligible for the National Register at the national level of significance under Criterion A in the area of Conservation and under Criterion C in the area of Architecture. The only building conceived and erected by the Sierra Club to honor its first President and co-founder, John Muir, the shelter is located at the proximate mid-point of the John Muir Trail (JMT) section of the Pacific Crest Trail (PCT). The trail was established through the Club’s lobbying efforts in 1915, a year after Muir’s death, and thus it was named in his honor. Muir is regarded by modern environmental historians as the most influential American conservationist in the nation’s history and “the father” of the National Park Service. The Muir Memorial Shelter is significant under Criterion A: Conservation as the sole commemorative structure in the United States erected to pay tribute to the pioneering role played by Muir and the Sierra Club in the American conservation movement and the stewardship of natural resources. The shelter is further significant under Criterion C: Architecture for its distinctive Italian-derived Trullo Hut design and its indigenous rustic stone construction. It is one of two mountain shelters erected in the United States in the Italian Trullo Hut design tradition, and the only one to provide the communal features of a centralized hearth, decorative fireplace mantel and perimeter seating for thirty. Its native granite fieldstone materials are in visual harmony with its high Alpine environment, thus meeting the principles set forth by the NPS landscape division in the late 1920s to reflect the practices of Park Rustic architecture. The shelter was designed by Henry Gutterson who was among the San Francisco Bay Area architects to develop a distinctive style based upon Arts & Crafts design that was extremely influential in the development of park architecture. Significant as well for its recreational association with national parks and its architectural value as a strategically sited mountain shelter, independent of its association with John Muir, the property also meets Criteria Consideration F. The shelter’s period of significance period of significance is from 1930 to 1966, beginning with its design and construction in 1930 and extending to its fifty-year-old historic threshold of 1966, which recognizes the continuous commemorative function and significance of the resource. Narrative Statement of Significance (Provide at least one paragraph for each area of significance.) CRITERION A: CONSERVATION The Muir Memorial Shelter is the one and only commemorative memorial structure built in the United States after John Muir’s death in 1915 to honor the man’s lasting contributions in the advancement of the nation’s conservation movement. The unusual construction project was lead by Muir’s protégé, Sierra Club High Trip leader and Secretary William Colby. The construction of the rustic memorial shelter in the summer of 1930, at the beginning of the nation’s Great Depression, underscores the determination of many of Muir’s Sierra Club admirers to erect a fitting memorial to him, dramatically situated at the crest of his beloved Sierra Nevada mountains. Neither the John Muir National Historic Site in Martinez, CA nor the Muir Woods National Monument in Marin County, CA offer a similar post-mortem commemorative memorial association. Neither of those famous Muir historic sites features a symbolic dwelling erected for the purpose of memorializing the man. The Muir Memorial Shelter is therefore nationally important as a unique commemorative property erected high in the Sierra Wilderness, the sole architectural feature along the John Muir Trail. At the time that John Muir established the Sierra Club in 1892 little was recorded about the Sierra Nevada Mountains and few had ventured into them, other than shepherders and their stock. The impact of the latter was among the concerns of the Club members and a motivation for their push for protections. In so doing, the Club worked to create public awareness and interest in hiking and outdoor recreation that they thought could lead to government regulation of the area and eventually the creation of parks and wilderness areas. Instrumental to this effort was the creation of hiking trails. Beginning through individual efforts and small hiking parties the mapping of trails was begun. Muir’s studies and publications, more than any other efforts, brought public attention to the beauty and importance of this area, while Joseph LeConte helped to blaze the early trails. Before the creation of the National Park Service, the Sierra Club was responsible for the recession of the Yosemite Valley to the Federal Government from the state of California in 1905. In 1901, the Sierra Club began annual month-long outings or excursions to remote portions of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, guided only by geological survey maps. Traveling “untrammeled” ground through inaccessible areas was a rewarding but arduous task, requiring the use of pack animals to carry supplies and camping equipment. As the Club’s membership grew, so did the recognition of, and support for, federal parks and wilderness areas. The Sierra Club effectively became a lobbying group for the Forest Service beginning in the 1890s, and later for the National Park Service as interest grew from conservation to encompass recreation. Muir’s publications, in particular Our National Parks published in 1901, caught the attention of then-president Theodore Roosevelt who would eventually spearhead the creation of the National Park Service in 1916. The Club supported the bill that created the NPS, and Club member Stephen Tyng Mather became its first director. The Sierra Club lobbied Congress for the creation of Kings Canyon National Park, launching a public campaign in 1935 that included the publication of a pamphlet entitled The Kings River Region Should Be a National Park. The Club also had a hand in the establishment of the Glacier, Mt. Rainier, and Olympic National Parks, among others, and for the extensions of many more park sites. The Sierra Club continues to play a vital role in assisting NPS in fulfilling its mission. The history of the Muir Trail dates to the 1880s when individuals such as Theodore Solomons first envisioned a high-elevation trail following the spine of the Sierra Nevada passable by herders and livestock. Prior to that, government surveyors tasked with preparing geological surveys first explored the area in the 1860s identifying some of the areas that would later form the pass. John Muir was among the first to venture into this remote backcountry purely for the sake of conservation and recreation. He was followed by future Sierra Club members Joseph LeConte and Bolton Brown who were intent on finding a route that would link the Yosemite Valley and Kings Canyon. While various passable sections of the final trail were identified it was not until the Sierra Club successfully lobbied the California Legislature for funding in 1914 that work began on a trail that could facilitate complete access between these two points. A trail through major sections, including the development of many new sections of the trail, was completed by 1916. However, it was 1930 before most of the trail was completed; the final section, the Golden Staircase, was not completed until 1938. Timely inspiration for the Muir Memorial occurred in early 1930, when the Secretary of the Sierra Club William Colby opened his February, 1930 issue of National Geographic Magazine and discovered an article entitled “The Stone Beehive Homes of the Italian Heel.” Impressed by the exotic vernacular stone architecture, Colby envisioned a granite version of the Trullo hut to be constructed at Muir Pass as a commemorative memorial to John Muir as well as a functional shelter for hikers and backpackers. The strategic setting at the apex of Muir Pass was intentional: to place the memorial at the proximate midpoint of the John Muir Trail in honor of Muir’s contributions to the Sierra Nevada’s wilderness conservation movement. The Muir Memorial Shelter was conceived by William E. Colby and designed by Henry Gutterson. Colby worked for the Sierra Club for more than sixty years in various capacities including lawyer, director, recording secretary and supporter. He is credited with beginning the Club’s annual hiking or “High Trips” that initiated their outing programs and became the training ground for emerging club leaders. Colby contributed substantially to the establishment of Kings Canyon and other national parks in the west and was the first recipient of the Club’s John Muir Award. Architect Henry Gutterson translated Colby’s seminal idea into buildable architectural form at a ~12,000 foot high Sierra Nevada elevation. Gutterson was born in 1884. He graduated from Berkeley High School and the University of California’s School of Architecture before attending the acclaimed École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, from 1906 to 1909. He worked briefly in New York for architect Grosvenor Atterbury before returning to the San Francisco-Bay area. He served on the design staff for the Panama Pacific Exposition before establishing his own practice. His design work consisted mostly of residential structures including the award-winning Hart Weaver House. Among his other masterpieces is Berkeley’s Romanesque style Second Church of Christ Science, built in 1926. His body of Arts and Crafts style work is characterized by its subdued, naturalistic forms maintained by classically inspired proportion and massing. In preparing construction documents for the Muir Shelter, Gutterson brought a sophisticated understanding of the Trullo hut building type to the project. In the spring of 1930 he produced a single sheet of pencil-rendered construction drawings that included two floor plans, a front elevation, building section, and details of the conical stone roof of the shelter to guide the masons and carpenters. Gutterson also executed a pencil perspective rendering of the Trullo-style shelter, set in the proposed rocky, treeless setting of Muir Pass. Gutterson’s construction drawings and rendering assured the project’s ultimate success. The rendering was Gutterson’s opportunity to give emotive expression to the shelter’s commemorative memorial function. In two critical structural details, Gutterson adapted the vernacular Italian dry-stack masonry to work in the hostile alpine-zone climate of the California Sierra Nevada. First, instead of dry-stacking the granite fieldstone, as was the Italian tradition, Gutterson specified a high-strength Portland cement mortar to firmly bind the local granite fieldstone walls and roof. Second, to further reinforce the steep beehive-shaped corbelled stone roof, he designed two steel cables to serve as tension rings at the midsection of the beehive roof. Gutterson’s critical modifications to the lowland Italian building tradition gave the shelter’s masonry wall added structural integrity and the roof tensile strength to help withstand the harsh freeze-thaw conditions that occur at Muir Pass. The Sierra Club, in partnership with the U.S. Forest Service, constructed the John Muir Memorial Shelter in the summers of 1930 and 1931. Led by master mason Mike Wenz, a U.S. Forest Service construction crew erected the memorial shelter during the summer of 1930. The remote location of the Shelter, a full two-hike from the nearest accessible point, complicated the construction process. All building materials, other than the granite gathered from the immediate site had to be transported several miles by mule. According to one account, “It is hard to picture fully the hardships experienced by the workmen. The shelter stands squarely on the summit of Muir Pass, between the watershed of the Kings and the San Joaquin Rivers, at an elevation of 12,059 feet (later revised by USGS to 11,955 ft.). Since it is several miles above all timber, fuel as well as building materials had to be packed to the site on mules. All sand for mortar was packed nine miles, and during the last of the season even water had to be packed two and one-half miles. The trip from the end of the last road took four days, and much of the time an alternate had to be made between each regular trip to bring fuel up from the nearest timber supply. It is then not surprising that the packing costs exceeded all other costs.” The difficulties in delivering construction materials to the site speak to both the dedication of the Sierra Club to honoring Muir’s memory and to the need for a storm shelter at this location. The interior woodworking, the installation of the entry door and jamb and the single pane window and jamb, were completed during the summer of 1931. The John Muir Memorial Shelter was dedicated in July 1933. CRITERION C: Significance in Architecture The John Muir Memorial Shelter is significant for its distinctive Italian Trullo Hut design and indigenous rustic construction. The Trullo style architecture was derived from the vernacular fieldstone drystack building tradition practiced in the Apulia region of southern Italy during the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. Moreover, the Shelter is erected of indigenous materials in harmony with its environment, in the then-emerging tradition of Park Rustic and naturalistic landscape architecture design. The decision to erect the Muir Memorial Shelter in the Trullo Hut architectural style was conceived by then Sierra Club Secretary William E. Colby in February 1930, translated into construction documents by Beaux-Arts trained architect Henry Gutterson in May 1930, and constructed by a select masonry crew provided by the U.S. Forest Service during the summer of 1930. There are only two Trullo Hut-style buildings in the United States: the Agnes Vaille Shelter, built in 1927, and the Muir Memorial Shelter, built in 1930. --- 1 Colby, William E., Notes and Correspondence (Sierra Club Bulletin Volume XVI, February, 1931), 98. Both serve as commemorative memorials as well as high mountain emergency shelters. The Agnes Vaille Shelter, erected on Long’s Peak in Rocky Mountain National Park, was built to honor a pioneering woman mountaineer, Agnes Vaille who perished tragically in a climbing accident on the 14,259 high mountain in 1927. The Trullo hut typology is characterized by massive, load-bearing fieldstone perimeter walls and a steeply sloped, beehive-shaped conical stone roof. As envisioned by the architect Gutterson, the perimeter walls of the Muir Hut are 2’-6” in width. The roof pitch was designed to be a steep 18:12 pitch, as shown in Gutterson’s building elevation. However, as the Muir Hut’s roof was actually constructed, the actual roof pitch was not so steep. It measures close to 14:12 in slope. The structural motivation for the Trullo hut’s steep roof pitch was to lessen its tendency to collapse by checking the horizontal forces acting on the corbelled fieldstone roof. To increase the strength of the roof assembly further, Gutterson prescribed Portland cement, river sand and granite dust for the high-strength mortar specification. Extreme winds, severe temperature fluctuations and freeze-thaw cycles at the high altitude settings made it necessary to deviate from the traditional Italian “drystack” mortarless construction. Adding the high-strength Portland cement mortar was a crucial modification from the traditional Trullo hut drystack masonry methodology. While a drystack stone construction method was appropriate for the warm Mediterranean Trullo hut climate, it was not viable for the high altitude application at Muir Pass. Architect Henry Gutterson conceived the octagonal interior floor plate as a stone-vaulted single chamber with four truncated corners, dimensioned originally at 12’-0” by 12’-0” in both long axes. During the construction process, the master mason, Mike Wenz, enlarged the interior chamber’s footprint to 16’-0” by 16’-0”, enlarging the room from 144 to 256 square feet. Curiously, Gutterson did not include any windows in his floor plan. That omission was corrected during the construction phase: a 2’-0” by 2’-0” window was inserted into the north wall to bring additional daylight into the dimly lit chamber. Gutterson’s scheme also called for a large fireplace to be constructed against the south wall. A raised granite hearth and segmental-arched granite fireplace surround were detailed separately on his drawing, along with a massive fieldstone chimney rising up to a 13’-0” high chimney cap above the south wall. The stone arched fireplace surround and projecting granite chimney were constructed as Gutterson detailed and dimensioned them. The segmental arched granite hearth and massive exterior chimney gave the Muir Shelter added sculptural form. The fireplace and chimney features transformed the cold stone chamber into a more habitable dwelling. Besides offering protection from gale force winds and whiteout snow conditions at the pass, the ability to build a fire within the chamber provided a creature comfort unexpected at the barren pass. Having an elegant fireplace and mantel assembly within the Muir Memorial Shelter distinguishes it from its Colorado sister hut, the Agnes Vaille Shelter, which does not have a fireplace. On the shelter’s primary façade, its East Elevation, Gutterson’s drawing indicates that he envisioned installing a massive granite lintel over the entry portal. Such a monolithic piece of granite would have weighed over 3,500 pounds, well beyond the lifting capacity of the masonry crew laboring at Muir Pass. The lead mason Mike Wenz substituted a much more slender granite lintel, downscaling Gutterson’s monumental vision. Beyond this substitution, the architectural and engineering solutions that produced such a durable Muir Memorial Shelter were owing to the insightful design skills of architect Henry H. Gutterson. Because the structure was constructed using indigenous materials so as to be in harmony with its environment, the Muir Memorial Shelter meets the principles set forth by the NPS landscape division in the late 1920s to reflect the practices of Park Rustic, and naturalistic landscape architecture. In fact, it was designed by Henry Gutterson who was among the San Francisco Bay Area architects to develop a distinctive style based upon Arts & Crafts design that was extremely influential in the development of park architecture. The leader of this group was Bernard Maybeck, whose work—like that of his colleagues and protégés—was characterized by the use of indigenous wood and stone, accommodation with the environmental setting, the use of beams, trusses, and steeply pitched roofs to create vaulted, open interior spaces, and handcraftsmanship. Their architectural achievements marked an important step in the evolutionary development of a distinctive Park Rustic design. According to landscape historian Linda McClelland, “The work of Maybeck and the other Bay Area architects was an important link between the Shingle style and national park architecture. These practitioners used forms such as the octagon and hexagon and explored the relationships of space, site, view, and native materials that were in keeping with the Shingle style principles. Maybeck made significant advances in the relationship of interior space, external setting, structural design, and light—advances that would influence national park design.” With regard to the shelter’s setting, the John Muir Trail section of the Pacific Crest Trail is a 211-mile-long route through the Sierra Nevada in California. The trail leads from Yosemite National Park through the John Muir and Ansel Adams Wilderness Areas, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, terminating at Mount Whitney. Said to contain the finest mountain scenery of any trail in the United States, the John Muir Trail is described as "America's most famous trail." Thus the Muir Trail linked two important locations that were the focus of John Muir’s extensive research and conservation work. Although Muir traveled the world, it was California’s Sierra Nevada and Yosemite Valley that most captured his imagination. It was here that he discovered a living glacier in 1871 and shortly thereafter began a series of articles entitled “Studies in the Sierra.” Muir published 300 articles and 10 major books, including Our National Parks published in 1901, expounding his naturalist philosophy and urging readers to “Climb the mountains and get their good tidings.” His writings helped bring attention to this region that eventually led to the creation of Yosemite National Park in 1890, and many others to follow. It was for these reasons that the Sierra Club lobbied to name the complete trail after John Muir. The Muir Shelter was strategically located at the apex of the trail to take advantage of the spectacular panoramic views of the surrounding mountains and overlooks of the John Muir Wilderness, representing one of the nation’s preeminent cultural/natural landscapes. CRITERIA CONSIDERATION F: Commemorative Properties The John Muir Memorial Shelter is the only building conceived and erected by the Sierra Club to honor its first President and co-founder, John Muir. Likewise, the strategic setting at the apex of Muir Pass was intentional: to place the memorial at the proximate midpoint of the John Muir Trail in honor of Muir's contributions to the Sierra Nevada’s wilderness conservation movement. In addition to Muir’s role in founding the Sierra Club, his extensive writings on topics of conservation and wilderness, such as Our National Parks, helped bring attention to this region that eventually led to the creation of Yosemite National Park in 1890. Muir’s work ultimately laid the groundwork for the establishment of the National Park Service in 1916. It was for these reasons that the Sierra Club lobbied to name the complete trail after John Muir. The Muir Shelter is one of only two memorial buildings constructed by the Club. The other is the LeConte Memorial Lodge in Yosemite, built for Joseph LeConte, a geologist and early Sierra Club director who worked with Muir to explore and protect Yosemite National Park and the Sierra Nevada, and was the first to support Muir’s theory of glacial formation. The LeConte Lodge, along with the Parsons Memorial Lodge and the Ranger’s Club are also among those park structures influenced by the Bay Area style. LeConte Lodge has already been designated as a National Historic Landmark (NHL) for its architectural significance. The LeConte Lodge together with the John Muir Memorial Shelter mark the two parks that bookend the John Muir Trail: Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks and Yosemite National Park. Leaders of the Sierra Club dedicated the memorial shelter in July 1933, during a boisterous ceremony that included speeches and musical performances, held during the club’s annual high country trip. Sixty hikers, all participants in the Sierra Club’s annual High Trip, congregated at the Muir Pass for the ceremony. A bronze plaque, inscribed “To John Muir, Lover of the Range of Light,” was installed next to the entrance. Comments were delivered by Sierra Club Secretary William E. Colby and Club President Francis Farquhar. Colby’s accomplishment is remarkable in light of its 1930 year of construction, coinciding with the beginning of the Great Depression. After the ceremony, photographer Ansel Adams recorded two large-format portraits of William Colby, the Sierra Club High Trip’s Leader, standing in the entry of the memorial shelter. In recalling the event for the Sierra Club Bulletin of June 1934, Colby wrote, “The hardest work of the outing was the long pull up to the pass in time for the service toward which our minds had been turning for several months. Emerging breathlessly upon the 12,000 foot summit, we became aware of a small beehive-shaped structure which fitted in harmoniously, both in color and in design, with the gray landscape. Constructed of flat stones, it has been so sturdily built that like its prototypes in southern Italy, it should withstand the storms of many centuries.” The landmark memorial shelter has come to symbolize Muir’s enduring sauntering spirit, (Latin to “follow the saints’ trail”). “Saunterers” was Muir’s preferred descriptive for those wanderings, like himself, who felt compelled to make the pilgrimage to the high holy land of the Sierra Nevada crest. The Muir Memorial Shelter, situated at Muir Pass, at the proximate midpoint of the John Muir Trail, signifies to every saunterer that he or she has arrived at an extraordinary place along their journey. According to one hiker who came upon the Muir Muir, John, Memorial Shelter Fresno, California Memorial Shelter, “No city home, with all its comforts and conveniences, is more appreciated by a storm-bound hiker or an exhausted mountaineer than this bleak, one room stone hut – a beehive shaped structure (designed from similar shelters in Southern Italy) which merges perfectly into its wilderness setting.”$^2$ The Muir Shelter remains the one and only architectural feature of this highly important cultural/natural landscape, the John Muir Trail. Its significance is integrally tied to its setting, its architecture, and to its cultural impact and association with John Muir and the Sierra Club and their seminal role in the conservation and enjoyment of national parks and wilderness areas. As a commemorative property with significance under Criteria A and C independent of its memorial association, the shelter satisfies Criteria Consideration F. Period of Historic Significance The period of historic significance for the John Muir Memorial Shelter is 1930 to 1966. The initial vision to erect the Muir Memorial Shelter in the Trullo hut architectural style was conceived by Sierra Club Secretary William Colby in February, 1930; translated into construction documents by architect Henry Gutterson by May, 1930 and constructed by a U.S. Forest Service masonry crew during the summer of 1930. The building was formally dedicated by sixty leaders of the Sierra Club organization in late July 1933, with the fixing of the bronze plaque commemorating Muir. The plaque’s first line reads, “To John Muir, Lover of the Range of Light….” Photographer Ansel Adams participated in the dedication ceremony and also recorded several portraits during the event. The shelter continues to garner historic significance as a regularly visited commemorative memorial. The period of its historic significance carries up to 1966, which is the current fifty year threshold year for obtaining historic status on the National Register. $^2$ Anonymous, Sierra Club High Trip Notes, Summer, 1954 Sierra Club High Trip Photo Album, Archives of the William E. Colby Memorial Library, Sierra Club Headquarters, San Francisco. 9. Major Bibliographical References Bibliography (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form.) Allen, Edward. “Of Dry Stone: Alberobello.” In Stone Shelters. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1969. Browning, Peter. Place Names of the Sierra Nevada. Berkeley: Wilderness Press, 1986. Boulware, Ethel. “Afoot With the Sierra Club in 1933.” Sierra Club Bulletin, June 1934. Colby, William. “Notes and Correspondence, John Muir Memorial Shelter.” Sierra Club Bulletin, February 1931. ________. “John Muir: Pioneer, Conservationist, Explorer, Naturalist, and Author.” California Conservationist Council, 1952. Colby, William Papers. Sierra Club files. BANC MSS 71/295C Series 19, Cartons 38 and 40. Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. Foder, Paul. Memorandum to Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SEKI) Staff re: Muir Hut maintenance needs, November 9, 1984. Muir Hut file, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. McClelland, Linda. Building the National Parks: Historic Landscape Design and Construction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. Mehls, Steven F. “National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Agnes Vaille Shelter” [http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NRHP/Tesxt/92001669.pdf](http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NRHP/Tesxt/92001669.pdf) National Park Service. Retrieved 24 August 2014. National Park Service. “Individual Building Data for the Shelter Cabin at Muir Pass.” NPS Form, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, July 26, 1969. Roth, Hal. Pathway in the Sky; the Story of the John Muir Trail. Berkeley: Howell-North Books, 1965. Sierra Club Committee Records. Series 7, Container 39, Folder 35: “Lodges and Lands: Muir Memorial Rest Hut 1930-35.” Drawing 1: “Muir Memorial Rest Hut,” Henry H. Gutterson, Architect. Drawing 2: “Detail of Roof Construction” Muir Memorial Rest Hut, unsigned. Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. Wilstach, Paul. “The Stone Beehive Homes of the Italian Heel: In Trulli-Land the Native Builds His Dwelling and Makes His Field Arable in the Same Operation.” National Geographic, February 1930, 228-260. Winter, Robert. Towards a Simpler Way of Life: The Arts and Crafts Architects of California. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997. Previous documentation on file (NPS): - [ ] preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67) has been requested - [ ] previously listed in the National Register - [ ] previously determined eligible by the National Register - [ ] designated a National Historic Landmark - [ ] recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey # ____________ - [ ] recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # ____________ - [ ] recorded by Historic American Landscape Survey # ____________ Primary location of additional data: - [ ] State Historic Preservation Office - [ ] Other State agency - [ ] Federal agency - [ ] Local government - [X] University - [X] Other Name of repository: UC Berkeley Bancroft Library, Berkeley; William E. Colby Memorial Library, Sierra Club Headquarters, San Francisco Historic Resources Survey Number (if assigned): --- 10. Geographical Data Acreage of Property ~320 acres Latitude/Longitude Coordinates Datum if other than WGS84: ____________ (enter coordinates to 6 decimal places) 1. Latitude: 37.111600 Longitude: -118.670660 2. Latitude: 37.110114 Longitude: -118.670926 3. Latitude: 37.118301 Longitude: -118.685849 4. Latitude: 37.120559 Longitude: -118.682088 5. Latitude: 37.113707 Longitude: -118.669602 6. Latitude: 37.120872 Longitude: -118.660840 7. Latitude: 37.119514 Longitude: -118.655786 8. Latitude: 37.111704 Longitude: -118.662632 Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property.) The first Latitude/Longitude coordinate noted above is for the center of the John Muir Memorial Shelter itself. The property boundary for the area around the John Muir Memorial Shelter is a polygon measuring approximately one quarter mile wide by two miles long, with the shelter positioned in the center point of the polygon. The two mile long linear dimension follows the bent axis of the John Muir Trail as it extends away from Muir Pass, one mile to the north and one mile to the south. The point of origin is 0.25 mile directly south of the trail at the John Muir Memorial Shelter (Latitude/Longitude Coordinate No. 2 above). Moving in a clockwise direction head a distance of 1 mile at 305 degrees NW to the edge of Wanda Lake (Coordinate No. 3); then head a distance of 0.25 mile at 54 degrees NE to the edge of Lake McDermand (Coordinate No. 4); then head 0.84 mile at 125 degrees SE to the ridge line (Coordinate No. 5); then head 0.7 mile at 45 degrees NE to the east shore of Helen Lake (Coordinate No. 6); then head 0.3 mile at 109 degrees SSE across the hill top to the stream (Coordinate No. 7); then head 0.65 mile at 216 degrees SW (Coordinate No. 8); then head 0.47 mile at 257 degrees SE back to the point of origin. Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected.) The boundary establishes a quarter mile wide zone around the shelter, and recognizes that the backpacker’s approach to the shelter on the John Muir Trail from both the north and south is prescribed by the trail’s path. The structure’s strategic setting at the saddle of Muir Pass was selected after the JMT trail’s creation in 1915. As the hiker ascends Muir Pass, there are several distant views of the shelter from the JMT trail that heighten the hiker’s anticipation of arrival. This elongated trail-defined boundary recognizes the important JMT viewsheds to and from the John Muir Memorial Shelter. 11. Form Prepared By name/title: Douglas Harnsberger, Architectural Historian volunteering for Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (supervised by David T. Humphrey, Cultural Resources Program Manager, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks) organization: Legacy Architecture, LLC street & number: 227 Park Avenue city or town: Swarthmore state: PA zip code: 19081 e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org telephone: 804-399-0814 (cell) date: February 2016; Rev. May 2016; Rev. July 2016 Additional Documentation Submit the following items with the completed form: - Maps: A USGS map or equivalent (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location. - Sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources. Key all photographs to this map. - Additional items: (Check with the SHPO, TPO, or FPO for any additional items.) Photographs Submit clear and descriptive photographs. The size of each image must be 1600x1200 pixels (minimum), 3000x2000 preferred, at 300 ppi (pixels per inch) or larger. Key all photographs to the sketch map. Each photograph must be numbered and that number must correspond to the photograph number on the photo log. For simplicity, the name of the photographer, photo date, etc. may be listed once on the photograph log and doesn’t need to be labeled on every photograph. Photo Log Name of Property: John Muir Memorial Shelter City or Vicinity: Grant Grove (vicinity) County: Fresno State: California Photographer: Douglas Harnsberger Date Photographed: June 23, 2015, except where otherwise indicated Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: Black and white exterior images (1-3) are taken from 5x7 large format unaltered negatives, approved by HABS for the Library of Congress collection. Negatives on file at HABS. 1 of 18 East front elevation, showing entry 2 of 18 South side elevation, showing chimney 3 of 18 North side elevation, showing window 4 of 18 Commemorative Plaque: “To John Muir, Lover of the Range of Light” installed at the Dedication Ceremony by William Colby, July 30, 1933 5 of 18 Granite fireplace and hearth detail 6 of 18 Corbelled granite conical ceiling detail 7 of 18 NPS Preservation Crew Leader Thor Rikshiem restoring entry door, July 2014 8 of 18 Fixed wireglass window pane and viewshed from shelter 9 of 18 Perimeter bench seat and stone wall detail 10 of 18 Arts and Craft Style hammered entry door pull and latch 11 of 18 Viewshed to the Northwest from Muir Pass towards Lake McDermand 12 of 18 Viewshed to the Northeast from Muir Pass towards Helan Lake and Mt. Warlow 13 of 18 Viewshed to the Northwest to Lake McDermand and Wanda Lake 14 of 18 Wanda Lake Landscape, looking Northeast 15 of 18 Winter Landscape of the Muir Memorial Shelter at Muir Pass, looking Northwest 16 of 18 Northwest approach to Muir Pass on the John Muir Trail 17 of 18 Northeastern elevation of Muir Memorial Shelter with Mount Solomons in background 18 of 18 East elevation of Muir Memorial Shelter with Lake McDermond to the Northwest. Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C.460 et seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 100 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Office of Planning and Performance Management. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, DC. Muir, John, Memorial Shelter Fresno, California Location Map [Points indicated by ① represent lat/long coordinates identified in Section 10] Muir, John, Memorial Shelter Fresno, California Sketch Map/Photo Key John Muir Memorial Shelter, Photo Points Legend - Historic Structure - Historical Property Boundary - Pacific Crest/John Muir Trail Produced by: NPS (PEH), 5/24/2016\josek\park_programs\Data\cultural\cultural_landscapes\projects\MuirHut_Historical\PropertySimplified_PhotoPoints_8x11_portrait.mxd Figure 1. Blueprint drawing by architect Henry Gutterson, March 1930, University of California, Berkeley, Doe Library and Archives. Figure 2. Architect’s rendering, 1930. Source: Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. XVI. Figure 3. Sierra Club Secretary William E. Colby standing in the doorway of recently completed shelter, July, 1933. Photographer unknown. Source: Historical Archives Center for Creative Photography. Photo 1. East front elevation showing entry, 2015. Photo 2. South side elevation showing chimney, 2015. Photo 3. North side elevation showing window, 2015. Photo 4. Commemorative Plaque: “To John Muir, Lover of the Range of Light” installed at the Dedication Ceremony by William Colby, July 30, 1933, photographed 2015. TO JOHN MUIR LOVER OF “THE RANGE OF LIGHT” THIS SHELTER WAS ERECTED THROUGH THE GENEROSITY OF GEORGE FREDERICK SCHWARZ 1931 SIERRA CLUB U.S. FOREST SERVICE Photo 5. Granite fireplace and hearth detail, 2015. Photo 6. Corbelled granite conical ceiling detail, 2015. Photo 7. NPS Preservation Crew Leader Thor Rikshiem restoring entry door, July 2014. Photo 8. Fixed wireglass window pane and viewshed from shelter, 2015. Photo 9. Perimeter bench seat and stone wall detail, 2015. Photo 10. Arts and Craft Style hammered entry door pull and latch, 2015. The historic stone hut at the head of the North Fork of the San Miguel River was built in 1904 by the Colorado Geological Survey to house a field crew. It is now used as a backcountry shelter. The ruins of the old mine building at the top of the hill. The stone hut at the summit of Mount Evans, Colorado, was built in 1874 by the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad to provide shelter for workers. It is now a popular hiking destination and a symbol of the rugged beauty of the Rocky Mountains. TO JOHN MUIR LOVER OF "THE RANGE OF LIGHT" THIS SHELTER WAS ERECTED THROUGH THE GENEROSITY OF GEORGE FREDERICK SCHWARZ 1931 SIERRA CLUB U. S. FOREST SERVICE The Sierra Club is dedicated to preserving and protecting the natural resources of the Sierra Nevada and the surrounding region. The Sierra Club is committed to the conservation of the Sierra Nevada and its resources for future generations. The Sierra Club is a non-profit organization that works to protect the environment and promote sustainable development. The Sierra Club was founded in 1892 by John Muir, a naturalist and environmentalist who believed that the Sierra Nevada should be protected from exploitation and development. The Sierra Club has since grown into one of the largest environmental organizations in the United States, with over 1 million members and supporters. The Sierra Club's mission is to "protect the environment and promote sustainable development." The Sierra Club works to achieve this mission through a variety of programs and initiatives, including advocacy, education, and community engagement. The Sierra Club also works to protect specific areas of the Sierra Nevada, such as Yosemite National Park and Sequoia National Park, which are some of the most iconic and beloved parks in the United States. The Sierra Club is a member of the Sierra Club Foundation, which is a separate entity that provides financial support to the Sierra Club's work. The Sierra Club Foundation is a 501(c)(3) organization, which means that it is tax-exempt and can receive tax-deductible contributions from individuals and businesses. The Sierra Club is a member of the Sierra Club Foundation, which is a separate entity that provides financial support to the Sierra Club's work. The Sierra Club Foundation is a 501(c)(3) organization, which means that it is tax-exempt and can receive tax-deductible contributions from individuals and businesses. The spiral staircase in the tower of the church of San Martín de Valdeiglesias, Spain. A man in a green jacket is sitting at a table inside a stone building, looking up at the ceiling. The window in the stone wall offers a view of the rugged landscape outside. The stone fireplace in the basement of the house. The trail to the lakes is steep and rocky, but the views are worth it. The image shows a mountainous landscape with a prominent body of water, likely a lake, nestled among the peaks. The terrain is rugged and rocky, with patches of snow covering parts of the mountains. The sky above is clear with a few clouds, indicating a sunny day. The overall scene suggests a high-altitude environment, possibly in a national park or a remote wilderness area. The trail is steep and rocky, with some sections requiring careful footing. The views from the summit are breathtaking, offering panoramic vistas of the surrounding mountains and valleys. The hike takes approximately 4-5 hours to complete, depending on your pace and fitness level. Safety Tips: - Always carry water, snacks, and a map. - Wear appropriate hiking gear, including sturdy shoes and a hat. - Be aware of weather conditions and plan accordingly. - Inform someone about your hike and expected return time. Best Time to Hike: The best time to hike is in late spring or early summer when the snow has melted but before the weather gets too hot. This allows for optimal viewing of the mountain scenery and minimizes the risk of avalanches. Additional Information: For more information about the hike, including trailhead locations and parking details, visit the official website of the National Park Service. They also provide updates on trail conditions and any necessary permits. The image shows a rugged, rocky landscape with a clear blue sky above. In the background, there are several mountain peaks, some of which appear to be partially covered by snow or ice. The foreground is dominated by large rocks and boulders scattered across the terrain. To the left, there is a body of water, possibly a lake or a reservoir, reflecting the sunlight. The overall scene suggests a high-altitude environment, likely in a mountainous region. The trail to the summit of Mount Whitney is a challenging hike, but the views are worth it! The team at work in the field, with the stone hut and the mountainous landscape in the background. The summit of Mount Whitney is marked by a stone shelter, which was built in 1932 and is now a popular spot for hikers to rest and take in the view. The shelter is located at an elevation of 14,505 feet (4,421 meters) and offers stunning views of the surrounding mountains and valleys.
Torcuato Ruiz del Peral The Autumn of the Baroque TEMPORARY EXPOSITION 27 SEPTEMBER 2024 – 5 JANUARY 2025 MUSEO DE BELLAS ARTES DE GRANADA Palace of Charles V – Alhambra museosdeandalucia.es Torcuato Ruiz del Peral (Exfiliana, 1708-Granada, 1773) was Granada’s last great Baroque sculptor and one of the most relevant masters of Spanish sculpture of the eighteenth century. He belonged to the same generation as Francisco Salzillo and Luis Salvador Carmona, and his work represents the culmination of Baroque tradition and the brilliant conclusion to an era that ended with the advent of the Enlightenment and the academy system. Despite the chronological distance between them, Peral’s art followed the aesthetic trail blazed by Alonso Cano on the Granada art scene of the mid-1600s. His study of the Mora brothers’ expressive models and admiration for Pedro de Mena’s virtuoso technique were also pivotal in shaping his style. With this foundation, the sculptor managed to devise a singular poetics based on discontinuous rhythms, crisp bevelled folds and highly personal human types, resulting in one of the most original artistic proposals of his time. Thanks to his mastery of drawing, skill with the chisel and intelligent use of non-sculpted media and polychrome, Peral was able to create visually stunning sculptures in which volume and colour work together in remarkable symbiosis. On the cover: Detail of Saint Justus, 1750, Torcuato Ruiz del Peral. Parish church of Santos Justo y Pastor (Granada). Photo: Carlos C. Vilar© Saint Justus, 1750, Torcuato Ruiz del Peral. Parish church of Santos Justo y Pastor (Granada). Saint Pastor, 1750, Torcuato Ruiz del Peral. Parish church of Santos Justo y Pastor (Granada). Torcuato Ruiz del Peral was born in 1708 into a family of agricultural workers in the village of Exfiliana, near Guadix. Around 1724, when he was sixteen, he left home to train as a sculptor in Granada. There he was apprenticed to Diego de Mora (1658-1729), whose home—located opposite the forecourt of the Convent of Santa Isabel la Real, in the Albaicín quarter—was listed as his residence in the city census records for 1725 and 1726. His stint at what was then the most important sculpture workshop in Granada gave Peral a solid technical foundation and direct contact with one of the most widely popular formal models of the time, indebted to the aesthetic legacy of José de Mora (1642-1724), sculptor to the king. His brother Diego, trained in José’s shadow, managed to capitalise on this legacy and carry it into the eighteenth century by running an immensely productive workshop and instructing a considerable group of apprentices, of whom Peral was undoubtedly one of the most outstanding. After his master’s death in 1729, the sculptor completed his training under the presbyter and painter Benito Rodríguez Blanes (†1737), who may have given him drawing and painting lessons. Our Lady of Mercy, 1726, Diego de Mora. Parish church of San Ildefonso (Granada). The creative universe of Torcuato Ruiz del Peral was equally influenced by the Moras and by the artistic legacy of Alonso Cano (1601-1667), who definitely shaped the character of Granada’s art scene after returning from court in 1652 with a stipend from the cathedral. The quest for that complicated balance between idealism and naturalism, poetry and reality which animated Peral’s oeuvre was inspired by Cano’s aesthetic concept, ever attentive to the intimate imbrication of form and colour and to the development of closed, usually fusiform compositions that were widely circulated in Granada. Torcuato constantly drew inspiration from Cano’s works which he could see throughout the city, including paintings, sculptures and drawings (avidly collected by fans and artists) whose circulation helped to keep the Canesque flame burning bright throughout the eighteenth century. The sculptor was fascinated by several of these creations, like the small Virgen de Belén [Madonna of Bethlehem] from the badalone of the Granada cathedral, which he evoked in some of his own works. Saint Joseph, 1755-1756, Torcuato Ruiz del Peral. Parish church of San José (Granada). During the Baroque period, the idea that religious imagery could be a tool of persuasion to serve the church’s purposes promoted the emergence of a sentimental rhetoric which intensified images’ emotional appeal to stir the hearts of the faithful. Through his sacred figures, Torcuato Ruiz del Peral explored the representation of the soul’s deepest sentiments and proved to be one of the finest portrayers of tragic themes associated with grief and death. Pathos is accentuated in his gruesomely life-like series of severed heads of Saint John the Baptist, which attest to his knowledge of human anatomy and his versatility as a sculptor who had mastered both wood and clay. With his Mater Dolorosas he opted for introspection and a certain expressive restraint, reinterpreting the Mora brothers’ types and devising a new motif—the Virgin seated on a crag, praying at the foot of the cross—that would be widely circulated in eighteenth-century Granada sculpture circles. Our Lady of Humility, ca. 1740, Torcuato Ruiz del Peral. Cathedral of Guadix. Torcuato Ruiz del Peral’s indisputable creative talent skyrocketed him to a privileged position among Granada’s sculpture workshops, which he maintained for over four decades. He enjoyed the favour of the city’s leading ecclesiastical institutions: cathedral and collegiate chapters, parishes, confraternities and religious orders like the Franciscans, Hieronymites, Jesuits and Oratorians. The enduring influence of Counter-Reformation values throughout the 1700s resulted in the continued proliferation of images of saints, venerated as celestial guardians and paradigms of Christian virtue. Peral proved to be one of the most gifted interpreters of Baroque holiness, as evidenced by the impressive number of sculptures he carved for different public spaces in the kingdom of Granada, particularly those intended for churches in the capital city and the areas of Guadix and Baza. Detail of Saint Francis of Assisi, ca. 1740-1770, Torcuato Ruiz del Peral. Parish church of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción (La Zubia). Photo: José Luis Gutiérrez© Saint Michael, 1739-1740, Torcuato Ruiz del Peral. Parish church of Santos Justo y Pastor (Granada). Domestic Devotion and the Aesthetic of the Tiny In addition to fulfilling major public commissions, Torcuato Ruiz del Peral carved numerous devotional sculptures intended for private use. He gave ample proof of his skill with the chisel on these small and medium-sized pieces intended for contemplation in the privacy of the home or cloister, denoting that genuine love of tiny things which, as García Lorca once remarked, is so distinctive of Granada’s art. Some of these sculptures are also interesting because their compositions are similar to those Peral used to carve the saints on the choir stalls for the Guadix cathedral—the greatest commission of his career, sadly destroyed in 1936 after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War—which tells us that the master kept visual records of his works, whether in the form of clay models or drawings, allowing him to make the most of his creative efforts by using the same elements or motifs in multiple pieces. Detail of Our Lady of the Pillar, ca. 1762-1773. Torcuato Ruiz del Peral. Sacromonte Abbey (Granada). Saint Christopher, ca. 1740-1770, Torcuato Ruiz del Peral. Galería Caylus. CREDITS JUNTA DE ANDALUCÍA Patricia del Pozo Fernández Regional Minister of Culture and Sport José Ángel Vélez González Secretary-General of Cultural Innovation and Museums Aurora Villalobos Gómez Director-General of Museums and Cultural Sites Fernando Egea Fernández-Montesinos Regional Delegate for Culture and Sport in Granada Antonio José García Bascón Head of Institutions and Cultural Policies. Regional Delegation for Culture and Sport in Granada Ricardo Tenorio Vera Director of the Museo de Bellas Artes de Granada EXHIBITION Manuel García Luque Curator Museo de Bellas Artes de Granada Organisation Consejería de Cultura y Deporte Production Ricardo Tenorio Vera General coordination Juan Martín López Sánchez Aurora Mateos Pablos Beatriz Rodríguez López Elena Roncal Los Arcos Virginia Santamaría Pose Coordinators © Archivo General de la Administración © Institut Amatller d’Art Hispànic, Almató Manuel Torres Molina Carlos C. Vilar José Luis Gutiérrez Photography HJM Ebanistería Cristalería Bailón Exhibition furniture Daniel Aguilar Juliá Dolores Blanca López and Lourdes Blanca López Lidia Cepero González and Rosa Peñas Antúnez Amparo García Iglesias – Universidad de Granada Carmen Juliá Toledano – Museo de Bellas Artes de Granada Dionisio Olgoso Moreno – Clave Restaura Andrea Amor Ortega Escobar and Adrián José Pérez Álvarez Julia Ramos Molina – Julia Ramos Restauración del Patrimonio Restoration Hiscox S.A. Insurance Amado Miguel. Transporte técnico Transport and installation Francisco Portero Maqueda Installation assistant Deirdre B. Jerry Translation Susana Martínez Ballesteros Graphic design EXHIBITION DETAILS 27 September 2024 to 5 January 2025 Museo de Bellas Artes de Granada Palace of Charles V – Alhambra OPENING HOURS Tuesday to Saturday, 10 am to 6 pm Sundays and holidays, 10 am to 3 pm Closed Mondays except holiday eves, when holiday hours apply Closed on 24, 25 and 31 December and 1 January Open on the following holidays: 12 October, 1 November, 6, 8 and 9 December, and 2 January (local holiday) GENERAL ADMISSION: € 1.5 ELIGIBILITY FOR FREE ADMISSION The following people, with proper accreditation, may visit the exhibition free of charge year round: • Citizens of European Union member-states • Students • Seniors over 65 • Pensioners • Persons with a degree of disability of at least thirty-three per cent • ICOM, ICOMOS and AEM members ACCESS FOR PERSONS WITH REDUCED MOBILITY Entrance via the Museo de la Alhambra, on the ground floor of the Palace of Charles V. We recommend requesting further information about conditions of use by calling visitor services at the Patronato de la Alhambra: +34 958 027 971 GROUP TOURS To arrange a group tour, please write to firstname.lastname@example.org Junta de Andalucía
Video Background Subtraction in Complex Environments Juana E. Santoyo-Morales and Rogelio Hasimoto-Beltran Centro de Investigación en Matemáticas-CIMAT Jalisco s/n, Col. Mineral de Valenciana, Guanajuato, Gto., México 36240 (juana,hasimoto)@cimat.mx ABSTRACT Background subtraction models based on mixture of Gaussians have been extensively used for detecting objects in motion in a wide variety of computer vision applications. However, background subtraction modeling is still an open problem, particularly in video scenes with drastic illumination changes and dynamic backgrounds (complex backgrounds). The purpose of the present work is focused on increasing the robustness of background subtraction models to complex environments. For this, we proposed the following enhancements: a) redefine the model distribution parameters involved in the detection of moving objects (distribution weight, mean and variance), b) improve pixel classification (background/foreground) and variable update mechanism by a new time-space dependent learning-rate parameter, and c) replace the pixel-based modeling currently used in the literature by a new space-time region-based model that eliminates the noise effect caused by drastic changes in illumination. Our proposed scheme can be implemented on any state of the art background subtraction scheme based on mixture of Gaussians to improve its resilient to complex backgrounds. Experimental results show excellent noise removal and object motion detection properties under complex environments. Keywords: Background subtraction, Mixture of Gaussians, Expectation-Maximization Method. RESUMEN Los modelos de substracción de fondo basados en mezcla de Gaussianas han sido ampliamente usados para la detección de objetos en movimiento en diversas aplicaciones de visión computacional. Sin embargo, la substracción de fondo sigue siendo un problema abierto, particularmente en escenas de video donde existen cambios drásticos de iluminación y fondo dinámico. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo incrementar la robustez de los modelos de substracción de fondo en ambientes complejos, para esto se propone: a) redefinir los parámetros de la distribución de mezclas que afectan la detección de objetos en movimiento (peso, media y varianza de la distribución); b) mejorar la clasificación de pixels (fondo/objeto) y el mecanismo de actualización de las variables mediante la aplicación de un nuevo parámetro de velocidad de aprendizaje que depende de la historia temporal y espacial de los objetos en movimiento; c) reemplazar el modelo de substracción de fondo a nivel de pixel usado actualmente por un modelo que cubre una región espacio-temporal para la eliminación de ruido causado por cambios drásticos de iluminación. Las propuestas pueden ser implementadas en cualquier esquema de sustracción de fondo basado en mezcla de Gaussianas para mejorar su respuesta en situaciones de fondos complejos. Resultados experimentales del modelo muestran su excelente capacidad para la eliminación de ruido y detección de objetos en movimiento en ambientes de fondo complejo. 1. Introduction Background subtraction models have been widely used for detecting or localizing moving objects in video scenes. It represents a fundamental step in several computer vision applications, such as video surveillance, vehicular traffic analysis, object tracking, and recently human activity recognition (running, dancing, jumping, etc.) [1-6]. However, background subtraction is not an easy task, schemes must be able to adapt to complex environments such as illumination changes, different weather conditions in the scene (snow, rain, wind, etc.), and subtle changes in the backgrounds such as waves on the water, water fountains, moving tree branches, etc. (Fig.1). False positives can be induced by drastic illumination changes, while false negatives may be due to similarities between objects and background [1]. Several schemes have been developed to deal with the above problems, which can be categorized in three groups [7]: a) temporal difference, in these techniques the difference between two or three consecutive video frames is significantly bigger in regions with motion, thus motion can be segmented with respect to static regions; b) optical flow, the goal of optical flow estimation is to compute an approximation to the motion field from time-varying image intensity relative to the observer in the scene (usually a camera). Objects with different motion pattern than the background are tagged as objects in motion (for example, background camera motion can be distinguished from the objects in motion); c) background subtraction, it builds a pixel-based model of the background in an image sequence so that, regions significantly different from the model are classified as foreground objects. Among these categories, background subtraction models have proven to be more robust under different background environments (depending of course on the way the background is modeled). Generally speaking, background subtraction models in the literature include the following three modules: background model, variables-update mechanism, and training for the initialization of the model. The simplest background model considers a unimodal distribution for modeling the pixel intensity and/or color, as in Pfinder application [8] for object tracking. Pfinder uses a multiclass statistical model requiring a static scene for the initialization process in order to yield good results (no reports are available for outdoor environments). Horprasert et al., 1999 [9], introduced new parameters for the modeling of an image pixel (a big step forward in background subtraction): mean, standard deviation of the color space (RGB), luminance variation and chrominance variation. Monnet et al., 2003 [10], proposed a real-time scheme for modeling dynamic scenes such as ocean waves and trees shaken by the wind; however, the scheme requires a long initialization period without objects in motion in order to model the background. Additionally, there are difficulties in detecting objects moving in the same direction as the waves. Mittal and Paragios, 2004 [11], developed a background subtraction model based on adaptive kernels. The scheme works on complex backgrounds, but the computational cost is high. Li et al., 2004 [12], proposed a Bayesian architecture that incorporates spatial and temporal spectral properties in order to characterize each background pixel. Their method can deal with both static and dynamic backgrounds. In Ridder et al., 1995 [13], each pixel is modeled with the Kalman filter, showing robustness to illumination changes. In the work of Piccardi & Jan, 2004 [14] and Han et al., 2007 [15], the mean-shift method is applied to model the background. Currently, the Gaussian mixture model is one of the most popular schemes for background subtraction, because of its ability to handle slow illumination changes, slow and periodic object motion, camera noise, etc. The article of Stauffer and Grimson, 1999 [16], is one of the most representative works in this area. They modeled each pixel with a mixture of Gaussians and applied the Expectation-Maximization method for updating the model parameters. The system can deal with illumination changes (up to a certain degree), detect slow object motion, and objects in motion can be removed from the scene. Following this idea, Shen, et al., 2012 [17], applied the mixture Gaussian model on sensor networks with restricted energy supply and limited CPU processing capabilities. Their contribution is the application of compressive sensing to reduce the dimensionality of the problem (number of pixels to process) for both, energy consumption and real-time scene processing. Our goal in this work is to increase the robustness of background subtraction schemes based on the Gaussian mixture model. In particular, we propose the following enhancements for scenes in complex environments (dynamic backgrounds): a) Noise elimination during pixel classification as background or foreground; b) reduction of drastic variations in illumination; and c) elimination of high frequency motion that affects the identification of moving objects. Our proposal can be implemented in any state of the art scheme in the literature based on mixture of Gaussians in order to deal with dynamic backgrounds. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the background subtraction algorithm based on Gaussian mixture models. Section 3 describes the proposed changes to the background subtraction algorithm in order to deal with complex backgrounds. Finally, conclusions are presented in section 4. 2. Mixture of Gaussians Method for Background Subtraction Background subtraction or background modeling in computer vision refers to estimating an image background from a sequence of images or video using a statistical model. The main assumption is that the observer (camera) is static, and only objects move around in the scene. One of the easiest ways for background modeling is to take an image of the scene without objects in motion; this represents the background model. Any object not represented in the background image can be identified by using the absolute difference between consecutive frames, that is every pixel in the image $I_{(i,j)}^t$ (image at time $t$) is compared against the estimated background image $\hat{B}$: $$Tag(i,j) = \left\| \hat{B}(i,j) - I_{(i,j)}^t \right\| < Th$$ This solution is sufficient under controlled environments. In arbitrary conditions such as outdoor scenes, illumination is a time-dependent variable for which adaptive models of the background are required. In the following section we introduce the concept of adaptive background models using mixture of Gaussians and current updates. 2.1 Mixture of Gaussians (MoG) Gaussian mixture model was introduced by Stauffer and Grimson in 1999 [16]. The idea of scheme is to provide a pixel-based multimodal representation of the background for the elimination of repetitive motion such as water-light reflection, moving tree branches, etc. They considered a pixel $X(x_0, y_0)$ in the video sequence as a random process represented as a time series. At any time $t$, what is known about the pixel $X(x_0, y_0)$ is its history: $$\{X_{(x_0,y_0)}^1, ..., X_{(x_0,y_0)}^t\} = \{I_{(x_0,y_0)}^i: 1 \leq i \leq t\},$$ where $I^t$ is the sequence of images up to time $t$. Fig.2 shows the pixels in a scene with strong illumination variation (pixels in red) and pixels with real object motion (pixels in blue). The actual problem is to filter out the noise (red pixels) while preserving those pixels representing real objects in motion (blue pixels). For this, the history $\{X^1, ..., X^t\}$ is modeled by a mixture of $K$ Gaussian distributions; so the probability of observing the current pixel $X^t$ is $$P(X^t \| \theta^t) = \sum_{i=1}^{K} w_i^t * \eta(X^t \| \mu_i^t, \Sigma_i^t)$$ \hspace{1cm} (1) where $K$ is the number of distributions, $w^t_k$ is an estimate of the weight (what portion of the data is accounted for by this Gaussian) of the $k^{th}$ Gaussian in the mixture at time $t$, $\mu^t_k$ is the mean value of the $k^{th}$ Gaussian in the mixture at time $t$, $\Sigma^t_k$ is the covariance matrix of the $k^{th}$ Gaussian in the mixture at time $t$, $\theta^t$ represents the vector of parameters in the model $\theta = (w^t_1, ..., w^t_K, \mu^t_1, ..., \mu^t_K, \Sigma^t_1)$ at time $t$, and $\eta()$ is the Gaussian probability density function $$\eta(X^t\|\mu, \Sigma) = \frac{1}{(2\pi)^{N/2} \|\Sigma\|^{1/2}} \exp \left( -\frac{1}{2} (X^t - \mu)^T \Sigma^{-1} (X^t - \mu) \right)$$ \hspace{1cm} (2) $K$ is determined by the available memory and computational power, which can be considered fixed [16, 17], variable [20], or adaptive [19] (more complicated regions require more Gaussian components than stable ones). Also for computational reasons the covariance matrix is assumed to be of form [15] $$\Sigma^t_k = \sigma^t_k I$$ In order to compute the vector of parameters that best represents the data history $\{X^1, ..., X^t\}$, the maximum likelihood estimation function is applied $$L(\theta \| X) = \prod_{i=1}^{N} p(x_i \| \theta)$$ and maximizing $$\theta^* = \arg \max_{\theta} L(\theta \| X)$$ \hspace{1cm} (3) yields \[ w_k^t = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^{N} p(x_i \| \theta^{t-1}) \] \[ \mu_k^t = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{N} x_i p(k \| x_i, \theta^{t-1})}{\sum_{i=1}^{N} p(k \| x_i, \theta^{t-1})} \] \[ \sum_k^t = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{N} x_i p(k \| x_i, \theta^{t-1})(x_i - \mu_k^t)(x_i - \mu_k^t)^T}{\sum_{i=1}^{N} p(k \| x_i, \theta^{t-1})} \] ### 2.2 Background Subtraction Once the mixture of Gaussians is defined for background subtraction, the next steps is to determine which of the K distribution the actual pixel $X_t$ belongs to and update the vector parameter of the model. For this, Stauffer y Grimson, 1999 [16], estimated the concordance $p(k\|X_t, \theta^{old})$ of the pixel $X_t$ with every single distribution $k \in K$ of the mixture. The concordance is positive if $X_t < 2.5\sigma$ from $\mu$, which can also be expressed in terms of the Mahalanobis distance \[ d_k^2 = (X_t - \mu_k)^T \Sigma_k^{-1} (X_t - \mu_k) \] (4) with positive concordance if $dk < 2.5$ (that is, 98.76% of a 1-D Gaussian distribution). For higher dimensions, the $\chi^2$ (Chi-square) distribution with $n$ degrees of freedom and confidence interval $\psi$ is used instead; positive concordance is represented by $d_k^2 < \chi^2_{n,\psi}$. In practice, $p(k\|X_t, \theta^{old})$ is approximated by \[ p(k\|X_t, \theta^{old}) = q_k = \begin{cases} 1 & \text{for the distribution with the minimum distance} \\ 0 & \text{all others} \end{cases} \] (5) If several distributions have the same minimum distance, the one that maximizes $w_k / \\| \Sigma_k \\|_F$ (where $F$ is the Frobenius norm) is selected. This is in favor of the distribution that accounts for the most pixels (big w and small variance). If none of the distributions matches the new pixel, the least probable distribution is replaced by a new distribution with mean $\mu = X_t$, high $\sigma^2$ and small weight $w_k / \\| \Sigma_k \\|_F$. This is the way new objects are incorporated to the background. Finally, the K distributions are sorted with respect to $w_k / \\| \Sigma_k \\|_F$, and only the combination of the first B distributions that overcome the threshold $Th$ are selected as the background model. The last step is to compute the binary image (background-foreground) out of the background model. The B distributions are compared with the distribution of the new pixel (let’s call it) $k$, then if $k \in B$, the new pixel is part of the background otherwise is part of a moving object. The weight of new pixel distribution is updated as follows: \[ w_{k,t} = (1 - \alpha)w_{k,t} + \alpha q_{k,t} \] (6) where $\alpha = 1/(N+1)$, $q_{k,t} = 1$ for the distribution with the minimum distance or $q_{k,t} = 0$ for the rest (Eq. 5). Similarly, $\mu_{k,t}$ and $\sigma_{k,t}$ for the new pixel distribution are also updated \[ \mu_{k,t} = (1 - \rho)\mu_{k,t-1} + \rho X_t \] \[ \Sigma_{k,t}^2 = (1 - \rho)\Sigma_{k,t-1}^2 + \rho(X_t - \mu_{k,t})^T(X_t - \mu_{k,t}) \] (7) where \[ \rho = \alpha \eta(X_t \| \hat{\mu}_k, \hat{\sigma}_k) \] (8) ### 2.3 Learning Rate ($\alpha$) One of the main problems with adaptive mixture Gaussian models is to balance the speed at which objects are taken into the background once they stop moving; this is known as learning rate. In the literature, the learning rate is controlled by a fixed global value $\alpha \in [0,1]$; unfortunately, the adaptability or convergence of the distributions to new situations maybe different for different applications or even the same scene. Objects can remarkably be absorbed either too slow or too fast, affecting the segmentation of background and foreground (see example of Fig.3). If $\alpha$ is chosen too big (close to 1), the convergence speed improves but the model becomes very sensitive to environmental noise. Under these situations, the model is indifferent to past events (see Eq. 6). 2.4 External Factors Affecting Moving Object Detection As mentioned in section 1, subtle changes in the background such as water waves, water fountains, rain, moving tree branches, etc., inhibit the correct classification of background and objects in motion in a scene. To tackle these problems (up to a certain extent), Teixeira et al., 2007 [21], assumed that illumination variations in a scene are caused by a multiplicative factor $k$ affecting the real color of the pixel. Under this case, the resultant color vector is co-linear to the reference vector (Fig.4). The co-linearity test consists in evaluating the angle between the current pixel $v^c$ and the reference pixel $v^r$ (previous pixel value), $$\cos \theta = \frac{v^c \cdot v^r}{\\|v^c\\| \\|v^r\\|}$$ \hspace{1cm} (9) If $\cos \theta$ is greater than a threshold $Th_1 \approx 1$, the vector is considered co-linear, which confirms that the pixel change was produced by an illumination change. Fig.2 (second row) shows some examples for which Teixeira’s algorithm [21] (known as cascade algorithm), identifies some pixels as co-linear (pixels marked in red) and some other as objects in motion (pixels marked in blue). Co-linear pixels maintain their previous classification (background in this case), keeping only the pixels representing motion as shown in Fig.2 third row. 3. Proposed Changes for Robust Background Subtraction In this section, we describe our contribution for improving background subtraction and object-motion detection (section 2) in complex environments (outdoor scenes in Fig.1). We have selected the cascade algorithm [21] as a test bed and reference point to measure the performance quality of our proposal. Cascade algorithm is known as one of best schemes for background subtraction, but any scheme in the literature based on MoG can also be used for this purpose. In particular, our proposal considers the modification of the following parameters for robust background subtraction model: variance of the model ($\sigma^2$), learning rate ($\alpha$), new distance metric for estimating the density function of the current pixel, and the use of spatio-temporal region for the MoG instead of the commonly used pixel-based representation. 3.1 Variance ($\sigma^2$) and Learning Rate ($\alpha$) The definition of variance ($\sigma^2$) and weight ($w$) (see Eq. 1 and Eq. 6), are of great importance for the segmentation of the scene background and foreground. Background pixels have small $\sigma^2$ and big $w$ because they represent more stable conditions, that is new pixels are found in concordance with the current background distribution. One of the problems in previous methods is that the variance is not bounded to a minimum. In an image sequence in which most of the pixels are considered as background, the variance may take very small values (< 1×10E−16) introducing noise in the segmented scene (very narrow Gaussian distribution for which some pixels may incorrectly be classified as objects, such as the red pixels in Fig.2 second row). To avoid this situation, we propose the use of each color component (or channel) for the pixel classification and define a minimum variance value each component may take: Algoritmo 1: New $\sigma^2$ definition forall $k \in \{1 \text{ to } K\}$ forall $z \in \{1 \text{ to } NChannels\}$ if $\sigma_{k,z} < \text{SigmaMinimum}_z$ $\sigma_{k,z} = \text{SigmaMinimum}_z$ end end end where $K$ is the number of distributions in the MoG, $NChannels$ is the number of channels in the chosen color space (3 channels for the YUV color space). In our experiments, the best values for $\text{SigmaMinimum}_z = [2.0, 2.3, 2.3]$. With this new definition, drastic illumination changes (Y component) can be filtered out by testing separately the stability of the UV components (as shown at the end of this section and section 3.3). The learning rate $\alpha$ (speed at which parameters are updated in Eqs. 6-8) is considered as a fixed global parameter in most schemes, which is not always useful in scenes with different object-motion speed. We propose a decreasing quasi-global space-time variable $\alpha$ to control not only the speed at which objects are absorbed by the background, but also to filter out illumination changes of the background. Initially, our $\alpha$ takes in a big value and gradually decreases to a minimum threshold $\alpha_{min}$. Once the system is statistically stable (background has been completely modeled) a smaller value of $\alpha$ can now be used only in statistical stable regions of the scene (it is not a global parameter anymore). After some experiments with $\alpha$, the definition with the best results is $$\alpha(t) = \begin{cases} \frac{1}{1 + \log t^2} \\ \alpha_{min} \end{cases}$$ \hspace{1cm} (10) The space dependency of $\alpha(t)$ is somewhat hidden, it is not related to specific coordinates. What we mean is that, $\alpha(t)$ changes according to the statistics of each region in particular (which in turns depends on the moving objects in the scene). For example, a scene without moving objects will have only one time-varying learning rate defined by Eq. 10; a more complex scene will have as many learning rates as objects in the scene with different statistical behavior. To incorporate the advantages of a small $\alpha$, we verify if the current pixel iteration $t$ and the previous $t-n$ iterations (for $n=3$) were identified as foreground (moving object), in this case we fix $\alpha = 0.005$ (therefore $\alpha$ depends on the particular statistics on each region). The advantages of Eq.10 are: • The initial frames have big learning rate value (for $t=0$, $\alpha=\frac{1}{2}$), useful in sequences with many objects in motions, which need to be quickly absorbed by the background. • It can deal with drastic changes in illumination (recall that small learning rate means more weight to past history as shown in Eqs. 6-8). • The problem of fast object assimilation by the background is eliminated once the system stabilizes. The results of the new parameter definition for the variance and learning rate are shown in Figs.5-7 with $\alpha = 0.005$, $\alpha$-dual (our definition in Eq. 10), and $\alpha$-dual with variance threshold following Algorithm-1 respectively for three different video shots. The three columns in each figure represent the original video sequence, the difference between two frames, and detected motion by the MoG. It can be seen that our proposal removes additional noise coming from illumination changes (Fig.7). They should have descriptive captions. They should be mentioned in the main text. Figure 5. Background model with $\alpha=0.005$. Figure 6. Background model with dual $\alpha$, without variance threshold. Figure 7. Background model with dual $\alpha$, and variance with threshold (Algorithm 1). 3.2 Pixel Based vs Region Based Background Modeling In previous schemes, each pixel in the scene is modeled with a MoG. In order to filter out high frequency motion present in the background, we propose a region-based background modeling represented by a space-time cube with dimension $mnt$, where $mn$ represent the spatial-dimension and $t$ the time-dimension (Fig.8). In the model, each region $mnt$ is represented by the arithmetic mean with $m=n=t=5$. On scenes with dynamic background such as the Waterfountain and WaterSurface our region-based model shows excellent results as shown in Fig.9. The second row represents the pixel-based model and the third row our region-based model using the arithmetic mean. Depending on the frequency of each particular scene background, $mnt$ dimension can be adjusted accordingly. 3.3 Background-Foreground Classification As mentioned in section 2.2, the Mahalanobis distance (Eq. 4) is the main metrics for deciding which mixture of Gaussian better represents the current pixel [16, 18, 21]. This distance makes use of a global threshold for both illumination and color components. In our proposal we differentiate the confidence interval for each color component YUV; color components (UV) are set to higher confidence interval than the illumination component (Y). In case of drastic changes in illumination, our decision is based only on the color components; if they do not change, we conclude the region classification has not changed at all (filtering out illumination changes). In our case, we use the following distance metric to find the concordance of the region with a specific distribution $$D_{k,j}^2 = \frac{(x_j - \mu_{k,j})^2}{\sigma_{k,j}}$$ \hspace{1cm} (11) where the index k represents the distribution of the mixture to be used in the evaluation, and j represents the color components YUV. The confidence interval for the experiments are $YUV = \{99.9\%, 99.5\%, 99.5\%\}$ equivalent to $Th = \{70.83, 7.88, 7.88\}$. The results between $D_{k,j}^2$ (Eq.11) and $D_{k,j}^2$ (Eq. 4) are shown in Fig.10. Our proposed distance for each color component (last row in Fig.10) is more robust to illumination changes than the one considering the same threshold values for all components. Figure 10. Threshold differentiation for the YUV color-space. Results in the second row shows no threshold differentiation; results in the third row use $Th=\{10.83, 7.88, 7.88\}$. waves, rain, tree-branches shaken by wind, etc. Finally, the most important characteristic in our model is that all these variables are tunable for a specific background modeling application. 4. Conclusions We have shown that background subtraction schemes base on mixture of Gaussians exhibit some deficiencies when applied to complex environments, that is scenes with dynamic background or drastic illumination changes in the background (as for example water waves, water fountains, tree branches motion, rain, etc.). In this work we proposed some simple but effective techniques that notably improve current results reported in the literature. In particular our proposal includes: a) new time-space adaptive learning rate parameter; b) new variance definition with minimum threshold; c) different confidence intervals and distance metrics for each color representation YUV; d) pixel-based modeling is replaced by time-space dependent region-based model representation (cube). Our scheme shows excellent results compared to Teixeira, et al., 2997 [21], which is considered one of the best schemes in the literature. References [1] Y. Benezeth, P. M. Jodoin, B. Emile, H. Laurent, and C. Rosenberger, “Comparative study of background subtraction algorithms,” J. Elec. Imaging, 19(3):033003, 2010. [2] V. Cheng and N. Kehtarnavaz, “A smart camera application: Dsp-based people detection and tracking,” J. Elec. Imaging, 9(3):336-346, 2000. [3] T. Inaguma, H. Saji, and H. Nakatani, “Hand motion tracking based on a constraint of three-dimensional continuity,” J. Elec. Imaging, 14(1), 2005. [4] D. Makris and T. Ellis, “Path detection in video surveillance,” Image and Vision Computing, 20:895-903, 2002. [5] J-W Shieh, “Automatic traffic surveillance system for vehicle tracking and classification,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2(7):175-187, 2006. [6] J. K. Aggarwal and M. S. Ryoo, “Human activity analysis: A review,” ACM Computing Surveys, 43:16:1-16:43, April 2011. [7] W. Hu, T. Tan, L. Wang, and S. Maybank, “A survey on visual surveillance of object motion and behaviors,” Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-Part C: Applications and Reviews, 34 (3) (2004), pp. 334–352. [8] C. R. Wren, A. Azarbayejani, T. Darrell, and A. P. Pentland, “Pfinder: Real-time tracking of the human body,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):780–785, 1997. [9] T. Horprasert, D. Harwood, and L. S. Davis, L., “A statistical approach for real-time robust background subtraction and shadow detection,” 7th IEEE International Conference on computer Vision-ICCV’99, 1999. [10] A. Monnet, A. Mittal, N. Paragios, and V. Ramesh, “Background modeling and subtraction of dynamic scenes,” 9th IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision-ICCV’03, 1305-1312, 2003. [11] Mittal and N. Paragios, “Motion-based background subtraction using adaptive kernel density estimation,” IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition-CVPR’04, 2:302-309, 2004. [12] L. Li, W. Huang, I. Y.-H. Gu, and Q. Tian, “Statistical modeling of complex backgrounds for foreground objects detection,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 13(11):1459-1472, 2004. [13] Ridder, O. Munkelt, and H. Kirchner, “Adaptive background estimation and foreground detection using kalman filtering,” Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechatronics-ICRAM’95, pages 193-199, 1995. [14] M. Piccardi and T. Jan, “Mean-shift background image modelling,” International Conference on Image Processing-ICIPI’04, 5:3399-3402, 2004. [15] Han, D. Comaniciu and L. Davis, “Sequential Kernel Density Approximation through Mode Propagation: Applications to Background Modeling,” Proc. Asian Conf. Computer Vision, 2004 [16] Stauffer and W. Grimson, “Adaptive background mixture models for real time tracking,” IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 19:246-252, 1999. [17] Y. Shen, W. Hu, J. Liu, M. Yang, B. Wei y C. T. Chou, “Efficient Background Subtraction for Real-time Tracking in Embedded Camera Networks,” ACM Proceedings of the 11th international Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks-IPSN ’12, pp. 103-104, 2012. [18] D.-S. Lee, “Effective Gaussian mixture learning for video background subtraction,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 27(5):827-832, 2005. [19] R. Tan, H. Huo, J. Qian, and T. Fang, “Traffic video segmentation using adaptive-k gaussian mixture model,” S. B. Heidelberg, editor, “Advances in Machine Vision,” Image Processing, and Pattern Analysis, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 4153:125-134, 2006. [20] S. Richardson and P. Green, “On Bayesian analysis of mixtures with an unknown number of components,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 60(Series B):731-792, 1997. [21] L. F Teixeira, J. S. Cardoso, and L. Corte-Real, “Object segmentation using background modelling and cascaded change detection,” Journal of Multimedia (JMM), 2:55-65, 2007.
Forte Takes the Blame to Stay Strong by Chris McGrath With commercial sires nowadays represented by such enormous cavalries, it’s unsurprising that they should encounter random statistical clusters. These tend to even themselves out, so that a stallion that “hits form” with a sudden spate of stakes performers will also endure barren spells that naturally receive rather less attention. What every farm covets, then, is for a horse to get on a roll while there are still mares out there with mating decisions pending for this spring—and there’s no better way to do that than making some noise on the Classic trail. In that context, it was a remarkable weekend. Violence accounted for the dashing winners of two Derby rehearsals; while Practical Joke, who added one for himself, followed through with two other stakes winners, one of which banked 50 starting points for the GI Kentucky Oaks. On that front, however, Girvin was the man of the hour, making a double play with trial winners on opposite coasts. Less feted, meanwhile, but perhaps most significant in the longer term, was another stellar weekend for Blame as an emerging broodmare sire. Among all these, the obvious imperative is to consider the genetic wiring that must sustain Forte (Violence) as he stretches out in distance. Before doing so, however, it’s worth acknowledging that each of these stallions has a wider momentum than mere coincidence. Cont. p3 HISA to Begin Using Can’t-Race Flags Beginning March 27 The Horseracing Integrity and Safety Authority (HISA) will begin using “can’t-race” flags to enforce its existing Racetrack Safety and Registration regulations beginning on Mar. 27, 2023. Covered Persons and Horses who are not in compliance with HISA’s Racetrack Safety and Registration rules, which went into effect on July 1, 2022, will be at risk of being unable to race until they comply with the rules. In order to be in full compliance with the Racetrack Safety and Registration rules: - Covered Persons must ensure that they and their Covered Horses are registered in the HISA Portal. - Covered Persons must ensure that they have paid any overdue fines issued to them. Cont. p6 In TDN Europe Today Classic Bloodlines Underpin Al Shira’aa Operation Emma Berry speaks with Kieran Lalor of Al Shira’aa on the operation’s burgeoning bloodstock portfolio based at Meadow Court Stud in Ireland. Only 6 three-year-olds have won a Triple Crown race and the Breeders’ Cup Classic. ‘89 Sunday Silence ‘90 Unbridled ‘92 A.P. Indy ‘07 Curlin ‘15 American Pharoah ‘20 Authentic AUTHENTIC Into Mischief’s Horse of the Year. SPENDTHRIFT \| $60,000 S&N GI Winner FAIZA GII Winner DORTH VADER GII Winner DAMON’S MOUND 5 Stakes Winners 9 Stakes Horses From Just 59 Starters HE SHOULDN’T BE ABLE TO DO THIS FROM A $7,500 FEE, BUT HE HAS. Think About It! AIRDRIE STUD INC. 859-873-7270 www.airdriestud.com March 17, 2007. Street Sense gets his nose down on the line ahead of Any Given Saturday in the GII Tampa Bay Derby. Click here to read the result in the TDN archive. Horsephotos PA COMMISSION RESCINDS NESS PENALTIES The Pennsylvania State Horse Racing Commission (PSHRC) has rescinded an Aug. 18, 2022, ruling against trainer Jamie Ness that suspended him six months and fined him $5,000 for a positive drug test for buprenorphine in a winning horse at Parx. KEEPMEINMIND & FIRE AT WILL SETTLE IN AT SEQUEL Keepmeinmind (Laaban), whose prowess on the track first brought sire Laaban to the national forefront, and GI Breeders’ Cup Juvenile Turf winner and Eclipse finalist Fire At Will (Declaration of War) join Honest Mischief, Freud and Mission Impazible at Sequel New York’s stallion roster. TRAVERS HIGHLIGHTS SARATOGA STAKES SCHEDULE The stakes schedule for the 2023 summer meet at historic Saratoga Race Course will include 71 stakes worth $20.8 million in total purses. Forte Takes the Blame cont. from p1 Girvin \| EquiSport Girvin had already announced himself so persuasively, in launching talented juveniles like Damon’s Mound last year, that he earned an immediate transfer from Florida to Kentucky. Faiza made a key contribution to that breakout, as a spectacular pinhook ($90,000 yearling/$725,000 juvenile) who then won a Grade I on her second start, and she continued her flawless progress in the GIII Santa Ysabel S. on Sunday. Her success was rather more anticipated than that of Dorth Vader the previous day, but a filly homebred at $7,500 has now won four of six starts since stumbling on debut: a maiden, two stakes and now the GII Davona Dale S. Girvin’s precocious stock, then, is consolidating in most encouraging fashion—especially given that he has so far been working with material commensurate with his opening fee. Dorth Vader, for instance, is out of a Yonaguska mare who won under a $5,000 tag in Alberta. It’s going to be fun to see what Girvin can do with his upgrade at Airdrie. Practical Joke belongs to the previous intake, meaning that he has had to deal throughout with a fairly epoch-making inconvenience in Gun Runner. As a dual Grade I-winning juvenile by into Into Mischief, he secured significant numerical opportunity at Ashford and has already had a couple of hundred individual starters. But he’s taking the chance he was given, reliably slipstreaming Gun Runner in their class and already indebted to this second crop for a first Grade I success in Chocolate Gelato’s Frizette last fall. The flamboyant talent of Practical Move is offering to take his sire to another level, albeit we’ll have to see quite how far he can stretch his speed. That kind of question has obviously been answered quite brilliantly by Into Mischief himself, since the elevation of his mares, and Practical Joke is making a promising early “Move” in the intensifying competition among his sons. SEND YOUR MARE TO MARYLAND After she foals here, breed to one of our stallions and your 2023 foal is eligible to be a registered Maryland-bred* MARYLAND: IT’S THE PLACE TO BE Better stallions. Better mares. Maryland-breds. Horses must be registered with the Maryland Horse Breeders Association to be eligible to earn bonuses 28.5 In 2022, Maryland stallions boasted the largest average book of mares outside of Kentucky. Quality speaks for itself. With a history full of outstanding runners, stallions and horsemen, the tradition of breeding good horses here continues. Our tracks offer competitive purses and programs that reward breeders and owners and developers of Maryland-breds. Little Vic—from Practical Joke’s debut crop—is certainly trading unapologetically in speed, and continued his fertile winter campaign with a career best in the Gill Tom Fool H. But Shidabbuti will be another looking to extend, having pried open an Oaks gate in maintaining her unbeaten start in the Busher S. Blame is obviously a proven operator by this stage, and we’ve long admired his black-type output at ratios that stack up well against several more expensive covers. Indeed, this spring he has Derby and Oaks contenders himself in Litigate and Wet Paint. As a broodmare sire, however, he has barely started—and is rapidly opening up exciting horizons. With his beautifully shaped pedigree, lining up his fourth dam Thong against his sire Arch’s third dam Courtly Dee (both by sons of Nasrullah, in Nantallah and Never Bend), I’ve always said Blame looked a great option for someone who wouldn’t mind retaining a filly. And his daughters arguably gave us both the leading juveniles of 2022, in Forte himself and Loggins (Ghostzapper); while two others produced sophomore stakes winners to sandwich the champion’s comeback win last Saturday. Danse Macabre (Army Mule) won the Gill Herecomesthebride S. on the same card, while Botanical (Medaglia d’Oro) collected 20 Oaks points in the Cincinnati Trophy at Turfway. Note this well: Forte, Loggins, Danse Macabre and Botanical are all the very first foals to represent their dams on the track. Botanical is bred on a cross akin to the one that gave us Forte, who is by a son of her sire. But while Medaglia d’Oro has long been a byword for versatility, it’s conceivable that Violence may need Forte to summon the two-turn influences channelled through his dam to see out the punishing test awaiting on the first Saturday in May. In winning the Gil Fountain of Youth S., Forte was redressing his sire’s narrow defeat (by the subsequent Derby winner) in the same race 10 years previously. True to the Medaglia d’Oro legacy, Violence did prove adaptable even in the span of a career that came to a premature end that day, having won the GI Hollywood Futurity on synthetics after making his name on dirt in New York. He made a flying start at Hill ‘n’ Dale, missing the 2017 freshman’s laurels by cents (to Overanalyze!) and rewarded with 214 mares at a fee hiked from $15,000 to $25,000. With his debut crop thriving as sophomores, he proved all the rage at the yearling sales in 2018 and was raised further to $40,000. But he then mustered just two stakes winners in 2019, sending his yearling average plummeting from over $130,000 to barely $45,000. With his fee retreating to $25,000, he then turned things round with three Grade I winners in 2020, from three different crops. He was back in the game, albeit that hump in the road will tell in a somewhat diminished juvenile ALOHA WEST Hard Spun – Island Bound, by Speightstown G1 Breeders’ Cup Sprint While I believe in ALOHA WEST and his potential as a stallion, I also believe in Mill Ridge and the support and belief of the breeders that make up the syndicate. Mill Ridge has a history of making stallions with DIESIS and GONE WEST as examples. Their resurgence now with OSCAR PERFORMANCE matters, and we wanted to buy into ALOHA WEST. We have supported him with two of our mares on our share, and have booked several more client mares to him with such an outstanding price point.” — Carrie Brogden Fee: $10,000 LF Contact: Kim Poulin . ph: 859.231.0606 . firstname.lastname@example.org footprint this year (graduating from his 2020 book, which slipped to 86 mares). Overall, after one or two wild swings early in his career, it feels safe to say that Violence has completed a process of consolidation with the emergence of Forte. Always a glossy physical, he’s now up to $50,000 and already has Volatile at stud to heighten the sense that the ageing Medaglia d’Oro has belatedly organised his legacy. For quite a while, the dynasty had seemed insecure, with no heir quite matching the status of his daughters Rachel Alexandra and Songbird, or his gelded son Golden Sixty. But now he has Violence competing with a champion freshman in Bolt d’Oro, with Higher Power starting out too. Certainly anyone who consecutively replays the Fountain of Youth and then the Gill Gotham S. will observe a common swagger to Forte and Raise Cain. But that kind of natural speed is consistent with the races won by their sire’s most accomplished stock to date: GI Woody Stephens S., GI Alfred G. Vanderbilt S., GI Bing Crosby S. In vividly diversifying the legacy of turf monster El Prado (Ire), Medaglia d’Oro can also include sprint speed among his variegated resume: think Astern (Aus), Vancouver (Aus), Warrior’s Reward. Quite apart from his sire-line, however, the seeding of Violence’s own family also has a strong flavor of chlorophyll: his first two dams are by transatlantic influences in Gone West and Storm Cat, and the next two are by venerable European Classic influences in Blushing Groom (Fr) and Nijinsky. How curious, if these names should end up helping to create a legacy on dirt for Medaglia d’Oro. With the help of their classic qualities, this well-known family has achieved that elusive balance between speed and stamina. Violence’s third dam is Hall of Famer Sky Beauty, whose own dam was Dayjur’s Grade I-winning half-sister Maplejinsky, their mother in turn being champion sprinter Gold Beauty. Bearing in mind that you’ll also find Maplejinsky as third dam of Point Of Entry (Dynaformer), this maternal background should certainly help Violence stretch the speed he has imparted to his best stock; and he does have a Grade I winner over 10 furlongs in Argentina. Nonetheless it is a comfort for those in Forte’s camp for the Derby to know that he can also draw on the resources of his dam Queen Caroline. Blame himself obviously offers her a bedrock. Besides extending the doughty Arch-Roberto brand, he also introduces more Nijinsky as sire of his grandam—whose celebrated mother, Special was of course by another sturdy influence in Forli (Arg). Queen Caroline is out of a Forestry mare, but the next dam is by Seattle Slew and soon tapers through three generations of Phipps-Wheatley royalty to a sister of Busher (and then to the Colonel Bradley matriarch Baby League and her legendary dam La Troienne (Fr)). Queen Caroline herself showed plenty of talent, at around a mile on turf, winning four black-type races. A couple of those were restricted to Virginia-breds, but she only missed a graded stakes podium by a neck. (Remarkably, she was the very first purchase made by Amy Moore—as a $170,000 Keeneland September yearling—to found South Gate Farm.) Queen Caroline’s dam was a sharp sort, promptly adding a listed sprint to her maiden win at two, but more importantly she was out of a half-sister to the increasingly important Storm Cat mare Contrive: not only dam of champion juvenile filly Folklore (Tiznow) (herself responsible for the mother of Japanese star Contrail (Jpn) (Deep Impact (Jpn)) but also second dam of Essential Quality (Tapit). This all feels like a pretty strong foil to the speed hitherto trademarked by Violence. A similar exercise will be necessary, incidentally, with Raise Cain. He was bred by Rock Ridge Thoroughbreds from a Lemon Drop Kid mare who had won a sprint maiden in a light career, more significantly a half-sister to GI Breeders’ Cup Ladies’ Classic winner Unrivaled Belle (Unbridled’s Song). The latter’s daughter Unique Bella also had elite talent but remember that she operated very effectively round a single turn, despite being by Tapit. So we’ll have to see how the profile of Violence evolves as these sons seek to adapt their flair to the demands of the Triple Crown trail. Raise Cain certainly exhibited a full armory on Saturday: through the race he exuded contempt for the idea that the traffic around him might be running fast, and then devoured open ground like a horse eager for more. Admittedly his earlier work now seems to require some imaginative reinterpretation, whereas Forte is obviously a proven star already. As has been well documented by now, as a $110,000 yearling Forte lurked an awfully long way down the list of 2021 purchases by Repole Stable and St Elias. (Certainly it was only a marginal reward for his $80,000 pinhookers, though Reiley McDonald could comfort himself with a trifecta of Eaton graduates in the GI Hopeful S.) Regardless, Violence has now put two sets of connections exactly where thousands of others had dreamed of being when the class of 2020 slithered into the straw. But if it turns out that none of them can outstay Forte, we know who else can share the Blame. HISA AUTHORITY CHALLENGES 'PIGGYBACK' STRATEGY IN AMENDED LOUISIANA LAWSUIT by T. D. Thornton The recently amended federal lawsuit spearheaded by the state of Louisiana against the Horseracing Integrity and Safety Act (HISA) Authority and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is facing a new challenge from the HISA Authority defendants, who filed a Mar. 6 motion to strike the latest version of the complaint based on allegations that the plaintiffs are "improperly" The HISA Authority's motion continued: "Their strategy? To use the geographic 'range, literally from coast-to-coast,' of the new parties as justification for a shotgun request that the Court 'extend the injunctive relief currently in effect to provide nationwide relief.' Their end goal? To dismantle nationwide regulatory reforms that Congress recently amended and reaffirmed after the Fifth Circuit's opinion reinstating the preliminary injunction. "Allowing the would-be parties—representing thousands of industry members from across the country—to piggyback on the favorable relief Plaintiffs already secured would undermine principles of justice, encourage forum shopping, prejudice Defendants, and set a dangerous precedent for future litigants looking to parlay any single plaintiff's preliminary win into an expansive nationwide class action that topples congressionally mandated regulations before any briefing on dispositive motions." That outcome, the HISA Authority argued, "is particularly unwarranted given that a prior stay order entered by the Fifth Circuit and intervening administrative actions by the FTC (on top of Congress's recent amendment reinforcing its commitment to the HISA regime) cast substantial doubt on the continued viability of the claims underlying the preliminary injunction presently in effect." The HISA Authority summed up: "The Court should strike Plaintiffs' amended complaint—at least as to the addition of the 'vast number' of new parties seeking to expand the existing relief into a nationwide preliminary injunction." The plaintiffs, back on Feb. 6, articulated the revised version of the lawsuit this way: "This First Amended Complaint seeks to prevent HISA from continuing to exercise 'unchecked government power' through its FTC-approved rules or any other rules that the FTC may approve now that the Fifth Circuit has issued its mandate [in a separate, but related, case headed by the National HBPA]. "The broad collection of plaintiffs from around the country further justifies Plaintiffs' request for nationwide injunctive relief herein," the plaintiffs' amended complaint continued. "And this Court has already recognized that the challenged HISA rules offend the Administrative Procedure Act and HISA's statutory authority," the plaintiffs stated. "The Fifth Circuit has further cemented the rightfulness of that decision by rejecting Defendants' appeal of the preliminary injunction order and denying Defendants' requests for additional appellate review in this case that came after Congress tweaked the HISA Act, just as the Fifth Circuit did in [the National HBPA appeal]," the plaintiffs' amended complaint stated. THE value of 2023! Grade 1-winning juvenile 8th Aug 2019 1st MSW, Saratoga, 6½f, by 4¾ lengths on debut 5th Oct 2019 1st Champagne Stakes [G1], 1m, by 4 lengths Brilliant Triple Grade 1-winning 3YO 1st Feb 2020 1st Holy Bull Stakes [G3], 1⅛m, by 3 lengths 28th Mar 2020 1st Florida Derby [G1], 1¼m, by 4¾ lengths Three of the previous four winners finished first in the Kentucky Derby on their next start 2nd May 2020 Kentucky Derby [G1], postponed due to COVID 20th June 2020 1st Belmont Stakes [G1], over a reduced 1⅛m trip, by 3¾ lengths 8th Aug 2020 1st Travers Stakes [G1], 1¼m, by 5½ lengths 5th Sep 2020 2nd Kentucky Derby [G1], 1¼m, by just 1¼ lengths to HOTY Authentic still earning a 103 Beyer. Tiz The Law was the shortest-priced Derby favorite since Spectacular Bid in 1979 despite drawing post 17 “It was disappointing after he won the Florida Derby not having the Kentucky Derby five weeks later. Barclay had him ready to peak on the first Saturday in May.” Owner Jack Knowlton of Sackatoga Stable TIZ THE LAW An even better racehorse than his sire CONSTITUTION (by Tapit). Call (859) 873-7088 today! PENNSYLVANIA COMMISSION RESCINDS NESS PENALTIES FROM '22 by T.D. Thornton The Pennsylvania State Horse Racing Commission (PSHRC) has rescinded an Aug. 18, 2022, ruling against trainer Jamie Ness that suspended him six months and fined him $5,000 for a positive drug test for bufotenine in a winning horse at Parx. Bufotenine is a psychoactive substance often referred to as "toad venom" because one of its sources is the skin of toads from the genus Bufo. In humans, it has been used for centuries in traditional forms of medicine as both a hallucinogen and a purported aphrodisiac. Starting in the 1990s, it briefly cycled into popularity as a street drug of abuse in the United States because of its ability to produce effects similar to those from mescaline and psilocybin mushrooms. But another source of bufotenine is reed canary grass, a pasture plant. Ness's attorney, Drew Mollica, had argued that inadvertent contamination could have been a factor as the source of the traces of bufotenine that showed up in the positive post-race blood test of Crabs N Beer (Blofeld), who won a starter-optional claimer by 2 1/2 lengths as the 3-5 favorite on Feb. 23, 2022. "Common sense and science carried the day, and a possible career-threatening suspension was rescinded," Mollica told TDN. "The system is often draconian and unfair, but in this instance justice was served." The rescinded ruling, dated Mar. 6, 2023, reads as follows: "The Association of Racing Commissioners International (ARCI) does not specify a threshold level for the substance Bufotenine. Based upon the PSHRC's analysis and investigation, the Commission has determined that the proper procedure would be to utilize the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA) recommended residual limit of 10mcg/ml in urine. Based on the IFHA established threshold level, the finding in Sample No. 390762 will not be determined as a positive result. As such, there is no violation of the Commission's Rules of Racing. Therefore, the Parx Board of Stewards Ruling No. 22226PP is hereby RESCINDED." Mollica explained the appeals process this way: "We appealed on numerous levels. We did not go to a hearing, but they investigated it, and this is what they came up with. Bufotenine is a known contaminant, and our premise was it's culled in urine. They never took urine from this horse. They only took blood. And we argued that it was a known contaminant, and it was a low number in blood, and it should never have been a positive at all." Ness is currently third in the North American training standings so far this year, and seventh based on earnings. He is currently atop the Parx leaderboard in both wins and earnings for 2023. NEW STALLIONS KEEPMEINMIND AND FIRE AT WILL SETTLE IN AT SEQUEL by Diana Pikulski Keepmeinmind (Laoban--Inclination, by Victory Gallop), whose prowess on the track first brought sire Laoban to the national forefront, and GI Breeders' Cup Juvenile Turf winner and Eclipse finalist Fire At Will (Declaration of War--Flirt, by Kitten's Joy) join Honest Mischief, Freud and Mission Impazible at Sequel New York's stallion roster, bringing diverse and interesting options for Thoroughbred breeders in the Empire State. Bred by Southern Equine Stables, the physically impressive Keepmeinmind broke his maiden in the Gil Kentucky Jockey Club S. in November of his 2-year-old season. Prior to that, he was runner-up to future two-time Eclipse Award winner Essential Quality (Tapit) in the GI Claiborne Breeders’ Futurity. He finished third in the GI Breeders’ Cup Juvenile behind Essential Quality and Hot Rod Charlie. “Keepmeinmind had a great 2-year-old campaign,” said Carlos Manresa, director of operations at Sequel New York. “He was really the first of the Laobans to make national notoriety, along with, of course, Simply Ravishing.” At age three, Keepmeinmind was a respectable sixth in the GI Kentucky Derby and fourth in the GI Preakness S. He finished just a half-length behind Essential Quality in the 2021 GI Jim Dandy S. Keepmeinmind was originally trained by Robertino Diodoro, and at age four he was transferred to Todd Pletcher for whom he won a Saratoga allowance. He was then third to Life Is Good (Into Mischief) in the 2022 GI Woodward S. Pletcher told the TDN, “Keepmeinmind is a specimen with a terrific disposition. He competed with and beat the best of the best. A big boost for the New York breeding roster.” “He’s a more elegant, refined version of Laoban,” said Manresa of Keepmeinmind. “He’s got the big, big hip, but he’s also a leggy, stretchy horse that you would expect from the Uncle Mo line.” Keepmeinmind will stand in 2023 for $6,500. Breeders’ Cup Juvenile Turf winner Fire At Will retired with a record of 6-3-0-1 and earnings of $675,932. Bred in Kentucky by Troy Rankin and raced by Three Diamonds Farm, Fire At Will broke his maiden at two in his second start in Saratoga’s With Anticipation S. He then took the GI Pilgrim S. on the turf at Belmont. He punctuated the year with a victory in the GI Breeders’ Cup Juvenile Turf at Keeneland. He was an Eclipse Award finalist for the 2-year-old champion male, eventually won by Essential Quality. “It’s definitely an interesting time to bring a horse that has been successful on multiple surfaces to stud in New York,” said Manresa. “New York is in a shift towards all alternative racing surfaces, specifically at Belmont. There’s been a lot of discussion over having a synthetic course as well as the dirt and grass surfaces.” Fire At Will brings an impressive performance on the grass as well as proven turf pedigree to New York. Fire At Will is the first foal from the Kitten’s Joy mare Flirt. His sire Declaration of War won the GI Juddmonte International S. in 2013. “[Fire At Will] is absolutely the fastest 2-year-old I have ever trained on the turf,” conditioner Mike Maker told the TDN. “Fire At Will is standing at Sequel New York in partnership with Three Diamonds Farm, which is owned and managed by Kirk and Deborah Wyckoff,” said Manresa. “They’re tremendous supporters of the New York-bred program, and it just seemed like the perfect fit for this Breeders’ Cup champion to come to stud in New York.” His fee for the upcoming season will be $6,000. “We try to make a habit out of selecting the perfect stallions for us,” said Manresa. “And this year, we got lucky and were able to attract two phenomenal stallions that had exceptional racing careers at two years old, both being Breeders’ Cup participants, both being placed in the Breeders’ Cup, and one of them being a Breeders’ Cup champion.” TRAVERS HIGHLIGHTS SARATOGA STAKES SCHEDULE The stakes schedule for the 2023 summer meet at historic Saratoga Race Course will include 71 stakes worth $20.8 million in total purses, the New York Racing Association announced Tuesday. Highlighted by the 154th renewal of the $1.25-million GI Travers Aug. 26 and the $1-million GI Whitney Aug. 5, the 40-day summer meet will open Thursday, July 13 and continue through Monday, Sept. 4. Whitney Day provides a trio of Grade I events, including the GI Test S. and the GI Saratoga Derby Invitational. The Travers Festival offers nine stakes including six Grade Is from Wednesday, Aug. 23 through Saturday, Aug. 26. The lucrative Travers Day card features five Grade I stakes, including the GI Resorts World Casino Sword Dancer, GI Ballerina H., GI Forego and GI H. Allen Jerkens Memorial. Following the four-day opening weekend, racing will be conducted five days a week, Wednesdays through Sundays, apart from closing week, when the 2023 summer meet will conclude on Labor Day. Saratoga Live, the acclaimed television show produced by NYRA in partnership with FOX Sports, will return for its eighth season to provide expansive on-site daily coverage of the summer meet to a nationwide audience on the networks of FOX Sports. The complete stakes schedule for the 2023 summer meet is available at https://www.nyra.com/saratoga/racing/stakes-schedule/. MOUNT CRAIG, EK HASEENA TOP FASIG-TIPTON MARCH DIGITAL SALE The Fasig-Tipton March Digital Sale closed Tuesday afternoon with 29 horses sold for $795,000. Offerings included breeding stock, horses of racing age, 2-year-olds, and yearlings. Mount Craig (Arrogate) (Hip 11), a 4-year-old racing/stallion prospect, topped the sale when sold for $140,000 to Harry Rosenblum from the consignment of Juddmonte. Out of the stakes winning, graded stakes-placed Curlin mare Flash Forward, Mount Craig is placed in four of five starts at three and four with earnings to date of $54,074. A late addition to the sale after a running a good third in maiden special weight company Mar. 2, Mount Craig sold from trainer Bill Mott’s stable at Oaklawn Park. “Fasig-Tipton does a great job with their internet bidding,” said Rosenblum. “They have a good product and great people. We’re thrilled to get Mount Craig as a racing prospect.” Ek Haseena (Songandaprayer) (Hip 10), dam of recent G3 Saudi Derby winner Commissioner King (Commissioner), was the sale’s top-priced broodmare. George Sharp purchased Ek Haseena for $130,000 from the consignment of Taylor Made Sales Agency, agent for Danny and Allison Caldwell. A stakes-placed winner herself, Ek Haseena is already the dam of four winners from five to race. Ek Haseena was offered in foal to Jimmy Creed. “We had a fantastic sale,” said Fasig-Tipton Director of Digital Sales Leif Aaron. “This was the first calendar sale of the year and we’re thrilled with the results. It was great to see the 17-minute bidding war on Terrier (sold for $55,000), which showed that for the right horse, the digital platform can offer the same spirited bidding and excitement of an in-person sale.” In total, 29 horses sold for $795,000, good for an average of $27,413. The RNA rate was 17%. Two-hundred-fifty users registered to bid on the 35 offerings. FUN TO DREAM CROWNED CTBA HORSE OF THE YEAR Grade I winner Fun to Dream (Arrogate) was crowned California-bred Horse of the Year at the CTBA Awards dinner Monday night. The 4-year-old filly, who is out of the Maria’s Mon mare Lutess, was bred by Connie Pageler and trainer Bob Baffert and is owned by Paegler and Natalie J. Baffert. The gray filly was also named Cal-bred champion 3-year-old filly and sprinter, and her dam was named Cal-bred broodmare of the year. “I did this, it was a crazy thing, I called Garrett O’Rourke at Juddmonte and I told him I’m going to do something really crazy, I’m sending you a mare that I claimed for $8,000,” Bob Baffert, who was voted Trainer of the Year, said. “I told Connie, we’re going to breed her to Arrogate, one of the greatest horses I ever trained. And we got lucky. We talked about what to name her and it’s fun to dream, that’s why we’re all in this business. And that’s how she got her name.” “Connie sold the mare and I’m going to get crazy again and do a foal share with Justify. So, hopefully, I’ll be up here in a couple of years and maybe we can catch lightning in a bottle twice.” In 2022, Fun to Dream had five wins in six starts, including the GI La Brea S., and earned of $426,590. Overall, she has six wins in seven starts and earnings of $546,590. Other 2022 Cal-bred champions include: 2yo Male: Giver Not a Taker (Danzing Candy); 2yo Female: Sell The Dream (Munnings); 3yo Male: Slow Down Andy (Nyquist); 3yo Female: Fun to Dream; Older Male: The Chosen Vron (Vronsky); Older Female: Becca Taylor (Old Topper); Sprinter: Fun to Dream Turf Horse: The Chosen Vron; Sire of California Conceived Foals by Earnings: Grazen (Benchmark); Sire of California Conceived Foals by No. of Winners: Grazen; Sire of California Conceived Foals by Turf Earnings: Grazen; Sire of California Conceived 2-Year-Olds by Earnings: Stay Thirsty (Bernardini); Trainer of the Year: Bob Baffert; Broodmare of the Year: Lutess (Maria’s Mon); Breeder of California Foaled Thoroughbreds by Earnings: Nick Alexander; Scoop Vessels Award: The Derby Room; CTBA Hall of Fame: Joe Harper, Nashoba’s Key (Silver Hawk). FORTE TABBED AS MORNING LINE FAVORITE FOR KD FUTURE WAGER POOL 5 Repole Stable and St. Elias Stable’s champion and last weekend’s GIll Fountain of Youth S. winner Forte (Violence) was tabbed as the 4-1 overall morning-line betting favorite for Pool 5 of the Kentucky Derby Future Wager, which is set to open at noon on Friday. The pool will run concurrently with the first and only pool for the Kentucky Oaks Future Wager. In addition to $2 win and exacta betting, an Oaks/Derby Future Double will be offered. The Kentucky Derby Future Wager closes Sunday at 6 p.m. EST while the Oaks Future Wager will close 30 minutes later at 6:30 p.m. EST. The complete field for Pool 5 of the Kentucky Derby Future Wager (with morning line odds): #1 Angel of Empire (Classic Empire), 30-1; #2 Arabian Knight (Uncle Mo), 10-1; #3 Arabian Lion (Justify), 50-1; #4 Blazing Sevens (Good Magic), 40-1; #5 Cagliostro (Upstart), 99-1; #6 Cairo (IRE) (Quality Road), 50-1; #7 Classic Car Wash (Noble Bird), 99-1; #8 Classic Catch (Classic Empire) 50-1; #9 Confidence Game (Candy Ride (Arg)), 30-1; #10 Congruent (Tapit), 80-1; #11 Cyclone Mischief (Into Mischief); #12 Denington (Gun Runner), 80-1; #13 Disarm (Gun Runner), 99-1; #14 Forte; #15 Geaux Rocket Ride (Candy Ride (Arg)), 20-1; #16 General Jim (Into Mischief), 80-1; #17 Hejazi (Bernardini), 40-1; #18 Hit Show (Candy Ride (Arg)), 30-1; #19 Instant Coffee (Bolt d’Oro), 30-1; #20 Kingsbarns (Uncle Mo), 50-1; #21 Litigate (Blame), 50-1; #22 Mage (Good Magic), 80-1; #23 Major Dude (Bolt d’Oro), 50-1; #24 Mandarin Hero (Jpn) (Shanghai Bobby), 50-1; #25 National Treasure (Quality Road), 30-1; #26 Perriere (Jpn) (Henny Hughes), 50-1; #27 Practical Move (Practical Joke), 8-1; #28 Raise Cain (Violence), 50-1; #29 Red Route One (Gun Runner), 40-1; #30 Reincarnate (Good Magic), 30-1; #31 Rocket Can (Into Mischief), 40-1; #32 Skinner (Curlin), 40-1; #33 Sun Thunder (Into Mischief), 99-1; #34 Tapirice (Tapit), 15-1; #35 Tapit’s Conquest (Tapit), 80-1; #36 Two Eagles River (Cloud Computing), 80-1; #37 Two Phil’s (Hard Spun), 80-1; #38 Verifying (Justify), 50-1; #39 Victory Formation (Tapwrit), 80-1; and #40 “All Other 3-Year-Olds”, 5-1. In the Kentucky Oaks Future Wager, champion Wonder Wheel (Into Mischief) was made the 8-1 morning-line favorite in the field of 39 individual betting interests plus an option for “All Other 3-Year-Old Fillies” from the 2020 foal crop that were not listed. The $3-million GI Kentucky Derby presented by Woodford Reserve will be contest Saturday, May 6 and the $1.25-million GI Longines Kentucky Oaks will run one day prior on Friday, May 5. More information, Brisnet past performances and real-time odds on both wagers will be available online before the pool opens Friday. The sixth and final pool for the KDFW will open on Mar. 30. Saturday, Oaklawn #9, post time: 5:54 p.m. EST AZERI S.-GII, $350,000, 4yo/up, f/m, 1 1/16m \| PP \| HORSE \| SIRE \| OWNER \| TRAINER \| JOCKEY \| WT \| \|----\|----------------\|-----------------\|--------------------------------------------\|-----------\|------------\|----\| \| 1 \| Secret Oath \| Arrogate \| Briland Farm \| Lukas \| Gaffalione \| 119\| \| 2 \| Lovely Ride \| Candy Ride (Arg)\| John Holleman, Flying P Stable and Larry Nafe \| Diodoro \| Torres \| 124\| \| 3 \| Clairiere \| Curlin \| Stonestreet Stables LLC \| Asmussen \| Rosario \| 119\| \| 4 \| Le Da Vida (Chi) \| Gemologist \| Masaiva Corp. \| Correas, IV \| Cheminaud \| 119\| \| 5 \| Interstadedaydream \| Classic Empire \| Flurry Racing Stables LLC \| Cox \| Geroux \| 119\| \| 6 \| Hidden Connection \| Connect \| Hidden Brook Farm and Black Type Thoroughbreds \| Calhoun \| Gutierrez \| 117\| \| 7 \| Hot and Sultry \| Speightster \| Alex and JoAnn Lieblong \| Casse \| Cabrera \| 119\| \| 8 \| Moon Swag \| Malibu Moon \| Farfellow Farm, Ltd. \| Walsh \| Santana, Jr.\| 121\| Breeders: 1-Briland Farm, Robert & Stacy Mitchell, 2-Allied Racing Stable, LLC, 3-Stonestreet Thoroughbred Holdings LLC, 4-Haras Santa Olga, 5-William D. Graham, 6-St. Simon Place, 7-Cobalt Investments, LLC, 8-Spendthrift Farm LLC Saturday, Gulfstream #8, post time: 4:07 p.m. EST HURRICANE BERTIE S.-GIII, $125,000, 4yo/up, f/m, 6 1/2f \| PP \| HORSE \| SIRE \| OWNER \| TRAINER \| JOCKEY \| WT \| \|----\|--------------------\|---------------------\|-----------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------\|------------\|----\| \| 1 \| Diamond Wow \| Lookin At Lucky \| Diamond 100 Racing Club, Amy Dunne, and Patrick Biancone LLC \| Biancone \| Bridgmohan \| 118\| \| 2 \| Colorful Mischief \| Into Mischief \| St. Elias Stable \| Pletcher \| Ortiz \| 118\| \| 3 \| Fire On Time \| Not This Time \| Albaugh Family Stables LLC \| Romans \| Perez \| 118\| \| 4 \| Frank's Rockette \| Into Mischief \| Frank Fletcher Racing Operations, Inc. \| Mott \| Alvarado \| 124\| \| 5 \| Drifarcos \| Kantharos \| My Purple Haze Stables \| Pompay \| Castellano \| 122\| \| 6 \| R Adios Jersey \| Adios Charlie \| Averill Racing LLC, ATM Racing and Jayson Werth \| Bennett \| Reyes \| 122\| Breeders: 1-Diamond 100 Racing Club LLC, 2-Clearsky Farms, 3-Jorge S. Wagner Jr., 4-Frank Fletcher, 5-Hidden Springs Farm, 6-Ocala Stud & J. Michael O'Farrell Jr.-Godolphin SECOND-CROP STARTERS TO WATCH: WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8 2023 Stud Fees Listed Awesome Slew (Awesome Again), Ocala Stud, $4,000 77 foals of racing age/15 winners/1 black-type winner 8-Tampa Bay Downs, 3:55 p.m. EST, Aoc 1m, Pretty’n Awesome, 3-1 $10,000 OBS OCT yrl; $29,000 OBS OPN 2yo Sharp Azteca (Freud), Three Chimneys Farm, $15,000 200 foals of racing age/45 winners/4 black-type winners 1-Penn National, 6:00 p.m. EST, Alw 6f, In Good Trouble, 6-1 $30,000 SAR AUG yrl West Coast (Flatter), Lane’s End Farm, $10,000 198 foals of racing age/14 winners/2 black-type winners 7-Fair Grounds, 5:15 p.m. EST, Msw 5 1/2ft, San Mateo Kat, 8-1 $70,000 FTK OCT yrl STAKES RESULTS: WASHINGTON CROSSING S., $75,000, Parx Racing, 3-7, 4yo/up, 1m 70y, 1:46.16, ft. 1--FOREWARNED, 126, h, 8, Flat Out--Fortune Play (MSW & GSP, $374,204), by Five Star Day. ($65,000 RNA 2yo ’17 KEENOV; $40,000 3yo ’18 EASDEC). O-Trin-Brook Stables, Inc.; B-Preston Stables LLC (OH); T-Uriah St. Lewis; J-Dexter Haddock. $43,200. Lifetime Record: 58-12-10-4, $987,383. 2--Prince of Rain, 122, g, 6, El Padrino--Cimarron Rain, by Indian Charlie. O-Z and Z Stables; B-Angelo Zalalas (PA); T-Michael Zalalas. $14,400. 3--Ruby Bleu, 122, g, 9, Messner--Ruby Soul, by Perfect Soul (Ire). O-Albert R Lupcho, Jr.; B-Donald L Brown (PA); T-Miguel A. Rodriguez. $7,200. Margins: HF, 6HF, 3/4. Odds: 5.10, 3.00, 5.90. FISHTOWN S., $75,000, Parx Racing, 3-7, 4yo/up, 6f, 1:13.15, ft. 1--TWISTED RIDE, 126, g, 4, Great Notion--Diva’s Gold (MSP, $389,790), by Tenpins. O-Kasey K Racing Stable LLC, Michael Day & Final Turn Racing Stable LLC; B-Kasey K Racing Stable (PA); T-Michael M. Moore; J-Andy Hernandez. $43,200. Lifetime Record: 13-6-2-2, $292,978. Full to Goodonehoney, SW, $193,098. 2--Smooth B, 124, h, 8, Weigelia--Katarica Disco, by Disco Rico. O-LC Racing; B-St. Omer’s Farm & WynOaks Farm, LLC (PA); T-Robert E. Reid, Jr. $14,400. 3--Sir Alfred James, 126, g, 7, Munnings--Super Phoebe, by Malabar Gold. ($17,000 RNA Wig ’16 KEENOV; $27,000 RNA Ylg ’17 KEESEP). O-Built Wright Stables, LLC.; B-Mt. Joy Stables, Pope McLean Sr., Marc McLean & Pope McLean Jr. (KY); T-Norman L. Cash. $7,200. Margins: HD, 2, 4. Odds: 1.60, 3.70, 5.00. PENN’S LANDING S., $75,000, Parx Racing, 3-7, 4yo/up, f/m, 6 1/2f, 1:19.15, ft. 1—DISCO EBO, 123, f, 4, Weigelia--Katarina Disco, by Disco Rico. ($52,000 Ylg ’20 EASOCT). O-Cash is King LLC and LC Racing LLC; B-St. Omer’s Farm (PA); T-Robert E. Reid, Jr.; J-Frankie Pennington. $41,400. Lifetime Record: 16-8-2-2, $463,444. Full to Disco Rose, GSP, $449,280; Smooth B, MSW, $746,798; Pink Princess, SP, $572,135; and to Fat Kat, SW, $423,318. 2—Centre Court Champ, 121, m, 5, Dominus--Wimbledon Star, by Wimbledon. ($2,200 Ylg ’19 FTKOCT). O-Jack J. Armstrong; B-Stoneview Farm Inc. (KY); T-Robert Mosco. $13,800. 3—Sweet Willemina, 121, m, 6, Raison d’Etat--Williams Bay, by Kitten’s Joy. ($1,100 Ylg ’18 KEESEP). O-Richard Clavardone & Home Team Stables; B-Calumet Farm (KY); T-Scott A. Lake. $6,900. A BUCKLAND Sales Graduate Margins: 6 3/4, HD, 3 3/4. Odds: 0.60, 8.00, 8.70. ALLOWANCE RESULTS: 8th-Sunland, $53,800, (S), 3-7, (NW2X), 3yo/up, 6f, 1:10.23, ft, 3/4 length. ATTILIANNO (g, 6, Attila’s Storm--Applelina, by Survivor Slew) Lifetime Record: SW. 20-4-3-5, $218,499. O/B-Pierre J. & Leslie A. Amestoy (NM); T-Todd W. Fincher. 7th-Sunland, $51,800, (S), (C)/Opt. Clm ($17,500), 3-7, 3yo/up, f/m, 5 1/2f, 1:03.36, ft, 1 1/2 lengths. BLUE BLAZES WHO (m, 6, Quinton’s Gold--Silverup, by Prenup) Lifetime Record: 20-5-3-4, $119,644. O-Scott Bean & James Masek; B-Sam E. & Sammy L. Stevens (NM); T-Joel J. Gonzales. 1/2 to Ol Winedrinker Who (Sligo Bay (Ire)), MSW, $814,307. 6th-Sunland, $48,000, (S), 3-7, (C), 3yo/up, 5 1/2f, 1:02.97, ft, 1/2 length. HOLLYWOOD HENRY (g, 8, Roll Hennessy Roll--Ringback, by Gone Hollywood) Lifetime Record: MSP. 34-12-7-5, $448,165. O-Bennie A. Vanecek; B-Fred Alexander (NM); T-Fred I. Danley. $17,500 Ylg ’16 RUJAU. 5th-Will Rogers Downs, $33,000, 3-7, (NW26MX), 3yo/up, 6f, 1:10.12, ft, 3 3/4 lengths. CHIPPOFTHOEOLDBLOCK (g, 6, Ready’s Image--Mizzen My Momma, by Mizzen Mast) Lifetime Record: SW & GSP, 37-10-6-5, $510,396. O-Penny S. Lauer; B-Penny S & Michael E. Lauer (IN); T-Michael E. Lauer. 1/2 to Drinkatthecreek (Itsmyluckyday), SP, $226,101. 8th-Mahoning Valley, $26,400, 3-7, (NW3L), 3yo/up, f/m, 6f, 1:13.52, my, head. LOVELY LISA (f, 4, Hard Spun--Roberta Turner, by Smart Strike) Lifetime Record: 14-3-2-4, $80,840. O-Robert J. Turner; B-Stonestreet Thoroughbred Holdings LLC (KY); T-Rey Hernandez. 4th-Mahoning Valley, $25,900, 3-7, (NW2L), 3yo/up, f/m, 1m, 1:43.24, my, 7 lengths. STEPPER (f, 4, War Front--Amazing Shoes (SP), by Empire Maker) Lifetime Record: 10-2-1-1, $91,912. O-KatieRich Stables LLC; B-Clairborne Farm (KY); T-Daniel Leitch. $400,000 Ylg ’20 FTKSEL; $35,000 RNA 3yo ’22 KEENOV. FOR OVER 110 YEARS 10th-Will Rogers Downs, $25,300, 3-6, (NW1X), 3yo/up, f/m, 6f, 1:11.45, ft, 1/2 length. LINGERING PROMISE (m, 6, Mr. Nightlinger--Kept Promise, by Western Expression) Lifetime Record: 12-4-3-1, $108,032. O/B-Bryan Hawk (OK); T-Joe S. Offlotter. $4,800 RNA Ylg ’18 OKCYRL. 7th-Will Rogers Downs, $23,000, 3-7, (NW1X), 3yo/up, 6f, 1:11.70, ft, 1 1/2 lengths. REVIVAL (g, 6, Super Saver--Finding Forestry, by Forestry) Lifetime Record: 17-3-4-1, $71,351. O-Ra-Max Farms LLC; B-WinStar Farm, LLC (KY); T-Theresa Sue Lunneck. $30,000 Ylg ’18 KEESEP. ADDITIONAL MAIDEN WINNERS: Divinary, f, 3, Divining Rod--Ultimate Avary, by Love of Money. Parx Racing, 3-7, (S), 6 1/2f, 1:24.11. Lifetime Record: 7-1-2-2, $53,980. B-Smith Farm & Stable (PA). Mingus, g, 3, Magna Graduate--Juliard, by Dixieland Band. Will Rogers Downs, 3-7, (S), 6f, 1:13.21. Lifetime Record: 4-1-0-1, $19,498. B-Clark O. Brewster (OK). Red River Witch, f, 3, Wilburn--Foreign Sultress (MSW, $178,362), by Foreign Policy. Will Rogers Downs, 3-7, 1m, 1:42.53. Lifetime Record: 7-1-0-2, $24,038. B-Scattered Acres LLC (OK). Gospel Molly, f, 4, Wicked B. Havior--Mollysintheclouds, by Cloud Hopping. Will Rogers Downs, 3-6, (S), 6f, 1:12.78. Lifetime Record: 9-1-2-2, $45,026. B-William B Haines (OK). ALL TDN WINNERS BY SIRE sponsored by IRT Your Horse. Our Passion. IRT USA: Tel +1 630 377 2300 Tel +44 1638 668 003 www.irt.com Attila's Storm, Attilianno, g, 6, o/o Applelina, by Survivor Slew. ALW, 3-7, Sunland Divining Rod, Divinaty, f, 3, o/o Ultimate Avary, by Love of Money. MSW, 3-7, Parx Racing Flat Out, Forewarned, h, 8, o/o Fortune Play, by Five Star Day. Washington Crossing S., 3-7, Parx Racing Great Notion, Twisted Ride, g, 4, o/o Diva’s Gold, by Tenpins. Fishtown S., 3-7, Parx Racing Hard Spun, Lovely Lisa, f, 4, o/o Roberta Turner, by Smart Strike. ALW, 3-7, Mahoning Valley Magna Graduate, Mingus, g, 3, o/o Juliard, by Dixieland Band. MSW, 3-7, Will Rogers Mr. Nightlinger, Lingering Promise, m, 6, o/o Kept Promise, by Western Expression. ALW, 3-6, Will Rogers Quinton's Gold, Blue Blazes Who, m, 6, o/o Silverup, by Prenup. AOC, 3-7, Sunland Ready's Image, Chipofftheoldblock, g, 6, o/o Mizzen My Momma, by Mizzen Mast. ALW, 3-7, Will Rogers Roll Hennessy Roll, Hollywood Henry, g, 8, o/o Ringback, by Gone Hollywood. ALW, 3-7, Sunland Super Saver, Revival, g, 6, o/o Finding Forestry, by Forestry. ALW, 3-7, Will Rogers War Front, Stepper, f, 4, o/o Amazing Shoes, by Empire Maker. ALW, 3-7, Mahoning Valley Weigelia, Disco Ebo, f, 4, o/o Katarica Disco, by Disco Rico. Penn’s Landing S., 3-7, Parx Racing Wicked B. Havior, Gospel Molly, f, 4, o/o Mollyisintheclouds, by Cloud Hopping. MSW, 3-6, Will Rogers Wilburn, Red River Witch, f, 3, o/o Foreign Sultress, by Foreign Policy. MSW, 3-7, Will Rogers --- Disco Ebo romps in Penn’s Landing S. \| Nikki Sherman/Equi-Photo CLASSIC BLOODLINES UNDERPIN BURGEONING AL SHIRA'AA OPERATION By Emma Berry On the wall of Kieran Lalor’s office is the photo of the 1965 Irish Derby winner Meadow Court, his celebrity co-owner Bing Crosby in shot, presumably just before, as legend has it, the great crooner serenaded the crowds at the Curragh with a rendition of When Irish Eyes Are Smiling. The success of the colt, who was also runner-up to the great Sea-Bird in the Derby and went on to give Lester Piggott his first success in the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth S., prompted his legendary trainer Paddy Prendergast to rename his stables in his honour. The property at Maddenstown, on the Curragh, subsequently passed into the hands of John and Eimear Mulhern, before being sold in 2016 to Abu Dhabi’s Sheikha Fatima bint Hazza bin Zayed Al Nahyan. The experienced equestrian is the eldest daughter of Sheikh Hazza bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the younger brother of the current president of the United Arab Emirates and the son of the founder and inaugural president of the UAE, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan. Beyond the sheikha’s equine interests she has recently launched the Fatima bint Hazza Academic Scholarship Fund, aimed at encouraging and enabling Emirati women to take advantage of higher education. Cont. p3 LOPE DE VEGA’S ALGOLIA POWERS TO TDN RISING STARDOM AT CHANTILLY by Sean Cronin Andre Fabre’s team has hit the ground running as winter slowly transitions to spring and the veteran maestro unleashed G1 Prix de Diane entry Algolia (Ire) (Lope De Vega {Ire})–Viva Rafaela {Brz}, by Know Heights {Ire}) to claim ‘TDN Rising Stardom’ with a scintillating performance in Tuesday’s Prix du Soissonnais over one mile at Chantilly. Her victory was the middle leg of a Fabre hat-trick on the card, the trainer also successful with the dual Group 1-placed Ancient Rome (War Front) coming back off a nine-month break and capping a treble initiated by Swing Vote (GB) (Shamardal) in the colts’ and geldings’ division of the one-mile maiden. Fabre is also responsible for Europe’s first Rising Star of the year, Pensee Du Jour (Ire) (Camelot {GB}), who impressed on debut at the same venue last month. The stable’s thermostat is set to hot and running at over 40% with 13 wins from 32 attempts this year. Cont. p9 IN TDN AMERICA TODAY Forte takes the blame to stay strong Chris McGrath examines the success of Gil Fountain Of Youth S. hero and champion Forte, by Violence and out of a Blame mare. Wertheimer & Frere’s Algolia (Ire) (Lope De Vega (Ire)) ran out a five-length winner at Chantilly on Tuesday to become the 10th ‘TDN Rising Star’ for her Ballylinch Sire. See TDN Europe for more. ‘PHOENIX’ GOOD ADVERTISEMENT FOR IRISH RACING Jim Ryan of Milltown Stud bred Gl Frank E. Kilroe Mile S. winner Gold Phoenix (Ire) (Belardo (Ire)). Brian Sheerin has the details. AIDAN O’BRIEN DOMINATES DERBY NOMINATIONS A total of 83 horses are nominated to the G1 Derby at Epsom in June, and 31 of them are trained by Aidan O’Brien. TATTERSALLS ASCOT MARCH CATALOGUE OUT The catalogue for the Tattersalls Ascot March Sale on Mar. 22 is now available online. Don’t Miss! Breaking News • Featured Videos Podcasts & Features • Sire Lists & TDN Rising Stars TDN Archives thetdn.com/europe Al Shira’aa Cont. from p1 The Thoroughbred arm of Sheikha Fatima’s global equine operation known as Al Shira’aa is managed by Lalor, who returned home to Ireland after a long stint in the Bluegrass at Ashford, Castleton Lyons and WinStar, and has overseen significant investment and development at the storied farm over the last six years. A nod to the multi-national ties of the property is provided by the welcome signs at the entrance, which are printed in Arabic, Gaelic and English. Once inside, a glance at the newly constructed stable yards and offices confirms the blending of styles: plenty of stylish modern glass melded with the grey native stone of Ireland. At a time when Sheikha Hissa has stepped modestly into the limelight in her aim to continue the Thoroughbred breeding tradition of her late father Sheikh Hamdan at Shadwell, it is heartening to find another Arab woman at the helm of a relatively new enterprise with horses in training in Ireland, France and America. The seeds of Sheikha Fatima’s equine interests were sown first in the sport horse world and Al Shira’aa has been the title sponsor of show jumping’s iconic Hickstead Derby since 2017, as well as backing the British Young Horse Championships at Bolesworth. It is a name which is gradually seeping into the consciousness of the racing world. Lalor has been busy on behalf of “The boss” through recent yearling sale seasons, buying selectively with an eye very much on the long-term future of the farm. Half-sisters to Classic winners Mother Earth (Ire) (Zoffany {Ire}) and Poetic Flare (Ire) (Dawn Approach {Ire}), and to Arc winner Waldgeist (GB) (Galileo {Ire}) were recruited in 2021. The first of that trio, Ocean Jewel (Ire), was one of the first-crop winners for Sioux Nation when striking for Willie McCreery last September before adding some black type to her name with a runner-up spot in the Listed Ballyhane Blenheim S. Cont. p4 Expert Eye Acclamation - Exemplify (Dansili) £7,500 to Oct Special Live Foal Eyes on the prize The brilliant 2YO who progressed to Royal Ascot and Breeders’ Cup glory 28 First Crop WINNERS 42% Winners to RUNNERS FIVE First Crop progeny rated 90+ by Timeform 2022 YEARLINGS sold for $145,000, 120,000gns 90,000gns, €80,000, etc. Contact Shane Horan, Henry Bletsoe or Claire Curry +44 (0)1638 731115 \| email@example.com www.juddmonte.com Al Shira’aa Cont. "It's easier to go to a sale, and you're seeing the select drafts of all these top breeders are putting on the market, but our ultimate goal is to breed our own Group 1 horses. We try and breed everything to be a racehorse first and foremost," Lalor says. "We want those Classic types, the mile-and-a-quarter, mile-and-a-half horse, that's our ultimate goal. Now, we do go and buy some speed, like the Sioux Nation filly Ocean Jewel, but with the background of Mother Earth being a top-class, sound filly that ran in so many Group 1s and never threw in the towel. But the ultimate goal with her is to come back to the broodmare band to be bred to try and produce a miler or a mile-and-a-quarter type of horse." He adds of Sheikha Fatima, "She's very passionate about all breeds of horses. She was very successful at show jumping and dressage herself, and she has a big show jumping team competing all around Europe and the UAE." Mutamakina (red cap) became the first top-level winner for the operation \| Michael Burns Her black-and-red racing silks have already been carried with some distinction in the Thoroughbred world, with Al Shira’aa celebrating its first top-level success in 2021 with Mutamakina (GB) (Nathaniel (Ire)) in the GI EP Taylor S. at Woodbine. "She's going to Wootton Bassett. We're very excited, she's a fabulous filly," says Lalor of the 7-year-old mare who started out in training with Carlos Laffon-Parias, for whom she won a listed race in Vichy, before being transferred to Christophe Clement and winning four graded stakes in North America. Laffon Parias, who, along with Pascal Bary, trains the French-based horses for Al Shira’aa, also oversaw the racing career of Rumi (Fr) (Frankel (GB)), a Group 2 and Group 3 winner who heads this year to be covered by Kingman (GB). Cont. p5 Also heading to the Juddmonte covering shed is Jannah Flower (Ire), runner-up in the G1 Prix de Royallieu last year for Pascal Bary and, like Rumi and Mutamakina, bought by Shawn Dugan. "She was twice a listed winner, second in a Group 2 and second in a Group 1 on the day before the Arc, and she's going to Frankel," Lalor adds of Jannah Flower. The prefix of Jannah, which translates to paradise, is likely to be seen more widely in the coming years. This season, Sheikha Fatima and her team at Al Shira'aa will have high hopes for Jannah Rose (Ire), a Frankel filly bred by John Hayes and bought for €650,000, who has raced just once and won at Chantilly. She now holds entries for the French Classics, as does Saadiyat (Ire), a Lope De Vega (Ire) half-sister to Broome (Ire) and Point Lonsdale (Ire). "Jannah Rose was quite possibly one of the nicest yearlings I've ever seen at a sale," Lalor recalls. "She was a fantastic-looking individual, and she moved great. She was one horse I said to the boss, 'We just have to own her, whatever it takes.' In her debut victory, she had to overcome quite a bit in that race to get out into the open. She was very green but when she engaged that run before the finish line, it really got the heart going. That was only a maiden win, but it was quite an emotional win, because she was a very expensive filly. A lot of things can go wrong, but she's one we'll be very excited about." He adds, "Our main focus has always been France. They have a great system, that really rewards breeders and owners." The operation currently boards a group of mares in France with Julian Ince at Haras du Logis, which includes Celestial Beast, a full-sister to the GI Breeders' Cup Turf Sprint winner and sire Bobby's Kitten. Three of them are booked to Logis resident Victor Ludorum (Ire) and another three to Galiway (GB). In America, the mares are entrusted to Gainesway, and the four being covered there this year are booked to the smart names of Uncle Mo, Into Mischief, American Pharoah and Justify. "[Gainesway manager] Brian Graves has been a good friend of mine for a long time. They are part-owner in Miss Jessica J (Empire Maker), and so it was just an organic kind of relationship that started there. We've tried to have one every year from Europe go over there [to race]. Geoff and Sandra Mulcahy do all of our lay-ups over there and they do a great job, and once they go into the breeding arena they go to Gainesway." He adds, "The two Triple Crown winners have both started well. American Pharoah has had some good winners here as well. I'd be all for them, and the boss, thankfully, feels the same. She jumped at the chance of using Justify." Cont. p6 Al Shira’aa Cont. While Al Shira’aa is very much an owner-breeder operation, all breeders have to sell some stock to keep the numbers at a reasonable level, and David Cox of Baroda Stud is called upon when required to offer youngsters for sale. "Everybody has that decision, and it’s a very difficult decision to make because inevitably you’re going to sell a really good horse, but our limit is 30 mares," Lalor says. "Until we expand to the level where we could have more flexibility we try to stay strictly to that number. The grand scheme is to improve on all this, so we have 28 [mares] at the moment, and when one comes in, one goes out. "Obviously we do want to grow and expand, but that comes with time. We can’t just go and buy a broodmare band in one or two years. We’ve obviously a lot of families in the racing stable and most of them will come into the breeding operation, but we have some flexibility in that regard because if they are doing well and they are healthy and enjoying it they will continue racing. The boss likes to keep them in training, so we race as 4- or 5-year-olds. Mutamakina was six when she retired." Classic relations loom large on the lists of horses of various ages on the walls of Lalor’s office. Lady In Lights (Ire), a Dansili (GB) half-sister to the Guineas winners Magna Grecia (Ire) and St Mark’s Basilica (Fr), was bought in December 2020 carrying to No Nay Never, and her resultant foal, now two and named Spirit Lady (Ire), is one of an illustrious group of 12 juveniles currently being broken in by Ian McCarthy. Also among that intake is the Siyouni (Fr) half-sister to Native Trail (GB), named Native Pearl (Fr); Jannah Pearl (Fr), a Galileo (Ire) sister to Rumi; and Crimson Tide (Fr), a full-sister to Glycon (Fr) (Le Havre (Ire)), all of whom were purchased at Arqana last August. "The first thing we do when we buy a yearling, they come back here, and they go out together in the field for three months," Lalor notes. Cont. p7 Mares and foals at ease \| Al Shira’aa Part of the Meadow Court Stud complex \| Al Shira’aa Al Shira’aa Cont. He adds, "So they detox from the sales, all of that prepping at such a young age can be quite a lot for them. We try to let them go back to being a horse, as opposed to going straight to a breaker or pre-trainer and then getting turned out in January for a month or so. And our first instruction to Ian is to let them do it in their own time, as individuals." He continues, "It's the same with all the trainers. There's no pressure to push them. "Like with Caelestis, the Dubawi [half-sister to Waldgeist], there was probably a lot of expectation for her to come out last year. But she was immature and green, and Pascal [Bary] said, 'No, she's not going to be ready until next year.'" For someone who has cut their teeth with sport horses, as Sheikha Fatima has, waiting an extra year between a youngster's 2- and 3-year-old season clearly doesn't rankle. And, after all, with the earlier purchases now embarking on their broodmare careers, and the early drafts of homebreds in the paddocks, there is much to occupy the team's thoughts at all levels. "Sheikha Fatima is very much involved," says Lalor. "We spent hours on the phone in December going over matings. I go and short-list at the sales, but she sees everything and makes the final decisions. She loves coming to the farm and seeing the foals, the development, how they grow. She has a really good eye for a horse, and with the matings, as I say, we spend hours going over them." Cont. p8 Meadow Court Stud \| Al Shira'aa Meadow Court Stud from the air \| Al Shira'aa Al Shira’aa Cont. He adds, "Sometimes I wonder whether we are raising horses or trees. We've planted more than 2,000 trees on the farm and it's an organic farm, so we don't spray with chemicals, we use seaweed. It's going to be fabulous in 10 or 20 years when all these trees grow. Everything on the farm is done with the wildlife in mind. "The boss is really passionate about it, and it's more fun when they're as involved as Sheikha Fatima is. That kind of makes it all worthwhile, and when you get to work with horses like this, trying to develop our own product." At a time when the demise of the owner-breeder is much rued, it is indeed encouraging to see an historic farm rejuvenated, from the paddocks to the stock therein. "I remember the first time we met the boss, and we spoke about what she wanted out of this," says Lalor. "We looked about, at all those Classic breeders. Coolmore are probably the best in the business, they're just exceptional, and Juddmonte, too. And so with the same goals and mindset, we dove into this. Hopefully I think we're on the right path, but we will keep trying to improve and try to keep moving in the right direction." Cont. p9 GOLD PHOENIX BREEDER: ‘GRADE I WIN A GOOD ADVERT FOR IRISH RACING’ By Brian Sheerin In becoming the latest Grade I-winning import for trainer Phil D'Amato at Santa Anita on Sunday, Gold Phoenix (Ire) (Belardo (Ire)) advertised the quality Ireland has to offer the international buyers, according to the horse’s breeder Jim Ryan of Milltown Stud. Gold Phoenix stormed to Frank E. Kilroe Mile S. glory for D'Amato, who has done similarly-well with Irish-breds Rhea Moon (Ire) (Starspangledbanner (Aus)) and Going Global (Ire) (Mehmas (Ire)) in recent times. It was the gelding’s debut victory at Dundalk for Kieran Cotter in 2021 that caught the attention of his current connections, for which Gold Phoenix has gone from strength to strength, culminating with that $250,000 race success at Santa Anita. Ryan said, “We’re all delighted. It’s great to see a horse that you bred go on and do well. He has a very nice full-brother yearling here, too, and he’s very like Gold Phoenix. The mare [Magnifica (Mizzen Mast)] is in foal to Lucky Vega (Ire), which is great, because it’s the same cross so we look forward to that. She is due to foal in the next few weeks.” Gold Phoenix, who Ryan bred and raced in partnership with the late Dr. Kai Chah Tan, owner of Dragon Pulse (Ire), failed to sell at the Goffs Sportsman’s Sale in 2019. Having picked up the mare almost 10 years ago at Keeneland for $70,000, Ryan was convinced her Belardo [who now stands at Bearstone Stud] yearling was better than the market gave him credit for and decided to place him in training, a decision that has been handsomely rewarded. Ryan recalled, “Time goes by quickly—I bought the mare at Keeneland nearly 10 years ago now and she has worked out to be lucky for us. I liked Mizzen Mast and she was a good-looking mare by him. She was also a winner and her own brother won the Hong Kong Derby. It’s a great Juddmonte family and, with a Juddmonte family, anything can happen at any time. It’s just a case of changing the matings up and sometimes that works. In this case, obviously it did.” He added, “Gold Phoenix was always a very good-looking horse. He always looked like he would make a good racehorse and that’s why we went back to Belardo again. We don’t normally do that but, because Gold Phoenix was so nice, we did.” Gold Phoenix Cont. "He was a lovely foal and a lovely yearling, very light on his feet and a great walker, but that's the way sales go--it's just fashion," he said. "We'd belief in him. If they are not making enough and we have faith in them, we don't mind bringing them home and putting a saddle on them. We are always prepared to do that." As well as signaling out D'Amato for high praise, Ryan pointed out that the victory advertised yet again Dundalk racecourse, and more importantly Irish racing as a whole, as being a proper nursery ground for future top-notchers. He said, "It's extraordinary how well Phil D'Amato has done with his European-bred horses and it's a great advert for Dundalk racecourse. For horses that can come out of there and run well all over the world, I think it's a great advertisement for the track and the people who are running it. "There will be more buyers for owners in Ireland now that people know that this sort of success can happen. It's a good advert for Irish racing. "It was also Belardo's first Grade I winner, so you'd have to be delighted about that as well. Belardo is a lovely horse and represents more success for Ballylinch Stud and John O'Connor who bred him." After Dr. Tan passed away, Ryan was bolstered by the support of long-time friend John Kirkland, who enjoyed notable success with homebreds Ocean Quest (Ire) (Sioux Nation) and Ocean Vision (Ire) (US Navy Flag) last year. In fact, Ocean Quest landed the first maiden of the year at the Curragh for Jessica Harrinton last term while Ocean Vision became Tim Donworth's first listed winner in France. Both horses spearhead what is said to be a promising string of about a half-dozen horses that Kirkland has in training in France and Ireland this year. Ryan said, "We bred Gold Phoenix on behalf of Dr. Tan, which is Mighty Universe, and raced him in partnership with him. Sadly, Dr. Tan passed away a year-and-a-half ago, and that was a very sad time for us. It was a shame that he wasn't alive to see what Gold Phoenix achieved. He had a lot of success, including with Dragon Pulse, and a lot of horses he bred here in Ireland went on and enjoyed success in Singapore for him. He was a great man and went way before his time." He added, "John Kirkland owns Ocean Quest and Ocean Vision in partnership with me. He's been a big supporter of us over the past two years and is a great partner to have. John has been a friend for over 25 years and, when Dr. Tan passed away, he decided to take up the mantle. "We have a half-dozen horses to look forward to this year and we'd be hoping that Ocean Quest could make up into a nice 3-year-old. She may even be a Commonwealth Cup type but she will start off in the Guineas Trial at Leopardstown first to see if she gets the seven furlongs. We'll play it by ear. "Ocean Vision was third in Doha over a mile last week. That was his first time over a mile and he stayed really well. John is enjoying it and has had great success already. "Matilda Picotte (Ire) (Sioux Nation) was also bred here. It's funny, Ocean Quest and Matilda Picotte shared the same paddock when they were younger and, when they ran in the Ballyhane S. last year, they were drawn either side of the track and raced for different trainers but just a short-head separated them in the finish. It was quite extraordinary." Algolia Cont. from p1 The 3-1 second choice broke smartly from the outside stall and stalked the tempo in a close second for most of this debutantes' heat. Nudged along to seize control passing the quarter-mile pole, she quickened clear approaching the final furlong and powered further away from stablemate Firyali (GB) (New Bay {GB}) in the closing stages to hit the line with an impressive five-length buffer, becoming the 10th Rising Star for her sire (by Shamardal). Lope De Vega's 'Rising Star' roll of honour also features GI Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf and GI Just A Game heroine Newspaperofrecord (Ire), National Stud resident Lope Y Fernandez (Ire), who placed five times at the highest level, and another GI Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf victrix in Aunt Pearl (Ire). Algolia is the fifth foal and scorer produced by G1 Grande Premio Diana (Brazilian Oaks) heroine and G1 Flower Bowl third Viva Rafaela (Brz) (Know Heights {Ire}), herself a daughter of G1 Grande Premio Marciano de Aguiar Moreira victrix Linda Rafaela (Brz) (Bin Ajwaad {Ire}). Cont. p10 Algolia Cont. The April-foaled homebred chestnut is a half-sister to last term’s Listed Prix Charles Laffitte scorer Babala (Ire) (Sea The Stars (Ire)). Viva Rafaela, whose family features a swathe of Brazilian elite-level performers, is kin to the Group 1-placed duo Baby Go Far (Brz) (Elusive Quality) and Unique Zuca (Brz) (Northern Afleet). The latter threw GSW G1 Grande Premio Cruzeiro do Sul runner-up Galaxy Runner (Brz) (Drosselmeyer) while another half-sister, Awesome Rafaela (Brz) (Elusive Quality), is the dam of GII Edgewood S. victrix New Year’s Eve (Kitten’s Joy). 2nd Dam: Linda Rafaela (Brz), by Bin Ajwaad (Ire) 3rd Dam: Poli Arumba (Brz), by Executioner Lifetime Record: 1-1-0-0, €13,500. 1/2 to Babala (Ire) (Sea The Stars (Ire)), SW-Fr. Click for the free Equineline.com catalogue-style pedigree. Video, sponsored by TVG. O/B-Wertheimer & Frere (IRE); T-Andre Fabre; J-Mickael Barzalona. 83 NOMINATIONS REMAIN FOR THE 2023 DERBY AT EPSOM After the Mar. 7 scratching stage, 83 horses remain signed on for the 2023 G1 Derby at Epsom Downs on Saturday, June 3. Worth £1.5 million, the 1 1/2-mile contest is the richest race in Britain. Of the 83, 45 are trained in Ireland and of that number, 29 are trained by Ballydoyle supremo Aidan O’Brien for various Coolmore partnerships. Cont. p11 TATTERSALLS ASCOT MARCH CATALOGUE RELEASED The Tattersalls Ascot March Sale catalogue is now online. A total of 117 lots have been catalogued, consisting of 20 fillies/mares in/out of training, 91 colts/geldings in/out of training, two stores, and four point-to-pointers. Selling begins at 11 a.m. local time on Mar. 22. The 91-rated Cosmic Desert (GB) (New Approach {Ire}) (lot 104) is part of Godolphin’s 37-strong draft, as is lot 106, Al Waiqidi (GB), one of six sons of Dubawi (Ire) in the sale. Other trainers and studs represented include; Barbury Castle Stables, Belstane Racing Stables, DML Racing, East Everleigh Racing, Elton Racing, Faringdon Place Stables, G.L. Moore Racing LLP, Grange Hill Farm, Harry Fry Racing, Lodge Hill Stables, Maunby House Stables, Park House Stables, Robins Farm, Shade Oak Stud, Summerdown Stables, The Royal Studs, Tweenhills Farm & Stud, Venn Farm Stables and Windsor House Stables. Past graduates of the sale include G2 Premier Novices’ Hurdle winner Nemean Lion (Ger) (Golden Horn (GB)), as well as 11-length bumper winner Seeyouinmydreams (GB) (Telescope {Ire}). Derby Nominations Cont. Top of the heap are Deep Impact (Jpn)’s G1 Verterm Futurity Trophy hero Auguste Rodin (Jpn) and the late Shadai kingpin’s son’s Victoria Road (Ire) (Saxon Warrior (Jpn)). The last-named won the GI Breeders’ Cup Juvenile Turf at Keeneland in November. The winning duo of Alfred Munnings (Ire) (Dubawi {Ire}) and Tower Of London (Ire) (Galileo {Ire}) are other potential Classic stars-in-waiting. O’Brien’s sons, Joseph and Donnacha, field eight between them, led by Group 1 winners Proud And Regal (Ire) (Galileo {Ire}) for the latter, and Al Riffa (Fr) (Wootton Bassett (GB)) for the former. There are also three chances for His Majesty the King and Her Majesty the Queen Consort to scoop the Blue Riband this year, with the G1 QIPCO 2000 Guineas-nominated winner Slipofthepen (GB) (Night Of Thunder {Ire}) trained by John and Thady Gosden, the William Haggas-trained group-placed Desert Hero (GB) (Sea The Stars {Ire}) and the winning Sir Michael Stoute charge Cirde Of Fire (GB) (Almanzor {Fr})) all nominated. Stoute claimed the 2022 Derby with Desert Crown (GB) (Nathaniel {Ire}), and he also entered Crystal Mariner (Ire) (Sea The Stars {Ire}) for Robert Ng. The Gosdens have the largest UK Derby arsenal with 15 colts nominated. Anchoring their brigade is George Strawbridge’s ‘TDN Rising Star’ Epictetus (Ire) (Kingman (GB)), who was second in the Verterm Futurity Trophy S. behind the aforementioned Auguste Rodin. Of Andrew Balding’s quartet, three bear the colours of King Power Racing led by G2 Royal Lodge S. hero The Foxes (Ire) (Churchill {Ire}). The second entry stage is set for Tuesday, Apr. 4. HOW THEY FARED 14.25 Chantilly, Mdn, €27,000, unraced 3yo, c/g, 8f (AWT) Godolphin’s Swing Vote (GB) (Sharmardal), an Andre Fabre-conditioned son of G1 Oaks heroine Qualify (Ire) (Fastnet Rock {Aus}), shaped with abundant promise as the 4-5 favourite and prevailed by a comfortable 3/4-of-a-length on debut, initiating a 98-10 treble on the card for his trainer. 15.35 Chantilly, Mdn, €27,000, unraced 3yo, f, 8f (AWT) Alain and Gerard Wertheimer’s Algolia (Ire) (Lope De Vega {Ire}), a daughter of G1 Grande Premio Diana (Brazilian Oaks) winner Viva Rafaela (Brz) (Know Heights {Ire}) and another Fabre representative, was let go as the 3-1 second choice and defeated her 10 rivals by five lengths and more with a display deemed worthy of ‘TDN Rising Star’ status. 16.45 Chantilly, Cond, €18,000, 4yo, 9f (AWT) Coolmore and Westerberg’s dual Group 1-placed Ancient Rome (War Front) made his return for Andre Fabre off a nine-month break having placed ninth in June’s G1 Prix du Jockey Club when last seen. Comfortable throughout, he dominated from the two pole and coasted to the line hard on the steel for an impressive comeback triumph as the 1-2 favourite. 2nd-Chantilly, €27,000, Mdn, 3-7, unraced 3yo, c/g, 8f (AWT), 1:40.13, st. SWING VOTE (GB) {c, 3, Sharmardal–Qualify {Ire} {G1SW-Eng & GSW-Ire, $485,356}, by Fastnet Rock {Aus}} was swiftly into stride and settled behind the leaders in fifth before tanking forward to race in a handy third. Nudged along approaching the quarter-mile marker, the 4-5 chalk surged to the front entering the final furlong and was pushed out in the latter stages to deny Le Boss (Fr) (Almanzar {Ire}) by 3/4-of-a-length in snug fashion. Swing Vote is the third of five foals and second scorer produced by G1 Oaks heroine Qualify (Ire) (Fastnet Rock {Aus}), herself a full-sister to MGSW G2 Futurity S. third and multiple Bahrain champion Shogun (Ire), and his fourth dam is G1 Oaks runner-up and matriarch Media Luna (GB) (Star Appeal {Ire}). The March-foaled homebred bay is half to a 2-year-old filly by Kingman (GB) and a yearling colt by Lope De Vega (Ire). Lifetime Record: 1-1-0-0, €13,500. Video, sponsored by TVG. O/B-Godolphin (GB); T-Andre Fabre. ADDITIONAL MAIDEN WINNERS: Aha (Fr), f, 3, Bathyrhon (Ger)--That’s Crazy (Ire), by Lord Shanakill. Chantilly, 3-7, 13 1/2f (AWT), 2:55.19, B-Mme Pia Brandt (FR). BRITAIN CONDITIONS RESULTS: 2nd-Southwell, £10,000, Nov, 3-7, 3yo/up, 4f 214y (AWT), :59.26, st. CRIMSON ANGEL (GB) (f, 3, Harry Angel (Ire)--Fanrouge (Ire), by Red Clubs (Ire)) Lifetime Record: 3-2-0-0, $13,463. O-Oak Lodge Racing; B-Mrs Tina Cox (GB); T-Clive Cox. 5th-Southwell, £8,000, Cond, 3-7, 4yo/up, 8f 13y (AWT), 1:41.83, st. TOM TULLIVER (GB) (g, 6, Hot Streak (Ire)--Belle Isle (GB), by Pastoral Pursuits (GB)) Lifetime Record: 42-3-5-3, $32,489. O-Southwell Racing Club; B-Biddestone Stud Ltd (GB); T-Scott Dixon. 45,000gnrs Ylg ‘18 TAOCT; £9,500 3yo ‘20 GUKDEC. *1/2 to Abel Handy (Ire) (Arcano (Ire)), GSW-Eng, $121,569; and Woody Creek (GB) (Zoffany (Ire)), GSP-Ire. ADDITIONAL MAIDEN WINNERS: Burdett Road (GB), c, 3, Muhaarar (GB)--Diamond Bangle (Ire), by Galileo (Ire). Lingfield, 3-7, 8f 1y (AWT), 1:37.80. Lifetime Record: 5-1-2-0, $9,900. B-Stetchworth & Middle Park Studs Ltd (GB). 18,000gnrs RNA Wig ‘20 TATFOA. Star Angel (GB), f, 4, Sea The Stars (Ire)--Memoria (GB), by Teofilio (Ire). Southwell, 3-7, 12f 14y (AWT), 2:37.79. Lifetime Record: 4-1-1-0, $10,803. B-Brook Stud Bloodstock Ltd (GB). 165,000gnrs Ylg ‘20 TATOCT. Follow the TDN staff on Twitter Thoroughbred Daily News @garykingTDN @CBossTDN @collingsberry @EquinealTDN @HLAndersonTDN @AlaynaCullen @BrianSheerin91 @tdncronin TORONADO AND PIERRO YEARLINGS TOP PREMIER DAY 3 Olly Coolman \| Inglis by Jessica Owers At A Glance: - The Day 3 aggregate for the Premier Session was $5,565,000 (as at 5 p.m. AEDT) which is down from last year’s corresponding figure of $7,340,000. In 2021 it was $6,053,000. - The Day 3 average for the Premier Session was $126,477, which is below last year’s figure ($135,926) and very similar to 2021 ($123,541). - The Day 3 clearance rate for the Premier Session was 71%, which is well down on the 2022 figure (93%) and 2021 (88%). The Day 3 median for the Premier Session was $100,000, which is down on the past two years ($130,000 in 2022, $120,000 in 2021). - Overall spending for the three days of the Premier Session reached $58,394,000, which is considerably less than 12 months ago ($77,270,000) and 2021 ($64,210,000). - Two yearlings made a Day 3-best $400,000. A Toronado (Ire) colt was bought by Anton Koolman Bloodstock from the draft of Collingrove Stud, and a Pierro filly was knocked down to Robert Hickmott Training Services from the Blue Gum Farm consignment. - The leading sire for the Premier Session on aggregate was Yarraman Park Stud’s I Am Invincible; he had 10 yearlings gross $3,368,000 at an average of $368,000 (also a sale-best), all on Day 1. - Swettenham Stud’s Toronado had 25 yearlings (the most by any sire) sell for a combined $3,662,000 at an average of $146,480, while Yulong’s Written Tycoon also broke the $3-million mark (his aggregate for 16 yearlings was $3,375,000). - Blue Gum Farm won its fourth top vendor title from the past five years, after they finished with an aggregate of $4,620,000. (28 yearlings sold for an average price of $165,000). - MG Price Racing and Breeding was the Premier Session’s leading buyer by aggregate across the three days. They spent $1,790,000 on 10 yearlings at an average of $179,000. The third and final day of the 2023 Inglis Premier Yearling Sale wound up on Tuesday evening with a Toronado (Ire) and Pierro pair topping proceedings, bringing to a close a Premier Session that favoured buyers rather than vendors. Day 3 of the 2023 Inglis Premier Yearling Sale wound up on Tuesday afternoon without threatening the order of things. Strong trade was aplenty, but the best-selling pair of the day (Lots 589 and 615) didn’t budge the sale’s top-selling youngster, who remained Lot 159 from Day 1 at $1.1 million. A total of 75 yearlings were offered on Tuesday as part of the final Premier Session and ahead of the Showcase Session, and they grossed $5,565,000 for an average of $126,477. The median was $100,000 with a clearance rate of 71%. Overall, it dragged the Premier session to a gross of $57,959,000 across the three days, which was down on last year’s $77,270,000. This is an interesting comparison because the 2022 catalogue had 590 yearlings, which was marginally less than the 615 of this week. However, the top lot this year of $1.1 million was significantly up on the 2022 figure of $950,000. As such, the stats for the 2023 Inglis Premier Yearling Sale yoyoed comparatively on last year’s, although feedback was that things had come back to the buyer’s favour. Gross, average and clearance figures on Tuesday were down on 2022, but the top lot was up, with Lot 589 and 615 selling for $400,000, as against last year’s Day 3 top lot of $340,000. Lot 589--Toronado (Ire) x Mojo Moon, Colt - $400,000 One half of Tuesday’s top-selling pair came early in proceedings, with Collingrove Stud presenting Lot 589 just over an hour into trade. This neat colt is just the second foal from the Greenwood Lake (USA) mare Mojo Moon, who ranks well as a half-sister to the excellent gelding Testashadow (Testa Rossa). Testashadow won the G3 Festival S. and R. Listed Magic Millions Cup, and he was placed in a stack of Group races. Lot 589’s page is also recognisable for the presence of Zoustar. The Widden stallion is there via the third dam Crestfallen (Rivotious (USA)), who was a half-sister to Zoustar’s dam. This Toronado (Ire) colt was one of the 19 yearlings offered by Collingrove Stud and he was by far the best-selling, going to the New South Wales-based Anton Koolman Bloodstock for $400,000. “I’m pretty fond of Toronado,” said Olly Koolman after signing the ticket. “I bought Senor Toba at this sale a couple of years ago and so he (Toronado) means a fair bit to me. I think he’s a great stallion. He puts great bone and strength into horses and they can get over a bit of a trip but they’ve got a turn of foot, and I just think this horse (Lot 589) will be perfect for what we’re looking for.” Koolman went in for four horses this week. Others he bought in partnership included a filly by So You Think (NZ) (Lot 138), a colt by Brutal (NZ) (Lot 332), another by Grunt (NZ) (Lot 383) and Lot 589. The latter, he said, was for Hong Kong. “We’re looking for a 1600-metre to 1800-metre horse for Hong Kong eventually,” he said. “We’ve bought from a range of stallions at this sale for a range of clients, but this purchase was for a Hong Kong order. He will actually race in Australia prior to going there. “There’s a selection of horses that we’re getting together now, and they’ll stay with David Pfeiffer until such time as we choose to take them up.” Reflective of both the day’s stats and those of the Premier Session overall, Koolman said the sale had been an interesting few days. “I think the vendors are having to work a bit harder than they’re used to, which doesn’t worry me so much,” he said. “I haven’t found it too difficult to find a nice horse and we’re going home pretty satisfied.” Lot 615--Pierro x Now Now, filly - $400,000 The other half of Day 3’s session-topping pair was Lot 615, a filly by Pierro from the Danehill Dancer (Ire) mare Now Now. Offered by Blue Gum Farm, who is newly flush as the new home of Flying Artie, she sold to trainer Robert Hickmott for $400,000. Her dam is fairly well-known. Now Now was a half-sister to the South African Group-placed Rock Cocktail (Rock Of Gibraltar (Ire)), but, more significantly, Lot 615 is a half-sister to Fiesta (I Am Invincible). Fiesta was one of the brilliant 2-year-olds of her crop, winning the G2 Silver Shadow S., G3 Widden S. and two other group races. She was also second in the G1 Flight S., G2 Tea Rose S. and G2 Percy Sykes S., making her equally as good as a 3-year-old. On the third line of this family are the stakes winners Stick Around (Twig Moss (Fr)), Charm Scene Land (Brocco (USA)) and Kingsgate (Danzero), the latter twice second in the G1 Epsom H. Hickmott signed for only two yearlings during the sale this week, the other being a colt by Yes Yes Yes (Lot 585) for whom he paid $60,000. Lot 615 was a final grab in the Premier Session. “She was obviously the last horse of that part of the sale,” the trainer said. “A lovely filly. Jason and Sean (of Trilogy Racing) bought her as a weaner for $400,000 and they were quite happy to stay in her. They bought her more as a racing proposition.” The Pierro filly had previously gone through the ring last year at the 2022 Inglis Sydney Weanling Sale, going to Trilogy for an identical price as to what she made on Tuesday. Hickmott said at that weaning price, it was going to be hard for anyone to make much more on her. Plus, he added, Pierro as a staying-prospect stallion probably wasn’t high on many people’s agendas. “She looks a real staying type, although Fiesta was a very sharp mare,” Hickmott said. “She’s got a bit of staying quality about her and she’ll be given all the time in the world to be able to produce something on the track.” Hickmott said his new filly would get four or five weeks before she was sent to be race educated. He said she looked a nice type on-complex, but she would be even better in two or three months. "She had a bit of a pot belly and a bit of length about her, but she's got plenty to go," he said. "I was probably lucky to get her at this sale. In two months' time she could really develop, which would put a couple of hundred on her. "Lovely pedigree, great temperament and, if you see her walk, she's a real beautiful-moving filly as you'd like to see in a staying horse." Lot 560—Written Tycoon X Mantra of Life (USA), Filly - $370,000* This chestnut filly was offered by Noorilim Park, which continued its stellar week of trade into Day 3. The Arcadia-based farm sold the sale’s top lot on Day 1 for $1.1 million, each among the 26 yearlings in its draft. Lot 560 proved its third-highest seller after Lots 159 and 295, the latter a Written Tycoon filly that sold for $400,000 earlier in the sale. Lot 560 is just the third foal from the American-bred mare Mantra Of Life (USA) (Dubawi (Ire)), herself a half-sister to both a French stakes winner and the dam of a Japanese stakes winner. There is a lot of international flair on this page, including the dual Group 1 winner in France, Maxios (GB), who is now a sire, and the G1 American Oaks winner Emollient (USA) (Empire Maker (USA)). Lot 560 sold to Yu Long Investments for $370,000, and she was a delightful prospect for Yulong’s Sam Fairgray, who was on-hand to sign the ticket. "It’s a nice pedigree and there’s a lot of mix there in the female line that we think will work well with Written Tycoon," Fairgray said. "He likes mares with Mr Prospector in the pedigree and she has that, and she’s just a lovely individual. "We’re really pleased to get her because we’ve liked her since the first moment we inspected her and she’ll race in our colours." Despite the number of mares that Yulong has gone in for by Written Tycoon in the last two years, Fairgray said Lot 560 would complement things well. "We’ve seen the good stallions end up being good broodmare sires, so if she can perform on the track she could become a good broodmare for us too," he said. Lot 560 was part of the single season crop of Written Tycoons that was bred at Arrowfield Stud in 2020. This filly is branded as such, and the relationship wasn’t lost on Fairgray. "We've got a couple of stallions that were bred by them too, so we're pleased to have another one off their farm," he said. Yulong had Alabama Express represented among the freshman sires in this sale. Across the Premier Session of the Inglis Premier Yearling Sale, the young stallion had 15 youngsters catalogued of which eight sold (at the time of the writing). His top price was $400,000 (Lot 444) and an aggregate of $1,435,000. "Alabama Express has been hugely popular, which has been great," Fairgray said. "They were lovely horses though. They've gone to some good stables and that’s all we can ask."
OPERATING AGREEMENT OF TRIBOSS BROOKLYN LLC OPERATING AGREEMENT OF TRIBOSS BROOKLYN LLC Table of Contents Article 1. Formation Article 2. Name Article 3. Purposes Article 4. Place of Business Article 5. Term Article 6. Capital Contributions Article 7. Loans and Advances by Members Article 8. Allocations and Distributions Article 9. Books, Records and Tax Returns Article 10. Bank Accounts Article 11. Management of the Limited Liability Company Article 12. Meetings of Members Article 13. Competing Business Activities Article 14. Assignment of Interests Article 15. Right of First Refusal Article 16. Admission of New Members Article 17. Dissolution and Liquidation Article 18. Representations of Members Article 19. Certificates Evidencing Membership Article 20. Notices Article 21. Power of Attorney Article 22. Arbitration Article 23. Amendments Article 24. Miscellaneous AGREEMENT, made January __, 2013, among Dennis McCormack, having an address at 100 Prince Street 4th Floor, New York, New York 10012 ("Managing Member"), and Michal Kuras, having an address at 152 72nd Street #6K, Brooklyn, New York 11209 and Mike Ghorayeb, having an address at 155 Bleecker Street Apt. 3, New York, New York 10012 (collectively hereinafter referred to as "Members"). WITNESSETH: WHEREAS, the parties hereto desire to form a limited liability company pursuant to the laws of the State of New York for the purposes hereinafter set forth, and to establish their respective rights and obligations in connection with the limited liability company; NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants set forth herein and other valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which hereby are acknowledged, the Managing Member and Members agree as follows: 1. Formation The parties hereby confirm that they have formed a limited liability company (the "Limited Liability Company") pursuant to the provisions of the New York Limited Liability Company Act, for the purposes and the period and upon the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth. The parties have caused to be filed the Articles of Organization of the Limited Liability Company, and shall execute, acknowledge, swear to and file any other documents required under applicable law. 2. Name The name of the Limited Liability Company shall be TRIBOSS BROOKLYN LLC, and all business of the Limited Liability Company shall be conducted under said name, or such other name as the Members from time to time may determine. 3. Purposes The purposes of the Limited Liability Company are to acquire, own, hold, improve, manage and operate the real property known as 47 Grand Street, in the Borough of Brooklyn, New York (the "Property"); to incur indebtedness, secured and unsecured; to mortgage, finance, refinance, encumber, lease, sell, exchange, convey, transfer or otherwise deal with or dispose of the Property; to enter into and perform contracts and agreements of any kind necessary to, in connection with or incidental to the business of the Limited Liability Company; and to carry on any other activities necessary to, in connection with or incidental to the foregoing, as the Managing Member in his discretion may deem desirable. The Managing Member is hereby authorized to cause the Limited Liability Company to acquire the Property pursuant to that certain Contract of Sale, dated October 16, 2012, between Lorraine Massey and Edward Kiszkiel as seller and Dennis McCormack, Mike Ghorayeb and Michal Kuras as purchaser, or for a purchase price and upon such other terms and conditions as the Managing Member may deem appropriate. The Managing Member is authorized to execute and deliver such instruments and to take any and all actions as the Managing Member may deem necessary or desirable to acquire the Property. 4. Place of Business The principal place of business of the Limited Liability Company shall be at 100 Prince Street 4th Floor, New York, New York 10012, in the County of New York, or at such other or additional places of business within or outside of the State of New York as the Managing Member from time to time may designate. The Managing Member shall notify the other Members of any change of the principal place of business. The Limited Liability Company hereby designates the Secretary of State of New York as agent of the Limited Liability Company for the service of process. The Limited Liability Company also hereby designates Dennis McCormack, whose post office address is 100 Prince Street 4th Floor, New York, New York 10012, as the Registered Agent of the Limited Liability Company for service of process. The Registered Agent may be changed from time to time by the Managing Member by filing the prescribed forms with the appropriate governmental authorities. 5. Term The term of the Limited Liability Company shall commence on the filing of the Articles of Organization of the Limited Liability Company, and shall continue until the occurrence of an event hereinafter set forth which causes the termination of the Limited Liability Company. 6. Capital Contributions Each of the Members shall contribute to the capital of the Limited Liability Company the amount set forth opposite his name below: Dennis McCormack -- $100.00 Michal Kuras -- $100.00 Mike Ghorayeb -- $100.00 The Members shall not be required to make any additional capital contributions. Except as specifically provided in this Agreement or required by law, no Member shall have the right to withdraw or reduce his contributions to the capital of the Limited Liability Company until the termination of the Limited Liability Company. No Member shall have the right to demand and receive any distribution from the Limited Liability Company in any form other than cash, regardless of the nature of such Member's capital contribution. No Member shall be paid interest on capital contributions to the Limited Liability Company. The liability of any Member for the losses, debts, liabilities and obligations of the Limited Liability Company shall be limited to paying: the capital contribution of such Member when due under this Agreement; such Member's share of any undistributed assets of the Limited Liability Company; and (only if and to the extent at any time required by applicable law) any amounts previously distributed to such Member by the Limited Liability Company. 7. Loans and Advances by Members If any Member shall loan or advance any funds to the Limited Liability Company in excess of the capital contribution of such Member prescribed herein, such loan or advance shall not be deemed a capital contribution to the Limited Liability Company and shall not in any respect increase such Member's interest in the Limited Liability Company. 8. Allocations and Distributions As used in this Agreement, the terms "net profits" and "net losses" shall mean the profits or losses of the Limited Liability Company from the conduct of the Limited Liability Company's business, after all expenses incurred in connection therewith have been paid or provided for, including any allowance for depreciation or amortization of the cost of the Property. The term "cash receipts" shall mean all cash receipts of the Limited Liability Company from whatever source derived, including without limitation capital contributions made by the Members; the proceeds of any sale, exchange, condemnation or other disposition of all or any part of the Property or other assets of the Limited Liability Company; the proceeds of any loan to the Limited Liability Company; the proceeds of any mortgage or refinancing of any mortgage on all or any part of the Property or other assets of the Limited Liability Company; the proceeds of any insurance policy for fire or other casualty damage payable to the Limited Liability Company; and the proceeds from the liquidation of the Property or other assets of the Limited Liability Company following a termination of the Limited Liability Company. The term "capital transactions" shall mean any of the following: the sale of all or any part of the Property or other assets of the Limited Liability Company or interests therein; the refinancing or recasting of mortgages or other liabilities of the Limited Liability Company; the condemnation of the Property to the extent the award is not used for restoration; the receipt of insurance proceeds; and any other similar or extraordinary receipts or proceeds which in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles are attributable to capital, including transactions in connection with the termination and dissolution of the Limited Liability Company. The "capital account" for each Member shall mean the account established, determined and maintained for such Member in accordance with Section 704(b) of the Internal Revenue Code and Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(iv). The capital account for each Member shall be increased by (1) the amount of money contributed by such Member to the Limited Liability Company, (2) the fair market value of property contributed by such Member to the Limited Liability Company (net of liabilities secured by such contributed property that the Limited Liability Company is considered to assume or take subject to under Section 752 of the Internal Revenue Code), and (3) allocations to such Member of Limited Liability Company income and gain (or items thereof), including income and gain exempt from tax and income and gain described in Trea. Reg. Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(iv)(g), but excluding income and gain described in subsection (b)(4)(i) of said Regulation, and shall be decreased by (4) the amount of money distributed to such Member by the Limited Liability Company, (5) the fair market value of property distributed to such Member by the Limited Liability Company (net of liabilities secured by such distributed property that such Member is considered to assume or take subject to under Section 752 of the Code), (6) allocations to such Member of expenditures of the Limited Liability Company described in Section 705(a)(2)(B) of the Code, and (7) allocations of Limited Liability Company loss and deduction (or items thereof) including loss and deduction described in Trea. Reg. Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(iv)(g), but excluding items described in (6) above and loss or deduction described in subsections (b)(4)(i) or (b)(4)(iii) of said Regulation. Net profits and net losses of the Limited Liability Company from other than capital transactions, as of the end of any fiscal year or other period, shall be credited or charged to the capital accounts of the Members prior to any charge or credit to said capital accounts for net profits and net losses of the Limited Liability Company from capital transactions as of the end of such fiscal year or other period. The capital account for each Member shall be otherwise adjusted in accordance with the additional rules of Trea. Reg. Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(iv). The term "Members' Percentage Interests" shall mean the percentages set forth opposite the name of each Member below: \| Managing Member \| Percentage Interest \| \|-----------------\|---------------------\| \| Dennis McCormack \| 33 1/3 percent \| \| Other Members \| Percentage Interest \| \|---------------\|---------------------\| \| Michal Kuras \| 33 1/3 percent \| \| Mike Ghorayeb \| 33 1/3 percent \| During each fiscal year, the net profits and net losses of the Limited Liability Company (other than from capital transactions), and each item of income, gain, loss, deduction or credit entering into the computation thereof, shall be credited or charged, as the case may be, to the capital accounts of each Member in proportion to the Members' Percentage Interests. The net profits of the Limited Liability Company from capital transactions shall be allocated in the following order of priority: (a) to offset any negative balance in the capital accounts of the Members in proportion to the amounts of the negative balance in their respective capital accounts, until all negative balances in the capital accounts have been eliminated; then (b) to the Members in proportion to the Members' Percentage Interests. The net losses of the Limited Liability Company from capital transactions shall be allocated in the following order of priority: (a) to the extent that the balances in the capital accounts of any Members are in excess of their original contributions, to such Members in proportion to such excess balances in the capital accounts until all such excess balances have been reduced to zero; then (b) to the Members in proportion to the Members' Percentage Interests. The cash receipts of the Limited Liability Company shall be applied in the following order of priority: (a) to the payment by the Limited Liability Company of interest or amortization on any mortgages on the Property, amounts due on debts and liabilities of the Limited Liability Company other than to any Member, and operating expenses of the Limited Liability Company; (b) to the payment of interest and amortization due on any loan made to the Limited Liability Company by any Member; (c) to the establishment of cash reserves determined by the Managing Member to be necessary or appropriate, including without limitation reserves for the operation of the Limited Liability Company's business, repairs, replacements, taxes and contingencies; and (d) to the repayment of any loans made to the Limited Liability Company by any Member. Thereafter, the cash receipts of the Limited Liability Company shall be distributed among the Members as hereafter provided. The cash receipts of the Limited Liability Company shall be distributed to the Members from time to time at such times as the Managing Member shall determine. It is contemplated that distributions will be made if the Managing Member deems such distributions to be prudent and feasible. Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement or required by law, distributions of cash receipts of the Limited Liability Company, other than from capital transactions, shall be allocated among the Members in proportion to the Members' Percentage Interests. Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement or required by law, distributions of cash receipts from capital transactions shall be allocated in the following order of priority: (a) to the Members in proportion to their respective capital accounts until each Member has received cash distributions equal to any positive balance in his capital account; then (b) to the Members in proportion to the Members' Percentage Interests. Special Allocations -- Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this Article 8, the following special allocations shall be made in the following order: (1) Minimum Gain Chargeback -- Except as otherwise provided in Trea. Reg. Section 1.704-2(f), if there is a net decrease in partnership minimum gain (within the meaning of Trea. Reg. Sections 1.704-2(b)(2) and 1.704-2(d)) during any fiscal year, each Member shall be allocated items of the Limited Liability Company's income and gain for such fiscal year (and, if necessary, subsequent fiscal years) in an amount equal to such Member's share of the net decrease in partnership minimum gain, determined in accordance with Trea. Reg. Section 1.704-2(g). Allocations made pursuant to the preceding sentence shall be made in proportion to the respective amounts required to be allocated to each Member pursuant thereto. The items to be so allocated shall be determined in accordance with Trea. Reg. Sections 1.704-2(f)(6) and 1.704-2(j)(2). This provision is intended to comply with the minimum gain chargeback requirement in Trea. Reg. Section 1.704-2(f) and shall be interpreted consistently therewith. (2) Partner Minimum Gain Chargeback -- Except as otherwise provided in Trea. Reg. Section 1.704-2(i)(4), if there is a net decrease in partner nonrecourse debt minimum gain attributable to a partner nonrecourse debt during any fiscal year, each Member who has a share of the partner nonrecourse debt minimum gain attributable to such partner nonrecourse debt, determined in accordance with Trea. Reg. Section 1.704.2(i)(5), shall be allocated items of the Limited Liability Company's income and gain for such fiscal year (and, if necessary, subsequent fiscal years) in an amount equal to such Member's share of the net decrease in partner nonrecourse debt minimum gain attributable to such partner nonrecourse debt, determined in accordance with Trea. Reg. Section 1.704-2(i)(4). Allocations made pursuant to the preceding sentence shall be made in proportion to the respective amounts required to be allocated to each Member pursuant thereto. The items to be so allocated shall be determined in accordance with Trea. Reg. Sections 1.704-2(i)(4) and 1.704-2(j)(2). As used herein, "partner nonrecourse debt" has the meaning set forth in Trea. Reg. Section 1.704-2(b)(4). As used herein, "partner nonrecourse debt minimum gain" shall mean an amount, with respect to each partner nonrecourse debt, equal to the partnership minimum gain (within the meaning of Trea. Reg. Sections 1.704-2(b)(2) and 1.704-2(d)) that would result if such partner nonrecourse debt were treated as a nonrecourse liability (within the meaning of Trea. Reg. Section 1.704-2(b)(3)) determined in accordance with Trea. Reg. Section 1.704-2(i)(3). This provision is intended to comply with the minimum gain chargeback requirement in Trea. Reg. Section 1.704-2(i)(4) and shall be interpreted consistently therewith. (3) Qualified Income Offset -- In the event any Member unexpectedly receives any adjustments, allocations or distributions described in Trea. Reg. Sections 1.704-1(b)(2)(ii)(d)(4), (5) or (6), items of the Limited Liability Company's income and gain shall be allocated to such Member in an amount and manner sufficient to eliminate, to the extent required by the Regulations, any adjusted capital account deficit in such Member's capital account, as quickly as possible, provided that an allocation pursuant to this provision shall be made only if and to the extent that such Member would have an adjusted capital account deficit in such Member's capital account after all other allocations provided for in this Article 8 have been tentatively made as if this provision were not in this Agreement. As used herein, "adjusted capital account deficit" shall mean the deficit balance, if any, in a Member's capital account at the end of the relevant fiscal year after the following adjustments: (i) credit to such capital account the minimum gain chargeback which the Member is obligated to restore pursuant to the penultimate sentences of Trea. Reg. Sections 1.704-2(g)(1) and 1.704-2(i)(5); and (ii) debit to such capital account the items described in Trea. Reg. Sections 1.704-1(b)(2)(ii)(d)(4), (5) and (6). This provision is intended to constitute a qualified income offset within the meaning of Trea. Reg. Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(ii)(d) and shall be interpreted consistently therewith. (4) Gross Income Allocation -- In the event any Member has a deficit capital account at the end of any fiscal year which is in excess of the sum of the amounts such Member is deemed to be obligated to restore pursuant to the penultimate sentences of Trea. Reg. Sections 1.704-2(g)(1) and 1.704-2(i)(5), each such Member shall be allocated items of the Limited Liability Company's income and gain in the amount of such excess as quickly as possible, provided that an allocation pursuant to this provision shall be made only if and to the extent that such Member would have a deficit in such Member's capital account in excess of such sum after all other allocations provided for in this Article 8 have been tentatively made as if this provision and the provisions of clause (3) above were not in this Agreement. (5) Nonrecourse Deductions -- Nonrecourse deductions (within the meaning of Trea. Reg. Section 1.704-2(b)(1)) for any fiscal year shall be allocated among the Members in proportion to the Members' Percentage Interests. (6) Partner Nonrecourse Deductions -- Any partner nonrecourse deductions (within the meaning of Trea. Reg. Sections 1.704-2(b)(1) and 1.704-2(b)(2)) for any fiscal year shall be allocated to the Member who bears the economic risk of loss with respect to the partner nonrecourse debt (within the meaning of Trea. Reg. Section 1.704-2(b)(4)) to which such partner nonrecourse deductions are attributable in accordance with Trea. Reg. Section 1.704-2(i)(1). (7) Other Mandatory Allocations -- In the event Section 704(c) of the Internal Revenue Code or the Regulations thereunder require allocations in a manner different than that set forth above in this Article 8, the provisions of Section 704(c) and the Regulations thereunder shall control such allocations among the Members. It is the intention of the Members that the allocations hereunder shall be deemed to have "substantial economic effect" within the meaning of Section 704 of the Internal Revenue Code and Trea. Reg. Section 1.704-1. Should the provisions of this Agreement be inconsistent with or in conflict with Section 704 of the Code or the Regulations thereunder, then Section 704 of the Code and the Regulations shall be deemed to override the contrary provisions hereof. If Section 704 or the Regulations at any time require that limited liability company operating agreements contain provisions which are not expressly set forth herein, such provisions shall be incorporated into this Agreement by reference and shall be deemed a part of this Agreement to the same extent as though they had been expressly set forth herein, and the Managing Member shall be authorized by an instrument in writing to amend the terms of this Agreement to add such provisions, and any such amendment shall be retroactive to whatever extent required to create allocations with a substantial economic effect. 9. Books, Records and Tax Returns At all times during the continuance of the Limited Liability Company, the Managing Member shall keep or cause to be kept complete and accurate records and books of account in which shall be entered each transaction of the Limited Liability Company in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The fiscal year of the Limited Liability Company for both accounting and income tax purposes shall be the calendar year. The Limited Liability Company shall report its operations, net income and net losses in accordance with the methods of accounting selected by the Managing Member. The Managing Member may employ on behalf of the Limited Liability Company and at the expense of the Limited Liability Company such firm of certified public accountants as the Managing Member in his sole discretion deems appropriate to serve as the Limited Liability Company's accountants. The Managing Member shall furnish to each Member, within seventy-five days after the end of each fiscal year, an annual report of the Limited Liability Company which shall include a balance sheet as of the end of such fiscal year; a profit and loss statement of the Limited Liability Company for such fiscal year; a statement of the balance in the capital account of such Member; and the amount of such Member's share of the Limited Liability Company's income, gain, losses, deductions and other relevant items for federal income tax purposes. The Managing Member shall prepare or cause to be prepared all federal, state and local income tax and information returns for the Limited Liability Company, and shall cause such tax and information returns to be filed timely with the appropriate governmental authorities. Within seventy-five days after the end of each fiscal year, the Managing Member shall forward to each person who was a Member during the preceding fiscal year a true copy of the Limited Liability Company's information return filed with the Internal Revenue Service for the preceding fiscal year. The Managing Member shall not be liable to any Member if any taxing authority disallows or adjusts any deductions or credits in the Limited Liability Company's income tax or information returns. All elections required or permitted to be made by the Limited Liability Company under the Internal Revenue Code, and the designation of a tax matters partner pursuant to Section 6231(a)(7) of the Internal Revenue Code for all purposes permitted or required by the Code, shall be made by the Managing Member. The tax matters partner shall take such action as may be necessary to cause each other Member to become a notice member within the meaning of Section 6223 of the Code. The tax matters partner may not take any action contemplated by Sections 6222 through 6232 of the Code without the consent of the Managing Member. The Managing Member shall furnish to each Member, promptly upon request, a current list of the names and addresses of all of the Managing Member and other Members of the Limited Liability Company, and any other persons or entities having any financial interest in the Limited Liability Company. 10. Bank Accounts All funds of the Limited Liability Company shall be deposited in the Limited Liability Company's name in such bank account or accounts as shall be designated by the Managing Member. Withdrawals from any such bank accounts shall be made only in the regular course of business of the Limited Liability Company and shall be made upon such signature or signatures as the Managing Member from time to time may designate. 11. Management of the Limited Liability Company The Members hereby designate Dennis McCormack, having an address at 100 Prince Street 4th Floor, New York, New York 10012 to serve as Managing Member for the Limited Liability Company. The business and affairs of the Limited Liability Company shall be conducted and managed by the Managing Member of the Limited Liability Company in accordance with this Agreement and the laws of New York. At any time there is more than one Managing Member, any difference arising as to any matter within the authority of Managing Members shall be decided by a majority in number of the Managing Members. If at any time the Managing Members do not own, in the aggregate, at least 20 percent of the Members' Percentage Interests, all of the Members shall be Managing Members until such time as the Members duly elect Managing Members who do own at least 20 percent of the Members' Percentage Interests. The Managing Member shall have responsibility for the day-to-day management of the business and affairs of the Limited Liability Company and shall devote such time and attention as the Managing Member deems necessary to the conduct and management of the business and affairs of the Limited Liability Company. The Managing Member hereby is given sole power and authority to execute instruments on behalf of the Limited Liability Company and to otherwise bind the Limited Liability Company. No Member, other than the Managing Member or his designees, shall have the authority, or shall take any action as a Member, to bind the Limited Liability Company. Except as provided elsewhere in this Agreement, or by nonwaivable provisions of applicable law, the Managing Member shall possess and enjoy all rights and powers necessary or appropriate for the conduct and management of the business and affairs of the Limited Liability Company and hereby is authorized to make all decisions relating to the business and affairs of the Limited Liability Company. The Managing Member may make decisions relating to: the acquisition, sale, exchange, lease, or other disposition of the Property; the maintenance, management and operation of the Property; the borrowing of money and the obtaining of loans, secured and unsecured, for the Limited Liability Company and in connection therewith the issuance of notes, debentures and other debt securities and the securing of the same by mortgaging, assigning for security purposes, pledging or hypothecating all or part of the Property and other assets of the Limited Liability Company; the expenditure of the capital and receipts of the Limited Liability Company in furtherance of the business of the Limited Liability Company; the purchase of equipment, supplies and services as the Managing Member deems appropriate; the purchase of hazard, liability and other insurance which the Managing Member may deem necessary or proper; the employment of attorneys, accountants, brokers, consultants and other persons, firms and corporations to render services to the Limited Liability Company as the Managing Member may deem necessary or proper; and the taking of all other actions and the execution and delivery of any and all other instruments and agreements as the Managing Member may deem appropriate to carry out the intents and purposes of this Agreement. The Managing Member shall purchase insurance against loss or damage to the Property by fire or other risks embraced by extended coverage, in amounts sufficient to prevent the Limited Liability Company from becoming a co-insurer, and shall maintain such other hazard and liability insurance against such risks and in such amounts as the Managing Member shall deem advisable but at least against such risks and in such amounts as customarily is maintained for similar properties in the vicinity of the Property. The Managing Member may employ on behalf of the Limited Liability Company, on such terms and for such compensation as the Managing Member may determine, any persons, firms or corporations, including accountants and attorneys, as the Managing Member, in his sole judgment shall deem desirable for the management of the Property and the business and affairs of the Limited Liability Company. Any such person, firm or corporation may also be employed by the Managing Member in connection with any other business of the Managing Member. The Managing Member shall be reimbursed by the Limited Liability Company for all direct out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the Managing Member on behalf of the Limited Liability Company in connection with the performance of his duties hereunder, including without limitation amounts payable by the Managing Member for office, accounting, bookkeeping and other services, materials, facilities and professional and legal services rendered or furnished to the Limited Liability Company, and reasonable fees and other expenses incurred in connection with any sale or refinancing of the Property. Except as expressly provided in this Agreement, no fees, salary or other compensation shall be paid to the Managing Member for the rendition of services to the Limited Liability Company. A Managing Member's duty of care in the discharge of the Managing Member's duties to the Limited Liability Company and the Members is limited to refraining from engaging in grossly negligent conduct, intentional misconduct, or a knowing violation of law. In discharging the duties of a Managing Member, the Managing Member shall be fully protected in relying in good faith upon the records of the Limited Liability Company and upon such information, opinions, reports or statements by other Managing Members, Members, agents or other persons as to matters the Managing Member reasonably believes are within such person's professional or expert competence, including without limitation information, opinions, reports or statements as to the value or amount of the assets, liabilities, profits or losses of the Limited Liability Company or any other facts pertinent to the existence and amount of assets from which distributions to Members might properly be paid. To the extent of the Limited Liability Company's assets, and to the extent permitted by law, the Limited Liability Company shall indemnify and hold each Managing Member harmless from and against all liability, claim, loss, damage or expense, including reasonable attorneys' fees, incurred by the Managing Member by reason of any act or omission of the Managing Member made in good faith on behalf of the Limited Liability Company. Except as expressly provided elsewhere in this Agreement, any decisions which are to be made by the Members, rather than the Managing Member, shall be made by the affirmative vote or consent of Members holding a majority of the Members' Percentage Interests. 12. Meetings of Members The annual meeting of the Members shall be held on the first Tuesday in the month of January, at 10:00 A.M., at the principal office of the Limited Liability Company, for the purpose of transacting such business as may come before the meeting. If the day fixed for the annual meeting shall be a legal holiday, such meeting shall be held on the next succeeding business day. The Members may by resolution prescribe the time and place for the holding of regular meetings and may provide that the adoption of such resolution shall constitute notice of such regular meetings. Special meetings of the Members, for any purpose or purposes, may be called by the Managing Member or by any two Members (or such other number of Members as the Members from time to time may specify). Written or telephonic notice stating the place, day and hour of the meeting and, in the case of a special meeting, the purpose for which the meeting is called, shall be delivered not less than three days before the date of the meeting, either personally or by mail, by or at the direction of the Managing Member, to each Member of record entitled to vote at such meeting. When all the Members of the Limited Liability Company are present at any meeting, or if those not present sign a written waiver of notice of such meeting, or subsequently ratify all the proceedings thereof, the transactions of such meeting shall be valid as if a meeting had been formally called and notice had been given. At any meeting of the Members, the presence of Members holding a majority of the Members' Percentage Interests, as determined from the books of the Limited Liability Company, represented in person or by proxy, shall constitute a quorum for the conduct of the general business of the Limited Liability Company. However, if any particular action by the Limited Liability Company shall require the vote or consent of some other number or percentage of Members pursuant to this Agreement, a quorum for the purpose of taking such action shall require such other number or percentage of Members. If a quorum is not present, the meeting may be adjourned from time to time without further notice, and if a quorum is present at the adjourned meeting any business may be transacted which might have been transacted at the meeting as originally notified. The Members present at a duly organized meeting may continue to transact business until adjournment, notwithstanding the withdrawal of enough Members to leave less than a quorum. At all meetings of the Members, a Member may vote by proxy executed in writing by the Member or by a duly authorized attorney-in-fact of the Member. Such proxy shall be filed with the Managing Member of the Limited Liability Company before or at the time of the meeting. No proxy shall be valid after three months from the date of execution, unless otherwise provided in the proxy. If at any time a Member is a corporation, partnership or limited liability company, the interest of such Member may be voted by such officer, partner, agent or proxy of such Member as the bylaws, board directors, or other organization documents of such entity may duly authorize. The Managing Member or his designee shall preside at meetings of the Members. A record of the meetings shall be maintained by a secretary of the meetings designated by the Managing Member. The Members may adopt their own rules of procedure, which shall not be inconsistent with this Operating Agreement. A Member of the Limited Liability Company who is present at a meeting of the Members at which action on any matter is taken shall be presumed to have assented to the action taken, unless the dissent of such Member shall be entered in the minutes of the meeting or unless such Member shall file a written dissent to such action with the person acting as the secretary of the meeting before the adjournment thereof or shall forward such dissent by certified mail to the Limited Liability Company within fifteen days after the adjournment of meeting. Such right to dissent shall not apply to a Member who voted in favor of such action. Unless otherwise provided by law, any action required to be taken at a meeting of the Members, or any other action which may be taken at a meeting of the Members, may be taken without a meeting if a consent in writing, setting forth the action so taken, shall be signed by all of the Members entitled to vote with respect to the subject thereof. Members of the Limited Liability Company may participate in any meeting of the Members by means of conference telephone or similar communication if all persons participating in such meeting can hear one another for the entire discussion of the matters to be voted upon. Participation in a meeting pursuant to this paragraph shall constitute presence in person at such meeting. 13. Competing Business Activities Each Member (regardless of whether such Member is a Managing Member) may engage in, invest in, participate in, or otherwise enter into, any other businesses or professions of every nature and description, now or hereafter existing, individually or with others including other Members, including the ownership, operation and management of real estate, whether or not such businesses or professions compete directly with the Property or the Limited Liability Company. Neither the Limited Liability Company nor any other Member (regardless of whether such Member is a Managing Member) shall have any rights in or to any such business or profession or the income or profits therefor. 14. Assignment of Interests Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement, no Member or other person holding any interest in the Limited Liability Company may assign, pledge, hypothecate, transfer or otherwise dispose of all or any part of his interest in the Limited Liability Company, including without limitation the capital, profits or distributions of the Limited Liability Company without the prior written consent of the other Members in each instance. A Member may assign all or any part of such Member's interest in the allocations and distributions of the Limited Liability Company to any of the following (collectively the "permitted assignees"): the spouse, parents, sisters, brothers, descendants, nieces or nephews of such Member, other than a minor or incompetent; any other Member; or the spouse, parents, sisters, brothers, descendants, nieces or nephews of a Member, other than a minor or incompetent; or trust for the sole benefit of one or more of the foregoing; or any person, corporation, partnership or other entity as to which the Limited Liability Company has given consent to the assignment of such interest in the allocations and distributions of the Limited Liability Company by the unanimous vote or consent of the Members. An assignment to a permitted assignee shall only entitle the permitted assignee to the allocations and distributions to which the assigned interest is entitled, unless such permitted assignee applies for admission to the Limited Liability Company and is admitted to the Limited Liability Company as a Member in accordance with this Agreement. An assignment, pledge, hypothecation, transfer or other disposition of all or any part of the interest of a Member in the Limited Liability Company or other person holding any interest in the Limited Liability Company in violation of the provisions hereof shall be null and void for all purposes. No assignment, transfer or other disposition of all or any part of the interest of any Member permitted under this Agreement shall be binding upon the Limited Liability Company unless and until a duly executed and acknowledged counterpart of such assignment or instrument of transfer, in form and substance satisfactory to the Managing Member, has been delivered to the Limited Liability Company. As between a Member and an assignee or transferee of such Member's interest in accordance with this Agreement, allocations and distributions for any fiscal year shall be apportioned as of the date of the assignment or transfer, on the basis of the number of days before and after said date, without regard to the results of the Limited Liability Company's operations before or after the assignment or transfer. No assignment or other disposition of any interest of any Member may be made if such assignment or disposition, alone or when combined with other transactions, would result in the termination of the Limited Liability Company within the meaning of Section 708 of the Internal Revenue Code or under any other relevant section of the Code or any successor statute. No assignment or other disposition of any interest of any Member may be made without an opinion of counsel satisfactory to the Managing Member that such assignment or disposition is subject to an effective registration under, or exempt from the registration requirements of, the applicable federal and state securities laws. No interest in the Limited Liability Company may be assigned or given to any person below the age of 21 years or to a person who has been adjudged to be insane or incompetent. Anything herein contained to the contrary, the Managing Member and the Limited Liability Company shall be entitled to treat the record holder of the interest of a Member as the absolute owner thereof, and shall incur no liability by reason of distributions made in good faith to such record holder, unless and until there has been delivered to the Managing Member the assignment or other instrument of transfer and such other evidence as may be reasonably required by the Managing Member to establish to the satisfaction of the Managing Member that an interest has been assigned or transferred in accordance with this Agreement. 15. Right of First Refusal If a Member desires to sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of all or any part of his interest in the Limited Liability Company, such Member (the "Selling Member") shall first offer to sell and convey such interest to the other Members before selling, transferring or otherwise disposing of such interest to any other person, corporation or other entity. Such offer shall be in writing, shall be given to every other Member, and shall set forth the interest to be sold, the purchase price to be paid, the date on which the closing is to take place (which date shall be not less than thirty nor more than sixty days after the delivery of the offer), the location within the State of New York at which the closing is to take place, and all other material terms and conditions of the sale, transfer or other disposition. Within fifteen days after the delivery of said offer the other Members shall deliver to the Selling Member a written notice either accepting or rejecting the offer. Failure to deliver said notice within said fifteen days conclusively shall be deemed a rejection of the offer. Any or all of the other Members may elect to accept the offer, and if more than one of the other Members elects to accept the offer, the interest being sold and the purchase price therefor shall be allocated among the Members so accepting the offer in proportion to their Members' Percentage Interests, unless they otherwise agree in writing. If any or all of the other Members elect to accept the offer, then the closing of title shall be held in accordance with the offer and the Selling Member shall deliver to the other Members who have accepted the offer an assignment of the interest being sold by the Selling Member, and said other Members shall pay the purchase price prescribed in the offer. If no other Member accepts the offer, or if the Members who have accepted such offer default in their obligations to purchase the interest, then the Selling Member within 120 days after the delivery of the offer may sell such interest to any other person or entity at a purchase price which is not less than the purchase price prescribed in the offer and upon terms and conditions which are substantially the same as the terms and conditions set forth in the offer, provided all other applicable requirements of this Agreement are complied with. An assignment of such interest to a person or entity who is not a Member of the Limited Liability Company shall only entitle such person or entity to the allocations and distributions to which the assigned interest is entitled, unless such person or entity applies for admission to the Limited Liability Company and is admitted to the Limited Liability Company as a Member in accordance with this Agreement. If the Selling Member does not sell such interest within said 120 days, then the Selling Member may not thereafter sell such interest without again offering such interest to the other Members in accordance with this Article 15. 16. Admission of New Members The Members may admit new Members (or transferees of any interests of existing Members) into the Limited Liability Company by the unanimous vote or consent of the Members. As a condition to the admission of a new Member, such Member shall execute and acknowledge such instruments, in form and substance satisfactory to the Managing Member, as the Managing Member may deem necessary or desirable to effectuate such admission and to confirm the agreement of such Member to be bound by all of the terms, covenants and conditions of this Agreement, as the same may have been amended. Such new Member shall pay all reasonable expenses in connection with such admission, including without limitation reasonable attorneys' fees and the cost of the preparation, filing or publication of any amendment to this Agreement or the Articles of Organization, which the Managing Member may deem necessary or desirable in connection with such admission. No new Member shall be entitled to any retroactive allocation of income, losses, or expense deductions of the Limited Liability Company. The Managing Member may make pro rata allocations of income, losses or expense deductions to a new Member for that portion of the tax year in which the Member was admitted in accordance with Section 706(d) of the Internal Revenue Code and regulations thereunder. In no event shall a new Member be admitted to the Limited Liability Company if such admission would be in violation of applicable federal or state securities laws or would adversely affect the treatment of the Limited Liability Company as a partnership for income tax purposes. 17. Dissolution and Liquidation The Limited Liability Company shall terminate upon the occurrence of any of the following: the election by the Members to dissolve the Limited Liability Company made by the unanimous vote or consent of the Members; or any other event which pursuant to this Agreement, as the same may hereafter be amended, shall cause a termination of the Limited Liability Company. The liquidation of the Limited Liability Company shall be conducted and supervised by the Managing Member or if there be none then by a person designated for such purposes by the affirmative vote or consent of Members holding a majority of the Members' Percentage Interests (the "Liquidating Agent"). The Liquidating Agent hereby is authorized and empowered to execute any and all documents and to take any and all actions necessary or desirable to effectuate the dissolution and liquidation of the Limited Liability Company in accordance with this Agreement. Promptly after the termination of the Limited Liability Company, the Liquidating Agent shall cause to be prepared and furnished to the Members a statement setting forth the assets and liabilities of the Limited Liability Company as of the date of termination. The Liquidating Agent, to the extent practicable, shall liquidate the assets of the Limited Liability Company as promptly as possible, but in an orderly and businesslike manner so as not to involve undue sacrifice. The proceeds of sale and all other assets of the Limited Liability Company shall be applied and distributed in the following order of priority: (a) to the payment of the expenses of liquidation and the debts and liabilities of the Limited Liability Company, other than debts and liabilities to Members; (b) to the payment of debts and liabilities to Members; (c) to the setting up of any reserves which the Liquidating Agent may deem necessary or desirable for any contingent or unforeseen liabilities or obligations of the Limited Liability Company, which reserves shall be paid over to an attorney-at-law admitted to practice in the State of New York as escrowee, to be held for a period of two years for the purpose of payment of the aforesaid liabilities and obligations, at the expiration of which period the balance of such reserves shall be distributed as hereinafter provided; (d) to the Members in proportion to their respective capital accounts until each Member has received cash distributions equal to any positive balance in his capital account, in accordance with the rules and requirements of Trea. Reg. Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(ii)(b); and (e) to the Members in proportion to the Members' Percentage Interests. The liquidation shall be complete within the period required by Trea. Reg. Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(ii)(b). A taking of all or substantially all of the Property by condemnation or eminent domain shall be treated as a sale of the Property upon the dissolution of the Limited Liability Company. In such event any portion of the Property not so taken shall be sold, and the proceeds of such sale and the award for such taking shall be distributed in the manner provided for in this Article 17. For purposes of allocating gain on the sale of the Property and other assets of the Limited Liability Company, gain shall be first allocated to the Members to the extent cash or other property was distributed to them pursuant to this Article 17 and the balance of such gain shall be allocated in proportion to the Members' Percentage Interests. Upon compliance with the distribution plan, the Members shall cease to be such, and the Managing Member shall execute, acknowledge and cause to be filed such certificates and other instruments as may be necessary or appropriate to evidence the dissolution and termination of the Limited Liability Company. 18. Representations of Members Each of the Members represents, warrants and agrees that the Member is acquiring the interest in the Limited Liability Company for the Member's own account for investment purposes only and not with a view to the sale or distribution thereof; the Member, if an individual, is over the age of 21; if the Member is an organization, such organization is duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of its state of organization and that it has full power and authority to execute this Agreement and perform its obligations hereunder; the execution and performance of this Agreement by the Member does not conflict with, and will not result in any breach of, any law or any order, writ, injunction or decree of any court or governmental authority against or which binds the Member, or of any agreement or instrument to which the Member is a party; and the Member shall not dispose of such interest or any part thereof in any manner which would constitute a violation of the Securities Act of 1933, the Rules and Regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or any applicable laws, rules or regulations of any state or other governmental authorities, as the same may be amended. 19. Certificates Evidencing Membership Every membership interest in the Limited Liability Company shall be evidenced by a Certificate of Membership issued by the Managing Member. Each Certificate of Membership shall set forth the name of the Member holding the membership interest and the Member's Percentage Interest held by the Member, and shall bear the following legend: The membership interest represented by this certificate is subject to, and may not be transferred except in accordance with, the provisions of the Operating Agreement of TRIBOSS BROOKLYN LLC, dated as of January __, 2013, as the same from time to time may be amended, a copy of which Operating Agreement is on file at the principal office of the Limited Liability Company. The Members agree promptly to deliver to the Managing Member any Certificates of Membership previously issued for the purpose of adding the foregoing legend thereto. 20. Notices All notices, demands, requests or other communications which any of the parties to this Agreement may desire or be required to give hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been properly given if sent by Federal Express courier or by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, with postage prepaid, addressed as follows: (a) if to the Limited Liability Company, to the Limited Liability Company c/o the Managing Member at his address first above written or to such other address or addresses as may be designated by the Limited Liability Company or the Managing Member by notice to the Members pursuant to this Article 20; (b) if to the Managing Member, to the Managing Member at his address first above written or to such other address or addresses as may be designated by the Managing Member by notice to the Limited Liability Company and the Members pursuant to this Article 20; and (c) if to any Member, to the address of said Member first above written, or to such other address as may be designated by said Member by notice to the Limited Liability Company and the other Members pursuant to this Article 20. 21. Power of Attorney Each Member agrees to execute, acknowledge, swear to, deliver, file, record and publish such further certificates, instruments and documents, and do all such other acts and things as may be required by law, or as may, in the opinion of the Managing Member, be necessary or desirable to carry out the intents and purposes of this Agreement. Each Member, whether a signatory hereto or a subsequently admitted Member, hereby irrevocably constitutes and appoints the Managing Member (including any successor Managing Member) the true and lawful attorney-in-fact of such Member, and empower and authorize such attorney-in-fact, in the name, place and stead of each Member, to execute, acknowledge, swear to and file the Articles of Organization and any amendments thereto, and any other certificates, instruments and documents which may be required to be executed or filed under laws of any state or of the United States, or which the Managing Member shall deem advisable to execute or file, including without limitation all instruments which may be required to effectuate the formation, continuation, termination, distribution or liquidation of the Limited Liability Company. It is expressly acknowledged by each Member that the foregoing power of attorney is coupled with an interest and shall survive any assignment by such Member of such Member interest in the Limited Liability Company; provided, however, that if such Member shall assign all of his interest in the Limited Liability Company and the assignee shall become a substituted Member in accordance with this Agreement, then such power of attorney shall survive such assignment only for the purpose of enabling the Managing Member to execute, acknowledge, swear to and file all instruments necessary or appropriate to effectuate such substitution. 22. Arbitration Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or in connection with this Agreement or any breach or alleged breach hereof shall, upon the request of any party involved, be submitted to, and settled by, arbitration in the city in which the principal place of business of the Limited Liability Company is then located, pursuant to the commercial arbitration rules then in effect of the American Arbitration Association (or at any other time or place or under any other form of arbitration mutually acceptable to the parties involved). Any award rendered shall be final and conclusive upon the parties and a judgment thereon may be entered in a court of competent jurisdiction. The expenses of the arbitration shall be borne equally by the parties to the arbitration, provided that each party shall pay for and bear the cost of its own experts, evidence and attorneys' fees, except that in the discretion of the arbitrator any award may include the attorneys' fees of a party if the arbitrator expressly determines that the party against whom such award is entered has caused the dispute, controversy or claim to be submitted to arbitration as a dilatory tactic or in bad faith. 23. Amendments This Agreement may not be altered, amended, changed, supplemented, waived or modified in any respect or particular unless the same shall be in writing and agreed to by the unanimous vote or consent of the Members. No amendment may be made to Articles 6, 8, 14 and 17 hereof, insofar as said Articles apply to the financial interests of the Members, except by the vote or consent of all of the Members. No amendment of any provision of this Agreement relating to the voting requirements of the Members on any specific subject shall be made without the affirmative vote or consent of at least the number or percentage of Members required to vote on such subject. 24. Miscellaneous This Agreement and the rights and liabilities of the parties hereunder shall be governed by and determined in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. If any provision of this Agreement shall be invalid or unenforceable, such invalidity or unenforceability shall not affect the other provisions of this Agreement, which shall remain in full force and effect. The captions in this Agreement are for convenience only and are not to be considered in construing this Agreement. All pronouns shall be deemed to be the masculine, feminine, neuter, singular or plural as the identity of the person or persons may require. References to a person or persons shall include partnerships, corporations, limited liability companies, unincorporated associations, trusts, estates and other types of entities. The Managing Member and the Members collectively are referred to herein as the Members. Any one of the Members is referred to herein as a Member. This Agreement, and any amendments hereto may be executed in counterparts all of which taken together shall constitute one agreement. This Agreement sets forth the entire agreement of the parties hereto with respect to the subject matter hereof. It is the intention of the Members that this Agreement shall be the sole source of agreement of the parties, and, except to the extent a provision of this Agreement provides for the incorporation of federal income tax rules or is expressly prohibited or ineffective under the New York Limited Liability Company Act, this Agreement shall govern even when inconsistent with, or different from, the provisions of any applicable law or rule. To the extent any provision of this Agreement is prohibited or otherwise ineffective under the New York Limited Liability Company Act, such provision shall be considered to be ineffective to the smallest degree possible in order to make this Agreement effective under the New York Limited Liability Company Act. If the New York Limited Liability Company Act is subsequently amended or interpreted in such a way to make any provision of this Agreement that was formerly invalid valid, such provision shall be considered to be valid from the effective date of such interpretation or amendment. Subject to the limitations on transferability contained herein, this Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and to their respective heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns. No provision of this Agreement is intended to be for the benefit of or enforceable by any third party. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement on the date first above written. In the presence of: Dennis McCormack In the presence of: Michal Kuras In the presence of: Mike Ghorayeb
Ecological Planning in Land Use Arturo Gomez-Pompa Silvio Olivieri Barra One of the most important conflicts that arises between political decision makers and ecologists is the inadequate utilization of ecologic criteria in the assignment of priorities for soil and resource use in the different geographic regions of our country. It is a common occurrence that forest or agricultural soils are dedicated to grassland, rangeland soils are dedicated to agriculture, and agricultural soils are dedicated to urban use. Criticisms of the deficiencies in the assignment of different uses to various types of soils have come from several sources and are frequently conflicting. The "vocation" of soils is talked about insistently with little idea of what this concept actually means. Superimposed on all of these discrepancies are the opinions of ecologists, biologists, and conservationists who demand the creation of national parks and biological or ecological reserves. This group presents its own criteria for the possible selection of uses for the land and its resources. Faced with this conflict of opinion, the state and federal governments have opted to not plan at all and to allow the different groups to continue in their course. Eventually, the force of the most economically or politically powerful, the personal opinion of the governors or local decision makers, or the force of public opinion orients government in one direction or another. Sometimes, it is not even possible to ascertain what variables were or were not taken into account in a given decision. Given the results of this policy, which have not been good, the Federal Government decided to organize all existing information necessary to obtain a more solid foundation on which to base land-use planning decisions. As a means of obtaining this information, several governmental agencies were created. The Commission of National Territorial Studies (Comision de Estudios del Territorio Nacional, CETENAL) took up the task of mapping the lands of Mexico ten years ago, and produced a very important series of climate, geology, topography, and soil-use maps. A parallel activity, perhaps motivated by other reasons but which ran in the same direction, was the creation of the National Commission for the Determination of Grazing Use Coefficients (Comision Nacional para la Determinacion de los Coeficientes de Agostadero de la Republica Mexicana) for evaluating the potential grazing lands of the country and determining the minimum area necessary for the support of one head of cattle. A further action was the creation of a National Forest Inventory, which also had the objective of mapping the forest resources of Mexico. The creation of the Directorate of the Synoptic Agricultural Map (Direccion de la Carta Sinoptica Agricola), a dependant of the Secretary of Agriculture and Cattle Production, and formerly of the Secretary of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, also took upon itself a cartographic study of the different geographic zones of the country producing the regional soil maps that complement the work done by CETENAL, now known as DGGTENAL (Direccion General de Geografia del Territorio Nacional). Other activities in the same direction, perhaps less well known, have been the work on soil fertility assessment, the agricultural, cattle, and forest censuses, and the mapping work done by state governments, universities, or ecological research centers of the country. All of these activities indicate that there was concern to obtain basic information about the national land surface, with the idea that this information would eventually serve as a decision-making base for the better use of the different soils and resources of the country. However, after almost two decades of activity along this line, we find ourselves with the dilemma that decision-making problems for better soil use prevail in spite of the current available information: In addition new organizations are still being created with the illusion that they are the ones to offer the final solution to the problem. As an example of this, we have the formation of the National Commission on Arid Lands (Comision Nacional de Zonas Aridas, CONAZA), the National Hydraulic Plan (Plan Nacional Hidraulico), the Tropical Development Plan (Plan de Desarrollo del Tropico), and the creation of the Rainfed Agricultural Districts (Distritos de Temporal), which, together with the old watershed commissions, such as the Papaloapan Commission, The Balsas Commission, the Grijalba Commission, etc., try to regionalize soil and soil resource decision-making with the idea that a regional focus can be more adequate for this objective. Obviously, there have been great advances in many of these areas but, the overall objection of obtaining an ecologically sound planning program for soil resources and land use has not been attained. Currently, the problem is of such a magnitude that the process of deforestation, erosion, siltation of reservoirs, rivers and lakes and the growing loss of tillable soils is, without a doubt, one of the biggest problems our country will face in the future. It is necessary to mention that the problem of land use planning becomes very complicated in a country like ours in which there is almost complete liberty of land and soil resource use and where the only legal instruments available to the state are difficult to use on such a confused and hard to define problem. How can a government punish a poor rural peasant who, to survive, has only the alternative of destroying a forest and using forest soils for inefficient agricultural uses? How can a government change a city like Mexico City, established many centuries ago with an urban-industrial infrastructure, because we now know it to be completely inadequate? In fact, many of our current problems are nothing more than the accumulation of past errors which have grown to such a magnitude that their solution is very difficult and occasionally impossible. This is especially true in a country like ours where the individual liberties which are guaranteed by the constitution, are frequently the source of the problem affecting the resources which are the heritage of our country. Evidently, this problem is not exclusive of Mexico, nor of economically similar or underdeveloped countries, but also of capitalistic as well as socialistic countries and economically mixed countries. Perhaps, the consequences of poor planning are simply more evident in poor, developing or underdeveloped countries. After presenting this gloomy panorama of ecological land use planning, we would now like to examine a few existing alternatives which we have been developing at our Institute. We expect that these alternatives will start us in a new direction in the more rational and conservationist use of all our renewable natural resources. The essence of this entire process lies in identifying who shall make the decisions and what will be the instruments available for making these decisions. In Mexico, there is now a great diversity of decision makers on several levels. The rural farmer decides which crops he will plant in a given year and whether or not to cut a new area for more crops. The agricultural bank authorities decide what kinds of credit to approve in the next year and which will have priority in relation to investment security or other factors. The state governments set their own policies and priorities, while the federal government sets national policy in relation to food and other product production and soil, water, and biotic resource conservation. Within these extremes, the importance of the decision is decidedly very different. For instance, the decision a small group of people might make to construct a reservoir will greatly affect the resources and environment of a large region, while the impact of the decision of a local farmer to open up a small parcel in forested soils will be more limited in scope. However, the aggregate of all these decisions forms the national panorama of our natural resource and land management. Obviously, such a decision-making problem has no easy solutions. It would be wonderful to have a cartographic method that could provide each interested party with the ecological criteria for the best use of its resources and soils and which could be implemented on a national level. In fact, the cartographic works of the past tend in this direction, but they haven't been used as such because it is practically impossible to assign one single alternative to each site and have the alternative be ecologically, economically, socially, and politically sound. For example, we could identify a marshy area as very important to conserve from the point of view of flora and fauna, but, if oil is discovered in this area, the economic factor will obviously prevail over all conservationist arguments, whether we like it or not. For this reason, the economic, social, and ecologic costs of alternative action as well as possible solutions to problems that might arise with conflicting resource and land uses, must be taken into account. With this as a background, through our research program on Land Use Planning, we have tried to develop methods that can be used by different types of decision makers, and that enable the users to evaluate the different costs of specific decisions by themselves, aided by the data and analysis tools that are provided. In this way, the decision maker can judge which is the best decision, without requiring that scientists be called in to make the final assessment as is usually the case. The idea is essentially as follows: given a range of environmental conditions, each ecological zone can be used for different purposes with varying short- and long-term consequences which will include economic, social, and environmental aspects, and quality of life. Each use implies a transformation in the great majority of cases (with the exception of nature conservation, which also carries an investment and maintenance cost). For example, the decision to open a forested region up to agriculture, depending on the type of agriculture involved, will have an economic cost (such as the investment necessary for erosion protection if the soils require it) and an ecological cost, which could be the loss of genetic material necessary for the re-establishment of the former forest. Many of these costs are not measurable in the same units and are difficult to compare. For example, what is the ecological cost of clearcutting one hectare? The cost could be very high if the area to be cut is the only one left in the region, or very low if it represents only a fraction of the ecosystem. How do you assign a numerical or monetary value to this cost? It would vary depending on the interest involved, i.e., the government, the people, and the landowners. It would also depend upon the quality of life expected by the society involved. (aesthetic or recreational value). In any case, it is the decision maker who must evaluate the pros and cons of each alternative on a global level before deciding. This evaluation is by no means obvious and, due to the complex inter-relationships which are involved, the evaluation of the regional impact of a decision or of a series of decisions requires not only available data but a methodology which takes into account the complexity of the system. To develop this methodology our group decided several years ago to choose the center of the state of Veracruz as a pilot area for this research. This area is a densely populated region of approximately 4,700 square kilometers, which includes a variety of ecological zones, a long tradition of use, and specific ecological, environmental, demographic, and economic problems. The steps taken in this research have been the following: 1. An exhaustive review was made of all the information available about the region: climate, soils, agriculture, cattle raising, forests, vegetation, water, economic factors, prices of crops, crop yields, ecological systems of cattle and agricultural production, etc. Fortunately, the region, like many other regions of Mexico, has been well studied, and there is an abundance of information which has been gathered and which gives us a primary information base to work with. 2. Parallel to the gathering of this information, the principal ecological zones of the region were identified. For this, two dimensions were used; first, a macrodimension, which involved the selection of seven large land systems which were divided into 33 subregions (landscapes) using primarily climatic and physiographic criteria. The other dimension, on a micro level, includes the classification of distinct ecological zones called terrestrial units, or land forms, within the subregions. For example, there could be an area x subdivided into slopes, hill tops, valley bottoms, etc. These units were mapped using satellite imagery, aerial photographs, and field surveys. The idea is that using this classification system, any site within the region can be easily classified. For each of these units, an attempt was made to relate all of the information available from the literature, statistical data, and field surveys to determine the different uses which had or could be planned. Potential erosion data was included in this as a function of climatic and soil data and especially, soil fertility and the agricultural history of each zone. Given the importance of the productive potential of each unit and the impossibility of being able to count on prior information on productive potential, corn was chosen as an indirect indicator of the productive potential of all zones as it is the only cultivated crop found in practically the entire region. As a result of the large quantity of data that had to be analyzed, it was decided at the beginning of the project to use computer simulation and optimization techniques to condense the information into a form that could be used in the planning process. Linear programming as well as goal programming was used, and the method was tested by playing simulated planning games on the entire region. In a simple way, what our method does is as follows: a decision maker, which could be many different types, can go to a computer terminal and, for a specific region identified by him through cartographic methods and ecological profiles, ask the computer, for example, what would be the regional consequences of changing a coffee plantation into grazing land. The answer would be given as the cost of the transformation, the expected investment and profits in the short-, medium-, and long-run, the amount of labor generated, expected erosion level, etc. With all this information, the decision maker will be the one to decide whether or not to continue with the plan or change it for another that would be better for him and the community. In the case of our application of the method to the center of Veracruz, this type of model has allowed us to study the carrying capacity of the region under different alternatives or scenarios, and study the regional impact on land use as a function of the demands made by a growing population. In effect, the study area had 603,000 inhabitants in 1978, 48 percent of which were urban. Our projections show that this population will double by the year 2,000 with 1,190,000 inhabitants, 63 percent of which will be urban. The level of food consumption of an urban resident, according to a study done in the region, is 2.5 times that of a rural inhabitant. Then the pressure exerted on the natural resources of the region will grow explosively in the next years. Therefore, it is important to understand more deeply this problem as well as the possible alternatives: more technology, mechanization, education, etc. Which of them will be more relevant, or will be the most limiting factor for an increase in production in the region? Also, what will be the ecological cost associated with each one of them? For a particular scenario, the model integrates, for example, the optimum use of the land as a function of the objectives set by the user, as well as the demand and distribution of labor, the amount and distribution of erosion, the amount and distribution of profits generated, etc. A great advantage of our method is that some of the factors are variable, such as the price of crops or grains, since the economic factor is the crux of decision making in practically all of the models. For example, a rise in the price of fertilizer can result in certain crops which require large quantities of fertilizers not being economically feasible. While others that do not require fertilizers being feasible. With the methodology, the fragile zones can be analyzed. In this very condensed form, we have presented to you the contributions that the Federal Government, through our Institution, is making toward a more compatible process of economic development of our country with the utilization of ecologic and scientific criteria which, in a free environment, can organize or punish licentiousness in the use of natural resources. The method is now available and can be adapted to almost any part of the Republic. In conclusion, we wish only to say that the work up to now indicates that the road to ecological planning of land use in our country may lie in methods like the one we have been developing. It should be noted, however, that this implies a new assessment of the problem of natural resource planning and a fundamental change in decision making with respect to what we have had in the past. We think that this is a good doorway into the future. This focus is also being followed, with some differences, in other countries with which we have had experience. Our work is a Mexican contribution to the MAB program of UNESCO, and we have shared experiences with the MAB committees of the United States, Australia, Venezuela, and Argentina.
Structure and steroid isomerase activity of Drosophila glutathione transferase E14 essential for ecdysteroid biosynthesis Jana Škerlova$^1$ $\text{ID}$, Helena Lindström$^1$ $\text{ID}$, Elodie Gonis$^2$, Birgitta Sjödin$^1$ $\text{ID}$, Fabrice Neiers$^2$ $\text{ID}$, Pal Stenmark$^{1,3}$ $\text{ID}$ and Bengt Mannervik$^1$ $\text{ID}$ 1 Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden 2 CSGA, Laboratory of Taste and Olfaction, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France 3 Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Sweden Correspondence F. Neiers, CSGA, Laboratory of Taste and Olfaction, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRA, CNRS, 17 rue Sully, F-21065 Dijon, France Tel: +33 67 067 8008 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org P. Stenmark, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius vag 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden and Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden Tel: +46-73 984 1216 E-mail: email@example.com B. Mannervik, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius vag 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden Tel: +46-70 425 0849 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org (Received 18 October 2019, revised 25 November 2019, accepted 11 December 2019) doi:10.1002/1873-3468.13718 Edited by Stuart Ferguson [The copyright line for this article was changed on January 15, 2020 after original online publication] Ecdysteroids are critically important for the formation of the insect exoskeleton. Cholesterol is a precursor of ecdysone and its active form 20-hydroxyecdysone, but some steps in the ecdysteroid biosynthesis pathway remain unknown. An essential requirement of glutathione (GSH) transferase GSTE14 in ecdysteroid biosynthesis has been established in Drosophila melanogaster, but its function is entirely unknown. Here, we have determined the crystal structure of GSTE14 in complex with GSH and investigated the kinetic properties of GSTE14 with alternative substrates. GSTE14 has high-ranking steroid double-bond isomerase activity, albeit 50-fold lower than the most efficient mammalian GSTs. Corresponding steroid isomerizations are unknown in insects, and their exact physiological role remains to be shown. Nonetheless, the essential enzyme GSTE14 is here demonstrated to be catalytically competent and have a steroid-binding site. Keywords: Drosophila GSTE14; ecdysteroid; glutathione transferase; Noppera-bo; steroid double-bond isomerization Abbreviation CDNB, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene; DmGSTE14, Drosophila melanogaster GST epsilon 14; EcaGST, Equus caballus GST; GSH, glutathione; GST, glutathione transferase; HsaGST, Homo sapiens GST; ITC, isothiocyanate; MPD, 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol; $\Delta^4$-AD, $\Delta^4$-androstene-3,17-dione; $\Delta^4$-AD, $\Delta^4$-androstene-3,17-dione; $\Delta^4$-PD, $\Delta^4$-pregnene-3,20-dione. Steroids play various essential roles in higher forms of life. Originating from cholesterol, series of enzymatic reactions lead to steroid hormones in mammals and insects, as exemplified by sex hormones and ecdysteroids. Certain members in the family of glutathione transferases (GSTs), enzymes originally discovered as detoxication enzymes [1], have been shown to fulfill significant functions in steroid hormone biosynthesis. In humans and horse, GST A3-3 catalyzes steroid double-bond isomerizations with extraordinary efficiency, preceding the formation of testosterone and progesterone [2–5] (Fig. 1). The chemical mechanism of this isomerization has been described in molecular detail [6]. In Drosophila melanogaster, ecdysone is secreted from the ring gland and the fat body and plays a pivotal role in the development and metamorphosis, as in other insects and arthropods. Its product 20-hydroxyecdysone (Fig. 1) is the active form required for molting (ecdysis), which encompasses shedding of the exoskeleton in transitions between different larval stages, pupation, and formation of the imago. Various reactions catalyzed by different cytochrome P450 enzymes have been uncovered in the biosynthesis of ecdysteroids [7]. Interestingly, an epsilon-class GST, GSTE14, has been shown to play an essential role in ecdysteroid biosynthesis [8] and identified with the mutant Noppera-bo among the Halloween genes [9]. Specifically, loss of the GSTE14 gene is detrimental to cuticle formation, it interrupts the formation of exoskeleton and prevents ecdysis, but the effect can be rescued by the administration of 20-hydroxyecdysone. However, the actual function of GSTE14 remains unknown. The genome of D. melanogaster has been found to harbor 42 GST genes [10], and a preliminary examination of the corresponding GSTome [11] of soluble enzymes has been performed [12]. Based on sequence similarities, the insect GSTs have been assigned to six classes: theta, omega, sigma, zeta, delta, and epsilon. The first four are common to eukaryotes, whereas the delta and epsilon classes appear specific for arthropods, including insects. In D. melanogaster, the delta and epsilon GSTs have 11 and 14 members, respectively [12,13], accounting for more than half of the fly GSTome and suggesting that the proteins have evolved for diverse functions. GSTE14 is the most divergent member in the epsilon branch of the phylogenetic tree [12]. Just a limited number of the D. melanogaster GSTs have been characterized in detail, and among the epsilon-class enzymes, structural studies of only GSTE6 and GSTE7 have previously been published [14]. Structural information on GSTs has been reviewed by Ketterman [15] and Wu and Dong [16]. We here report the crystal structure and functional properties of D. melanogaster GSTE14. Materials and methods Cloning, expression, and purification of the DmGSTE14 protein DNA encoding the D. melanogaster GSTE14 (DmGSTE14) protein sequence (NP_610855.1) was codon-optimized for Escherichia coli expression and designed to include a His$_{8}$-tag at the C terminus. The DNA sequence was synthesized by GENEWIZ (Leipzig, Germany) and subcloned into the pET22b vector (Novagen, Darmstadt, Germany) between the NdeI and SacI restriction sites. The resulting plasmid was used to transform the E. coli BL21 star strain. Isolated colonies from an LB-ampicillin agar plate (50 mg L$^{-1}$ ampicillin) were used to inoculate 50 mL LB-ampicillin culture (50 mg L$^{-1}$ ampicillin) and incubated at 37 °C overnight. Then, the 50 mL culture was used to inoculate 4 L LB-ampicillin medium. Protein expression was induced at OD$_{600\text{nm}} = 0.6$ with 1 mM (final concentration) isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside, and the bacteria were further grown for 18 h at 37 °C. Cells were harvested by centrifugation (4000 g, 20 min, 4 °C), resuspended in binding buffer (20 mM sodium phosphate, 0.5 M NaCl, 100 μM DTT, and 20 mM imidazole, pH 7.4), and disrupted at 4 °C using sonication (Vibracell; Bioblock, Waltham, MA, USA). After centrifugation at 20 000 g for 45 min at 4 °C, the supernatant was loaded onto a 5 mL column containing Ni$^{2+}$ Sepharose 6 fast flow resin (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA). Following washing with binding buffer, DmGSTE14 was eluted using 20 mM sodium phosphate, 0.5 M NaCl, 100 μM DTT, and 500 mM imidazole, pH 7.4. Fractions containing DmGSTE14 were pooled and dialyzed against 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.4. ![Fig. 1. Steroid isomerization reaction catalyzed by GST. Δ$^{\Delta}$AD is converted into Δ$^{\Delta}$AD (top). Structures of other steroid compounds discussed in this work, 20-hydroxyecdysone (bottom left) and 17β-estradiol (bottom right), are also shown here for comparison.](image-url) DmGSTE14 was concentrated using an Amicon ultra-spin column with a cutoff of 10 kDa (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Protein purity was confirmed using a Coomassie-stained 12% SDS/PAGE. Kinetic measurements 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and trans-2-nonenal were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); Δ⁵-astrodene-3,17-dione (Δ⁵-AD) and Δ⁵-pregnen-3,20-dione (Δ⁵-PD) from Steraloids Inc. (Newport, RI, USA); and isothiocyanates (ITCs) from Merck (Kenilworth, NJ, USA). All substrates except GSH were dissolved in ethanol or methanol. The final solvent concentration in the reaction system was kept at a maximum of 5% (v/v). Specific activities were determined spectrophotometrically at 30 °C using 1 mM GSH, and all substrates except the steroids were assayed in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5, containing 2% (v/v) ethanol (solvent for the second substrate). Glutathionylation of CDNB was monitored at 340 nm (ε = 9.6 mm⁻¹·cm⁻¹); trans-2-nonenal at 225 nm (ε = 19.2 mm⁻¹·cm⁻¹); allyl-ITC at 274 nm (ε = 7.45 mm⁻¹·cm⁻¹); benzyl-ITC at 274 nm (ε = 9.25 mm⁻¹·cm⁻¹); butyl-ITC at 274 nm (ε = 7.75 mm⁻¹·cm⁻¹); hexyl-ITC at 274 nm (ε = 6.55 mm⁻¹·cm⁻¹); phenethyl-ITC at 274 nm (ε = 8.89 mm⁻¹·cm⁻¹); and propyl-ITC at 274 nm (ε = 8.35 mm⁻¹·cm⁻¹). The steroid double-bond isomerization of Δ⁵-AD (0.1 mM) and Δ⁵-PD (0.01 mM) in 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0, containing 2% (v/v) methanol (steroid solvent), was monitored at 248 nm (ε = 16.3 mm⁻¹·cm⁻¹ for Δ⁵-AD; ε = 17.0 mm⁻¹·cm⁻¹ for Δ⁵-PD). Protein concentration was determined by means of the Bradford assay [17]. Steady-state kinetic parameters were determined under the corresponding assay conditions using variable substrate concentrations. The Michaelis–Menten equation was fitted to the data by nonlinear regression, and $V_{\text{max}}$ values were transformed into $k_{\text{cat}}$ based on the molar concentration of the dimeric protein. Crystallization and diffraction data collection The protein was further purified for crystallization experiments by size-exclusion chromatography in 20 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 2 mM tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine, and 10% glycerol using the column Superdex 200 16/600 and Äkta Prime FPLC system (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden) and concentrated to 22 mg·mL⁻¹. The protein was supplemented with 10 mM glutathione (GSH) and 20 μL of this solution was supplemented with 0.4 mg of solid 20-hydroxyecdysone, resulting in > 10 mM 20-hydroxyecdysone in the final concentration. The crystals were obtained by vapor diffusion technique at 21 °C in a hanging drop containing 2 μL of protein solution and 1 μL of reservoir solution derived from the Morpheus protein crystallization screen [18], containing 0.1 M MOPS-HEPES pH 7.5, 12.5% w/v PEG 1000, 12.5% w/v PEG 3350, and 12.5% v/v MPD. Large cube-shaped crystals were harvested after 24 h and flash-cooled without additional cryoprotection. A complete diffraction data set at 1.3 Å resolution was collected at 100 K at the beamline i04 of the Diamond Light Source. The diffraction data were processed using xia2 [19], DIALS [20], and Aimless [21] from the CCP4 package [22]. The structure was solved by molecular replacement using the program Molrep [23] and the structure of epsilon-class GSH S-transferase from Musca domestica [24] (PDB ID: 3wxx) as a search model. Refinement was performed using Refmac 5.8.0232 [25] in combination with manual adjustments in Coot [26]. MolProbity server [27] was used for the evaluation of the final model quality. The data collection and refinement statistics are listed in Table 1. All figures representing structures were created --- Table 1. Crystal parameters, data collection, and refinement statistics. Statistics for the highest resolution shell are in parentheses. \| Data collection statistics \| \| \|---------------------------\|---\| \| Space group \| P4₁2₁2₁ \| \| Cell parameters (Å, °) \| $a = 76.2$, $b = 76.2$, $c = 100.7$; $\alpha = \beta = \gamma = 90$ \| \| Number of molecules in AU \| 1 \| \| Wavelength (Å) \| 0.9795 \| \| Resolution range (Å) \| 53.88–1.30 (1.32–1.30) \| \| Number of unique reflections \| 73 240 (3424) \| \| Multiplicity \| 22.4 (8.4) \| \| Completeness (%) \| 99.8 (96.7) \| \| $R_{\text{merge}}$ \| 9.4 (9.3) \| \| $CC_{1/2}$ \| 100 (76.4) \| \| Mean $I/\sigma I$ \| 18.2 (2.1) \| \| Wilson B (Ų) \| 9.9 \| \| Refinement statistics \| \| \|---------------------------\|---\| \| Resolution range (Å) \| 50.38–1.30 (1.33–1.30) \| \| No. of reflections in working set \| 69 566 (4914) \| \| No. of reflections in test set \| 3596 (250) \| \| $R$-value (%)$^a$ \| 15.7 (23.6) \| \| $R_{\text{free}}$-value (%)$^b$ \| 16.4 (26.1) \| \| RMISD bond length (Å) \| 0.012 \| \| RMISD angle (°) \| 1.753 \| \| Number of atoms in AU \| 2307 \| \| Number of protein atoms in AU \| 2041 \| \| Mean $B$ value (Ų) \| 13.1 \| \| Residues in Ramachandran favored regions (%)$^c$ \| 98.6 \| \| Residues in Ramachandran allowed regions (%)$^d$ \| 100 \| $^a$$R_{\text{merge}}$, defined in Ref. [29]. $^b$Pearson’s correlation coefficient determined on the data set randomly split in half. $^c$R-value = \|\|$F_o$\| – \|$F_c$\|\|/$F_o$, where $F_o$ and $F_c$ are the observed and calculated structure factors, respectively. $^d$$R_{\text{free}}$-value is equivalent to the R-value but is calculated for 5% of the reflections chosen at random and omitted from the refinement process [30]. $^e$As determined by MolProbity [27]. using PyMOL [28]. Atomic coordinates and structure factors were deposited in the PDB under the accession code 6l2t. Results and Discussion Preparation of DmGSTE14 The DmGSTE14 protein was obtained in pure form following IMAC and size-exclusion chromatography, as judged by SDS/PAGE analysis. However, a component corresponding to the dimer required rigorous reducing conditions to merge with the monomeric form of 25 kDa. Gel filtration of the purified enzyme demonstrated that the native DmGSTE14 is dimeric, as expected for a soluble GST. Figure 2 shows the DmGSTE14 structure, including the sequence (238 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 27 444 Da, including the C-terminal purification His₆ tag). Near the middle of the sequence, C106 is suitably positioned to form an intersubunit disulfide bond, as judged from the crystallographic analysis (see below). A corresponding Cys residue is conserved in related GSTE14 sequences from other insect species in UniProt. Fig. 2. Dimer of DmGSTE14. Each enzyme monomer is shown in cartoon representation in two different shades of blue. Interface cysteine residues (C106) are shown as sticks, and active-site ligands GSH and MPD are in pink and yellow ball-and-stick representations, respectively. The primary and secondary structure is shown below the cartoon representation with β-sheets indicated by arrows and α-helices as barrels. Important residues discussed further in the text, S14, C106, and D113, are highlighted in the sequence in blue, yellow, and red, respectively. Crystal structure analysis We solved the crystal structure of DmGSTE14 in complex with GSH at the resolution of 1.3 Å with one monomer of the enzyme in the asymmetric unit (Table 1). Three N-terminal residues (M-S-Q) and the His$_6$-tag at the C terminus could not be modeled into the electron density due to disorder. The crystal structure of DmGSTE14 represents the typical GST fold with an N-terminal thioredoxin-like $\alpha/\beta$-domain and a C-terminal bundle of $\alpha$-helices. The overall structure of the biological form of the enzyme, a dimer generated by symmetry operation, is shown in Fig. 2. The large dimer interface (1431 Å$^2$) includes a cysteine residue (C106) that is likely to form a disulfide bond and further stabilize the dimer assembly. The G-site of the enzyme, formed by residues S14, P15, P16, L38, Q43, F44, H55, S56, V57, P58, D69, S70, H71, C106, and F110, is occupied by GSH. Molecular details of enzyme-GSH hydrogen-bond interactions are shown in Fig. 3. The conserved active-site residue S14 interacting with the sulfur of GSH through a sulfur-centered hydrogen bond is located close to the N-terminal end of the $\alpha$1-helix as noted for other GST belonging to the serine/cysteine type [31]. A hydrophobic cavity (H-site), located adjacent to the G-site, is formed by predominantly hydrophobic residues R13, S14, P15, L38, F39, F110, D113, M117, S118, V121, T172, L208, and M212 and appears suited to accommodate hydrophobic substrates. In our crystal structure, the H-site is occupied by 2-methyl-2,4-pentanedion (MPD) originating from the crystallization mother liquor and a water molecule (Fig. 4). The only charged residue in the H-site is aspartate D113, which forms a water-mediated hydrogen bonding interaction with MPD. This residue is flexible, and we have modeled it in two different conformations. These structural features suggest that aspartate D113 is likely to be a catalytic residue in the steroid isomerase reaction. During the preparation of this manuscript, a structure of DmGSTE14 in complex with GSH and 17β-estradiol (PDB ID: 6kep, Fig. 1) was deposited in the PDB. The superposition of this steroid-bound structure with our structure (Fig. 4) illustrates that the steroid binds to the same site as MPD and the hydroxyl oxygen O3 of the steroid overlays with the water molecule in our structure and interacts with D113, which is only present in a single conformation, facing inwards the H-cavity. This provides further evidence for the key role of D113. A structure similarity search of the Protein Data Bank using the Dali server [32] identified a number of homologous structures of insect epsilon-class GSTs. The closest homologues are a GST from Drosophila mojavensis (PDB ID: 4hi7, RMSD 1.5 Å for 214 residues), D. melanogaster GST E7 (PDB ID: 4png [14], RMSD 1.5 Å for 214 residues), a GST from M. domestica (PDB ID: 3wvx [24], RMSD 1.5 Å for 212 residues), and D. melanogaster GST E6 (PDB ID: 4yh2 [33] and 4pnf [14], RMSD 1.7 Å for 213 residues). Further homologous GST structures originate from mosquito species, including epsilon-class GSTs from Anopheles gambiae (PDB ID: 2i13, 2imi, 2imk [34], and 4gsn [35]), Anopheles funestus (PDB ID: 3zmk [36]), and Aedes aegypti (PDB ID: 5fn3), with RMSD values ranging between 1.5 and 1.6 Å (for 211–213 aligned residues). The sequence identity between DmGSTE14 and its insect structural homologues is between 30% and 34% [32]. The structure of DmGSTE14 is highly similar to all these homologues that share the same overall fold. However, DmGSTE14 has a unique long C-terminal tail, which is not present in any of the homologues and stretches in an extended conformation along the enzyme surface away from the active pocket. Moreover, none of the structural homologues possess the cysteine residue in the dimer interface, likely to form an interchain disulfide bridge stabilizing the dimer assembly. Instead, Fig. 3. GSH bound in the G-site of DmGSTE14. GSH is shown as pink sticks, and residues involved in direct (black dashed lines) or water-mediated (yellow dashed lines) hydrogen bonds are shown as blue sticks. Residues S107 and R111 from the second GST monomer of the dimer, which is participating in GSH binding, are shown as pale blue sticks. they all have a conserved serine residue in this position, apart from the GST from M. domestica [24], which has an alanine residue. DmGSTE14 also shares structural homology with mammalian GSTs involved in steroid metabolism [5]. High steroid isomerase activity was originally observed with human Homo sapiens GST (HsaGST) A3-3 [2]. By contrast, the homologous HsaGST A2-2 has 5000-fold lower activity, which could be explained by different orientations of the steroid substrate Δ⁴-AD in the active site [37]. The overlay of the human enzyme structures with DmGSTE14 structure shown in Fig. 5 clearly demonstrates that the architecture of their active sites and the steroid-binding modes are completely different, despite the similarity of the overall fold of the enzymes. The RMSD for the superposition of DmGSTE14 with both human GST A2-2 and A3-3 is 3.2 Å (192 aligned residues, sequence identity 21%). The structures of the C-terminal portions are quite different. In both HsaGST A2-2 and HsaGST A3-3, the C terminus forms an alpha helix which folds over and shields the H-site of the active pocket, while in DmGSTE14 a substantially longer C-terminal tail does not form a helix and is oriented away from the active site. In the human GSTs, GSH is bound further away from the hydrophobic cavity providing more space for steroid binding. In DmGSTE14, GSH is bound in close proximity to the hydrophobic pocket occupied by MPD. The mode of steroid binding to DmGSTE14, with the steroid plane being roughly parallel to the GSH molecule, is therefore quite distinct from the binding mode of Δ⁴-AD to both human GSTs (Fig. 5). Enzymatic activities In order to examine the general enzymatic competence, a number of well-known GST substrates including --- Table 2. Specific activities of DmGSTE14 in the glutathionylation of conventional GST substrates. Measurements were made in triplicate at pH 6.5 using 100 μM electrophilic substrate and 1 mM GSH. \| Substrate \| Specific activity (μmol·min⁻¹·mg⁻¹) \| \|-----------------\|-------------------------------------\| \| Allyl-ITC \| 1.62 ± 0.11 \| \| Benzyl-ITC \| 0.05 ± 0.03 \| \| Butyl-ITC \| 0.06 ± 0.05 \| \| Hexyl-ITC \| 0.09 ± 0.20 \| \| Phenethyl-ITC \| 0.16 ± 0.09 \| \| Propyl-ITC \| 0.83 ± 0.33 \| \| Trans-2-nonenal \| < 0.001 \| \| CDNB \| 20.1 ± 0.6 \| --- Fig. 4. MPD bound in the H-site of DmGSTE14. The MPD and GSH molecules are shown as yellow and pink sticks, respectively. Polar interactions of MPD with the active-site environment are shown as yellow dashed lines. The H-site residues are shown as blue sticks, and the whole active-site area is also shown in transparent surface representation. Residue D113 is highlighted in orange. Residue D113 from the superposed structure of DmGSTE14 with GSH and 17β-estradiol (PDB ID: 6kep) is shown as green sticks, and the steroid molecule is shown as green lines. Fig. 5. Comparison of DmGSTE14 with human GST A2-2 and A3-3. DmGSTE14 (blue cartoon) in complex with GSH (pink stick) and MPD (yellow sticks) is superposed with human GST A3-3 (light gray cartoon, PDB ID: 2ycv [37]) in complex with GSH and Δ⁴-AD (dark gray sticks), and human GST A2-2 (brown cartoon, PDB ID: 2vzt [37]) in complex with Δ⁴-AD (brown sticks), using the N-terminal domains. 17β-Estradiol from DmGSTE14 structure (PDB ID: 6kep) is shown as green sticks. CDNB, five ITCs, and nonenal were tested. Table 2 shows that CDNB and ITCs give low, but clearly demonstrable, activities with DmGSTE14. ITCs occur abundantly in the form of glucosinolates in cruciferous plants. By contrast, nonenal, which is related to products of lipid peroxidation, did not show any detectable activity. Steady-state kinetic parameters for selected substrates are shown in Table 3. These studies demonstrate that DmGSTE14 indeed is catalytically competent, even though activities with the naturally occurring ITC substrates are significantly lower than the activities of the homologous GSTEs and GSTE7 [38]. In enzymes catalyzing several alternative reactions, it is often observed that acquisition of high activity with a particular substrate is accompanied by decreased efficiency with alternative substrates [39]. It can therefore be surmised that DmGSTE14 should be more active with other substrates. In view of the importance of DmGSTE14 for ecdysteroid metabolism, a surrogate for a so far unknown reaction with steroids in insects was tested. The most striking example of a GST-catalyzed reaction involving a steroid is the positional double-bond isomerization of the ketosteroids $\Delta^5$-AD and $\Delta^5$-PD, precursors to the hormones testosterone and progesterone [3]. These steroids are efficiently isomerized by some mammalian alpha-class GSTs, particularly by the horse and human enzymes Equus caballus GST (EcaGST) A3-3 [5] and HsaGST A3-3 [2]. We therefore tested these steroids as substrates for DmGSTE14, even if there is no evidence for these reactions to occur in insects. Table 4 shows the steroid double-bond isomerase activity of DmGSTE14 assayed with $\Delta^5$-AD and $\Delta^5$-PD. Tables 4 and 5 show that both $\Delta^5$-AD and $\Delta^5$-PD are suitable substrates for the enzyme. DmGSTE14 is less active than the most efficient mammalian enzymes, but nevertheless superior to many of the mammalian GSTs. EcaGST A3-3 is approximately 50 times more catalytically efficient than DmGSTE14 (Table 5). It should be noted that among all known enzymes the highest catalytic efficiencies ($k_{\text{cat}}/K_m$) are approximately $10^8$ s$^{-1}$·M$^{-1}$ and that the isomerase efficiencies of $(0.136–0.16) \times 10^8$ s$^{-1}$·M$^{-1}$ for GST A3-3 are just an order of magnitude below (Table 5). By inference, the 50-fold lower isomerase efficiency of approximately $0.3 \times 10^6$ s$^{-1}$·M$^{-1}$ for DmGSTE14 can still be regarded high, ranking near the geometric mean of representative $k_{\text{cat}}/K_m$ values of typical enzymes [40]. The reaction mechanism of HsaGSTA 3-3 catalyzing the isomerization of $\Delta^5$-AD into $\Delta^4$-AD has been investigated by computational methods to atomic resolution [6]. GSH in the active site acts as a base, via its thiolate group, and polarizes the 3-keto group of $\Delta^5$-AD via a hydrogen bond to the amide nitrogen of its ### Table 3. Steady-state parameters for select substrates. $k_{\text{cat}}$ and $k_{\text{cat}}/K_m$ values were calculated by nonlinear regression based on the Michaelis–Menten model. The $K_m$ value for GSH was determined using the CDNB substrate at saturating concentration (1 mM). The values for the electrophilic substrates were similarly obtained with a saturating concentration of GSH. For each substrate concentration, the value for the nonenzymatic reaction was subtracted. \| Varied substrate \| GSH \| CDNB \| Allyl-ITC \| Propyl-ITC \| \|------------------\|-----\|------\|-----------\|------------\| \| $K_m$ (µM) \| 2400 ± 800 \| 95 ± 39 \| 14.2 ± 4.2 \| 90 ± 14 \| \| $k_{\text{cat}}$ (min$^{-1}$) \| 1980 ± 210 \| 2490 ± 230 \| 108 ± 50 \| 85 ± 5 \| ### Table 4. Steroid isomerase activity of DmGSTE14 compared with values for mammalian GSTs. Measurements were made in triplicate at pH 8.0 and 30 °C. Values are given as mean and SD where available. Data for the mammalian enzymes are from Ref. [2,5]. \| Enzyme \| $\Delta^5$-AD (0.1 mM) \| $\Delta^5$-PD (0.01 mM) \| \|-----------------\|------------------------\|-------------------------\| \| DmGSTE14 \| 9.68 ± 0.86 \| 3.61 ± 1.4 \| \| EcaGST A3-3 \| 194 ± 10 \| 92.2 ± 9.5 \| \| HsaGST A3-3 \| 197 ± 15 \| 37.0 ± 2 \| \| HsaGST A2-2 \| 0.2 \| – \| \| HsaGST A1-1 \| 40 \| 3.2 ± 0.1 \| \| SscGST A2-2 \| 53 ± 2 \| 1.9 ± 0.1 \| \| SscGST A1-1 \| 3.4 ± 0.2 \| 0.19 ± 0.02 \| \| BtaGST A1-1 \| 0.73 ± 0.01 \| 0.37 ± 0.02 \| ### Table 5. Steady-state parameters for the isomerization of the steroid substrates. The concentration of $\Delta^5$-AD was varied between 3 and 100 µM, and $\Delta^5$-PD between 2 and 20 µM with 1 mM GSH in 25 mM Na$_2$HPO$_4$/NaH$_2$PO$_4$, pH 8.0, 30 °C, and 2% methanol. Measurements were made in triplicate and analyzed by nonlinear regression. The low solubility of $\Delta^5$-PD caused insufficient saturation for calculating $k_{\text{cat}}$ and $K_m$ independently. Values are given per homodimer. $k_{\text{cat}}$ and $K_m$ are given with SE obtained from nonlinear regression analysis. Data for EcaGST A3-3 are from Ref. [5]. \| DmGSTE14 \| EcaGST A3-3 \| \|------------------\|-----------------------\| \| Substrate (mM) \| $k_{\text{cat}}$ (s$^{-1}$) \| $K_m$ (µM) \| $k_{\text{cat}}/K_m$ (mM$^{-1}$·s$^{-1}$) \| $k_{\text{cat}}$ (s$^{-1}$) \| $K_m$ (µM) \| $k_{\text{cat}}/K_m$ (mM$^{-1}$·s$^{-1}$) \| \| $\Delta^5$-AD \| 11.3 ± 0.93 \| 40.7 ± 7.5 \| 278 ± 56 \| 219 ± 7.9 \| 13.7 ± 1.5 \| 16 000 ± 1900 \| \| $\Delta^5$-PD \| 371 ± 8.0 \| – \| – \| 13 600 ± 2300 \| glycine residue. Y9 of the G-site assists in the transfer of a proton from C4 in $\Delta^5$-AD, via GSH, to C6 in the steroid nucleus. By contrast, in DmGSTE14 the most likely catalytic residue is D113, which in a hydrophobic environment could be a functional base. In the bacterial ketosteroid isomerase, which catalyzes the same reaction, an aspartic acid and a tyrosine residue form an oxyanion hole accommodating the 3-keto group of $\Delta^5$-AD and a second aspartate serves as the base abstracting a proton from C4 [41]. Despite the high concentration of 20-hydroxyecdysone in the crystallization experiments, we were not able to obtain a DmGSTE14 structure in complex with this steroid. Co-crystallization attempts with the enzyme and 10 mM $\Delta^4$-androstene-3,17-dione ($\Delta^4$-AD) also did not yield a steroid-bound structure. It is not obvious how $\Delta^5$-AD or $\Delta^4$-PD binds to DmGSTE14, but judging from the position of 17β-estradiol in the recently deposited structure (PDB ID: 6kep), D113 may interact with the 3-keto group of $\Delta^5$-AD. We believe that some other steroid compounds in the earlier steps of the ecdysone biosynthesis pathway, rather than 20-hydroxyecdysone, might be the true physiological ligand of DmGSTE14. The lack of polar residues in the H-site of the enzyme likely prevents the binding of 20-hydroxyecdysone, which contains a higher number of polar modifications on the sterane core. The more hydrophobic precursor cholesterol or its products in the early steps of the ecdysone biosynthetic pathway are more likely to be accommodated by the H-site of DmGSTE14. Even though we have demonstrated that GSTE14 from D. melanogaster is catalytically competent and active with a steroid substrate, the nature of a possible substrate in the biosynthetic pathway to ecdysteroids remains obscure. Some GSTs are known as binding proteins (ligandins) [42], and therefore, in addition to catalysis, the function of an intracellular steroid carrier may also be considered a potential role of this enzyme. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Diamond Light Source for beamtime (proposal mx21625), and the staff of beamline I04 for assistance with crystal testing and data collection. This work was supported by the Swedish Research Council (grant 2015-04222 to BM and grant 2018-03406 to PS), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (grant ANR-16-CE21-0004-01 to FN), and the Swedish Cancer Society (grant to PS). The work of JS was supported from ERDF/ESF, OP RDE, project “IOCB Mobility” (No. CZ.02.2.69/0.0/0.0/16_027/0008477), granted to the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences. Author contribution BM, FN, and PS conceived and supervised the study; JS, HL, EG, and BS performed experiments and analyzed the data; and BM, JS, FN, and HL wrote the manuscript. References 1 Josephy PD and Mannervik B (2006) Molecular Toxicology, pp. 333–364. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. 2 Johansson AS and Mannervik B (2001) Human glutathione transferase A3–3, a highly efficient catalyst of double-bond isomerization in the biosynthetic pathway of steroid hormones. 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COMMONS REGISTRATION ACT 1965 Reference No. 220/3/20-23 IN THE MATTER OF Land known as Large Green, Car Colston and land known as Little Green, Car Colston. To the Nottinghamshire County Council I HEREBY GIVE YOU NOTICE in pursuance of Section 6(2) of the Commons Registration Act 1965 that on 13th November 1984 the registration at Entry No 1 in the Land Section of Register Unit No CL 7A and CL 80 in the Register of Common Land maintained by you became final and the Registrations at Entry No 1 in the Land Section of Register Units No VG 64 and VG 65 in the Register of Town or Village Greens maintained by you became void. Given under my hand and seal this 13th November 1984. Commons Commissioner FORM 41 (NS 7A) CAR COLSTON COMMON RIGHT OWNERS CHAIRMAN R.C.HAYNES NOTTINGHAMSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL R.O.W SECTION: TRENT BRIDGE HOUSE WEST BEDFORD NOTTS. % DOLLY LODGE CAR COLSTON NOTTS NE18 9SE 19/7/95 CENTRAL REGISTRY NOTTS. C.C. 21 JUL 1995 Dear Sir/Madam, Please find enclosed a copy of the one map scale 1:25000 showing the extent of the Common land to the best of my knowledge, all unenclosed dedicated public bridleways and highways. We do not intend to dedicate any other ways or highways pursuant to Section 31 (6) of the Highways Act 1980. I would be most grateful if you would acknowledge receipt of this declaration of plan. Yours faithfully, Robert C. Haynes (Chairman) Mr R C Haynes Holly lodge Car Colston NOTTINGHAM NG13 8JE Dear Mr Haynes SECTION 31(6) STATUTORY DECLARATION With reference to the plan which has been submitted to the Rights of Way Section on behalf of the Common Right Owners, in order to lodge a section 31(6) Declaration you are required to complete each of the enclosed forms. Upon receipt of the completed documents, I will formally acknowledge acceptance of your declaration. Yours sincerely for Group Manager (Countryside) 28.11.95. Section 3(6) Statutory Declaration. Dear Mr Hunt, I apologize for the delay in replying to your letter of 14th Nov re Section 3(6) Statutory Declaration. I endorse the completed form & trust that you can now acknowledge my declaration. Yours Sincerely [Signature] [Stamp: CENTRAL REGISTRAR, NOTTS.CC.] 4 DEC 1995 NOTTINGHAMSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL DEPOSIT OF STATEMENT and PLAN SECTION 31 (6) OF THE HIGHWAYS ACT 1980 To 1. I am and have been since [date] the owner within the meaning of the above section of [day, month, year] of the land known as [name of land] more particularly delineated on the attached plan. 2. The aforementioned land lies in the Parishes/Communities of [list parishes/communities] and [list parishes/communities]. 3. The ways coloured green on the said plan appear on the Definitive Map as BYWAYS OPEN TO ALL TRAFFIC (B.O.A.T.). 4. The ways coloured by orange dashes on the said plan have been dedicated as BYWAYS OPEN TO ALL TRAFFIC (B.O.A.T.). 5. The ways coloured by brown dashes on the said plan appear on the Definitive Map as ROADS USED AS PUBLIC PATHS (R.U.P.P.). 6. The ways coloured green on the said plan appear on the Definitive Map as BRIDLEWAYS. 7. The ways coloured by green dashes on the said plan have been dedicated as BRIDLEWAYS. 8. The ways coloured purple on the said plan appear on the Definitive Map as FOOTPATHS. 9. The ways coloured by purple dashes on the said plan have been dedicated as FOOTPATHS. 10. No other ways over the land have been dedicated as highways. 11. The deposit shall comprise this statement and accompanying plan. * Delete as applicable. Signed (landowner) Name (or landowner) Robert Charles Barnes (Chairman of Cole Colston Common Right Owners) Address Holly Lodge, Cole Colston, Notts Date 7/9/83 Signed (witness) Name (of witness) T. White Bre Address The Cottage, The Green, Cole Colston Occupation Retired Solicitor P.403 NOTTINGHAMSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL STATUTORY DECLARATION SECTION 31 (6) OF THE HIGHWAYS ACT 1980 Robert C. Haynes DO SOLEMNLY AND SINCERELY DECLARE as follows: [Full Name] Chairman of Car Colston Common Rights Owners 1. I am and have been since June 1982 [the owner/pt the land known as Car Colston Common] [day, month, year] [name of farm, etc] more particularly delineated on the plan accompanying this declaration and thereon edged red. 2. On the 20th day of July 1984 Robert C. Haynes deposited with Nottinghamshire County Council, but not with the County Council, a plan accompanied by a plan delineating my property by red edging which stated that [the ways coloured orange on the said plan and on the plan accompanying this declaration are defined or dedicated as OPEN TO ALL TRAFFIC (O.A.T.)] [the ways indicated by broken lines on the plan and on the plan accompanying this declaration are defined as ROADS USED AS PUBLIC PATHS (R.U.P.Ps)] [the ways coloured green on the said plan and on the plan accompanying this declaration are definitive or dedicated as BRIDLEWAYS] [the ways coloured purple on the said plan and on the plan accompanying this declaration are definitive or dedicated FOOTPATHS] [There is no definitive or dedicated Right of Way over my property]. 3. There are no additional ways over the land edged red on the plan accompanying this declaration since the statement dated 20th July 1985 referred to in 2 above, [other than those definitive routes coloured yellow and those dedicated routes coloured by yellow dashes and marked * (byway) * (bridleway) * (footpath) on the plan accompanying this declaration]. * Delete as appropriate. AND I MAKE the solemn declaration on the 7th day of Sept. 1985 conscientiously believing it to be true and by virtue of the Statutory Declarations Act 1835. Declared at [address] Holly Lodge Car Colston NG11 6PS Before me [Commissioner of Oaths or a Justice of the Peace or Solicitor] Signature of landowner A map showing the location of the various sites mentioned in the text, including Kneeton, Screveton, Hawton, Scarrington, and Aslackton. The map also includes various roads, fields, and other geographical features. Mr R C Haynes Chairman of the Car Colston Common Right Owners Holly Lodge Car Colston NOTTINGHAM Dear Sir NOTTINGHAMSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL DEPOSIT OF STATEMENT AND PLAN SECTION 31(6) OF THE HIGHWAYS ACT 1980 PARISH : CAR COLSTON NAME OF LANDOWNER : CAR COLSTON COMMON RIGHT OWNERS NAME OF PROPERTY : CAR COLSTON COMMON I wish to acknowledge the receipt of your deposited statement and plan on 4 December 1995. The information contained therein will be held by this authority for the next six years. It will be necessary for you to arrange for a Statutory Declaration to be made by you through a Solicitor or Justice of the Peace at any time during the six year period to cover the items shown within your deposited statement and plan and in order to validate the deposit. I must remind you that it is yours or your successors responsibility to renew your statutory declaration within a six year (or less) period. Yours faithfully for Group Manager (Countryside) Mr R C Haynes Chairman of the Car Colston Common Right Owners Holly Lodge Car Colston NOTTINGHAM Dear Sir NOTTINGHAMSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL DEPOSIT OF STATEMENT AND PLAN SECTION 31(6) OF THE HIGHWAYS ACT 1980 PARISH : CAR COLSTON NAME OF LANDOWNER : CAR COLSTON COMMON RIGHT OWNERS NAME OF PROPERTY : CAR COLSTON COMMON I wish to acknowledge the receipt of your Statutory Declaration on 4 December 1995. The information contained therein will be held by this authority as validation for the original statement and plan deposited. It will be necessary for you or your successors to renew the Statutory Declaration within the six year period which commenced when you made the initial deposit of statement and plan. Any changes to the circumstances concerning the land holding or rights of way held therein will require to be notified to this authority and should also be identified within the terms of a new Statutory Declaration covering a modified statement and plan. Yours faithfully for Group Manager (Countryside) THE CAR COLSTON COMMON-RIGHT OWNERS COMMITTEE. c/o BEECH CLOSE HOUSE, CAR COLSTON, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, NG13 8JE. Telephone: 01949 20213. Mr T.P. Hart, Group Manager (Countryside) Nottinghamshire County Council, Planning and Economic Development Department, Trent Lodge House, Fox Road; West Bridgford; Nottingham, NG2 6BJ. March 2001. Dear Mr Hart, Section 31 (6) of the Highways Act [1980]. Your letter, dated 11th December 1995, to my predecessor Mr R.C. Haynes emphasised that this Committee has the "responsibility to renew your statutory declaration within a six year (or less) period." Please would you: either a) send to me the appropriate forms so that we can renew that statutory declaration, or b) confirm, as a formal record, an instruction to us that because of the Countryside Rights of Way Act [2000] the need for the renewal of such a statutory declaration has been superceded by that Act and, therefore, we are positively instructed not to renew such a declaration. Yours Sincerely M.J. Hanson, Chairman. C.c. Mr R.C. Haynes, Holly Lodge. THE CAR COLSTON COMMON-RIGHT OWNERS COMMITTEE, c/o BEECH CLOSE HOUSE, CAR COLSTON, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. NG13 8JE. Telephone: 01949 20213. Mr T.P. Hart, Nottinghamshire County Council Environment Department, Trent Bridge House, Fox Road; West Bridgford, Nottingham, NG2 5FT. 31st March 2001, Dear Mr Hart, Statutory Declaration Form, Section 31 (6) of the The Highways Act [1980]. Thank you very much for the Statutory Declaration Form, which you have sent to us. Unfortunately we do not have a 'coloured-up' copy of the original form. Please could you send one to me so that there is no misunderstanding. As you will appreciate, Common Land is different from other land and hence the form does not really cover our situation. Would it be possible to send the form and complete it in a manner for which I attach herewith, a draft? Yours sincerely M.J. Hanson, Chairman. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL STATUTORY DECLARATION SECTION 31 (6) OF THE HIGHWAYS ACT 1980 MICHAEL JAMESON HARRISON (as Chairman of the Carriageway Owners' Rights Owners' Committee) DO SOLEMNLY AND SINCERELY DECLARE as follows: [Full Name] The Members of our Committee, being duly elected on behalf of the Committee, 1. The Members of our Committee have been land owners since [day, month, year] the owner of the land known as [name of land] more particularly delineated on the plan accompanying this declaration and therein edged red, for many many years was confirmed from the registration made in the [day, month, year]. 2. On the [day of] [month/year] [Full Name] Nottinghamshire County Council, being the Appropriate Council, a statement accompanied by a plan delineating my property in red edged with those public ways coloured orange on the said plan and on the plan accompanying this declaration are definitive or dedicated BYWAYS OPEN TO THE PUBLIC (B.O.A.T.P.) [The ways indicated by brown dashes on the said plan and on the plan accompanying this declaration are definitive or dedicated AS PUBLIC PATHS (R.U.P.P.)] [The ways coloured green on the said plan and on the plan accompanying this declaration are definitive or dedicated as BRIDLEWAYS] [The ways coloured purple on the said plan and on the plan accompanying this declaration are definitive or dedicated FOOTPATHS] [There are no definitive or dedicated Rights of Way over my property.] 3. With reference to 2 above, I [Full name] confirm that there are no additional public ways over the land edged red on the Plan and in the Statement dated [day, month, year] (other than those definitive routes coloured yellow and those dedicated routes coloured by yellow dashes and marked "byway" "bridleway" "footpath") on the Plan accompanying this Declaration. * Delete as appropriate. AND I MAKE this solemn declaration of the [day of] [month, year] believing it to be true and in pursuance of the Statutory Declarations Act 1835. Declared at [address] Before me [Commissioner of Oaths or a Justice of the Peace or Solicitor] [Signature of [asked to] the Chairman of the Carriageway Owners' Rights Owners' Committee] THE CAR COLSTON COMMON-RIGHT OWNERS COMMITTEE, c/o BEECH CLOSE HOUSE, CAR COLSTON, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, NG13 8JE. Telephone: 01949 20213. Mr A. Trundle, Nottinghamshire County Council Environment Department, Trent Bridge House, Fox Road, West Bridgford, Nottingham. NG2 6BU. 7th April 2001. Dear Mr Trundle, Statutory Declaration Form, Section 31 (2) of The Highways Act [1980]. Thank you very much for your handwritten note and the plan, which shows what, you have been told, is thought to be the extent of the Common Land etc., here at Car Colston. As you realise, the subject of Common Land is a complicated one and I think that it may not surprise you to know that the information which has been handed down to you is not consistent with some other written evidence. I would readily call in at your office to discuss the matter, but I'm sure that these sort of queries can be sorted out most easily by meeting on the site. Please would you let me know when you will be in this area, as I would be very pleased to meet you. If you wish to discuss the matter on the telephone, before we do meet, please do not hesitate to telephone me on the above number. Yours Sincerely M. J. Hanson, Chairman. Dr T. Hart, Nottinghamshire County Council Development Department, Trent Bridge House, West Bridgford, Nottingham, NG2 6BJ. 3rd August 2001. Dear Dr Hart, New Lane, Car Colston. Thank you for your letter, dated 30th July 2001, to which I think that the answers are: a) The maps which have been issued by Notts County Council [NCC] do not show any date on them, so it is not possible to know to which year they refer, by looking at the date 9/9/1965. Please may I have a date-stamped copy? b) The Countryside & Rights of Way Act (The CROW Act, 2000) includes wording which offers that Rights of Way Public Paths [RUPPs] will be re-designated as a new category of way known as Restricted Byways having public rights of way, but demotorised. This is a change in name and bearing in mind that The CROW Act allows for up to five years for mapping to be completed and for landowners to appeal against the designation or otherwise, or designating footpaths or bridleways and a right of appeal against refusals. It seems sensible to defer the query about New Lane until all these questions have been considered. The proposal to refer it to the Planning Inspectorate does appear to be expensive in terms of money, and I understand from The Country Land & Business Association (CLA) that most queries such as the one about New Lane are being so deferred. c) If you will not agree to defer the query about New Lane, please will you, or Mr Hudson, reply to the points in my letters, dated 2nd and 21st July? Yours sincerely M. J. Hanson, Chairman. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL. DEPOSIT OF STATEMENT AND PLAN SECTION 31 (6) OF THE HIGHWAYS ACT, 1980. To: Notts County Council 1) I am, and have been since 1st May 1998, the Chairman of the Car Colston Common Right Owners' Company whose members of are the owners of the Common Land at Car Colston, as registered under the Commons Registration Act [1965] and as delineated in red, and coloured green, on the attached plan accompanying this statement. 2) The aforementioned land lies in the Parish of Car Colston. 3) Byways Open to Public Traffic [BOPTs]: a) On the Definitive Map, there are no known BOPTs which affect the common-land at Car Colston, b) There are no known BOPTs which have been dedicated as such and which affect the common-land. 4) Roads Used as Public Paths ['RUPPs']: a) There is one RUPP along the tarmac-road (which is not for footpath use only, but for vehicles as well, and is known as Green Lane), which is marked brown. New Lane is also registered as common-land [see also para: 1) above]. 5) Bridleways: a) On the Definitive Map, there are no known Bridleways which affect the common-land, b) There are no known Bridleways, which have been dedicated as such and which affect the common-land. 6) Footpaths: a) Those Footpaths [FPs], which are agreed as being correctly marked on the Definitive Map are marked with a solid brown line, b) There are no known FPs, which have been dedicated as FPs, c) The FPs, which are not correctly marked on the Definitive Map, are marked with a dotted line. Please note that this applies to all of those parts of FPs1, FPs3 and FPs2 which affect the common-land, d) There has been discussion about the possibility of FPs6 being designated along Bedehan Lane, but as far as I know that subject will be discussed under the Countryside & Rights of Way Act, 2000. 7) Apart from the tarmac-road, there are no known other ways over the common-land which have been dedicated as highways. The above information is provided to the best of my knowledge and is belief. Signed: M.J. Hanson, Chairman. Address: Beech Close House; Car Colston; Notts. NG13 8JE. Date: 29/11/2001 November 2001. Witnessed by: Miss J. Pope. Address: The Cottage, Little-Green; Car Colston; Notts. NG13. Occupation: Solicitor. CAR COLSTON (E&SE) = Common Land = Access Roads, but some are too small to be shown. NOTE Footpaths as marked are subject to the comments in letter dated 31/12/2000 and from M.J. Hanson. a) The ends of the Common Land are marked on the map by the Gatesteads on Tenman Lane, Cox Lane and Screveton Lane. b) The land on which the road exists between the Large Common and the Small Common is registered as Common Land under the Common Registration Act (1965). c) New Lane and Bedeham Lane are marked; MacLennan Cottage ruins approx. 1/2 miles from the Large Scale 1:5,000 Common to Car Dyke. CAR COLSTON (E&OE) (Map 2) To the edge of the Large Common. (See also Map 1.) Micklemoor Lane Manor House Farm Micklemoor Lane Gatestead. CAR DYKE NOTE Footpaths are thought to be correct but not totally certain; see also letters dated 30/4/2000 and 14/11/2001 from M. J. H. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL STATUTORY DECLARATION SECTION 3 (6) OF HIGHWAYS ACT 1980. I, Michael Jonathan Hanson (as the Chairman of the Car Colston Common-Right Owners Committee) do solemnly and sincerely declare on behalf of the Members of that Committee that: 1. The Members of the Committee have been the owners of the land known as the Common-land at Car Colston since, particularly delineated on the plan accompanying this declaration and thereon coloured green and edged red, for many, many years, and was registered as such by notification under The Commons Registration Act (1965) became final. 2. On the 29th day of November, 2001, M.J. Hanson deposited with Nottinghamshire County Council, through the appropriate Council, a statement accompanied by a plan delineating the property, by red edges [and marking the area of the property by colouring in green] which states that: a) There is no 'Byway Open to All Traffic' ('BOAT'). b) There is one road used as a Public Path ("RUPP"), but its existence is under question, as discussed in Mr Hanson's letter dated 21st November 2001. This is marked as Green Lane [formerly Green Lane] and was, formerly, FP13. c) There are no Bridleways of which Mr Hanson is aware. d) The Department of Transport in brown solid lines or brown 'dashed' lines [where they are on an access-road to a property], marks points that: i) 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 14 do affect the Common Land. ii) FP6 exists, but it does not show on the map. iii) FP6 does not affect the Common Land, but it is marked for reference purposes only. e) With reference to para. 2 above Mr Hanson confirms that, as far as he is aware, there are no other public rights over the land, as edged red and coloured green on the Plan, and as described in this statement. And I make this solemn declaration, of the 29th November 2001, conscientiously believing it to be true and by virtue of the Statutory Declarations Act 1835. Declared at M.J. Hanson, Chairman of the Car Colston Common-Right Owners Committee. Before me M. J. Hanson Chairman of the Car Colston Common-Right Owners Committee. Dear Mr Hanson NOTTINGHAMSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL DEPOSIT OF STATEMENT AND PLAN AND STATUTORY DECLARATION SECTION 3(6) OF THE HIGHWAYS ACT 1980 PARISH : CAR COLSTON NAME OF LANDOWNER : THE CAR COLSTON COMMON-RIGHTS OWNERS CTTEE NAME OF PROPERTY : COMMON LAND I wish to acknowledge the receipt of your deposited statement and plan and Statutory Declaration on 29 November 2001. The information contained in the Declaration will be held by this Authority as validation for the continuing Statement and Plan. It will be necessary for you or your successors to renew the Statutory Declaration every six years, commencing from the date of the initial Statutory Declaration. Any changes to your land holding or to the rights of way information in your initial Statement and Plan should be notified to the Rights of Way section and should also be identified within a new Statutory Declaration covering a modified Statement and Plan. Regarding the points raised in your letter I shall reply separately. Yours sincerely Angus Trundle Definitive Map Officer
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Withdrawal symptoms have been reported following abrupt discontinuation of ONFI; the risk of withdrawal symptoms is greater with higher doses. • Serious dermatological reactions, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), have been reported with ONFI in both children and adults during the post-marketing period. ONFI should be discontinued at the first sign of rash, unless the rash is clearly not drug-related. • Patients with a history of substance abuse should be under careful surveillance when receiving ONFI or other psychotropic agents because of the predisposition of such patients to habituation and dependence. In clinical trials, cases of dependency were reported following abrupt discontinuation of ONFI. The risk of dependence increases with increasing dose and duration of treatment. • AEDs, including ONFI, increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in patients. Patients, their caregivers, and families should be informed of the risk and advised to monitor and report any emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, or any unusual changes in mood or behavior, or thoughts of self-harm. If these symptoms occur, consider whether it may be related to the AED or illness, because epilepsy itself can increase these risks. • The most commonly observed adverse reactions reported in an LGS randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group clinical trial who received clobazam as adjunctive therapy (≥10% in any treatment group and at least 5% greater than placebo, respectively) were somnolence or sedation (32% vs. 15%), somnolence (25% vs. 12%), pyrexia (17% vs. 3%), lethargy (15% vs. 5%), drooling (14% vs. 3%), aggression (14% vs. 5%), irritability (11% vs. 5%), ataxia (10% vs. 3%), and constipation (10% vs. 0%). Please see Brief Summary of Prescribing Information on the following pages. For full Prescribing Information, Medication Guide, and Instructions for Use go to www.ONFI.com. ONFI® (clobazam) tablets, for oral use, ONFI® (clobazam) oral suspension, C Brief Summary of Prescribing Information (See package insert for full Prescribing Information or visit www.ONFI.com) Rx Only INDICATIONS AND USAGE – ONFI® (clobazam) is indicated for the adjunctive treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) in patients 2 years of age or older. CONTRAINDICATIONS – None [see Contraindications]. WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS – Somnolence or Sedation: ONFI causes somnolence and sedation. In clinical trials, somnolence or sedation was reported at all effective doses and was dose-related. In general, somnolence and sedation begin within the first month of treatment and may diminish with continued treatment. Prescribers should monitor patients for somnolence and sedation, particularly with concomitant use of other central nervous system depressants. Prescribers should caution patients against engaging in hazardous activities requiring mental alertness such as operating dangerous machinery or motor vehicles, until the effect of ONFI is known [see Warnings and Precautions]. Potentiation of Sedation from Concomitant Use with Central Nervous System Depressants: Since ONFI has a central nervous system (CNS) depressant effect, patients or their caregivers should be cautioned against simultaneous use with other CNS depressant drugs or alcohol, and cautioned that the effects of other CNS depressant drugs or alcohol may be potentiated [see Warnings and Precautions]. Withdrawal Symptoms: Abrupt discontinuation of ONFI should be avoided. ONFI should be tapered by decreasing the dose every week by 5-10 mg/day until discontinuation [see Dosage and Administration]. As with any antiepileptic drug, ONFI should be withdrawn gradually to minimize the risk of precipitating seizures, seizure exacerbation, or status epilepticus. Withdrawal symptoms have been reported following abrupt discontinuance of benzodiazepines. The more severe withdrawal symptoms have usually been limited to patients who received excessive doses over an extended period of time, followed by an abrupt discontinuation. Generally milder withdrawal symptoms have been reported following abrupt discontinuance of benzodiazepines taken continuously at therapeutic doses for several months [see Warnings and Precautions]. Serious Dermatological Reactions: Serious skin reactions, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), have been reported with ONFI in both children and adults during the post-marketing period. Patients should be closely monitored for signs or symptoms of SJS/TEN, especially during the first 8 weeks of treatment initiation or when re-introducing therapy. ONFI should be discontinued at the first sign of rash, unless the rash is clearly not drug-related. If signs or symptoms suggest SJS/TEN, use of this drug should not be resumed and alternative therapy should be considered [see Warnings and Precautions]. Physical and Psychological Dependence: Patients with a history of substance abuse should be under careful surveillance when receiving ONFI or other psychotropic agents because of the predisposition of such patients to habituation and dependence [see Drug Abuse and Dependence]. Suicidal Behavior and Ideation: Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), including ONFI, increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in patients taking these drugs for any indication. Patients treated with any AED for any indication should be monitored for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, and/or any unusual changes in mood or behavior. The increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with AEDs was observed as early as one week after starting drug treatment with AEDs and persisted for the duration of treatment assessed. Because most trials included in the analysis did not extend beyond 24 weeks, the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior beyond 24 weeks cannot be determined. The risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior was generally consistent among drugs in the data analyzed. The finding of increased risk with AEDs of varying mechanisms of action and across a range of indications suggests that the risk applies to all AEDs used for any indication. The relative risk for suicidal thoughts or behavior was higher in clinical trials for epilepsy than in clinical trials for psychiatric or other conditions, but the absolute risk differences were similar for the epilepsy and psychiatric indications. Anyone considering prescribing ONFI or any other AED must balance the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with the risk of untreated illness. Should suicidal thoughts and behavior emerge during treatment with the prescription drug, prescribers and patients should be alert to the possibility that they or a patient may require closer monitoring and, if necessary, more prompt intervention than might otherwise be indicated. Behaviors of concern should be reported immediately to healthcare providers [see Warnings and Precautions]. ADVERSE REACTIONS – Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. During its development for the adjunctive treatment of seizures associated with LGS, ONFI was administered to 333 healthy volunteers and 300 patients with a current or prior diagnosis of LGS, including 197 patients treated for 12 months or more. The conditions and duration of exposure varied greatly and included single- and multiple-dose clinical pharmacology studies in healthy volunteers and two double-blind studies in patients with LGS (Study 1 and 2) [see Clinical Studies]. Only Study 1 included a placebo group, allowing comparison of adverse reaction rates on ONFI at severe doses to placebo. Adverse Reactions Leading to Discontinuation in an LGS Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial (Study 1): The most frequent reactions associated with ONFI treatment, occurring in ≥1% of patients, in decreasing order of frequency include lethargy, somnolence, ataxia, aggression, fatigue, and insomnia. Most Common Adverse Reactions in an LGS Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial (Study 1): Table 3 in the full Prescribing Information lists the adverse reactions that occurred in ≥5% of ONFI treated patients (at any dose), and at a rate greater than placebo treated patients, in the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group clinical study of adjunctive AED therapy for 15 weeks (Study 1). Table 3. Adverse Reactions Reported for ≥5% of Patients and More Frequently than Placebo in Any Treatment Group \| ONFI Dose Level \| Placebo N=59 % \| Low¹ N=58 % \| Medium¹ N=62 % \| High¹ N=59 % \| All ONFI N=179 % \| \|----------------\|---------------\|-------------\|----------------\|--------------\|------------------\| \| Gastrointestinal Disorders \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Vomiting \| 5 \| 9 \| 5 \| 7 \| 7 \| \| Constipation \| 0 \| 2 \| 2 \| 10 \| 5 \| \| Dysphagia \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 5 \| 2 \| \| General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Pyrexia \| 3 \| 17 \| 10 \| 12 \| 13 \| \| Irritability \| 5 \| 3 \| 11 \| 5 \| 7 \| \| Fatigue \| 2 \| 5 \| 5 \| 3 \| 5 \| \| Infections and Infestations \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Upper respiratory tract infection \| 10 \| 10 \| 13 \| 14 \| 12 \| \| Pneumonia \| 2 \| 3 \| 3 \| 7 \| 4 \| \| Urinary tract infection \| 0 \| 2 \| 5 \| 5 \| 4 \| \| Bronchitis \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| 5 \| 2 \| \| Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Decreased appetite \| 3 \| 3 \| 0 \| 7 \| 3 \| \| Increased appetite \| 0 \| 2 \| 3 \| 5 \| 3 \| \| Nervous System Disorders \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Somnolence or Sedation \| 15 \| 17 \| 27 \| 32 \| 26 \| \| Somnolence \| 12 \| 16 \| 24 \| 25 \| 22 \| \| Sedation \| 3 \| 2 \| 3 \| 9 \| 5 \| \| Lethargy \| 5 \| 10 \| 5 \| 15 \| 10 \| \| Drooling \| 3 \| 0 \| 13 \| 14 \| 9 \| \| Ataxia \| 3 \| 3 \| 2 \| 10 \| 5 \| \| Psychomotor hyperactivity \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 5 \| 4 \| \| Dysarthria \| 0 \| 2 \| 2 \| 5 \| 3 \| \| Psychiatric Disorders \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Aggression \| 5 \| 3 \| 8 \| 14 \| 8 \| \| Insomnia \| 2 \| 2 \| 5 \| 7 \| 5 \| \| Respiratory Disorders \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Cough \| 0 \| 3 \| 5 \| 7 \| 5 \| ¹ Maximum daily dose of 5 mg for ≤30 kg body weight; 10 mg for >30 kg body weight ² Maximum daily dose of 10 mg for ≤30 kg body weight; 20 mg for >30 kg body weight ³ Maximum daily dose of 20 mg for ≤30 kg body weight; 40 mg for >30 kg body weight Post Marketing Experience: These reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size; therefore, it is not possible to estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Adverse reactions are categorized by system organ class: Blood Disorders: Anemia, eosinophilia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia; Eye Disorders: Diplopia, vision blurred; Gastrointestinal Disorders: Abdominal distension; Investigations: Hepatic enzyme increase; Musculoskeletal: Muscle spasm; Psychiatric Disorders: Agitation, anxiety, qualms, confusional state, depression, delirium, delusion, hallucination; Respiratory Disorders: Aspiration, respiratory depression; Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), urticaria. DRUG INTERACTIONS – Effect of ONFI on Other Drugs: ONFI is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. As some hormonal contraceptives are metabolized by CYP3A4, their effectiveness may be diminished when given with ONFI. Additional non-hormonal forms of contraception are recommended when using ONFI [see Clinical Pharmacology, Patient Counseling Information]. ONFI inhibits CYP2D6. Dose adjustment of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6 may be necessary [see Clinical Pharmacology]. Effect of Other Drugs on ONFI: Strong and moderate inhibitors of CYP2C19 may result in increased exposure to clobazam. Inhibition of CYP2C19 metabolism of clobazam may increase the risk of dose-related adverse reactions. Dose adjustment of ONFI may be necessary when coadministered with strong CYP2C19 inhibitors (e.g., fluconazole, fluvoxamine, ticlopidine) or moderate CYP2C19 inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole) [see Clinical Pharmacology]. CNS Depressants and Alcohol: Concomitant use of ONFI with other CNS depressants may increase the risk of sedation and somnolence [see Warnings and Precautions]. USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS – Pregnancy – Pregnancy Registry: To provide information regarding the effects of in utero exposure to ONFI, physicians are advised to recommend that pregnant patients taking ONFI enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry. This can be done by calling the toll free number 1-888-233-2334, and must be done by the patient’s health care provider. Information on the registry can also be found at the website http://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/ Pregnancy Category C: There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of ONFI in pregnant women and no adequate developmental toxicity studies of clobazam in animals. Although limited, the available animal data suggest developmental toxicity, including an increased incidence of fetal abnormalities following oral administration of clobazam to pregnant animals at doses similar to those used clinically. Data for other benzodiazepines suggest the possibility of adverse effects in animals and humans. Long-term effects on neurobehavioral and immunological function have been reported in rodents following prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines. Neonatal flaccidity, respiratory depression, hypothermia, and hypotonia and/or seizures have been reported in infants born to mothers who received benzodiazepines, including clobazam, late in pregnancy. Therefore, ONFI should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus [see Use in Specific Populations]. Nursing Mothers: ONFI is excreted in human milk. The effects of this exposure on infants are unknown [see Use in Specific Populations]. Pediatric Use: The safety and effectiveness in patients less than 2 years of age have not been established. In a study in which clobazam (4, 36, or 120 mg/kg/day) was orally administered to rats during the juvenile period or during postnatal days 14 to 45, adverse effects on bone density (decreased bone density and decreased behavior [altered motor activity and auditory startle response; learning deficit]) were observed at the high dose. The effect on bone density, but not on behavior, was reversible when drug was discontinued. The no-effect level for juvenile toxicity (36 mg/kg/day) was associated with plasma exposures (AUC) to clobazam and its major active metabolite, N-desmethylclobazam, less than those expected at therapeutic doses in pediatric patients. Geriatric Use: Clinical studies of ONFI did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. However, elderly subjects appear to eliminate clobazam more slowly than younger subjects based on population pharmacokinetic analyses. For these reasons, the initial dose in elderly patients should be 5 mg/day. Patients should be titrated initially to 10-20 mg/day. Patients may be titrated further to a maximum daily dose of 40 mg if tolerated [see Dosage and Administration, Clinical Pharmacology]. CYP2C19 Poor Metabolizers: Concentrations of clobazam's active metabolite, N-desmethylclobazam, are higher in CYP2C19 poor metabolizers than in extensive metabolizers. For this reason, the initial dose in patients known to be CYP2C19 poor metabolizers should be 5 mg/day. Dose titration should proceed slowly according to weight to 10-20 mg/day, and may be titrated further to a maximum daily dose of 40 mg/day, if based upon clinical response [see Dosage and Administration, Clinical Pharmacology]. Renal Impairment: The pharmacokinetics of ONFI were evaluated in patients with mild and moderate renal impairment. There were no significant differences in systemic exposure (AUC and $C_{\text{max}}$) between patients with mild or moderate renal impairment and healthy subjects. No dose adjustment is required for patients with mild and moderate renal impairment. There is essentially no experience with ONFI in patients with severe renal impairment or ESRD. It is not known if clobazam is an active metabolite. N-desmethylclobazam, however, is active [see Dosage and Administration, Clinical Pharmacology]. Hepatic Impairment: ONFI is hepatically metabolized; however, there are limited data to characterize the effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of ONFI. For this reason, the initial dose in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 5-9) should be 5 mg/day. These patients should be titrated according to weight to 10 to 20 mg/day, and may be titrated further to a maximum daily dose of 40 mg on day 21 based upon clinical response. There is inadequate information about metabolism of ONFI in patients with severe hepatic impairment. Therefore no dosing recommendation for those patients can be given [see Dosage and Administration, Clinical Pharmacology]. DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE – Controlled Substance: ONFI contains clobazam which is Schedule II controlled substance. Abuse: ONFI can be abused in a similar manner as other benzodiazepines, such as diazepam. The pharmacological profile of ONFI is similar to that of other benzodiazepines listed in Schedule IV of the Controlled Substance Act, particularly in its potentiation of GABAergic transmission through its action on GABA$_A$ receptors, which leads to sedation and somnolence. The World Health Organization epidemiology database contains reports of drug abuse, misuse, and overdoses associated with clobazam [see Drug Abuse and Dependence]. Dependence: In clinical trials, cases of dependency were reported following abrupt discontinuation of ONFI. The risk of dependence is present even with use of ONFI at the recommended dose range over periods of only a few weeks. The risk of dependence increases with increasing dose and duration of treatment. The risk of dependence is increased in patients with a history of alcohol or drug abuse. Withdrawal: Abrupt discontinuation of ONFI causes withdrawal symptoms. As with other benzodiazepines, ONFI should be withdrawn gradually [see Dosage and Administration, Warnings and Precautions]. In ONFI clinical pharmacology trials in healthy volunteers, the most common withdrawal symptoms after abrupt discontinuation were headache, tremor, insomnia, anxiety, irritability, drug withdrawal syndrome, palpitations, and diarrhea [see Warnings and Precautions]. Other withdrawal reactions to clobazam reported in the literature include restlessness, panic attacks, profuse sweating, difficulty concentrating, nausea and dry retching, weight loss, blurred vision, photophobia, musculoskeletal pain and stiffness. In general, benzodiazepine withdrawal may cause seizures, psychosis, and hallucinations [see Warnings and Precautions]. OVERDOSAGE – Signs and Symptoms of Overdose: Overdose and intoxication with benzodiazepines, including ONFI, may lead to CNS depression, associated with drowsiness, confusion and lethargy, possibly progressing to ataxia, respiratory depression, hypotension, and, rarely, coma or death. The risk of a fatal outcome is increased in cases of combined poisoning with other CNS depressants, including alcohol [see Overdosage]. Management of Overdosage: The management of ONFI overdose may include gastric lavage and/or administration of activated charcoal, intravenous fluids, respiratory support, early control of airway and vital supportive measures, in addition to monitoring level of consciousness and vital signs. Hypotension can be treated by replenishment with plasma substitutes and, if necessary, with sympathomimetic agents. The efficacy of supplementary administration of physostigmine (a cholinergic agent) or of flumazenil (a benzodiazepine antagonist) in ONFI overdose has not been assessed. The administration of flumazenil in cases of benzodiazepine overdose can lead to withdrawal and adverse reactions. Its use in patients with epilepsy is typically not recommended [see Management of Overdosage]. Lundbeck Deerfield, IL 60015, U.S.A. ONFI is a registered trademark of Lundbeck November 2013 CLB-L-00001 Frontline Medical Communications, the parent company of Neurology Reviews, and the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) have joined together in a strategic partnership to develop innovative educational programs for health care providers. The goal is to increase awareness of rare diseases among health care professionals and ultimately reduce the time to diagnosis and treatment of rare diseases. Individually, these diseases are rare; collectively rare diseases affect nearly 30 million Americans. The average time to diagnosis of a rare disease is about seven years. Through a targeted outreach to health care professionals, we hope to better serve the rare disease community. This Special Report, published in February to coincide with Rare Disease Day (February 28), collects and highlights Neurology Reviews’ recent coverage of rare neurologic diseases. This is an ongoing effort. Neurology Reviews and other Frontline publications will provide continuing coverage of rare diseases. —Glenn S. Williams Vice President, Group Editor Neurology Reviews For more than 30 years, the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) has served as the hub for the rare disease community, providing advocacy, education, patient assistance programs, and other services on behalf of all patients and families affected by rare diseases. While great progress has been made, it has become increasingly apparent in recent years that people with rare diseases often wait far too long for a diagnosis and treatment. With 7,000 diseases considered rare in the US, many of which are multisystem and/or complex, the diagnostic challenge is daunting. However, we have been greatly encouraged by growing interest in rare diseases, and we look forward to working with Frontline to serve the medical community—and, therefore, our patients and families—with up-to-the-minute information about rare diseases and helpful resources. —Peter L. Saltonstall President and CEO NORD Why Should We Care About Rare Disease Day? By Jess Thoene, MD Emeritus Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Michigan Rare Disease Day (Feb. 28) is upon us. Why should we, as physicians, care? There are a large number of well-established reasons why any practitioner should be aware of the unusual (rare) conditions that may occur in her or his practice. The most compelling is that although rare diseases are, by definition, rare, collectively, they affect almost 30 million Americans. And in some cases, they are treatable. Thus, to miss the correct diagnosis and, therefore, deny needed life-saving or quality of life-improving treatment is a grave concern. How best to avoid this professional scotoma? Resources exist to assist in identifying an appropriate differential, including rare diseases, and any available treatment for a given rare condition. Websites, including those of the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) (www.rarediseases.org), the NIH Office of Rare Disease Research (www.rarediseases.info.nih.gov), and the FDA Office of Orphan Products Development (www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/OfficeofMedicalProductsandTobacco/OfficeofScienceandHealthCoordination/ucm2018190.htm) can assist the clinician in assessing possible diagnoses and appropriate therapy. If that fails, the NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program (www.rarediseases.info.nih.gov/research/pages/27/undiagnosed-diseases-program), recently expanded to a network of seven satellite centers around the US (see page S15), provides robust chart review and diagnosis, up to and including new disease discovery. NORD has a program to pay for baseline medical testing for applicants to this NIH program whose insurance will not cover this testing. Beyond that, the NIH Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network (www.rarediseases.info.nih.gov/research/pages/41/rare-diseases-clinical-research-network) offers specialized rare disease centers across the nation to support diagnosis and treatment of a wide variety of rare conditions. Much progress has been made since the passage of the Orphan Drug Act (PL 97–414) of 1983 (see page S6). At that time, there were only 10 products brought to market by industry that today would be recognized as treatments for rare diseases. Currently, the FDA has approved more than 450 orphan products, and many more have received orphan designation and are pending New Drug Approval (see page S44). Regrettably, much remains to be done. With 7,000 identified rare diseases, but only a few hundred approved therapies, the situation remains bleak for most patients with rare diseases. Worse, a subtle prejudice against rare conditions in favor of common ones remains evident. An Op-Ed in the New York Times of Jan. 5, 2015 (“Stop Subsidizing Big Pharma,” by Llewellyn Hinkes-Jones) on the high cost of drugs included this statement: “Efforts to cure, rather than treat or prevent, obscure diseases can be expensive, diverting investment from more common afflictions.” This represents the essence of the rare disease dilemma: in a world of limited resources, is it better to ignore the few in order to better to serve the many? The National Organization for Rare Disorders says, “No, we must strive to do both.” A good way to proceed to accomplish this end is through better physician awareness of rare disorders. If you see premature stroke in a patient It could be FABRY DISEASE Progressive accumulation of substrate in the vascular endothelium leads to ischemia and infarction of these vessels. White matter lesions on MRI demonstrating evidence of cerebrovascular infarct. Image courtesy of Edward M. Kaye, MD. In addition to premature stroke, patients with Fabry disease may present with: • Transient ischemic attacks • Neuropathic pain (“burning” pain in the hands and feet) • Hypohidrosis • Heat/cold and exercise intolerance • Hearing loss, tinnitus • Vertigo/dizziness • Nystagmus Other manifestations include: • Progressive and/or unexplained chronic kidney disease • Premature cardiac disease • Corneal and lenticular abnormalities (seen through slit lamp—generally does not affect vision) • Angiokeratomas (reddish-purple skin lesions that do not blanch with pressure) • Gastrointestinal problems FABRY DISEASE Silently Progressive. Increasingly Debilitating. Often Life-Threatening. LEARN MORE Visit www.fabrycommunity.com for more information on Fabry disease or call Genzyme Medical Information at 800-745-4447, option 2. Rare Diseases Are Not So Rare in Neurology Tackling rare neurologic diseases is a formidable task, but new tools are available to aid in the fight to prevent and treat these devastating disorders. PHILADELPHIA—In neurology, rare diseases are not so rare. In fact, they are pretty common. “Essentially every patient who comes to see me in my office has a rare disease,” said Darryl C. De Vivo, MD, in his presidential plenary lecture on rare diseases and neurologic phenotypes at the 66th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology. Dr. De Vivo is the Sidney Carter Professor of Neurology, Professor of Pediatrics, and Director Emeritus of the Pediatric Neurology Service at the Columbia University Medical Center in New York City. He is also the Associate Chairman for Pediatric Neurosciences and Developmental Neurobiology, the Founding Director of the Colleen Giblin Research Laboratories for Pediatric Neurology at the Columbia University Medical Center, and the Codirector of the Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease. Rare Diseases—The Basics Dr. De Vivo outlined some basic facts and statistics regarding rare diseases. “Obviously, each rare disease is rare by definition, but collectively, they are common.” Rare diseases are generally inherited as recessive traits, and most have a neurologic phenotype. A rare disease, as defined by the Orphan Drug Act of 1983, is a condition that affects fewer than 200,000 Americans. “That’s a considerable number,” Dr. De Vivo said, “when you consider that rare diseases range from affecting just one person to several thousand, but on average a rare disease affects about 4,000 people.” About 7,000 rare diseases are known and are listed on the NIH Office of Rare Diseases’ website (http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov). Approximately two-thirds of rare diseases affect children but are “not limited to child neurology because these children often grow to adulthood, and some rare diseases do not become symptomatic until the adult period,” Dr. De Vivo said. About 80% of rare diseases are caused by genetic mutations. Approximately 25 to 30 million Americans have a rare disease, according to Dr. De Vivo, which equates to about 8% to 10% of the American population. He also noted that only 5% of the 7,000 known rare diseases have FDA-approved treatments. A Brief History of a Rare Disease—Glut1 Deficiency Dr. De Vivo chose Glut1 deficiency as the quintessential example of a rare disease. Glut1 deficiency was described 23 years ago in two infants who had a neurologic phenotype. Investigators assumed then that a fundamental defect existed in the transport of glucose from the blood into the brain. Knowing that ketones are the only alternative source of oxidizable fuel for brain metabolism, researchers recommended the ketogenic diet as the symptomatic treatment, and it remains the standard of care today. Seven years after its first description, pathogenic mutations were identified in the Glut1 gene, or more specifically, the SLC2A1 gene. During the ensuing years the phenotypic variability of Glut1 deficiency has continued to expand and now includes various epileptic conditions, movement disorders, degrees of intellectual disability, and milder persistent paroxysmal variants. It is now estimated that in the United States, the prevalence of Glut1 deficiency is at least 3,150 cases, which is close to the average prevalence of 4,000 cases for the 7,000 known rare diseases. In 2006, a mouse model was developed to further explore Glut1 deficiency and to investigate possible therapeutic interventions. It became clear that dystonia 18 was an allelic variant of Glut1 deficiency. In 2011, researchers noted that dystonia 9 was also an allelic variant. Regarding the first two patients, Dr. De Vivo said “both infants presented with an epileptic phenotype in early infancy that contributed to their developmental delay and led to a disturbance in postnatal brain development, deceleration of head growth, and acquired microcephaly.” Both patients had evidence of low CSF glucose and low CSF lactate, which “has turned out to be a critically important diagnostic biomarker to identify this population of patients.” Because the red blood cell membrane is enriched with the Glut1 protein, transport of glucose into the patient’s red blood cells serves as an effective functional assay to identify patients with Glut1 deficiency. “Since those first two patients, we’ve seen about 150 patients, and others have seen at least that number, if not more,” Dr. De Vivo said. “In every case, we have found that the CSF glucose and the CSF lactate values have been informative. The lumbar puncture is essentially diagnostic.” About two-thirds of patients with low CSF glucose and lactate have a definable disease-causing mutation in the SLC2A1 gene. “But more importantly, about 90% of the CSF glucose values fall below 40 mg/dL or 2.2 mmol/L. About two-thirds of the CSF lactate values fall below 1 mmol/L.” Gene Therapy “We have now started investigating more effective disease-modifying therapies to treat this condition, starting with experiments involving patients’ cultured human fibroblasts,” Dr. De Vivo said. Using gene therapy strategies in a mouse model, Dr. De Vivo and colleagues have restored Glut1 activity and totally mitigated the motor defect. By restoring Glut1 activity to the mouse model, the researchers were also able to increase the brain expression of Glut1 RNA and Glut1 protein and increase the CSF glucose concentrations from abnormally low values to the normal values of wild-type mice. “We have gotten to the point where we can effectively treat or cure the mouse model of this disease, and now we have to position ourselves to conduct equivalent studies in the human setting,” Dr. De Vivo said. Take-Home Messages “It is quite obvious from your own experience and certainly from my experience that rare diseases are common in neurology,” Dr. De Vivo said. “We now have a number of tools with which we can mitigate many of the neurologic phenotypes. Preconception carrier testing is an effective way to prevent untreatable recessive diseases. We can test for more than 100 untreatable recessive diseases, like Tay–Sachs disease, by preconception carrier testing and prevent these diseases from occurring.” Expanded newborn screening could also make a large impact, “since it would increase the opportunities for proactive treatment of the presymptomatic infant. Early diagnosis and treatment is probably the most important aspect to approaching these patients, as is the case with phenylketonuria, particularly if you can identify the patients from the genotypic point of view before they become phenotypically affected.” Finally, Dr. De Vivo noted that molecular-based gene therapy is now entering the clinic. “We can now explore the wonderful opportunities that are emerging for gene therapy to rescue the phenotype in our patients who develop neurologic symptoms,” he concluded. —Glenn S. Williams CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH DISEASE CMT IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON INHERITED NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AFFECTING APPROXIMATELY 1 IN 2,500 PEOPLE IN THE UNITED STATES Why does it take the average patient 2 years to receive a diagnosis? Through educational resources and genetic testing, the HNF helps physicians identify, diagnose and treat CMT patients. Join our provider directory and help us spread awareness and get access to treatment options for CMT patients. Find out more at hnf-cure.org/cmtprovider CMT is a complex disabling inherited rare disease which has multiple genetic causes [1], and affects 1 in 2500 Americans [2], although it may be more prevalent. CMT impairs quality of life and patients suffer from delayed diagnosis and unnecessary treatments. With early and accurate diagnosis, interventions to manage the symptoms can be introduced as well as avoidance of environmental factors and prescribed medications that may exacerbate symptoms. Relatively simple observations can be useful to lead to a CMT diagnosis. A 2006 study showed that the probability of a patient who has bilateral cavovarus feet will have CMT is 78% [3]. When there is a family history of the disease this probability increases to 91% [3]. Early signs of the disease present pes cavus and poor reflexes which may pose an obvious diagnosis once the physician is aware of the characteristics. CMT causes awkward gait, foot and hand deformities, muscle atrophy and fatigue, of mostly the calves and hands. Additional tests may help to determine differential diagnosis. Genetic tests are available. Several studies have shown that just 4 genes (PMP22, MPZ, GJB1 and MFN2) can identify those with CMT as over 90% have mutations in these genes [1]. Patients that are negative for these genes can be further evaluated with nerve conduction velocity testing and exome sequencing. CMT1A (PMP22 over expression) is the most common form of CMT. As for all forms of CMT, no specific curative or symptomatic medication has been approved. Two recent publications described a novel synergistic combination of 3 drugs already approved for unrelated indications: baclofen, naltrexone and sorbitol [4] [5]. These drugs are combined at new optimal lower doses and under a new formulation. This novel potential therapeutic is called PXT-3003. In preclinical studies, PXT-3003 was shown to lower PMP22 over expression responsible for myelination perturbation in two different CMT1A rodent models [4]. In phase 2, PXT-3003 showed, beyond stabilization, a significant improvement in the ONLS (Overall Neuropathy Limitation Scale) composite score versus placebo. ONLS is considered a major scale to evaluate disability of upper and lower limbs in peripheral neuropathies. PXT-3003 was safe and well tolerated [5]. An international Phase 3 trial will enroll later this year. PXT-3003 may represent a promising approach however there are still steps to pass before it is an approved treatment for CMT1A in the US and Europe. The Hereditary Neuropathy Foundation (HNF) uses the Therapeutic Research In Accelerated Discovery (TRIAD) as a collaborative model with academia, government and industry, enabling funding of key research priorities for many forms of CMT. HNF developed the Global Registry for Inherited Neuropathies (GRIN) to collect data on patients who have either been clinically diagnosed by a doctor or genetically diagnosed with a form of CMT or related inherited neuropathy. The registry will provide data to enable the pharmaceutical industry to judge the risk - reward of the patient population for pursuing future clinical trials, obtain a better understanding of the natural history of CMT and evaluate the influence of therapy on patients’ quality of life. It is therefore important to encourage patients to enroll in GRIN to help support ongoing clinical studies. In summary, it is imperative that the early signs of CMT are recognized and patients referred for the management of their CMT symptoms. Currently there is no cure for CMT, but quality of life can improve with physical therapy, occupational therapy, corrective feet and hand surgical procedures, orthotic and AFO’s to improve irregular gait and drop foot. The best way to obtain a diagnosis is through detailed patient history, careful physical exam and genetic testing. Differential diagnosis and follow up of epidemiology will help to determine families at greater risk who may benefit from future therapies early on that may improve their CMT symptoms. Visit us online at www.hnf-cure.org References 1. DiVincenzo, C., et al, Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine, 2014. 20(6): p. S22-S29 2. Miller, L.J., et al, Acta Myol, 2011. 30(2): p. 109-16. 3. Naga, M.K., et al, J Pediatr Orthop, 2006. 26(4): p. 438-43. 4. Chumakov, I., et al, Orphanet J Rare Dis, 2014. 9(1): p. 201. 5. Altaner, S., et al, Orphanet J Rare Dis, 2014. 9(1): p. 109. Reflections on the Orphan Drug Act and a Roadmap for Future Success Representative Henry A. Waxman offers his perspective on the key issues regarding the future development of drugs for rare diseases. ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA—When Representative Henry A. Waxman (D-California) held the first hearing in Congress on rare diseases in 1980, 10 drugs developed by US pharmaceutical companies to treat rare diseases were on the market. Today, three decades after the 1983 passage of the Orphan Drug Act, which Rep. Waxman championed, the FDA has approved more than 450 orphan drugs to treat the more than 25 million Americans living with rare diseases. To ensure that the accelerated growth of such treatments continues, Congress must increase funding for the NIH, retool current legislation designed to encourage the pharmaceutical industry to undertake more rare disease research of its own, and—above all, in Rep. Waxman’s estimation—come to terms with the high cost of orphan drugs. “We can celebrate that we’ve accomplished a lot, but there are thousands of rare diseases without treatments,” he said in a keynote address at the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) Rare Diseases and Orphan Products Breakthrough Summit. “The cost of many orphan drugs is still far too high. We need to continue our quest to ensure that the rapid pace of development of orphan drugs continues while preserving patients’ access to these drugs by keeping the price tag at a reasonable level.” The Hard-Knock Realities of Orphan Disease Drug Development Excessively high drug prices, including those for orphan drugs, are unsustainable for the US healthcare system, according to Rep. Waxman. Among the examples he cited was Kalydeco (ivacaftor), which the FDA approved in 2012 for the treatment of a rare form of cystic fibrosis and which the Congressman reported costs more than $300,000 per year. Nearly one-third of orphan drugs net more than $1 billion in annual sales, he noted. “In 2012, the leukemia drug Rituxan [rituximab] had sales of over $7 billion,” Rep. Waxman said. “Another blood cancer drug, Revlimid [lenalidomide], had sales of over $3.7 billion. And the multiple sclerosis drug Copaxone [glatiramer acetate injection] had sales of over $4 billion. Perhaps these [prices] would be justified if we looked at the cost of the development of the drugs, but they don’t really compare…. We’re seeing extraordinarily priced drugs bearing no relationship to the cost of their development.” Driving up the cost of any new drug is the development cost to the manufacturer of previous drugs that did not succeed, which Rep. Waxman believes should be weighed against the savings gained when new drugs are effective. Without these savings, the costs of medical care for patients with orphan diseases would skyrocket. “I don’t know what the answer is to this problem, but there should be a more rational relationship between the cost of the drug’s development and its price, and this is, of course, not a problem specific to orphan drugs,” he said. “From the perspective of the sustainability of our healthcare system, it’s becoming an even bigger problem with new specialty drugs intended to treat millions of patients…. The poster child of such drugs is Sovaldi [sofosbuvir], which, at $1,000 a pill costs $84,000 for a course of treatment for hepatitis C.” Although Sovaldi’s sales for the first half of this year reached $6 billion, Rep. Waxman pointed out that it is likely to be superseded by a new combination drug recently approved by the FDA. Harvoni (ledipasvir and sofosbuvir), made by the manufacturer of Sovaldi—Gilead Sciences—will cost around $94,000 for a full course of treatment. “These are great drugs, offering a complete cure for people with the most common form of hepatitis C,” he said. “However, when you look at two to three million Americans with this form of hepatitis C, insurers, patients, and Medicaid programs are wondering where they will get the money necnecessary to pay for the drugs. If all the people currently eligible for the treatment were to get it, it could cost the US healthcare system well over $100 billion just for this one disease alone, and clearly this is not sustainable.” The High Cost of Not Adequately Funding the NIH Although Rep. Waxman lauds current efforts in Congress to help facilitate the discovery, development, and marketing of new medical therapies as part of the 21st Century Cures Initiative, he emphasized that the most important and consistent recommendation emerging from every one of the hearings related to this issue is that Congress increase its funding of the NIH. “Everybody agrees with that,” he said, citing NIH Director Francis Collins’s observation that the agency is able to fund one in six research proposals, versus one in three in the past. “We shouldn’t have been proud of one in three. But we should be ashamed that we’re going backward, and it’s now one in six. “[Dr. Collins] notes that the NIH’s purchasing power has shrunk by 25% over the last decade and he fears that we are in danger of losing a generation of young scientists who no longer see a future in biomedical research,” he continued. “This is something that we’ve got to correct. And rather than talk about all of the new things we can do for the 21st Century Cures Initiative, before we do any of them, we’ve got to fund NIH. It’s critical that we do that and that the resources be there for the NIH to do its job.” Expressing pessimism about the likelihood that adequate funding will emerge, Rep. Waxman, who is retiring at the end of this term after representing his district in California for 40 years, cited the recent practices of shutting down the federal government and enacting sequestration of funds as principal reasons why the NIH has been left shortchanged when, instead, Congress should have been putting more money into its budget. “It will be very important to ensure that the legislative proposals in the 21st Century Cures package strike the kind of balance that was so key to the Orphan Drug Act,” he said. “When they look at the legislation and they’re looking at ways to get these cures out faster, we must not compromise the FDA’s standards for approval, and [the legislation] must be carefully tailored to address and clearly identify problems.” He pointed to a bill under consideration as part of the Cures Initiative that he says falls far short of these goals. Known as the “MODDERN Cures Act” (“Modernizing Our Drug & Diagnostics Evaluation and Regulatory Network,” HR 3116), the bill, its advocates contend, will encourage pharmaceutical companies to develop “dormant” therapies—drugs that show promise as potential treatments for serious illnesses but are not being pursued because of inadequate patent protection. “On its face, this seems a worthwhile goal,” Rep. Waxman said. “However, the way it proposes to accomplish it is by providing 15 years of exclusivity and 15 years of patent protection after approval for any drug that meets certain limited requirements. As one of our witnesses at the hearing on this bill testified, virtually any drug with a novel active ingredient could qualify for this reward.” In the view of Rep. Waxman, whom the Nation labeled the “Democrats’ Eliot Ness” for his tenacious Congressional oversight, the bill gives away too much and will interfere with the goal of making drugs affordable. “[One aim] of this MODDERN bill is to have the FDA look at all the different ways that it can permit drugs and devices to go on the market, with different thresholds for them to meet,” he commented. “Congress shouldn’t be in this business of dictating the kind of level of evidence needed to permit drugs and devices to go on the market. “Congress’s job should be to ensure that the FDA has the regulatory authority needed to make use of the latest scientific advances,” he said. “We should create policies that foster scientific advances, but we should not enact regulatory policies based on how far we wish those advances had progressed.” —Fred Balzac SUGGESTED READING Braun MM, Fang El-Masah S, Xu K, Coté TR. Emergence of orphan drugs in the United States: a quantitative assessment of the first 25 years. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010;9(7):519–522. Brewer GL. Drug development for orphan diseases in the context of personalized medicine. JAMA 2009;154(6):314–322. Burke KA, Freeman SN, Iommidou MA, Coté TR. The impact of the Orphan Drug Act on the development and advancement of neurological products for rare diseases: a descriptive review. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010;88(4):449–453. Heemstra HE, Leifkens HG, Rodgers RP, et al. Characteristics of orphan drug applications that fail to achieve marketing approval in the USA. Drug Discov Today 2011;16(1-2):73–80. Kesselheim AS. An empirical review of major legislation affecting drug development: past experiences, effects, and unintended consequences. Millbank Q 2011;89(3):450–502. Murphy SM, Puvanarat A, Griggs RC, for the Consortium for Clinical Investigations of Neurological Channelopathies (CINCH) and Inherited Neuropathies Consortium (INC) Consortia of the Rare Disease Clinical Research Network. Unintended effects of orphan product designation for rare neurological diseases. Ann Neurol 2012;72(4):481–490. Pariser AR, Xu K, Milto I, Coté TR. Regulatory considerations for developing drugs for rare diseases: orphan designations and early phase clinical trials. Discov Med 2011;11(59):367–374. Valverde AM, Reed SD, Schulman KA. Proposed ‘grant-and-access’ program with price caps could stimulate development of drugs for very rare diseases. Health Aff (Millwood) 2012;31(11):2528–2535. PHILADELPHIA—A proposed revision of the diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica takes into account newly appreciated variations in the disease’s clinical presentation. The new criteria, which were presented at the 66th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology, would offer potential diagnoses for patients who have symptoms but who do not have the serum antibodies usually associated with the disorder. The document reflects the current understanding of neuromyelitis optica as a spectrum of clinical symptoms, said Dean Wingerchuk, MD, Professor of Neurology at the Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) was identified in 2007, one year after the existing diagnostic criteria were published. “We wanted to encompass all patients who would have previously been diagnosed as having neuromyelitis optica or NMOSD” in the new guidelines, said Dr. Wingerchuk. A new stratification of patients as antibody-positive or antibody-negative reflects the fact that not all patients are seropositive at presentation, particularly if they present early in the course of the disease; that antibody testing is not available or reliable everywhere; and that as-yet-unidentified antibodies might be implicated in the disorder. The workgroup that authored the document consisted of 18 members from nine countries. It began its work in 2011. The proposed criteria need to be validated prospectively before they can be adopted widely, noted Dr. Wingerchuk, who was a primary author of the 2006 criteria. The current criteria require the presence of transverse myelitis, optic neuritis, and at least two of the following: - Brain MRI findings that are nondiagnostic for multiple sclerosis (MS) - A spinal cord lesion extending over three or more vertebral segments - Seropositivity for NMO-IgG. The newly proposed criteria include six core characteristics: optic neuritis, acute myelitis, area postrema syndrome (ie, nausea, vomiting, and hiccups), other brainstem syndromes, symptomatic narcolepsy or acute diencephalic syndrome with MRI findings, and symptomatic cerebral syndrome with MRI findings. Antibody-positive patients must have at least one core characteristic to be diagnosed with neuromyelitis optica, and no better explanation for their symptoms should be apparent. Antibody-negative patients must meet stricter criteria to receive a diagnosis. They must have at least two of the core characteristics and meet the following requirements: - At least one of the core symptoms must be optic neuritis, myelitis, or area postrema syndrome. - The core characteristics must be disseminated in space. - MRI findings must distinguish NMOSD from MS or other demyelinating disorders. Prospective validation will require follow-up of patients who are seropositive at diagnosis but present with less common syndromes. Validation also will require detailed descriptions of seronegative groups to determine whether they eventually convert to a clinical NMOSD, concluded Dr. Wingerchuk. —Michele G. Sullivan SUGGESTED READING Tackley G, Kuker W, Palace J. Magnetic resonance imaging in neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 2014 May 14 [Epub ahead of print]. Wingerchuk DM, Weinshenker BG. Neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome). Handb Clin Neurol 2014;122:581–599. Proud to work for small populations with great needs. STACI, a marathon runner, doesn’t allow Fabry disease to keep her from achieving anything she sets out to do. Amicus is a biopharmaceutical company developing next generation therapies for the treatment of lysosomal storage diseases. www.amicusrx.com At the Forefront of Therapies for Rare and Orphan Diseases™ Quantifying the Burden of Illness Among Patients With Narcolepsy Among patients with narcolepsy, the burden of illness is significant across all age groups, with women experiencing a greater burden of illness than men. MINNEAPOLIS—Narcolepsy entails a significant burden of illness and is associated with a substantial degree of medical comorbidity and health care burden, according to researchers reporting at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies. Drawing information from the Burden of Narcolepsy Disease (BOND) Database, researchers examined patterns of narcolepsy-associated burden of illness in men versus women and, separately, comorbidity and health care utilization across all adult age categories. Women Experience a Greater Burden Than Men A comprehensive, nationwide study found a significant burden of illness among men and women with narcolepsy, although a greater comorbidity burden was observed in women, compared with men. In addition, health care utilization and health plan costs were also higher among women. Jed Black, MD, Consulting Associate Professor at Stanford University in California, and colleagues used five years of medical claims data to assess a population of 9,312 patients with narcolepsy and 46,559 matched controls. Both males and females with narcolepsy had a significantly greater number of comorbid diagnoses, compared with controls. Regardless of narcolepsy status, odds ratios for almost all comorbidity categories were higher in women, compared with men. This finding was even more pronounced within the narcolepsy cohort. Health care service utilization rates and drug costs were significantly higher among narcolepsy patients versus controls for both men and women, although utilization of services was higher in female versus male patients. Age-Related Burden of Illness Using the same medical claims database and the same patient and control cohorts, Dr. Black and colleagues also examined the burden of narcolepsy across age groups. The greatest prevalence of comorbidities was seen among persons between ages 45 and 54, although the youngest cohort (ages 18 to 24) evidenced the greatest prevalence of anxiety and mood disorders. The percentage excess chronic illness burden (narcolepsy versus controls) was greatest in the 18 to 24 age group (111%), followed by the 25 to 34 age group (94%) and the 35 to 44 age group (85%). Among patients with narcolepsy, diagnoses of anxiety and mood disorders declined with increasing age. For all age groups, mean annual utilization rates for health care services and non-narcolepsy drugs were approximately doubled, compared with controls, with the greatest excess noted among younger patients with narcolepsy versus controls. —Glenn S. Williams SUGGESTED READING Black J, Beaven NL, Funk SE, et al. The burden of narcolepsy disease (BOND) study: healthcare utilization and cost findings. Sleep Med 2014;15(5):522-529. Ohayon MM, Black J, Lai C, et al. Increased mortality in narcolepsy. Sleep 2014; 37(3):439-444. NIH Expands Its Undiagnosed Diseases Network NIH initiative enrolls new partners in its search for diagnostic tools for rare diseases. Six new sites recently joined the NIH’s Clinical Center in the Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN). The network expands the NIH focus on “the rarest of disorders,” said Eric D. Green, MD, PhD, Director of the National Human Genome Research Institute, during a July 1, 2014, press conference. The UDN addresses the most difficult-to-solve medical cases and strives to develop effective approaches to diagnose them. In addition to the current site at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, and the Coordinating Center at Harvard Medical School in Boston, the following institutions are now involved: - Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; principal investigator: Brendan H.L. Lee, MD, PhD - Boston Children’s Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; principal investigator: Joseph Loscalzo, MD, PhD - Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; principal investigators: Vandana Sashi, MD, and David B. Goldstein, PhD - Stanford University, California; principal investigators: Euan A. Ashley, MD, DPhil, Jonathan Bernstein, MD, PhD, and Paul Graham Fisher, MD - University of California, Los Angeles; principal investigators: Eric J. Vilain, MD, PhD, Katrina M. Dipple, MD, PhD, Stanley Nelson, MD, and Christina Palmer, CGC, PhD - Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; principal investigators: John A. Phillips, III, MD, and John H. Newman, MD The NIH Common Fund awarded four-year grants of approximately $7.2 million to each of the six centers. The new sites will conduct clinical evaluation and scientific investigation in cases that involve patients with prolonged undiagnosed conditions. Physicians within the network will collect and share clinical and laboratory data, including genomic information, clinical observations, and documentation of environmental exposures. “Newly developed methods for genome sequencing now provide us amazingly powerful approaches for deciphering the causes of rare undiagnosed conditions,” said Dr. Green. “Along with robust clinical evaluations, genomics will play a central role in the UDN’s mission.” The expanded UDN will be “accelerating discovery and innovation in the way we diagnose and treat patients with previously undiagnosed diseases,” added James M. Anderson, MD, PhD, Director of the NIH Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives. “We anticipate the UDN will create a new paradigm in medical diagnostics that will improve our understanding of rare disorders and also generate insight into human biochemistry and physiology of common diseases.” Patients who have undiagnosed conditions can apply to the program. If selected, patients will be brought into one of the network centers for week-long testing. About 3,100 patients have applied, and 750 have been accepted; 60% are adults. Once fully operational, the new sites are each expected to see about 50 patients per year. Applications take about eight to 12 weeks to be evaluated, and there is a waiting list of two to six months to be seen by the multidisciplinary diagnostic team. Data collected from the patients in the program ultimately will be made available to researchers outside the network, though protocols for data sharing are still being developed. —Gregory Twachtman and Glenn S. Williams As adjunctive therapy for refractory complex partial seizures or as monotherapy A bold decision could lead Important Safety Information for Sabril® (vigabatrin) WARNING: VISION LOSS See full Prescribing Information for complete boxed warning - SABRIL causes progressive and permanent bilateral concentric visual field constriction in a high percentage of patients. In some cases, SABRIL may also reduce visual acuity. - Risk increases with total dose and duration of use, but no exposure to SABRIL is known that is free of risk of vision loss. - Risk of new and worsening vision loss continues as long as SABRIL is used, and possibly after discontinuing SABRIL. - Unless a patient is formally exempted, periodic vision assessment is required for patients on SABRIL. However, this assessment cannot always prevent vision damage. - SABRIL can cause permanent vision loss. SABRIL is available only through a restricted program called the SHARE Program. - SABRIL causes permanent bilateral concentric visual field constriction. Because assessing vision may be difficult in infants and children, the frequency and extent of vision loss in pediatric patients are poorly characterized. In adults, 30% of future of patients can be affected, ranging in severity from mild to severe, including tunnel vision to within 10° of visual fixation, and can result in disability. SABRIL can also damage the central retina and may decrease visual acuity. - The onset of vision loss is unpredictable and can occur soon after starting treatment, at any time during treatment, even after months or years, or possibly after discontinuation. Symptoms of vision loss from SABRIL are unlikely to be recognized by patients or caregivers before it is severe. Vision loss of milder severity may still adversely affect function. - Unless a patient is formally exempted from periodic ophthalmologic assessment as documented in the SHARE Program, vision should be assessed at baseline (no later than 4 weeks after starting SABRIL), every 3 months during therapy, and at 3 to 6 months after discontinuing therapy. Once detected, vision loss is not reversible. Even with frequent monitoring, some patients will develop severe vision loss. Consider drug discontinuation, balancing benefit and risk, if vision loss is documented. - Because of the risk of permanent vision loss, withdraw SABRIL from patients with refractory complex partial seizures who fail to show substantial clinical benefit within 3 months of initiation, and from patients with infantile spasms who fail to show substantial clinical benefit within 2 to 4 weeks of initiation, or sooner, if treatment failure becomes obvious. Periodically reassess patient response and continued need for SABRIL. - Do not use SABRIL in patients with, or at high risk of, other types of irreversible vision loss, or, with other drugs associated with serious adverse ophthalmic effects, unless the benefits clearly outweigh the risks. The interaction in these situations has not been well characterized, but is likely adverse. - Use the lowest dose and shortest exposure to SABRIL that is consistent with clinical objectives. Adjust the dose in patients with renal impairment. - Abnormal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal changes have been observed in some infants treated for IS with SABRIL. These changes generally resolved with discontinuation of treatment, and resolved in a few patients despite continued use. - Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), including SABRIL, increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Monitor appropriate patients for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, and/or any unusual changes in mood or behavior. - As with all AEDs, discontinue SABRIL gradually to avoid withdrawal seizures. - SABRIL can cause anemia, peripheral neuropathy, weight gain, and edema. SABRIL can cause somnolence and fatigue. Advise patients not to drive or operate machinery until they know how it will affect them. - Vigabatrin is excreted in human milk and may cause serious adverse events in nursing infants. Do not use SABRIL during pregnancy unless the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Pregnancy Registry: To provide information regarding the effects of in utero exposure to SABRIL, physicians should recommend that pregnant patients taking SABRIL enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry. Patients must call the toll-free number 1-888-233-2334 to enroll. Registry information can be found at http://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/. - The most common adverse reactions in controlled studies (≥5% over placebo) include: - Adults >16 years of age: fatigue, somnolence, nystagmus, tremor, blurred vision, memory impairment, weight gain, arthralgia, abnormal coordination, and confusional state - Pediatrics 10 to 16 years of age: increased weight, upper respiratory tract infection, tremor, fatigue, aggression, and diplopia - In infants, the most common adverse reactions in a controlled clinical study (incidence >5%) were somnolence, bronchitis, ear infection, and acute otitis media. Please see Brief Summary of Prescribing Information on the following pages. for infantile spasms, to change Sabril® (vigabatrin) is indicated as adjunctive therapy for patients 10 years of age and older with refractory CPS who have inadequately responded to several alternative treatments and for whom the potential benefits outweigh the risk of vision loss. Sabril is not indicated as a first line agent for CPS. • In 2 clinical studies in adults, Sabril was superior to placebo in reducing median monthly seizure frequency* • In a pharmacometric bridging analysis of pooled pediatric data and data from 2 adult studies, weight normalized doses were used to establish efficacy and determine appropriate dosing for patients 10 to 16 years of age with refractory CPS Sabril is indicated as monotherapy for pediatric patients 1 month to 2 years of age with IS for whom the potential benefits outweigh the potential risk of vision loss. • The effectiveness of Sabril as monotherapy was established for IS in 2 multicenter controlled studies* Sabril is 1 of 2 FDA-approved medications with an indication to treat appropriate patients with IS. See www.Sabril.net for full study details Because of the risk of permanent vision loss, Sabril is available only through a special restricted distribution program called SHARE® (Support, Help And Resources for Epilepsy). To learn more, go to www.sabril.net, or call toll-free 1-888-45-SHARE (1-888-457-4273). Please see additional Important Safety Information on the adjacent page. WARNING: VISION LOSS - SABRIL causes permanent bilateral concentric visual field constriction. Because assessing vision may be difficult in infants and children, the frequency and extent of vision loss is poorly characterized in these patients. For this reason, the risk described below is primarily based on the adult experience. - Based on adult studies, 30 percent or more of patients can be affected, ranging in severity from mild to severe, resulting in vision to within 10 degrees of visual fixation, and can result in disability. In some cases, SABRIL also can damage the central retina and may decrease visual acuity. - The onset of vision loss from SABRIL is unpredictable, and can occur within weeks of starting treatment or sooner, or at any time after starting treatment, even after months or years of treatment. - Symptoms of vision loss from SABRIL are unlikely to be recognized by patients or caregivers before vision loss is severe. Vision loss of milder severity, while often unrecognized by the patient or caregiver, can still adversely affect function. - The risk of vision loss increases with increasing dose and cumulative exposure, but there is no dose or exposure known to be free of risk of vision loss. - Unless a patient is formally exempted from periodic ophthalmologic assessment as described in the SHARE program, vision should be assessed, the extent possible at baseline (no later than 4 weeks after starting SABRIL) and at least every 3 months during therapy. Vision assessment is also required about 3 to 6 months after the discontinuation of SABRIL therapy. - Once detected, vision loss due to SABRIL is not reversible. It is expected that, even with frequent monitoring, some patients will develop severe vision loss. - Drug discontinuation should be considered, balancing benefit and risk, if visual loss is documented. - It is possible that vision loss can worsen despite discontinuation of SABRIL. - Because of the risk of visual loss, SABRIL should be withdrawn from patients with refractory complex partial seizures who fail to show substantial clinical benefit within 3 months of initiation and within 2-4 weeks of initiation for patients with infantile spasms, or sooner if the risk of visual loss is obvious. Patient response to and tolerability need for SABRIL should be periodically reassessed. - SABRIL should not be used in patients with, or at high risk of, other types of irreversible vision loss unless the benefits of treatment clearly outweigh the risks. The interaction of other types of irreversible vision damage with vision damage from SABRIL has not been well-characterized, but is likely adverse. - SABRIL should not be used with other drugs associated with serious adverse ophthalmic effects such as retinopathy or glaucoma unless the benefits clearly outweigh the risks. - The possibility that vision loss from SABRIL may be more common, more severe or have more severe functional consequences in infants and children than in adults cannot be excluded. - The lowest dose and shortest exposure to SABRIL consistent with clinical objectives should be used. Because of the risk of permanent vision loss, SABRIL is available only through a restricted program under a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) called the SHARE Program [see Warnings and Precautions in PI]. Further information is available at www.sabril.net or 1-888-45-SHARE. INDICATIONS AND USAGE Refractory Complex Partial Seizures (CPS) SABRIL is indicated as adjunctive therapy for adults and pediatric patients 10 years of age and older with refractory complex partial seizures who have inadequately responded to several adequate treatments and for whom the potential benefits outweigh the risk of vision loss [see Warnings and Precautions]. SABRIL is not indicated as a first line agent for complex partial seizures. Infantile Spasms (IS) SABRIL is indicated as monotherapy for pediatric patients with infantile spasms 1 month to 2 years of age for whom the potential benefits outweigh the potential risk of vision loss [see Warnings and Precautions]. CONTRAINDICATIONS None. WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Vision Loss Because of the risk of vision loss, and because, when it is effective, SABRIL provides an observable symptomatic benefit, patient response and continued need for treatment should be periodically assessed. In patients with refractory complex partial seizures, SABRIL should be withdrawn if a substantial clinical benefit is not observed within 3 months of initiating treatment. If, in the clinical judgment of the prescriber, evidence of treatment failure becomes obvious earlier than 3 months, treatment should be discontinued at that time. In patients with infantile spasms, SABRIL should be withdrawn if a substantial clinical benefit is not observed within 2 to 4 weeks. If, in the clinical judgment of the prescriber, evidence of treatment failure becomes obvious earlier than 2 to 4 weeks, treatment should be discontinued at that time [see BOXED WARNING]. Monitoring of Vision Monitoring of vision by an ophthalmic professional with expertise in visual field interpretation and the ability to perform dilated indirect ophthalmoscopy of the retina is required, unless a patient is formally exempted from periodic ophthalmologic assessment as documented in the Support, Help And Resources for Epilepsy (SHARE) program [see Warnings and Precautions in PI]. Because vision testing in infants and children is difficult, vision loss may not be detected until it is severe. For patients receiving SABRIL who are not exempted, vision assessment is required at baseline (no later than 4 weeks after starting SABRIL) and at least every 3 months while on therapy and about 3-6 months after the discontinuation of therapy. For all patients, attempts to monitor vision periodically and/or formal exemptions must be documented under the SHARE program. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Abnormalities in Infants Abnormal MRI signal changes characterized by increased T2 signal and restricted diffusion in a symmetric pattern involving the thalamus, basal ganglia, brain stem, and cerebellum have been observed in some infants treated with vigabatrin for infantile spasms [see Warnings and Precautions in PI]. This same pattern of signal changes observed in IS patients was also observed in older pediatric, adolescent patients treated with vigabatrin for refractory CPS. For adults treated with SABRIL, routine MRI surveillance is unnecessary as there is no evidence that vigabatrin causes MRI changes in this population. [see Warnings and Precautions and Use in Specific Populations in full PI]. Suicidal Behavior and Ideation Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), including SABRIL, increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in patients taking these drugs for any indication. Patients treated with any AED for any indication should be monitored for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, and/or any unusual changes in mood or behavior. Pooled analyses of 198 placebo-controlled clinical trials (mono- and adjunctive therapy) of 11 different AEDs showed the risk of suicidal thinking or behavior in patients treated with one of these AEDs was approximately 1.4 times greater (adjusted Relative Risk 1.4; 95% CI: 1.2, 2.7) for patients with a history of depression or other psychiatric illness at baseline compared to patients randomized to placebo. In these trials, the estimated incidence rate of suicidal behavior or ideation among 27,883 AED treated patients was 0.43%, compared to 0.24% among 16,029 placebo-treated patients, yielding an excess risk of approximately one case of suicidal thinking or behavior for every 530 patients treated. There were four suicides in drug treated patients in the trials and none in placebo treated patients, but the number is too small to allow any conclusion about drug effect on suicide. The increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with AEDs was observed as early as one week after starting drug treatment, and persisted for the duration of treatment across all trials. In some trials included in the analysis, patients were followed beyond 24 weeks, the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior beyond 24 weeks could not be assessed. The risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior was generally consistent among drugs in the data analyzed. The finding of increased risk with AEDs of various mechanisms of action and across a range of indications suggests that the risk may exist for AEDs used for any indication. However, the risk was not seen substantially (i.e., 5-100 years) in the clinical trials analyzed (see full PI for absolute and relative risk by indication for all evaluated AEDs). The relative risk for suicidal thoughts or behavior was higher in clinical trials for epilepsy than in clinical trials for psychiatric or other conditions, but the absolute risk differences were small, except for the epileptic and psychiatric indications. Anyone considering prescribing SABRIL for any indication must balance the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with the risk of untreated illness. Epilepsy and many other illnesses for which AEDs are prescribed are themselves associated with morbidity and mortality and an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Should suicidal thoughts and behavior emerge during treatment, patients should be observed closely and appropriate intervention may be necessary, e.g., a patient may be rotated to another antiepileptic drug or the emergence of these symptoms in a given patient may be related to the illness being treated. Patients, their caregivers, and families should be informed that AEDs increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior and should be advised of the need to be alert for the emergence or worsening of the signs and symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior, or the emergence of suicidal thoughts, behavior, or thoughts about self-harm. Behaviors of concern should be reported immediately to healthcare providers. Use of Other Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) As with all AEDs, SABRIL should be withdrawn gradually. Patients and caregivers should be told not to suddenly discontinue SABRIL therapy. In controlled clinical studies in adults with complex partial seizures, SABRIL was tapered by decreasing the daily dose 1000 mg/day on a weekly basis until discontinued. In a controlled clinical study in patients with infantile spasms, SABRIL was tapered by decreasing the daily dose at a rate of 25-50 mg/kg every 3-4 days [see Dosage and Administration in full PI]. Anemia In North American controlled trials in adults, 6% of patients (16/280) receiving SABRIL and 2% of patients (3/188) receiving placebo had adverse events of anemia and/or met criteria for potentially clinically important hematology changes involving hemoglobin, hematocrit, and/or RBC indices. Across U.S. controlled trials, there were mean decreases in hemoglobin of about 3% and 0% in SABRIL and placebo treated patients, respectively, and a median decrease of 1 g/dL in SABRIL treated patients compared to a median gain of about 1% in patients treated with placebo. In controlled and open label epilepsy trials in adults and pediatric patients, 3 SABRIL patients (0.06%, 3/4855) discontinued for anemia and 2 SABRIL patients experienced unexplained declines in hemoglobin to below 8 g/dL, and/or hematocrit below 24%. Somnolence and Fatigue SABRIL causes somnolence and fatigue. Patients should be advised not to drive a car or operate other complex machinery until they are familiar with the effects of SABRIL on their ability to perform such activities. Pooled data from two SABRIL controlled trials in adults demonstrated that 24% (54/222) of SABRIL patients experienced somnolence compared to 10% (14/135) of placebo patients. In those same studies, 28% of SABRIL patients experienced fatigue compared to 15% (20/135) of placebo patients. Almost 1% of SABRIL patients discontinued from clinical trials for somnolence and almost 1% discontinued for fatigue. Pooled data from three SABRIL controlled trials in pediatric patients demonstrated that 6% (10/165) of SABRIL patients experienced somnolence compared to 5% (5/104) of placebo patients. In those same studies, 10% (17/165) of SABRIL patients experienced fatigue compared to 7% (7/104) of placebo patients. No SABRIL patients discontinued from clinical trials due to somnolence or fatigue. Peripheral Neuropathy* SABRIL causes symptoms of peripheral neuropathy in adults. Pediatric clinical trials were not designed to assess symptoms of peripheral neuropathy, but observed incidence of symptoms based on pooled data from controlled pediatric studies appeared similar for pediatric patients on vagabrint and placebo. In a pool of American controlled and uncontrolled epilepsy studies, 4.2% (19/457) of SABRIL patients developed peripheral neuropathy. In a pool of pediatric studies, 1.4% (10/711) of American placebo-controlled epilepsy trials, 1.4% (42/280) of SABRIL treated patients and no (0/188) placebo patients developed signs and/or symptoms of peripheral neuropathy. Initial manifestations of peripheral neuropathy in these trials included, in descending order, paresthesias of lower extremities (SABRIL 1%, placebo 0%), feelings of reduced distal lower limb vibration or position sensation, or progressive loss of reflexes, starting at the ankles. Clinical studies in the development program were not designed to investigate peripheral neuropathy systematically and did not include nerve conduction studies, quantitative sensory testing, or nerve biopsy. There is insufficient evidence to determine if development of these signs and symptoms were related to duration of SABRIL treatment, cumulative dose, or if the findings of peripheral neuropathy were completely reversible upon discontinuation of SABRIL. Weight Gain SABRIL causes weight gain in adult and pediatric patients. Data pooled from randomized controlled trials in adults found that 17% (77/443) of SABRIL patients versus 8% (22/275) of placebo patients gained ≥7% of baseline body weight. In these same trials, the mean weight change among SABRIL patients was 3.5 kg compared to 1.6 kg for placebo patients. Data pooled from randomized control trials in pediatric patients with refractory complex partial seizures found that 4.7% (77/163) of SABRIL patients versus 19% (19/102) of placebo patients gained ≥7% of baseline body weight. In all epilepsy trials, 6.3% (31/485) of SABRIL patients discontinued for weight gain. The long-term effects of SABRIL related weight gain are not known. Weight gain was not related to the occurrence of edema. Edema SABRIL causes edema in adults. Pediatric clinical trials were not designed to assess edema, but observed incidence of edema based pooled data from controlled pediatric studies appeared similar for pediatric patients on vagabrint and placebo. Pooled data from controlled trials demonstrated increased risk among SABRIL patients compared to placebo patients for edema (SABRIL 1%, placebo 0%), somnolence (SABRIL 1%, placebo 0%). In these studies, one SABRIL and no placebo patients discontinued for an edema related AE. In adults, there was no apparent association between edema and cardiovascular adverse events such as hypertension or congestive heart failure. Edema was not associated with laboratory changes suggestive of deterioration in renal or hepatic function. ADVERSE REACTIONS The following adverse reactions are discussed in more detail in other sections of the prescribing information: Vision Loss [see BOXED WARNING and Warnings and Precautions], Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Incompatibilities in Infants [see Warnings and Precautions], Myocardial Infarction [see Warnings and Precautions], Stroke [see Warnings and Precautions], Withdrawal of Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) [see Warnings and Precautions], Anemia [see Warnings and Precautions], Somnolence and Fatigue [see Warnings and Precautions], Peripheral Neuropathy [see Warnings and Precautions], Weight Gain [see Warnings and Precautions], Edema [see Warnings and Precautions]. Clinical Trial Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. Adverse Reactions in U.S. and Primary Non-U.S. Clinical Studies In U.S. and primary non-U.S. clinical studies of 4,079 SABRIL treated patients; the most commonly observed adverse reactions during treatment with the use of SABRIL in combination with other AEDs were somnolence, fatigue, dizziness, convulsion, nasopharyngitis, weight increased, upper respiratory tract infection, visual field defect, depression, tremor, nystagmus, nausea, diarrhea, memory impairment, insomnia, irritability, coordination abnormal, vision blurred, diplopia, vomiting, influenza, pyrexia, and rash. The adverse reactions most commonly associated with SABRIL treatment discontinued due to or considered by the investigator to be drug dependent: In patients with infantile spasms, the adverse reactions most commonly associated with SABRIL treatment discontinuation in ≥1% of patients were infections, status epilepticus, developmental coordination disorder, dystonia, hypotonia, hypertonia, weight increased, and insomnia. Most Common Adverse Reactions in Controlled Clinical Trials Refactory Complex Partial Seizures Adults The following listing provides the incidence of treatment emergent adverse reactions from 2 U.S. add-on clinical studies of refractory CPS in adults. Treatment Emergent Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥2% and More than One Patient per SABRIL-Treated Group and More Frequently than in Placebo Patients (Studies 024 and 025). Adverse reactions are listed by system with the percentage (% ) incidence of SABRIL 3000 mg/day (N=154) and placebo (N=63) following up to 12 weeks (Study 024) or 18 weeks (Study 025). Disorders: Abnormal thinking (2, 5), abnormal thinking (2, 5), abnormal thinking (1, 6), asthenia (3), asthenopia (2, 2), eye pain (0, 5); Gastrointestinal Disorders: diarrhea (10, 16, 3), nausea (10, 2, 8), vomiting (7, 9, 6), constipation (8, 5, 3), abdominal pain upper (5, 5, 1), dyspepsia (4, 5, 3), stomach discomfort (4, 2, 1), abdominal pain (3, 2, 1), toothache (2, 5, 2), abdominal distention (2, 1); General Disorders: fatigue (20, 18, 3), asthenia (10, 12, 7), asthenia (5, 1, 2), malaise (0, 5, 1); Infections: nasopharyngitis (14, 9, 10), upper respiratory tract infection (7, 9, 6), influenza (5, 7, 4), urinary tract infection (4, 5, 0), bronchitis (0, 5, 1); Injury, Poisoning, and Procedural Complications: joint pain (1, 2, 1), muscle spasm (1, 2, 1), second-degree burn (1, 1); Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders: increased appetite (6, 14, 3); Musculoskeletal Disorders: arthralgia (10, 3, 2), back pain (6, 7, 2), pain in extremity (6, 2, 4), myalgia (3, 5, 1), muscle twitching (1, 9, 1), muscle spasms (3, 0, 1); Nervous System Disorders: headache (33, 23, 8), vertigo (22, 26, 13), dizziness (18, 14, 10), tremor (18, 14, 10), ataxia (15, 10, 6), abnormal gait (10, 6, 3), coordination abnormal (17, 16, 2), disturbance in attention (8, 0, 1), sensory disturbance (4, 2, 1), hyperreflexia (4, 5, 1), paraesthesia (2, 1, 1), lethargy (4, 7, 2), hyperreflexia (4, 2, 3), hypoesthesia (4, 5, 1), sedation (4, 0, 0), status epilepticus (2, 5, 0), dysarthria (2, 0, 0), psychomotor hyperactivity (2, 0, 0); Psychiatric Disorders: irritability (7, 23, 7), depression (6, 14, 3), somnolence (3, 1), anxiety (1, 0, 5), depressed mood (5, 0, 1), thinking abnormal (3, 0, 1), abnormal behavior (3, 5, 1), expressive language disorder (1, 1, 1), nervousness (2, 5, 2), abnormal dreams (1, 5, 1); Reproductive System Disorders: amenorrhea (6, 5, 3), erectile dysfunction (0, 5, 0, 1); Respiratory and Thoracic Disorders: pharyngitis (18, 14, 5), cough (14, 7, 4), pulmonary congestion (0, 5, 1), sinus headache (6, 2, 1); Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: rash (4, 5, 4). Pediatrics 10 to 17 years of age The following list provides adverse reactions from controlled clinical studies of pediatric patients receiving SABRIL or placebo as add-on therapy for refractory, complex partial seizures. The median SABRIL dose was 49.4 mg/kg (range 0.8 – 105.9 mg/kg). Treatment-Emergent Adverse Reactions Reported in ≥2% of Pediatric CPS Patients 10 to 17 Years of Age Receiving SABRIL and High-Dose Vagabrint. Adverse reactions are listed by body system with the percentage (%) incidence of SABRIL (N=109) followed by placebo (N=46): Eye Disorders: diplopia (5, 0), vision blurred (3, 0). Gastrointestinal Disorders: diarrhea (6, 2), abdominal pain upper (3, 0), constipation (3, 2). General Disorders: asthenia (10, 2), fatigue (10, 2), abnormal thinking (10, 2), upper respiratory tract infection (10, 4), influenza (2, 0), other (media (2, 2). Investigations: weight increased (17, 2). Nervous System Disorders: somnolence (6, 2), tremor (6, 0), nystagmus (5, 2), psychomotor hyperactivity (4, 2). Psychiatric Disorders: abnormal behavior (6, 2), aggression (5, 0), disorientation (2, 0). Reproduction and Breast Disorders: dysmenorrhea (3, 0). Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: acne (3, 0). Infantile Spasms In a randomized, placebo-controlled IS study with a 5 day double-blind treatment phase (n=40), the adverse events reported by <5% of patients receiving SABRIL and that occurred more frequently than in placebo patients, were somnolence (SABRIL 45%, placebo 30%), dizziness (SABRIL 30%, placebo 0%), vomiting (SABRIL 10%, placebo 5%), and otitis media (SABRIL 10%, placebo 0%). In a dose response study of low-dose (18-36 mg/kg/day) versus high-dose (100-148 mg/kg/day) vagabrint, no clear correlation between dose and incidence of adverse events was observed. The treatment emergent adverse reactions from the dose response study are summarized in the following table. Treatment-Emergent Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥2% of Infantile Spasms Patients. Adverse reactions are listed by body system with the percentage (%) incidence of low-dose SABRIL (N=114) followed by high-dose SABRIL (N=108): Eye Disorders (other than field or acuity changes): strabismus (5, 5), conjunctivitis (5, 2); Gastrointestinal Disorders: vomiting (14, 20), constipation (14, 12), diarrhea (13, 12). General Disorders: fever (14, 12), abnormal thinking (12, 11), asthenia (11, 11), fatigue (11, 10), depression (11, 9), viral infection (20, 19), pneumonia (13, 11), headache (8, 3), ear infection (7, 4), gastroenteritis viral (6, 5), sinusitis (5, 9), urinary tract infection (5, 6), influenza (5, 3), cough (5, 3), group A streptococcus (5, 2); Metabolism & Nutrition Disorders: decreased appetite (9, 7); Nervous System Disorders: dizziness (19, 18), somnolence (17, 14), status epilepticus (6, 4), lethargy (5, 7), convulsion (4, 7), tremor (4, 6); Psychiatric Disorders: irritability (6, 2), insomnia (10, 12); Respiratory Disorders: nasal congestion (13, 14), cough (3, 8); Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: rash (8, 11). Post Marketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been reported during post-approval use of SABRIL without having been adequately investigated. Although the above adverse reactions reported in clinical trials, that are not relatively common in the population, and are not too likely to be useful, are listed in this section. These reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size; therefore, it is not possible to estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Adverse reactions are categorized by system organ class. Birth Defects: Congenital cardiac defects, congenital external ear anomaly, congenital hemihypertrophy, congenital heart disease, congenital intestinal atresia, congenital oral malformation, congenital viscerofacial retraction, dentofacial anomaly, dysmorphism, fetal anticonvulsant syndrome, hamartomas, hip dysplasia, limb malformation, limb reduction defect, low set ears, renal aplasia, retinoblastoma, supernumerary nipple, talipes. Eye Disorders: Amblyopia, cataract, corneal disorders, conjunctivitis, glaucoma, Hemichorea-hemiballism, intraocular disorders, General Disorders: Developmental delay, facial edema, malignant hyperthermia, multi-organ failure, Hepatobiliary Disorders: Cholestasis, Nervous System Disorders: Dystonia, encephalopathy, hypotonia, hypertonia, muscle spasticity, myelopathy, myoclonus, dyskinesia, Psychiatric Disorders: acute alcoholism, gaitly, delirium, hypomania, neonatal apathy, postpartum disorder, Respiratory Disorders: Laryngeal edema, pulmonary embolism, respiratory failure, stridor, Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Angioedema, maculo-papular rash, pruritus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). DRUG INTERACTIONS Antiepileptic Drugs Phenytoin Although phenytoin dose adjustments are not routinely required, dose adjustment of phenytoin should be considered if clinically indicated, since SABRIL may cause a moderate reduction in total phenytoin plasma levels [see Clinical Pharmacology in full PI]. Clonazepam SABRIL may moderately increase the $C_{\text{max}}$ of clonazepam resulting in an increase of clonazepam-associated adverse reactions [see Clinical Pharmacology in full PI]. Other AEDs There are no clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions between SABRIL and either carbamazepine or sodium valproate. Based on population pharmacokinetics, carbamazepine, clorazapate, primidone, and sodium valproate appear to have no effect on plasma concentrations of vigabatrin [see Clinical Pharmacology in full PI]. Oral Contraceptives SABRIL is unlikely to affect the efficacy of steroid oral contraceptives [see Clinical Pharmacology in full PI]. Drug-Laboratory Test Interactions SABRIL decreases alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) plasma activity in up to 10% of patients. In some patients, these enzymes become undetectable. The suppression of ALT and AST activity by SABRIL may preclude the use of these markers, especially ALT, to detect early hepatic injury. SABRIL may increase the amount of amino acids in the urine, possibly leading to a false positive test for certain rare genetic metabolic diseases (e.g., alpha aminoadipic aciduria). USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Pregnancy Pregnancy Category C: Vigabatrin produced developmental toxicity, including teratogenic and neuropathological effects, when administered to pregnant animals at clinically relevant doses. In addition, developmental neurotoxicity was observed in rats treated with vigabatrin during a period of postnatal development corresponding to the third trimester of human pregnancy. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. SABRIL should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus [see Use in Specific Populations]. Pregnancy Registry: To provide information regarding the effects of in utero exposure to SABRIL, physicians are advised to recommend that pregnant patients taking SABRIL enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAEAD) Pregnancy Registry. This can be done by calling the toll free number 1-888-233-2334, and must be done by patients themselves. Information on the registry can also be found at the website [http://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/](http://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/). Nursing Mothers Vigabatrin is excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions from vigabatrin in nursing infants, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother [see Warnings and Precautions]. Pediatric Use The safety and effectiveness of SABRIL as adjunctive treatment of refractory complex partial seizures in pediatric patients aged 10 to 16 years of age have been established [see Clinical Studies in full PI]. The dosing recommendation in this population varies according to age group and is weight based [see Dosage and Administration in full PI]. Adverse reactions in this pediatric population are similar to those observed in the adult population [see Adverse Reactions]. The safety and effectiveness of SABRIL have not been established in pediatric patients under 10 years of age with refractory complex partial seizures. The safety and effectiveness of SABRIL as monotherapy for pediatric patients with infantile spasms (1 month to 2 years of age) have been established [see Dosage and Administration and Clinical Studies in full PI]. Duration of therapy in infantile spasms was determined post hoc analysis of a Canadian Pediatric Epilepsy Network (CPEN) study of developmental outcomes in infantile spasms patients. This analysis suggests that a total duration of 6 months of vigabatrin therapy is adequate for the treatment of infantile spasms. However, prescribers must use their clinical judgment as to the most appropriate duration of use [see Clinical Studies in full PI]. Abnormal MRI signal changes were observed in infants [see Warnings and Precautions]. Oral administration of vigabatrin (5, 15, or 50 mg/kg) to young rats during the neonatal and juvenile periods of development resulted in decreased body weight, behavioral abnormalities (convulsions, reorientor impairment, learning deficits) and neurohistopathological (brain vacuolation, decreased myelination, and retinal dysplasia) abnormalities in treated animals. The no-effect dose for developmental neurotoxicity in juvenile rats (5 mg/kg) was associated with plasma vigabatrin exposures (AUC) less than 1/30 of those measured in pediatric patients receiving an oral dose of 50 mg/kg. Geriatric Use Clinical studies of vigabatrin did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 and over to determine whether they responded differently from younger patients. Vigabatrin is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function. Oral administration of a single dose of 1.5 g of vigabatrin to elderly (>65 years) patients with reduced creatinine clearance (<50 mL/min) was associated with moderate to severe sedation and confusion in 4 of 5 patients, lasting up to 5 days. The renal clearance of vigabatrin was 36% lower in healthy elderly subjects (>65 years) than in young healthy males. Adjustment of dose or frequency of administration should be considered. Such patients may respond to a lower maintenance dose [see Clinical Pharmacology and Dosage and Administration in full PI]. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. Renal Impairment Dose adjustment, including initiating treatment with a lower dose, is necessary in pediatric patients 10 years of age and older and adults with mild (creatinine clearance >50 mL/min), moderate (creatinine clearance <50 mL/min) and severe (creatinine clearance <10 mL/min) renal impairment [see Clinical Pharmacology and Dosage and Administration in full PI]. DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE Controlled Substance Abuse Vigabatrin did not produce adverse events or overt behaviors associated with abuse when administered to humans or animals. It is not possible to predict the extent to which a CNS active drug will be misused, diverted, or/or abused once marketed. Healthcare professionals should carefully question patients for history of drug abuse and follow such patients closely, observing them for signs of misuse or abuse of vigabatrin (e.g., incrementation of dose, drug-seeking behavior). Dependence Following chronic administration of vigabatrin to animals, there were no apparent withdrawal signs upon drug discontinuation. However, as with all AEDs, vigabatrin should be withdrawn gradually to minimize increased seizure frequency [see Warnings and Precautions]. OVERDOSE Signs, Symptoms, and Laboratory Findings of Overdose Confirmed and/or suspected vigabatrin overdoses have been reported during clinical trials and in post marketing surveillance. No vigabatrin overdoses resulted in death. When reported, the vigabatrin dose ingested ranged from 3 g to 90 g, but most were between 20 g and 50 g. Nearly half the cases involved multiple drug ingestions including carbamazepine, phenobarbital, benzodiazepines, lamotrigine, valproic acid, acetaminophen, and/or chlorpheniramine. Coma, unconsciousness, and/or drowsiness were described in the majority of cases of vigabatrin overdose. Other less commonly reported symptoms included vertigo, psychosis, apnea or respiratory depression, tachycardia, agitation, irritability, confusion, headache, tremor, aggressive behavior, increased seizure activity, status epilepticus, and speech disorder. These symptoms resolved with supportive care. Management of Overdosage There is no specific antidote for SABRIL overdose. Standard measures to remove unabsorbed drug should be used, including elimination by emesis or gastric lavage. Supportive measures should be employed, including monitoring of vital signs and observation of the clinical status of the patient. In an in vitro study, activated charcoal did not significantly adsorb vigabatrin. The effectiveness of hemodialysis in the treatment of SABRIL overdose is unknown. In isolated case reports in renal failure patients receiving therapeutic doses of vigabatrin, hemodialysis reduced vigabatrin plasma concentrations by 40% to 60%. Lundbeck Deerfield, IL 60015, U.S.A. SABRIL is a registered trademark of Lundbeck October 2013 VGB-L-00003 A new guideline from the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) and the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine (AANEM) provides recommendations about how physicians should evaluate a patient to determine which genetic tests may best diagnose his or her subtype of limb-girdle or distal muscular dystrophy. Factors to consider include symptoms, family history, ethnicity, physical examination, and laboratory test results, according to the guideline, which was published in the October 14, 2014, issue of Neurology. To develop the guideline, researchers reviewed all of the available studies on the disorders, which cause muscles to waste away. “These are rare muscle diseases that can be difficult to diagnose,” said lead author Pushpa Narayanaswami, MB, Assistant Professor of Neurology at Harvard Medical School in Boston and a fellow of the AAN and AANEM. “With an accurate diagnosis, unnecessary tests or treatments may be avoided. Knowing the specific subtype is important for getting the best possible care.” Clinical Features May Aid Diagnosis Certain clinical features and other information such as family history can help doctors determine a person’s subtype. “Looking at a range of clinical signs and symptoms—such as which muscles are weak and if there is muscle wasting or enlargement, winging out of the shoulder blades, early signs of contracted limbs, rigidity of the neck or back, or heart or lung involvement—can help doctors determine which genetic test to order,” said senior author Anthony A. Amato, MD, Professor of Neurology at Harvard Medical School and a fellow of the AAN and AANEM. “This [technique], in turn, can shorten the time to diagnosis and start of treatment while helping avoid more extensive and expensive testing.” Clinicians should refer newly diagnosed patients with a subtype of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy and high risk of cardiac complications for cardiology evaluation, even if they are asymptomatic, according to the guideline. Although no cure for these disorders is available, patients and physicians can manage their complications. The guideline makes recommendations about treating and managing complications, which may include muscle symptoms, heart problems, and breathing problems. A Role for Specialized Treatment Centers “Before this publication, there were no care guidelines that covered both limb-girdle muscular dystrophy and distal muscular dystrophy and were based on the evidence,” said Julie Bolen, PhD, MPH, Team Lead and Epidemiologist at the National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta. “We hope that this guideline will fill that gap for both the people who live with these rare disorders and the health care professionals who treat them.” The guideline recommends that care for people with these disorders be coordinated through treatment centers specializing in muscular dystrophy. People with these disorders should tell their doctors about any symptoms such as tachycardia, premature heartbeats, shortness of breath, pain, or difficulty in swallowing, according to the authors. Treatments for these symptoms may be available. People should also talk to their doctors about exercises that are safe. SUGGESTED READING Narayanaswami P, Weiss M, Selcen D, et al. Evidence-based guideline summary: Diagnosis and treatment of limb-girdle and distal dystrophies: Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Issues Review Panel of the American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine. Neurology. 2014;80(16):1453-1463. Bright spotty lesions on MRI can help neurologists distinguish neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) from other neurologic disorders, according to data presented at the 2014 Joint ACTRIMS–ECTRIMS Meeting. These lesions may be an additional MRI indicator of NMOSD, combined with aquaporin 4 antibody, which has modest sensitivity, and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, which is characteristic of but not a pathognomonic feature of NMOSD. A Series of 127 MRIs To examine the potential relationship between bright spotty lesions and NMOSD, Jae-Won Hyun, MD, a neurologist at Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center in Goyang, South Korea, and colleagues analyzed 127 spinal MRIs of patients who were having an acute myelitis attack. The study was led by Ho Jin Kim, MD, PhD, Head of the MS Clinic at Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center. Of the participants, 62 had NMOSD, 32 had multiple sclerosis (MS), and 33 had idiopathic transverse myelitis. One neuroradiologist and two neurologists without knowledge of the patients’ diagnoses reviewed the spinal MRIs independently. The investigators defined bright spotty lesions as hyperintense spotty lesions with signal intensities at least as high as, but not higher than, that of the surrounding CSF on a T2-weighted image without flow void effects, and not as low as that of the surrounding CSF on a T1-weighted image. The male-to-female ratio, the mean age at attack onset, and the mean age at time of MRI were higher among people with idiopathic transverse myelitis than in participants with NMOSD and those with MS. All patients with NMOSD tested positive for aquaporin 4 antibodies. Participants with MS and those with idiopathic transverse myelitis were negative for aquaporin 4 antibodies following repeated assays using three different methods. All subjects with idiopathic transverse myelitis were negative for anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody as well. The Lesions’ Clinical Relevance Is Uncertain The researchers found bright spotty lesions exclusively in patients with NMOSD. Of the 62 patients with NMOSD, 17 had bright spotty lesions. Dr. Hyun and colleagues identified longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis in all study participants. MRI features, including bright spotty lesions, were completely different between patients with NMOSD and those with MS. Bright spotty lesions, however, were the only MRI feature that distinguished NMOSD from idiopathic transverse myelitis. Among patients with NMOSD, demographic data were not significantly different between individuals with and without bright spotty lesions. The investigators thus could not draw conclusions about the bright spotty lesions’ clinical relevance. To determine whether the lesions indicated attack severity, the researchers estimated the Expanded Disability Status Scale score of 36 patients with first myelitis attacks, as well as disease duration and attack numbers for all patients with NMOSD. Again, the researchers found no significant differences between patients with NMOSD with and without lesions. The investigators concluded that bright spotty lesions could not represent attack severity. In addition, other MRI findings were not significantly different between the two groups. Dr. Hyun and colleagues followed up the patients with bright spotty lesions longitudinally. They performed 14 follow-up MRIs at two to 20 months after baseline. No bright spotty lesions were detectable on follow-up MRI, but high signal intensities on T2 images remained for some patients. The results suggest that bright spotty lesions exist in a transient state during the acute phase of myelitis and ultimately undergo a fundamental change in properties, like contrast-enhanced lesions do, said Dr. Hyun. —Erik Greb SUGGESTED READING Kim SH, Ihuh SY, Hyun JW, et al. A longitudinal brain magnetic resonance imaging study of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. PLoS One. 2014 Sep 26;9(9):e108320. Yonezu T, Ito S, Mori M, et al. “Bright spotty lesions” on spinal magnetic resonance imaging differentiate neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2014;20(3):331–337. Approximately 50% of individuals with narcolepsy are undiagnosed.$^1$ Tired all the time Cataplexy Hypnagogic hallucinations Excessive daytime sleepiness Sleep paralysis Sleep disruption Narcolepsy symptoms may be lurking beneath the surface. References 1. Ahmed I, Thorpy M. Clin Chest Med. 2010;31(2):371-381. 2. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders. 2nd ed. Westchester, IL: AASM; 2005. 3. Pelayo R, Lopes MC. In: Lee-Chiong TL. Sleep. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley and Sons, Inc.; 2006:145-149. 4. Scammell TE. Ann Neurol. 2005;53(2):154-166. 5. Guilleminault C, Brooks SN. Brain. 2001;124(Pt 8):1482-1491. To identify the symptoms of narcolepsy, LOOK DEEPER C.H.E.S.S. Cataplexy: A sudden, temporary loss of muscle tone triggered by strong emotions$^1,2$ Hypnagogic Hallucinations: Vivid dream-like experiences that occur during the transitions between wake and sleep$^1,2$ Excessive Daytime Sleepiness: The inability to stay awake and alert during the day, resulting in unintended lapses into drowsiness or sleep$^2$ Sleep Paralysis: The temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up$^2$ Sleep Disruption: The interruption of sleep by frequent awakenings$^1,2$ C.H.E.S.S. is a useful mnemonic for recalling the 5 symptoms of narcolepsy,$^3$ although not all patients experience all symptoms.$^2$ Narcolepsy is primarily characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy.$^2$ All patients with narcolepsy have excessive daytime sleepiness.$^2$ The presence of cataplexy is pathognomonic for narcolepsy.$^2$ Narcolepsy Is a Chronic, Life-Disrupting Neurologic Disorder$^2,3$ Narcolepsy is a chronic, life-disrupting neurologic disorder in which the brain is unable to regulate sleep-wake cycles normally, resulting in sleep-wake state instability.$^4,5$ Narcolepsy Is Underdiagnosed It is estimated that approximately 50% or more of individuals with narcolepsy remain undiagnosed.$^1$ Initial onset of symptoms typically occurs between the ages of 15-25,$^2$ although an accurate diagnosis can take more than 10 years.$^1$ Narcolepsy Symptoms Can Be Difficult to Recognize Narcolepsy symptoms may overlap with those of other conditions, such as obstructive sleep apnea and depression.$^1,2$ The initial and presenting symptom is typically some manifestation of excessive daytime sleepiness such as tiredness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, or mood changes.$^1,2,5$ Individual symptoms should be evaluated carefully to determine whether they are due to narcolepsy or another condition. Looking deeper at the symptoms can help healthcare professionals establish a differential diagnosis. Get a Deeper Look, at www.NarcolepsyLink.com Narcolepsy Link contains resources to help identify narcolepsy symptoms and facilitate communications with your patients. ALS Onset Occurs Earlier in Non-Caucasians The earlier age of disease onset among non-Caucasians, compared with Caucasians, was also consistent between men and women. Baltimore—The age of disease onset in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is significantly earlier in non-Caucasians than in Caucasians, according to research presented at the 139th Annual Meeting of the American Neurological Association. In non-Caucasians, the mean age at onset of ALS is 55.6, compared with a mean age of 61.4 among Caucasians. It is unclear whether the earlier age of disease onset results from a biological phenomenon or is a consequence of socioeconomic factors, commented Hristelina Ilieva, MD, PhD. “Comparison of comorbidities, neurologic and non-neurologic, may help us further understand this finding,” she added. Dr. Ilieva is a neurology resident at the Methodist Neurological Institute in Houston. Studies have found increasing evidence of ethnic variation in the incidence of motor neuron diseases. For example, Asians have the lowest reported incidence, while the incidence is intermediate in African populations, mixed in Central and South American populations, and highest in Caucasians. Prior research has also found significant differences between Caucasians and African Americans in the age of disease onset and in disease course. Dr. Ilieva and Ericka Simpson, MD, Director, Neurology Residency Program and Neuromuscular Medicine Fellowship Program at the Methodist Neurological Institute, conducted a retrospective review based on a database of all patients who were evaluated and diagnosed with definite or probable ALS. The patients were grouped into two categories—373 Caucasians and 86 non-Caucasians, which included Asians, Hispanics, and African Americans. The researchers compared the age of disease onset, time to diagnosis, initial BMI, site of disease onset, disease progression, and early disease course between the two groups of participants. In addition, the investigators compared ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised scores for the subgroup of patients who had three consecutive visits. Disease progression was measured using the Appel ALS score. Statistical analyses were performed using two-tailed $t$-test. Among non-Caucasians, the mean age of disease onset was 55.4 in males and 55.7 in females. In Caucasians, the mean age of disease onset was 60.2 in males and 62.9 in females. Overall, the time to diagnosis in non-Caucasians was 19.6 months, compared with 16.3 months in Caucasians. Mean ALS onset age is 61.4 in Caucasians and 55.6 in non-Caucasians. “We confirmed prior observations that non-Caucasian patients’ age of disease onset is significantly earlier than in Caucasian patients,” said Dr. Ilieva. “This observation was consistent between genders as well. Unlike earlier reports, we were unable to find a difference in disease course between the two groups. Our results may be affected by the dropout of patients seen in follow-up.” Previous studies also had found that non-Caucasians may present with more advanced disease at their initial visit. “We calculated preslope and delta factor of safety to address this possibility and were unable to confirm this observation in our cohort,” Dr. Ilieva commented. —Colby Stong SUGGESTED READING Cronin S, Hardiman O, Traynor BJ. Ethnic variation in the incidence of ALS: a systematic review. Neurology. 2007;68(13):1002-1007. Foust KD, Salazar DL, Lähite S, et al. Therapeutic AA9V-mediated suppression of mutant SOD1 slows disease progression and extends survival in models of inherited ALS. Mol Ther. 2013;21(12):2148-2159. Gundogdu B, Al-Lahham T, Kadiluar F, et al. Racial differences in motor neuron disease. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2014;15(1-2):114-118. New Tests May Accurately Detect Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease One test analyzes epithelial samples obtained from nasal brushings, and the other examines urine samples. Two minimally invasive assays for detecting prions that are diagnostic of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) in living patients show promise, according to preliminary studies published August 7, 2014, in the New England Journal of Medicine. One assay tests epithelial samples obtained from nasal brushings, and the other tests urine samples. Both tests can be used in patients suspected of having the sporadic, inherited, or acquired forms of CJD, such as variant CJD and iatrogenic CJD. Both assays had sensitivities and specificities ranging between 93% and 100% in small patient populations in these exploratory studies. This range of sensitivities and specificities is better than the diagnostic accuracy of CSF testing. If these findings are replicated in larger studies, both assays will have the potential for establishing a definitive diagnosis of CJD in clinical settings. The test that uses nasal brushings may establish a definitive diagnosis earlier in the course of the disease than has been possible previously, thus potentially enabling intervention for this fatal neurodegenerative disorder. In addition, the incidental finding that simple brushing of the olfactory mucosa yields a greater quantity of prion seeds than is found in CSF suggests that infectivity may be present in the nasal cavity, which has important biosafety implications, the researchers noted. Epithelial Test Had 100% Specificity In the first report, investigators applied real-time quaking-induced conversion technology to olfactory epithelium samples from 31 patients who had rapidly progressive dementia and were referred for evaluation of possible or probable CJD. These patients concurrently underwent CSF sampling. Twelve patients with other neurodegenerative disorders, primarily Alzheimer’s disease or Parkinson’s disease, and 31 patients who had no neurologic disorders were controls, said Christina D. Orrú, PhD, a researcher at the Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases’s Rocky Mountain Laboratories in Hamilton, Montana, and her colleagues. Obtaining the nasal brushings was described as a gentle procedure in which unsedated patients were first given a local vasoconstrictor applied with a nasal tampon, and then had a fiber-optic rhinoscope with a disposable sheath inserted into the nasal cavity to locate the olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal vault. A sterile, disposable brush was inserted alongside the rhinoscope, gently rolled on the mucosal surface, withdrawn, and immersed in saline solution in a centrifuge tube for further preparation. The assays using this material yielded positive results for all 15 patients who had definite sporadic CJD, 13 of the 14 who had probable sporadic CJD, and both patients who had inherited CJD. In contrast, all 43 controls had negative results. This performance represents a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 100% in this study population. In comparison, testing of CSF samples from the same patients had a 77% sensitivity, said Dr. Orrú and her associates. The substantial prion seeding in the olfactory mucosa, which was of greater magnitude than that in the CSF, raises the possibility that CJD prions could contaminate patients’ nasal discharges. “Nasal and aerosol-borne transmission of prion diseases have been documented in animal models, but there is no epidemiologic evidence for aerosol-borne transmission of sporadic CJD” to date, the investigators wrote. Medical instruments that come into contact with the nasal mucosa may become contaminated with prions, “which poses the question of whether iatrogenic transmission is possible. Therefore, further study of possible biohazards ... is warranted,” the authors concluded. Urine Test Was Highly Sensitive In the second study, Fabio Moda, PhD, then a postdoctoral fellow at the Mitchell Center for Research in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders at the University of Texas in Houston, and his associates assayed urine samples for minute quantities of the misfolded prion protein using an extensive amplification technology. The group tested samples from 68 patients with sporadic CJD, 14 with variant CJD, and 156 controls. The control group included four patients with genetic prion diseases, 50 with other neurodegenerative disorders (eg, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, motor neuron disease, and progressive supranuclear palsy), 50 patients with nondegenerative neurologic disorders (chiefly cerebrovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, brain tumors, autoimmune encephalitis, and meningitis), and 52 healthy adults. This assay had a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 100% in distinguishing CJD from other brain disorders and from brain health in this patient population, said the authors. The quantities of the prion protein excreted in the urine were extremely small, so the researchers did not address the potential for infectivity in this study. Better Specificity Estimates Are Needed These findings are encouraging because clinicians and researchers have long sought a sensitive and minimally invasive diagnostic tool specifically targeted to the protein that causes all forms of CJD, said Colin L. Masters, MD, Deputy Director of Mental Health at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, in an accompanying editorial. It will be important for additional studies to determine more precise estimates of the tests’ specificities, which are necessitated by the wide confidence intervals reported, because the tests can lead to breakthrough false-positive results. CJD “is extremely uncommon, and a test without near-perfect specificity may also result in many false positive results if it is applied to patients with a low probability of having the disease,” said Dr. Masters. “In these circumstances, it is important to highlight the preliminary nature of these studies.” Moreover, the finding that abnormal prion protein seeds are found in the olfactory mucosa “at concentrations equivalent to those in diseased brain, and several logs greater than those in CSF” has implications for infection control. “Some experts have [already] recommended appropriate decontamination of surgical instruments that come into contact with the olfactory epithelium of patients at high risk for CJD,” he concluded. —Mary Ann Moon SUGGESTED READING Orrú CD, Bongeman M, Tomasi G, et al. A test for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease using nasal brushings. N Engl J Med 2014;371(6):519-529. Moda F, Gambetti P, Notari S, et al. Prions in the urine of patients with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. N Engl J Med 2014;371(6):530-539. Masters CL. Shaken, not sonicated? N Engl J Med 2014;371(6):571-572. VNS May Benefit Children With Dravet Syndrome The treatment may reduce disabling seizures among children whose epilepsy is refractory to medication. SEATTLE—Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) decreases the number of disabling seizures and increases alertness in children with Dravet syndrome, according to a retrospective analysis presented at the 68th Annual Meeting of the American Epilepsy Society. The treatment thus may benefit children whose seizures have failed to respond to several anticonvulsants and the ketogenic diet. “The absence of neurocognitive side effects and drug interactions makes VNS an attractive treatment option, particularly for children with Dravet syndrome, who often have additional comorbidities,” said Stephen P. Fulton, MD, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center in Memphis. “VNS should be offered early on to children with Dravet syndrome and refractory seizures.” Dr. Fulton and colleagues reviewed outpatient clinic and inpatient hospital records from their institution for the period from January 2005 to December 2012 to identify patients with Dravet syndrome who had had VNS implantation. The investigators examined the patients’ charts to identify their type of epilepsy, age at the time of seizure onset, seizure types, seizure frequency, medications used, response to VNS, and complications related to surgery or device replacement. Patients whose battery was approaching the end of its service were offered generator reimplantation if the family and doctor thought that the patients were benefiting from VNS. If the patient was not thought to be benefiting from VNS and the family requested removal of the device, the device was explanted after the battery was exhausted. The researchers identified 12 patients whose VNS was implanted at their institution. Nine of these patients had at least 50% reduction in generalized tonic–clonic seizures. Two patients became seizure-free at one year after implantation. Four of the nine patients who achieved seizure reduction of at least 50% reported significant cognitive and speech improvements within six months of implantation. The two patients who became seizure-free at one year had been on a rapid-cycling treatment regimen (ie, 7 s on and 0.2 or 0.3 min off) with output currents of 1.75 mA and 2 mA, respectively. Of the nine patients with seizure reduction of at least 50%, five used rapid cycling exclusively, one used intermediate cycling (ie, 30 s on and 1.8 or 3 min off) exclusively, two changed from rapid to intermediate cycling, and one changed from rapid to standard cycling (ie, 30s on and 5 min off) five years after implantation. Three patients did not have marked improvement in their seizures. One of these children had improvement in absence seizures but worsening of generalized tonic–clonic seizures. One child had no improvement and no worsening. The third patient had significant improvement in seizure control but worsened behavioral difficulties. —Erik Greb SUGGESTED READING Orose I, McCormick D, Zamponi N, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy: A European long term study up to 24 months in 347 children. Epilepsia 2014;55(10):1576-1584. Zamponi N, Passamonti C, Cappanera S, Petrelli C. Clinical course of young patients with Dravet syndrome after vagal nerve stimulation. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2011;15(1):8-14. LAS VEGAS—Significant commonalities between multiple system atrophy (MSA) and Parkinson’s disease suggest that knowledge about the latter disorder could help direct research into the former, according to an overview provided at the recent Global MSA Research Roadmap Meeting. But despite their neuropathologic and symptomatic similarities, MSA and Parkinson’s disease are notably different diseases, researchers said. MSA is a rare but fatal adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder of uncertain etiology. It is characterized by features such as autonomic failure and parkinsonism and, like Parkinson’s disease, is marked by the deposition of abnormally phosphorylated α-synuclein. Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets Of all of the features of Parkinson’s disease, the pathogenic cascade may have the most potential for guiding future research into MSA, said Patrik Brundin, MD, PhD, Director of the Center for Neurodegenerative Science at the Van Andel Research Institute in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Although the primary aspects of pathogenesis distinguish the two diseases, the latter share several secondary phenomena such as proinflammatory mechanisms. These phenomena could be useful in the development of biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Knowledge about the pathogenic cascade in Parkinson’s disease, however, is limited. “We don’t really understand Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis,” said Dr. Brundin. “We are painfully ignorant … We still don’t really know what causes the cell death and the degeneration. But we can ask the question, ‘Is it likely to be similar to MSA?’” Research by Jellinger, Kuzdas-Wood, and others has prompted investigators to propose a five-part pathogenic cascade for MSA. The cascade begins with the healthy neuron and glial cell until the oligodendrocytes “get sick,” which results in neuronal degeneration, said Dr. Brundin. The next part encompasses α-synuclein accumulation in the oligodendrogial cytoplasm, followed by “failure of mitochondrial function, loss of trophic factor support, possible loss of proteosomal function, and increased oxidative stress.” In the following step, oligodendroglia degenerate, and the final phase involves secondary neuronal loss accompanied by microglial and astrogial activation. continued on page 32 Do you have patients diagnosed with Multiple System Atrophy? Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) is a rare, sporadic, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder of the central and autonomic nervous systems. Although the etiology of MSA is unknown, the generation of cytotoxic oxidants by the enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) may play an important role in the disease process. AstraZeneca plans to conduct a Phase 2 clinical trial with AZD3241, a potent, selective, brain-permeable MPO inhibitor. The study, entitled “A 12-Week, Multicenter, Randomized, Parallel-Group Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, Biomarker Effects, Efficacy, and Effect on Microglia Activation, as Measured by Positron Emission Tomography, of AZD3241 in Subjects with Multiple System Atrophy” is anticipated to start in the first half of this year. The study is double-blind and placebo-controlled, and will investigate two dosage levels of AZD3241. The study will be conducted at sites in the United States and Europe. Future studies are planned, including a study of longer duration focusing on safety and efficacy. The primary objectives of this study are: • To assess the safety and tolerability of AZD3241 in patients with MSA. • To determine the effect of AZD3241 on microglia activation, as measured by PET imaging of [¹¹C]PBR28 binding at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment (2 scans per patient), in patients with MSA. A secondary objective is: • To determine the biomarker effects of AZD3241 in patients with MSA. Exploratory objectives are: • To assess the pharmacokinetics of AZD3241 in patients with MSA. • To assess the efficacy of AZD3241 in patients with MSA. Exploratory efficacy outcome measures include the Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale (UMSARS), the Composite Autonomic Symptom Scale (COMPASS) Select Change Scale (CCS), and the MSA–Quality of Life scale (MSA-QoL). Patients may qualify for the study if they: • Are 30-80 years old. • Meet criteria for diagnosis of possible or probable MSA (parkinsonian- or cerebellar-subtype) according to the consensus criteria. • Do not have significant neurological disease other than MSA that may affect motor or autonomic function. Potential patient eligibility will be confirmed by an independent clinical expert. A Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) will monitor unblinded safety data on an ongoing basis to ensure the continuing safety of patients. The study involves: • A participation period of approximately five months for each patient • Twelve weeks of treatment with study medication • Approximately twelve study visits, including two visits to one of five global PET centers • Imaging procedures, including the use of a radioligand • Physical and neurological examinations • Blood draws, ECGs, and vital signs assessments • Administration of questionnaires Patients may be compensated for their time and/or travel. If you’d like more information on this study, or other studies with AZD3241, please contact Alicia Savage, Project Director, at firstname.lastname@example.org using “AZD3241 Neurology Reviews” in the subject line. Several factors have been implicated in Parkinson’s disease, but researchers are uncertain about which ones are important, said Dr. Brundin. Krismer et al enumerated distinguishing and overlapping features of MSA and Parkinson’s disease. The pathogenic element that distinguishes MSA from Parkinson’s disease is the oligodendrocyte pathology, “possibly this p25 alpha transportation to membrane, and then, as a secondary event, the neurons dying,” said Dr. Brundin. Parkinson’s disease probably starts with synaptic pathology and proceeds with retrograde degeneration toward the cell body, he added. Treatment options for MSA are limited and mainly provide symptomatic relief. No therapies modify the disease. The development of new biomarkers could enable earlier diagnosis and allow treatment to begin at symptom onset, which is when disease severity is lower. “We desperately need biomarkers,” said Dr. Brundin. Potential biomarkers include α-synuclein imaging and MRI morphometry; neuroinflammation imaging; and blood, plasma, and CSF biomarkers for inflammation, α-synuclein, and other proteins. Knowledge about Parkinson’s disease may be of little help in the development of disease-modifying therapies for MSA, said Dr. Brundin. “Considering that there is still no drug that’s been proven to slow the progression of Parkinson’s disease, how on Earth are we going to be able to use any information from that field of research in MSA? Hopefully, in the future there will be a drug that slows the progression of Parkinson’s disease.” The strategy of targeting extracellular α-synuclein and emerging data on neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease could be relevant to MSA research. “If we get a drug that enhances mitochondrial function … perhaps it can be used in MSA,” said Dr. Brundin. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, which has been tested with limited success in Parkinson’s disease, might be a better therapy for MSA, he added. Protein Handling or Misfolding Although α-synuclein misfolding does not occur in the same way in Parkinson’s disease and MSA, the diseases share enough similarities to make the process one of the more important things that researchers who study MSA have learned from Parkinson’s disease, said Ronald Melki, PhD, Director of Research at the Laboratoire d’Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in Gif-sur-Yvette, France. The misfolding process begins when newly synthesized proteins unfold in cells or are degraded incorrectly. This occurrence populates folding intermediates that assemble in fibrillar aggregates, which are the hallmark of various neurodegenerative diseases. Primary neurons take up fibrillar α-synuclein and transport it through the axon, and second-order neurons ultimately internalize it, explained Dr. Melki. “This [process] suggests that these aggregates are propagating within our brain in a manner reminiscent of prion protein propagation.” One unanswered question with implications for future research is whether Parkinson’s disease and MSA are the consequences of distinct strains of α-synuclein. “I have a tendency … to answer ‘yes’ because we have one protein [that is] assembled into two different forms that have two different molecular codes,” said Dr. Melki. Electron microscopy shows that one form of the protein resembles spaghetti and the other resembles linguine. “These two fibrils are getting a different sort of pathology or different distribution in the brain. So, we think that we have strains that are distinct structurally and functionally—exactly what people have described … in the prion field.” Investigators must use methods developed for prion research, such as amplification of protein assemblies from patients through sonication, added Dr. Melki. In a recent study conducted with colleagues from Bordeaux, Symptomatic neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (NOH) is caused by disorders such as primary autonomic failure (Parkinson’s disease [PD], multiple system atrophy [MSA], and pure autonomic failure [PAF]), which can be associated with norepinephrine deficiency.$^1,^2$ Introducing A (neuro)logical approach NORTHERA™ (droxidopa) is a norepinephrine prodrug$^3$ and is the first medication approved for the treatment of orthostatic dizziness, lightheadedness, or the “feeling that you are about to black out” in adult patients with symptomatic NOH caused by primary autonomic failure (PD, MSA, and PAF), dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency, and non-diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Effectiveness beyond 2 weeks of treatment has not been demonstrated. The continued effectiveness of NORTHERA should be assessed periodically. IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION WARNING: SUPINE HYPERTENSION Monitor supine blood pressure prior to and during treatment and more frequently when increasing doses. Elevating the head of the bed lessens the risk of supine hypertension, and blood pressure should be measured in this position. If supine hypertension cannot be managed by elevation of the head of the bed, reduce or discontinue NORTHERA. CONTRAINDICATIONS • None. WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS • Supine Hypertension: NORTHERA therapy may cause or exacerbate supine hypertension in patients with NOH, which may increase cardiovascular risk if not well-managed. • Hyperpyrexia and Confusion: Postmarketing cases of a symptom complex resembling neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) have been reported in Japan with NORTHERA use. Observe patients carefully when the dosage of NORTHERA is changed or when concomitant levodopa is reduced abruptly or discontinued, especially if the patient is receiving neuroleptics. NMS is an uncommon but life-threatening syndrome characterized by fever or hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, involuntary movements, altered consciousness, and mental status changes. The early diagnosis of this condition is important for the appropriate management of these patients. • Ischemic Heart Disease, Arrhythmias, and Congestive Heart Failure: NORTHERA therapy may exacerbate symptoms in patients with existing ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, and congestive heart failure. Allergic Reactions: This product contains FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) which may cause allergic-type reactions (including bronchial asthma) in certain susceptible persons. Although the overall incidence of FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) sensitivity in the general population is low, it is frequently seen in patients who also have aspirin hypersensitivity. ADVERSE REACTIONS • The most common adverse reactions (greater than 5%) were headache, dizziness, nausea, hypertension, and fatigue. DRUG INTERACTIONS • Administering NORTHERA in combination with other agents that increase blood pressure (e.g., norepinephrine, ephedrine, midodrine, and triptans) would be expected to increase the risk for supine hypertension. Dopacarboxylase inhibitors may require dose adjustments for NORTHERA. USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS • Clinical experience with NORTHERA in patients with severe renal function impairment (GFR less than 30 mL/min) is limited. There are no adequate and well-controlled trials of NORTHERA in pregnant women. Women who are nursing should choose nursing or NORTHERA. The safety and effectiveness of NORTHERA in pediatric patients have not been established. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between subjects aged 75 years and older and younger subjects in clinical trials, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out. Visit NORTHERA.com to download a treatment form, or call the NORTHERA Support Center at 844-601-0101 Please see Brief Summary on the following page and full Prescribing Information, including Boxed Warning, at www.NORTHERA.com. References: 1. Goldstein DS, Sharabi Y. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: a pathophysiological review. Circulation 2000;111(1):199–142. 2. Goldstein DS, Pickwick S, Helmes C, et al. Association between supine hypotension and orthostatic hypotension in autonomic failure. Hyperension. 2002;42(5):136-142. 3. NORTHERA [package insert]. Deerfield, IL: Lundbeck. WARNING: SUPINE HYPERTENSION Monitor supine blood pressure prior to and during treatment and more frequently when increasing doses. Elevating the head of the bed lessens the risk of supine hypertension, and blood pressure should be measured in this position. If supine hypertension cannot be managed by elevation of the head of the bed, reduce or discontinue NORTHERA [see Warnings and Precautions]. INDICATIONS AND USAGE – NORTHERA is indicated for the treatment of orthostatic dizziness, lightheadedness, or the “feeling that you are about to black out” in adult patients with symptomatic neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (NOH) caused by primary autonomic failure [Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple system atrophy, pure autonomic failure], dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency, or non-diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Effectiveness beyond 2 weeks of treatment has not been established. The continued effectiveness of NORTHERA should be assessed periodically. CONTRAINDICATIONS – None. WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS – Supine Hypertension: NORTHERA therapy may cause or exacerbate supine hypertension in patients with NOH. Patients should be advised to elevate the head of the bed when resting or sleeping. Monitor blood pressure, both in the supine position and in the recommended head-elevated sleeping position. Reduce or discontinue NORTHERA if supine hypertension persists. If supine hypertension is not well-managed, NORTHERA may increase the risk of cardiovascular events. Hyperpyrexia and Confusion: Post-marketing cases of a symptom complex resembling neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) have been reported with NORTHERA use during post-marketing surveillance in Japan. Observe patients carefully when the dosage of NORTHERA is changed or when concomitant levodopa is reduced abruptly or discontinued, especially if the patient is receiving neuroleptics. NMS is an uncommon but life-threatening syndrome characterized by fever/hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, involuntary movements, altered consciousness, and mental status changes. The early diagnosis of this condition is important for the appropriate management of these patients. Ischemic Heart Disease, Arrhythmias, and Congestive Heart Failure: NORTHERA may exacerbate existing ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, and congestive heart failure. Careful consideration should be given to this potential risk prior to initiating therapy in patients with these conditions. Allergic Reactions: This product contains FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) which may cause allergic-type reactions (including bronchial asthma) in certain susceptible persons. Although the overall incidence of FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) sensitivity in the general population is low, it is frequently seen in patients who also have aspirin hypersensitivity. ADVERSE REACTIONS – Clinical Trials Experience: Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice. The safety evaluation of NORTHERA is based on two placebo-controlled studies 1 to 2 weeks in duration (Studies 301 and 302), one 8-week placebo-controlled study (Study 306), and two long-term, open-label extension studies (Study 303 and 304). In the placebo-controlled studies, a total of 455 patients with Parkinson’s disease, multiple system atrophy, pure autonomic failure, dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency, or non-diabetic autonomic neuropathy were randomized and treated, 245 with NORTHERA and 240 with placebo [see Clinical Studies]. Placebo-Controlled Experience: The most commonly observed adverse reactions (those occurring at an incidence of greater than 5% in the NORTHERA group and with at least a 3% greater incidence in the NORTHERA group than in the placebo group) in NORTHERA-treated patients during the three placebo-controlled trials were headache, dizziness, nausea, hypertension. The most common adverse reactions leading to discontinuation from NORTHERA were hypertension or increased blood pressure and nausea. Table 1. Most Common Adverse Reactions Occurring More Frequently in the NORTHERA Group. \| \| Study 301 and Study 302 (1 to 2 Weeks Randomized Treatment) \| Study 306 (8 to 10 Weeks Randomized Treatment) \| \|------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------\| \| \| Placebo (N=132) n (%) \| NORTHERA (N=131) n (%) \| Placebo (N=108) n (%) \| NORTHERA (N=114) n (%) \| \| Headache \| 4 (3.0) \| 8 (6.1) \| 8 (7.4) \| 15 (13.2) \| \| Dizziness \| 2 (1.5) \| 5 (3.8) \| 5 (4.6) \| 11 (9.6) \| \| Nausea \| 2 (1.5) \| 2 (1.5) \| 5 (4.6) \| 10 (8.8) \| \| Hypertension \| 0 \| 2 (1.5) \| 1 (0.9) \| 8 (7.0) \| Note: n=number of patients. Table displays adverse reactions that were reported in greater than 5% of patients in the NORTHERA group and with at least a 3% greater incidence in the NORTHERA group than in the placebo group. Long-Term, Open-Label Trials with NORTHERA: In the long-term, open-label extension studies, a total of 422 patients, mean age 65 years, were treated with NORTHERA for a mean total exposure of approximately one year. The commonly reported adverse events were falls (24%), urinary tract infections (15%), headache (13%), syncope (13%), and dizziness (10%). DRUG INTERACTIONS – Drugs that Increase Blood Pressure: Administering NORTHERA in combination with other agents that increase blood pressure (e.g., norepinephrine, ephedrine, midodrine, and triptans) would be expected to increase the risk for supine hypertension. Parkinson’s Medications: Dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors may require dose adjustments for NORTHERA. USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS – Pregnancy: Pregnancy Category C: There are no adequate and well-controlled trials in pregnant women. Following consecutive oral administration at doses of 60, 200, and 600 mg/kg/day to pregnant Sprague Dawley rats, increased incidences of lower body weight and occurrence of undulant rib were noted in fetuses, but they were slight and spontaneously reversed after birth. Based on dose per unit body surface area, these three doses correspond to approximately 0.3, 1, and 3 times, respectively, the maximum recommended total daily dose of 1,800 mg in a 60 kg patient. Shortening of the gestation period was observed in rats at 600 mg/kg/day. Low incidences of renal lesions (cysts, hydronephrosis), and renal pelvic dilatation were observed on the surface of the kidneys of female rats treated with droxidopa during the period of fetal organogenesis. No other potentially teratogenic effects have been observed in rats or rabbits. Nursing Mothers: Choose nursing or NORTHERA. In rats, droxidopa is excreted in breast milk, and when the drug was administered to the nursing dams during the period of lactation, reduced weight gain and reduced survival were observed in the offspring. Pediatric Use: The safety and effectiveness of NORTHERA in pediatric patients have not been established. Geriatric Use: A total of 197 patients with symptomatic NOH aged 75 years or above were included in the NORTHERA clinical program. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out. Patients with Renal Impairment: NORTHERA and its metabolites are eliminated primarily renally. Patients with mild or moderate renal impairment (GFR greater than 30 mL/min) were included in clinical trials and did not have a higher frequency of adverse reactions. Clinical experience with NORTHERA in patients with severe renal function impairment (GFR less than 30 mL/min) is limited. OVERDOSAGE – Symptoms: There was one case of overdose reported during post-marketing surveillance in Japan. The patient ingested 7,700 mg of NORTHERA and experienced a hypertensive crisis that resolved promptly with treatment. Treatment: There is no known antidote for NORTHERA overdose. In case of an overdose that may result in an excessively high blood pressure, discontinue NORTHERA and treat with appropriate symptomatic and supportive therapy. Counsel patients to remain in a standing or seated position until their blood pressure drops below an acceptable limit. Manufactured for: Lundbeck Deerfield, IL 60015, U.S.A. NORTHERA is a TM of Lundbeck NA Ltd. DRX-L-00003 August 2014 he obtained samples from patients who developed disease and amplified the assemblies in test tubes. The process resulted in fibrils that the investigators will inject into animals to evaluate whether they reproduce the distinct diseases. —Fred Balzac SUGGESTED READING Baussar L, Pinti L, Ruiz-Aranda G, et al. Structural and functional characterization of two alpha-synuclein variants. Hum Genet. 2014;133(9):825-73. Brundin P, Melki J, Kouri R. Prion-like transmission of protein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2010;11(4):301-307. Halliday GM, Holton JL, Revesz T, et al. Neuropathology underlying clinical variability in patients with synucleinopathies. Acta Neuropathol. 2011;122(2):187-204. Jellinger KA. Neuropathology of multiple system atrophy: new thoughts about pathogenesis. Mov Disord. 2014;29(14):1720-1741. Krismer F, Jellinger KA, Scholz SW, et al. Multiple system atrophy as emerging template for accelerated drug discovery in α-synucleinopathies. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(6):793-799. Kuzdas-Wood D, Stefanini N, Jellinger KA, et al. Towards translational therapies for multiple system atrophy. Prog Neurobiol. 2014;116:19-35. National Library of Medicine (US). Genetics Home Reference [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 2014 Dec 22. Multiple system atrophy; [reviewed 2012 Jan; cited 2014 Dec 27]. Available at: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/multiple-system-atrophy. Reyes JE, Rey NL, Baussar L, et al. Alpha-synuclein transfers from neurons to oligodendrocytes. Glia. 2014;62(3):387-398. Scholz SW, Houlden H, Schulze C, et al. SNCA variants are associated with increased risk for multiple system atrophy. Ann Neurol. 2009;65(5):610-614. Sieber BA, Landis S, Koroshetz W, et al. Prioritized research recommendations from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Parkinson’s Disease 2014 conference. Ann Neurol. 2014;76(4):469-472. NEW ORLEANS—The median length of time from when patients contacted a health care professional until they were diagnosed with narcolepsy was 22 months, while 44% of patients were diagnosed within one year and 18% were diagnosed more than five years after symptom onset, according to research presented at the 2013 Annual Meeting of the American Neurological Association. About 67% of patients were evaluated by multiple physicians before being diagnosed with narcolepsy. In addition, 85% of patients were rated as having moderate to severe symptoms at their initial visit, and these symptoms often interfered with daytime functioning, reported Christine Acebo, PhD, Medical Scientist at Jazz Pharmaceuticals in Palo Alto, California, and colleagues. “Even though many of these patients had pathologic hypersomnia and other characteristic symptoms of narcolepsy as well as health insurance, [the patients] often had remarkably long and variable paths to receiving a diagnosis of narcolepsy,” stated Dr. Acebo, who is also an Adjunct Assistant Professor of Psychiatry and Human Behavior at the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. Journey to a Narcolepsy Diagnosis The researchers conducted a physician survey and chart review to analyze how patients ultimately were diagnosed with narcolepsy. A total of 77 physicians in neurology, pulmonology, psychiatry, and other areas reviewed 252 patient charts for the survey. About 55% of patients were men (median age, 38), and 67% were white. At least half of the patients were obese, and two-thirds had a comorbid disorder, with psychiatric and metabolic comorbidities the most frequent. According to the researchers, 67% of patients were referred to the respondent physician by another physician or health care provider, and 76% were referred by their primary care physician. The respondent physician diagnosed narcolepsy in 72% of cases in which a patient was referred; in 28% of referrals, the referring provider had made the diagnosis. The most common reason for referral was excessive daytime sleepiness (occurring in 87% of such cases), followed by trouble staying awake during the day (in 39%). The most common symptom at initial presentation was excessive daytime sleepiness, occurring in 90% of patients; more than 40% had trouble staying awake or functioning during the day, and 26% had difficulties with activities of daily living. About 85% of patients were rated as having moderate or severe symptoms at their initial visit, with more than one-third having severe symptoms. A High Rate of Misdiagnosis The investigators reported that misdiagnoses occurred in 60% of patients. The most common misdiagnoses were depression (31%), insomnia (20%), and obstructive sleep apnea (13%). About 67% of participants had been observed by multiple providers before being diagnosed with narcolepsy. Dr. Acebo stated that “even among the physicians who made the diagnosis, patients were frequently seen multiple times—only 51% were diagnosed by the respondent physician at the first visit. Many patients experienced a substantial delay from their report of the onset of their symptoms to receiving a diagnosis of narcolepsy.” “The presence of comorbid conditions, some with symptoms overlapping with narcolepsy, likely increased the complexity of making a diagnosis and resulted in more than 50% of patients being misdiagnosed prior to receiving a narcolepsy diagnosis,” the investigators concluded. “Taken together, these data highlight the need for increased awareness and timely diagnosis of the signs and symptoms of narcolepsy.” —Colby Stong SUGGESTED READING Morrish E, King MA, Smith IE, Shneerson JM. Factors associated with a delay in the diagnosis of narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2004;5(1):37-41. Advanced Testing from Athena Diagnostics® The Most Efficient Path to an Accurate Diagnosis of Rare Diseases. When it comes to identifying the cause of rare disease, Athena Diagnostics offers advanced sequencing with a cohesive algorithmic approach that simplifies testing procedures — the most efficient path to an accurate diagnosis. Our innovative, best-practice methodology tests for gene mutations based on presentation and family history to confirm a diagnosis. Search our extensive test offering at AthenaDiagnostics.com. LOS ANGELES—Most cases of new daily persistent headache (NDPH) are associated with a precipitating event such as a flu-like or viral illness, according to research presented at the 56th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Headache Society. The study results are consistent with other research that identified flu-like or viral illness and upper respiratory infection as the most common precipitants of NDPH. “Given this association, the question arises whether NDPH should be more properly classified as a secondary headache disorder similar to post-traumatic headache,” said Robert P. Cowan, MD, Clinical Professor of Neurology and Neurological Sciences at Stanford Hospital and Clinics in California. “Further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanism of NDPH to guide more effective treatment options.” Dr. Cowan and colleagues searched Stanford’s medical records for patients admitted between January 2005 and January 2014 with NDPH. The researchers found 85 individuals coded with NDPH, 38 of whom met the diagnostic criteria in the 2013 International Classification of Headache Disorders III (beta). The team reviewed these patients’ charts in detail. Approximately 53% of patients with NDPH were male, 55% were Caucasian, and 8% were Asian. The majority of patients (62%) had migrainous features such as photophobia (46%) or phonophobia (46%). About 38% of patients had nausea. In addition, 58% of patients had pressure-like pain similar to that of tension-type headache. Nearly all patients (92%) had a normal neurologic exam. Approximately 56% of patients had a family history of headache, and 24% had a history of migraine or primary headache disorder. About three-quarters of patients associated an inciting event with the onset of their headache. The inciting event was a preceding infection for 45% of patients, recent surgery for 24% of patients, psychologic stress for 10% of patients, trauma for 7% of patients, and other inciting event for 14%. “Our data suggest that NDPH is an uncommon diagnosis, even in the quaternary headache center setting,” said Dr. Cowan. “Of the 3,579 patients seen by the Stanford Headache Clinic since its opening in July 2011, only 35 (1%) met diagnostic criteria for NDPH … and 78 (2%) met criteria for post-traumatic headache, while 2,604 (73%) had a diagnosis of migraine, with the remainder of patients having other primary and secondary headache disorders.” —Erik Greb SUGGESTED READING Peng KP, Fuh JL, Yuan HK, et al. New daily persistent headache: should migrainous features be incorporated? Cephalalgia. 2011;31(15):1561–1569. Prakash S, Saini S, Rana KR, Mahato P. Refining clinical features and therapeutic options of new daily persistent headache: a retrospective study of 63 patients in India. J Headache Pain. 2012;13(6):477–485. Robbins MS, Grodberg BM, Napchan U, et al. Clinical and prognostic subforms of new daily-persistent headache. Neurology. 2010;74(17):1358–1364. Your next move could help hers Talk to her about Xenazine® (tetrabenazine) The only FDA-approved treatment for chorea associated with Huntington’s disease View patient videos at www.Hdchoreainfo.com For more information about Xenazine, please see Brief Summary of Prescribing Information on adjacent pages. XENAZINE® (tetrabenazine) Tablets Indications and Usage: XENAZINE is indicated for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease. Important Safety Information: WARNING: DEPRESSION AND SUICIDALITY See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning. • Increases the risk of depression and suicidal thoughts and behavior (suicidality) in patients with Huntington’s disease. • Balance risks of depression and suicidality with the clinical need for control of choreiform movements when considering the use of XENAZINE. • Monitor patients for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidality, or unusual changes in behavior. • Inform patients, caregivers, and families of the risk of depression and suicidality and instruct to report behaviors of concern promptly to the treating physician. • Exercise caution when treating patients with a history of depression or prior suicide attempts or ideation. • XENAZINE is contraindicated in patients who are actively suicidal, and in patients with untreated or inadequately treated depression. • XENAZINE is also contraindicated in patients who have impaired hepatic function or are taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or reserpine. XENAZINE should not be used in combination with an MAOI, or within a minimum of 14 days of discontinuing therapy with an MAOI. At least 20 days should elapse after stopping reserpine before starting XENAZINE. • Prescribers should periodically re-evaluate the need for XENAZINE in their patients by assessing the beneficial effect on chorea and possible adverse effects including worsening mood, cognition, rigidity, and functional capacity. XENAZINE should be titrated slowly over several weeks for a dose that is appropriate for each patient. • Before a dose greater than 50 mg is administered, the patient’s CYP2D6 metabolizer status should be determined. Do not exceed 50 mg/day or 25 mg/dose if XENAZINE is administered with a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. • XENAZINE therapy should be retriterated if there is a treatment interruption of greater than 5 days, or a treatment interruption occurring due to a change in the patient’s medical condition or concomitant medications. • A potentially fatal symptom complex sometimes referred to as Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) has been reported in association with XENAZINE. Clinical manifestations of NMS are hyperpyrexia, muscle rigidity, altered mental status, and evidence of autonomic instability (irregular pulse or blood pressure, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and cardiac dysrhythmia). Additional signs may include elevated creatinine phosphokinase, myoglobinuria, rhabdomyolysis, and acute renal failure. The management of NMS should include immediate discontinuation of XENAZINE and other drugs not essential to concurrent therapy. • XENAZINE can also cause other serious side effects including: akathisia, restlessness, agitation, parkinsonism, and sedation/somnolence. These side effects may require a dose reduction or discontinuation of XENAZINE. Monitoring of vital signs on standing should be considered in patients who are vulnerable to hypotension. Dysphagia has also been reported with use of XENAZINE; some cases of dysphagia were associated with aspiration pneumonia. • QT prolongation–related arrhythmias have been reported with use of XENAZINE. XENAZINE should not be used in combination with drugs known to prolong QTC (which in certain circumstances can lead to torsades de pointes and/or sudden death), in patients with congenital long QT syndrome, or in patients with a history of cardiac arrhythmias. A potential reversible syndrome of involuntary, dystonic movements called tardive dyskinesia (TD) may develop in patients treated with neuroleptic drugs. If signs and symptoms of TD appear in a patient treated with XENAZINE, drug discontinuation should be considered. Adverse reactions associated with XENAZINE, such as QTC prolongation, NMS, and extrapyramidal disorders, may be exaggerated by concomitant use of dopamine antagonists. • XENAZINE elevates serum prolactin concentrations. XENAZINE may induce sedation/somnolence which may impair the ability to drive or operate dangerous machinery. Alcohol or other sedating drugs can worsen sedation/somnolence. • Some adverse events such as depression, fatigue, sedation/somnolence, parkinsonism, and akathisia may be dose-related. If the adverse effect does not resolve or decrease, consideration should be given to lowering or discontinuing XENAZINE. The most commonly reported adverse events with XENAZINE compared to placebo were sedation/somnolence (31% vs 3%), fatigue (22% vs 13%), insomnia (22% vs 0%), depression (19% vs 13%), akathisia (19% vs 0%), anxiety (15% vs 3%), and nausea (13% vs 7%). For more information, please see the full Prescribing Information, including Boxed Warning, the Medication Guide, or go to www.XenazineUSA.com. Xenazine is a registered trademark of Valeant International Bermuda ©2013 Lundbeck. All rights reserved. TBZ-B-00023 09/2013 Xenazine® (tetrabenazine) Tablet, for Oral Use Brief Summary of Prescribing Information (See package insert for full Prescribing Information or visit www.XenazineUSA.com) INDICATIONS AND USAGE XENAZINE is indicated for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington's disease. WARNING: DEPRESSION AND SUICIDALITY See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning. • Increases the risk of depression and suicidal thoughts and behavior (suicidality) in patients with Huntington’s disease. • Balance risk of depression and suicidality with the clinical need for control of choreiform movements when considering the use of XENAZINE. • Monitor patients for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidality, or unusual changes in behavior. • Inform patients, caregivers and families of the risk of depression and suicidality and instruct them to report any concerns promptly to the treating physician. • Exercise caution when treating patients with a history of depression or prior suicide attempts or ideation. • XENAZINE is contraindicated in patients who are actively suicidal, and in patients with untreated or inadequately treated depression. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION General Dosing Considerations The initial dose of XENAZINE used to treat chorea associated with Huntington’s disease (HD) is determined individually for each patient. When first prescribed, XENAZINE therapy should be titrated slowly over several weeks to allow the identification of a dose that controls resting chorea and is tolerable. Some adverse effects such as depression, tardive insomnia, sedation/somnolence, parkinsonism and akathisia may be dose-dependent and may resolve or lessen with dosage adjustment or specific treatment. If the adverse effect does not resolve or decrease, consider discontinuing XENAZINE. Dosages above 50 mg should not be given without CYP2D6 genotyping patients to determine if they are poor metabolizers. Risk of Depression and Suicidality Patients with Huntington’s disease have an increased risk for depression, suicidal ideation or behavior. Treatment with XENAZINE increases the risk for suicidality in patients with HD. All patients treated with XENAZINE should be observed for new or worsening depression or suicidality. If depression or suicidality does not resolve, consider discontinuing treatment with XENAZINE. In a 12-week, double-blind placebo-controlled study in patients with chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, 75 patients receiving XENAZINE were reported to have an adverse event of depression or worsening depression compared to none of the 30 placebo-treated patients. In two open-label studies (in one study, 29 patients received XENAZINE for up to 8 weeks; in the second study, 75 patients received XENAZINE for up to 80 weeks), the rate of depression/vagueness/depression was 35%. In all of the HD chorea studies of XENAZINE (n=187), one patient committed suicide, one attempted suicide, and six had suicidal ideation. Clinicians should be alert to the heightened risk of suicide in patients with Huntington’s disease regardless of treatment status. Reported rates of completed suicide among individuals with Huntington’s disease range from 3-13% and over 25% of patients attempt suicide at some point in their illness. Patients, their caregivers, and families should be informed of the risks of depression, suicidality, and other adverse events associated with XENAZINE and should be instructed to report behaviors of concern promptly to the treating physician. Patients with HD who express suicidal ideation should be evaluated immediately. Laboratory Tests Because of using a daily dose of XENAZINE that is greater than 50 mg per day, patients should be genotyped to determine if they express the drug metabolizing enzyme, CYP2D6. CYP2D6 testing is necessary to determine whether patients are poor metabolizers (PMs), extensive (EMs) or intermediate metabolizers (IMs) of XENAZINE. Patients who are PMs of CYP2D6 will have significantly higher levels of the primary drug metabolites (about 4-fold for o-HTBZ and 9-fold for 8-HTBZ) than patients who are EMs. The dosage should be adjusted according to a patient’s CYP2D6 metabolizer status. In patients who are identified as CYP2D6 PMs, the maximum recommended total daily dose is 50 mg and the maximum recommended single dose is 25 mg. Risk of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) A potentially fatal symptom complex sometimes referred to as Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) has been reported in association with XENAZINE and other drugs that reduce dopamine neurotransmission. Clinical manifestations of NMS are hyperpyrexia, muscle rigidity, altered mental status, and evidence of autonomic instability (irregular pulse or blood pressure, diaphoresis, and cardiac dysrhythmia). Additional signs may include elevated creatine phosphokinase, myoglobinuria, rhabdomyolysis, and acute renal failure. The diagnosis of NMS can be complicated, other medical conditions (e.g., sepsis, systemic infection), and untreated or inadequately treated extrapyramidal disorders can present with similar signs and symptoms. Other important considerations in the differential diagnosis include anticholinergic toxicity, heat stroke, drug fever, and primary central nervous system pathology. The management of NMS should include (1) immediate discontinuation of XENAZINE and other drugs not essential to basic life therapy; (2) intensive symptomatic treatment and monitoring; and (3) treatment of any serious medical problems for which specific treatments are available. There is no general agreement about specific pharmacological treatment regimens for NMS. Recurrence of NMS has been reported in treatment with XENAZINE is needed after recovery from an episode and may be associated with signs of recurrence. Risk of Akathisia, Restlessness, and Agitation In a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with chorea associated with HD, akathisia was observed in 19% of XENAZINE-treated patients and 1% of placebo-treated patients. Akathisia was not observed in 14% of XENAZINE-treated patients and 10% of XENAZINE-treated patients. Akathisia was not observed in a 48-week open-label study. Patients receiving XENAZINE should be monitored for the presence of akathisia. Patients receiving XENAZINE should also be monitored for signs and symptoms of restlessness and agitation, as these may be indicative of developing akathisia. If a patient develops akathisia, the XENAZINE dose should be reduced; however, some patients may require discontinuation of therapy. Risk of Parkinsonism XENAZINE can cause parkinsonism. In a 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with chorea associated with HD, parkinsonism consisting of parkinsonism (i.e., bradykinesia, hypokinesia and rigidity) were observed in 15% of XENAZINE-treated patients compared to 0% of placebo-treated patients. In 48-week and 80-week open-label studies, symptoms suggestive of parkinsonism were observed in 10% and 3% of XENAZINE-treated patients, respectively. Because parkinsonism is a feature of the underlying disease process in Huntington’s disease, it may be difficult to distinguish between this drug-induced side-effect and progression of the underlying disease process. Drug-induced parkinsonism has the potential to cause more functional disability than untreated chorea for some patients with Huntington's disease. If a patient develops parkinsonism during treatment with XENAZINE, dose reduction should be considered; in some patients, discontinuation of therapy may be necessary. Risk of Dysphagia Dysphagia is a component of HD. However, drugs that reduce dopaminergic transmission have been associated with esophageal dysmotility and dysphagia. Dysphagia may have been associated with aspiration pneumonia. In a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with Huntington's disease with HD, dysphagia was observed in 4% of XENAZINE-treated patients and 3% of placebo-treated patients. In a 48-week, open-label study, dysphagia was observed in 10% and 8% of XENAZINE-treated patients, respectively. Some of the cases of dysphagia were associated with aspiration pneumonia. Whether these events were drug-related or not is unknown. Risk of Sedation and Somnolence Sedation is the most common dose-limiting adverse effect of XENAZINE. In a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with chronic alcoholism, somnolence was observed in 17% (31%) XENAZINE-treated patients and in 1% (3%) placebo-treated patients. In all but one case, the reason why XENAZINE was stopped and/or the dose of XENAZINE was decreased was 15/54 (28%) patients. In all but one case, decreasing the dose of XENAZINE resulted in decreased sedation. In 9-week and 80-week open-label studies, sedation/somnolence was observed in 17%, 16%, 15%, and 14% of patients, respectively. In some patients, sedation occurred at doses that were lower than recommended doses. Patients should not perform activities requiring mental alertness to maintain the safety of themselves or others, such as operating a motor vehicle or operating hazardous machinery, until they are aware of the sedative dose of XENAZINE and know how the drug affects them. Interaction with Alcohol Patients should be advised that the concomitant use of alcohol or other sedating drugs may have additive effects and worsen sedation and somnolence. Risk of QT Prolongation XENAZINE causes a small increase (about 8 msec) in the corrected QT (QTc) interval. QT prolongation can lead to development of torsade de pointes-type ventricular tachycardia with the risk increasing as the degree of prolongation increases. The use of XENAZINE should be avoided in concomitant use with drugs known to prolong QTc, including antipsychotic medications (e.g., chlorpromazine, haloperidol, thioridazine), antiarrhythmic agents (e.g., moxifloxacin), Class I A (e.g., quinidine, procainamide), and Class III (e.g., amiodarone, sotalol) antiarrhythmic medications or any other medications known to prolong the QT interval. XENAZINE should also be avoided in patients with congenital long QT syndrome and in patients with a history of cardiac arrhythmias. Certain circumstances may increase the risk of the occurrence of torsade de pointes and/or sudden death in association with the use of drugs that prolong the QT interval, including (1) preexisting bradycardia, (2) hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia, (3) concomitant use of other drugs that prolong the QTc interval, and (4) presence of congenital prolongation of the QT interval. Concomitant Use of Neuroleptic Drugs, Reserpine and MAOIs: Neuroleptic Drugs: Patients taking neuroleptic drugs (e.g., chlorpromazine, haloperidol, thioridazine, reserpine, thiothixene, trispiranide) were excluded from clinical studies during the XENAZINE development program. Adverse reactions associated with XENAZINE, such as QTc prolongation, EMS, and extrapyramidal disorders, may be exaggerated when XENAZINE is used in conjunction with neuroleptic drugs. Concomitantly, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs): XENAZINE is contraindicated in patients taking MAOIs. XENAZINE should not be used in combination with an MAOI, or within a minimum of 14 days of discontinuing therapy with an MAOI. Risk of Hypertension and Orthostatic Hypotension XENAZINE induced postural dizziness in healthy volunteers receiving single doses of 25 or 50 mg. One subject had syncope and one subject with postural dizziness had documented orthostasis. Dizziness occurred in 4% of XENAZINE-treated patients vs. none (on placebo) in the 12-week, double-blind study. However, blood pressure was not measured during these events. Monitoring of vital signs on standing should be considered in patients who are vulnerable to hypertension. Risk of Hyperprolactinemia XENAZINE may alter serum prolactin concentrations in humans. Following administration of 25 mg to healthy volunteers, peak plasma prolactin levels increased 4- to 5-fold. Tissue culture experiments indicate that approximately one third of human breast cancers are prolactin-dependent in vitro, a fact of potential importance in XENAZINE-treated patients considering a patient with previously treated breast cancer. Although nausea, headache, galactorrhea, gynecomastia and impotence can be caused by elevated serum prolactin concentrations, the clinical significance of elevated serum prolactin concentrations for most patients is unknown. Chronic increase in serum prolactin concentration has not been evaluated. If XENAZINE treatment programs has been associated with low levels of libido and increased risk of gynecomastia, this is a clinical suspicion of symptomatic hyperprolactinemia, appropriate laboratory testing should be done and consideration should be given to discontinuation of XENAZINE. Risk of Tardive Dyskinesia (TD) A potentially irreversible syndrome of involuntary, dyskinetic movements may develop in patients treated with neuroleptic drugs. In an animal model of orofacial dyskinesia, acute administration of reserpine, a monoamine depletor, has been shown to produce vacuous chewing movements. Although pathophysiology of TD is not fully understood, the most commonly accepted hypothesis of the mechanism is that prolonged post-synaptic dopamine receptor blockade leads to supersensitivity to dopamine. Neither reserpine nor XENAZINE, which are dopamine depleters, have been reported to cause clear tardive dyskinesia in humans. However, because XENAZINE may cause the dopamine level to lead to supersensitivity to dopamine, and XENAZINE can cause the extrapyramidal symptoms also known to be associated with neuroleptics (e.g., parkinsonism and akathisia), physicians should be aware of the possible risk of tardive dyskinesia. If signs and symptoms of TD appear while a patient is taking XENAZINE, its discontinuation should be considered. Use in Patients with Concomitant Illnesses Clinical experience with XENAZINE in patients with systemic illnesses is limited. Depression and Suicidality XENAZINE may increase the risk for depression or suicidality in patients with a history of depression or suicidality or in patients with diseases, conditions, or treatments that cause depression or suicidality. XENAZINE is contraindicated in patients with untreated or inadequately treated depression or who are actively suicidal. Hepatic Disease XENAZINE is contraindicated in patients with hepatic impairment. Heart Disease XENAZINE has not been evaluated in patients with a recent history of myocardial infarction or unstable heart disease. Patients with these diagnoses were excluded from premarketing clinical trials. Binding to Melanin-Containing Tissues Since XENAZINE is not readily bound to melanin-containing tissues, it could accumulate in these tissues over time. This raises the possibility that XENAZINE may cause toxicity in these tissues after extended use. Neither ophthalmologic nor microscopic examination of the eye was conducted in the chronic toxicity study in dogs. Ophthalmologic monitoring in humans was not performed in the clinical trials. No ocular toxicity was observed in the clinical trials. The clinical relevance of XENAZINE’s binding to melanin-containing tissues is unknown. Although there are no specific recommendations for periodic ophthalmologic monitoring, prescribers should be aware of the possibility of long-term ophthalmologic effects. ADVERSE REACTIONS Commonly Observed Adverse Reactions in Controlled Clinical Trials The most common adverse reactions from Table 1 occurring in over 10% of XENAZINE-treated patients, and at least 5% greater than placebo, were sedation/somnolence (31%), fatigue (22%), insomnia (22%), depression (19%), akathisia (19%), and nausea (13%). Clinical Trial Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. During the development of XENAZINE, adverse reactions in 77% of subjects and patients. The conditions and duration of exposure to XENAZINE varied greatly, and included single and multiple dose clinical pharmacology studies in healthy volunteers (n=259) and open-label (n=529) and double-blind studies (n=84) in patients. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of HD subjects, adverse reactions (ARs) were more common in the XENAZINE group than in the placebo group. Forty-nine of 54 (91%) patients who received XENAZINE experienced one or more ARs at any time during the study. The ARs most commonly reported (over 10%, and at least 5% greater than placebo) were sedation/somnolence (31% vs. 13% on placebo), fatigue (22% vs. 13% on placebo), insomnia (22% vs. 0% on placebo), depression (19% vs. 0% on placebo), akathisia (19% vs. 0% on placebo), and nausea (13% vs. 7% on placebo). Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥2% Patients The most common adverse reactions, defined as commonly reported ARs that occurred at any time during the study in ≥4% of XENAZINE-treated patients, and with a greater frequency than in placebo-treated patients, are presented in Table 1 in decreasing order of frequency within body systems for the XENAZINE group. Table 1. Treatment Emergent Adverse Reactions in Patients Treated With XENAZINE and with a Greater Frequency Than Placebo in the 12-Week, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of XENAZINE \| Body System \| XENAZINE n = 54 (%) \| Placebo n = 30 (%) \| \|------------------------------\|---------------------\|--------------------\| \| PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS \| \| \| \| Sedation/somnolence \| 17 (31%) \| 1 (3%) \| \| Insomnia \| 12 (22%) \| - \| \| Depression \| 10 (19%) \| - \| \| Anxiety/anxiety aggravated \| 8 (15%) \| 1 (3%) \| \| Irritability \| 5 (9%) \| 1 (3%) \| \| Appetite decreased \| 2 (4%) \| - \| \| Obsessive reaction \| 2 (4%) \| - \| \| Akathisia \| 10 (19%) \| - \| \| Balance difficulty \| 5 (9%) \| - \| \| Parkinsonism/bradykinesia \| 5 (9%) \| - \| \| Dizziness \| 2 (4%) \| - \| \| Dysarthria \| 2 (4%) \| - \| \| Gait unsteady \| 2 (4%) \| - \| \| Headache \| 2 (4%) \| 1 (3%) \| \| Nausea \| 7 (13%) \| 2 (7%) \| \| Vomiting \| 3 (6%) \| 1 (3%) \| \| Fatigue \| 12 (22%) \| 4 (13%) \| \| Eczymosis \| 3 (6%) \| - \| \| Upper respiratory tract infection \| 6 (11%) \| 2 (7%) \| \| Shortness of breath \| 2 (4%) \| - \| \| Bronchitis \| 2 (4%) \| - \| \| Dysuria \| 2 (4%) \| - \| Dosage escalation was discontinued or dosage of study drug was reduced because of one or more ARs in 28 of 54 (52%) patients randomized to XENAZINE. These ARs consisted of sedation (15), akathisia (7), parkinsonism (4), depression (3), anxiety (2), fatigue (1) and diarrhea (1). Some patients had more than one AR and are, therefore, counted more than once. Adverse Reactions Due to Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) The following table describes the incidence of events considered to be extrapyramidal adverse reactions. \| Event \| Patients (%) reporting event \| \|--------------------------------------------\|------------------------------\| \| \| XENAZINE n = 54 \| Placebo n = 30 \| \| Akathisia¹ \| 10 (19%) \| 0 \| \| Extrapyramidal event² \| 8 (15%) \| 0 \| \| Any extrapyramidal event \| 18 (33%) \| 0 \| ¹ Patients with the following adverse event preferred terms were counted in this category: akathisia, hyperkinesia, restlessness. ² Patients with the following adverse event preferred terms were counted in this category: bradykinesia, parkinsonism, extrapyramidal disorder, hypertonia. Patients may have had events in more than one category. Laboratory Tests No clinically significant changes in laboratory parameters were reported in clinical trials with XENAZINE. In controlled clinical trials, XENAZINE caused a small mean increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), laboratory values as compared to placebo. Vital Signs In controlled clinical trials, XENAZINE did not affect blood pressure, pulse, or body weight. Orthostatic blood pressure was not consistently measured in the XENAZINE clinical trials. DRUG INTERACTIONS Strong CYP2D6 Inhibitors In vitro studies indicate that α-HTBZ and β-HTBZ are substrates for CYP2D6. Strong CYP2D6 inhibitors (e.g., paroxetine, fluvoxamine, quinidine) markedly increase exposure to these metabolites. A reduction in XENAZINE dose may be necessary when adding a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor (e.g., fluoxetine, paroxetine, quinidine) in patients maintained on a stable dose of XENAZINE. The daily dose of XENAZINE should not exceed 50 mg per day and the maximum single dose of XENAZINE should not exceed 25 mg in patients taking strong CYP2D6 inhibitors. Reserpine Reserpine binds irreversibly to VMAT2 and the duration of its effect is several days. Prescribing reserpine for up to 72 hours before administering XENAZINE, to allow for overlapage and major depletion of serotonin and norepinephrine in the CNS. At least 14 days should elapse after stopping reserpine before starting XENAZINE. XENAZINE and reserpine should not be used concomitantly. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) XENAZINE is contraindicated in patients taking MAOIs. XENAZINE should not be used in combination with an MAOI, or within a minimum of 14 days of discontinuing therapy with an MAOI. Alcohol Concurrent use of alcohol or other sedating drugs may have additive effects and worsen sedation and somnolence. Drugs That Cause QTc Prolongation Since XENAZINE causes a small increase in QTc prolongation (about 4 msec), the concomitant use of other drugs that are known to cause QTc prolongation should be avoided including antipsychotic medications (e.g., chlorpromazine, haloperidol, thioridazine, ziprasidone), antibiotics (e.g., moxifloxacin), Class 1A (e.g., quinidine, procainamide), and Class III (e.g., amiodarone, sotalol). Other medications that are known to cause QTc interval prolongation should also be avoided in patients with congenital long QT syndrome and in patients with a history of cardiac arrhythmias. Certain circumstances may increase the risk of the occurrence of torsade de pointes and/or sudden death, including: (1) pre-existing prolongation of the QTC interval; (2) hypokalemia; (3) concomitant use of other drugs that prolong the QTC interval; and (4) presence of congenital prolongation of the QT interval. Neuroleptic Drugs Adverse reactions associated with XENAZINE, such as QTc prolongation, NMS, and extrapyramidal disorders, may be exaggerated by concomitant use of dopamine antagonists, including antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, haloperidol, olanzapine, risperidone, thioridazine, ziprasidone). USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Pregnancy Pregnancy Category C There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. XENAZINE should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Tetrazenazine has no effect on embryo-fetal development when administered to pregnant rats throughout the period of organogenesis at oral doses up to 30 mg/kg/day (or 3 times the maximum recommended human dose [MRHD] of 100 mg/day on a mg/m² basis). Tetrazenazine had no effect on embryo-fetal development when administered to pregnant rabbits at oral doses up to 10 mg/kg/day at or close to the MRHD (or 3 times the MRHD on a mg/m² basis). Because neither rat nor rabbit dosed with tetrazenazine produce 9-desmethyl-beta-DHTEZ, a major human metabolite, these studies may not have adequately addressed the potential effects of tetrazenazine on embryo-fetal development. When tetrazenazine was administered to female monkeys (doses of 15, and 30 mg/kg/day) from the beginning of organogenesis through the lactation period, an increase in stillbirths and offspring postnatal mortality was observed at 15 and 30 mg/kg/day and delayed pup maturation was observed at all doses. The no-effect dose for maternal toxicity and pup mortality was 0.5 times the MRHD on a mg/m² basis. Because rats dosed with tetrazenazine do not produce 9-desmethyl-beta-DHTEZ, a major human metabolite, this study may not have adequately assessed the potential effects of tetrazenazine on the offspring of women exposed to tetrazenazine via lactation. Labor and Delivery The effect of XENAZINE on labor and delivery in humans is unknown. Nursing Mothers It is not known whether XENAZINE or its metabolites are excreted in human milk. Since many drugs are excreted into human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from XENAZINE, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue XENAZINE, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. Pediatric Use The safety and efficacy of XENAZINE in children have not been established. Geriatric Use The pharmacokinetics of XENAZINE and its primary metabolites have not been formally studied in geriatric subjects. Use in Patients with Hepatic Disease The use of XENAZINE in patients with liver disease is contraindicated. Use in Patients with Depression and Suicidality Patients with HD are at increased risk for depression, suicidal ideation and behavior (suicidality), and XENAZINE increases these risks. XENAZINE is contraindicated in patients with untreated or inadequately treated depression or who are actively suicidal. XENAZINE may exacerbate the risk of depression or suicidality in patients with a history of depression or suicidal behavior or in patients with diseases, conditions, or treatments that cause depression or suicidality. Depression Symptoms of sadness, worsening of depression, withdrawal, insomnia, irritability, hostility (aggressiveness), akathisia (psychomotor restlessness), anxiety, agitation, or panic attacks may increase with XENAZINE. Depression/worsening depression was noted in 35% of XENAZINE-treated patients during studies with XENAZINE. Suicidality The rate of completed suicide among individuals with Huntington’s disease ranges from 3-13% and over 25% of patients with HD attempt suicide at some point in their illness. Use in Poor or Extensive CYP2D6 Metabolizers Patients requiring treatment with XENAZINE at a dose of 50 mg per day, should be first tested and employed to determine if they are poor (PMs) or extensive metabolizers (EMs) by their ability to clear the drug metabolizing enzyme, CYP2D6. The dose of XENAZINE should then be individualized according to their status as either poor (PMs) or extensive metabolizers (EMs). Poor Metabolizers Poor CYP2D6 metabolizers (PMs) will have substantially higher levels of exposure to the primary metabolites (about 5-fold for α-HTBZ and 9-fold for β-HTBZ), compared to EMs. The dosage should, therefore, be adjusted according to a patient’s CYP2D6 metabolizer status by using a starting dose of approximately 25 mg and the recommended daily dose to not exceed a maximum of 50 mg/day in patients who are CYP2D6 PMs. Extensive/Intermediate Metabolizers In extensive (EMs) or intermediate metabolizers (IMs), the dosage of XENAZINE can be titrated to a maximum of 100 mg/day, with a recommended maximum daily dose of 100 mg. Use in Patients at Risk from QTc Prolongation XENAZINE causes a small increase in QTc interval (4 msec). It should be avoided in patients with congenital long QT syndrome, or a history of hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia, or cardiac arrhythmias (e.g., tachycardia, or cardiac arrest) and other conditions that are known to prolong QTc. XENAZINE, antiarrhythmic medications (e.g., chlorpromazine, haloperidol, thioridazine, ziprasidone), antibiotics (e.g., moxifloxacin), Class 1A (e.g., quinidine, procainamide), and Class III (e.g., amiodarone, sotalol), antihypertamic medications or any other medication that prolongs the QTc interval. Use in Patients with Renal Disease The effects of renal insufficiency in the pharmacokinetics of XENAZINE and its primary metabolites have not been formally studied. DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE Drug Abuse and Substance Class XENAZINE is not a controlled substance. Abuse Clinical trials did not reveal any tendency for drug seeking behavior, though these observations are limited by the short duration of the studies and lack of experience from the postmarketing experience in countries where XENAZINE has been marketed. As with any CNS-active drug, physicians should carefully evaluate patients for a history of drug abuse and follow such patients closely, observing them for signs of XENAZINE misuse or abuse (such as development of tolerance, increasing dose requirements, drug-seeking behavior). Drug discontinuation of XENAZINE from patients did not produce symptoms of withdrawal or a discontinuation syndrome, only symptoms of the original disease were observed to re-emerge. OVERDOSAGE Human Experience Three episodes of overdose occurred in the open-label trials performed in support of registration. Eight cases of overdose with XENAZINE have been reported in the literature. The dose of XENAZINE in these patients ranged from 100 mg to 1g. Adverse reactions associated with overdosage of XENAZINE included nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, sweating, sedation, hypertension, confusion, diarrhea, hallucinations, rubor, and tremor. Management of Overdose Treatment should consist of those general measures employed in the management of overdose from any CNS-active drug. General supportive and symptomatic measures are recommended. Cardiac rhythm and vital signs should be monitored. In managing overdose, the possibility of multiple drug involvement should always be considered. The physician should consider contacting a poison control center on the treatment of any overdose. Telephone numbers for certified poison control centers are listed in the Physicians’ Desk Reference® (PDR®). Xenazine is a registered trademark of Valeant International Bermuda September 2012 XZN455 Deerfield, IL 60015, U.S.A. Surgery May Reduce Seizure Frequency in Patients With Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome Children with a one-sided brain abnormality may be candidates for curative epilepsy surgery. SEATTLE—Resective epilepsy surgery may be an effective treatment option for certain children with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome secondary to early focal brain lesion or injury, according to findings presented at the 68th Annual Meeting of the American Epilepsy Society. Ahsan Moosa Naduvil, MD, a neurologist at the Cleveland Clinic Epilepsy Center, and colleagues studied 36 patients with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome who underwent epilepsy surgery at the Cleveland Clinic for focal, lobar, or multilobar resection or hemispherectomy between June 1, 2002 and June 31, 2012. All participants had developed epilepsy as a result of brain lesions or injuries. Of the 36 patients, 17 sustained injury before they were born, 10 sustained injury immediately before or after they were born, and nine sustained injury between ages 2 months and 3 years. At the time of surgery, the patients ranged in age from newborn to 18 years and were experiencing multiple seizures per day. When the investigators conducted follow-up visits at six months to 6.6 years after surgery, they observed that 19 patients were seizure-free. Of the patients who still were having seizures, two had late remission at two years after surgery, and five became almost seizure-free, with an average of nine seizures per month. At the last follow-up visit, 24 patients were either seizure-free or had experienced a major reduction in seizure frequency. “In the past, children with features of Lennox–Gastaut syndrome were not considered to be candidates for epilepsy surgery that involves removal of the seizure focus,” said Dr. Naduvil. “Our study confirms that selected children with early brain lesions may be rendered seizure-free with epilepsy surgery.” The authors performed a survival analysis based on the duration of time between seizures. They calculated the chance of seizure freedom as 60.1% at 12 months, 51% at 24 months, and 40.8% at 30 months or more. “Most of the patients with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome are not candidates for curative surgery, but there is a small subset—especially the ones with an MR abnormality, especially the ones with a one-sided brain abnormality. They may be candidates for epilepsy surgery,” said Dr. Naduvil. Before a neurologist considers palliative surgery for a patient with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome who is not responding to medications, he or she should evaluate the patient for a curative surgery, he concluded. —Erik Greb Exploring the FDA’s Flexibility With Novel Orphan Therapies The FDA has consistently exercised reasonable, appropriate, science-based flexibility in its review and approval of rare disease therapies. ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA—Since the 1983 passage of the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA has approved 162 orphan drugs and new chemical entities for noncancer rare diseases. The Orphan Drug Act grants the FDA flexibility in its review of these therapies, but has the FDA actually exercised flexibility in the approval process, and if it has, what is the nature and scope of that flexibility? At the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) Rare Diseases and Orphan Products Breakthrough Summit, Frank J. Sasinowski, MS, MPH, JD, reviewed the FDA’s track record with regard to the approval of novel orphan therapies. Mr. Sasinowski is a Director at Hyman, Phelps & McNamara, a food and drug law firm specializing in the areas of new drug development, controlled substances, advertising, and health care law. “Three years ago, at this very summit, I unveiled the analysis that had been done looking at how the FDA had approved the 135 orphan drugs and new chemical entities from the time the Orphan Drug Act was enacted through July 1, 2010,” Mr. Sasinowski said. “What I want to do today is present an update—what’s happened in the four years since 2010.” A Bit of Background In 1962, the food and drug laws were changed to require that the sponsor of a new drug show by substantial treatment effectiveness that a drug has a benefit. This was to be done through adequate, well-controlled studies, which was interpreted to mean two. But for rare disease therapies, that presented unique challenges. The Orphan Drug Act addressed some of these challenges but did not change the quantity of evidence that was necessary for approval. In 1983, Mr. Sasinowski was working at the FDA. It was his original analysis of the Orphan Drug Act that led to the 1984 and 1985 amendments to the law that made it work. Of the 135 drug approvals reviewed for the original analysis, Mr. Sasinowski was personally involved in about 20%. Of the 27 approvals since the original analysis, Mr. Sasinowski was again involved in about 20%. “I know the law and I know how much evidence the FDA needs to make an approval,” Mr. Sasinowski said. For his original analysis, Mr. Sasinowski gathered all the statistical and medical reviews of the 135 new chemical entities that were approved up to July 1, 2010. “It filled 27 boxes, and I personally read 27 boxes of medical and statistical information,” he said. He then classified each approval into one of three categories. “The first thing I did was to see whether there were two adequate, well-controlled studies that met their primary end points by their prespecified primary analysis,” Mr. Sasinowski continued. “I classified those as ‘conventional.’ Those were not different from anything else—that is, they would have been approved if they were for hypertension. And that’s all I was going to do. I was just going to say conventional or not.” The ‘not’ category would mean regulatory flexibility. But one senior FDA official, Dr. Robert Temple, suggested providing more detail. “So after I declared that an approval wasn’t conventional, I then determined whether it was based on administrative flexibility,” which was defined as one of those systems the FDA has in place (such as Subpart H, which is also called accelerated approval or fast track, or another formal regulatory system such as FDAMA 115), or if not approved under administrative flexibility, then the approval was classified as an example of case-by-case flexibility. Ninety of 135 orphan drug approvals (67%) from 1983 to 2010 resulted from some exercise of FDA flexibility. “Two-thirds of all the orphans that were approved were approved with some form of flexibility. This shows that the FDA was exercising reasonable, appropriate, science-based flexibility in its review and approval of these applications,” Mr. Sasinowski said. While the concept might not have been surprising, the numbers were. “It really startled people. This was a game changer.” People had a vague sense that the FDA was treating orphans different, “but until I did the analysis, no one knew what that really meant—no one at FDA, no one in industry, no one in academia or in the investment community,” Mr. Sasinowski said. That Was Then, This Is Now The original findings set the stage, but an update was needed. “We were looking to see whether that degree of flexibility that we saw in the first 27 years of the FDA’s implementation of the Orphan Drug Act was still occurring in the last four years,” Mr. Sasinowski said. He and his colleagues undertook an analysis of the 27 new orphan drugs approved in the past four years (again excluding cancer therapies), and the results were exactly the same as in the original analysis. About two-thirds of the approvals for rare disease therapies involved some form of flexibility. Specifically, 19 orphan products were approved through regulatory flexibility. Most of them (14) were approved with administrative flexibility. An additional five required case-by-case flexibility. The remaining eight products that were approved met conventional evidentiary requirements. “The FDA is maintaining the same level of flexibility, which is commendable,” Mr. Sasinowski said. “The FDA continues to show the same degree of flexibility that it has since the beginning.” —Glenn S. Williams SUGGESTED READING Woodcock J. The future of orphan drug development. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;92(2):140-148. Baltimore—Early changes in quantitative EEG measures, such as increased gamma and theta activity in all sleep–wake states, may be a reliable biomarker of Huntington’s disease in mice, according to research presented at the 27th Annual Meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies. “Identifying the source of the abnormal gamma oscillations in this model could tell us a lot about the pathophysiology of the disease,” said Simon P. Fisher, PhD. Increased theta activity and a slowing of theta peak frequency suggest the involvement of the hippocampus, and previous investigations of the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington’s disease have found inclusion bodies and polyglutamine aggregates in the hippocampus. Sleep–wake disruption and abnormalities in the EEG are evident in R6/2 mice and in humans with Huntington’s disease, but neurologists cannot yet make direct translational inferences from these data, said Dr. Fisher, Research Scientist at SRI International in Menlo Park, California. Further studies of EEG changes in other preclinical models will be necessary to validate these findings, particularly because no single model recapitulates all features of the human disease. Nevertheless, the present study supports the EEG as a potential biomarker in preclinical drug development for Huntington’s disease, he added. A Longitudinal Analysis of Sleep Phenotype Dr. Fisher and colleagues conducted a longitudinal analysis of the sleep phenotype in R6/2 mice. The investigators implanted 7-week-old male and female R6/2 mice for EEG and performed 48-hour baseline recordings at 9, 13, and 17 weeks of age. During the 10-week study, the mice underwent three sleep-deprivation periods at each of these ages, each of which was followed by a recovery period. Throughout the study, the researchers recorded the mice’s activity and body temperature continuously using inductive telemetry. During the study, activity patterns for R6/2 mice disintegrated, and the mice displayed a consistent low level of activity throughout each 24-hour day by 17 weeks. In addition, the diurnal rhythm of body temperature flattened in R6/2 mice by 13 weeks and was disrupted dramatically by 17 weeks. Pronounced hypothermia during the dark period at this time suggested severe metabolic disturbances in the mouse model, said Dr. Fisher. Gamma Activity Increased in R6/2 Mice Gamma activity was between six and eight times greater in the non-REM sleep of R6/2 mice, compared with wild-type mice, by 17 weeks. Theta power also increased in REM and non-REM sleep for the R6/2 mice, compared with wild-type mice. In addition, baseline non-REM delta power decreased in R6/2 mice, compared with wild-type mice. The investigators also examined non-REM delta power after sleep deprivation. No differences were evident between R6/2 and wild-type mice at nine weeks, but the researchers observed crested impairments in R6/2 mice at 13 weeks that progressed to 17 weeks, suggesting that the sleep rebound is compromised in these mice. Theta peak frequency also decreased progressively for R6/2 mice. “One of the main aims of future research is to understand how these sleep abnormalities in this phenotype interact with the other symptoms in this model—particularly cognitive dysfunction and altered metabolism,” said Dr. Fisher. In previous studies, cognitive function improved in R6/2 mice that received hypnotics and stimulants to normalize their sleep–wake cycles. This work suggests that treating sleep disorders “might be a novel therapeutic angle in Huntington’s disease,” concluded Dr. Fisher. —Erik Greb SUGGESTED READING Fisher SP, Black SW, Schwarz MD, et al. Longitudinal analysis of the electroencephalogram and sleep phenotype in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease. Brain 2013;136(pt 7):2159-2172. Hua J, Unschuld PG, Margolis RL, et al. Elevated arteriolar cerebral blood volume in prodromal Huntington's disease. Mov Disord 2013 Jul 11 [Epub ahead of print]. Pignatelli M, Lebreton E, Cho YH, Leinekugel X. "Ectopic" theta oscillations and interictal activity during slow-wave state in the R6/1 mouse model of Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2012;48(3):409-417. Tool May Help Identify Cognitive Deficits in Patients With Huntington’s Disease The brief cognitive measure may not distinguish between healthy subjects and persons at risk for the disease, however. SAN DIEGO—The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) may help neurologists assess cognitive deficits in patients with Huntington’s disease, according to a study presented at the 65th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology. Results of the RBANS correlate well with those of other common cognitive and functional measures for patients with Huntington’s disease and persons at risk for the disorder. The test may be less useful, however, in distinguishing between at-risk individuals and healthy individuals, except when the at-risk individuals are estimated to be within 10 years of disease onset. Comparing RBANS and Other Common Cognitive Tests Elizabeth Breen, research assistant at Neurosciences University of California in San Diego, and colleagues administered the RBANS to 25 patients with Huntington’s disease, 28 patients at risk for the disease, and 19 controls. The participants also underwent the Mini Mental State Examination, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, and the Total Functional Capacity section of the Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale. The researchers compared RBANS scores for each study group using a one-way analysis of variance and multiple comparisons tests. Ms. Breen also used Pearson’s $r$ to examine the correlation between RBANS scores and the other cognitive and functional measures. RBANS Results Distinguished Controls From Patients With Huntington’s Disease The study participants were well matched with regard to age and education. At-risk subjects and controls had similar scores on the cognitive measures, but scores for patients with Huntington’s disease indicated cognitive impairment. At-risk subjects and controls achieved perfect scores on functional measures, and the Huntington’s group’s average score was 9, which indicates mild functional impairment. Patients with Huntington’s disease also exhibited more motor symptoms than did at-risk individuals. The researchers found significant differences in mean RBANS total scores and in each of the subscales between patients with Huntington’s disease and controls. The effect sizes were also large. Patients with Huntington’s disease “were impaired and had lower scores, [but] were nowhere near the bottom of the scale,” said Ms. Breen. “On the other hand, the controls didn’t really approach a maximum score in any category. This suggests that the RBANS doesn’t show floor or ceiling effects,” she added. A comparison of mean RBANS scores for patients with Huntington’s disease and at-risk individuals revealed significant differences in total score and in each of the subscales except the visuospatial section. Again, the effect sizes were large. No significant differences in RBANS scores were apparent, however, between at-risk subjects and controls. When the researchers compared at-risk patients who were within 10 years of disease onset—according to the Langbehn equation—to controls, they found significant differences in total RBANS score, visuospatial ability, and delayed memory. Effect sizes in those categories were large. “This [result] suggests that as patients get closer to conversion to Huntington’s disease, the RBANS might be sensitive to some of the cognitive changes that begin to appear,” said Ms. Breen. —Erik Greb SUGGESTED READING Beglinger L, Daif K, Allison I, et al. Cognitive change in patients with Huntington disease on the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2010;32(6):573-578. Mickes L, Jacobson M, Peavy G, et al. A comparison of two brief screening measures of cognitive impairment in Huntington’s disease. Mov Disord. 2010;25(13):2229-2233. For more than 25 years, NORD has been providing Patient Assistance Programs that are collaborative, innovative and pioneering. Collaborative Since 1983, NORD has served as the hub of the rare disease community, connecting patients and professionals with trusted resources. NORD’s programs of advocacy, education and research complement and strengthen its Patient Assistance Programs. Innovative NORD provides innovative programs and customized services to assure patient access to the care their healthcare providers want them to have. Pioneering In 1987, NORD established the first-ever Patient Assistance Program for medications. Since then, NORD has demonstrated leadership as new needs and opportunities to serve patients have been identified. “Patients and families referred to NORD are treated with respect, kindness and professionalism. It is an excellent organization with an unparalleled history of commitment to the patient community.” — Manher A. Joshi, MD Medication Assistance • Premium and Co-pay Assistance • Travel and Lodging Assistance for Clinical Trials Expanded Access/Random Selection • Emergency or Limited Access • Ancillary Access National Organization for Rare Disorders For more information, visit us at: RareDiseases.org CONSIDER ONE MORE IN THE DIAGNOSTIC JOURNEY - Muscle biopsy - Acid α-glucosidase (GAA) assay - Various blood tests - Electrocardiograms - Nerve conduction tests - Pulmonary function tests - Reflex testing - X-rays - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - Sleep studies TESTING FOR UNEXPLAINED NEUROMUSCULAR CONDITIONS CAN BE EXTENSIVE. Screening for GAA enzyme activity (through whole blood or dried blood spot [DBS] testing) can impact a 13-year average diagnostic delay for patients with Pompe disease.\textsuperscript{1–3} What’s more: free testing kits are available. RULE OUT POMPE: Speak to a Genzyme Pompe Disease Associate today about setting up a testing protocol for your office. Call 1-800-745-4447, and select Option 2. References: \textsuperscript{1} Tavacano A, Montagnese F, Musumeci O. Early is better? A new algorithm for early diagnosis in late onset Pompe disease (LOPD). Acta Myol. 2013;32(2):78–81. \textsuperscript{2} Kishnani PS, Amartino HM, Lindeberg C, Miller TM, Wilson A, Keutzer J. Pompe Registry Boards of Advisors. Timing of diagnosis of patients with Pompe disease: data from the Pompe Registry. Am J Med Genet A. 2013;161A(10):2437-2443. \textsuperscript{3} Winkelb IPI, Ragemans MLC, van Doorn PA, et al. The natural course of non-classic Pompe’s disease: a review of 259 published cases. J Neurol. 2009;256(8):1879-1884.
The Selective Cytotoxicity of Quercus Brantii Lindl. Galls on A375 and SK-MEL-3 Human Malignant Melanoma Cell Lines Bahareh Sadat Yousefsani\textsuperscript{1}, Kamyar Mohajer\textsuperscript{2}, Ali Qobadi\textsuperscript{1}, Elahe Aghazadeh\textsuperscript{3}, Kobra Shirani\textsuperscript{3}, Jalal Pourahmad\textsuperscript{2} Abstract This study aimed to find out the mechanism of cytotoxic effects of galls of Quercus Brantii on A375 and SK-MEL-3 melanoma and AGO-1522 normal human fibroblast cell lines for the first time. Therefore, cell viability and cytotoxic activities were evaluated. Furthermore, ROS formation, lipid peroxidation, and release of cytochrome-c were also assessed. The results revealed that the extract of these galls at a concentration of 0.05 mg/ml significantly (P<0.001) increased cytotoxicity, ROS formation, TBARS formation, and cytochrome-c release in A375 and SK-MEL-3 melanoma cell lines compared to AGO-1522 normal human fibroblast. These results demonstrated that these galls can be considered a promising candidate which acts in synergy with anticancer agents used in the clinical treatment of human malignant melanoma. Keywords: Melanoma- Quercus- cytotoxicity- skin cancer Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 24 (7), 2383-2388 Introduction Malignant melanoma is a highly malignant and invasive skin tumor, which is the most fatal skin cancer (Habif, 2015). In recent decades, the worldwide incidence of that cancer has increased rapidly. Researches indicate that due to the aging of the population, melanoma prevalence is doubled every 10 to 20 years (Garbe and Leiter, 2009; Liu et al., 2016). Environmental factors including exposure to sunshine (especially type B ultraviolet radiation), occupational and nutritional factors, as well as multiple and abnormal nevi and immunosuppression are melanoma risk factors (Jiang et al., 2015; Noonan et al., 2012). Besides, genetic and epigenetic factors play an important role in this disease (Caini et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2015; Gandini et al., 2005). There are many efforts for reaching effective treatment for melanoma. Routine therapies include surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiation therapy, gene therapy, and immunotherapy. Surgery is the first-line treatment for local lesions, especially in the early stage. However, in advanced cases, due to the metastatic nature of this cancer, response to treatment is weak. Melanoma is resistant to common medications such as single-drug chemotherapy regimens and radiotherapy, therefore, suggesting novel, effective, and low-risk therapies (Guy Jr et al., 2015). The usage of medicinal plants in cancer therapy regimens has always been an interesting topic for research (Cragg and Newman, 2005). However, the herbal compounds and antioxidants in cancer therapy is still an important issue. But research has shown that nutritional advice provided to patients at the right time and under the supervision of a specialist can be somewhat helpful to treatment during the course of the disease and reduce drug side effects (Richardson, 2001; Tonkaboni et al., 2021). Researches have demonstrated the synergistic effects of natural products with various chemotherapeutic medications used to treat cancer (Guney Eskiler et al., 2019; Yurdacan et al., 2019). In a study by Abu Hazafa and his colleagues, the use of herbal compounds and especially polyphenols could be helpful in the treatment of various cancers through molecular mechanisms (Hazafa et al., 2020). Previous studies reported the effectiveness of natural products in the treatment of malignant melanoma (Gladfelter et al., 2017; Iranzadasl et al., 2021). Quercus Brantii Lindl. (Oak), belongs to the family of Fagaceae. They are medium or short trees in size. There are galls (locally called ‘mazoo’) that arise on its younger branches which are caused by the gall wasp Adleria gallae-tinctoria offense (Samuelson and Bohlin, 1992). These trees are widespread in provinces like Lorestan and Kordestan in Iran. Tannins, gallic acid, syringic acid, ellagic acid, β-sitosterol, amentoflavone, ether, and isocryptomerin are some of the main gall compounds. Quercus Brantii galls are used for decades in Persian medicine for treating different types of inflammation (Aghili, 2009). Previous researches have been reported that these galls have many pharmacological effects like: astringent, anti-pyretic, anti-parkinsonism (Kaur et al., 2004), local anesthetic, central nervous system depressant, analgesic (Dar et al., 1976; Kaur et al., 2004), anti-diabetic (Hwang et al., 2000; Kaur et al., 2004), anti-bacterial (Rodriguez and Rull, 1980; Sawangjaroen et al., 2004), anti-oxidant (Hamid et al., 2005; Kaur et al., 2008) and anti-inflammatory (Kaur et al., 2004). In this mechanistic cellular study, we wanted to demonstrate whether the hydroalcoholic extract of galls could be helpful in the treatment of human malignant melanoma. Materials and Methods Chemicals 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) and rhodamine from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie (GmbH, Munich, Germany), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), n-butanol, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HETAB), 2,4,6-tri (2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), methanol, hydrochloric acid (HCl), malondialdehyde (MDA), ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), O-di anisidine hydrochloride, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, sodium acetate, Coomassie reagent, bovine serum albumin (BSA), ferric chloride (FeCl3 · 6 H2O), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4), potassium hydrogen diphosphate (K2HPO4), peroxyde hydrogen (H2O2) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) from Merck (Germany) and galls of Quercus Brantii were purchased from Iran. Preparation of Plant Sample The galls of Quercus Brantii were purchased from the market of medicinal plants in Tehran, Iran, in December 2020. They looked fresh and ground well (Figure 1). The document of the sample was preserved in the Herbarium of the Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran (No. 6730-TEH). The dried galls of Quercus Brantii were powdered. The ethanolic extract was prepared by mixing the 30 g of mentioned powder with ethanol/water (70/30) mixture (21.8 g dry weight corresponding to 73% w/w) (Alizade Naini et al., 2021). Cell culture All procedures were conducted according to the ethical standards and protocols approved by the Experimentation Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Human malignant melanoma, A375 cell line, and normal human fibroblast, AGO-1522 cell line, were obtained from the Iranian biological resource center (Tehran, Iran). In this study, The AGO-1522 cell line was used as a healthy control cell line. The mentioned cell lines were grown as a monolayer culture in an RPMI medium supplemented with 1% nonessential amino acids, 1% L-glutamine, 100 IU per mL penicillin, 100 IU per mL streptomycin, 20 mg/mL glutamine, and 10% bovine serum at 37°C in a 5% CO₂ humidified atmosphere and 95% air in a CO₂ incubator. Cells were passaged twice/week under sterile conditions. Cell lines at the exponential growth phase were washed, trypsinized, and resuspended in a fresh medium. Cells were seeded at a concentration of 104 cells/well in the 96-microtitre plate. The mentioned cells were exposed to various concentrations of the galls of Quercus Brantii extracts for 24 h. MTT assay The anti-proliferation effect is the first indication to be assessed when investigating novel antitumor agents, thus the cell growth inhibitory activity of plant extract was initially assessed on the melanoma cell line and normal human fibroblast 24 h after treatment with different concentrations of the extract and IC₅₀ which 50% of the cells in the plate lost their proliferation and viability, was defined by regression analysis and related models with probit regression model procedure using PRISM program. Then, the cytotoxicity effects of galls of Quercus Brantii extract was evaluated on the melanoma cell line in comparison with normal human fibroblast using MTT assay (Alizade Naini et al., 2021). Lipid peroxidation assay Cellular lipid peroxidation was investigated by measuring the amount of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) formed during the decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides. The absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically (Beckman DU-7 spectrophotometer) (sadat Yousefsani et al., 2020). Reactive oxygen species production For determination the free radical scavenging activity of galls, dichlorofluorescin diacetate (1.6 µM) was added to cell plates. ROS were determined spectrofluorometrically (Shimadzu RF5000U, Japan) by the measurement of highly florescent DCFH. The results were expressed as fluorescent intensity per 106 cells (Kiiani et al., 2017). Cytochrome-c Release Assay The concentration of cytochrome-c was determined by using the Cytochrome-c Immunoassay kit provided by R & D Systems, Inc. (Minneapolis, Minn) and the optical density of each well was determined by spectrophotometer set to 450 nm (Waseem et al., 2017). Statistical Analysis Statistical Results are reported as mean ± SD. Assays were performed in triplicate and the mean was used for statistical analysis. Statistical significance (all tests) was determined using the one-way ANOVA test followed by the post hoc Tukey. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results MTT Assay Due to MTT assay results, normal fibroblast and melanoma cancer cell lines had acted differently when exposed to the gall extract of Quercus Brantii in a dose-dependent manner. The IC$_{50}$ of the gall extract of Quercus Brantii for the human melanoma cell line was 0.0523 mg/ml and for the normal fibroblast cell line was 0.719 mg/ml. Therefore, all of the tests were done at 0.0523 mg/ml concentration (Figure 1). As shown in Figure 2, extract-treated human melanoma cell line after 24 and 48 h showed a significant decrease in cell viability ($p < 0.001$). On the other hand, there was not a significant decrease in the normal fibroblast cell line at this dose and duration (Figure 2). Lipid peroxidation assay The addition of Quercus Brantii gall extract (0.0523 mg/ml) to human melanoma cell line, significantly increased MDA formation compared to their corresponding control normal fibroblast cell ($P < 0.001$) (Figure 3). ROS formation As shown in Figure 4, Quercus brantii extract at a concentration of 0.0523 mg/ml induced significant ROS formation in human melanoma cell line ($P < 0.001$). However, there was not a significant increase in ROS formation in normal fibroblast cell. Determination of Cytochrome-c Release As shown in Figure 5, the cytochrome-c release which is the result of the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential and disruption of mitochondrial outer membrane integrity occurred in the human melanoma cell line after treatment with Quercus Brantii gall extract. But, there was not a significant increase in the release of cytochrome-c in normal fibroblast cells. Discussion After heart diseases, cancer still is a moment driving reason for death worldwide (Millimouno et al., 2014). Therefore, this situation put a force on scientists to study and examine new medications for cancer treatment. Hence, many laboratories start working on natural products and their anticancer effects. Natural products can induce anticancer effects through many mechanisms such as the modulation of cell cycle signaling, neutralizing free radicals, removal of cancerous agents, antioxidant enzyme activity, and cell cycle arrest in human beings (Ramos, 2008). Natural products can modulate the Nrf2 and NF-κB (Gopalakrishnan and Kong, 2008). An in vitro study demonstrated herbal constituents significantly affect the MAPK and PI3K cells that revealing their participation in cancer cell proliferation (Dhillon et al., 2007). Furthermore, Plant constituents like crocin, quercetin, apigenin, genistein, and luteolin can induce apoptosis in different types of malignant cells (Vauzour et al., 2010; YousefsaniBoozari et al., 2021; YousefsaniMehri et al., 2021). Oxidative stress and ROS formation and destructions in DNA are the most important cause that activates the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, rupturing the mitochondrial membrane which results in the cytochrome-c release (Dhillon et al., 2007; sadat Yousefsani et al., 2020). In this study, we evaluated the anticancer effect of Quercus Brantii gall extract on the human malignant melanoma. MTT study demonstrated that Quercus Brantii gall extract has a beneficial effect on the cytotoxicity of the human malignant melanoma cell line. Furthermore, evaluation of lipid peroxidation shows a significant increase in TBARS formation in the human malignant melanoma cell line. Besides, ROS formation in mentioned cell line showed a significant increase. Finally, the cytochrome-c release which is the result of the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential and disruption of mitochondrial membrane integrity was happened in the human malignant melanoma cell line. All these results indicate that the extract has a very good and abundant effect in the treatment of malignant melanoma. On the other hand, there are some safety concerns regarding the treatment of melanoma using natural compounds, even when these traditional medicines have been used for thousands of years. But, this study has another important finding. The normal fibroblast cell line was not affected by the Quercus Brantii gall extract. This golden finding means that Quercus Brantii extract can safely use in patients with malignant melanoma without any worries about possible damage to normal healthy cells. It is suggested that the galls of Quercus Brantii have a certain degree of selectivity against malignant melanoma compared with normal skin cells. However, further studies are needed. There are few studies on the pharmacological effects on galls of Quercus Brantii extract. For example, Moradi et al. revealed antioxidant effects of Quercus Brantii gall extract (Moradi et al., 2016). Khanavi et al. evaluated the effects of Quercus Brantii gall extract on colitis in mice. This study showed high TNF-a, IL-6, and NO inhibitory activity, indicating that the bioactive compounds present in the extract have the potential to reduce inflammation (Khanavi et al., 2014). Furthermore, Alizade Naini et al., (2021) confirmed the curative effect of Quercus Brantii gall extract on decreasing ulcerative colitis in rats. The inhibitory effect on MAO and MBA indicates promising healing stimulatory and anti-inflammatory properties as well as antioxidant effects which make it an appropriate agent for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. In a study by Karimi et al. total phenolic, flavonoid, and flavonol content was identified which revealed that this plant is a rich source of these agents (Karimi and Moradi, 2015). Polyphenols including gallic acid are responsible for the main antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of galls of Quercus Brantii. The antioxidants and anti-cytokines usually prevent complications or further progress of the inflammatory disease (Karimi and Moradi, 2015). In addition, there are certain limitations to this study. The anti-melanoma effect of galls of Quercus Brantii was only evaluated in one human melanoma cell line, A375, and thus other skin cancer cells will be using to further explore the therapeutic effect of galls of Quercus Brantii in subsequent studies. In conclusion, natural products especially herbal products are important in cancer therapy because of their reachability, safety, innocuity, inexpensiveness, proficiency, and being hostile to malignant capacity. Phytochemicals have revealed a significant therapeutic role in various malignancies, however, natural polyphenol compounds (specially flavonoids) represent a broad and assorted group in different types of cancers and even other diseases (Hashem-Dabaghian et al., 2022; Hazafa et al., 2020; Jamshidi et al., 2020; Kenari et al., 2021). Natural polyphenols have their own anticancer efficacy through various pathways. For instance, cancer prevention agent enzymatic movement, cellular cycle arrest (S/G2, G1, S, and G2 stages), by regulation of the Nrf2 and NF-kB cells, which prevent the cellular proliferation, apoptosis, MAPK signaling pathway, etc. The anticancer effects of natural polyphenols could be changed by doses, cancer types, and cell lines. The clinical trials are limited to these natural compounds. In conclusion, it is therefore strongly recommended to examine useful medicinal herbs like full of antioxidants galls of Quercus Brantii in the clinic concurrent with standard therapies to determine their benefit in patients who suffered from cancer. As it is clear, the synthesis of new formulations of natural phenolic compounds which is well-targeted and well-designed can lead to the development of clinically beneficial medications with efficiency and selectivity. Author Contribution Statement Jalal Pourahmad and Bahareh Sadat Yousefsani contributed to this research in formulating the research question(s), designing the study, carrying it out as thesis supervisors, analyzing the data, and writing paper. Kobra Shirani, Ali Qobadi and Elahe Aghazadeh contributed to this research in supervising some experiments and analyzing the data and giving scientific advice. Kamyar Mohajer contributed to this research in carrying out the experiments and performing statistical analysis as the thesis student. Acknowledgements This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences with the ethical code: IR.SBMU.PHARMACY.REC.1399.404. The data provided in this article was extracted from the Pharm.D. thesis of Dr. Kamyar Mohajer. Data Availability Data presented in this study is available upon request. Conflict of Interest All authors declared that there is no conflict of interest. References Aghili M (2009). Mazoo In Makhzan al-advieh (Persian). Tehran University Press, pp 611–2. Alizade Naini M, Mehrvarzi S, Zargari-Samadnejadi A, et al (2021). The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Quercus brantii extract on TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Evid Based Complementary Altern Med, 2021. Caini S, Masala G, Saieva C, et al (2017). 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Washington University Magazine, Spring 2005 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/ad_wumag Recommended Citation "Washington University Magazine, Spring 2005", . (2005). Bernard Becker Medical Library Archives. Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri. https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/ad_wumag/172 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington University Publications at Digital Commons@Becker. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington University Magazine by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Becker. For more information, please contact email@example.com. Stem Cells Offer Hope for Healing Professor Steven Teitelbaum and other University researchers strongly support somatic cell nuclear transfer research and its potential to fight disease. Examining Women’s Health The Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum is presenting Inside Out Loud: Visualizing Women’s Health in Contemporary Art, the first major museum-level exhibition dedicated to women’s health. “Rather than standing as an object of visual fascination, the female body in these artworks becomes a generating force that spurs artistic and conceptual innovations,” says guest curator Janine Mileaf, assistant professor of art history at Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania. Among the artists examining the private, personal experience of disease is Sarah McEneaney. Her 1992 painting, Self Examination, above, documents quiet moments from everyday life. Inside Out Loud runs from January 21 through April 24, 2005, in Steinberg Hall. 2 Frontrunners Short takes on WU's community of great minds and great ideas. 8 Baskets Bring Blessings The Blessing Basket Project gets an award-winning business plan from undergraduate and graduate business students. 10 Hard-Working Model An innovative researcher and devoted teacher, Professor Carl Bender is changing the way physicists look at quantum mechanics. 14 Untangling Genetic Roots of Disease With equal intensity, Professor Alison Goate searches for genetic mutations responsible for several neuropsychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, alcoholism, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 18 Art & Science: An Intriguing Blend Professor Ron Leax's cerebral artwork mixes science with the materials of daily life. 22 Stem Cells Hold Great Promise In the hopes of alleviating diseases such as Alzheimer's, diabetes, and Parkinson's, University scientists urge Missouri legislators not to ban the research procedure "somatic cell nuclear transfer." 26 Remembering the 'Forgotten Half' Alumnus Samuel Halperin's landmark study reveals the obstacles faced by non-college-bound youth in today's economy. His current focus is educating legislators on possible solutions. 28 Financial Career Adds Up to PBS Alumna Barbara Levy Landes wields a "can-do" attitude, bringing inspiration and positivity to her role as CFO of PBS, as a volunteer for Girls Inc. and WomenMatter, and as a mother of two young women. 31 Looking Skyward, Writer Earns His Wings Like a journalist with a poet's eye, Christopher Cokinos, M.F.A.W. '91, pursues stories of the obscure and natural—from extinct birds to meteorite hunters. 34 My Washington Ira and Judith Gall build on a family tradition of helping others, with the School of Medicine benefiting greatly from their service. 36 Alumni Activities The Alumni Association and Class of 2004 student leaders create an after-school reference book for young alums. 38 ClassMates 48 Washington Spirit: Don Strom A series spotlighting key faculty and staff who help make this great University run. Parents Enjoy Student Fashion Show Taking a bow during the student fashion show for a Parents Weekend audience of about 400 is Lindsay Segal (left), Art Class of '05, a fashion design major, who is joined by students modeling her designs. Segal's designs are inspired by a combination of Parisian architecture and the sophisticated designs of Cristobal Balenciaga in the 1950s. Biotech Firm Savors Success Latest report cards for Stereotaxis, a fledgling biotech firm nurtured by the University, have made the University and many others proud. The firm, which designs, manufactures, and markets an advanced cardiology instrument system—the Niobe® Magnetic Navigation System—for use in hospitals' cath labs, has had positive quarterly earnings reports since its initial public offering in August 2004. The first biotech startup in St. Louis to go public, Stereotaxis, founded in 1990, offers a system to enhance the treatment of coronary artery disease and arrhythmias. It is designed to allow physicians to more effectively navigate catheters, guidewires, and stent-delivery devices through the blood vessels and chambers of the heart to treatment sites. This is achieved by using computer-controlled, externally applied magnetic fields that precisely and directly govern the motion of the working tip of the catheter, guidewire, or stent-delivery device. Compared to conventional treatments, the system is more precise than manually controlled methods and reduces radiation exposure for the physician. A long-term goal for the system is increasing productivity by facilitating faster performance of procedures. Medical Professor Shares Nobel Prize Aaron Ciechanover, an Israeli, who is visiting professor of pediatrics at Washington University and the Research Distinguished Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Medicine of the Technion—Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, Israel, has, along with two colleagues, received the 2004 Nobel Prize in chemistry. Ciechanover, 57, who has spent a portion of each year at Washington University since 1986 and is the 22nd Nobel laureate associated with the University, shares the prize with Avram Hershko, 67, also an Israeli and professor at the Technion, and Irwin Rose, 78, an American, who is professor emeritus at the University of California in Irvine. In awarding the prize, the Royal Swedish Academy of Science cited the three for their groundbreaking discovery of a process that cells use to eliminate faulty and unneeded proteins, a finding that could help scientists find new medicines to fight diseases such as cancer. (One such drug, Velcade, is on the U.S. market, Ciechanover says, and "there are many more in the pipeline.") The process used by cells, according to the Associated Press, "gives doomed proteins a chemical label and then chops them up." That process in turn governs such key tasks as cell division, DNA repair, gene transcription, some immune defense functions, and quality control of newly produced proteins as well as post-translationally damaged "old" proteins. Defects in the process may cause diseases like cervical cancer and are linked to many inherited diseases. All three will share the $1.3 million cash prize for their aforementioned work, done in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Ciechanover earned a medical degree from Hadassah Medical School of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and was a graduate student in biochemistry with Hersko at the Technion. After four years at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, he returned to the Technion as a faculty member. Ciechanover's association with Washington University began with a sabbatical in the summer of 1986. Celebrating Our Books, Recognizing Our Authors Literary theorist Stanley Fish (right), distinguished professor of English, criminal justice, and political science and dean emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Illinois in Chicago, signed copies of some of his 10 books, including The Trouble with Principle (Harvard University Press, 1999), after his address during the third annual faculty book colloquium. The event honored Washington University scholars from Arts & Sciences disciplines. Architect for Trade Center Site Presents Plan Daniel Libeskind (far right) became one of the world’s best-known architects when the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation chose his plan for rebuilding “ground zero.” He had won the largest and most important architectural commission of the 21st century: master plan architect for the World Trade Center site. But the challenges to create his signature Freedom Tower and other visions for ground zero (above) were just beginning. Those battles and other aspects of his life and career are covered in his recent memoir Breaking Ground: Adventures in Life and Architecture (Riverhead Books, 2004), written with Sarah Crichton. Libeskind discussed his plans and presented a reading from the book to a capacity crowd at Graham Chapel on December 6, 2004. Born in Poland to Holocaust survivors, Libeskind immigrated with his family to Israel in 1957 and settled in New York City in 1959. A virtuoso musician before he studied architecture, he has designed buildings worldwide, including the Jewish Museum Berlin and the Imperial War Museum North in Manchester, England. In 1990, he founded Studio Daniel Libeskind, for which he is principal design architect, and now he’s building museums in Denver, San Francisco, and Toronto, as well as commercial and cultural projects in England, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Switzerland. Libeskind’s presentation included a book-signing offered by Left Bank Books, which sponsored the event along with the Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis and the University’s Sam Fox Arts Center and School of Architecture. Scientists Unlock Secrets of Natural Nuclear Reactors Today, nuclear reactors are associated with nuclear power plants like Three Mile Island. But some 2 billion years ago, natural nuclear reactors formed in uranium-rich rocks in the Oklo region of Gabon, West Africa, the only known natural nuclear-chain-reaction site in the world. And, for 150,000 years, the reactors produced pulses of power every three hours—they would be active for 30 minutes, then go into a 2.5-hour cool-down. Studying the site have been Alexander Meshik, senior research scientist in the Department of Physics in Arts & Sciences, and colleagues, who have precisely determined the details of how these reactors created the equivalent of a 100-kilowatt nuclear plant. These details provide evidence that it was the presence of water that not only provided self-regulation of the reactor, but also allowed it to avoid an explosive, self-destructive, runaway chain reaction. Analyzing a fragment of Gabon-site rock that’s less than one-eighth of an inch, Meshik has calculated that the precise isotopic structure of xenon, a gas, in the sample reveals that the reactors operated on a cyclical basis. The findings also suggest that the cycle was related to the presence of water in the rocks and its ability to be a neutron moderator, according to Meshik and his collaborators—Charles M. Hohenberg, professor of physics, and Olga Pravdivtseva, senior research scientist in physics. Evidently, as the temperature of the reactor went up, water was converted to steam, reducing the neutron thermalisation and shutting down the chain reaction. The chain reaction restarted only when the reactor cooled down and the water, which had boiled away, was replenished by groundwater flowing in the uranium veins. The scientists arrived at their findings, published in Physical Review Letters, by using a selective laser combined with sensitive, ion-counting mass spectrometry to analyze the xenon in the rock sample. From their analysis, they inferred not only how the reactors worked but also how they safely stored nuclear wastes. (The system’s waste absorber was alumophosphate, a uranium-free mineral assembly of lanthanum, cerium, strontium, and calcium.) Meshik explains that the findings, such as the importance of alumophosphate and the fact that water reached the boiling point at the reactor site, may give researchers ideas on how to operate contemporary nuclear reactors more safely and efficiently. “This is very impressive, to think that this natural fissionable material not only had enough mass to sustain a reaction but it also safely stored the waste,” Meshik says. “Nature is much smarter than we are. Nature is the first genius.” Alexander Meshik (center), senior research scientist, holds the rock fragment that he and colleagues Olga Pravdivtseva, senior research scientist, and Charles Hohenberg, professor of physics—all in Arts & Sciences—studied. Siteman Center Earns Highest NCI Status The Siteman Cancer Center has earned the National Cancer Institute’s highest designation—that of Comprehensive Cancer Center. This distinction recognizes the broad-based research, outreach, and educational activities that Siteman offers—and adds $21 million to the research funding it receives. “This honor and funding, adding to the $130 million in cancer research grants already held by researchers and clinicians affiliated with Siteman, will lead to improved strategies for cancer prevention, detection, and treatment,” says Timothy J. Eberlein, director of the Siteman Cancer Center and also the Spencer T. and Ann W. Olin Distinguished Professor, and the Bixby Professor of Surgery and head of the Department of Surgery, “and that will help reduce the burden of cancer locally and nationally.” The Center is the only NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center within a 240-mile radius. In the past year alone, more than 300 WUSTL physicians affiliated with Siteman cared for nearly 6,000 new and 30,000 follow-up cancer patients, and they conducted more than 350 clinical trials. IDAs—A Worldwide Tool Against Poverty The concept of IDAs (Individual Development Accounts) is one of those good ideas worth spreading around the world. That’s why the University’s Michael Sherraden, who conceived IDAs as a tool to enable low-income and low-wealth persons to save, build assets, and enter the financial mainstream, is happy that the idea is spreading nationally and internationally. IDAs encourage savings efforts among the poor by offering matching contributions, at the rate of 1:1, 2:1, or greater, from federal and state governments and/or private-sector organizations and individuals. IDA programs, implemented by community-based organizations in partnership with a financial institution that holds the deposits, reward the monthly savings of working-poor families trying to buy their first home, pay for post-secondary education, or start a small business. These matched savings accounts are similar to 401(k) plans but can serve a broad range of purposes. Sherraden, the Benjamin E. Youngdahl Professor of Social Development and founding director of the Center for Social Development (CSD) in the George Warren Brown School of Social Work, has seen his idea spread to the point that more than 35 states in the nation now have some type of IDA policy, and the idea has influenced policy development in Australia, Canada, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom. Most recently, there are two pilot programs in Uganda, through which guardians of orphans can have their savings for the children’s education matched 2:1 by sponsors in the United States. It’s a way to help thousands of upper primary school children orphaned by the scourge of HIV/AIDS have money for their secondary education and entrepreneurship. (Most of them are in the hands of elderly guardians, mainly widows who have no income to sustain them.) Fred Ssewamala, M.S.W. ’99, Ph.D. ’03, one of Sherraden’s doctoral students, who now is assistant professor in the School of Social Work at Columbia University in New York City, is spearheading the project in Kalisizo, Uganda. He, as a... (3–2) placed third out of eight teams competing. Teams in fall sports had outstanding seasons. The volleyball Bears (32–7) took second place in the NCAA Division III National Championships, held in Rochester, Minnesota. They fell just short of winning the national title, which they won in 2003 and seven other years. Kara Liefer, Arts & Sciences Class of ’06, and Whitney Smith, Arts & Sciences Class of ’07, were named to the NCAA All-Tournament Team. The women’s cross-country team made history by placing third at the NCAA Division III Championships, in Colfax, Wisconsin. The women’s soccer team, ranked 12th in the nation, finished the season with a 17–3–1 record and advanced to the NCAA Sectional Finals for the third time in school history. Goalkeeper Charlotte Felber, Arts & Sciences Class of ’05, who earned UAA Player of the Year honors in 2004 and is a three-time member of the UAA All-Academic Team, set several school records. The men’s soccer team had a 12–5–2 record. Colin Robinson, Arts & Sciences Class of ’05, starting goalkeeper, had a record-setting year and earned first-team Academic All-District VII honors for the second consecutive year. The football team (6–4) extended its school-record streak of winning seasons to 12 and won its fourth consecutive University Athletic Association (UAA) Championship. Team captain John Wook, Engineering Class of ’05, who led the defense with 85 tackles and five interceptions, won many academic and athletic honors. Ugandan who lost both parents and immediate relatives in the 1979 liberation war and grew up in poverty, understands the needs in Uganda. He was taken care of by relatives, guardians, and organizations that paid his fees for higher education until he received a scholarship to the United States. The other pilot program in Uganda, called Assets Africa, is a CSD initiative led by African graduate students in the University’s School of Social Work. For this five-year project, hosted by International Care Relief Uganda, Sherraden is principal investigator and doctoral student Gina Chowa, M.S.W. ’02, is research project manager. The project uses an asset-building model that is modified to be socially, culturally, and economically relevant to the African context. The Center for Social Development is seeking additional funding to expand this work in Africa. For more information, go online to gwweb.wustl.edu/csd/asset/idas.htm. Three faculty members have been named to endowed professorships: Nada Abumrad, professor of medicine, as the first Dr. Robert C. Atkins Professor of Medicine and Obesity Research; Daniel P. Kelly, H.S. ’88, professor of medicine, of molecular biology and pharmacology, and of pediatrics, as well as director of the Center for Cardiovascular Research and co-director of the Cardiovascular Division—all for the School of Medicine—and a cardiologist at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, as the Alumni Endowed Professor of Cardiovascular Diseases; and Yoram Rudy, professor of biomedical engineering in the School of Engineering & Applied Science, as the first Fred Saigh Distinguished Professor of Engineering. Floyd E. Bloom, M.D. ’60, University trustee and former editor of Science Magazine, has been awarded the Walsh McDermott Medal, given annually to a member of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) who has provided distinguished service to the National Academies, comprising IOM, National Academy of Engineering, National Academy of Sciences, and National Research Council. The Center for Mental Health Services Research in the George Warren Brown School of Social Work has received funding from the National Institute of Mental Health to become the nation’s first Advanced Center for Interventions and Services Research at a school of social work. Joel D. Cooper, the Evarts A. Graham Professor and chief of the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, has been awarded an honorary fellowship at the Royal College of Surgeons, internationally recognized as one of the world’s leading authorities in surgery. David W. Detjen, A.B. ’70, J.D. ’73, a partner in the New York office of Alston & Bird, LLP, and co-chair of the law firm’s New York international group, has been named a member of the University’s Board of Trustees. Timothy J. Eberlein, the Spencer T. and Ann W. Olin Distinguished Professor; the Bixby Professor of Surgery; chair, Department of Surgery; and director, Siteman Cancer Center, is editor-in-chief of the Journal of the American College of Surgeons. Professors in the School of Medicine who were named as new fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the world’s largest general scientific society, are Elliot L. Elson, Alumni Endowed Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics; Timothy M. Lohman, the Marvin A. Brennecke Professor of Biological Chemistry and professor of biochemistry and molecular biophysics; Jane E. Phillips-Conroy, professor of anatomy and neurobiology and also professor of anthropology in Arts & Sciences; and Herbert W. Virgin, professor of pathology and immunology and of molecular microbiology. Elected from Arts & Sciences were Gayle J. Fritz, professor of anthropology, and Eric J. Richards, associate professor of biology. Michael J. Mueller, B.S.P.T. ’79, M.H.S. ’84, Ph.D. ’92, associate director of the Program in Physical Therapy, was elected to the Catharine Worthington Fellows by the American Physical Therapy Association. Michael J. Welch, professor of radiology, of molecular biology and pharmacology, and of chemistry, and head of the Radiochemistry Institute at the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, has been named an honorary fellow of the American College of Radiology. Risa Zwerling Wrighton, M.B.A. ’89, wife of Chancellor Mark S. Wrighton, was inducted into the YWCA’s Academy of Leaders at the group’s annual Leadership Lunch. What’s Jupiter Really Made of? For years, it has been widely accepted in the scientific community that the planet Jupiter, the largest and most massive planet in the solar system, was formed 4.5 billion years ago with an overall composition similar to that of the Sun, with enrichments of oxygen and other elements heavier than helium. Jupiter’s core was believed to be a massive snowball that formed in the cold reaches of the outer solar nebula. However, Katharina Lodders, research associate professor in Earth and Planetary Sciences in Arts & Sciences, after studying data from the Galileo probe of Jupiter and earlier Earth-based infrared spectroscopic measurements, says the core of the planet was mainly tar instead of ice. Physicist Is Co-Recipient of Prestigious Prize In the mid-1950s, when physics Professor Richard E. Norberg and Irving J. Lowe, Ph.D. ’56, then a doctoral student, were doing early work on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), they likely didn’t know that their findings would change the field in basic ways and help lead the way to NMR’s becoming a practical analysis tool. Nor did they know that they would be co-recipients of the 2004 ISMAR Prize, the highest honor of the International Society of Magnetic Resonance. “Dick Norberg has been a pioneer in the development and application of nuclear magnetic resonance as an incisive tool for the study of condensed-matter systems,” says John W. Clark, the Wayman Crow Professor of Physics and chair of the physics department in Arts & Sciences. In addition, Norberg, who joined the University physics faculty in 1955 and was department chair from 1962–91, has advised close to 50 doctoral students during his career. One of those students was Lowe, whose studies were directed by Norberg and the late George E. Pake—former University provost, trustee, physics professor, and department chair. Lowe, now professor of physics at the University of Pittsburgh, also is a noted authority in the field of magnetic resonance. ISMAR, which represents one of the most active subfields of physics, chemistry, and medical imaging, cited Norberg and Lowe for their discovery and demonstration of the Fourier transform method for obtaining NMR spectra in solids and for their contributions to the invention and demonstration of magic-angle spinning. As winners of the ISMAR prize, given every three years, the two join a distinguished group of previous ISMAR Prize recipients, including 1992 co-winners Paul C. Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield, who received the 2003 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging. Showing Modern Architecture in St. Louis The first in-depth survey of modern architecture as it evolved in St. Louis was recently published in the form of a book titled Modern Architecture in St. Louis: Washington University & Postwar American Architecture, 1948–1973. Eric Mumford, associate professor and director of the Urban Design Program in the School of Architecture, edited the book, which, among other topics, covers the history of Eero Saarinen’s Gateway Arch; modernist sacred architecture in the city and surrounding suburbs; and the prominent role played by the School of Architecture, its faculty, and alumni. The book, which includes more than 100 archival photographs and drawings, was designed by Ken Botnick, associate professor of art, and Ben Kiel, B.F.A. ’01, of the emdash company in St. Louis. The School of Architecture published the book, which retails for $40 and is available at the Campus Store. Distributor of the book is University of Chicago Press. For information, visit: www.arch.wustl.edu. A drawing of Lambert St. Louis Airport, now Lambert St. Louis International Airport, by its architects—Hellmuth, Yamasaki, & Leinweber. New Process Neutralizes Water Pollutant MTBE Most people aren’t thinking about methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) when pumping gasoline into their vehicle. But, when underground gasoline storage tanks leak, as they frequently do, this gas additive—a toxin implicated as a cancer-causing agent—quickly contaminates groundwater sources. MTBE has been detected at low levels in municipal water sources around the nation and, in several cases, has made its way into tap water. (The chemical’s presence produces an offensive taste and a slight odor.) That’s why it’s a good thing that scientists such as Pratim Biswas, the Stifel and Quinette Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science and director of the Environmental Engineering Science Program at the University, not only think about such problems, but also find ways to remedy them. (Ironically, MTBE, which has been used in American fuels Researchers Are First to Grow Norovirus in Lab Most people stay as far away as possible from norovirus, the umbrella term for about 200 strains of stomach flu or viral gastroenteritis, whose hallmark symptoms are sudden and explosive vomiting and diarrhea. (The Norwalk virus strain caused a series of repeated outbreaks on cruise ships, in military personnel in Afghanistan, and caused an outbreak at Yellowstone National Park in summer 2004.) Fortunately, however, there are scientists willing to study them up close, in hopes of aiding development of a vaccine against one or more strains. That’s why scientists have been trying for years to grow a norovirus in the lab. University scientists led by Herbert W. “Skip” Virgin, H.S.’91, professor of pathology and immunology and of molecular microbiology, recently became first to accomplish the feat, showing that the mouse norovirus MNV-1 could be grown inside cells from mice with defective immune systems. Findings of the team, including Stephanie Karst and Christiane Wobus, both postdoctoral research scholars in pathology and immunology, appeared in the December 2004 issue of the online journal PLoS Biology, published by the Public Library of Science. “By looking at the mouse virus we’d grown in the lab, we were able to identify a part of the capsid, the virus’ protein shell, that is essential to its ability to cause disease,” Virgin says. “If this part of the capsid has an equivalent in human noroviruses, altering or disabling it may give us a way to produce forms of the viruses that are weak enough to serve as vaccines.” Noroviruses are involved in about half of all food poisoning cases and annually cause about 23 million cases of acute gastroenteritis in the United States. (The symptoms tend to last 24 to 48 hours.) Of these cases, about 50,000 persons are hospitalized, and an estimated 400 die, epidemiologists believe. The death rate is much higher in developing nations. The viruses are spread through consuming contaminated food or water, touching contaminated surfaces, or having direct contact with infected persons. The Norwalk virus, first identified after a 1968 outbreak of gastroenteritis at a school in Norwalk, Ohio, likes to enter the body by inhalation rather than by the fecal or oral route. The virus, though once called the winter vomiting virus, occurs year-round. All norovirus infections spread rapidly and are difficult to prevent from spreading. They are so virulent that as few as 10 to 100 microscopic particles are needed to cause an infection. Public-health experts say that chlorine-based products, such as bleach, are the most effective sanitizers against noroviruses. Common household chemical sanitizers are not effective at killing viral particles, nor are ammonium-based compounds. Scientists hope that further study may help prevent and control human disease caused by noroviruses. To neutralize MTBE in water, Pratim Biswas (left), the Stifel and Quinette Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science, developed this unit, which postdoctoral fellow M.H. Lee uses to perform experiments. Since 1979, has been used as an alternative to octane-enhancing lead additives because it helps fuel to be completely combusted, decreasing the environmentally harmful byproducts of incomplete burning.) Biswas has discovered a process that can help clean up water contaminated by MTBE. It involves use of a nanostructured form of a compound called titanium dioxide, on whose surface MTBE is oxidized, thereby yielding the harmless gas carbon dioxide. Biswas has designed nanostructured configurations of this catalyst to optimally degrade the pollutant. He has also designed a compact unit for MTBE removal, and companies now are collaborating with him to increase its capacity. Resolving Disputes Without Going to Court In many disputes, be they domestic or professional, in the corporate world or between neighbors, someone blurts, “I’ll see you in court.” But resolving conflicts via alternative processes such as negotiation, mediation, and arbitration has advantages. Compared to litigation, these alternatives are more flexible, more transformative, less costly, less emotionally damaging, and less taxing on overburdened U.S. courts. Responding to practicing lawyers’ and law students’ interest in the rapidly developing field of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), the School of Law created an ADR Program and, in January 2004, named Karen Tokarz, professor of law and director of clinical education, as director of the new program. In Tokarz’s Civil Rights & Community Justice Clinic, law students receive mediation training and participate in actual mediations. The ADR curriculum also includes ADR Theory & Practice and, new in spring 2005, Negotiation Theory & Practice, taught by Judi McLean Parks, the Reuben C. and Anne Carpenter Taylor Professor of Organizational Behavior in the Olin School of Business. In developing countries, some men and many women are weaving baskets as a way to end the cycle of poverty, thanks to Theresa Wilson and her nonprofit startup The Blessing Basket Project™. A little more than a year ago, Theresa and her husband, Bryan, who were married in 2003, began the fast-growing social entrepreneurship venture, based in Granite City, Illinois. Its premise evolved simply, beginning in 1999, when Theresa, then a divorced mother of two, faced a personal crisis. Among gifts that friends sent her were many notes and letters of support, which she put into a trunk-shaped, wicker basket. “They were blessings,” she says, “and they were such an inspiration to me to hang on and keep going.” Hearing Theresa’s story, many encouraged her to create blessing baskets for others. She decided to do that, but in a way that also would bless the basket weavers. Via the Internet, she sought weavers in high-poverty areas in the United States, but she had much better response from people in other nations. Within a week after posting an online note via Mountain Forum, she received responses from persons in 12 countries, and, by the following week, the number was 25. Theresa and Bryan, an operating engineer apprentice, began choosing good, reliable weavers in Bangladesh, Cameroon, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Uganda. They put in $8,000 of their own money to begin the project, which pays the weavers per-basket at a “prosperity” wage (multiples higher than the local average). The project then imports the baskets, which are high-quality, diverse, and attractive, to America and sells them via the company’s Web site (www.blessingbasket.org), direct sales, and fast-growing retail relationships. (For example, the baskets are marketed at the Whole Foods Market location in Brentwood Square in the St. Louis area.) In August 2004 at a women’s networking event, Theresa met Shelby Gadberry, who, by day, is marketing director for Midwest BankCentre, a St. Louis-area bank and, by night, is an M.B.A. student in the Class of ’05. Gadberry told Wilson about entrepreneurship programs at the Olin School and soon thereafter introduced her to Kenneth A. Harrington, senior lecturer in entrepreneurship and director of the University’s Skandalaris Center for Entrepreneurial Studies, which sponsors the Olin Cup Competition for start-up companies each fall. The rest, as they say, is history. The business plan for The Blessing Basket Project, developed with a team of five business students organized by Gadberry, was second-place winner in December 2004. As such, the project received $20,000 in seed money. (Recently, the nonprofit also received $200,000 from Robert J. Skandalaris, chairman of Noble International, and the namesake of the Skandalaris Center.) “Our team worked countless hours on the business plan,” says Gadberry’s classmate and teammate Anna Helmering, who, by day, is manager of an information technology call center for the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. “Knowing that people’s lives and livelihoods are depending on what you’re doing is very motivating.” Agreeing, Bryan Wilson says, “Everyone has a passion for this project. That’s what keeps us going.” Theresa now works full-time as executive director of the project, which also employs a sales manager. From August 1 through December 31, 2004, the project sold 1,700 baskets for a total of $53,000. The baskets, created by about 1,000 weavers using indigenous materials—such as banana fibre, raffia, cane, reeds, elephant grass, and goat leather (for handles)—range in price from $25 to $45. Revenues above expenses are reinvested into additional product and economic/community development projects. The project’s future looks bright. It has many delighted customers, 15 countries on the waiting list to provide weavers, donors in the wings, the prospect of an appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show, ongoing talks with several retail outlets, plans for additional indigenous products; and a goal to sell 30,000 baskets in 2005. “The business plan the students helped us create is invaluable,” Theresa Wilson says, “because its clear milestones are helping and will continue to help us avoid expanding too quickly. We don’t want to be a ‘flash in the pan’; we want to create sustainable jobs for our weavers.” —Nancy Belt For more information, go online to www.blessingbasket.org. Washington University is already included in my estate plans—I would like to become a Robert S. Brookings “Partner.” I am age 60 or over. Please send me a personalized, confidential calculation using the following birthdate(s) to illustrate the very attractive benefits that I will receive from a Washington University Charitable Gift Annuity. I would like a calculation based on a theoretical gift of: $_________________. □ Cash □ Securities ($______________) (__________) (minimum $5,000) Cost Basis Acquisition Date First Beneficiary Second Beneficiary Birthdate ____________________ Birthdate ____________________ Relationship ____________________ Relationship __________________ Please send me your booklet on Charitable Gift Annuities. Please send me information on giving real estate. Please send me information on making a bequest to Washington University. Please have Lynnette Sodha, Steven Rosenblum, or Mark Weinrich from the Washington University Planned Giving Office contact me. Name _______________________________________________________ Address _____________________________________________________ City / State / Zip ______________________________________________ Daytime Phone _______________________________________________ E-mail _______________________________________________________ (Fold this form and seal edges with tape to mail.) The Blessing Basket Project gets an award-winning business plan from undergraduate and graduate business students. Washington University in St. Louis BUSINESS REPLY MAIL FIRST-CLASS MAIL PERMIT NO. 685 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY OFFICE OF PLANNED GIVING CAMPUS BOX 1193-E ONE BROOKINGS DRIVE SAINT LOUIS MO 63130-9989 NO POSTAGE NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES Seeking secure fixed income? You may wish to consider: - Ways to gain fixed income from your securities. - Ways to stabilize your income. - An enduring gift to Washington University. Consider a Washington University Charitable Gift Annuity. If you are age 72 and create a $10,000 gift annuity with appreciated securities, which have doubled in value, you will receive the following benefits: \| Rate of return \| 6.7% \| \|----------------\|------\| \| Fixed annual income for life \| $670 \| \| Taxed as ordinary income \| $256 \| \| Tax-free portion \| $207 \| \| Taxed at capital gain rates \| $207 \| (The entire amount becomes taxable income after the first 14.5 years.) Immediate federal income tax deduction $4,001 (Your charitable deduction will vary.) You may also fund a gift annuity with cash. Sample Rates of Return \| Single life \| Double life \| \|-------------\|-------------\| \| age \| rate \| age \| rate \| \| 60 \| 5.7% \| 60 & 60 \| 5.4% \| \| 65 \| 6.0% \| 65 & 65 \| 5.6% \| \| 70 \| 6.5% \| 70 & 70 \| 5.9% \| \| 75 \| 7.1% \| 75 & 75 \| 6.3% \| \| 80 \| 8.0% \| 80 & 80 \| 6.9% \| \| 90 \| 11.3% \| 85 & 85 \| 7.9% \| For further information or to request a personalized example if you are 60 or older, please call 1-314-935-5848 or 1-800-835-3503, complete the attached reply card, or e-mail us at firstname.lastname@example.org. Visit us at our Web site at http://plannedgiving.wustl.edu Recognizing the Importance of Planned Gifts Washington University in St. Louis Seek advice from your tax or legal advisor when considering a Charitable Gift Annuity. Design by Jeffrey St. Pierre, B.F.A. '01/Create Studio at Washington University \[ x = x_0 + (v_0 t) \] \[ x = -\frac{U \bar{P}}{P_{\text{gas}}} + C \] \[ x = -\frac{T \bar{P} U}{(v - T)} \] \[ x = \frac{T P_{\text{gas}}}{P_{\text{gas}} - \bar{P}} \] Some years ago, Carl Bender’s father was putting Bender’s son, Michael, to bed by recounting the story of a well-known physics problem: that of the brachistochrone, a quickest path that a bead on a wire can take to get from one point to another. The curved shape of the brachistochrone was well-known; it had been worked out 300 years before. But as Bender listened, he suddenly realized that his father, a high-school physics teacher, was wrong. “My father said, ‘What do you mean, I’m wrong?’” recalls Bender, who is professor of physics at Washington University. “He said, ‘This is a classical physics problem; it’s solved.’ But I said, ‘That’s no longer the right answer, and I’m going to find the right answer.’” Working with an undergraduate eager for a challenge, Bender updated the brachistochrone to take into account Einstein’s theory of relativity. Bender makes a habit of questioning accepted answers, and, more recently, that habit has led to work that’s changing the way physicists look at the field of quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics—the study of the behavior of very small particles—is much newer than the brachistochrone problem, but still, its basic principles were worked out early in the 20th century. “Most of those principles are very physical,” Bender explains. “But one postulate is different from all the others because it’s a mathematical axiom. It’s not something you can measure.” That axiom states that certain aspects of quantum mechanics must be “Hermitian,” meaning, among other things, that they must remain in the realm of real numbers—that is, numbers that can, whether positive or negative, rational or irrational, be found on a number line. “But insisting quantum mechanics must be Hermitian,” Bender says, “is like saying all numbers must be even. You can’t give an experimental reason for it. You can tell me that aesthetically even numbers are nicer than odd ones, but you can’t say, ‘Odd numbers are rejected by this experiment.’” In 1998, Bender proposed an alternative, non-Hermitian theory, one that allows for complex numbers—that is, numbers that exist outside the number line, in what might more accurately be termed a number plane. To those familiar with quantum mechanics, saying Hermiticity isn’t required is a little like saying the sky doesn’t need to be blue. “When I give talks on this, I hear comments from people in the audience that it has “Carl [Bender, at left] is unquestionably one of Washington University’s best teachers and mentors. He has an uncanny ability to frame difficult ideas in language that is perfectly tuned to what the student already knows,” says Professor John Clark, chair of the Department of Physics. Bender believes physics should be fun, and he is committed to fostering that enthusiasm in his students. He works with three graduate students, whom he views as colleagues. They meet daily, investigating ideas and testing conclusions. “I really like collaborating,” Bender says. “Discovering things together, that’s a very intense relationship.” He collaborates with gifted undergraduates, too, and proudly displays the resulting publications on his Web site (including a paper, “Relativistic Brachistochrone,” published in the Journal of Mathematical Physics in 1986). He says the potential for undergraduate collaboration is one of the things that makes Washington University a great school. “Undergraduates here have the chance, if they’re interested and bright, of doing meaningful research—not just bottle washing, but actual research and thinking.” Bender’s classes are consistently popular; students recall fondly both his enthusiastic teaching and his awful physics puns. “Carl is unquestionably one of Washington University’s best teachers and mentors,” Clark says. “He has an uncanny ability to frame difficult ideas in language that is perfectly tuned to what the student already knows.” Bender works with students in other ways, as well: by helping to interview applicants for the College of Arts & Sciences’ prestigious Compton Fellowship; by asking students to help review his current textbook-in-progress, Partial Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers (he’s also the author of Advanced Mathematical Methods for Scientists and Engineers); and by being one of the coaches for the undergraduate Putnam Mathematical Competition, in which the University often ranks in the top 10. “The Putnam problems are very tricky, but there’s always an insightful solution,” Bender says. “I try to teach students to think in new ways while coming up with the answers.” He adds that solving clever problems with known answers is only the first step to becoming a scientist, and he encourages those students who can to take the next step as well. “With research, you don’t know that there’s an answer,” he explains. “You have to be willing to invest a lot of energy into something that might not work. You have to be an optimist. You also have to have a nose for choosing problems that you can solve. A good research problem is the most precious thing there is.” Washington U. alumnus Jade Vinson was both a student and collaborator of Bender’s. “Professor Bender presented problems as if approaching them for the first time,” remembers Vinson, A.B./M.A. ’97, who also holds a Ph.D. from Princeton and is now a computational biologist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “He explained what a sensible person should try first and why, showing the same excitement you’d expect the first time the problem was solved.” In 1997, the paper Vinson co-authored with Bender won the Morgan Prize for the best undergraduate research in the country. “Carl treats students as equals,” Bernard says. “He takes their contributions very seriously. His enthusiasm and caring approach encourages them, and his quick mind tweaks good first steps into brilliant final products.” Back when he was a student himself, Bender initially avoided studying physics because he didn’t want to compete with his father. “As far as I could tell, my father knew everything about physics,” Bender says. But Bender was eventually drawn to the field by the promise of tackling difficult problems there. “I was very idealistic. I wanted to do something that was hard.” He received encouragement from an undergraduate teacher at Cornell University and went on to do graduate work at Harvard University. He spent time at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Imperial College in London, the Technion–Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory before joining Washington University in 1977. In addition to his work with students, Bender has served on numerous University committees and journal editorial boards over the years. He is now the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Physics A. “I can always count on Carl as an advocate of the highest quality and integrity,” Clark says, “both in the way our department operates as a whole and in our individual approaches to teaching and research.” Right now, Bender continues to enjoy exploring the new area of quantum mechanics he’s developed, and to watch others doing the same. “It’s not dull,” he says. “It’s not more of the same. We’re actually trying to think of new principles, and that’s exciting.” Janni L. Simner, A.B. ’89, is a free-lance writer based in Tucson, Arizona. Professor Bender (standing) works closely with both undergraduate and graduate students, whom he views as colleagues. At right, he collaborates with doctoral students Qinghai Wang (left) and Sebastian Brandt. Bender also coaches undergraduates for the Putnam Mathematical Competition, in which the University often ranks in the top 10. With equal intensity, Professor Alison Goate searches for genetic mutations responsible for several neuropsychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, alcoholism, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. BY JUDY H. WATTS To call internationally known molecular geneticist Alison Goate exceptional is not to simply state the obvious. Much like the elusive disease risk factors she finds at the most fundamental level, evidence comes in many forms and is sometimes unexpected. Take the comment by Goate’s longtime collaborator and compatriot John Hardy, now chief of the Laboratory of Neurogenetics at the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute on Aging. He recruited Goate in 1987 to join his Alzheimer’s research lab at London’s Imperial College, when she was a young postdoc and both were still in their homeland. Hardy’s phrasing is exuberant and his meaning plain: “Alison is fab—as a scientist and as a person! You know, a lot of scientists have got personality disorders of one sort or another, and Alison just hasn’t. Everybody trusts her.” A member of the Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics at Washington University School of Medicine since 1992, Goate is the Samuel and Mae S. Ludwig Professor of Genetics in Psychiatry and professor of genetics and of neurology. Her 16-person lab is devoted to genetic research on Alzheimer’s disease (AD), tauopathies, and alcoholism—and since January 2005, the molecular underpinnings of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), often referred to as Lou Gehrig’s disease. Her genetic studies help pinpoint causal pathways that will lead to molecular targets for new drugs (such as enzyme inhibitors or even vaccinations). “The breadth of Alison’s research, much of it groundbreaking, is unusual in science,” notes alcoholism research colleague Tatiana Foroud, director, Division of Hereditary Diseases and Family Studies in the Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics at Indiana University School of Medicine. Thanks to Goate’s tireless efforts to identify genetic risk factors from an almost unimaginably convoluted labyrinth of genetic and environmental variables—the proverbial needle in a haystack—she has already made huge contributions to understanding diseases that ravage adults of all ages. “She is an absolutely outstanding scientist,” says David M. Holtzman, the Andrew B. and Gretchen P. Jones Professor of Neurology and head of the Department of Neurology. He is also the Charlotte and Paul Hagemann Professor of Neurology and Molecular Biology and Pharmacology. Professor Alison Goate’s genetic studies help pinpoint causal pathways that will lead to molecular targets for new drugs (such as enzyme inhibitors or even vaccinations). A first—on behalf of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease Goate’s name was heard around the world in 1991, when as part of the Hardy lab she became the first person to discover a genetic mutation linked to an inherited form of AD. Just before that breakthrough, researchers including Goate had reported a linkage between familial AD and chromosome 21, as well as the location of the amyloid precursor protein gene (APP) on that chromosome. The protein, amyloid beta 42 (Ab42), is found in plaque deposits in Alzheimer patients’ brains. Because scientists back then assumed a single gene caused all early-onset cases of AD, when one group sequenced the APP gene in AD cases from two AD families that had no mutations, most researchers began to look elsewhere on chromosome 21. Goate, however, was co-investigator on a large study of many families; the data suggested that familial AD was genetically heterogenous—genes on 21 and other chromosomes might be risk factors in different families. In an important conceptual advance, Goate realized that linkage data from multiple families should not be combined unless each individual family provided evidence for linkage to the same chromosome; instead, families had to be examined one by one. She did that—and found APP gene mutations in several families showing linkage to chromosome 21. “It was tremendously exciting!” she says. At Washington University the following year, Goate continued to investigate early-onset cases that occur without an APP mutation, gathering family material with the help of the Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center. In summer 1995, a Toronto lab announced a novel mutation-carrying gene, now called presenilin-1; that fall, Goate and Hardy published a paper that fleshed out the new gene’s character. Other major contributions were Goate’s co-authorship of a paper describing a linkage to chromosome 17 in frontotemporal dementia (FTD)—which has its own set of symptoms, can be familial, and can appear before the age of 60. In a 1998 study, Goate and two other groups identified mutations in the tau gene, which codes for the protein that accumulates in tangles inside brain cells in several neurodegenerative diseases including FTD and AD. The finding helped settle a prolonged debate in the field about which of the two characteristic brain abnormalities represented the driving force in Alzheimer’s—neurofibrillary tangles or amyloid plaque deposits. The study showed that tau gene mutations produce dementia and tangles but not B-amyloid deposition—and therefore, not AD. “As the mutations in APP and presenilin were already saying,” explains Goate, “abnormal accumulation of B-amyloid drives Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Tangle formation is a secondary event; when it is primary, frontotemporal dementia occurs.” Goate’s lab continues to work on the genetics of other tangle-associated disorders such as progressive supranuclear palsy. The quest to untangle late-onset disease Since 1997, Goate has been working on the recalcitrant genetics of late-onset AD, the more common form, which affects about 4 million Americans over 65. The only known genetic risk factor for that is the e4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (ApoEe4) gene on chromosome 19, which increases risk by three to eight times. But since only half of patients carry ApoEe4 alleles, other factors must be involved. In 2000, Goate led an international team of researchers that identified linkage to chromosome 10 suggesting that a gene in the region is a risk factor for AD. “Frustratingly, we’re still working on trying to find that and other genes involved in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease,” says Goate. She is emphatically optimistic, however. “Because of the Human Genome Project’s advances, we have powerful tools to attack these problems. We will resolve this.” In regard to research on late-onset Alzheimer's, Professor Goate is emphatically optimistic. She says: "Because of the Human Genome Project's advances, we have powerful tools to attack these problems. We will resolve this." Another first—for alcoholism and depression Goate focuses with equal intensity on two other insidious diseases affecting millions of Americans—alcoholism and depression. She is lead investigator on a national team including School of Medicine psychiatric geneticists that recently became the first to identify a specific "susceptibility" gene that appears to increase the risk for both disorders. Goate's team analyzed DNA from 2,310 people from 262 families in which at least three members were alcoholics. Genetic linkage analysis in these families identified a region on chromosome 7 that was linked to risk for both alcoholism and depression. Because other researchers from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) had found that abnormal electrical activity in the brain might signal a risk for alcoholism and linked those patterns to a gene on chromosome 7 called CHRM2, Goate's team started there. They believe that normal variations in CHRM2 either protect or put a person at risk, and will next identify the DNA sequence variants and figure out how they change the involved proteins' functions. Goate's ongoing work, which will establish the molecular basis for the anecdotal connection between alcoholism and depression, is part of the six-university, NIH-funded COGA. "Our work is going very well!" Goate says. "The multidisciplinary COGA team has already identified several genetic risk factors for alcoholism." COGA colleague Foroud says simply: "Alison's contributions in this endeavor will be as far-reaching as what she has already done for understanding Alzheimer's disease." New Hope for Sufferers of ALS In January 2005, Alison Goate entered a third research frontier: the genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive neurodegenerative disease that gradually destroys motor neurons reaching from brain to spinal cord to muscles. Although it typically occurs after the age of 40, young adults can be affected as well. Goate will work on ALS with colleagues across disciplines at the new Hope Center for Neurological Disorders at Washington University, which is dedicated to highly collaborative basic science research that will advance the understanding and treatment of a range of conditions. Initially Goate will study one family in which evidence suggests that it may be an X-linked disorder—one carried by females but which typically appears in males. The center is a partnership between Washington University and ALS Hope – The Chris Hobler/James Maritz Foundation. A true collaborator and mentor Goate has distinguished herself in important areas unrelated to her research. "She has mentored a cadre of young scientists," Foroud says. "Many scientists don't do that." She was president of the Academic Women's Network in 2003-04 and works hard to support women faculty and junior faculty in particular. She has "done incredibly well" and still remains "a normal person," says her mentor, John Hardy, with whom Goate shared the prestigious Potamkin and MetLife research awards. "If I ever have a difficult scientific problem or a situation in my lab, she gives me fair advice. She's a great mum [who takes her children to school every morning, picks them up many afternoons, and saves her own homework until after they're in bed]; she has two lovely daughters [Juliet, 13, and Sasha, 9]; and she has a great husband [physician Frank Ashall]," Hardy says. "She's just a great person!" And from David Holtzman, one final distinction: "This is important, because it's very uncommon: Alison is universally admired. Everybody says exactly the same things!" Professor Ron Leax's cerebral artwork mixes science with the materials of daily life. BY TERRI MCCLAIN Ron Leax sits relaxed in his downtown St. Louis loft studio, wearing a flannel shirt to keep out the chill, shirt sleeves pushed up to reveal his strong sculptor's wrists. He looks nothing like the eccentric movie scientist one would expect to see here amid the tubes and vials of what could almost be a working laboratory. "When I was young, the expectation, I think, was that I would become a scientist," he says. "And as an artist, my work has always been grounded in the sciences." To those familiar with his work, this confession is not particularly surprising. Much of it seems to be as much science experiment as art. For example, in the early 1980s, Leax, the Halsey C. Ives Professor of Art, began building a serious body of work that mimicked ecological systems. "It was very much about trying to reinvigorate the activity of making art with some of the vitalism of biological sciences," he says. "The pieces included living animals and plants and were designed to keep them alive. I tried always to have the work teaching me. Eventually I ran out of money for those projects. To mimic natural systems with any kind of responsibility and any kind of accuracy is an expensive undertaking." In 2000, he was commissioned by the Detroit zoo to create a temporary exhibit that allowed visitors a glimpse of both the animal habitat on display and the work (and keepers) behind the scenes. "The keepers were there every day so that you could actually watch them and the animals and see things that the public doesn't usually see," Leax says. "They were unbelievably nervous about this project at the start. I guess it's like when visitors come to your house and you don't want them to look in your closets. I found it utterly fascinating, the way coils are just tagged up and stuff is taped down to make the equipment more functional." Perhaps his best-known body of work is the Ontological Library, which numbers more than 800 objects, including a year's collection of New York Times that Leax roughly bound in a pillar and placed in an ocean tidal flat for a year, where it was sculpted and modified by the action of the tides and aquatic life. "The library was about trying to merge some kind of ontological experience (the activity of being) with the epistemological (how we know what we know)," he says. Leax also has created a series of three-dimensional periodic tables, literally using the form of the The author with the prototype of the first solar cell to convert sunlight into electricity at room temperature. periodic table to organize the activity and elements of sculpture. Another large body of work, called Laboratories or Last Suppers, conflated certain aspects of science, religion, and art. “I wanted to look at big questions,” Leax says. “It wasn’t really about religion, science, and art; it was about unanswered questions and how all of these things somehow come up short. It was about inadequacy.” He laughs, adding: “I’m pretty obsessed with ordering. Hopefully there’s some humor in it. Now I’m working on these kind of over-the-top laboratories.” Those looking for a glimpse of the inner Ron Leax in his art won’t find a lot of autobiographical material. He eschews what he calls the “romantic, self-indulgent, artist-in-the-garret myth,” striving instead for public engagement. His work is distinctly cerebral, often laced with humor, and created with the materials of daily life. He does not frequent art supply stores. Because his own work crosses traditional aesthetic boundaries, it is easy for Leax to encourage a similar creative license among his students. “Ron Leax is an absolutely wonderful professor,” says Liz Giardina, B.F.A. ’02. “He sees value in students and what they’re doing, regardless of their medium. I love fashion and textile design. Other people did sound pieces or work that was completely Internet-based. But we were all sculpture students. Ron inspires you to think creatively and to find your own voice.” “There are lots of different effective teaching styles, and lots of different kinds of effective teachers. But Ron is one of the most effective,” says Jeff Pike, dean of the School of Art. “Very few teachers are excellent at beginning instruction, mid-level instruction, and advanced instruction, and Ron has excelled in all three here.” Asked to describe his own role as a teacher, Leax smiles and says simply, “Stay out of the way as much as possible.” “He’s someone who pushes students, and he’s not a hand-holder at all,” says Giardina, now working in Los Angeles as the assistant designer for Halston. She credits Leax with “When I was young, the expectation, I think, was that I would become a scientist,” Leax says. “And as an artist, my work has always been grounded in the sciences.” encouraging her to create a broad, nontraditional portfolio. “He’s there every studio day, which is a great example, showing how to really follow through on your obligations as an artist,” Giardina continues. “He also likes to make it fun. I think what matters is that you have professors like Ron who give you a strong background and then let you do something new and different.” “I’ve always enjoyed the classroom,” Leax says. “I think sometimes there’s this idea that the teacher is the giver all the time, when actually in the studio there’s pretty rich invention coming back to you from the students, which invigorates the teacher. “As you go up the academic ladder, from the introductory students to the upper-level students to the graduate students, teaching gets more complex,” he adds. “Students begin to think that they know it. At the upper stages, in particular, I try to do very little telling. I try to do more listening. Then I offer a response, and the student and I have a discussion. Then the student is responsible for drawing conclusions and taking directions out of it.” Leax also worked for almost 10 years to develop and implement the national curriculum for advanced placement in three-dimensional design, a program that allows high-school students to pursue college-level studies for college credit. “I’m always working on a multiplicity of things,” Leax says, gesturing to the many drawings in his studio. “But now I’m really enthralled with the forms that come out of laboratories. As an artist you always try to go over the top a little bit, so I’m kind of in tin-foil city right now, aestheticizing the scientist aesthetic.” While Ron Leax’s work may seem to exhibit a certain emotional detachment (you’ll find no smiling portraits in his studio), in reality it is a very humanistic study of the way people interact with their environment. “He’s blending his love for science with his art and articulating his views of science through his art,” Giardina says. His drawings intrigue because they are not drawings at all in the traditional sense. He employs wine and oils and other unexpected materials. They’re sprinkled, they’re splashed. Coffee cup rings share the paper with candle wax drippings. It is an evocative exploration of experience. He was in Florence, Italy, when he created many of these drawings, and the materials he used reflect his activities there. His current body of work manipulates the iconography of medical technology, offering a very personal—and sometimes mocking—response to a cold and sterile scientific world with which we, as humans, often cannot comfortably coexist. “Everything is designed, everything is engineered—and often badly designed and badly engineered,” Leax says. “How do we address that? How does it affect us? How do we really use it?” There’s the science part. Next to one piece, which is covered with clear plastic, stands a bottle of blue cleaning spray. “Yes, the plastic bag is part of the sculpture,” Leax says. “The cleaner isn’t, but I just like that color.” That’s the art part. It’s a rare and intriguing blend. Terri McClain is a free-lance writer based in St. Charles, Missouri. In the hopes of alleviating diseases such as Alzheimer’s, diabetes, and Parkinson’s, University scientists urge Missouri legislators not to ban the research procedure “somatic cell nuclear transfer.” Professor Steven Teitelbaum, past president of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, says the promise of this research is that patients could use their own cells to ward off serious illnesses. Steven L. Teitelbaum, M.D. Dept. of Pathology Hold GREAT PROMISE BY JUDY H. WATTS This is the most important issue for medical research and future patient care that I can recall in the 44 years I’ve been a Missourian!” says research scientist and physician Steven L. Teitelbaum, who left Brooklyn in 1960 to enroll in the Washington University School of Medicine. What Teitelbaum, the Wilma and Roswell Messing Professor of Pathology and Immunology, cares about so deeply are the vast possibilities for healing diseases like Parkinson’s and diabetes—cures that could result from research on early-stage stem cells (sometimes referred to as embryonic stem cells). Throughout the State of Missouri and beyond, scientists, research institutions, patient-advocacy groups, health-care organizations, and individuals strongly support early-stage stem-cell research. Unfortunately, a group of conservative political and religious leaders are attempting to criminalize such research in Missouri, specifically a research procedure to derive early-stage stem cells called “somatic cell nuclear transfer,” or SCNT. The basic state of stem-cell science Separating reality from hearsay and facts from fears—and understanding what somatic cell nuclear transfer is and is not—begins with basics, and publicized terms are often misleading. Stem cells, then, are basically of two types, adult and embryonic. Both can replicate themselves in the body and differentiate into mature cells. Adult stem cells—present in fetuses, children, and adults—repair some types of damaged tissue, and each type seems able to develop only a limited number of mature cells into cells such as blood or bone cells. Adult stem cells are not a research substitute for embryonic stem cells, Teitelbaum emphasizes; scientists must study both adult and embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are strikingly different from adult stem cells because they are pluripotent—they can differentiate into any type of mature cell. The possibility is strong that they could replace diseased or deteriorated cells and heal different parts of the human body. To understand SCNT, one must first understand how the process differs from the early-stage human reproductive cycle. Several days after normal fertilization occurs in human beings, and before implantation in the womb, a pinpoint-sized ball called a blastocyst forms. The structure consists of undifferentiated cells including embryonic stem cells. Once the blastocyst implants itself in the womb, its cells begin to differentiate into various organs and structures. SCNT, however, is different and has nothing to do with the process and products of conception. What somatic cell nuclear transfer offers medical researchers is a way of generating embryonic stem cells without a sperm fertilizing an egg. (The word somatic applies to all the cells in the body with the exception of sperms and eggs, which are called germ cells.) Teitelbaum explains the SCNT procedure (see graphic on page 25): “The nucleus of an unfertilized egg is replaced with the nucleus from a somatic cell, such as a skin cell, from the patient who will ultimately be transplanted with the appropriate differential cells. It becomes a structure that looks similar to—but is very different from—a blastocyst produced by a sperm and an egg. Within it are embryonic stem cells but—and this is critical—they are unable to undergo the genetic reprogramming that, after sexual reproduction, permits the development of a healthy baby. And these SCNT-generated embryonic stem cells (ESC) have nothing to do with products of abortion and nothing to do with a sperm fertilizing an egg.” Because the cells produced by SCNT contain the patient’s own DNA, there is a strong possibility that they will not be rejected after transplantation, even without the use of anti-rejection medication with its severe side-effects. Stem-cell research may promise medical breakthroughs Scientists are enthusiastic about SCNT-based embryonic stem-cell research because it may “lead to cures for people with diseases for which there is currently no hope,” says Chancellor Mark S. Wrighton. Among these afflictions that disrupt or obliterate productive and meaningful lives: - Parkinson’s disease, whose progressively worsening movement difficulties are altering the lives of a million people in the United States alone; - Diabetes, which affects more than one-sixth of the U.S. population, including children—and can produce complications ranging from heart, vascular, and kidney disease to blindness or coma; - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease), which causes the gradual death of motor neurons and progressive loss of all voluntary muscle movement including breathing; - Heart attacks, strokes, Alzheimer’s disease, severe spinal-cord injuries, and cancer—whose collective ravages are widely known because hundreds of millions of America’s loved ones have battled them or are valiantly combating their destructive effects today. Think what ESC research by means of nuclear transfer could mean, says Teitelbaum. “As a physician, I could NOT sit across from a patient with Parkinson’s disease and say to that father or mother or neighbor: ‘Investigating a promising way to save your life is just not worth using a pinpoint-sized ball of undifferentiated cells derived from an unfertilized egg and a simple skin cell.’” Instead, Teitelbaum says he’d prefer to say that medical science is investigating Parkinson’s disease with promising new treatments, thanks to SCNT. Challenges of the new science Because ESC research is so new, understanding the fundamental processes of the biology is the first mission. “We can’t get to cures until we do the science, moving forward on all possible fronts,” says Teitelbaum. “Science is standing in front of 20 doors and knocking on each of them. Behind 19 you may find nothing, in spite of all your hard work—but behind the 20th you may find gold.” Just a few of the labor-intensive realities researchers face are learning the best, most efficient way to encourage ES cells to generate the specific cells needed to treat different diseases, ensuring that the new cells will not become tumors, and learning how and where to deliver the cells effectively to sites in the body. SCNT: A fundamental force for good A bill may go before the Missouri legislature that supports criminalizing “human cloning”; however, language embedded in this legislation would also criminalize research using SCNT. While Washington University and research institutions throughout the region emphatically oppose cloning human beings (reproductive cloning), they urge lawmakers to authorize somatic cell nuclear transfer for medical research. “SCNT—which is aimed not at making people but at curing people—has to be separated out of the legislation,” says Teitelbaum. A national leader in his profession, and past president of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, he adds: “I know of no scientist who favors reproductive cloning of people.” Two weeks before 2005, leaders of four Missouri research institutions wrote to legislators in Jefferson City in support of SCNT: Chancellor Emeritus William H. Danforth, chairman of the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, in St. Louis; Elson Floyd, president of the University of Missouri System, in David I. Gottlieb, professor of neurobiology, is among those researching the most effective ways to encourage embryonic stem (ES) cells to generate into specific cells. In his lab, the focus is on turning ES cells into neural stem (NS) cells. Teitelbaum explains the SCNT procedure: “The nucleus of an unfertilized egg is replaced with the nucleus from a somatic cell, such as a skin cell, from the patient who will ultimately be transplanted with the appropriate differential cells. It becomes a structure that looks similar to—but is very different from—a blastocyst produced by a sperm and an egg. Within it are embryonic stem cells but—and this is critical—they are unable to undergo the genetic reprogramming that, after sexual reproduction, permits the development of a healthy baby. . . .” Columbia; William Neaves, president and CEO of the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, in Kansas City (and member of Washington University’s Board of Trustees); and Chancellor Mark Wrighton. They pointed out that SCNT works entirely with the ordinary body cells of already-living persons and does not create new life—and urged legislators to follow other states’ examples by criminalizing cloning human beings (reproductive cloning) but authorizing somatic cell nuclear transfer for medical research. “Banning research with nuclear transfer would undermine Missouri’s efforts to build a strong life sciences industry,” the letter read in part. “It would damage our ability to attract and retain scientists, entrepreneurs, and life science companies. Very importantly, the medical care for Missouri’s citizens would be harmed. As new treatments and cures emerge from this promising research conducted elsewhere, many of our state’s citizens would not have access to cutting-edge medicine and would be forced to settle for second-class health care.” Continuing to build the region’s brilliant research community will benefit not only the region but the world, Wrighton says. St. Louis is at the heart of a rapidly developing BioBelt, in which thousands of scientists in dozens of academic and other research institutions—including companies that take discoveries to the community—are working on behalf of the plant and life sciences. The free and open inquiry so essential to scientific strides is vital to the University as well. “Banning this research would have a chilling effect on our faculty,” says Wrighton. Washington University’s climate of academic freedom, protected by research guidelines consistent with the laws of the state and federal government, “has been essential to our ability to recruit and retain the most talented faculty—including people not necessarily focused on stem-cell research.” “We must maintain our welcoming environment for scientists,” Teitelbaum continues. “My colleagues in California, in a sense, are hoping that the bill will pass, because we have this great University—and they’re looking to pick off our faculty.” At the heart of it all “I believe in medical research,” says Chancellor Emeritus Danforth. “Old cemeteries are full of the graves of babies and graves of young women, who died during or after childbirth. That is no longer true. “During my internship at Barnes Hospital, a polio epidemic struck St. Louis. I helped put young people into iron lungs; some never came out. Others were paralyzed permanently. Today’s house officers don’t see such things. “But house officers today see other serious diseases that cause suffering, pain, and premature death. I can’t imagine anyone wanting to stop medical research. Of all human undertakings, medical research is one of the most noble, and moral.” Danforth concludes with an admonition to encourage SCNT, not to ban something that holds such great promise for our future health and well-being. Judy H. Watts is a free-lance writer and former editor of this magazine. For more information, please visit the Web site for the Missouri Coalition for Lifesaving Cures: www.MissouriCares.com. Remembering the 'FORGOTTEN HALF' Alumnus Samuel Halperin's landmark study reveals the obstacles faced by non-college-bound youth in today's economy. His current focus is educating legislators on possible solutions. Samuel Halperin trained as a political scientist, but he has given his life to education. Halperin earned his bachelor's and master's degrees in 1952 and his Ph.D. in 1956, all in political science and all at Washington University. He then began teaching political science at Wayne State University, in Detroit, but hoping to learn more about the practical world of politics, he applied for and won a Congressional Fellowship from the American Political Science Association. It took him to Washington, D.C., and, for the most part, he's been there ever since. That practical world of politics, and in particular the politics of education, became his life's work. By the early 1960s, he had joined the team of legislative architects writing the education and social services bills for Lyndon Johnson's Great Society. As assistant U.S. commissioner of education for legislation and, later, as a deputy assistant secretary of health, education, and welfare, he helped craft the historic church-state compromise that cleared the way for passage of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, providing federal funding for programs to help low-income children in public and private schools. Another law bearing his stamp was the 1965 Higher Education Act, which provided substantial new sources of financial aid for college students, the forerunners of today's Pell grants. In the decades since, he's continued to practice the art of the possible, mastering the inner workings of the legislative process, helping craft and pass key legislation, and finding new and compelling ways to convince legislators of the critical role education plays in a civil society. Today, as senior fellow at the American Youth Policy Forum in Washington, D.C., he still works to improve public education and to open up opportunities for those who might not otherwise even dream of college, the youth of the "forgotten half." Halperin turned his attention to this issue in 1986, when he went to work for the William T. Grant Foundation as study director of its Commission on Work, Family, and Citizenship. "While the attention of the nation was focused on kids going to college," Halperin says, "the truth is that 70 percent of our adults never earn a college degree. Something needed to be done to give them the skill and the opportunities to be successful in society and in the employment market." In 1988 the commission issued two landmark reports, "The Forgotten Half: Non-College Youth in America" and "The Forgotten Half: Pathways to Success for America's Youth and Young Families." The reports, which Halperin co-authored, revealed the obstacles facing non-college-bound youth making their way in today's problematic economy, where advanced technical skills are the coin of the realm and a high-school diploma falls far short of guaranteeing a job. (Halperin also edited an update, "The Forgotten Half Revisited," in 1998.) The Grant Foundation, not content simply to publish the reports, asked Halperin to stay on and help disseminate the findings, to identify solutions, and to work for their implementation. "It was visionary," he says of the foundation. "These ideas don't walk by themselves. You have to keep reminding people of the findings, you have to update the findings, and you have to get and retain the attention of policy-makers." To accomplish this last end, in 1993 Halperin founded the American Youth Policy Forum (AYPF) with the express purpose of bridging the gap between research, policy, and practice in the fields of education, youth development, and employment readiness. It is here that he continues his decades of service to American youth. The AYPF brings together policy-makers, researchers, and youth-services practitioners with senior congressional aides, executive branch leaders, and officers of There are also widely held beliefs, sometimes warranted but often not, that the school systems are riddled with waste. And there’s an incrementalism in attacking social problems that works against any grand vision. “The nature of American social policy-making is gradualism,” he observes. “It’s piecemeal. You hardly ever get a comprehensive and politically practical strategy.” At the same time, American education has remarkable strengths. “We have this wonderful graduate education that attracts students from all over the world,” he notes. He cites the Job Corps, which helps 70,000 young people train for employment every year—“who for want of that opportunity,” he adds, “would probably be on the streets, in jail, or worse.” Halperin is especially enthusiastic about the nation’s community colleges, whose presidents and boards, he believes, are the real entrepreneurs in the educational marketplace, fashioning training programs to give today’s youth 21st-century skills. “They’ve managed in many cases to figure out what their communities need,” he explains. “They go to employers, to different segments of the public, and fashion local solutions to meet local needs.” Historically, America has had a grand educational vision, he says. “The finest thing we ever did in this country was the land-grant college legislation, which saw to it that every community could have access to the best research and the best knowledge available. Before that the Northwest Ordinance set aside public land in every community for the support of public schools. In more modern times, I can’t think of anything superior to the GI Bill, which said, in effect, ‘Go, develop yourself, and we will support you in that life-changing endeavor.’ “My vision would be that everybody could get any opportunity that our society provides.” Halperin understands well the priceless benefit of transformational opportunity. He has held high rank in the federal government. He has written or edited a dozen books on the political process and educational policy. He has taught at Wayne State, American, Duke, and Columbia universities. He has received the President’s Medal of The George Washington University, the American Association of Community College’s Harry S. Truman Award, and numerous other distinctions. But, he adds: “I could not have done what I’ve done without initial loans and a fellowship from Washington University. An incredible number of faculty members took a personal interest in me. And the studies equipped me to think and to deal with change. They gave me a way to look at the world and to cope creatively with it, and I’m very grateful.” Betsy Rogers is a free-lance writer based in Belleville, Illinois. PBS Financial Career Adds Up to PBS Alumna Barbara Levy Landes wields a “can-do” attitude, bringing inspiration and positivity to her role as CFO of PBS, as a volunteer for Girls Inc. and WomenMatter, and as a mother of two young women. BY KRISTIN TENNANT Connected. Passionate. Courageous. Inspired. These four words are used on the PBS.org homepage to describe the media enterprise’s programming, but they are equally fitting descriptors for Barbara Levy Landes, A.B. ’71, the organization’s CFO. “Courageous” in particular best characterizes Landes in the years following her graduation from Washington University with a political science degree. She built her career on a series of pioneering steps, beginning with her status as one of the youngest and few female MBA students at the Wharton School of Business. A decade later she became the youngest female finance VP at NBC, and shortly thereafter combined motherhood with her career with the birth of her twin daughters. In these and countless other ways, Landes has boldly cut a path for other women to follow. Landes says what fuels that type of courage and inspiration—especially for young women—is the power of education combined with an unwavering belief in oneself. For her, these gifts stem largely from her education at Washington University and her major adviser, John Sprague, who was then chair of the political science department. “He was a wonderful adviser,” Landes says. “He encouraged me by recognizing that I had brains and could do anything I wanted to do. He instilled in me a ‘you-can-do-it’ confidence that kept me going in business school.” This love of learning and level of encouragement Landes reaped from her contact with Sprague are things she spends much of her time sharing with others today. These common themes tie together what might seem unrelated at a glance, from her financial work at PBS to her volunteer activities to her role as a mother of two young women. It is fitting, for instance, that a woman whose own daughters grew up on Sesame Street helps keep the educational, self-esteem-building program and others like it on the air today. It is also fitting that Landes gives of her time serving on the board of directors for Girls Inc., where she is also treasurer and chair of the Financial Oversight Committee. The not-for-profit organization helps girls develop skills and self-esteem, exposes them to career options, and offers college scholarships. Most of the girls who benefit are from low-income families, many of them headed by single mothers struggling to provide for their children. Through her participation, Landes helps achieve the organization’s mission and tagline: “Inspiring all girls to be strong, smart, and bold.” This, of course, is something Landes has been able to do for her own twin daughters—with the enthusiastic support and involvement of her husband, Mark—and it drives her involvement in Girls Inc. “I have two girls—and I want to help give other girls opportunities to succeed in life and business,” Landes says. “I was also very fortunate in my own career path. I was a pioneer early in my career because I had the skills and encouragement I needed.” Landes launched her career at CBS before further developing her extensive experience in broadcast media at NBC Radio and NBC Corporate, and then WWOR-TV, a broadcast “superstation.” Along the way, Landes has worked in a variety of areas for private and public companies, including an international consulting firm, an information technology company, and, more recently, for America Online’s AOL for Broadband unit. She says she’s thrilled to be back in broadcasting with her early 2003 PBS appointment. “I feel that everything I’ve done before has prepared me for what I’m doing here at PBS,” Landes says. “So many of my professional and personal experiences have really come together in this position. PBS was also an appealing career move because it’s such a wonderful organization, with such impressive leadership.” As the primary financial executive of PBS, which had FY04 revenues of $517 million, Landes is responsible for fostering the fiscal health of the organization through such roles as strategic planning and developing strategic alliances and partnerships. Her recent activities have included establishing a PBS Foundation, overseeing a business venture with Comcast Cable to launch a children’s cable channel and video-on-demand service, and negotiating a major real estate lease for the 2006 scheduled move of PBS’ corporate offices in the Washington, D.C., area. The move will allow the organization to benefit from a custom-renovated and -designed space, at about the same long-term cost as staying in their current space. Landes says this kind of variety in her work at PBS both leverages her skills and provides new learning opportunities—a combination that continues to motivate her. “We engage in a number of diverse and divergent business activities,” she says. “Yes, we distribute programming by satellite to 349 public television stations, but we also manufacture and distribute videos, are involved in e-commerce, and maintain the third largest dot-org in the world. The variety of what we do involves me in many ways.” There are many similarities between running for-profits and not-for-profits—as Landes points out, a large organization embodies many intricacies, regardless of its tax status. But leading the financial arm of a not-for-profit does offer unique challenges. Most obviously, PBS serves a different type of customer than NBC or CBS—the American public, and many are “members” of their local public television stations. On a financial level, PBS’ mission and status binds it to different “rules” regarding business activities and revenue options. But even with less than 20 percent of PBS’ income being funded through federal sources including grants, Landes says PBS has financial stability, thanks to a diverse funding stream. Most of the funding comes from private sources, most significantly the dues paid by member stations and the sale of mission-related and educational products. The new ventures that Landes is involved with, such as the partnership with Comcast and the formation of a PBS Foundation, further diversify and stabilize the organization’s financial base. Considering her many responsibilities at PBS, it is remarkable that Landes can still devote time to inspiring and empowering others. In addition to her involvement in Girls Inc., Landes is on the National Advisory Board for WomenMatter, a nonpartisan organization empowering women to unite and get involved in the political process, and she serves on the board of a local hospital foundation and on the Audit and Compliance Committee of the parent hospital system. As a longtime Washington University Eliot Society member, Landes also does fundraising for the Society, soliciting renewals and new members in the Washington, D.C., area. These many activities, although varied, all connect back to the common themes Landes embodies: one who’s connected to people, passionate about education, courageous in her life endeavors, and an inspiration to so many. Kristin Tennant is a free-lance writer based in Urbana, Illinois. Like a journalist with a poet’s eye, Christopher Cokinos, M.F.A.W. ’91, pursues stories of the obscure and natural—from extinct birds to meteorite hunters. by C.B. Adams Some writers find their genre early and stick with it—once a poet always a poet. For others like Christopher Cokinos, M.F.A.W. '91, writing is a circuitous journey that touches and then later retouches many disciplines. Growing up on the west side of Indianapolis, Cokinos liked to look at the sky. His top-three interests were astronomy, space flight, and football, but when he was in high school, he became interested in writing. He worked on the school newspaper and attended summer journalism programs at Indiana University, where he later enrolled intending to become a hard-news reporter. After his freshman year, he had an internship at the Knoxville News-Sentinel and learned what daily news reporting was really like. "I quickly found out that wasn't what I was cut out to do," he says. While continuing to take journalism classes, Cokinos shifted his interest to English and creative writing, "backing into an English major and finding my real love, writing poetry." Cokinos applied to several M.F.A. programs and chose the one at Washington University in St. Louis, in part because he was offered a generous University Fellowship. However, he became disillusioned after his first year in 1986-87 and took a leave of absence. "I simply wasn't emotionally ready to handle the graduate program at the time," he says. "I had a hiatus between my first and second year, but in that intervening time I grew up a lot and matured as a writer." During his time away, Cokinos got married and followed his spouse to Kansas State University, where she had accepted a position. He took an administrative job but was not happy with the work. "My unhappiness underscored that I really needed to finish my M.F.A.," he says. "I realized that working in prose would allow me the expansiveness required to write about these birds," he says. "From a writerly perspective, I was haunted by them, and I became fascinated with the obscure, the odd stories tucked away ..." Perhaps more important, Cokinos' time in Kansas continued to nurture his recent interests in birding, nature, and environmental concerns. These worked their way slowly into his poetry. Cokinos worked on his master's thesis long distance, then returned to the University to complete his course work. Many of his thesis poems were published in 1993 in his collection Killing Seasons, which won the Woodley Press' Robert E. Gross Award for Poetry. Cokinos considers one of the poems, "Loggerhead Shrike," to be a pivotal work. It begins, "Because thought can be nothing/but what is sensed, can still/sometimes ascend before words, my thought was wholly/what was seen, the shrike/perched on a branch/in a half-dead cedar..." "That for me was, if not the first such poem I had written, certainly the one that marked my maturation as a poet. All the essential things I had been struggling with as a poet—lineation, voice, engaging the self while honoring the world—all came together in that poem," he says. Around the same time the collection was published, Cokinos embarked on what would become a 10-year project to chronicle the extinction of six species of North American birds. The project began surreptitiously on a blustery November afternoon. Alumnus Christopher Cokinos is the author of Killing Seasons, which includes many of his M.F.A. thesis poems, and Hope Is the Thing with Feathers, a chronicle of the extinction of six species of North American birds. A Whiting Writing Award winner, he is assistant professor of English at Utah State University in Logan. when he and his wife were bird-watching in the Flint Hills. They noticed a bright green bird that looked like it belonged in the rain forest, not Kansas. Cokinos contacted an experienced local birder who confirmed that the bird, a Black-hooded Conure, was indeed from the tropics and had probably escaped from its owner. “Seeing this bird (conure) led me to learn of—and revere—America’s forgotten Carolina Parakeet, which once colored the sky ‘like an atmosphere of gems,’ as one pioneer wrote. …as I traveled to libraries and natural history museums on the trail of the vanished parakeet, I soon learned of other birds, other vanished lives: the Ivory-billed Woodpecker, the Heath Hen, the Passenger Pigeon, the Labrador Duck, and the Great Auk,” Cokinos writes in the introduction to his book Hope Is the Thing with Feathers, A Personal Chronicle of Vanished Birds, which was published by Tarcher/Putnam in 2000 on the centennial anniversary of the shooting of the last known wild Passenger Pigeon, named Buttons. The book received attention from many venues, including NPR, People, Scientific American, and The Washington Post Book World. The book is part natural history and part chronicle as Cokinos describes his experience gathering the information to complete the book, with the help of a Lila Wallace/Reader’s Digest Fund fellowship from the American Antiquarian Society. The project was also an endeavor that drew upon his experience in journalism and his emerging interest in prose and the essay. “I realized that working in prose would allow me the expansiveness required to write about these birds,” he says. “From a writerly perspective, I was haunted by them, and I became fascinated with the obscure, the odd stories tucked away in footnotes and dusty little folders somewhere. I have always had an interest in quirky, odd things that have some historical depth combined with a poet’s interest in lyricism. These coalesced for me as I finished the book.” In 2002, following a divorce, Cokinos moved west. He is now an assistant professor of English at Utah State University and editor of Isotope: A Journal of Literary Nature and Science Writing. In 2003, he was one of 10 national recipients of the prestigious Whiting Writing Awards, given annually to emerging writers of exceptional talent and promise. In addition, he received the Mid-American Review’s FineLine Award for his lyric essay, “Blue False Indigo.” He still writes poetry and currently has a book-length collection of poetry and a collection of cross-genre pieces that he is hoping will be published. The $35,000 Whiting Award arrived at the perfect time to assist Cokinos in his latest writing project—detailing the exploits and obsessions of meteorite hunters both past and present. Cokinos, still looking skyward, discovered the topic of his new book when he learned about a woman, Eliza Kimberly, who in the 1880s believed she had found meteorites on her homestead in Kiowa County, Kansas. She had—and sold them, becoming the richest woman in the county. “Her story led to other stories that I found compelling. I thought, ‘I can write about these people and their obsessions, go to the places where they collected meteorites, and find out what happened to them.’ The rocks themselves often aren’t much to look at, but the people and the science associated with them are fascinating,” he says. In researching modern meteorite hunters, Cokinos discovered that one of the places richest in meteorites is Antarctica. He applied to the National Science Foundation Antarctic Visiting Artists and Writers Program and was approved to be a member of the 2003–04 Antarctic Search for Meteorites expedition. Cokinos spent several weeks in Antarctica with scientists—including, by chance, two from Washington University, Andrew Dombard and Gretchen Benedix—as they all searched for meteorites. They found more than 1,000. The book is still two to three years from completion, but Cokinos knows he has hit his stride as a writer. “I feel lucky that I was the one who found these stories first and got to tell the story of the last Passenger Pigeon and now the story of meteorite hunters. I am committed to these stories and to telling them as best I can. I still write poetry, but I think of myself now as a nonfiction writer,” he says. C.B. Adams is a free-lance writer based in St. Charles, Missouri. The Washington University School of Medicine and the St. Louis Holocaust Museum are among the many St. Louis institutions touched by Ira and Judith Gall. An integral part of the community they’ve come to love—Ira as a physician and founder of Medicine Shoppe International, and Judith as a dedicated volunteer—their commitment to the area started in 1952 during Ira’s medical residency and has continued to grow over the last 50 years. Ira, having earned his medical degree from the University of Cincinnati in 1951, accepted a residency in obstetrics and gynecology with Washington University’s School of Medicine at Barnes Hospital. “I had expected to complete my residency before going into the service,” Ira explains, “but the draft board had other ideas.” The couple spent two years at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio, before returning to St. Louis in 1954. “We thought we would only stay [in St. Louis] a few years,” Judith says. “We didn’t know anyone here, and our families were in Cincinnati.” (And their families had been influential in Ira and Judith initially becoming a couple. “Our grandparents were friends, and, knowing that we attended the same high school, they wanted us to date!” she says. “Finally we went out.” The couple married in 1952.) Upon returning to St. Louis the second time, Judith was employed at Jewish Hospital, working with people arriving from Europe who had been displaced by World War II. She eventually left that position to raise the couple’s three sons, but many years later, the courage and heroism of the refugees Judith met helped to inspire the founding of the St. Louis Holocaust Museum. Physician and Businessman Following his residency, Ira began a fellowship at the medical school in the field of infertility, which at that time was a subspecialty of gynecology. “There was one little room, an assistant, and me,” he recalls. “Today, reproductive endocrinology is a board-certified specialty with nine physicians at the School of Medicine. It’s been exciting to see the growth and progress in the field.” For a couple of years, he worked with the late William Masters, who was a pioneer in infertility and professor of clinical obstetrics and gynecology before pursuing his celebrated studies of human sexuality. In 1957, Ira entered private practice with the late Mitchell Yanow, M.D. ‘41, professor emeritus of obstetrics and gynecology at the School of Medicine. They formed one of the first physician corporations in Missouri, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Inc., which eventually grew to include eight doctors. Gall became vice chief of staff and a member of the board at St. John’s Mercy Hospital, and he remained on the faculty of the School of Medicine, where he recently retired as a professor of obstetrics and gynecology. He retired from private practice in 2002. That would be a successful career for most physicians, but in 1970, Gall and Yanow founded Medicine Shoppe International, Inc., a chain of community-oriented franchised pharmacies that handle prescriptions and medical supplies. The partners began with 15 pharmacies, and by 1995, when Medicine Shoppe was purchased by Cardinal Health, Inc., it was the largest franchiser of independent pharmacies in the nation. In 1991, Gall and Yanow were named “Master Entrepreneurs of the Year” by Ernst & Young, Inc. Magazine and Merrill Lynch Business Financial Services. “It was a case of being in the right place at the right time,” Gall says, “yet there were times it was a real struggle. We had a great opportunity and the good fortune to be associated with some very fine people, but we put in a lot of hours, and it didn’t happen overnight. Our success was a combination of hard work and a lot of luck.” In return, Ira and Judith have shared their good fortune with others. Ira says: “My father instilled the belief that you have an obligation to give back to your community. He was not a wealthy man, but he believed in helping others. I am very grateful that we have been able to build on his example.” James R. Schreiber, the Elaine and Mitchell Yanow Professor and head of the obstetrics and gynecology department at the medical school, says: “Judith and Ira Gall are true friends of Washington University. They have provided resources to improve our academic programs, and they have given wonderful support to my wife, Mary, and me.” SERVICE TO THE UNIVERSITY AND BEYOND Ira and Judith also are generous with their time. Ira has served on the medical school’s National Council for more than a decade and is a member of the Campaign committee for the Farrell Learning and Teaching Center. He is a former board member of the Jewish Federation of St. Louis and a lifetime trustee of Temple Israel, where the Gall Sanctuary is named in the family’s honor. Judith currently is the programs chair for the William Greenleaf Eliot Society. At the Miriam Foundation, she was a member of the board for many years and led the fundraising effort for the new Miriam School, which continues the foundation’s tradition of serving children with learning disabilities. She is a lifetime member of the Jewish Hospital Auxiliary and a former board member of the Repertory Theatre of St. Louis, and she currently serves on the board of MERS Goodwill (Metropolitan Employment and Rehabilitation Service and Goodwill Industries); KMOX radio and the Suburban Journals named her a Woman of Achievement in 1999. Judith also is one of the founders of the St. Louis Holocaust Museum and Learning Center and chaired the museum docents, many of whom are Holocaust survivors. Located in a 5,000-square-foot facility at the Jewish Federation of St. Louis, the museum will celebrate its 10th anniversary in May. It provides a chronological history of pre-war Jewish life in Europe, the rise of Nazism and events from 1933 to 1945, and post-war events including the Nuremberg Trials and Jewish life following the Holocaust. Exhibits include photographs, artifacts, and personal accounts of the many Holocaust survivors who emigrated to St. Louis. Visitors to the Holocaust Museum come from across the United States and around the world. In the past year, 25,000 students from 350 schools toured the exhibits, including 1,000 students from St. Louis City schools, who were provided with transportation. The museum holds workshops for middle-school and high-school teachers and offers export programs for classes that cannot visit. Recently the museum received a grant from the U.S. Department of Justice to develop a pilot project with St. Louis City Police at the Police Academy. Judith says: “There is a 1939 photograph in the museum of a class in Hebrew school in Czechoslovakia. There are three dozen children in the picture, and only one is known to have survived the Holocaust. And you ask yourself: ‘What would this child have become, or that one? What wonderful things might they have done?’” Ira and Judith Gall have dedicated themselves to helping others do great things. They have established scholarships at the Miriam School and the Scholarship Foundation of St. Louis, and in 1998 they endowed the Ira C. and Judith Gall Professorship in Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University’s School of Medicine. “Ira and Judy Gall have enabled us to grow and sustain our leading gynecological cancer program, and Ira has contributed significantly to the medical school’s remarkable ascendency through his clinical work and his wise and thoughtful counsel,” says William A. Peck, the Alan A. and Edith L. Wolff Distinguished Professor of Medicine and the former dean and executive vice chancellor for medical affairs. “They are wonderful people and absolutely committed to excellence. I have learned a lot from them and cherish their friendship.” Ira says: “Washington University School of Medicine is a superb institution with outstanding people. To belong to such a community makes you a better person and a better doctor. It has been the single most important professional association in my life, and whatever we have been able to contribute only partially repays what the School of Medicine has done for us.” —Susan Wooleyhan Caine Outstanding student leaders are a hallmark of Washington University. Helping these student leaders become alumni leaders is a new program being coordinated by the Alumni Association. Student leaders from the undergraduate classes of 2004 and 2005 (dubbed the “Alumni Transition Team”) have gathered with representatives of the Alumni Association during their senior year to determine the best way to ease the transition from campus life to the alumni world, while helping retain class unity. For the Class of 2004, the association joined with senior class leaders in producing life after school. explained., a book of helpful advice on everything from how to prepare for a critical interview to setting up a retirement account. The Alumni Association also helped pave the way for students to retain their University e-mail address beyond graduation. More than two-thirds of the Class of 2004 signed on. J.J. Stupp, M.B.A. ’83, chair of the Alumni Board of Governors, comments: “Student leaders have helped us understand that we need to better articulate the benefits, not just the responsibilities, of being an alum. They know our University does a fantastic job in raising the funds necessary to move Washington University forward (and that they’ll be called upon to help). However, it is clear that we need to make them aware that there are also many advantages to life as an alum. Things like career networking, social and academic opportunities, not to mention the ability to stay meaningfully involved in the life of the University.” BENEFITS FOR ALUMNI ... New and Old (as well as parents and friends!) The Alumni Association coordinates a wide variety of programs encouraging lifelong association with Washington University. Alumni are encouraged to take advantage of the activities and services available because of their ties with the University. All programs are available without alumni dues, and most are open to alumni, parents, and friends. For more information, visit the Alumni Association online at [www.alumni.wustl.edu](http://www.alumni.wustl.edu) or call us at (314) 935-5212. - Washington University Clubs Connect with our community at 40 Washington University Clubs around the world. Participate in faculty presentations, community service, sporting events, cultural outings, and more. - Career Connections Parents and alumni can join this international network of Washington University community members who have volunteered to provide insight on their education and career paths. - Rings & Things The official Washington University ring, gifts, accessories, and apparel may be ordered online at alumni.wustl.edu. Click on “New for Alumni, Parents, and Friends.” The University’s Alumni Association joined with senior class leaders from the Class of 2004 to produce life after school. explained., a reference book of helpful advice from proper dining etiquette to the “ins” and “outs” of retirement accounts. GRADUATION Online Alumni Directory Password-protected and designed exclusively for the use of Washington University alumni, the Alumni Directory allows you to update your address, locate a classmate, or find alumni in your community. To log on, you’ll need the seven-digit Alumni Identification Number that appears above your name on the back of this magazine. Reunion Celebrate with your classmates and renew old friendships. For undergraduate alumni, Reunion is held in the spring—5th Reunion classmates celebrate during Thurtene Carnival weekend and older classmates in conjunction with Commencement. Reunions for graduate alumni vary, and you will be notified by your school. Library Links Alumni, parents, and friends can take advantage of the University Libraries’ special page of links and searchable databases. The Travel Program One of the Alumni Association’s greatest commitments to lifelong learning is our Travel Program, offering more than a dozen international and domestic trips each year, many led by University faculty members. News of Note Watch for Washington University in St. Louis Magazine four times a year, in addition to news and invitations from your school. One of the many benefits of having your e-mail on file with the Online Alumni Directory is the monthly e-mail newsletter @Washington University in St. Louis. Your Records Student transcripts are now available without a fee! Special Events If you live in the St. Louis area, or when you visit, take advantage of educational opportunities on campus, including alumni Century Club breakfasts, the Assembly Series lectures, the Travel Lecture Series, and courses offered through the various academic divisions. Alumni are invited to Founders Day each fall, a gala evening featuring prominent speakers. Bears “Make Their Mark” Since it began four years ago, more than 1,800 alumni and friends have participated in the Washington University Alumni Network Month of Caring. In October 2004, alumni, parents, and friends volunteered once again to represent Washington University and continue the great tradition of community service by generations of Washington University students. The Month of Caring benefits local communities throughout the United States. Washington University Clubs select organizations that fulfill important needs in their city and pitch in to help out for a day. This year, projects ranged from packing boxes at a food pantry to neighborhood cleanup to building home access ramps. Participants give back to their communities while meeting other alumni and friends and having a great time. Dallas Ramp Project Alumni and friends joined with fellow sponsors, the Kiwanis Club of Richardson and American Airlines, to help build home-access ramps for residents of Dallas and its suburbs. The volunteer project builds more than 200 ramps a year and has installed more than 1,200 ramps to date. Nominate Your Favorite Project for 2005 If you know of a deserving organization that needs volunteers, please let us know. Plans are under way for the 2005 Month of Caring in October, and your suggestion may be chosen as one of the projects served by our volunteers. Please e-mail your suggestions to: email@example.com. Atlanta Community Food Bank Founded in 1979, the Atlanta Community Food Bank provides food and other donated products to more than 750 nonprofit partner agencies serving 38 counties. Volunteers from Washington University spent a day in the Product Resource Center, helping to sort and pack items for distribution. Pictured: Neal Frenkel, M.D. ’88, volunteers with his children, Jacob and Jennie. We want to hear about recent promotions, honors, appointments, travels, marriages (please report marriages after the fact), and births so we can keep your classmates informed about important changes in your lives. Entries will appear, as space permits, in the earliest possible issue, based on the order received. Please send news to: ClassMates Washington University in St. Louis Campus Box 1086 One Brookings Drive St. Louis, MO 63130-4899 Fax (314) 935-8533 E-mail firstname.lastname@example.org If you want your news to appear also in a separate publication your school may provide, please send your news directly to that publication. ALUMNI CODES \| Code \| Department \| \|------\|----------------------------\| \| AR \| Architecture \| \| BU \| Business \| \| DE \| Dentistry \| \| EN \| Engineering \| \| FA \| Art \| \| GA \| Grad. Architecture \| \| GB \| Grad. Business \| \| GD \| Grad. Dentistry \| \| GF \| Grad. Art \| \| GL \| Grad. Law \| \| GM \| Grad. Medicine \| \| GN \| Grad. Nursing \| \| GR \| Grad. Arts & Sciences \| \| HA \| Health Care Admin. \| \| HS \| House Staff \| \| LA \| Arts & Sciences \| \| LW \| Law \| \| MD \| Medicine \| \| MT \| Manual Training \| \| NU \| Nursing \| \| OT \| Occupa. Therapy \| \| PT \| Physical Therapy \| \| SI \| Sever Institute \| \| SU \| Sever Inst. Undergrad. \| \| SW \| Social Work \| \| TI \| Tech. & Info. Mgmt. \| \| UC \| University College \| 30s Paul H. Streich, LA 34, who, at 90, now resides with his wife at the church-related Uplands Retirement Village in Pleasant Hill, Tenn., has written a manuscript covering their 32 years spent in Ecuador as members of the United Andean Indian Mission, a joint project of three Christian denominations—Methodists, Presbyterians, and the United Church of Christ (UCC). For many years, the Streiches resided in adobe or rammed earth houses at the mission farm on a slope of Mt. Mojanda, 50 miles north of Quito. They supervised schools for Indian children and adults, established medical dispensaries, and joined with others to begin a food co-op and a handicrafts program. Doris Millner Kaplan, EN 49, who resides in Longboat Key, Fla., says, "(I'm) honored to have been recognized in the new sesquicentennial book about our alma mater as one of the first three women to complete an engineering degree at the University." She says she can't wait to share the book, Beginning a Great Work: Washington University in St. Louis, 1853–2003, with her husband, three sons, and eight grandchildren, aged 2 to 25 years. 40s Gloria Banghart Strumbaugh, UC 50, GR 51, who began teaching elementary physical education in 1950 and has taught full time since 1959, retired from the St. Louis Public Schools in 1999. She has been teaching at Sacred Heart School in Festus, Mo., for the past five years. Her husband, John Howard Strumbaugh, BU 49, died in 1992. Gloria's five children—four boys and one girl—are now adults. Patricia DuBose Duncan, FA 54, of Rockport, Maine, has donated photographic images—several stills and a two-hour videotape—of photographer Gordon Parks to the Gordon Parks Center for Culture and Diversity at Fort Scott (Kan.) Community College. The images resulted from Duncan's commission from Life Magazine to document Parks' two tours of major prairies in Kansas, his home state, during the summer and fall of 1979. Duncan herself focused on the tallgrass prairie in a traveling exhibition and her book of color photographs. Duncan, who received a Distinguished Alumni Award from Washington University in 1980, is represented in permanent collections of several museums and in numerous corporate and private collections. Marilyn Classe Gordley, FA 54, and her husband, Tran Gordley, FA 56, artists based in the Philadelphia area, had a two-person show at the Atlantic City Art Center in Atlantic City, N.J., from Dec. 2, 2004, to Jan. 31, 2005. Included were their recent prints, drawings, and paintings. Elizabeth Gentry Sayad, LA 55, GR 03, has written A Yankee in Creole Country: The Unfinished Vision of Justus Post in Frontier St. Louis (Virginia Publishing, 2004). Through a stunning collection of his letters, the book tells the story of Post, an American land speculator in the early 1800s, who was obsessed with creating "the greatest empire on earth." This aspiration led him to establish the town of Chesterfield, Mo., in 1818. Tran Gordley, FA 56, an artist based in the Philadelphia area, was elected in 2003 to the Board of Philadelphia Tri/States Artists Equity. He and his wife, Marilyn Classe Gordley, FA 54, had a two-person show at the Atlantic City Art Center, Atlantic City, N.J., from Dec. 2, 2004, to Jan. 31, 2005. Patricia A. Melechen, OT 56, recently facilitated University College's Lifelong Learning course on accepting our mortality. 60s Floyd E. Bloom, MD 60, University trustee and former editor of Science Magazine, has been awarded the Walsh McDermott Medal, given annually to a member of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) who has provided distinguished service to the National Academies, comprising IOM, National Academy of Engineering, National Academy of Sciences, and National Research Council. Bloom's service has included serving two terms on the IOM Council and on the group's membership committee, as well as speaking at annual and regional meetings. Millie (Kovacevich) Klockenkomper, LA 60, was the 2003–04 recipient of Saint Louis University's M. Cathlin Casey Award for Teaching Excellence for her "exemplary service to Saint Louis University's 1818 Advanced College Credit Program at St. Louis Gateway Technical High School." She was chosen from nominees from the nearly 70 schools participating. Klockenkomper recently retired from her career as a high-school English teacher in the St. Louis Public Schools, including Gateway Institute of Technology, a magnet school where she had taught since 1992. The Rev. E. (Elmer) Jack Ulrich, LA 61, was named pastor emeritus by St. John's United Church of Christ (U.C.C.) in Cannetlon, Ind., where he served from 1964–68. In July 2002, he retired from active ministry after serving Zion U.C.C. in Elberfeld, Ind., for 29 years. Howard Benoist, LA 64, has been appointed provost of Our Lady of the Lake University in San Antonio, Texas. Irving Max Schwab, LA 64, GR 66, of Springfield, Mo., who received a bachelor's degree and master's degree in history from Washington University, now is a doctoral student in history at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. For his study there in 2004–05, he received a Graduate Council Fellowship, and he received the 2002 Albert Burton Moore Memorial Award for Outstanding Graduate Work in History. Sue Schwartz, GR 65, who is proud to be a professional program graduate of the Central Institute for the Deaf in St. Louis, has written two books—Choices in Deathness and The New Language of Toys. She has two granddaughters and a grandson on the way. Leslie Klovile Plimpton, LA 66, who earned a law degree cum laude from Boston College in 1982, is a "Best of Boston" lawyer, according to Boston magazine's editors and writers. Of Boston attorneys handling trusts and estates, she was one of four chosen, and, in the magazine's October 2002 edition, she was described as "very accessible to clients." Howard C. Topel, LA 66, now is director of gynecologic surgery at Rush North Shore Medical Center in Skokie, Ill., an affiliate of Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. A pioneer and leader in the advancement of major gynecologic laparoscopic surgery, he was first in the Chicago area to perform a laparoscopic hysterectomy. Jack L. Block, LA 67, GB 68, a partner at Sachnoff & Weaver law firm in Chicago, received the 2004 Edwin A. Rothschild Civil Liberties Award from the American Civil Liberties Union of Illinois in honor of his extensive pro bono work in the area of racial justice and affirmative action. Leslie "Les" S. Cutler, DE 68, has retired to Martha's Vineyard, Mass., after serving as chancellor and provost of the University of Connecticut Health Center in Farmington and as the chief science and technology business officer for the University of Connecticut System. David M. Grossman, GR 68, GR 73, of Coconut Grove, Fla., has been appointed vice provost of the School of Professional and Continuing Studies at Thomas Edison State College in Trenton, NJ. William Siedhoff, UC 68, SW 73, who is director of the Department of Human Services for the City of St. Louis, was awarded a 2004 Children's Champions Outstanding Leaders Award in the category of Governmental Leadership. The award is made by the St. Louis Children's Agenda, which consists of more than 700 individuals representing some 300 businesses, agencies, and community organizations. John P. Wareham, GB 68, was appointed to the executive council of the Medical Center of the University of California in Irvine. He is chairman and chief executive officer of Beckman Coulter, a biomedical company based in Fullerton, Calif., which makes products used in hospital laboratories, physicians’ offices, and group practices. David M. Cook, LA 70, LW 74, GL 79, who practices law in Denver, has been elected chairman of the board of Good Shepherd Communities, which operates homes for the developmentally disabled. The organization serves more than 800 persons in California, Colorado, Oregon, and Washington. Avner Falk, GR 63, of Jerusalem, a foremost political psychologist and Israeli psychohistorian, has authored Fratricide in the Holy Land: A Psychoanalytic View of the Arab-Israeli Conflict (Wisconsin Press, 2005). It is the first English-language book to apply psychoanalysis to the most intractable international struggle in the world today—the Arab-Israeli conflict. Toby Stein Black, OT 71, who resides in Bowling Green, Ky., enjoys a private pediatric practice and contracting services. Her two children are young adults entering professional careers. Elaine “Shana” Folgeman Clark, LA 71, resides in Houston, where she is a psychotherapist/counselor in private practice. She enjoys gardening, photography, and traveling to national parks, among other interests. E-mail: email@example.com Judy Pfaff, FA 71, a renowned sculptor and painter and the Richard B. Fisher Professor in the Arts at Bard College in Annandale-on-Hudson, N.Y., received a 2004 MacArthur Fellowship from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. Each Fellow receives $500,000 in “no strings attached” support over the next five years. Thomas Shapiro, GR 71, GR 78, has joined The Heller School for Social Policy and Management at Brandeis University in Waltham, Mass., as the Pokross Professor of Law and Social Policy. His latest book is The Hidden Cost of Being African American (Oxford University Press, 2004). Previously, he co-authored the award-winning book Black Wealth/White Wealth. He resides with his wife and son in Boston. Linda Ray Showalter, SW 71, recently traveled to South Korea and Mongolia to establish an office in Mongolia for Christian World Adoption. She is a program director for the agency, which works with families across the United States who want to adopt internationally. Showalter also has a private psychotherapy practice in Hendersonville, N.C. Nikki Stern, LA 71, a public relations and communications consultant to the architecture and design communities, serves on the New Jersey September 11th Memorial Professional Advisory Committee. The committee, in partnership with the members of the New Jersey’s Families’ Memorial Committee, judged the design competition for the state’s September 11th Memorial, to be dedicated to the nearly 700 New Jersey men, women, and children who were lost in the 9/11 attacks. Stern’s husband, James Potorti, a vice president with Marsh & McLennan, was lost in the World Trade Center on Sept. 11, 2001. Sanford Teplitzky, LA 71, who chairs the Health Law Department at the law firm of Oberklai, in Baltimore, is listed in The Best Lawyers in America 2005–2006 for his depth of experience and knowledge in the area of health care. Less than 3 percent of all attorneys in the nation are selected for this honor, and he has been listed in the publication for more than 11 years. Andrew Tuzinski, HA 71, of Millersport, Pa., who retired in 1994, is working on his sheep farm and restoring a 1754 stone house, an 1840 stone house, and an 1803 brick mansion with seven fireplaces. Yuk-Keng “Albert” Ip, EN 73, was appointed managing director and head of global transaction services at Citigroup in Hong Kong in April 2003. He and his wife, Pasy, have one daughter, Isabelle. Gregory Mixon, LA 74, assistant professor of history at the University of North Carolina in Charlotte, is author of The Atlanta Riot: Race, Class, and Violence in a New South City (University Press of Florida, 2004), which traces the roots of the Atlanta Riot of 1906. Chao-Chung Lee, GA 75, of Houston was appointed to the Texas Military Facilities Commission, which constructs, maintains, and renovates facilities for use by the Texas National Guard. He is president and CEO of STOA International Architects, based in Houston. John E. Spigle, LW 75, has joined Stallard & Schuh, a title insurance company, as legal counsel in its Lafayette, Ind., office. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Mark Dillen Stitham, MD 75, played the role of a doctor in ABC Television’s hit series Lost. He has acted in several series shot in Hawaii, including Jake and the Fatman and the Unsolved Mysteries, but this is only his second role as a doctor. The first was for a Japanese show, Hotel, which, for a season, was shot in Hawaii. He said he couldn’t understand his fellow actors, but that the good part was he was allowed to make up his own dialogue. David M. Zemel, SW 75, of Tulsa, Okla., has joined Holmes, Radford & Avalon, a fundraising consultancy, as vice president and has established the Tulsa office of the St. Louis–based firm. Zemel previously was senior program officer with the Charles and Lynn Schusterman Family Foundation in Tulsa. Mark A. Barteau, EN 76, a leading researcher in catalytic science and the Robert L. Pigford Professor and the chairperson of the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Delaware in Newark, was the 2004 winner of the Francis Alison Award, that university’s highest faculty honor. It recognizes scholarship, professional achievements, and dedication. Margaret J. Levine, LA 76, has moved to Atlanta, where she is director of corporate security for Georgia Power and other affiliates of Southern Company in Georgia. Recently, she became the first woman elected to the board of directors of the International Security Management Association. Greg Hoxworth, LA 77, GB 84, was promoted to president of acquisitions and development for Combined Properties, Inc., with offices in Los Angeles and Washington, D.C. Greg’s nephew, Kellen Hoxworth, Arts & Sciences Class of ’08, is a member of the cross-country team. Wayne N. Miller, LA 77, recently was promoted to associate principal at Lucien Lagrange Architects in Chicago. Joyce A. Hagin, DE 78, and Larry Reich were married on June 30, 2001. She has had her own private dental practice in Honolulu since 1985. Carolynn Finegold Wolff, LA 80, DE 84, says: “I am living happily in St. Louis. Have my own practice; great husband; daughter, 16; and son, who is a freshman at Washington University.” E-mail: email@example.com Steven C. Beer, LA 81, has joined law firm Greenberg Traurig as a shareholder in its office in New York City. He practices entertainment law and focuses his practice on music, film, and celebrity licensing. Melanie Cornelius, LA 81, who, after earning a law degree, was licensed in 1985 to practice law in Ohio, celebrated her 11th year with the Ohio Attorney General’s Office in October 2004. Now senior assistant attorney general, she received the 2004 Ohio Attorney General’s Innovation and Excellence Award last November. Randal Farber, GB 81, a partner in the business transactions section of the Houston office of law firm Jackson Walker, was named a “Super Lawyer” by Texas Monthly magazine for 2004. Super Lawyers are the top 5 percent of attorneys in each state, as chosen by their peers. Jessica M. Goldstein, LA 82, of Seattle, is a theater educator at the Washington Academy of Performing Arts, Freehold Studio, Seattle Children’s Theatre, and Sitka Fine Arts Camp. In 2004, she toured with Perseverance Theatre Company through Alaska and Canada and directed productions by the Rato Bangala School in Kathmandu, Nepal. She also made an independent film on the Swinomish Reservation. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Sharon Lynn Markowski, EN 82, of Broad Brook, Conn., who is an actuarial associate at The Hartford insurance company, has been named a Fellow of the Casualty Actuarial Society. Brian S. Zachariah, LA 82, director of the Division of Emergency Medicine at the University of Texas in Galveston, has been named the first Elaine Mantooth Fleming, M.D. Professor of Emergency Medicine. Elizabeth “Beth” (Lippincott) Leatherman, LA 83, announces the birth of Natalie Carolina in May 2004. She joins her brothers, Tabor and Alex. Dennis McGrew, EN 83, is chief marketing officer for Cargill Dow, manufacturer of the world’s first commercially available plastic made from 100 percent annually renewable resources. He directs global commercial efforts for environmentally beneficial replacements for petroleum-based materials. Michael J. Rogovin, EN 83, was appointed deputy to the president/chief of staff for City College of New York, whose president is Gregory Williams. Morris Z. Rosenberg, LA 83, EN 83, SI 86, was promoted from vice president for development to senior vice president for development at Seattle Genetics, which discovers and develops monoclonal antibody-based therapeutics to treat cancer and other human diseases. He is responsible for managing the company’s process development, manufacturing activities, quality assurance, and quality control. Susan F. Smith, BU 83, executive vice president and chief financial officer of Metropolitan National Bank in Little Rock, Ark, was named to the “25 Most Powerful Women in Banking” list for 2004 compiled by U.S. Banker magazine. Thomas K. Tsotsis, EN 83, was selected as a Technical Fellow of the Boeing Company. Now working in the company’s Phantom Works—Materials and Process Engineering Division at Huntington Beach, Calif., Tsotsis has worked at Boeing for eight years, specializing in the research and development of composite materials for aerospace applications. Michael J. Simon, LA 85, and his wife, Julie, announce the birth of their fourth child (and first daughter), Christianna, on Sept. 3, 2004. Julie has “moved her practice of pediatrics to the home front, while Michael’s practice in internal medicine remains more conventional.” The family resides in Colts Neck, N.J. E-mail: email@example.com Allan David Anderson, MD 86, and Amy Zadeik Anderson, HA 86, have relocated to Logan, Utah, where Allan is a general and vascular surgeon with Intermountain Health Care’s Budge Clinic. Amy is helping their three children settle into life in Logan. Sylvia Rose Augustus, LA 87, who resides in Kansas, is the regional historic preservation officer and regional fine arts officer for the General Services Administration in Kansas City, Mo. She is responsible for the stewardship of historic federal buildings in Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Paula M. Bristol, SW 87, is a therapist/team coordinator at Graydon Manor in Leesburg, Va., a facility providing treatment for children and adolescents with serious emotional problems. She says, “After more than 30 years in the profession, I am still blessed to love the work I do.” Outside of work, she focuses on her grandchildren, sports, and learning Italian. Lori Brunsman, LA 87, and David Brunsman, EN 87, announce the birth of Jason Emeric on Aug. 21, 2004. He joins his siblings—Karen, 18; Kristine, 15; Kelly, 9; Luke, 7; Zane, 5; and Eleanor, 3. The family resides in Occoquan, Va., where David works for the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and Lori works for the Environmental Protection Agency. E-mail: email@example.com E. Darrien Cox, BU 87, completed a thoracic surgery fellowship in June 2004 and now is serving in the U.S. Army as attending surgeon at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C. He also is assistant professor of surgery at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethesda, Md. He resides with his wife, Kathleen, and sons—Adam, 18, and Caleb, 5—in Laurel, Md. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Anthony “Tony” David Thomas, LA 87, has been promoted to the rank of professor of mathematics at the University of Wisconsin in Platteville. He and his wife, Carol, have four children—Nicholas, 17; Haley, 11; Alexander, 9; and Kelsey, 6. E-mail: email@example.com Nicholas A. Franke, LW 88, was elected to a three-year term on the board of directors and appointed secretary of the Missouri Chapter of the Turnaround Management Association, a corporate restructuring trade organization, which has 6,700 members in six nations. His practice, limited to bankruptcy and corporate reorganization, is in the St. Louis office of Spencer Fane Britt Browne. Todd Greenberg, HA 88, now manages the Department of Dermatology at Weill Cornell Medical College in Ithaca, N.Y. S’Lee Arthur “Art” Hinsshaw II, LA 88, an expert on mediation and other forms of alternative dispute resolution, now is director of the Lodestar Dispute Resolution Program and associate clinical professor of law at Arizona State University in Tempe. Formerly, he was on the faculty of law schools at the University of Missouri in Columbia and at Washington University. LeRoy A. Jones, MD 88, a nationally known urologist who specializes in prosthetic implants as well as male and female sexual medicine, has joined Urology San Antonio. Previously, he served as assistant professor of urology and the head of sexual medicine at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. Jennifer Kennedy, LA 88, says her first book, Wyoming Trucks, True Love & the Weather Channel, came out in March 2004. The collection of essays includes “How I Became a Blond,” which is about her arrival at Washington University as a “Colorado girl among dark-haired Easterners.” 1st Lt. Michael A. Seale, LA 88, who enlisted in the National Guard after 9/11, completed basic combat training, officer candidate school, and the infantry officer basic course. Placed on active duty as part of Operation Enduring Freedom and sent to Afghanistan, he now is platoon leader for 3/C (TaskForce 168) U.S. Army. James R. Bailey, GR 89, GR 91, professor of organizational behavior and development at the business school of George Washington University in Washington, D.C., and research fellow at that university’s Graduate School of Education and Human Development, has been named editor of Academy of Management Learning and Education, one of four journals published by the Academy of Management. He previously was associate editor for the journal. Dennis F. Dwyer, TI 89, has joined Nielsen Media Research in Oldsmar, Fla., as manager of enterprise resource management. He is responsible for architecting and managing Nielsen’s global storage area network environment. Dwyer, who resides in Clearwater, Fla., previously was manager of enterprise infrastructure at Tampa Electric Company. In May 2003, he retired as master chief petty officer of the Navy reserves with 30 years of service. Laura Hromyak Hendrix, LA 89, who received a J.D. degree from the University of Kentucky in Lexington, is general counsel for the Kentucky Legislative Research Commission, which serves the Kentucky General Assembly. She resides in Frankfort, Ky., with her husband, Doug, and their three children—Madeleine, Sydney, and Cooper. Lori Jones, GL 89, has joined Thompson Coburn as a partner in the firm’s employee benefit practice. She has extensive experience in employee benefit, pension, and executive compensation matters. Before joining the firm, she was a partner at Lewis, Rice & Fingersh, where she started her law career. Jones is president of the Bar Association of Metropolitan St. Louis. David A. Levine, LA 89, is catering manager for the New England Patriots and Gillette Stadium. He and his wife, Sue, and their two sons—Matthew, 4, and Nate, 2—reside in Ashland, Mass. Janii Lee Simmer, LA 89 (English and American literature), LA 89 (biology), a writer who resides in Tucson, had her short story Stone Tower included in the book Gothic Ten Original Dark Tales for young adults (Candlewick Press, 2004) and had other stories published in fall 2004 editions of Cricket magazine. Her next book, with the working title Tierney West, Professional Adventurer, will be published by Holiday House. Web site: www.simmer.com Jonathan Fox, LA 90, and his wife, Hedva, announce the birth of their first son, Daniel, on July 22, 2004. Jonathan recently was promoted to senior lecturer in the political studies department of Bar Ilan University in Ramat Gan, Israel. In addition, his third book, Bringing Religion into International Relations, recently was published (Palgrave-MacMillan, 2004). E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Denise D. Harper, GR 90, is vice president of human resources for Meramec Valley Bank in St. Louis. She says she enjoys her work and would love to hear from any 1990 M.A. graduates in human resources. E-mail: email@example.com Lynn Imergoot, UC 90, assistant athletic director at the University, notes that the 2004–05 year marks the 30th anniversary of the re-institution of women’s intercollegiate athletics at Washington University. They were halted in 1955 by A. Wendolyn Drew and restarted by Robert L. Virgil, now a University trustee, in 1975. Women’s sports then were swimming, tennis, and volleyball. Imergoot says, “We’ve come a long way.” Ron Jones, GB 90, was promoted to director of Lockwood Greene’s global pharmaceutical and biotechnology business unit, in Somerset, N.J. The firm is the nation’s oldest continually run engineering company with offices worldwide. Charles R. Kaplan, LA 90, and his wife, Karen, announce the birth of Hallie Claire on Aug. 16, 2004. Charles recently became a partner at Georgia Urology in Cobb County, Ga. Keith Mortman, LA 90, and his wife, Kristy, announce the birth of their third child, Kaitlyn, on Sept. 6, 2004. She joins her brothers—Ryan, 8, and Jonathan, 3. The family resides near Springfield, Mass., where Keith is an assistant professor of cardiothoracic surgery at Baystate Medical Center. Tamara (Stephenson) Paul, OT 90, and her husband, Gary B. Paul, EN 91, announce the birth of Joseph Paul Jan. 6, 2004. He joins his brothers, Benjamin and Timothy. Gary works for SBC in San Antonio, Texas. Beth (Adelman) Warner, LA 90, and her husband, Andy, who received an A.B. degree from Emory University in Atlanta in 1989, announce the birth of Alexa Simone on July 28, 2004. She joins her sister, Sloane, 3. Beth is director of the Atlanta office of Share Our Strength, a national nonprofit that inspires and organizes individuals and businesses to share their strengths in innovative ways to help end hunger. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org or email@example.com Chip Wilson, EN 90, has been appointed chief technology officer of Geniant, an information technology consulting firm in Dallas. He has been principal consultant for the firm for the past five years. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Steven Cohen, LA 91, was co-creator of the television series Jack & Bobby, which premiered in Seeking Fixed Income? See page 9 Robert S. Brookings Guaranteed Income for Life The Washington University Charitable Gift Annuity, see page 9 Recognizing the Importance of Planned Gifts Washington University in St. Louis September 2004 on the WB network. The series tells the story of two teen brothers, one of whom will become president of the United States in 2041. It is set in Missouri, where their mother teaches at a university. Previously, Cohen worked in the White House during the first six years of the Clinton administration. Nichol M. Lee, LA 91, MD 95, is taking a break from practicing pediatrics to experience “the other side of pediatrics” as a stay-at-home mother. Lee, who separated from the Navy in 2002, is married to Gabriel Lee, also a pediatrician, who is an active duty naval officer. He is the department head of the pediatrics clinic at Naval Hospital Camp Lejeune in Jacksonville, N.C. Michael Sater, FA 91, principal and creative director of Sater Creative, an Atlanta-based graphic design and creative services agency, has opened an office in Charlotte, N.C., as the firm’s second southeast regional office. E-mail: email@example.com Lester Satlow, LA 91, now is an equity portfolio manager for Cabot Money Management in Salem, Mass. He and his wife, Tara, and son, Logan, reside in Andover, Mass. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Kathy Schnare, GR 91, and her husband have, “after 11 years trotting around the globe,” moved back to the United States, thanks to her husband’s company deciding to relocate them from the United Kingdom to Malvern, Pa., on the outskirts of Philadelphia. She says, “We’re starting to settle in, but, if any old friends from Wash. U. are in the area, I’d enjoy hearing from you again!” E-mail: email@example.com Michael A. Spielman, LA 91, of Shaker Heights, Ohio, now is vice president and chief financial officer of Hudson Metals Corporation. The company, based in New York City, is a merchant in off-exchange traded metals used in superalloys, stainless steels, specialty alloys, electronics, chemicals, and batteries. He also serves part time as counsel to the national law firm Tucker Ellis & West on corporate, securities, and tax matters, based in the firm’s Cleveland office. Barb (Wehmeyer) Stock, EN 91, and her husband, Dan Stock, announce the birth of Natalie Marie on Aug. 19, 2004. She joins sisters Leah, 6; Stephanie, 4; and Bridget, 1. The family resides in Belleville, Ill. Tracy L. Blevins, LA 92, a postdoctoral research associate in biomedical science at Rice University in Houston, is a scientist, artist, and politician. Jordan Forman, BU 92, and his wife, Jodi, announce the birth of Joshua Michael Forman on Dec. 31, 2003. The family resides in Smyrna, Ga. Jordan is an associate attorney with Kaufman, Miller & Sivertsen in Atlanta. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org John Schold, LW 92, has joined Cognis Corporation, a German specialty chemicals company, as senior counsel at their North America headquarters in Cincinnati. High in the Sierras, as a hailstorm rages, six Washington University alumni are having a debate. We are at an elevation of 11,000 feet in Kings Canyon National Park in California, and the temperature is dropping. Our raingear is soaked through, and we’re getting chilled. This is not good. Being cold and wet in the mountains can be dangerous, if not deadly. Under a tarp hastily strung up between a few scraggly trees, we discuss our options. Some guys want to keep moving to stay warm. Others think we should quickly set up a tent, even though the ground is a muddy mess. I can sense the tension building, so I do what all seasoned mountaineers do in the face of imminent danger: I start to sing, show-tune style: “Hypo, hypothermia! Hypo, hypothermia!” The boys join me in a rousing chorus: “Hypo, hypothermia!” Welcome to Ali Bali. Every summer for the last 16 years, a bunch of guys who met at Washington U. have ventured into the wilderness for a week of backpacking, peak-bagging, and outdoor living. It’s a tradition we call “Ali Bali,” though no one can say for sure what that name means. Ali Bali was born in June 1989, when Brian Oster and I embarked on a bike trek from New York to California. We mapped our route to reach Montana’s Glacier National Park on July 22, where we met our Washington U. friends for a backpacking trip. Every summer since then, we have explored wild places all over the country. Miles from civilization, totally self-sufficient, on Ali Bali we take leave of our professions and our families and enter a world unto ourselves, renewing the bonds we made at college. We spend our days hiking on trails and scrambling up peaks. We tell the same jokes and stories we’ve told for years. We sing silly songs, and call each other nicknames like Mr. Portions, Lefty, Chouteau, Mountain Charlie, and Dorak. But we also compare notes on our present lives. All in the most beautiful, most inaccessible places in the country. Everyone prepares meals—and we have taken the art of backcountry cooking to new highs (Charlie’s Mexican Fiesta, with fresh guacamole) and lows (like the time Mike added dirty dishwater to his Thai curry). When we began this tradition, we were all single, in our mid-twenties. Now we’re in our forties, with families, mortgages, and demanding jobs. Each year it gets harder to tear ourselves away. But that’s precisely why we continue to do it. On Ali Bali we get to experience the freedom and camaraderie we had at the University. And the older we get, the more we appreciate it. Back at 11,000 feet, the clouds have parted to frame a small patch of blue. The hail has let up, leaving a stunning blanket of white on the ground. Crisis averted, we clear a space for tents. Someone goes to fill pots with water to boil for dinner, and another gets the stoves started. After 16 years, Ali Bali has an easy, natural rhythm when it comes to setting up camp. Tomorrow we’ll go back to our families and our jobs, rejuvenated. Sometime during the winter the e-mail rounds will begin. Where to next trip? Alaska? The Canadian Rockies? In the spring, we’ll dig our backpacks from the closets and start training. We’ll show up at some trailhead somewhere and marvel that we pulled it off another year. Though I can’t tell you the exact meaning of the name Ali Bali, I’m quite sure it has something to do with the spirit of friendship. Current and past members of Ali Bali: David Begler, A.B. ’85 Steve Deutsch, B.F.A. ’86 Michael Dorf, A.B./B.S.B.A. ’84 George Gatch, A.B. ’86 Dore Hainer, A.B. ’84 Richard Kessner, A.B. ’84 Lars Langberg, A.B. ’86 Peter Ostrow, A.B. ’85 Brian Oster, A.B. ’87 Joel Priest, A.B. ’84 Charlie Smith, B.S. ’84 —David Begler, A.B. ’85 Sandra Van Trease, GB 92, has been named group president of St. Louis–based BJC HealthCare, one of the largest nonprofit healthcare organizations in the nation. She will provide strategic oversight and direction for a select group of community and rural hospitals in the BJC HealthCare organization. Ivy Brown, LA 93, and her husband, Michael Buchdahl, announce the birth of their first child, Lila Helena Buchdahl, on May 15, 2004. Ivy, who, prior to maternity leave, had been marketing manager for SPLENDA® New Calorie Sweetener, was to become marketing director, business development and innovation, for McNeil Nutritional, part of Johnson & Johnson, in September 2004. Carey Ehbert, LA 93, IA 93, a neonatologist, has been appointed assistant professor of pediatrics at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee and to the medical staff of Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, a major affiliate. Board-certified in pediatrics and neonatology, her clinical emphasis is on providing intensive care to critically ill newborns and premature infants. Her research focus is on neonatal lung physiology and mechanical ventilation. Josh Goldstein, LA 93, an architect; his wife, Rachel Goldstein, LA 93, a Web designer; and Jonathan Polsky, LA 93, a book production manager, founded a company selling Yiddish-themed apparel in 2002. The company, named Shoytz (“shirts” with a Yiddish accent), offers T-shirts and baby bibs featuring clever plays on Yiddish words at www.shoytz.com. Spencer Corey Greene, LA 93, has moved to Dayton, Ohio, with his wife, Starr, their daughter, Cami, and their five cats—Roscoe, Peaches, Abner, Kaitlin, and Blade. Spencer, a physician in emergency medicine, is EMS medical director for Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in southwestern Ohio between Fairborn and Dayton. E-mail: email@example.com Shirley M. Hardgrave, SW 93, says her husband, Jason Hardgrave, who was employed at Washington University’s law library in 1992–93, has joined the history faculty at the University of Southern Indiana in Evansville. The family, including Alexandra, 4, and Andreas, 1, relocated from Lawrence, Kan., to Newburgh, Ind. Joseph J. Harper, SW 93, mental health program administrator at Menard Correctional Center in the Illinois Department of Corrections, co-authored “Enhancing Victim Empathy for Sex Offenders” with Mark S. Carich, Carole K. Metzger, and Mirza S.A. Baig. The article was published in the Journal of Child Sexual Abuse in December 2003. Adam (ATOM) Hartzell, LA 93, SW 96, has focused his writing on world cinema for the past six years. He is a regular contributor to the online film studies journal, The Film Journal, and to Koreanfilm.org. He has a chapter in The Cinema of Japan and Korea (Columbia University Press, 2004), and he co-programmed the South Korean films at the 2004 Asian Film Festival in San Francisco. Hartzell resides in San Francisco, where he works as a software company. Leslie (Smith) Iyer, LA 93, and Surya Iyer, SI 93, SI 96, announce the birth of their daughter, Macy Kaveri, in May 2004. She joins her sister, Zoe. The family resides in Santa Clara, Calif. Leslie is a molecular biologist at Deltagen, and Surya is a senior manager at Applied Materials. Daniel Maas, LA 93, has launched a3, an Atlanta-based architecture and interior design firm, with three other partners. The firm focuses on specialty commercial, corporate office, retail, restaurant, and residential design. Most recently, Maas was senior associate at Thompson, Ventulett, Stainback, & Associates and project manager for the Georgia Aquarium. Genevieve Peter-Jaua, EN 93, has two sons—Ethan, 3, and Adam, 1. She and her husband, Law Chun Ming, along with the boys, reside in Sabah, Malaysia. Peter-Jaua is an information system officer for Alliance Bank Berhad. Lisa Sherman, LW 93, has co-authored Sisters-In-Law: An Uncensored Guide for Women Practicing Law in the Real World (Sphinx Publishing, an imprint of Sourcebooks, Inc., 2004), a humorous, but substantive, guide to aspiring and newly practicing women lawyers. Sherman, who practices labor and employment law, representing management in California, and who, with her husband, is rearing two daughters, co-authored the book with attorneys Deborah L. Turchiano and Jill R. Schecter. Carol (Webber) Van Ryzin, LA 93, LA 93, and her husband, Eric, announce the birth of Connor Lee on Sept. 20, 2004. The family resides in Silver Spring, Md. Derek Wild, LA 93, and his wife, Toni, who were married in July 1997, announce the birth of Caden Gray on Sept. 21, 2004. He joins his sister, Tennessee, born in 2001. Derek is a manager with Bear Creek Corporation in Medford, Ore. E-mails: firstname.lastname@example.org Armin Bietwoldt, GB 93, a professional artist and art department head and instructor at North Shore Country Day School in the Chicago area, recently has had his work in several exhibitions, both solo and group. Venues have included the Library of the Indian Trails Public Library District in Wheeling, Ill.; the 2004 Biennial International Juried Exhibition at the Brad Cooper Gallery in Tampa; the OCF Annual Art Exhibit in Chicago; and a show at the Anne Loucks Gallery in Glencoe, Ill. Tamara Pester, LA 94, left her position as counsel for First Data Corporation’s Litigation Counsel Connect, a legal recruiting firm in Denver focusing on the permanent placement of attorneys with law firms and corporations. E-mail: email@example.com Eileen Sharkey Rosenfeld, BU 94, and her husband, Robert “Rob” D. Rosenfeld, BU 93, LA 93, announce the birth of Maxwell Spencer on June 12, 2004. The family resides in Highland Park, a suburb of Chicago. Rob is studying for an M.B.A. degree from the University of Chicago, and Eileen is a brand manager at Kraft Foods. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Adam Elegant, LA 95, and his wife, Rebecca, announce the birth of Samantha Marie Elegant on June 22, 2004. The family resides in San Francisco, where Adam is vice president of the equities division of Goldman Sachs. E-mail: email@example.com Laura (Weinberg) Friedel, LA 95, and Jay Friedel, LA 94, announce the birth of Ilana Sara Friedel on Oct. 15, 2004. The family resides in Northfield, Ill. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org or email@example.com Erin (Schatz) Goldstein, LA 95, and her husband, Marlon Goldstein, announce the birth of Emma Reese Goldstein on July 2, 2004. The family resides in Hollywood, Fla. Julie Hopson, PT 95, continues to work as a physical therapist at Trinity Outpatient Rehabilitation Services in Rock Island, Ill. Primarily, she treats orthopaedic and geriatric patients. Carrie Smalley Johnson, EN 95, and her husband, Brandon Johnson, announce the birth of Audrey Lauren on Sept. 28, 2004, at Royal Air Force Lakenheath Hospital in Lakenheath, England. Terese Kasson, GB 95, has rejoined the faculty at McKendree College in Lebanon, Ill., as an accounting instructor. Kasson, who first joined McKendree in 1995 after working as a CPA for Price Waterhouse (now KPMG/Ernst & Young), left the college in 2000 to care for her children. She and her husband, Bob, and their three children reside in Breeze, Ill. Megan Kostal, BU 95, and her husband, Thomas, announce the birth of their first child, Sophie Elizabeth, on May 10, 2004. The family resides in Chicago. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Deepti Malhotra, LA 95, and Vivek Malhotra, EN 95, announce the birth of Rahul Shyam Malhotra on March 15, 2004. The family resides in Fairfax, Va. E-mail: email@example.com Rebekah Viloria, LA 95, and Matthew Hunnenghake, LA 95, announce the birth of their second daughter, Olivia Viloria Hunnenghake, on Sept. 15, 2004. The family resides in Boston, where Rebekah is an OB/GYN physician in private practice and Matthew is in his second year of a pulmonary and critical care fellowship at Brigham & Women’s Hospital, which is affiliated with Harvard University. Evan Bronstein, GA 96, has started his own design firm, Baseline Workshop, on Washington Avenue in downtown St. Louis. The firm has three entities—an art gallery, a Poliform showroom (contemporary Italian furniture), and an architectural design office. The gallery recently opened with a photographic exhibit by Brian Kuhlman. Jason Eckcer, BU 96, who resides in Chicago, was promoted to senior manager in Accenture’s Supply Chain practice. For the past three years he has been working in Washington, D.C., on a project for the Department of Defense. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Mark Klapow, LA 96, and his wife, Kelly, announce the birth of Zachary Michael on Sept. 15, 2004. He joins his sister, Emily, 2. The family resides in Washington, D.C., where Mark is an attorney at Howrey, Simon. E-mail: email@example.com Ayala Weiner, LA 96, and Kenneth Usdin were married on Nov. 6, 2004, in Lawrence, N.Y. Guests included many University alumni. Kenneth graduated from Tufts University in Medford, Mass., in 1995, and Ayala earned a Master of Science degree in physical therapy from the University of Miami in December 1999. The couple resides in Manhattan, where Ayala works as a physical therapist. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Michelle Kinman, LA 97, and John Michael Musolino IV, LA 95, were married on Oct. 9, 2004, in Omaha, Neb. They reside in Santa Monica, Calif., where John has his own design firm and Michelle is co-founder of Crude Accountability, a nonprofit organization focused on environmental justice in the Caspian Sea basin. Jonathan T. Wendt, LA 97, now is an associate in the Omaha offices of the law firm Blackwell Sanders Peper Martin. Abby Wilner, LA 97, and Ben Miller were married in Washington, D.C., their hometown, on Nov. 13, 2004. The wedding party and guests included several University alumni. They are consultants, and they reside in McLean, Va. Mitchell Wunsch, LA 97, and Supriya Molina were married in San Mateo, Calif., on Oct. 10, 2004. The wedding party and guests included several University alumni. The couple resides in Washington, D.C., where Supriya is an attorney for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Mitchell is a first-year law student at George Mason University in Fairfax, Va. E-mail: email@example.com Jill Fahrner, LA 98, and Matthew Frieman, LA 98, celebrated their first wedding anniversary on Oct. 11, 2004. Each received a Ph.D. degree from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. The couple now resides in Durham, N.C., as Fahrner is finishing an M.D./Ph.D. degree and Frieman is working on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Amy Lindgren, OT 98, and Erik Glesser were married in December 2000. Amy is a staff occupational therapist at Elmhurst Memorial Hospital in Elmhurst, Ill. Ellen (Cohn) Menscher, LA 98, and Corey L. Menscher, LA 95, who were married in September 2002, reside and work in New York City. Ellen, who graduated from Brooklyn Law School in 2003, is a practicing attorney, and Corey has been a Web developer since graduation. Kayla Moyer, OT 98, is an occupational therapist in the Houston (Texas) Independent School District. Natalie (Richards) Packman, BU 98, and Marc Packman, BU 98, announce the birth of Noah David on June 23, 2004. The family resides in New York City, where Marc works in commercial real estate for Tishman Speyer Properties and Natalie is an associate at the law firm Wilmer Cutler & Pickering. Marissa Rubio, LA 98, and Ankur Shah, LA 99, were married in Chicago in October 2004. Ankur is finishing a Ph.D. degree in molecular biology at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, and Marissa is in her second year of an internal medicine residency at Case Western’s MetroHealth Hospital. Johanna Schiavoni, LA 98, earned a law degree from the University of Southern California in Los Angeles in 2002, and, after a clerkship with a federal judge in Los Angeles, she joined the New York office of Latham & Watkins, where she litigates patent, copyright, trademark, and commercial fraud matters. E-mail: email@example.com Deborah K. Steele, OT 98, and her husband, Sean Steele, announce the birth of their first child, Ella Kay Steele, on July 11, 2004. Deborah is a senior occupational therapist at Santa Clara Valley Medical Center in San Jose. The family resides in Sunnyvale, Calif. Jason Zenger, EN’98, and Jennifer Antonacci were married on Nov. 6, 2004, in Chicago. Guests included several University alumni. Jason is vice president of Zenger’s Industrial Supply Company in Melrose Park, Ill., and Jennifer is a realtor at the Edgebrook (Chicago) office of Coldwell Banker. The couple resides in the Wildwood area of Chicago. --- ‘Social’ Couple Lands in England After traveling around the world, 26 countries on six continents, Debbie Busler, A.B. ’95, M.S.W. ’97, has settled in England—for the time being. Busler is a senior social worker, investigating allegations of child abuse and neglect in the London Borough of Hounslow. She works closely with the police, schools, health personnel, sometimes the court system, and the families to piece together a picture of the past—and to create a plan for the family’s future. “The social work field is undergoing big changes in the U.K. now—requirements are strengthening, the system is evolving,” she says. “It’s an interesting time to be here.” Busler moved to England to accompany her longtime partner, John Patrick Woolley, A.B. ’94, who is pursuing a doctorate in science and religion at Oxford University. The two met in Umrath Hall, where they were resident advisers. They’ve been trotting around the globe together ever since. After Busler’s graduation they began their travels with a three-week drive across the country to California, where Woolley began work on his master’s degree at the Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley. Busler accepted a position with a social service agency in the Bay Area. While there, she and Woolley became active in the United Nations Association (UNA), a volunteer group that educates the public about the United Nations. Both Busler and Woolley served on the UNA’s board of directors in Berkeley, after being recruited by Nikki Van Ausdall, A.B. ’94. The organization, which was active in the ‘60s, had waned in recent years, so they were charged with “breathing new life into the group,” says Busler. That’s when Busler merged her lifelong love of running with her passion for global social justice. Together, she and Woolley organized the “Run for Peace,” a 5K/10K run and fundraiser for the Bay Area United Nations Association. “The run was a fun way to raise awareness while raising money,” she says. “And they’re still holding the run.” After California and before England, Busler and Woolley embarked on a nine-month journey to all the places they’d dreamed of seeing: South Africa, Peru, Cambodia, New Zealand, among others. “After a few cross-country road trips, we were inspired to widen the playing field. While in California, we began planning and saving for a worldwide trip. It was the adventure of a lifetime.” With Woolley’s acceptance to Oxford University, their traveling focus shifted to Europe, and Busler found her talents in high demand in England. While most U.S. social workers have a master’s degree, social workers in the U.K. need only a year (now a three-year) general degree. However, because of a handful of highly publicized scandals that have put the field under scrutiny, the educational requirements are now being strengthened—though foreign-trained social workers are still sought after. In fact, Busler works with a number of international social workers, hailing from Australia, South Africa, and Canada. For her, the most challenging part of working in England is the lack of autonomy social workers are allowed. In the United States, she could take a case and run with it. But in England, every step must be supervised. Still, one day soon Busler will be doing the supervising. After less than a year on the job, she’s being promoted. Also, as an expatriate, she deals with a range of opinions about Americans, some of them rooted in myth, some in truth. At work, she finds her “American style” of communicating—straightforward, concise—a contrast to the U.K. style, which is more “round-about.” Despite the challenges, she “wouldn’t trade this opportunity for anything.” —Nancy Mays Katherine Breslow, LA 99, and Aaron Shrager were married on August 15, 2004. The Shragers reside in a suburb of Philadelphia. Katherine, who earned a master’s degree in clinical psychology from Widener University in Chester, Pa., is now a doctoral candidate. Heather Diamond, LA 99, and Eytan Fisch were married in September 2004 in Pittsburgh. Eytan and Heather, who earned a J.D. degree in May 2003 from American University in Washington, D.C., recently relocated from there to New York City for proximity to Heather’s work as an attorney with the Legal Aid Society of Nassau County, N.Y., on Long Island. Kristen (Armstrong) Matz, GA 99, and her husband, Steven, announce the birth of Ella Louise Armstrong Matz on March 6, 2004. The family and their two dogs reside in Chicago, where Kristen and Steven work. James E. McCleish, SI 99, who resides in unincorporated Madison County, Ill., was promoted to manager, water resources engineering at Horner & Shifrin, Inc., Engineers/Architects/Planners in St. Louis. He is an environmental engineer who has specialized in the design of water treatment and distribution facilities and wastewater collection and treatment facilities for more than 15 years. He will be responsible for managing the operations of the firm’s Water Resources Department. Abra Parks, LA 99, and J. Bradley Stein were married Sept. 5, 2004, in downtown Chicago. The Steins reside in San Francisco, where Abra is an occupational therapist. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Lauren (Wacht) Simkin, FA 99, and her husband, Eric, announce the birth of their first child, Michelle Elaine Simkin, on Oct. 13, 2004. Lauren, an elementary school teacher, serves as the chair for the University’s Alumni and Parents Admission Program in the New York–Westchester County area. Eric is corporate controller for B.R. Guest in New York City. The family resides in Rye Brook, N.Y. Tony Thompson, SI 99, is president and CEO of St. Louis-based Kwame Building Group, which was ranked No. 34 on Engineering News Record’s list of Top 40 Program Management Firms worldwide in 2004. The firm also ranked No. 89 on the magazine’s list of Top 100 Construction Managers-for-Fee. Lisa Alpern, FA 00 (fashion design), a free-lance makeup artist and hairstylist in New York City, is founder and creative director of the Web site BeautyPlusPower.com, an online shopping directory for plus-size women. It is designed to add style and substance to full-figured young women who wear sizes 12 and up. It provides more than 500 unique listings for clothing in more than 15 categories, ranging from business casual to goth, bridal gowns to costumes, and swimwear to footwear. Travis H. Brown, GB 00, partner/owner of Gaines Brown Consulting, a professional lobby firm in Jefferson City, Mo., reports that clients of the firm, begun in 2002, now include the Monsanto Company, the Kansas City Chiefs Football Club, the Kansas City Royals Baseball Club, the Missouri Society of Anesthesiologists, and the Missouri Biotechnology Association. Angel M. Garcia, LA 00, who is in his third year of medical school at the Universidad Autonoma de Guadalajara (Mexico), and his wife, Dana, also a medical student, plan to relocate to Chicago, her hometown, after graduation. Rebecca Goldstein, FA 00, and David Silber were married on Sept. 5, 2004, in Cincinnati. The bridal party included several University friends. The couple resides outside Chicago in Buffalo Grove, Ill., where Rebecca is a graphic designer for a textbook-development firm and David is a senior financial analyst for Abbott Laboratories. E-mail: email@example.com Lesley C. Grantham, LA 00, and Armand J. Grandstaff were married on Sept. 4, 2004, in Nashville, Tenn. Lesley, who earned a Master of Education degree from Vanderbilt University in Nashville in May 2003, is a reading specialist at Martha O’Bryan Center, a social service agency. The couple resides in Nashville. Alison Kirshner, LA 00, recently completed a clerkship with a federal judge and became an associate in the litigation department of White & Case in New York City. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Roxanne Kohlbrecher, OT 00, and her husband, Craig Kohlbrecher, OT 95, announce the birth of their first child, Madeline Claire, on Sept. 24, 2004. Roxanne is an occupational therapist at Aviston (Ill.) Countryside Manor, and Craig is a program manager at the Breeze (Ill.) Caring First Nursing Home. Preethi Krishnan, LA 00, is a first-year resident at the University of Kansas School of Medicine—Wichita Family Medicine Residency Program at Via Christi Regional Medical Center in Wichita, Kan. Benjamin Looker, LA 00, recently had his book, Point from which creation begins, published by the Missouri Historical Society Press. It narrates the development in St. Louis of the Black Artists’ Group, a seminal arts collective that nurtured African-American experimentalists working in theater, visual arts, dance, poetry, and jazz. Brigid Baier, EN 01, EN 01, of Oak Park, Ill., teaches physics at Fenwick High School there. She completed the Access to Catholic Education Program and earned a master’s degree in education from the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame, Ind., and she has begun study for a master’s degree in physics from DePaul University in Chicago. In 2003, she completed the Chicago Marathon. Erik Mace, FA 01, has been promoted to junior art director at Williams-Labadie, a pharmaceutical advertising firm in Chicago. Danica (Rodenmic) Mathes, LW 01, was selected as one of Missouri’s “Up & Coming Lawyers” by Missouri Lawyers Weekly, which annually profiles 10 attorneys under the age of 40 throughout the state. Mathes is an attorney practicing in entertainment and intellectual property law with Blumenfeld, Kaplan & Sandweiss in St. Louis and is an adjunct professor of entertainment law at the University’s School of Law. She serves on the board of directors for St. Louis Volunteer Lawyers and Accountants for the Arts, the St. Louis Young Variety Board, and the StarPolish.com Attorney Panel. Also, she is a member of the American Bar Association’s Entertainment & Sports Law Forum. Ronald Herd II, a.k.a. R2C2H2, FA 02, created a picture book based on the life and achievements of Lt. James Reese Europe, the famous ragtime/jazz band leader of the legendary Harlem Hellfighters Jazz Band of WWI. Herd also had a solo exhibition from Oct. 7–Nov. 12, 2004, at the Tennessee Arts Commission Gallery in Nashville. Eugene A. Hillsman, BU 02, has joined the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, based in Flint, Mich., as a program assistant for the Pathways Out of Poverty team. In his new assignment, he is working on the Improving Community Education portfolio. Alana Libow, LA 02, is spending the 2004–05 school year in Bolivia, thanks to receiving a Fulbright grant. She was one of 2,000 U.S. grantees in the Fulbright program, sponsored by the U.S. Department of State in order to build mutual understanding between the people of the United States and the rest of the world. Recipients are selected on the basis of academic or professional achievement and demonstrated leadership potential. Justin T. Noetzl, LA 02, is working toward a master’s degree in medieval history at Marquette University in Milwaukee. He plans to enter a doctoral program in two years and to teach history some day, hopefully at the college level. David Smalle, LA 02, has joined the Walt Disney Company as marketing coordinator for the Muppets Holding Company, the new business unit charged with managing all the Muppets characters and entertainment properties. Kristin R. Duvall, LA 03, who recently moved back to Seattle to be closer to her family, is working as recruiting coordinator for Another Source, the only employment expeditor on the West Coast. Nancy E. Faye, SW 03, who resides in Henderson, Nev., is a social worker in primary care and the Women’s Clinic for the Department of Veterans Affairs. For another organization, she is a part-time counselor for domestic violence victims. She is working toward receiving a clinical license. Jining Li, GB 03, who resides in Shanghai, is looking for a new job and traveling around China. Colin Mulligan, GR 03 (international affairs), recently finished a round-the-world trip. For a year, beginning on Aug. 15, 2003, he traveled through Eastern and Northern Europe; across Southeast Africa to the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Iran; and to China, Laos, Nepal, Thailand, and Tibet. Now in St. Louis, he is working on a book chronicling his experiences. Wendy L. Nunez, SW 03, of Lapwai, Idaho, is senior program specialist for the Nez Perce Tribe’s early childhood development program and is vice chair of the Tribal General Council resolutions committee. Andrea D. Ugent, LA 03, has been residing in New Zealand since graduation. Lori Apfel, LA 04, has moved to New York City, where she is studying for a master’s degree through the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation at Columbia University in New York City. E-mail: email@example.com Hanna B. Blum, LA 04, is a medical student at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Micah L. Brill, BU 04, traveled throughout Southeast Asia last summer through November. Mauricio Bruce, LA 04, is assistant director of admissions for Washington University. Brian W. Buntaine, GM 04, a research and development scientist at Sigma-Aldrich Company in St. Louis, resides with his family in St. John, Mo. The family includes son, Alex, born Aug. 30, 2003; and another son is on the way. Eric Dienstfrey, LA 04, wrote and directed She’s Hideous!, a musical comedy set in Vienna in the 1920s that tells an absurdist story about the chance meeting of a reclusive Expressionist painter with the ugliest woman in the world. --- Full-Court ‘Press’ There exists, for those who have found it, a “press box” for NCAA basketball that offers unlimited seating. The address: Collegehoopsnet.com. The host: 23-year-old Shawn Siegel, A.B. ’03. His visitors: 10,000 daily fans hungry for sharp commentary, comprehensive rankings, inside interviews, quirky features, and passionate company with whom to watch each season unfold. Growing tremendously in its third year, Collegehoopsnet.com (CHN) was born when Siegel interned with the New Jersey Nets during his freshman year in college, pitching in on the redesign of the team’s Web site. “From that experience, I became fascinated with Web sites, and I’ve always liked basketball and writing,” he says. “So I thought it would be a perfect venture to create my own site.” Not that it was a booming business from the start. “It was really more of a hobby at first,” Siegel says. “I didn’t know much about Web design beforehand, so I just read some articles online and built [the site] for my own personal purposes. But when I realized, ‘Oh, people like this, and it’s getting a good amount of Web traffic,’ I thought I might as well turn it into something more substantial.” Meanwhile, Siegel was busy at another substantial venture: college. Like a resourceful entrepreneur, he made use of the materials in front of him, interviewing Washington University athletes for content and garnering support from professors. After graduation, Siegel took a year off, moved back to New Jersey, and worked on CHN full time. He incorporated the venture and worked as writer, editor, page designer, and ad rep. “I’d wake up in the morning and work on the Web site until I went to sleep,” he says. “I knew at the time that I would be returning to Washington University for law school the following fall, so I tried to get as much done during that year—so I would have time while in school to focus on my studies.” His efforts, including spreading the word via message boards, press releases, and search engines, paid off. “Every day, every week, I’d check the site’s Web traffic,” Siegel remembers, “and it seemed to be growing continuously.” As the site grew, it developed its own voice, providing visitors content they couldn’t get elsewhere: the DCI, or Dan Curry Index, a creatively scientific system that ranks hoops teams from best to worst; columns such as the off-the-cuff ‘Daily Dribble’; and special polls such as the Unheralded Player and the Spirit Awards. Assisting Siegel in this growth has been a stable group of 30 writers—aspiring and established—as well as the 500 members of the CHN Message Board, who post ponderings and pronouncements on seemingly every team and topic. For Siegel—who may follow law school with work in a sports league or as an agent—the foremost challenges have been time, financially feasible publicity efforts, and “trying to gain respect against other newspapers or publications for legitimacy.” Steadily, this is happening. CHN is gaining attention across the country, and its visitor count grew 300 percent from fall 2003 to fall 2004. Siegel expects the number of visitors to reach 25,000 a day during March Madness 2005. Meanwhile, with the work come the benefits—radio gigs, free tickets, a prime view of the court. However, Siegel, like those he writes about, only has so much time on the clock. “At law school,” Siegel says, “I don’t have the time to take advantage of a lot of the perks.” For more information, please e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org. —Stephen Schenkenberg New Line Theatre presented the play in October 2004 at the ArtLoft Theatre in St. Louis. Krisena M. Fell, LA 04, is in her first year at Harvard School of Dental Medicine in Boston. Christina J. Henslee, FA 04, who received an art scholarship when she graduated, now resides in Berlin. Stacy N. Jeffries, LA 04, is working to combat illiteracy in the Washington, D.C., Public Schools by serving on the Serve DC CYCLE (City Year’s Campaign for Literacy and Education) Team. Corey E. Jones, LA 04, is pursuing a Master of Fine Arts degree in acting from the University of Texas in Austin. He says, “(I) have good health, (am) loving life, and would love to catch up with some old classmates.” E-mail: email@example.com William H. Joyce, LW 04, has joined St. Louis law firm Lathrop & Gage as an associate and will concentrate his practice in business litigation law. At the University, he was a Danforth Scholar and associate editor for the Washington University Journal of Law and Policy. Thomas J. Keating, LW 04, is an associate with law firm Husch & Eppenberger in St. Louis, where he practices in the intellectual property/patent law group. Tom and his wife, Heather, and their three sons recently moved to a new home in University City. Andrew M. Lippa, LA 04, is in his first year of the M.D./Ph.D. Program in the cell and molecular biology graduate group for the School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Lauren R. Mark, LA 04, is working toward a master’s degree in dance. Jacqueline S. Martsolf, LA 04, who resides in Morrilton, Ark., is raising Katahdin hair sheep and Gloucester Old Spot pigs on pasture on Petit Jean Mountain, and she is direct-marketing meat at the Little Rock Farmers’ Market. She also is the children’s librarian at the county library, running programs for children and young adults. Last fall she taught basic grammar and composition classes at the local community college. Sarah E. Polenska, LA 04, says she is “hanging at home here in Madison, working at a bank, going to school for massage therapy. Those are my plans for the next year. After that, who knows?” Lindsay D. Puckett, LW 04, is associate attorney at Burke, Williams, and Sorensen in Los Angeles. Jacob A. Sepmeyer, EN 04, is in medical school at Vanderbilt University in Nashville. Marc R. Zornes, BU 04, has begun the business analyst program at C&S Wholesale Grocers, based in Keene, N.H. In Memoriam 1930s - Ellen Jane (Freund) Schwartz, LA 34; 12/04 - Margaret (Graves) Boerner, NU 36; 12/04 - Robert L. Heritage, LA 36; 11/04 - Elizabeth Anne (Jarvis) Moller, LA 36; 11/04 - Ewald H. Paulsmeyer, DE 36; 12/04 - Thomas S. Boozer, MD 37; 10/04 - Theodorick M. Knobel, EN 37; 11/04 - Russell J. Selbert, LA 37, GR 38; 11/04 - Phyllis Ann (Gradwohl) Cohen, LA 39; 10/04 - Jane (Kelly) Mowrey, UC 39; 12/04 1940s - John A. Logan, EN 40; 11/04 - Markley S. Binzel, EN 41, SI 53; 12/04 - Alexander Ellman, MD 41; 6/04 - Sara I. (Dowson) Prestwood, NU 41; 10/04 - Margaret L. Cariss, NU 42, MD 50; 1/05 - Thelma Marion (Giddan) Frost, BU 42, SW 63; 12/04 - Helen Frances (Williams) Kannapell, UC 42; 1/05 - Frank L. Nickerson, BU 42, LW 42; 9/04 - Helen (Goerts) Biedenstein, LA 43; 12/04 - Marguerite A. Jerzewiak, UC 43, GR 50; 12/04 - Frank G. Kirtz, LA 43, GR 44; 1/05 - Stanley W. Moore, MD 43; 6/04 - Henry F. Niederlinghaus III, EN 44; 12/04 - Marion (Slee) Clark, NU 45; 11/04 - Margaret H. (Clare) Griffin, PT 45, GR 51; 1/05 - Richard E. Musser, MD 45; 4/04 - A. Hal Thatcher, MD 45; 8/04 - Malcolm E. Marlis, DE 46; 12/04 - Ivan Chorlins, EN 47; 12/04 - Elsa Katherine (Muench) Hunstein, LA 47; 12/04 - Gilbert C. Pauls, EN 47; 9/04 - John D. Steele, LW 47; 11/04 - Chaplain (Col.) Paul Tomasovic, GR 47; 11/04 - Jean Eileen (Schmat) Brackney, BU 48; 1/05 - John R. Gibbons, BU 48; 11/04 - Melvin Goldstein, BU 48; 12/04 - Monroe D. Levy, LA 48; 11/04 - Marion E. St. John, GR 48; 8/04 - Ethel P. Swengel, SW 48; 3/04 - Jonathan Townsend, GR 48, GR 51; 11/04 - Shirley Ann (Mechling) Werline, BU 48; 1/05 - Susan (Fawcett) Woolsey, NU 48; 10/04 - Robert Lee “Bob” Hoffman, LA 49; 12/04 - Rev. Louis V. Huber, SW 49; 11/04 - Herbert A. Mack, BU 49, LW 53; 12/04 - George W. Martin, Jr., EN 49; 8/04 1950s - Lawrence L. Bierman, BU 50; 12/04 - Paul S. Dobinsky, LA 50; 12/04 - Allan Glubok, BU 50, GB 69; 11/04 - Fred B. Kallmayer, BU 50; 11/04 - Elsa G. Knudsen, FA 50; 12/04 - Patricia (Brown) McKinley, LA 50; 11/04 - Wallace N. Springer, Jr., LW 50; 10/04 - Robert D. Stanza, Sr., LA 50, GB 56; 11/04 - Albert H.M. Chang, LA 51; 12/04 - Elaine Mutrux, FA 51; 1/05 - William D. Wells, UC 51, GR 64; 1/04 - Jonathan C. Messerli, GR 52; 11/04 - Phyllis L. Rodgers, UC 52; 1/05 - Dorothy G. (Donovan) Schneeberger, LA 52; 12/04 - J. Perry Short, DE 52; 12/04 - Stanley Barban, GR 53; 12/04 - Leonard H. Elliott, EN 53; 12/04 - Laverne S. Erickson, MD 53; 11/04 - William R. Kohn, FA 53; 11/04 - Robert B. Ryan, UC 53; 11/04 - Irvin Schneider, LA 53; 12/04 - Bruce A. Wetteroth, LA 53, GR 58; 11/04 - Helen C. (Thoroughman) Cruce, UC 54; 12/04 - J. Warren Ferguson, BU 54; 12/04 - Lester Harris, SW 54; 12/04 - Robert E. Kimpling, LA 54, GR 57; 10/04 - Treadway C. Parker, LA 55, GR 57; 4/04 - Joseph A. Sacco, UC 55; 8/04 - Richard A. Stumpe, GB 55, UC 60; 1/05 - Louise D. Fairchild, SW 56; 10/04 - Paul C. Reinhard, UC 56; 1/05 - Bonnie Shure, LA 56; 1/05 - Ida (Wilson) Simms, GR 57; 1/05 - Vivian E. Heida, UC 59; 1/05 - Bruce E. Woodruff, LW 59; 11/04 1960s - Gene J. Carron, SI 60, SI 63; 1/05 - Lawrence Moser, UC 60, GB 66; 12/04 - Teresa Mueller, LA 61; 2/04 - Mary Stone, FA 61; 4/04 - Gary M. Corbett, LA 64; 1/05 - Robert J. Curfman, UC 64; 12/04 - Shirley Lampe, GR 65; 12/04 - Jacob Szapszewicz, UC 65; 10/04 - Glynn R. Boswell, UC 66; 1/05 - Jay Elliott Loeb, BU 66; 8/04 - Joseph E. Pastor, FA 68; 11/04 1970s - David W. Bergmann, BU 71, GB 72; 12/04 - John David Halverson, HS 73; 1/05 - Donald Paul Elders, GB 77; 12/04 - Marny Muir, GR 77; 12/04 - Bruce Robert Johnson, MD 79; 11/04 1980s - James Earl Bryan, LA 80; 12/04 1990s - Amy L. Van Dornelen, GB 90; 10/04 - William W. Woods, GB 92; 12/04 - Jerilyn Lipe-Landsbaum, LW 95; 12/04 Correction The editors sincerely regret mistakenly listing Avery B. Seidel, BU 55, in the winter 2004 issue’s “In Memoriam” section. It was his wife, Estelle Ruth (Roufa) Seidel, BU 55, who died in August 2004. In Remembrance Lois J. Eliot Lois Jameson Eliot, who focused much of her life as a supporter, adviser, and helpmate to her husband—Thomas Hopkinson Eliot, 12th chancellor of Washington University—died in her sleep on December 14, 2004, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. She was 92. “She was the one with the social skills,” says her daughter, Nancy Eliot Ulett, of Bar Harbour, Maine. “While Dad ran the University, she ran the household schedule, which might include anything from a small afternoon faculty wives’ tea to a full sit-down dinner with the prime minister of Singapore and his entire entourage, including bodyguards and secret service. And she managed to do this with complete grace and unflappability.” Born in Rochester, New York, Eliot graduated from Smith College in 1933. President of her graduating class for decades, she was an avid learner and world traveler. Eliot and her husband—who was from an old New England family that included University co-founder William Greenleaf Eliot and poet T.S. Eliot—met when she was a secretary and he, a graduate of Harvard University in Cambridge, was an attorney in Washington, D.C. Her considerable social skills were put to good use as her husband helped draft President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s “New Deal” Social Security Act and assisted in steering it through Congress, as well as running for Congress three times and serving one term as a U.S. representative. In 1952, when he became a professor of political science at Washington University, the family moved to St. Louis, and in 1962 he became chancellor. He was considered a key figure in elevating the University to national prominence. As chancellor from 1962–71, he weathered the campus uprising of the Vietnam War era. Afterward, the couple returned to Cambridge, where he assumed the presidency of the Salzburg Seminar in American Studies, which took the couple to Salzburg, Austria, for several months yearly. Later, the couple co-authored The History of the Salzburg Seminar: The First 40 Years. In addition to her daughter, Lois Eliot is survived by her son, Samuel Atkins Eliot IV; four grandchildren; and many nieces and nephews. William Roth Kohn William Roth Kohn, B.E.A. ’53, professor emeritus of painting, who was a revered teacher and one of St. Louis’ most respected painters, died November 13, 2004, of cancer at his home in St. Louis. He was 73. A native of University City, Kohn was known for large, colorful landscapes based on his travels around the world. Subjects over the years ranged from the small towns of Andalusia to Chicago city-scapes; Grand Canyon rock formations; the pyramids in Oaxaca, Mexico; the sandstone fortress of Jaisalmer, in India’s Thar Desert; and, most recently, Filippo Brunelleschi’s famous cathedral, the Duomo, in Florence, Italy. After studying printmaking in Paris, serving in Europe with the U.S. Army, and learning Spanish in Mexico City, he earned a master’s degree from Mills College in Oakland, California. In 1963, he joined the School of Art faculty at Washington University, where he remained until retirement in 1996. His work has been featured in one-person shows and is included in numerous public and private collections. In 2002, he received the Missouri Arts Award, the state’s highest honor for achievement in the arts. Survivors include his mother, Dorothy Feinstein; his wife, Patricia Kohn; a son; a daughter; and a brother. Susan Irene Tolman Susan Irene (Robertson) Tolman, wife of the late Carl Tolman, former chancellor, dean, and professor at Washington University, died October 23, 2004, of heart failure at her home in Kirkwood, Missouri, a St. Louis suburb. She was 99. Tolman, born in Manitoba, Canada, came to St. Louis in 1927, the year her husband, also from Canada, became an assistant professor of geology at the University. Family members and others agree that, during 67 years of marriage, she performed the role of chancellor’s wife, science attaché’s wife, and scholarship donor with grace and generosity. (Tolman’s husband, who served as chancellor in 1961–62, served 68 years at the University.) Intent on providing educational opportunities, Tolman tutored international students learning English, played an important role in the University’s Woman’s Faculty Club for 68 years, co-founded the University’s nursery school, and helped establish scholarships. She was a 75-year, charter member of Chapter FK of the P.E.O. Sisterhood, an international women’s society, which supports the promotion of educational opportunities for women. She also was a devoted member of two St. Louis area congregations—First Congregational Church of St. Louis—United Church of Christ and later the St. Lucas United Church of Christ. She is survived by two daughters, seven grandchildren, and 11 great-grandchildren. Soren Albert “Al” Torolian Soren Albert “Al” Torolian, director of Washington University’s news office for nearly two decades, died November 23, 2004, from complications of pneumonia at the Life Care Center in St. Louis. He was 80. The son of Armenian immigrants who grew up in St. Louis’ Baden area, he dropped out of high school as a freshman, but, a decade later, he earned a Bachelor of Journalism degree from the University of Missouri in Columbia. He went into public relations, and, over nearly a half-century, he became one of St. Louis’ best-known and beloved PR practitioners. He started out doing public relations for the National Society of Public Accountants, and then started his own public relations business, followed by working for such railroads as the Missouri Pacific and Wabash. In 1961, Torolian began his 12 years as a vice president and account executive for Wilhus-Brandon advertising and public relations agency, and then did a stint with the Missouri Botanical Garden. Torolian came to the University in 1977, where he stayed until his retirement in 1994. Survivors include two daughters, his former wife, and a grandson. --- U.S. Poet Laureate Mona Van Duyn Dies at 83 Mona Van Duyn was a poet who found meaning in everyday life. A former instructor in the Department of English in Arts & Sciences, a Pulitzer Prize-winner, and the nation’s first female Poet Laureate, she died December 1, 2004, of bone cancer at her home in University City, Missouri. She was 83. Van Duyn (pronounced “Van Dine”) was raised in Eldora, a small town in northeastern Iowa, just west of Waterloo, where she was born. She started writing at age 5, and, when in second grade, her first published poem appeared in her school’s newspaper. Her mother and her father, a onetime farmer who ran a filling station, offered little encouragement. She won a scholarship to attend Iowa State Teachers College (now the University of Northern Iowa) in the Cedar Falls/Waterloo area, from which she graduated in 1942. She went on to earn a master’s degree in writing from the University of Iowa in Iowa City in 1943, the year she married fellow writing student Jarvis Thurston, now professor emeritus and former chair of Washington University’s English department. In 1947, while teaching at the University of Louisville (Kentucky), the two founded Perspective: A Quarterly of Literature. They brought the magazine with them when they settled in St. Louis in 1950 to begin teaching at Washington University. (The magazine ceased publication in 1975.) In 1971, she received an Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from Washington University. Van Duyn’s first volume of poetry, Valentines to the Wide World, was published in 1959. “Her poetry begins domestic and ends universal,” her late friend and equally renowned poet Howard Nemerov, the Edward Mallinckrodt Distinguished University Professor Emeritus of English in Arts & Sciences, once said. Her second volume, To See, To Take, won the National Book Award for Poetry in 1971. In it she interwove religious and mythological themes, like divine and human love and the violence of love, with less exalted topics. Though she won numerous awards, she did not reach widespread public recognition until she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in poetry in 1991, at the age of 70, for her seventh book, Near Changes (Knopf, 1990). The following year she became the sixth poet and the first woman named U.S. Poet Laureate, an eight-month position created in 1985. Her ninth and final book, Selected Poems, which includes nearly half of the poems published in her previous eight volumes, was published in 2002. She is survived by Thurston, her husband of 61 years. From Postcards From Cape Split: Why am I dazzled? It is only another harvest. The world blooms and we all bend and bring from ground and sea and mind its handsome harvests. —Mona Van Duyn A plaque bearing the above words was hung in recognition of Mona Van Duyn, by coincidence, on December 1, 2004, the day she died. It hangs outside Duncker Hall, home of the Department of English, next to one honoring the University’s other U.S. Poet Laureate, Howard Nemerov. Don Strom frequently describes the campus community as a “family.” Perhaps that’s because, as the father of four, including a recent Washington University graduate, Strom feels a personal connection to the students and their parents. As chief of the Washington University Police Department (WUPD), the idea of building community partnerships is central to his professional philosophy. He believes that when people think their police officers share a sense of ownership in the community, citizens and police cooperate more fully. “People have to see that we’re not apart from but a part of the community,” Strom says. “My role is to build upon the strengths and professionalism of the people in the department, while at the same time ensuring that we are engaged in interacting with our campus partners as much as we possibly can. We’ve enhanced our communication with core groups like Residential Life and others, meeting with them on a regular basis, responding to events immediately when they occur, and also identifying and proactively dealing with some potential bumps in the road ahead.” Strom came to Washington University in February 2000 with 20 years of law enforcement experience, having worked his way up from patrolman to detective to chief of the Carbondale (Illinois) Police Department, a position he held for nearly eight years. He also served as the inspector general for the Illinois Secretary of State’s Office, working with federal investigators to root out corruption and investigate charges of obstruction of justice. In Carbondale, home to Southern Illinois University, Strom gained valuable experience serving the needs of students and schools. He also helped establish several community partnerships, including a police chaplain program. A graduate of both the FBI National Academy in Quantico, Virginia, and the Southern Police Institute at the University of Louisville, Strom has been active in numerous law enforcement organizations, including the International Association of Chiefs of Police. Although university police departments are not uncommon, Strom must frequently confront misconceptions about the role of the WUPD, whose officers possess the same authority as municipal police officers. “People don’t always understand that this is a police department as opposed to a security staff,” he says. “Our officers are highly trained professionals who are certified in the State of Missouri. The University has made an important commitment to employ people with a high level of training and expertise. It’s just another in the fantastic array of services Washington University offers in support of its community.” Because the University’s Hilltop Campus is geographically located within four different police venues (St. Louis County and City, University City, and the City of Clayton), WUPD must maintain close ties with neighboring departments. Even so, many in area law enforcement had never worked with WUPD prior to the October 2004 presidential debate, which had even tighter security than the two previous debates hosted by Washington University. “Certainly the presidential debate was a challenge,” Strom says. “It was also an opportunity for us as an organization to grow. I think one of the nicest outcomes is a new level of respect for our agency from every law enforcement agency in the region.” One of Strom’s goals for the department is to provide advanced professional training and to encourage officers to take advantage of the University’s educational opportunities. “It’s a challenge sometimes. We’ve tried to align our shift rotation with the semesters to make it easier for officers to take classes,” he says. “We’re also working on building a crisis intervention team and providing enhanced training for our officers regarding mental-health issues. I think it’s an area in which officers have been highly under-trained, yet they deal with these issues almost daily in one capacity or another. “Another big challenge is continuing to attract highly skilled people who are caring, compassionate, and sensitive, and who are interested in working in this environment, because not every police officer is,” he continues. “I’m always excited when officers come to us who are already parents because I think they have an appreciation for some of the issues that young people and families confront here. For many families this is the first parent-child break, and parents are looking for us to watch over their children. That’s quite different from what people expect from their local law enforcement.” Serving a population that changes yearly and overturns roughly every four years brings the constant challenge of having to re-educate a relatively naive community about safety and security issues. Teaching students how to prevent crimes of opportunity is a primary objective. Strom also works to improve campus security by implementing new philosophies and programs such as Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design, which focuses on building and landscaping to provide better light and visibility around entrances and walkways and reducing shadows where someone might hide. “Mom and dad may be thousands of miles from here, so what occurs on our campus needs to be this large extension of family,” Strom says. “Quite frankly, I think families sense that when they come here, and I like being a part of that.” (WU) Terri McClain is a free-lance writer based in St. Charles, Missouri. Peer Review “I’ve worked with Don quite closely. His values show through in his work—serving others, being proactive, doing what is best for students, and providing a safe and secure environment. He’s incredibly collaborative, and he’s also innovative—his department has implemented a number of programs that benefit students. And I think his attitudes rub off on his officers, because they have built great rapport with the students.” —Jill Carnaghi, Assistant Vice Chancellor of Students/Director of Campus Life “Don Strom is a trusted and admired colleague. The professionalism and dedication he has brought to campus have without a doubt made Washington University a safer and better place. He understands well the crucial role campus police play in the lives of our students, and in that regard he is an educator. And as I learned working closely with him on the planning of two presidential debates, he is a chief who has earned the respect of security professionals from around the country. We couldn’t be in better hands.” —Steve Givens, Assistant to the Chancellor “Don is a consummate professional who has significantly improved the safety and security programs both on the Hilltop Campus and in neighborhoods where a number of our students reside. He cares deeply about the University community, and he is one of the most dedicated employees I have ever had the opportunity to work with.” —Steve Hoffner, Executive Vice President, Quadrangle Housing Company “An excellent contributor to the safety and security of our community, Don Strom and the team he leads are disciplined and helpful in all ways imaginable. His special leadership and dedication during the time of the presidential debate were extraordinary. During most times things are just ‘routine,’ but we can depend on Don to keep things going well and responding promptly and effectively when emergencies arise. I am grateful to him for his exceptional commitment to the University and preserving its sense of community.” —Mark Wrighton, Chancellor Forever Fun Over the past decade, with assistance from University faculty, students, staff, and members of the Board, Forest Park has been refurbished, with facilities renovated, waterways restored, and wildlife reintroduced. (See the next issue of the Washington University in St. Louis Magazine, summer 2005, for a stunning photo essay of Forest Park, the St. Louis community’s urban oasis.)
The Most Notable Human Rights Violations in Syria in April 2021 The Syrian Regime’s President, Implicated in Committing Crimes against Humanity, Is Running for the Presidential Elections, with This Being the Most Prominent Reason for Its Illegitimacy Wednesday 5 May 2021 The Syrian Network for Human Rights (SNHR), founded in June 2011, is a non-governmental, independent group that is considered a primary source for the OHCHR on all death toll-related analyses in Syria. I. Introduction and Methodology ................................................................. 2 II. Summary of the Most Notable Events in April ........................................... 3 III. The Most Notable Human Rights Violations in Syria in April ..................... 13 IV. The Syrian Regime Bears Primary Responsibility for the Spread of THE COVID-19 Pandemic ................................................................. 16 V. Attachments ......................................................................................... 18 VI. Conclusions and Recommendations ....................................................... 18 I. Introduction and Methodology: Syria has seen an unprecedented number of violations since the start of the popular uprising for democracy in March 2011. Extrajudicial killings, arrests, torture and enforced disappearances are the violations most frequently perpetrated against Syrian citizens. While the Syrian regime and its affiliated militias were the sole perpetrators of these violations for the first seven months or so of the uprising, other parties subsequently joined in, also violating the rights of Syrian citizens. The Syrian Network for Human Rights (SNHR) has continued to document every incident that its team members are able to verify, with these violations escalating very dramatically in 2012 and 2013, prompting us to expand our publication of periodic monthly reports recording and highlighting the continued suffering of the Syrian people, which subsequently grew to eight reports on different issues issued at the beginning of each month. In the course of our work, SNHR has compiled a massive database cataloguing hundreds of thousands of incidents, each of which involves a pattern of violations that we have been able to document. By the end of 2018, with a reduction in the level of violence compared to previous years, we changed our previous strategy and now compile our reports into a single monthly report featuring the most prominent violations in Syria which we have been able to document in the preceding month. This month’s report focuses on the human rights situation in Syria in April 2021, and catalogues the death toll of civilian victims whom we documented killed by the parties to the conflict and the controlling forces during this period, as well as the record of cases of arrests and enforced disappearance. The report also highlights attacks on civilian objects, which SNHR’s team was able to document during this period. To find out more about our working methodology in documenting and archiving data, please visit the following link that explains this in detail. This report only represents the bare minimum of the actual severity and magnitude of the violations that occurred. Also, it doesn’t include any analysis of the profound social, economic, and psychological ramifications. II. Summary of the Most Notable Events in April: In regard to bombardment and military operations: April saw a reduction in the rate of artillery and missile bombardment by Syrian regime forces and their allies on the cities and towns of the southern suburbs of Idlib, the western suburbs of Hama, and the eastern suburbs of Aleppo close to the front lines, while al Ruwaiha fronts near Sarja village in the southern suburbs of Idlib saw intermittent clashes between Hay’at Tahrir al Sham and the opposition factions on one side, and Syrian regime forces on the other on April 21, followed by violent missile bombardment by Syrian regime forces on the villages of Sarja and Bazabour and around Ariha city in Idlib suburbs. On April 8, an anti-tank missile fired by Syrian regime forces, stationed in Shellef Castle in the suburbs of Latakia, targeting a civilian car at the intersection of al Najeyya village in the western suburbs of Idlib, resulted in a massacre, killing seven civilians (two men, two women and three children), as well as injuring other children, and causing the burning of the car. In terms of Russian attacks, Russian warplanes launched several airstrikes in northwest Syria, most of which were on military sites controlled by Hay’at Tahrir al Sham. On April 19, a drone that we believe was Russian fired a missile that hit fishermen at one of al Asi River banks in Kherbet al Naqous area in Sahl al Ghab in the western suburbs of Hama, killing one of them and injuring another. Russian warplanes also launched several airstrikes targeting the Badiya (desert area) of al Jabal al Bishri, extending from the eastern suburbs of Raqqa to the western suburbs of Deir Ez-Zour, which we believe targeted locations of ISIS cells in the Syrian Badiya, which ISIS uses as a base to carry out its attacks on Syrian regime forces and affiliated militias in the same area. On April 16, the Russian Interfax Agency published a statement by the Russian Defense Minister, Sergei Shoigu, which quoted him as saying that for Russia, Syria is still an arena for testing its military weapons and the capabilities of its soldiers. We note that it was not the first time that the regime has announced that it’s using Syria as a field to test its weapons and train its soldiers: the next day, Russian media outlets, including Novosti Agency, revealed that Russian forces had used a suicide drone in Syria several years ago against what they called terrorists. In April, we monitored mutual artillery shelling between Syrian National Army forces and Syrian Democratic Forces in Afrin area and the northern suburbs of Aleppo, which are under the control of Syrian National Army and Syrian Democratic Forces, respectively. On April 18, Syrian Democratic Forces stormed Jdaidet Kahit village in the eastern suburbs of Raqqa, in connection with a demonstration against the SDF that had taken place in the village at which protesters demanded the expulsion of SDF members from the village following the killing of two civilians by SDF gunfire on April 16, with the SDF then arresting 15 civilians who were released on April 23, according to the documentation of the SNHR’s Detainees’ team; the storming of the village was accompanied by the burning of three houses belonging to civilian villagers. On the evening of April 20, clashes using light and medium weapons broke out between Syrian Democratic Forces and the Syrian regime's National Defense Forces militia, which began after an argument between personnel manning one of the Internal Security Forces checkpoints (known as Asayish) affiliated with Syrian Democratic Forces and a National Defense Forces patrol in al Wehda Street in al Qameshli city, which is under the control of Syrian Democratic Forces. The clashes extended to the Tai neighborhood in al Qameshli city, which is the stronghold of the National Defense Forces there. On April 25, the clashes ceased as a result of Russian mediation, with Syrian Democratic Forces imposing their control over the entire neighborhood. These clashes resulted in the deaths of three civilians, including a child, and the injury of more than 20 other civilians who sustained moderate wounds, in addition to causing the displacement of dozens of families from the Tai neighborhood to Theybana village, located on the outskirts of al Qameshli city, who returned to their homes after the success of the Russian mediation between the two parties. On April 28, a press statement was issued by the United Nations Resident Coordinator and Humanitarian Coordinator in Syria, Imran Riza, and Regional Humanitarian Coordinator for the Syria Crisis, Muhannad Hadi, expressing their concern about the hostilities in al Qameshli city and the impact of these hostilities on civilians. In April, clashes continued between Syrian National Army forces and Syrian Democratic Forces in the villages of Ein Eisa in the northern suburbs of Raqqa, which are under the control of Syrian Democratic Forces, resulting in deaths on both sides without any change in the distribution of zones of control. We note that this area has been witnessing clashes between the two parties since 2019. In April, bombings continued in all regions in Syria, especially those outside the control of Syrian regime forces in northern and eastern Syria, causing casualties. The bombings were concentrated in the areas of al Bab, Jarablus and Afrin in the suburbs of Aleppo, Ras al Ein city in the northwestern suburbs of Hasaka, and Tal Abyad city in the northern suburbs of Raqqa, causing casualties in these areas. Assassinations continued throughout Syria, concentrated in eastern Syria (the governorates of Deir Ez-Zour, Hasaka, and Raqqa) and south in Daraa governorate in addition to eastern Aleppo governorate. Among these incidents was the discovery of the body of the Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research in Hay'at Tahrir al Sham's 'Syrian Salvation Government', Fayez Ahmad al Khleif, on April 7, after he was kidnapped on the third of the same month, while he was on his way to work. The HTS' General Security Apparatus announced on its Telegram channel on April 10 that it had arrested the killers. We also documented the deaths of two workers for Al Berr and Al Ihsan charity organization in al Sh-heil city in Deir Ez-Zour suburbs on April 17, who were killed by unidentified gunmen. On April 18, the United Nations Resident Coordinator and Humanitarian Coordinator for Syria, Mr. Imran Riza, condemned their killing. Mines continue to claim civilian lives across Syria. In April, we documented the deaths of 11 civilians, including seven children, most of whom were killed in the suburbs of Aleppo, Hama and Raqqa. In a statement issued on the International Day for Mine Awareness, which falls on April 4, the International Committee of the Red Cross said that the Syrian conflict has left an estimated 11.5 million people living with the risk of landmines and explosive remnants of war (ERW), and that children make up over 25% of these victims. With regard to the Israeli attacks on Syria, on April 8, the Syrian regime’s SANA agency reported that the vicinity of Damascus city had been subjected to an Israeli air attack at dawn on the same day; on April 22, the Israeli army spokesman, Avichay Adraee, tweeted that an air-to-surface missile originating from Syrian lands had fallen in the Negev region, resulting in the response from Israel targeting its source, although SANA only announced an Israeli attack on the vicinity of Damascus at 1:38 pm on the same day. In regard to arrests and enforced disappearances: Syrian regime forces have continued to persecute and target Syrian citizens in areas under regime control in connection with their political dissent and expression of opinions, despite the right to both being guaranteed by the constitution and international law. This proves once again the truth of the crucial point which we have reiterated several times previously, namely that no Syrian citizen can feel safe from arrest since these are carried out without any basis in law or any oversight by any independent judiciary, and are perpetrated by the regime’s security services with no involvement by the judiciary. Following these arrests, detainees are routinely classified as forcibly disappeared persons, and therefore the areas under the control of the Syrian regime cannot be considered to constitute any sort of safe haven for residents there; all this underlines that regime-controlled areas of Syria are very definitely not a safe haven for the return of refugees or IDPs. Meanwhile, Syrian Democratic Forces continued enforcing the group’s policies of arbitrary detention and enforced disappearance in April, carrying out campaigns of mass raids and arrests, and targeting many civilians on the pretext of fighting ISIS cells, with some of these campaigns backed by US-led coalition helicopters. The report also documented arrests and the burning of homes in retaliation for anti-SDF demonstrations, with these arrests being concentrated in Raqqa governorate. April also saw Hay’at Tahrir al Sham detaining civilians, with the targets of these arrests, which were concentrated in Idlib governorate, including media activists and politicians; most of these arrests occurred due to the detainees expressing opinions critical of the HTS’s management of areas under its control, or on other charges, such as treason in favor of Syrian Democratic Forces. The Armed Opposition/Syrian National Army also continued carrying out arbitrary detentions and kidnappings in April, most of which were carried out on a mass scale, targeting women under the pretext that they were trying to cross the Turkish border illegally, before releasing them later; we also documented a physical assault on a lawyer working in a court located in an area under the Armed Opposition/Syrian National Army’s control, as a result of which the Bar Association suspended hearings in the courts. In addition, we documented detentions carried out under an ethnic pretext, with these incidents being concentrated in areas under the Armed Opposition/Syrian National Army’s control in Aleppo governorate. In regard to the COVID-19 pandemic: In April, many shipments of the Coronavirus vaccine arrived in various Syrian regions, with UNICEF’s Regional Director for the Middle East and North Africa Ted Chaiban, WHO’s Regional Director for the Eastern Mediterranean Dr. Ahmed al Mandhari, and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance’s Director of Country Support Pascal Billeveeld, issuing a joint statement on April 22 confirming that Syria has received 256,800 doses of the COVID-19 vaccine, the first COVAX delivery of vaccines to reach Syria, as 203,000 doses reached Damascus (the areas controlled by the Syrian regime), while another 53,800 doses were delivered to northwest Syria. On April 24, SANA announced the arrival of a vaccine shipment from the People’s Republic of China, containing 150,000 doses of Sinopharm Vaccine. Mohammad Hawari, the spokesman in Jordan of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), announced to the Kingdom of Jordan Channel on April 6 that 2,100 Syrian refugees had received the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine, and 600 of them received the second dose. The government team set up by the Syrian regime to follow up measures to address the COVID-19 pandemic decided not to extend the decision to suspend work or reduce the number of workers in public institutions that it had taken at the beginning of the month in reaction to the increase in cases of COVID-19 infection, so that the worker’s working hours return to normal in official departments as of April 22. We have warned of the danger of the absence of precautionary measures in the areas under the control of Syrian regime forces, the continuation of social activities and gatherings in the markets, and the failure to take serious measures to limit them, to reduce the transmission of infection among citizens. The Syrian regime’s Ministry of Health in April officially announced 3,824 cases of COVID-19 infection and 327 deaths in April, the highest monthly record since the announcement of the emergence of COVID-19 in Syria on March 22, 2020, bringing the official total announced to 22,733 cases of infection with 1,592 deaths, as of April 30. In northwest Syria, the Health Directorate in the Idlib region issued a statement on April 6, warning of a second wave of Coronavirus in northwest Syria, and indicating the imposition of a complete lockdown on one of the villages in Jendeires district in Afrin. We note the complete absence of precautionary measures in the region; this month, we monitored the Ramadan Iftar activities and prayers in mosques that have been overcrowded. In northwestern Syria, more infections and deaths due to coronavirus were recorded in April, with the Early Warning Alert and Response Network (EWARN) announcing the documentation of 665 infections and 16 deaths related to COVID-19 for the month; this brought the total number of infections and deaths announced by EWARN as of April 30, to 21,983 cases of infection and 653 deaths. In northeastern Syria, the Self-Management Authority of Northern and Eastern Syria has taken several successive decisions regarding a set of precautionary measures as a result of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, including both a partial and complete curfew: the first decision No. 84 of April 3, then decision No. 96 of April 11, followed by decision 105 of April 21, followed by decision 112 of April 29. As of April 30, a total of 15,833 coronavirus infection cases, including 578 deaths, had been announced by the Health Authority in the Self-Management Authority of Northern and Eastern Syria. We note that 5,774 cases of infection and 200 deaths were recorded in April, the highest monthly record since the announcement of the emergence of the pandemic in the region in March 2020. The local council of Ras al Ein city, north of Hasaka, announced, on April 21, in a post on its official Facebook page, that it had decided to close schools for a period of three weeks due to the increase in coronavirus infections, from April 25 until May 16, 2021. Human Rights Watch warned in a report issued on April 6 that the Lebanese government’s Covid-19 vaccination program risks leaving behind marginalized communities, including refugees. On World Health Day that falls on April 7, the Regional Humanitarian Coordinator for the Syria Crisis, Muhannad Hadi, called on all parties in Syria to ensure access to health for all during the COVID-19 crisis and take clear steps to end attacks on healthcare. Regarding living conditions: In April, the suffering of Syrians in the areas controlled by the Syrian regime increased compared to the previous months, especially with the advent of the month of Ramadan, which is usually accompanied by additional requirements; the fuel crisis has led to a large number of civilians suffering, with dozens of public transport bodies forced to cease work due to this crisis. The Syrian regime’s Ministry of Transport issued Decision No. 324 on April 5, under which it suspended many of its institutions and bodies. On April 15, the Syrian regime’s government, through Decision 1090 issued by the Ministry of Internal Trade and Consumer Protection, raised the price of octane 95 gasoline from 2,000 Syrian pounds to 2,500 pounds, the second such price increase in a month. In conjunction with that, on April 28, Russia Today website published a video of a convoy of tankers transporting crude oil at the western entrance to al Qameshli city, in the suburbs of Hasaka, coming from the Syrian regime-controlled areas via the M4 International Road to al Rmeilan oil fields. Meanwhile, on April 10, Al-Monitor revealed an agreement between Syrian Democratic Forces and the Syrian regime to open the crossings between their areas of control, with the SDF sending 200 oil tankers per week in exchange for foodstuffs imported from the areas controlled by the Syrian regime. The Syrian Network for Human Rights will soon issue a report on the Syrian Democratic Forces’ violation of the Caesar Act, supplying the Syrian regime with gas and oil. In the context of the steps taken by the Syrian regime’s government in regard to the approaching presidential elections, which, as we believe, aim to promote the re-election of its president, the government issued a decision on April 6 that excludes some Syrians from the requirement to exchange $100 as an official charge at the border-crossing points in order to enter their country. The exemption decision applies to various groups including: “Citizens displaced by terrorism returning to the country, students studying abroad, delegates on official assignments, citizens who have not reached eighteen years of age, flying and sailing passengers, and truck and car drivers operating on transport lines with neighboring countries”. The Central Bank of Syria also issued a statement on April 15, with the regime news agency SANA publishing a copy, announcing that the average exchange rate of the US dollar has been raised to 2,512 Syrian Pounds after its price was 1,256 Syrian Pounds, while the price of buying the dollar for the delivery of incoming remittances to Syria was also raised to 2,500 Syrian Pounds. In April, pro-Syrian regime accounts published photos showing closed shops, and roads empty of traffic due to the collapse of the value of the Syrian pound and the fuel crisis. In northwestern Syria, the impact of the devaluation of the Turkish lira approved for dealing and the accompanying increase in the prices of basic materials with the advent of the month of Ramadan continues to worsen the living conditions of citizens. The people of the Eastern Region also suffer from difficult humanitarian conditions, especially in securing bread, due to the lack of bakeries in the region, as well as the small quantities of flour available. On April 15, the Self-Management’s General Administration for Supply and Consumer Protection circulated raising the price of a bundle of bread weighing no less than 600 grams consisting of 7 rounds of bread to 800 pounds after its price had been 500 pounds, in addition to the increase in the prices of food and vegetables in light of the depreciation of the Syrian pound against the dollar, the lack of job opportunities and the economic stagnation in the region. With the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals and pharmacies in the Eastern Region are all suffering from a shortage of oxygen cylinders, in addition to a shortage of some medicines. In regard to asylum, displacement and forced displacement: The camps in north and east Syria continue to suffer from the deterioration of humanitarian and security conditions and with the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, in conjunction with the social activities associated with the blessed month of Ramadan, there’s concern of the possible spread of the pandemic in the camps. On April 2, Syrian Democratic Forces’ Internal Security Forces announced in a statement the end of the first phase of the “Humanity and Security” Campaign in al Hawl camp in Hasaka suburbs, which was launched on March 28 in search of ISIS cells accused of the assassinations that took place inside the camp, which numbered 45 victims, including 11 children and 11 women, in 2021, according to the documentation of Syrian Network for Human Rights. Meanwhile, one of the camp's administrators told Hawar News Agency in a statement published on April 7 that the Iraqi government had agreed to repatriate 500 families of Iraqis living in the camp after a hiatus of nearly 3 years, and that the names and information of the families and persons would be checked before they were allowed to leave in batches to their areas. On April 18, Syrian Democratic Forces delivered 34 children from families associated with ISIS to the Russian government’s Children’s Rights Commissioner. In Lebanon, on April 5, a fire broke out in the 034 camp for Syrian refugees in Majdal Anjar in Zahle, according to the National News Agency, which spoke of a number of suffocation cases, in addition to the burning of 4 tents. On April 9, the European Asylum Support Office (EASO) published a Country of Origin Information (COI) report titled “Syria: Military Service”. The report stated that in both January and February 2021, Syrians lodged more than 10,000 applications for international protection in the EU. The Federal Ministry of the Interior of the German province of Bremen agreed to allow all Syrians in the province to bring 100 of their relatives as of April 12, after submitting an application to the Immigration Office in Bremen or the Citizen Registration Office in Bremerhaven and proving, among other things, that they can guarantee covering the living costs of their relatives for a period of at least five years. Thus, Bremen is the fifth state to allow sponsorship law, along with Berlin, Hamburg, Thuringia and Schleswig-Holstein. In regard to political and human rights issues: On April 2, Russian human rights organizations, including the Memorial Human Rights Center (HRC) and the Civic Assistance Committee, a lawyer of Soldiers’ Mothers of St. Petersburg the human rights group; and Youth Human Rights Movement (YHRM), during a press conference on the Zoom platform, launched a report, the first of its kind in Russia, entitled "A Devastating Decade." The report, which came in nearly 200 pages, referred to violations of human rights and humanitarian law by all parties to the conflict, mainly violations by the Syrian regime and the broad Russian regime's support for it. On April 7, Amnesty International said in its 2020/2021 annual report on the state of the world’s human rights, "Parties to the conflict in Syria continued to commit with impunity serious violations of international humanitarian law, including war crimes and crimes against humanity, and gross human rights abuses. Syrian and Russian government forces carried out direct attacks on civilians and civilian objects, including hospitals and schools, through aerial bombing of cities in the governorates of Idlib, Hama and Aleppo, displacing close to 1 million people. Government forces continued to impede access to humanitarian aid to civilians." --- 1 A leading research institution for independent intellectual research, which, in partnership with experts from the Arab region and beyond, proposes realistic programs emanating from the region in order to seek to achieve democratic change On April 7, the Arab Reform Initiative issued a survey on the environmental impacts of Syria’s conflict, in which it stated, “A decade of war has left a significant environmental impact as a result of the high usage of explosive weapons, the damage done to oil refineries (with soil contamination, pollution, and the subsequent reliance on highly polluting makeshift oil refineries), and the mismanagement of waste and water, especially in densely populated areas.” On April 8, Human Rights Watch stated that the Syrian regime authorities are unlawfully confiscating the homes and lands of Syrians who fled Syrian-Russian military attacks in Idlib and Hama governorates. On April 8, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees issued a statement saying, “UNHCR does not consider the recent improvements in security in parts of Syria to be sufficiently fundamental, stable or durable to justify ending international protection for any group of refugees.” On April 19, Reporters Without Borders issued the 2021 World Press Freedom Index, in which Syria ranked 173rd (out of 180 countries). On April 26, Amnesty International said that hundreds of Syrian refugees whose residency permits have been revoked by the Danish authorities could face torture, enforced disappearance and arbitrary detention if forced back. On April 29, Save the Children issued a report on the rise in suicide incidents among children in northwestern Syria, as the number of suicides in the area increased sharply over the past year, jumping by 86% from the first three months of 2020; the report stated that one in five recorded suicide attempts and deaths are children. Presidential election: On April 18, Bassam al Sabbagh, head of the Syrian regime’s People’s Assembly, announced the opening of the door for candidacy for the presidential elections in the areas controlled by the Syrian regime as of Monday, April 19, and called on those wishing to run to submit their candidacy applications to the Supreme Constitutional Court within a 10-day period ending at the end of the official working hours as of April 28, as well as setting the date for voting for Syrians who are not residing on Syrian territory at the embassies of the Syrian regime on May 20, and for Syrian citizens residing on Syrian territory on May 26. The Syrian regime’s embassies had announced the start of preparations for the Syrian presidential elections by registering the names of Syrians wishing to participate through their personal presence at the embassies or through an electronic link no later than April 25. On April 21, Stéphane Dujarric, the Spokesman for the United Nations Secretary-General, stated during his daily briefing that the United Nations is not involved in the presidential elections that will be held by the Syrian regime next May, because they have been called under the auspices of the current Constitution, and they are not part of the political process established under resolution 2254. The Syrian Network for Human Rights stressed in a report issued on April 26 that presidential elections which the Syrian regime plans to hold are illegitimate and imposed by the regime’s security services, and that they undermine the political process, with SNHR calling for Bashar al Assad to be held accountable for committing war crimes and crimes against humanity. On April 28, the People’s Assembly announced that the number of presidential candidacy applications sent by the Supreme Constitutional Court reached 51. The People’s Assembly also agreed to invite representatives from some parliaments of ‘brother and friendly’ countries to act as ‘observers’ at the election of the President of the Syrian Arab Republic and be informed of its course, namely Algeria, the Sultanate of Oman, Mauritania, Russia, Iran, China, Venezuela, Cuba, Belarus, South Africa, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Armenia and Bolivia. These countries have always supported the Syrian regime, and Russia and China have always supported it through their veto at the Security Council, with the majority of the remaining countries mentioned voting in favor of using chemical weapons and stood against expanding the powers of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, which was the issue we discussed in a report we issued in April. On the course of advocacy and the pursuit of accountability: On April 6, the Syrian Network for Human Rights (SNHR) held a training session for a number of human rights activists working on the Yemeni issue, in regard to documenting violations, database-building and advocacy, within the SNHR’s framework of the activities of in advocacy. On April 9, the SNHR issued a statement about the annual report for 2020 on the human rights situation for various countries worldwide issued by the US Department of State’s Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor on March 30, 2021, which outlined the most notable patterns of violations of international human rights law in Syria, with the Syrian Network for Human Rights being the second most cited source of data according to the quotes cited in the report, with 55 citations. On April 12, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) Investigation and Identification Team (IIT) issued its second report which confirmed the responsibility of the Syrian regime for the Sarageb attack, on February 4, 2018, concluding that there are reasonable grounds to believe that at approximately 21:22 on February 4, 2018, a military helicopter from the Syrian regime’s Air Force, under the control of the ‘Tiger Forces’, dropped at least one cylinder on eastern Sarageb city in Idlib suburbs. This cylinder ruptured and released a toxic gas, chlorine, which dispersed over a large area affecting 12 named individuals. Many international bodies have welcomed the findings of the report, including the European Union, the United States of America, Germany, France, Denmark, the Netherlands, and many other countries. On April 13, we issued a statement welcoming the report's findings. On April 7, the Syrian Network for Human Rights issued a report on the anniversary of the chemical attacks on the cities of Khan Sheikhoun and Douma, in which we called on the OPCW to take the ultimate possible measures against the Syrian regime at the upcoming meeting of the States Parties, taking place between April 20-22, 2021, given the regime’s flagrant violation of the Treaty on the Prohibition of the Use of Chemical Weapons, to refer the issue of the use of chemical weapons in Syria to the Security Council with the recommendation that it takes serious actions under Chapter VII, and urged the OPCW not to yield to Russian pressure that supports the use of chemical weapons of mass destruction against the Syrian people. On Wednesday, April 21, 2021, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons adopted Decision C-25/DEC.9, under which it suspended some of the rights and privileges of Syria as a member state of the OPCW. This came as part of the Twenty-Fifth Session of the Conference of States Parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). France submitted the draft decision on behalf of the 46 member states of the CWC. The decision obtained a majority of two-thirds of the votes of the present and voting states, with 87 states voting in favor of the decision, while 15 voted against it. We at the SNHR issued a report on April 29 that addressed the two decisions of the OPCW issued on Syria, and the resulting expansion of the OPCW’s mandate to include the identification of the perpetrators of the attacks, then suspending the privileges of Syria, and the states that voted against the two decisions, which SNHR called “shameful states”, given that their vote defends the Syrian regime’s use of chemical weapons, and thus encourages the use of chemical weapons in the world. On April 7, Russia’s deputy representative to the Security Council, Dmitry Polyanskiy, stated that the Syrian regime may stop cooperating with the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), if the Western nations’ proposal to limit its powers in the organization is approved. On April 21, Dutch media published a ruling by the Hague Court that sentenced Ahmad Y. to prison. Ahmad, an asylum seeker from Syria, was arrested in 2019 at the application center in Ter Apel, the Netherlands, on suspicion of committing war crimes in 2015 by insulting the bodies of dead Syrian regime forces in the Sahil al Ghab area in Hama governorate at the time of his affiliation with the Ahrar al Sham military group, which is classified as terrorist in the Netherlands, where humiliating corpses is considered a war crime according to Dutch law. In a joint statement issued on April 22, 15 Syrian organizations, including the Syrian Network for Human Rights, called for the creation and implementation of new accountability mechanisms as a step in the path of justice in Syria. --- 2 OPCW, the Twenty-Fifth Session of the Conference of States Parties, paragraph 9 (17). https://www.opcw.org/sites/default/files/documents/2021/04/c2505%28en%29.pdf 3 OPCW, the Twenty-Fifth Session of the Conference of States Parties, paragraph 9 (24). https://www.opcw.org/sites/default/files/documents/2021/04/c2505%28en%29.pdf III. The Most Notable Human Rights Violations in Syria in April: This report outlines the most notable human rights violations that were documented by the SNHR in April 2021 at the hands of the parties to the conflict and the controlling forces in Syria. Extrajudicial Killing - 104 civilians - Syrian Regime forces: 18 - Russian forces: 1 - Hay'at Tahrir al Sham: 11 - The Armed Opposition\The Syrian National Army: 2 - SDF (mainly PYD): 2 - Other parties: 70 - Women (adult female): 4 - Children: 14 - Individuals who died due to Torture: 9 - Massacre: 1 Arbitrary Arrests and Unlawful Detention - 147 individuals - Syrian Regime forces: 56 - Russian forces: 49 - Hay'at Tahrir al Sham: 14 - The Armed Opposition\The Syrian National Army: 28 - Other parties: 15 Attacks on Vital Civilian Facilities - 2 attacks - Russian forces: 1 - Other parties: 1 A. Extrajudicial killing: In April 2021, SNHR documented the deaths of 104 civilians, including 21 children and seven women (adult female), the largest percentage of whom were killed at the hands of other parties; among the victims were 13 individuals who died due to torture. We also recorded at least one massacre. We issued a report on the first of this month detailing the civilian victims documented killed in April at the hands of the parties to the conflict and the controlling forces in Syria. The death toll of civilian victims was distributed according to the parties to the conflict and the controlling forces in Syria as follows: A. The main parties: Syrian Regime forces (army, security, local militias, and Shiite foreign militias): 18 civilians, including five children and three women. Russian forces: One civilian. Hay'at Tahrir al Sham: Two civilians. The Armed Opposition/ Syrian National Army: Two civilians. Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (the Democratic Union Party): 11 civilians, including two children. B. Other parties: We documented the deaths of 70 civilians, including 14 children and four women, at the hands of other parties, distributed as follows: - Landmines of unknown source: 13 civilians, including seven children. - Gunfire of unknown source: 33 civilians, including one child and two women. - Bombings whose perpetrators have not yet been identified: 10 civilians, including six children. - Killings by unknown persons: 11 civilians, including one woman. - Turkish border guards: Two civilians, including one woman. - Jordanian border guards: One civilian. B. Arbitrary arrest and enforced disappearance: In April 2021, SNHR documented at least 147 cases of arbitrary arrests, including one child and 19 women (adult female), at the hands of the parties to the conflict and the controlling forces in Syria. The largest number of arrests was carried out by Syrian regime forces in the governorate of Daraa, then Aleppo governorate. We issued a report on the second of this month detailing the record of cases of arrests and enforced disappearances which we documented in April at the hands of the parties to the conflict and the controlling forces in Syria. The record of cases of arbitrary arrests was distributed according to the parties to the conflict and the controlling forces as follows: - Syrian Regime forces: 56, including one child and three women. - Hay'at Tahrir al Sham: 14. - The Armed Opposition/ Syrian National Army: 28, including 15 women. - Syrian Democratic Forces: 49, including one woman. --- 4 We generally use the term ‘the Syrian regime’ rather than ‘the Syrian government’, because the nature of the ruling power in Syria is a totalitarian dictatorship based on ruling the nation in an authoritarian fashion through a very limited group of individuals, primarily the President of the Republic and his selected leaders of the security services, while the ministers, including the Prime Minister and the Minister of Interior, play a restricted, largely ceremonial role, which is limited to implementing precisely what the ruling regime orders, without any decision-making power or active role; this means that the government’s role is wholly subordinate and limited to serving the regime, with all the main powers being concentrated in the hands of the President of the Republic and the security services. Governance in Syria is wholly decided by the autocratic authority of the ruling family and there is no independent decision-making structure. Rather, the government is an empty façade there for show; the Minister of Interior receives orders from the security branches over which he nominally presides which are in turn under the command of the President, while the Minister of Justice cannot summon a civilian-level security agent other than the head of a security branch; the security branches, along with the president, are the true power and the governing regime in Syria. Although we acknowledge that the United Nations and its agencies use the term ‘the Syrian government’ in general, we believe that this is a completely inaccurate and misleading term in the Syrian context. 5 The United Nations has designated it as a terrorist organization C. Attacks on vital civilian facilities: In April 2021, SNHR documented at least two incidents of attacks on vital civilian facilities, one of which was at the hands of Russian forces in Idlib governorate. These attacks were distributed according to the parties to the conflict and the controlling forces as follows: A. The main parties: - Russian forces: One. B. Other parties: - A bombing whose perpetrators have not yet been identified: One. The record of attacks documented in April 2021 on vital civilian facilities was distributed according to the perpetrator parties as follows: \| Attacked Facility \| Perpetrator Party \| \|-------------------\|-------------------\| \| \| Russian forces \| \| \| Other parties \| \| \| Bombings whose \| \| \| perpetrators \| \| \| have not yet been\| \| \| identified \| Infrastructure \| Attacked Facility \| Russian forces \| Other parties \| \|-------------------------\|----------------\|---------------\| \| Official Headquarters \| 1 \| \| \| Livestock farms \| 1 \| \| Total \| Attacked Facility \| Russian forces \| Other parties \| \|-------------------------\|----------------\|---------------\| \| \| 1 \| 1 \| Thus, the record of attacks on vital civilian facilities documented since the start of 2021 up to May of the same year at the hands of the parties to the conflict and the controlling forces in Syria has now reached 33 in total, distributed monthly as follows: The previous chart shows a substantial reduction in the number of incidents of attacks on vital civilian facilities in April, compared to the previous months; this is due to a decrease in the pace of military operations, which we believe is caused by the significant outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic during the month. The most notable attacks on vital civilian facilities documented in April: On Monday, March 29, 2021, fixed-wing warplanes, which we believe were Russian, fired a number of missiles at a poultry breeding farm located in the farms area, west of Idlib city, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of poultry. In addition to causing great destruction to the poultry house building. The area was under the joint control of factions of the Armed Opposition and Hay'at Tahrir al Sham at the time of the incident. On Monday, April 12, 2021, an IED of unknown origin exploded near the local council building in Kafrayya town in the northern suburbs of Idlib governorate, partially damaging the structure of the building. SNHR is still trying to contact witnesses and survivors to obtain more details of the incident. The town was under the joint control of factions of the Armed Opposition and Hay'at Tahrir al Sham at the time of the incident. D. Record of indiscriminate attacks and attacks using outlawed weapons: The Syrian Network for Human Rights was unable to document any indiscriminate attacks or attacks using outlawed weapons in April. IV. The Syrian Regime Bears Primary Responsibility for the Spread of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The COVID-19 pandemic has swept across most of the world, and caused massive numbers of infections and deaths, with most of the world's stable countries worldwide dealing with it seriously and taking exceptional measures to protect the population; many countries have announced their desire to attract and employ more medical personnel, and some governments have released large numbers of imprisoned people and detainees as a precautionary measure to stop the disease from spreading. By contrast, since the beginning of the global pandemic outbreak, the Syrian regime has dealt with it with callous, total and extreme disregard and absolute negligence, with several countries announcing the arrival of infected cases from Syria since the beginning of March 2020. Despite this, the Syrian regime continued to deny the existence of any infections in Syria until March 22. The COVID-19 coronavirus does not distinguish between one person or another or between one region and another, and all the regions of Syria, particularly Idlib and surrounding areas, that have witnessed bombings, destruction and forced displacement are suffering from further challenges in addition to the usual ones, which cannot be compared to those in any other location; at the forefront of these challenges are the nearly 3 million Syrian IDPs, who have been unable to return to their homes. A number of factors make them more vulnerable than others to infection with COVID-19, most notably: The Idlib region and the northwestern suburbs of Aleppo and its environs are already experiencing massive overcrowding due to the earlier displacement of tens of thousands of Syrians to these places from several areas such as the Eastern Ghouta, the northern suburbs of Homs, southern Syria, and recently the suburbs of Idlib and Hama, which has caused a drastic increase in the existing overcrowding, making the process of social physical distancing virtually impossible. Most of these people live in hastily constructed camps or structures which are wholly inadequate and unsuitable for housing (such as schools, shops, unfinished apartments, demolished buildings, caves, etc.), which lack the most basic sanitary infrastructure such as toilets, functioning sewage networks, or clean water, which makes the available water allocations necessary for periodic personal hygiene for each person far less than would be available in normal conditions or in other areas in Syria. The IDPs are struggling to obtain enough tents, and are sometimes forced to live in a tent collectively, which particularly negatively affects women due to their special needs. The healthcare system in and around Idlib continues to suffer from the repercussions of violent and focused targeting by the Syrian and Russian regimes’ forces, which has contributed to a large number of health centers being put out of service. The Syrian Jazira region (Deir Ez-Zour, Hasaka, Raqqa), which is controlled by the Kurdish-majority Syrian Democratic Forces, suffers from a similar situation, and also includes large numbers of IDPs living in camps. Russia’s use of its United Nations veto has caused the cancellation of three of the four crossings, with al Ya’rubiya crossing with Iraq being one of the crossings canceled; this caused the region to be denied direct UN aid, which is now provided exclusively through the Syrian regime that deliberately creates obstacles to aid provision and systematically carries out large-scale extortion, which we addressed extensively in our report: Sanctions Are Linked to the Syrian Regime’s Continuing Violations and Don’t Include Medical Supplies and Food Which Shouldn’t Be Delivered Through the Regime, with the United Nations Secretary-General speaking about this in [his report issued on February 21, 2020](#). Human Rights Watch also issued a report on the crisis facing the medical sector in that region and the complex difficulties it faces due to the closure of al Ya’rubiya crossing. As for the areas under the control of the Syrian regime, whilst these are better off than the Idlib region, its environs, and the Syrian Jazira region, they suffer mainly from the exodus of medical personnel, and from the massive corruption in all the regime’s organs, as well as from the depletion of the Syrian state’s monetary reserves, which are spent on bombings, military operations, and security services at the expense of supporting the medical sector and services. Although more than a year has passed since the announcement of the first case of the COVID-19 pandemic in these areas, the Syrian regime has not taken any serious step to support the medical sector, even by releasing health sector workers imprisoned in its detention centers. We issued a report in this regard. SNHR has also demanded that Russia, a massively wealthy country, help its ally, the Syrian regime, given the circumstances of the spread of the COVID-19, as this would be far better and less costly than air strikes on medical facilities, cities and towns in and around Idlib. We have also indicated, in a wide range of news reports issued over the past months, that no serious measures have been taken to prevent overcrowding of civilians or to demonstrate any commitment to impose or follow preventive measures to prevent the spread of the pandemic in various regions of Syria. V. Attachments: (1) Extrajudicial Killing Claims the Lives of 104 Civilians, Including 21 Children, Seven Women, and 13 Victims Due to Torture, in Syria in April 2021 (2) At least 147 Cases of Arbitrary Arrest/ Detention Documented in Syria in April 2021, Including One Child and 19 Women VI. Conclusions and Recommendations: Conclusions: • The evidence we have gathered indicates that attacks continue to be directed against civilians and civilian objects. Syrian-Russian alliance forces have committed various crimes, including extrajudicial killings, arrest, torture, and enforced disappearance. In addition, the indiscriminate bombardment and other attacks carried out caused the destruction of facilities and buildings. There are reasonable grounds to believe that the war crime of attacking civilians has been committed in many cases. • The Syrian government has not only violated international humanitarian law and customary law, but has also breached a number of UN Security Council resolutions, particularly resolution 2139, resolution 2042 on the release of detainees, and resolution 2254, all without any accountability. • We could find no record of any warnings being issued by the Syrian Regime or Russian forces prior to any attack under the requirements of international humanitarian law. This has been the case since the beginning of the popular uprising for freedom, providing another blatant demonstration of these forces’ total disregard for the lives of civilians in Syria. • The magnitude and frequency of the violations, the disproportionate use of military force, the indiscriminate manner of the bombing, and the coordinated approach of these attacks lead to the inescapable conclusion that these acts are wholly deliberate and based on high-level orders, and as such constitute a part of state policy. • The indiscriminate and disproportionate bombardment carried out by the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces is considered to be a clear violation of international humanitarian law, with indiscriminate killings amounting to war crimes. • Hay’at Tahrir al Sham has violated international humanitarian law, causing the death of many civilians, as well as damage to vital civilian facilities. • The Armed Opposition/Syrian National Army violated UN Security Council Resolution 2139 through carrying out attacks that are considered to violate customary international humanitarian law, causing civilian casualties or accidental injuries. • All the attacks documented in this report, particularly bombings, caused massive collateral damage that involved loss of lives, injuries, or significant damage to civilian objects. There are strong indicators suggesting that this damage was excessive compared to the anticipated military benefit. • The use of explosive arms to target densely populated areas reflects a criminal and wholly deliberate mindset, with the perpetrators clearly intending to inflict the greatest possible number of deaths, which is a clear contravention of international human rights law and a flagrant violation of the Geneva Convention (arts. 27, 31, 32). Recommendations: UN Security Council - The Security Council must take additional steps following its adoption of Resolution 2254, which clearly insists that "all parties immediately cease any attacks against civilians and civilian objects as such." - The Syrian issue should be referred to the International Criminal Court and all those who are responsible for violations should be held accountable, while Russia must stop using the veto, as it is a party to the Syrian conflict, and the UNSC states' veto power should be withheld when crimes against humanity and war crimes are committed. - Ensure peace and security and implement the principle of responsibility to protect civilians' lives and to save the Syrian people's heritage and historical artifacts from destruction, looting and vandalism. - The Security Council should adopt a resolution banning the use of cluster munitions and landmines in Syria, similar to the existing prohibition on the use of chemical weapons, and include advice on how to safely remove the remnants of such dangerous weapons. - The four other permanent member states should put pressure on the Russian government to end its support for the Syrian regime, which uses chemical weapons, and to expose its involvement in this regard. - Request that all relevant United Nations agencies make greater efforts to provide food, medical and humanitarian assistance in areas where fighting has ceased, and in internally displaced person camps, and to follow-up with those States that have pledged voluntary contributions. International Community - In light of the split within the Security Council and its utter inability to take any effective action, action should be taken on the national and regional levels to form alliances to support the Syrian people by protecting them from daily killing and by lifting sieges, as well as by increasing support for relief efforts. Additionally, the principle of universal jurisdiction should be enacted in local courts regarding these crimes in order to conduct fair trials for all those who were involved. - SNHR has repeatedly called for the implementation of the 'Responsibility to Protect' in dozens of studies and reports and as a member of the International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect (ICRtoP) after all political channels through the Arab League's plan and then Mr. Kofi Annan's plan have proved fruitless, along with the Cessation of Hostilities statements and Astana agreements that followed. Therefore, steps should be taken under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, while the norm of the 'Responsibility to Protect', which was established by the United Nations General Assembly, should be implemented. The Security Council is still hindering the protection of civilians in Syria. - Renew pressure on the Security Council to refer the case in Syria to the International Criminal Court. - Work on fulfilling justice and achieving accountability in Syria through the United Nations General Assembly and the Human Rights Council and to activate the principle of universal jurisdiction. OHCHR - The OHCHR should submit a report to the Human Rights Council and other organs of the United Nations on the incidents mentioned in this report and previous reports since these attacks were perpetrated by the parties to the conflict and the controlling forces. Independent International Commission of Inquiry (COI) - Launch investigations into the cases included in this report and previous reports. SNHR is willing to cooperate and provide further evidence and data. - Focus on the issue of landmines and cluster munitions within the next report. International, Impartial, and Independent Mechanism (IIIM) - Collect further evidence about the crimes documented in this report. The United Nations Special Envoy to Syria - Condemn the perpetrators of crimes and massacres, and those who were primarily responsible for dooming the de-escalation agreements. - Re-sequence the peace process so that it can resume its natural course despite Russia’s attempts to divert and distort it, empowering the Constitutional Committee prior to the establishment of a transitional governing body. The Syrian regime - Stop indiscriminate shelling and targeting of residential areas, hospitals, schools and markets, and end the use of outlawed weapons and barrel bombs. - Ensure compliance with UN Security Council resolutions and customary humanitarian law. The Russian regime - Launch investigations into the incidents included in this report, make the findings of these investigations public for the Syrian people, and hold those responsible accountable. - Compensate all the damaged centers and facilities, rebuild and rehabilitate them, and compensate all the families of victims who were killed by the current Russian regime, as well as all the wounded. - Completely cease the bombing of hospitals, protected objects, and civilian areas, and respect customary international law. - As a guarantor party in Astana talks, the Russian regime must stop thwarting de-escalation agreements, and apply pressure on the Syrian regime in order to end all indiscriminate attacks and to allow unconditional passage of humanitarian aid to besieged areas. The Coalition (US-led coalition and Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces) - The states supporting the SDF should apply pressure on these forces in order to compel them to cease all of their violations in all the areas and towns under their control. - Syrian Democratic Forces must immediately stop conscripting children, hold the officers involved in such violations accountable, and pledge to return all children who have been arrested for conscription immediately. The Armed Opposition/ Syrian National Army - The Armed Opposition/ the Syrian National Army must ensure the protection of civilians in all areas under their control. These forces should also take care to distinguish between civilians and military targets and cease any indiscriminate attacks. • Take punitive action against those who commit violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law. Humanitarian Organizations • Develop urgent operational plans to secure decent shelter for internally displaced persons. • Provide protected facilities and vehicles, such as medical facilities, schools, and ambulances, with distinctive signs that can be distinguished from long distances. Acknowledgments We wish to extend our sincere thanks to all family members, relatives and friends of the victims, as well as eyewitnesses and local activists whose contributions have enriched this report. www.snhr.org - email@example.com
Interleukin-6 concentrations in the urine and dipstick analyses were related to bacteriuria but not symptoms in the elderly: a cross sectional study of 421 nursing home residents Sundvall, Par-Daniel; Elm, Marie; Ulleryd, Peter; Mölstad, Sigvard; Rodhe, Nils; Jonsson, Lars; Andersson, Bengt; Hahn-Zoric, Mirjana; Gunnarsson, Ronny Published in: BMC Geriatrics DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-14-88 2014 Citation for published version (APA): Sundvall, P.-D., Elm, M., Ulleryd, P., Mölstad, S., Rodhe, N., Jonsson, L., Andersson, B., Hahn-Zoric, M., & Gunnarsson, R. (2014). Interleukin-6 concentrations in the urine and dipstick analyses were related to bacteriuria but not symptoms in the elderly: a cross sectional study of 421 nursing home residents. BMC Geriatrics, 14, Article 88. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-14-88 Total number of authors: 9 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Interleukin-6 concentrations in the urine and dipstick analyses were related to bacteriuria but not symptoms in the elderly: a cross sectional study of 421 nursing home residents Pär-Daniel Sundvall\textsuperscript{1,2,3}, Marie Elm\textsuperscript{4}, Peter Ulleryd\textsuperscript{5,6}, Sigvard Mölstad\textsuperscript{7}, Nils Rodhe\textsuperscript{8,9}, Lars Jonsson\textsuperscript{10}, Bengt Andersson\textsuperscript{11}, Mirjana Hahn-Zoric\textsuperscript{12} and Ronny Gunnarsson\textsuperscript{1,2,13} Abstract* Background: Up to half the residents of nursing homes for the elderly have asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU), which should not be treated with antibiotics. A complementary test to discriminate between symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTI) and ABU is needed, as diagnostic uncertainty is likely to generate significant antibiotic overtreatment. Previous studies indicate that Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the urine might be suitable as such a test. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between laboratory findings of bacteriuria, IL-6 in the urine, dipstick urinalysis and newly onset symptoms among residents of nursing homes. Methods: In this cross sectional study, voided urine specimens for culture, urine dipstick and IL-6 analyses were collected from all residents capable of providing a voided urine sample, regardless of the presence of symptoms. Urine specimens and symptom forms were provided from 421 residents of 22 nursing homes. The following new or increased nonspecific symptoms occurring during the previous month were registered; fatigue, restlessness, confusion, aggressiveness, loss of appetite, frequent falls and not being herself/himself, as well as symptoms from the urinary tract; dysuria, urinary urgency and frequency. Results: Recent onset of nonspecific symptoms was common among elderly residents of nursing homes (85/421). Urine cultures were positive in 32% (135/421). \textit{Escherichia coli} was by far the most common bacterial finding. Residents without nonspecific symptoms had positive urine cultures as often as those with nonspecific symptoms with a duration of up to one month. Residents with positive urine cultures had higher concentrations of IL-6 in the urine ($p < 0.001$). However, among residents with positive urine cultures there were no differences in IL-6 concentrations or dipstick findings between those with or without nonspecific symptoms. Conclusions: Nonspecific symptoms among elderly residents of nursing homes are unlikely to be caused by bacteria in the urine. This study could not establish any clinical value of using dipstick urinalysis or IL-6 in the urine to verify if bacteriuria was linked to nonspecific symptoms. Keywords: Interleukin-6, Urinary tract infections, Bacteriuria, Homes for the aged, Nursing homes, Dipstick urinalysis, Diagnostic tests * Correspondence: firstname.lastname@example.org \textsuperscript{1}Research and Development Unit, Primary Health Care in Southern Ålborg County, Sven Eriksonplanen 4, SE-903 38 Borås, Sweden \textsuperscript{2}Department of Public Health and Community Medicine/Primary Health Care, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 100, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2014 Sundvall et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Background The presence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) among residents of nursing homes for the elderly varies between 25% and 50% for women and 15% and 40% for men [1-3]. There is overwhelming evidence that ABU should not be treated with antibiotics in an adult population except for pregnant women and patients prior to traumatic urologic interventions with mucosal bleeding [4-7]. The high prevalence of ABU makes it difficult to know if a new symptom in a resident with bacteriuria is caused by a urinary tract infection (UTI), or if the bacteria in the urine is only representative of an ABU [3,8-11]. This is especially difficult in the presence of symptoms not specific to the urinary tract such as fatigue, restlessness, confusion, aggressiveness, loss of appetite or frequent falls. Nonspecific symptoms such as changes in mental status are the most common reasons for suspecting a UTI among residents of nursing homes [12-14]. These symptoms can have many causes besides UTI [15]. There are different opinions on the possible connection between different nonspecific symptoms and UTI [10,16-26]. Nonspecific symptoms and diagnostic uncertainty often lead to antibiotic treatments of dubious value [8,14,27,28]. Urine culture alone seems inappropriate for evaluating symptoms among residents of nursing homes [10]. There are two major possible explanations, either common bacteria in the urine are of little relevance, or a urine culture is insufficient to identify UTI. With the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria and the antimicrobial drug discovery pipeline currently running dry, it is important not to misinterpret bacteriuria as UTI and prescribe antibiotics when it actually represents ABU. Thus, a complementary test to discriminate between symptomatic UTI and ABU is needed [29,30]. The cytokine Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a mediator of inflammation playing an important role in the acute phase response and immune system regulation [29,31]. The biosynthesis of IL-6 is stimulated by e.g. bacteria [31]. After intravesical inoculation of patients with E. coli, all patients secreted IL-6 into the urine, however, serum concentrations of IL-6 did not increase suggesting a dominance of local IL-6 production [32]. A symptomatic lower UTI is assumed associated with more severe inflammation in the bladder compared to an ABU. Previous studies suggested that concentrations of IL-6 in the urine may be valuable in discriminating between ABU and UTI in the elderly, however, this needs evaluation in a larger study among the elderly [9,33]. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between laboratory findings of bacteria in the urine, elevated IL-6 concentrations in the urine, dipstick urinalysis and new or increased symptoms in residents of nursing homes for elderly. Methods During the first three months of 2012, a study protocol was completed and single urine specimens collected from all included residents of 22 nursing homes in southwestern Sweden. The attending nurses were provided detailed verbal and written information for the procedure. The study was approved by the Regional ethical review board of Gothenburg University (D-nr 578-11). The data was collected as part of another study of antimicrobial resistance in urinary pathogens among nursing home residents [34]. Inclusion and exclusion criteria Residents of the participating nursing homes, regardless of UTI symptoms were invited to participate. Those accepting participation were included if they met the following inclusion criteria: - Permanent residence in nursing homes for the elderly (regardless of gender) - Presence at a nursing home for the elderly during the study - Participation approval - No indwelling urinary catheter - Sufficiently continent to leave a voided urinary specimen - Residents with dementia were included if cooperative when collecting urine samples - No urostomy - No regularly clean intermittent catheterisation - Not terminally ill - No ongoing peritoneal- or haemodialysis The following exclusion criterion was used: - If the resident did not agree to participate or discontinued study participation Statement of consent Residents were informed of the studies verbally and in writing. Informed approval for participation in the studies was collected from decision-capable individuals choosing to participate in the study. However, a considerable number of participants consisted of residents with varying degrees of dementia. If the resident was incapable of understanding information and thereby possessing a reduced decision capability, these residents only participated so long as they did not oppose participation and under the condition that appointed representatives or relatives did not oppose their participation after having partaken of the study information. This procedure was approved by the Regional ethical review board of Gothenburg University. Study protocol In addition to collecting the urine sample, the attending nurse made an entry in the study protocol for each included resident whether having any symptoms, newly onset or increased within the last month and still present when the urine specimen was obtained. Nursing documentation and record keeping was used to obtain information about the presence or absence of symptoms one month prior to inclusion. The following nonspecific symptoms were registered; fatigue, restlessness, confusion, aggressiveness, loss of appetite, frequent falls and not being herself/himself, as well as symptoms from the urinary tract; dysuria, urinary urgency and frequency. It was also registered if the resident had ongoing or previous antibiotic treatment within the last month, diabetes mellitus or dementia. To avoid presence of symptoms influencing what day the study protocol was completed and urine specimen collected, there was a predetermined date for collection of the urine sample from each included resident. Laboratory tests Personnel at the nursing homes were instructed to collect a mid-stream morning urine sample, or a voided urine specimen with as long a bladder incubation time as possible. Immediately after collecting urine samples, dipstick urinalysis was carried out at the nursing home. Visual reading of the urine dipstick Multistix 5 (Siemens Healthcare Laboratory Diagnostics) was performed for the detection of nitrite and leukocyte esterase. Body temperature was measured by an ear thermometer. Urine specimens were cultured at the microbiology laboratory at Södra Älvsborg Hospital in Borås, Sweden using clinical routine procedure. The urine specimens were chilled before transport and usually arrived at the laboratory within 24 hours. As in clinical routine, the laboratory was provided information on the outcome of the dipstick urinalysis as well as information on any urinary tract specific UTI symptoms from the attending nurse. The microbiology laboratory fractionated 10 µl urine on the surfaces of two plates; a cystine-lactose-electrolyte deficient agar (CLED) and a Columbia blood agar base. Plates were incubated overnight (minimum 15 h) at 35-37°C. CLED plates were incubated in air, and Columbia plates were incubated in 5% CO₂. The latter was further incubated for 24 hours if no growth occurred after the first incubation. Growth of bacteria was considered significant if the number of colony-forming units (CFU)/mL was ≥10⁵. However, at signs of possible UTI such as positive nitrite dipstick, leukocyte esterase dipstick >1, fever, frequency, urgency or dysuria, the cut-off point was ≥10³ for patients with growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and for male patients with Klebsiella species (spp.) and Enterococcus faecalis. For symptomatic women harbouring the two latter species the cut-off level was ≥10⁴. Nonspecific symptoms did not influence cut-off levels for CFU/mL in the urine cultures. Measurements of the concentrations of IL-6 in the urine were performed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a commercial kit (Quantikine HS ELISA, High Sensitivity) [35] according to instructions from the manufacturer (R&D Systems, Abingdon, Oxford, UK) at the clinical immunology laboratory at Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Gothenburg, Sweden. Urine specimens for IL-6 analysis were frozen pending transport to the clinical immunology laboratory. Concentrations of creatinine in the urine were analysed by the automated general chemistry analyser UniCel® DxC 800 Synchro™ Clinical System, according to instructions from the manufacturer (Beckman Coulter), at the clinical chemistry laboratory at Södra Älvsborg Hospital in Borås, Sweden. Statistical analysis The first objective was to clarify whether the concentrations of IL-6 in the urine or urine dipsticks differed between residents with or without bacteriuria. Creatinine adjusted IL-6 was calculated. Concentrations of unadjusted and adjusted IL-6 in the urine and outcome of urine dipstick analyses were compared between residents with positive and negative urine cultures, irrespective of symptoms, using the Mann-Whitney test for IL-6 (due to skewed data) and the Pearson's chi-square test for urine dipsticks. The second and third objective was to clarify whether a symptom correlated to bacteriuria or antibiotic usage. The prevalence of bacteriuria or use of antibiotics during the month preceding sampling of urine was compared between residents with or without symptoms using Pearson's chi-square test. Fisher's exact test was used in case of small numbers. The fourth objective was to clarify if the concentrations of IL-6 or outcomes of urine dipsticks differed depending on symptoms in residents with bacteriuria. Concentrations of IL-6 in the urine or outcome of dipstick analyses were compared between bacteriuric residents with or without symptoms using Mann-Whitney's test for IL-6 (due to skewed data) and Pearson's chi-square test for dipsticks. The fifth objective was to correlate factors with symptoms while adjusting for covariates. A cut-off was used to construct a dichotomous variable covering approximately 20% of the highest IL-6 concentrations (≥5 ng/L). A similar dichotomous variable was constructed for urine dipstick leukocyte esterase where ≥3 + was considered positive. Forward stepwise (conditional) logistic regressions were performed where the condition for entry was 0.050 and for removal 0.10. Variables that served well for the overall prediction were also kept in the model. Zero order correlations between independent variables were checked and correlations >0.6 were not allowed. The independent variables, all but age being dichotomous, were; urine culture, IL-6 in the urine, leukocyte esterase dipstick, nitrite dipstick, antibiotics during the last month, age, gender, and presence of diabetes mellitus or dementia. IBM SPSS Statistics version 21 was used for statistical analysis. Results Studied population Inclusion criteria were fulfilled by 676 of 901 residents in 22 nursing homes, and 425 (63%) accepted participation (Figure 1). Voided urine specimens and symptom forms were provided from 421 residents, 295 (70%) women and 126 (30%) men. Women (mean 87 years, SD 6.4, range 63–100) were slightly older than men (mean 85 years, SD 7.1, range 65–100) (p = 0.0053). Among participating residents 56/421 (13%) suffered from diabetes mellitus and 228/421 (54%) had dementia. When urine specimens were collected, 18/421 (4.3%) were undergoing antibiotic treatment. Another 29/421 (6.9%) had no ongoing antibiotic treatment when the urine specimen was collected but had received antibiotics during the previous month. Measure of body temperature was conclusive in 399/421 residents; none of these residents had a body temperature ≥38.0° Celsius. Bacterial findings There was significant growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria in 32% (135/421) of voided urine specimens. E. coli was by far the most common finding, present in 81% (109/135) of positive urine cultures. Klebsiella spp. were the second most common finding, present in 8.1% (11/135) of positive cultures. Proteus spp. were present in 3.0% (4/135) of positive cultures. Other species had very low prevalence’s, ≤1.5% of positive urine cultures for each species. IL-6 and creatinine in the urine Concentrations of IL-6 were analysed in urine specimens from 97% (409/421) of residents. In 2.9% (12/421) of residents, urine samples for IL-6 analyses were accidentally lost, or there was not enough urine for both culture and IL-6 analysis. Concentration of IL-6 in the urine had a mean of 3.4 ng/L (SD 5.9) and a median of 1.6 ng/L (interquartile range 0.7–4.1, range 0.20–62). Concentration of creatinine in the urine had a mean of 7.4 mmol/L (SD 4.0). Creatinine adjusted concentration... of IL-6 in the urine had a mean of 0.59 ng/mmol creatinine (SD 1.2) and a median of 0.23 ng/mmol creatinine (interquartile range 0.11-0.55, range 0.019-12). Pearson’s correlation coefficient between unadjusted urine IL-6 concentrations and creatinine adjusted IL-6 concentrations was 0.86 (p < 10^{-6}). Urine IL-6 concentrations were ≥5.0 ng/L in 18% (75/409) of residents and creatinine adjusted IL-6 concentrations were ≥0.75 ng/mmol in 18% (75/409) of residents. IL-6 concentrations in the urine divided by positive and negative urine cultures Concentrations of IL-6 in the urine was higher (p = 0.000004) among residents with significant growth of bacteria in the urine; the mean IL-6 concentration was 5.1 ng/L (SD 8.7) and the median IL-6 concentration was 2.5 ng/L (interquartile range 1.0-5.7), compared to residents with negative urine cultures, where the mean IL-6 concentration was 2.6 ng/L (SD 3.6) and the median IL-6 concentration was 1.3 ng/L (interquartile range 0.6-2.8). The same applies for creatinine adjusted IL-6 concentrations (p < 10^{-6}). Similarly residents with positive urine cultures were more likely to have urine IL-6 ≥ 5.0 ng/L (p = 0.000053) and creatinine adjusted IL-6 ≥ 0.75 ng/mmol (p = 0.000001) compared to those with negative urine cultures. Dipstick urinalysis Urine dipsticks were analysed for nitrite and leukocyte esterase in urine specimens from 408/421 residents. Urine dipstick analyses were not performed in 13/421 residents, mostly due to insufficient urine volume. Among all residents, regardless of bacteriuria or not, 26% (106/408) of nitrite dipsticks were positive and 22% (90/408) of leukocyte esterase dipsticks were ≥3 +. Leukocyte esterase dipsticks ≥3 + were more common (p = <10^{-6}) among residents with significant growth of bacteria in the urine; 46% (61/132) versus 11% (29/276) in residents with negative urine cultures. Positive nitrite dipsticks were more common (p = <10^{-6}) among residents with positive urine cultures; 64% (84/132) versus 8.0% (22/276) in residents with negative urine cultures. Symptoms, bacteriuria and antibiotic treatments The prevalence of new or increased symptoms, occurring during the last month and still present when urine specimens were obtained are presented in Table 1. There were no significant differences in the proportion of positive urine cultures among those with or without nonspecific symptoms, however there were less positive urine cultures among residents with urinary frequency (Table 1). Residents with some of the symptoms had a higher prevalence of antibiotic treatments during the last month (Table 2). IL-6 and dipstick urinalyses in residents with bacteriuria In residents exclusively with bacteriuria there were no significant differences in concentrations of urine IL-6 when comparing those with or without a new or increased symptom; fatigue (p = 0.24), restlessness (p = 0.40), confusion (p = 0.38), aggressiveness (p = 0.66), loss of appetite (p = 0.27), frequent falls (p = 0.15), not being herself/himself (p = 0.90), having any of the nonspecific symptoms (p = 0.69), dysuria (p = 0.13) and urinary urgency (p = 0.82). In residents exclusively having bacteriuria there were no significant differences in the proportion of leukocyte esterase dipsticks ≥3+ when comparing those with or without new or increased symptoms; fatigue (p = 0.39), restlessness (p = 1.0), confusion (p = 1.0), aggressiveness (p = 0.62), loss of appetite (p = 1.0), frequent falls (p = 0.60), not being herself/himself (p = 1.0), having any of the nonspecific symptoms (p = 0.68), dysuria (p = 0.46) and urinary urgency (p = 0.34). Similarly there were no significant differences in proportion of positive nitrite dipsticks when comparing those with or without new or increased symptoms. All patients with urinary frequency had negative urine culture. Predictors of symptoms A positive urine culture was only significant in the model predicting confusion, OR 0.15 (0.033-0.68; p = 0.014). However, it is important to note that the odds ratio was <1, i.e. positive urine cultures were less common among residents with confusion (Table 3). As urine IL-6 ≥ 5 ng/L was also a significant predictor in this regression model for confusion, another regression was made where urine culture and urine IL-6 ≥ 5 ng/L were replaced by a combined dichotomous variable being positive if both IL-6 ≥ 5 ng/L and the urine culture was positive at the same time, or otherwise negative. This combined variable was however not a significant predictor of confusion. Discussion Recent onset of nonspecific symptoms was common among elderly residents of nursing homes. Positive urine cultures were as common in residents with as without nonspecific symptoms. Residents with positive urine cultures had higher concentrations of IL-6 in the urine. However, among residents with positive urine cultures there were no differences in IL-6 concentrations or dipstick findings between those with or without nonspecific symptoms. Strengths and limitations of the study A major strength of this study is that urine specimens were collected from every participating resident capable of providing a urine sample, regardless of the presence of symptoms. Therefore, this study can compare residents having symptoms with those without symptoms. In this study we obtained urine specimens and study protocols from 47% (421/901) of individuals registered at the nursing homes. This may appear low but is similar to previously published studies in nursing homes [3]. The main reason for not participating was substantial urinary incontinence, often combined with dementia. Twenty-five percent (222/901) refused participation. Still this may be considered acceptable when studying an elderly fragile population with a high proportion of residents with dementia as well as the ethical requirement of approval from appointed representative/relatives. All individuals living at the nursing homes were asked to participate. Due to ethical considerations, it was not noted whether those who refused participation suffered from dementia or urinary incontinence too severe to be able to provide a urine sample. The same applied to one ward withdrawing during the ongoing study. Thus, it is assumed that some of the patients excluded, since they refused participation, would not have been eligible for this study anyway. Knowing these numbers would probably have resulted in less exclusion due to a higher number of residents not meeting the inclusion criteria. The main focus was non-specific symptoms, and the study had enough power to suggest that IL-6 does not play a role in determining if any non-specific symptom is caused by a UTI or something else. Furthermore, these results suggest that non-specific symptoms are, in most cases, unlikely to be caused by a UTI. However, ### Table 1 Prevalence of symptoms and positive urine cultures \| Prevalence of symptom \| Proportion of positive urine cultures among \| \|-----------------------\|---------------------------------------------\| \| \| Residents with symptom \| Residents without symptom \| P-value \| \| Fatigue \| 3.1% (15/48) \| 3.2% (120/373) \| 0.90 \| \| Restlessness \| 26% (6/23) \| 32% (129/398) \| 0.53 \| \| Confusion \| 14% (3/22) \| 33% (132/399) \| 0.057 \| \| Aggressiveness \| 19% (4/21) \| 33% (131/400) \| 0.19 \| \| Loss of appetite \| 18% (4/22) \| 33% (131/399) \| 0.15 \| \| Frequent falls \| 23% (5/22) \| 33% (130/399) \| 0.34 \| \| Not being herself/himself \| 39% (7/18) \| 32% (128/403) \| 0.53 \| \| Having any of the above nonspecific symptoms \| 31% (26/85) \| 32% (109/336) \| 0.74 \| \| Dysuria \| 11% (1/9) \| 33% (134/412) \| 0.28 \| \| Urinary urgency \| 33% (5/15) \| 32% (130/406) \| 1.0 \| \| Urinary frequency \| 0% (0/10) \| 33% (135/411) \| 0.035 \| 1Symptoms commencing at any time during the preceding month and still present when sampling urine. 2Pearson’s chi-square and when appropriate Fisher’s exact test comparing proportions of positive urine cultures among those with or without symptoms. ### Table 2 Prevalence of symptoms and antibiotic treatment \| Prevalence of symptom \| Proportion of antibiotic treatment* among \| \|-----------------------\|-------------------------------------------\| \| \| Residents with symptom \| Residents without symptom \| P-value \| \| Fatigue \| 19% (9/48) \| 10% (38/373) \| 0.076 \| \| Restlessness \| 22% (5/23) \| 11% (42/398) \| 0.16 \| \| Confusion \| 27% (6/22) \| 10% (41/399) \| 0.026 \| \| Aggressiveness \| 19% (4/21) \| 11% (43/400) \| 0.28 \| \| Loss of appetite \| 36% (8/22) \| 10% (39/399) \| 0.0013 \| \| Frequent falls \| 27% (6/22) \| 10% (41/399) \| 0.026 \| \| Not being herself/himself \| 17% (3/18) \| 11% (44/403) \| 0.44 \| \| Having any of the above nonspecific symptoms \| 19% (16/85) \| 9.2% (31/336) \| 0.012 \| \| Dysuria \| 89% (8/9) \| 9.5% (39/412) \| <10* \| \| Urinary urgency \| 53% (8/15) \| 10% (39/406) \| 0.000048\| \| Urinary frequency \| 30% (3/10) \| 11% (44/411) \| 0.090 \| 1Symptoms commencing at any time during the preceding month and still present when sampling urine. 2Antibiotic treatment given at any time during the month preceding sampling of urine. 3Pearson’s chi-square and when appropriate Fisher’s exact test comparing proportion of antibiotic treatment among those with or without symptoms. Table 3 Predictors$^1$ of new or increased symptoms commencing at any time during the preceding month and still present when sampling urine \| Predictor \| Bacteriuria$^2$ \| IL-6$^3$ \| Antibiotics$^4$ \| Dementia \| R square$^5$ \| \|------------------------------------------------\|-------------------\|------------\|-------------------\|----------\|----------------\| \| Fatigue$^6$ \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Restlessness$^6$ \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Confusion \| 0.15 (0.033-0.68) p = 0.014 \| 4.6 (1.7-12) p = 0.0021 \| --- \| --- \| 0.11 \| \| Aggressiveness \| --- \| --- \| --- \| 2.9 (1.0-8.0) p = 0.043 \| 0.035 \| \| Loss of appetite \| --- \| --- \| 4.9 (1.9-13) p = 0.0014 \| --- \| 0.065 \| \| Frequent falls \| --- \| --- \| 2.9 (1.0-8.4) p = 0.0051 \| --- \| 0.025 \| \| Not being herself/himself \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Any of the above symptoms \| --- \| --- \| 2.2 (1.1-4.0) p = 0.019 \| --- \| 0.020 \| \| Dysuria \| --- \| --- \| 78 (9.5-643) p = 0.000050 \| --- \| 0.38 \| \| Urinary urgency \| --- \| --- \| 9.4 (3.1-28) p = 0.000069 \| --- \| 0.13 \| \| Urinary frequency \| <10$^{-3}$ (0->) p = 1.0 \| --- \| 4.0 (0.97-16) p = 0.055 \| --- \| 0.13 \| $^1$Predictors in patients where a urine sample could be obtained and with information for all variables (n = 397). Forward stepwise (conditional) logistic regressions where probability for entry was 0.050 and for removal 0.10 was used. Variables that served well for the overall prediction were also kept in the model. Outcome presented as odds ratios (95% CI with p-value) for variables included in the model. Urine dipstick (nitrite positive or leukocyte esterase being 3+ or 4+) age, gender or presence of diabetes mellitus did not reach the final model for any symptom. Nagelkerke’s R-square as a measure of the model’s ability to predict presence of a symptom. $^2$With (=1) or without (=0) bacteriuria. The latter was the reference. $^3$Interleukin-6 elevated (>5 ng/L) or not. The latter was the reference. $^4$Ongoing antibiotic treatment (n = 16) or having had antibiotics during the last month (n = 28). $^5$None of the independent variables could predict either fatigue or restlessness. the study is underpowered to clearly sort out these issues for each specific symptom. Residents with urinary catheters were not included in this study, therefore the results cannot be considered representative for residents with urinary catheters. Differentiating ABU versus UTI It is interesting to note that a positive urine culture was not commoner among residents with nonspecific symptoms compared to residents without symptoms. There was a trend (p = 0.057) toward a lower proportion of positive urine cultures among residents with confusion occurring during the last month (Table 1). This suggests that nonspecific symptoms are not caused by bacteria in the urine. Not considering other more plausible causes of the symptoms places the patient at risk for having other undiagnosed conditions. The UTI diagnosis is all too often made in the absence of newly onset focal urinary tract symptoms. Procedures utilizing presence of symptoms or outcomes of prior dipstick testing to influence setting of cut-off levels for CFU/mL in urine cultures to label growth as clinically significant may enhance the diagnostic procedure [36,37]. These procedures are common in microbiologic laboratories in Sweden and internationally. Using the routine clinical procedure increases clinical usefulness of the study results. Residents with positive urine cultures had higher concentrations of IL-6 in the urine. However, among residents with positive urine cultures there were no differences in IL-6 concentrations between those with or without nonspecific symptoms. Thus IL-6 concentrations are not useful when assessing elderly residents with nonspecific symptoms and bacteria in the urine. If nonspecific symptoms are not caused by bacteria in the urine, IL-6 concentrations cannot identify a subgroup of residents with more severe inflammation in the bladder correlating to nonspecific symptoms. There were no differences either in urine dipstick analyses for nitrite or leukocyte esterase ≥3+ between residents with positive urine cultures when comparing those with or without symptoms. Subsequently urine dipsticks are not useful when assessing elderly residents with nonspecific symptoms and bacteria in the urine. Antibiotic treatment and negative urine culture Residents with recently onset confusion, loss of appetite, frequent falls and any of the nonspecific symptoms had oftener been prescribed antibiotics during the last month. This might explain the trend toward the lower prevalence of bacteriuria among residents with confusion. Also, in the logistic regressions, antibiotics during the previous month were a predictor of loss of appetite, frequent falls and “any of the nonspecific symptoms”. This supports previous studies showing that nonspecific symptoms were a common reason for suspecting UTI and the prescription of antibiotics [12-14,27]. These registered symptoms in this study might also reflect side effects of prescribed antibiotics as the elderly are more likely to retain side effects from antibiotics [38]. These residents could also represent a frailer population having more nonspecific symptoms, and also being more prone to infections, and consequently more antibiotic prescriptions. Even if this study suggests that nonspecific symptoms are not caused by bacteria in the urine, due to the possible confounders described above, the best proof would be a future randomized controlled trial evaluating UTI antibiotic treatment of nonspecific symptoms among elderly residents of nursing homes. However, an RCT in a large population of fragile elderly individuals, many with dementia and no possibility to give statement of consent would be very difficult to carry out. This study primarily aimed to study non UTI specific symptoms. As UTI specific symptoms were less frequent, this study was partially underpowered regarding UTI specific symptoms. However, it is interesting to note that among all symptoms urinary frequency was the only symptom where the proportion of positive urine cultures differed from those not having this symptom. Those with urinary frequency had a lower proportion of positive urine cultures and a trend (not significant) towards a higher proportion of having had antibiotic treatment during the previous month. Another explanation for this could be a shorter bladder incubation time in that group. Conclusions Recently onset nonspecific symptoms were common among elderly residents of nursing homes. Residents without nonspecific symptoms had positive urine cultures as often as those with nonspecific symptoms, suggesting that nonspecific symptoms are not caused by bacteria in the urine. Residents with positive urine cultures had higher concentrations of IL-6 in the urine. However, among residents with positive urine cultures there were no differences in IL-6 concentrations or dipstick findings between those with or without nonspecific symptoms. Thus, IL-6 concentrations in the urine and dipstick analyses are not useful when assessing elderly residents with nonspecific symptoms and bacteria in the urine. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions All authors participated in the design of the study. PDS and ME carried out the data collection. PDS analysed the data and drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to interpretation of the analyses, critical reviews and revisions, and the final approval of the paper. Acknowledgements We are grateful to the laboratory staff of the Bio Imaging and Laboratory Medicine Unit, Södra Älvborg Hospital and to all the nursing home staff members who assisted in this study. Financial support was obtained from primary health care in Södra Älvborg County, the Research and Development Council of the Södra Älvborg County and FoU Sjuhärad Välfärd (a research and development unit in Borås). Sponsors took no part in the design, methods, subject recruitment, data collection, analysis or preparation of manuscript. Author details 1Research and Development Unit, Primary Health Care in Southern Älvborg County, Sven Eriksgatan 4, SE-503 38 Borås, Sweden. 2Department of General and Community Medicine/Primary Health Care, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 100, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden. 3Sanded Primary Health Care Centre, Sanded, Sweden. 4Health Care Unit Borås Municipality, Vågångsgatan 21 B, SE-507 41 Borås, Sweden. 5Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-416 05 Gothenburg, Sweden. 6Department of Communicable Disease Control, Västra Götalandregionen, SE-501 82 Borås, Sweden. 7Department of Clinical Sciences, General Practice, Lund University, CRC, Hus 28, Plan 11, Jan Waldenströms Gata 35, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden. 8Centre for Clinical Research, Dalarna University, School of Health and Care Services, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. 9Bio Imaging and Laboratory Medicine Unit, Södra Älvborg Hospital, SE-501 82 Borås, Sweden. 10Department of Clinical Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden. 11Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden. 12Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden. 13Cairns Clinical School, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns Base Hospital, PO Box 902, Cairns QLD 4870, Australia. 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St. Mary Roman Catholic Church 32 Pearl Street, Claremont, NH 03743 Phone: (603) 542-9518 / Fax: (603) 542-9614 Website: www.stmaryparishnh.org Email: email@example.com Pastor Very Rev. Shawn Therrien, V.G. Parochial Vicar Rev. Arockia Antony, HGN Administrative Assistant Mary K. Keating Music Director Joe Labrecque Interim Faith Formation Director Kevin Krawiec LITURGY SCHEDULE Saturday 4:00 PM Sunday 8:00 AM / 10:30 AM Monday / Tuesday 12:10 PM Wednesday 7:30 AM No Mass on Thursday or Friday MASSES AT OLD ST. MARY CHURCH Saturday Morning Mass at 8:00 AM every week (June to October) at Old St. Mary Church SACRAMENT OF RECONCILIATION Saturday 3:00 - 3:45 PM VOCATIONS HOLY HOUR Thursday 6:00 - 7:00 PM ST. MARY CEMETERY Old Church Road Please call the Parish Office for inquiries or other information regarding the parish cemetery. ADORATION CHAPEL Closed until further notice! Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament Thursday ONLY 6:00 AM - 6:00 PM Chapel Hours Monday 8:00 AM - 2:00 PM Tuesday 8:00 AM - 5:00 PM Wednesday 8:00 AM - 5:00 PM Thursday 6:00 AM - 6:00 PM Friday 8:00 AM - 4:00 PM Saturday 9:00 AM - 12 Noon Sunday 1:00 PM - 2:00 PM PARISH OFFICE HOURS Monday - Thursday 8:00 AM - 2:00 PM Friday 8:00 AM - 12:00 PM February 27, 2022 Eighth Sunday in Ordinary Time Mass Schedule for Ash Wednesday, March 2nd: 9:00 AM Mass St. Mary Church 5:00 PM Mass St. Joseph Church Beginning Ash Wednesday through Good Friday, Stations of the Cross will be prayed following each weekday Mass in Lent. Invitation to Pray with Fr. Sebastian for 15 minutes for the souls in purgatory: “It is a holy and wholesome thought to pray for the dead, that they may be loosed from sins.” 2 Mach 12:46 Completely helpless, the Holy Souls can do nothing. They are your friends and relatives, trapped in Purgatory. You have the power to release them, to allow them entrance to heaven. How? By praying The Way of the Cross for the Holy Souls in Purgatory. The Way of the Cross represents the sorrowful journey that Jesus Christ made with the cross to die on Calvary. The church teaches that the Souls in Purgatory undergo a process of purification that must include suffering. By praying and making sacrifices for the Holy Souls, you have the marvelous power and privilege to relieve their pain. In return, their gratitude will bring you countless blessings. May a stream of mercy flow from Our Lord to the Holy Souls in Purgatory. Installation of Rev. Sebastian Susairaj, HGN as Pastor of St. Mary Church and St. Joseph Church by Very Rev. John Loughnane, Dean of the Upper Valley Deanery Sunday, March 6, 2022 10:30 AM Mass St. Mary Church Light reception to follow in St. Mary Gym Sponsored by Catholic Daughters of the Americas Court Virgil H. Barber #892 Please come and welcome our new pastor! February 26, 2022—March 6, 2022 Sat. Feb 26 4:00 PM Vigil of the Eighth Sunday in Ordinary Time Bernadette Theroux (†) By Family Sun. Feb 27 8:00 AM Eighth Sunday in Ordinary Time Emig and Mathauser Families By Frank Emig 10:30 AM For the People Mon. Feb 28 12:10 PM Weekday David Budine Tue. Mar 1 7:30 AM Weekday Michael Beagan (†) By Marti Beagan Wed. Mar 2 9:00 AM Ash Wednesday For the People Thur. Mar 3 9:00 AM Thursday After Ash Wednesday Rev. Jose Bermudez Fri. Mar 4 9:00 AM Friday After Ash Wednesday (First Friday) Rev. Cecil Spotswood Adoration until 10:00 AM Sat. Mar 5 4:00 PM Vigil of the First Sunday of Lent For the People Sun. Mar 6 8:00 AM First Sunday of Lent Rita Michaud (†) By Her Children 10:30 AM Eugene Fowler (†) By Nancy Fowler --- WEEKLY OFFERING . . . Stewardship Giving of Time, Talent and Treasure in gratitude for all of God’s gifts. Thank you for your generosity! Thank you also for those who make up envelopes! February 20, 2022 \| Offertory \| $2,988.50 \| \|-----------\|-----------\| \| Buck-A-Month \| $276.00 \| Upcoming Second Collections \| Catholic Outreach \| Feb 26/27 \| \|-------------------\|-----------\| \| Aid to Churches in Europe/Africa \| Mar 2 \| PLEASE NOTE ... Offertory checks made payable to: St. Mary Parish. You are welcome to indicate a second collection in the memo section of your check. Donations to Catholic Outreach should be made payable to “Catholic Outreach—St. Mary Parish.” --- PRAYER LIST Call the parish office to add/continue a person on the prayer list \| Becky Bari \| Dennis Fontaine \| Sylvia Michaud \| \|------------\|-----------------\|----------------\| \| Bill Beattie \| David Grey \| David Montano \| \| Gloria Beattie \| Jake Grey \| Mary Ouellette \| \| William Beattie \| Deborah Hemingway \| Melvin Parker \| \| Deb Bedard \| Renee Honeman \| Mary Raymond \| \| Carol Braga \| Timothy Houle \| Brian Smith \| \| Pauline Buckner \| David Immic \| Andrew St. Pierre \| \| Stephen Burlew \| Elaine Keating \| Elaine St. Pierre \| \| Angie Chicoine \| Richard LaCasce \| Marcy St. Pierre \| \| Brendon Collins \| Lisa Laliberte \| Mary Sullivan \| \| Rebecca DeVoyd \| Claire Lessard \| Peter Sullivan \| \| Susan Doody \| Matthew Limoges \| Linda Supernois \| \| Thomas Eagen \| Roy Lucier \| Todd Supernois \| \| Charles Eastman \| Jon Manning \| Christine Snyder \| \| Joan Flaherty \| Terry McGuire \| Chee Chee Tyrrell \| \| Charles Fletcher \| Shirley McNutt \| Louise Unger \| --- PRAY FOR OUR MILITARY LOVED ONES Zachary Long... US Army Raymond F. Parizo, Jr... US Navy Call the parish office to add your loved ones in the service. --- Pope’s Monthly Prayer Intentions—February 2022 For Religious Sisters and Consecrated Women — We pray for religious sisters and consecrated women; thanking them for their mission and their courage; may they continue to find new responses to the challenges of our times. --- REMEMBERING DURING THE YEAR “Memorial Candle Fund” Candle burning in the Church for the souls in purgatory. --- READINGS FOR THE WEEK . . . \| Mon. Feb 28 \| 1 Pt 1:3-9/Mk 10:17-27 \| \|-------------\|------------------------\| \| Tues. Mar 1 \| 1 Pt 1:10-16/Mk 10:28-31 \| \| Wed. Mar 2 \| Jl 2:12-18/2 Cor 5:20—6:2 \| \| Thurs. Mar 3 \| Dt 30:15-20/Lk 9:22-25 \| \| Fri. Mar 4 \| Is 58:1-9/Mt 9:14-15 \| \| Sat. Mar 5 \| Is 58:9-14/Lk 5:27-32 \| \| Sun. Mar 6 \| Dt 26:4-10/Rom 10:8-13/Lk 4:1-13 \| --- Welcome New Parishioners... Just moved to this area? We welcome you to St. Mary Parish. Please stop by the parish office or call (603) 542-9518 for “new parishioner” information! HYMNS—Eighth Sunday in Ordinary Time Entrance Antiphon: Page 101 Offertory Hymn: #132—For the Fruits of His Creation Communion Antiphon: Page 103 Communion Hymn: #283—Where Charity and Love Prevail Recessional Hymn: #155—Holy God, We Praise Thy Name Knights of Columbus Aluminum Can Drive Sat. February 26th – 3:00–4:00 PM…St. Mary Rectory Garage Sun. February 27th – 7:30–10:30 AM…St. Mary Rectory Garage Aluminum cans only! Rinse out cans, do not crush them. 5 cent plastic soda bottles marked VT accepted. Check markings! Proceeds go to 2 seminarians and a postulant. Knights of Columbus Fr. Cote Assembly 1820 Spiritual Night Monday, March 7th, 7:00 PM St. Joseph Hall—Claremont NH Guest Speaker: Deacon Jim Wilton Light refreshments included. Open to all degrees and all parishioners. Men of St. Joseph The next meeting of the Men of St. Joseph will be on Wednesday March 2nd at 7:00 PM in the Knights of Columbus Room in the St. Mary Gym next to the church. The topic for the evening will be: “Virtues of St. Joseph?” All men of St. Mary and St. Joseph Parishes are welcome to attend! For information, you may contact Kevin Krawiec @ 603-801-6130. Parishioner Offertory Envelope Contribution Statements for 2021 are now ready for your 2021 tax returns. Please contact the parish office at (603) 542-9518 or firstname.lastname@example.org to request your statement. FIRST FRIDAY SCHEDULE CHANGE: There will not be all-day First Friday Eucharistic Adoration in St. Mary Church on March 4th. There will be Mass at 9:00 AM followed by Adoration until 10:00 AM. There is a funeral Mass scheduled for that day in St. Mary Church. There is also the potential for a change in First Friday Adoration, but more details will be provided soon. Vocations HOLY HOUR Eucharistic Adoration & Benediction Every Thursday Evening 6:00–7:00 PM FORMED PICK OF THE WEEK February 27, 2022 WATCH FATHER MICHAEL MCGIVNEY: An American Blessed In May 2020, Pope Francis approved a miracle attributed to the intercession of Fr. Michael McGivney, paving the way for his beatification. This new documentary highlights Fr. McGivney’s life, ministry, charity, evangelization, and empowerment of the laity. LEARN JESUS: THE MODEL AND MASTER OF PRAYER In the first part of his course on the Our Father, Dr. Ben Akers teaches us what we can learn from the perfect model and master of prayer: Jesus Himself! LISTEN DISCERNING GOD’S WILL BY FR. LARRY RICHARDS Discovering the will of God can be an intimidating challenge in the spiritual life. Join Fr. Larry Richards as he guides us in this task through practical advice and personal stories. Our parish has a FORMED subscription. To set up your free account visit formed.org/signup and select our parish. Upcoming Pro-Life Event: Saturday February 26 Prayer-Witness Vigil for Life Across from Planned Parenthood 136 Pleasant St., Claremont, NH Noon to 1:00 p.m. All are welcome to come witness for life and pray the Rosary and Chaplet of Divine Mercy for the unborn and to convert the culture of death. Contact Walt Stapleton with any questions.
Model based design and optimization of a fuel cell electric vehicle Roberto Cipollone\textsuperscript{a}, Davide Di Battista\textsuperscript{a}, Matteo Marchionni\textsuperscript{b}, Carlo Villante\textsuperscript{c} \textsuperscript{a} University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy \textsuperscript{b} Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy \textsuperscript{c} Università del Sannio, Benevento, Italy Abstract Alternative vehicle powertrains (hybrid, hydrogen, electric) are a right answer to the emissions problem in very congested urban areas. The most effective alternative choice is surely represented by fuel cell vehicles. The design and optimization of this kind of powertrain can take a great benefit from mathematical models which include auxiliary management and control strategies of the energy fluxes: the use of a virtual platform limits the expensive and time-consuming experimental activity. The Authors present a lumped parameter mathematical model of a hybrid vehicle fed by a fuel cell pack. The propulsion system (fuel cell and battery) is accurately designed according to energy balancing. The mechanical power is given by an electric machine, whose behavior as alternator allows the energy recovery during braking. This aspect is treated with particular care (inside the overall vehicle and powertrain modeling). Vehicle’s stability and safety has been also verified before recovering energy, re-modulating the braking action. © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of ATI NAZIONALE Keywords: Hybrid; Electric vehicle; Fuel cell vehicle; Regenerative Braking System; Braking modelling. 1. Introduction Passenger cars efficiency, in recent years, showed a strong improvement pushed by current international regulations on fuel efficiency and, principally, on pollutant and CO$_2$ emissions reduction [1]. These regulations imposed stringent targets that manufacturers have not reached yet [2]. So, very recently, economic crisis, oil price and GHG reduction polices pushed a radical change in the past trend, with a marked increase in fuel economy [3]. Corresponding author. Tel.: +39-0862-434317. E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.org. There are more than a few technological options that show great potentiality in order to achieve this targets [4]: some of them are more simple to be installed on board and are already in the market, but have a low emission reduction potential. A significant step change will be reached thanks to the electrifications of the vehicle and, in particular, with alternative powertrains (like hybrid, electric, hydrogen, etc…). These new powertrains are particularly interesting in very congested urban areas, characterized by a high speed variations, where they represent the most effective and right answer. Powertrains based on pure electric propulsion or, even more, on fuel cells appears to be the most suitable candidates [5-7]. The interest on hybrid and electric vehicles is significantly growing because of their very low values of emissions and the wide diffusion of the electricity in cities. Several governments around the world, so, announced targets on sales on electric and plug-in vehicles: according to these national targets about 7 million of electric vehicles sales will reached by 2020 [8]. Also manufactures have to introduces a share of low emissions vehicles in their fleet in order to reach international targets and avoid penalties. Hybrid vehicles can be classified in terms of degree of hybridization: micro-hybrids which have small electric motors coupled with the internal combustion engine (ICE) and low capacity batteries; full hybrids have higher capacity batteries and electric power flux, including energy recuperation pure electric traction; somehow intermediate are mild hybrids. In this classification, so, the higher degree of hybridization is reached by pure battery electric vehicles (BEV), but high degree of hybridization are displayed also by extended-range electric vehicles (EREV), which have an auxiliary power unit in order to sustain the battery charge, and plug-in electric vehicles (PHEV), in which pure battery electric phase is blended with a charge-sustaining phase [9]. From an energetic and environmental point of view, a significant step change is the use of fuel cells in vehicle propulsion: in fact, fuel cells deliver pure electrical energy, being not limited by Carnot efficiency and are suitable for propulsion in very congested urban areas being characterized by zero emissions. Anyway actual market offer about HEV and BEV is still very limited and too costly to reach a relevant market penetration. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) are also more far from the market. It is evident that a deep effort must be made in product development and standardization and that all the market sub-sectors must be considered. The experimental research in this sector, at the same time, is expensive and really time-consuming, so needs the help of virtual platforms, which allow an easier results achievement and system management. In this paper, the Authors present a wide modelling of a FCEV. The propulsion is therefore purely electrical and the energy storage section considers batteries (or ultra-capacitors) in order to recover energy or to give high power peaks occurring during braking or acceleration. The propulsion system is designed according to a method developed specifically. The fuel cell and the battery (primary power unit) are not chosen considering the mean propulsive power of the vehicle, but balancing the energy flows of the hybrid powertrain. Vehicle’s weight is updated according to various component sizing and propulsion power recalculated in order to keep the same paying load. Fuel cell system (hydrogen fuelled) is represented according to their real operating characteristics as well as the electrical energy storage. The mechanical power is given by a reversible electric machine, whose behaviour as alternator allows the energy recovery during braking. The paper treats this aspect with particular care (inside the overall vehicle and powertrain modelling). In fact, with reference to international approval drive cycle, the theoretical ratio between braking energy and overall propulsion energy can reach the 50% [10-12]. Braking energy recovery depends on several factors and, in particular, on the storage system capacity: state of charge (SOC) of the batteries, maximum acceptable input value of current and the power of the electrical machine [13]. Moreover, the braking system has to be managed with a defined ratio between rear and front braking, avoiding tyres slip and loss of directionality and granting vehicle’s safety. Finally, the effect of the vehicle management during the daily mission on component design (motor/alternator, fuel cell stack, batteries) has been evaluated; a simple control strategy (that preserves fuel cell life) for all the functions related to the vehicle’s propulsion and braking has been implemented, defining energy fluxes among fuel cell, batteries and electric motor/generator. 2. The vehicle During last years, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Environment (ENEA) realized a series hybrid vehicle prototype, called Urb-E which made available a huge amount of experimental results, based on various control strategies used to optimize ICE utilization. A full description of the prototype is reported in previous papers by the Authors [14-15]. The rolling chassis has overall vehicle dimensions of 2.70 m length and 1.40 m width: it is a 2 seats vehicle with minimal size in order to solve urban traffic and parking problems. A series-hybrid architecture is chosen and consists of a motor-generator group composed itself by: a primary combustion engine (Piaggio QUASAR 250 cc) coupled with an electrical generator (brushless permanent magnet machine); an energy storage system based on ultra-capacitors (a series of 4 modules at 16 V and 550 F); an electric drive acting on front wheels (16 kW and 30 Nm); an electric node permitting mutual energy fluxes; three electrical converters and a power management system. The management of thermal engine is realized by a torque control made by tuning the current supplied by the alternator and a closed loop speed control actuated by the throttle of ICE; the management of the hybrid propulsion system is realised by a supervision program. A wide experimental activity has been done finalized to the obtainment of the motor-generator efficiency map and, so, fuel consumption in numerous steady working points. Several tests was also made in transient conditions, following different driving cycles [15]. The experimental results obtained on the series hybrid prototype were used to calibrate a comprehensive mathematical model of the vehicle, based on a Matlab-Simulink ® platform in a fully modular approach. This with the aim of evaluating the overall energetic performance of the vehicle and its main parts, as well as comparing the chosen power architecture with various possible different options. The model used is a lumped parameter one and is fully dynamical in most of its parts. So, several powertrain configuration can be simulated. Concerning fuel cell hybrid vehicle, data coming from MesDEA PEM cell are used (in terms of hydrogen consumption and efficiency): in the pure electric options, both ultra-capacitors and battery driven vehicles can be simulated. Lithium batteries were simulated according to a simple resistive model consolidated in literature [16-18]. Mixed storage systems with various control approaches can be, so, simulated considering all the aspects that influence fuel consumption. 3. The propulsion system design The first issue in this kind of system is the design of the propulsion system of the vehicle. In particular, in this paper, it is considered a fuel cell series hybrid vehicle with a battery pack. Therefore, designing the propulsion system means to choose the energy strategy and, so, the fuel cell size and the battery capacity and power. This, obviously, influences the weight of the vehicle and so the propulsive power. The method here proposed considers a propulsion strategy where the fuel cell can be completely switched on or off, in order to achieve the best efficiency of the fuel cell. The idea is to balance the propulsion energy coming from the fuel cell and that one coming from the batteries. In the initial conditions the fuel cell is powered and gives the design power. The reference driving cycle considered is the new World Harmonized Light-Duty Test Procedure Cycle (WLTP) considered for vehicles that have a very low ratio between power and kerb mass (Fig. 1), that can represent the typical driving cycle of a city (overall distance is 8 km in 102.3 s with a maximum velocity of 64 km/h) [19]. This driving cycle was preferred to the actual urban homologation cycle (ECE) in order to have a more realistic test on urban behavior with higher velocity variations; moreover, the WLTP cycle has a higher maximum speed and a considerably greater distance, that are suitable during the designing phase of the propulsion system. The propulsive power of the vehicle $P_{road}$ can be calculated according to eq. (1): $$P_{road} = F_{ov} \cdot V = (F_{in} + F_{rot} + F_{avro}) \cdot V = (Ma + MgC_i + \frac{1}{2} \rho_{air} C_s S_{from} V^2) \cdot V$$ \hspace{1cm} (1) ![Graph showing road power requested by the Urb-e vehicle to run the reference drive cycle (WLTP cycle)](image) Fig. 1: Road power requested by the Urb-e vehicle to run the reference drive cycle (WLTP cycle) The aim is to find an optimal level of fuel cell power ($P_{FC}$). This level must give enough energy (in the drive cycle considered) to fulfil the traction motor request, when the propulsive power is lower than the optimal fuel cell power, and to give to the battery the right amount of energy needed to fulfil the remained part of the drive cycle (when the power requested is higher than the optimal fuel cell power). So, this calculation starts with a value of fuel cell given power. This, together with the battery, fixes the weight of the vehicle. Known this and all the geometrical characteristics of the vehicle, the propulsion power can be calculated according to Eq. (1). The energy given by the fuel cell directly to the traction motor $E_{FC,trae}$, being a parallel hybrid, is calculated as in Eq. (2): $$E_{FC,trae} = \int_{WLTP} P \eta_{mot} dt$$ with $$\begin{cases} P = P_{FC} & \forall P_{road} > P_{FC} \\ P = P_{road} & elsewhere \end{cases}$$ \hspace{1cm} (2) The remaining energy required to run the reference cycle must be given by the battery. However, the battery is recharged by the fuel cell, so, by the portion of the energy of the fuel cell that is not used directly for the traction system. The energy that the battery have to provide $E_{B,trae}$ can be calculated as in Eq. (3): $$E_{B,trae} = \int_{WLTP} \frac{P_{road} - P_{FC}}{\eta_{mot} \eta_{B,disch}} dt$$ \hspace{1cm} (3) The extra energy given by the fuel cell (which is not used directly by the traction motor) is accumulated in the battery. Eq. (4) calculates the energy received by the battery from the fuel cell: $$E_{FC,B} = \left( \int_{WLTP} P_{FC} dt - E_{FC,trae} \right) \eta_{B,sh}$$ \hspace{1cm} (4) At this point, in order to run the reference cycle with the fuel cell energy, the energy given by the fuel cell to the battery (Eq. 4) has to be equal or slightly higher than the battery energy supplied to the traction motor (Eq. 3). From a computational point of view, their difference must fall within a given tolerance ($toll$), Eq. (5): $$E_{FC,B} - E_{B,trae} \leq toll$$ \hspace{1cm} (5) $E_{FC,B}$ represents, also, the minimum capacity of the battery necessary to run a reference cycle. The real capacity must consider the possibility to have a higher mileage also in pure electric behaviour and, moreover, the lower limit recommended for the SOC of the battery, which is about 0.45 [20]. So, the battery chosen have a capacity three times higher than the evaluated energy needed. If the Eq. (5) is not satisfied a different value of fuel cell power is tried and equations (1) to (5) are recalculated. The fuel cell and battery weights (and, so, vehicle weight) are updated according a linear relation. Finally, the battery power $P_b$ must cover the propulsive power peak of the motor, so it can be calculated as in Eq. (6): $$P_b = C \frac{(P_{\text{peak\_max}} - P_{\text{EC}})}{\eta_{\text{mot}} \eta_{0.8\text{dutch}}}$$(6) where C is an oversizing coefficient that consider the possibility to fulfil requested powers higher than those in reference cycle. The battery chosen is a LiFePO4 [21]: knowing its voltage, the maximum output current can be evaluated. Table 1 resumes the results of the propulsion system design process. Metal-hydride tank are considered as hydrogen storage: it contains 900 l of fuel at 12 bar with a weight of 6.2 kg. Table 1: Propulsion component data \| Fuel cell power \| 3400 W \| Battery voltage \| 48 V \| \|-----------------\|--------\|-----------------\|------\| \| Fuel cell weight\| 21 kg \| Battery max current \| 200 A \| \| Battery power \| 10 kW \| Battery weight \| 15 kg \| \| Battery capacity\| 16 Ah \| Vehicle weight (with a driver and one passenger) \| 676 kg \| However, if the propulsion system was designed on the mean propulsive power, it would give back a smaller fuel cell power (3100 W), but a bigger battery (11 kW, 20 Ah). So, the weight saved thanks to the smaller fuel cell is compensated by the bigger battery, and the vehicle’s weight does not suffer significant modifications. 4. The braking system model Braking energy plays a crucial role in hybrid and electric vehicle. In fact, it can increase mileage of the vehicle sustaining the state of charge of the batteries during driving, in particular in urban missions, when the decelerations are very frequent. So, the Authors studied in deep the aspects related to braking force, determining limits linked to the wheels slip, which is responsible of loss of directionality and, so, braking time and space increase [22]. In these conditions, the maximum braking efficiency is reached (shorter stop distance) and a simple relation for the optimal distribution between front and rear braking forces can be find and is showed in Fig. 2, where optimal braking curve is drawn in the characteristic $Fbf-Fbr$ plan, normalized to the vehicle weight: deceleration lines are also showed, with a constant deceleration $j$ as a ratio of the gravitational acceleration $g$. For braking distributions which are different from the optimal one, front or rear axle reaches the locking condition before the maximum value of the allowed deceleration. So, for each value of road-tyres friction coefficient, front locking conditions and rear locking ones can be reached and represented in Fig. 2 by a bundle of parallel lines for different values of friction coefficient $\mu$. All this considerations are to take into account within regenerative braking recovery system. If the braking distribution causes rear locking, the vehicle may become instable, also if directionality is not lost. If front wheels are the first that reach locking conditions, instead, stability are ensured, but with loss of directionality. Another issue must be considered regarding the repartition between front and rear braking force. The deceleration is limited by the road-tyre friction coefficient. This constraint is subject of European Regulation (ECE R13-H) and it is also represented in Fig. 2 and shows the rear braking force limit. Fig. 2 shows, also, for a fixed vehicle, a desired deceleration (dashed lines) can be reached by several constant braking distribution, represented in the graph by straight lines coming out from the origin. Only an optimal distribution can avoid that the locking conditions are reached. This is represented by the continuous line crossing the intersections between front and rear locking lines (for a fixed value of friction coefficient $\mu$). Any other constant distribution can reach the desired deceleration value but locking an axle. Two locking possibility can be reached, depending on the pendency of the dashed bold line in Fig. 2. Locking conditions are represented in Fig. 3, considering $\mu=0.6$ and $j=0.6g$. Initially, both axles participate to the braking according to the constant distribution. When locking conditions occur, one axle do not more participate and the braking proceed along the correspondent locking line till to the desired deceleration (Fig. 3). Obviously the locked axle do not participate anymore to the energy recovery. When the minimum stopping distance is considered, a non-linear distribution is required: so, it would require a smart on-board system which is able to determine, for a specific load, the correct front-rear distribution in order to achieve the desired deceleration value. However, in a hybrid or pure electric vehicle the braking is actuated by an electric motor and, so, it would be not so difficult to implement a model-based braking control. So, three different braking strategies are considered: the constant front-rear braking force distribution is the reference case of a conventional vehicle, the optimal braking strategy has the aim to minimize the stopping distance and the maximum energy recovery strategy which considers all the braking force on the axle where is placed the traction motor (front axle in Urb-e vehicle). In each strategy considered the dissipative braking system can act independently or cooperating with the regenerative one. In the first case, it starts working in order to reach the desired value of deceleration. In the second case, the control system adjusts the pressure within the dissipative braking hydraulic system in order to obtain the desired distribution curve, following the braking strategy and granting energy recovery. So, the comprehensive model of the braking system with focus on the regenerative one has been considered and integrated in the vehicle model, in order to study the influence of the braking system on the vehicle behaviour. The model can manage the braking strategies considered and, so, the braking force distribution on the two axles and its limitations. The vehicle adhesion has, also, been considered, avoiding instability conditions and, finally, the braking force suitable to energy recovery can be evaluated. In particular, the energy recovered is limited by the SOC of the electric storage system (batteries and ultra-capacitors) and by the low efficiency of the electrical machine when it runs at low speed. 5. Results The so-designed model of the vehicle Urb-e is performed on the reference urban cycle (Fig. 1), investigating the behavior of the propulsive system and the different braking strategies. Fig. 4 shows the power balance at the electrical node before the traction motor. Being a parallel hybrid, the propulsive power is represented by the instantaneous sum between the fuel cell power and the battery power. The first is fixed at the designing value (dashed-dot line): this means that the SOC of the battery does not reach the maximum permitted value; battery power (dashed line) is negative when electrical current enters into the battery, positive when battery is giving power to the powertrain. Continuous line represents the power requested by the electrical traction motor: negative values indicate braking recovered power. ![Power Balance](image) Fig. 4: power balance at traction motor node In Fig. 4 is possible to track the energy flows: when the vehicle is stopped (traction power is null) all the fuel cell power recharge the battery, which is represented by a negative value of the battery power. Fuel cell has the priority as propulsion system, so when the traction power is lower than the fuel cell power, all the power requested by the powertrain is given by the fuel cell itself, while the extra-power provided by it (i.e. the difference between fuel cell power and traction power) goes into the battery (and the battery power has negative values). Finally, when the traction power is higher than the fuel cell power, this extra-power requested (i.e. the difference between the traction power and the fuel cell power) is given by the battery (who has power positive values). Fig. 4 is referred to the conventional braking strategy with constant distribution of the braking force (67% on the front axle and 33% on the rear one) and shows, also, the good design of the fuel cell and the battery powers. However, the fuel cell needs a control strategy in order to do not overcharge the battery in low power urban missions. In fact, the fuel cell is designed to operate at constant output power (related to the its maximum efficiency), but in some cases this power could be too much to fulfill the traction requests and, at same time, cannot be stored into the battery (if the battery is almost fully charged). So, the strategy considered is a thermostatic one (Fig. 5): until the SOC of the battery is under a specific value, the fuel cell is powered on, when the SOC overcomes the upper limit (0.95), the fuel cell turns off until the SOC of the battery falls below the lower SOC limit. At this point the fuel cell turns on again. Fuel cell particularly takes benefit of this strategy, avoiding repeated on/off and low efficiency working conditions and, so, increasing its life [23]. Fig. 5 shows the SOC behavior for the reference WLTP cycle compared with a sequence of four ECE cycle. This second cycle, as known, has lower peak velocity and lower mean power (Fig. 6). In the WLTP cycle (Fig. 5a) the battery is well-designed: the SOC increases during the first lower phase of the cycle (600 s), but does not reach the upper limit, keeping turned on the fuel cell; in the second cycle phase (600-900 s) the requested power is higher and the battery must supply the extra-power needed by the vehicle, but the lower SOC limit is never reached. In the very final part of the cycle (900-1023 s) the power requested is lower and, then, the SOC increases reaching almost the initial value (0.6). Furthermore, if the propulsive system was sized on the mean propulsive power (fuel cell power: 3100 W; battery capacity 20 Ah), SOC behavior would not satisfy the operating limits of the battery itself. ![Fig. 5: comparison between SOC behaviour in WLTP cycle and 4 ECE cycles. Solid lines are referred to the optimal fuel cell power sizing, dashed lines to the mean propulsive fuel cell power sizing](image) In Fig. 5b is represented the SOC behaviour during a sequence of four ECE cycle. This cycle has lower power requested, so the fuel cell is over-dimensioned: in fact, SOC always increases and reaches the upper limit, turning off the fuel cell: from this point (600s, Fig. 6) to the end of the cycle the propulsion is purely electric and the propulsive power is given all by the battery (until the SOC would reach the lower limit). In this case, so, a lower hydrogen consumption is reached (cause of the shutdown of the fuel cell in the last part of the drive cycle): about 4 liters of hydrogen are needed to run 4 ECE cycles, while 6.3 liters for the WLTP one. However, WLTP cycle is twice longer than 4 ECE cycle and specific fuel consumption is about 13 km/l in WLTP case vs. 10 km/l in 4 ECE case. This confirm the importance of the choice of a real drive for the good sizing of the propulsion system. ![Fig. 6: Velocity, traction power requested and fuel cell power in 4 ECE cycles](image) Finally, the three braking strategy were compared. It is just the point to notice that the WLTP cycle has not high values of braking force, while in the ECE cycle the braking power is more than 35% of the propulsive one. However, high SOC values limit the energy recoverable from the braking, so, from this point of view, ECE cycle is penalized. Fig. 7 catches this aspect: WLTP cycle have braking higher braking efficiencies due to the lower SOC values, while ECE cycle has higher generator efficiencies due to the lower mean torque [24]. Fig. 7 shows, also, the great difference between the three braking strategies in terms of braking efficiency. The maximum recovery strategy (with braking only on the front axis) has efficiencies of about 80-90%. This means that the 90 % of the braking energy is recovered in electrical form. In this strategy, however, the generator shows the lower mean efficiency (about 80%). In the other strategies the braking efficiency is about 50-60% and the generator efficiency is about 90%. It is evident the trade-off between braking efficiency and generator efficiency. In particular, the optimal braking strategy (shorter stopping distance) has the lower braking efficiency. This can be expected looking at Fig. 2, where the optimal braking curve is over the constant distribution line: so, the front braking (the only one who participate to the recovery) is lower in this case. ![Braking strategies comparison](image) Fig. 7: braking strategies comparison ### 6. Conclusions In this paper a comprehensive model-based design of a fuel cell electric vehicle is presented. The optimal choice of the fuel cell power, the battery power and capacity is done by an accurate balance of desired energy flows and power required on a urban test cycle (WLTP). Usually these choices are made simply considering the mean power or by experimental trials and are, so, not optimized, oversizing the components. With the proposed method (based on the energy flows through battery, fuel cell and powertrain) the optimal configuration can reduce power and weight components, saving fuel consumption and CO$_2$ emissions. Once chosen the propulsion system, a mathematical model of a urban vehicle called Urb-e (previously calibrated and validated by several experimental campaign) has been used to perform the so-designed vehicle on different urban driving cycle. The software platform acts as a virtual vehicle and shows the energy flows through different components, confirming the results of the designing method. In particular, with a correct management of the propulsion system, great overall efficiency (fuel cell, charge/discharge of the battery, traction motor/generator) can be easily reached. The model considers with particular care the braking system: locking and safety conditions are taken into account and three different braking strategies have been studied: optimal braking, constant braking distribution and maximum energy recovery. With the optimal braking strategy the shorter stopping distance is achieved, but has the lower energy recovery. The best recovery is obtained concentrating the braking action on the front axle, the only one where it is placed the electrical machine, but the generator efficiency is low. So, a good compromise must be find in order to solve this trade-off. Moreover, as in the ECE cycle the energy recoverable is huge (it is about the 38% of the ECE cycle), it is expected to recover more energy, but the braking efficiency is lower due to the higher SOC of the battery (which limits energy recovery). In conclusion, the model presented has a wide range of applications and can reach further levels of optimization: motor/generator efficiency, braking modulation, fuel cell regulation till to consider different electrical machines on different axles and wheels. It opens to the possibility to downsize the propulsion system, allowing to reach better level of fuel consumption and to implement the best braking strategy, in order to privilege energy recovery or stopping distance. ### Acknowledgements This work has been done in the framework of Hi-CEPS EC project “Highly integrated combustion electric propulsion system” and Italian national project “MECCANO – Industria 2015”. References [1] Chiara F, Canova M. A review in energy consumption, management and recovery in automotive systems, with considerations in future trends. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, published online 25 March 2013 [2] European Federation for Transport and Environment (T&E). How clean are Europe’s cars? An analysis of carmaker progress towards EU CO2 targets in 2010. 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101 - 105 Spadina Avenue and 363 Adelaide Street West – Zoning Amendment Application – Preliminary Report Date: March 28, 2022 To: Toronto and East York Community Council From: Director, Community Planning, Toronto and East York District Ward: 10 - Spadina-Fort York Planning Application Number: 21 249603 STE 10 OZ SUMMARY This report provides information and identifies a preliminary set of issues regarding the Zoning By-law Amendment application for a 39-storey mixed-use building with commercial uses on the ground floor and 394 residential dwelling units above. A new 1,000 square metre City park is proposed on the northern portion of the site at the southeast corner of Spadina Avenue and Adelaide Street West with a public parking garage beneath. A total of 70 of the 149 parking spaces proposed are to be owned and operated by the Toronto Parking Authority (TPA). The application has been circulated to all appropriate City divisions and public agencies for comment. In consultation with the Ward Councillor, City Planning staff have scheduled a Community Consultation Meeting for the application on April 4, 2022. RECOMMENDATIONS The City Planning Division recommends that this report be received for information. FINANCIAL IMPACT The City Planning Division confirms that there are no financial implications resulting from the recommendations included in this report in the current budget year or in future years. DECISION HISTORY On December 16, 2020, Toronto City Council authorized the City to enter into a transaction between CreateTO and the Applicant (DevGreat Inc.) to transfer various portions of three individual properties at 101 and 105 Spadina Avenue and 363 Adelaide Street West to create a City-owned stratified park measuring approximately 1,000 square metres with a public parking garage underneath on the northern portion of the site and a private development parcel on the southern portion of the site to be redeveloped with the proposed mixed-use development. The Council decision can be viewed at: http://app.toronto.ca/tmmis/viewAgendaItemHistory.do?item=2020.GL19.11 THE SITE Description: The site is located on the east side of Spadina Avenue, south of Adelaide Street West and the north side of Oxley Street. The site is generally square with 45.7 metres of frontage on Spadina Avenue, 44.9 metres on Adelaide Street West and 50.7 metres on Oxley Street. The total area of the site is approximately 2,179 square metres. The site is generally flat and contains 4 trees within the public boulevard. Existing Uses: a two-storey commercial building (101 Spadina Avenue), a 14-space surface parking facility accessed from Adelaide Street West (105 Spadina) and a 22-space surface parking facility accessed from both Adelaide Street West and Oxley Street. Official Plan Designation: Regeneration Areas See Attachment 5 of this report for the Official Plan Land Use Map. The Toronto Official Plan can be found here: https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/planning-development/official-plan-guidelines/official-plan/. The Downtown Plan (OPA 406): The western portion of the site is designated Mixed Use Areas 3 - Main Street and the eastern portion is designated Mixed Use Areas 1 - Growth in the Downtown Plan. Development in Mixed Use Areas 3 is intended to be of a mid-rise form with some tall buildings permitted where contextually appropriate. Development in Mixed Use Areas 1 will include a diverse range of building typologies, including tall buildings, with height, scale and massing dependent on the site characteristics and supportive of intensification suitable for a downtown growth area. Mixed Use Areas 1 is also where the greatest proportion of non-residential uses are located. The Complete Communities Policies of the Downtown Plan require that new buildings fit within their existing and planned context, conserve heritage attributes and improve the public realm. Downtown neighbourhoods are to provide access to a complete range of amenities, service and infrastructure and will be inclusive and affordable. The Downtown Plan can be found here: https://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2019/cc/bgrd/backgroundfile-135953.pdf King-Spadina Secondary Plan (1996): The site is situated within the East Precinct of the King-Spadina Secondary Plan found in Chapter 6.16 of the Official Plan. The King-Spadina Secondary Plan requires new development to reinforce the characteristics of the area through built form, heritage conservation and public realm improvements. The King Spadina Secondary plan can be found here: https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/97ec-cp-official-plan-SP-16-KingSpadina.pdf King-Spadina Secondary Plan (2020) - OPA 486 At its meeting on January 29, 2020, City Council adopted a Final Report and Official Plan Amendment 486 (OPA 486) outlining updates to the King-Spadina Secondary Plan. The City Council Decision can be found here: http://app.toronto.ca/tmmis/viewAgendaItemHistory.do?item=2020.TE12.4 King-Spadina is one of the fastest growing areas in the downtown and has a strong heritage character. Updates were made to the King-Spadina Secondary Plan to recognize this growth and the evolution of the area from predominantly non-residential uses to an area with a mix of uses. The updated plan recognizes that while the area will continue to grow and change, it must do so in a way that positively contributes to liveability, is better supported by hard infrastructure and community infrastructure, and more carefully responds to the built form and heritage character of the area. The site is situated within the East Precinct and the western portion of the site is designated Mixed Use Areas 3 - Main Street and the eastern portion is designated Mixed Use Areas 1 - Growth in OPA 486. OPA 486 has been appealed to the Ontario Land Tribunal (OLT) and is not yet in force. Zoning: Commercial Residential Employment (CRE), with a height limit of 39 metres on the western half of the site and 30.0 metres on the eastern half of the site. See Attachment 6 of this report for the existing Zoning By-law Map. The City's Zoning By-law 569-2013 can be found here: https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/planning-development/zoning-by-law-preliminary-zoning-reviews/zoning-by-law-569-2013-2/ THE APPLICATION Complete Application Submission Date: December 31, 2021. Description: A 39-storey (134.4 metres including mechanical penthouse) mixed-use building with a stepback above the 14th floor creating a 14-storey streetwall height. A second stepback is proposed above the 20th floor along the Spadina Avenue frontage, resulting in a total stepback of just over 6 metres above the streetwall height. The ground and second floor of the north façade are setback 3.39 metres from the edge of the proposed City park. A mid-block connection along the eastern edge of the site provides a pedestrian connection between Oxley Street and Adelaide Street West. Density: 12.87 times the area of the lot. Dwelling Units: The proposed 394 dwelling units include 236 one-bedroom (60%), 119 two-bedroom (30%), and 39 three-bedroom (10%) units. Access, Parking and Loading: A 4-level underground garage, containing a total of 149 parking spaces will be located beneath the development portion of the site as well as the new City park. The 70 parking spaces to be owned and operated by the TPA will be located beneath the park. Vehicular access is proposed from Oxley Street. The TPA pedestrian access and lobby is also proposed from Oxley Street. The proposed 395 bicycle parking spaces are located within the basement level of the proposed building and the P1 level of the parking garage and include 40 short-term and 355 long-term bicycle parking spaces. An internalized Type G loading space is located on the ground floor accessed from Oxley Street. Additional Information See Attachments 2, 3, 4 and 7 of this report for a three-dimensional representation of the project in context, a site plan of the proposal, and the Application Data Sheet, respectively. Detailed project information including all plans and reports submitted as part of the application can be found on the City's Application Information Centre at: www.Toronto.ca/101SpadinaAve Reason for the Application The Zoning By-law Amendment application proposes to amend Zoning By-law 569-2013 to vary performance standards including: building height; building setbacks; vehicular parking space and residential amenity space requirements. Additional amendments to the Zoning By-law may be identified as part of the application review. Site Plan Control The development is subject to Site Plan Control. A Site Plan Control application (File No. 21-249606 STE 10 SA) was submitted together with the application to Amend the Zoning By-law and the two applications are being reviewed concurrently. COMMENTS ISSUES TO BE RESOLVED The application has been circulated to City divisions and public agencies for comment. Staff will review this application to determine its consistency with the Provincial Policy Statement, conformity with A Place to Grow: Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe, and conformity to the Official Plan. City Council has declared a Climate Emergency, and set goals to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 or sooner. To support strong communities and a high quality of life, development should positively contribute to its neighbourhood, including efforts toward climate change mitigation and resilience. The following preliminary issues have been identified to be resolved: - Proposed total height of the building and base building in relation to the existing and planned built form context of the area including massing, transition and scale; - The shadow and wind impacts on adjacent properties and the public realm including the west sidewalk of Spadina Avenue and the proposed City park; - The proposed setback from Spadina Avenue and Oxley Street as well as the proposed City park; - The proposed streetwall height along Spadina Avenue and Oxley Street and the stepbacks of the upper floors; - The unit mix and size; - The location and layout of indoor and outdoor amenity space; - The provision of affordable housing; - The quality of the public realm including the relationship of the ground floor and lower levels of the building to the street, the provision of unencumbered sidewalks, and the adequate provision of street furniture and bicycle parking; - The general quality of site landscaping including the provision of large growing shade trees; - The appropriate provision of vehicular parking spaces; - Transportation impacts; - The infrastructure capacity (water, sewage, hydro, community services and facilities, etc.) to accommodate the proposed development; - The applicant is encouraged to pursue Tier 2, 3 or 4 of the Toronto Green Standard, for climate change mitigation and resilience purposes; and, - The provision of in-kind benefits pursuant to Section 37 of the Planning Act, in the event the application proceeds to approval. The City’s Fair Wage Policy and Labour Trades Contractual Obligations will apply to such work. Additional Issues Additional issues may be identified through the review of the application, division and agency comments, and the community consultation process. NEXT STEPS City Planning staff have scheduled a Community Consultation Meeting on April 4, 2022. City staff will work with the applicant to resolve the preliminary issues discussed in this report and any additional issues that may be identified by staff and the public. City Planning staff will report back at the appropriate time in the review of the application. A Statutory Public Meeting will be held, as required by the Planning Act, at a Toronto and East York Community Council meeting, when a Final Report is prepared. Additional issues may be identified through the review of the application, agency comments and the community consultation process. CONTACT Joanna Kimont, Senior Planner, Community Planning Tel. No. 416-392-7216 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org SIGNATURE Lynda H. Macdonald, MCIP, RPP, OALA, FCSLA Director Community Planning, Toronto and East York District ATTACHMENTS Attachment 1: Location Map Attachment 2: 3D Model of Proposal in Context - Looking Southeast Attachment 3: 3D Model of Proposal in Context - Looking Northwest Attachment 4: Site Plan Attachment 5: Official Plan Map Attachment 6: Zoning By-law Map Attachment 7: Application Data Sheet Attachment 1: Location Map Location of Application Attachment 2: 3D Model of Proposal in Context - Looking Southeast View of Applicant’s Proposal Looking Southeast Attachment 3: 3D Model of Proposal in Context - Looking Northwest View of Applicant’s Proposal Looking Northwest Attachment 4: Site Plan ADELAIDE STREET WEST FUTURE CITY PARK SPADINA AVENUE 13 STOREY HT=45.8m 20 STOREY HT=68.2m ENTRANCE MECHANICAL PENTHOUSE HT=134.4m 2 STOREY HT=12.8m 13 STOREY HT=45.8m 39 STOREY HT=125.0 11 STOREY HT=38.8m 38 STOREY HT=121.3m OXLEY STREET VEHICLE ENTRANCE Site Plan Staff Report for Action- Preliminary Report- 101-105 Spadina Ave and 363 Adelaide St. W. Page 10 of 14 Attachment 5: Official Plan Map 101 - 105 Spadina Ave & 363 Adelaide Street West Official Plan Land Use Map #18 File # 21 249603 STE 10 OZ Location of Application Mixed Use Areas Parks Regeneration Areas Not to Scale Extracted: 12/22/2021 Attachment 6: Zoning By-law Map 101 - 105 Spadina Ave & 363 Adelaide Street West Zoning By-law 569-2013 File # 21 249603 STE 10 OZ Location of Application CR Commercial Residential CRE Commercial Residential Employment OR Open Space Recreation RA Mixed-Use District Not to Scale Extracted: 12/28/2021 APPLICATION DATA SHEET Municipal Address: 101 - 105 Spadina Avenue and 363 Adelaide Street West Date Received: December 17, 2021 Application Number: 21 249603 STE 10 OZ Application Type: OPA / Rezoning, Rezoning Project Description: Zoning By-law Amendment Application to permit the redevelopment of the site with a 39-storey (134.4 metre tall) mixed-use building with a non-residential gross floor area of 204.5 square metres and a residential gross floor area of 27,846.5 square metres. A total of 394 residential units are proposed. A new City park is proposed on the northern portion of the site with a public parking garage beneath. Applicant Agent Architect Owner Urban Strategies Inc. Urban Strategies Inc. Audax Architecture Inc. DevGreat Inc. and City of Toronto EXISTING PLANNING CONTROLS Official Plan Designation: Regeneration Areas Site Specific Provision: King-Spadina Zoning: CRE Heritage Designation: Height Limit (m): 39, 30 Site Plan Control Area: Y PROJECT INFORMATION Site Area (sq m): 2,179 Frontage (m): 23 Depth (m): 51 Building Data Existing Retained Proposed Total Ground Floor Area (sq m): 884 747 747 Residential GFA (sq m): 27,847 27,847 Non-Residential GFA (sq m): 1,679 205 205 Total GFA (sq m): 1,679 28,051 28,051 Height - Storeys: 2 39 39 Height - Metres: 126 126 Lot Coverage Ratio (%): 34.27 Floor Space Index: 12.87 Floor Area Breakdown \| Above Grade (sq m) \| Below Grade (sq m) \| \|--------------------\|--------------------\| \| Residential GFA: \| 27,628 \| \| Retail GFA: \| 205 \| \| Office GFA: \| \| \| Industrial GFA: \| \| \| Institutional/Other GFA: \| \| Residential Units by Tenure \| Existing \| Retained \| Proposed \| Total \| \|----------\|----------\|----------\|-------\| \| Rental: \| \| \| \| \| Freehold:\| \| \| \| \| Condominium: \| \| 394 \| 394 \| \| Other: \| \| \| \| \| Total Units: \| \| 394 \| 394 \| Total Residential Units by Size \| Rooms \| Bachelor \| 1 Bedroom \| 2 Bedroom \| 3+ Bedroom \| \|-------\|----------\|-----------\|-----------\|------------\| \| Retained: \| \| \| \| \| \| Proposed: \| 236 \| 119 \| 39 \| \| \| Total Units: \| 236 \| 119 \| 39 \| \| Parking and Loading \| Parking Spaces: \| Bicycle Parking Spaces: \| Loading Docks: \| \|-----------------\|-------------------------\|----------------\| \| 149 \| 395 \| 1 \| CONTACT: Joanna Kimont, Senior Planner, Community Planning 416-392-7216 email@example.com
Gwent Record Office This catalogue was digitised by The National Archives as part of the National Register of Archives digitisation project NRA 9557 CATALOGUE of documents relating to the CWMBRAN WORKS of MESSRS. GUEST, KEEN AND NETTLEFOLD LTD. reproduced by THE HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION April, 1964. County Hall, Newport, Mon. Cwmbran works commenced with the building of an iron foundry in 1800. After various changes of ownership the works were acquired by the Patent Nut and Bolt Company on its formation in 1864. In 1900 the works passed into the hands of Guest Keen & Co. and in 1902 became the property of Messrs. Guest, Keen and Nettlefold Ltd. The works comprised an ironworks and foundry, a bolt and nut railway fastenings plant, coke ovens, washery and by-products plant and two collieries—the Cwmbran and the Viaduct Collieries. Nearby was the Henllis brick and retort works which the Company also took over. The Viaduct Colliery supplied the clay to the brickworks. At present (1964) only the foundry is worked by the Company. The Company still owns the Henllis brickworks which manufactures firebricks and other refractory goods for steel and other furnaces together with retorts of various designs. N.B. The documents are not available for public examination without the permission of the depositors. Administration D.409.1. April 1921 - 2 February 1929 General Manager's Monthly Reports on Cwmbran Works comprising Iron Works, Bolt Works, Blast Furnace, Foundry, Coke Ovens and Henllis Brick Works (not included after 1 October 1921). The Reports include statements on new work and repairs, approx. profit and loss a/c, contracts made and unexecuted etc., Coke Ovens, Manager's Report and authorised special expenditure. D.409.2. 30 April 1938 - 3 April 1943 General Manager's Monthly Reports on working operations in the Iron Works (Rolling Mills and Fabricating section) Bolt Works, Foundry, Henllis Brick Works and Viaduct Colliery giving details of output, chief items of stock, contracts entered into, electricity consumed, workpeople employed, wages paid, special renewal and capital expenditure together with some general remarks on progress and regress in the principal departments and a financial statement. Finance D.409.34. 26 Dec. 1895, 31 Dec. 1895 Copy Income Tax Demand Notes, Patent Nut and Bolt Co. Ltd. D.409.35. 1 April 1922 - 1 April 1941 Monthly financial statements, each statement relating to Cwmbran Colliery, Viaduct Colliery, Henllis Brickworks, Washery and Coke Ovens (until 29 March 1930), Blast Furnace (until 2 April 1932), Iron Works, Bolt Works, Foundry, Farm (until 30 March 1929). D.409.36. 28 Aug. 1926 - 2 May 1942 Monthly balance sheets for Cwmbran Works comprising statements of liabilities and assets, profit and loss a/c for Cwmbran Colliery, Viaduct Colliery, Blast Furnace (until 30 April 1932), Henllis Brick Works, Farm (until 1 June 1929), coal a/c, Coke Ovens, Iron Works, Bolt Works, Foundry Stores, loco and roads, Box Shop etc., debtors creditors, petty cash, interworks balances, property sales, special expenditure, differences on special expenditure. Plant D.409.37. 1 July 1920 - 31 March 1933 Annual special expenditure summary being an a/c of expenditure on new plants, repairs etc. at Cwmbran Colliery, Coke Ovens and Washery, Blast Furnace, Iron Works, Bolt Works and Foundry. Includes a rough a/c of expenditure on a separate set of items e.g. alterations and renovations to Glascoed Houses, steam loco crane etc. D.409.38/39/40. 31 March 1922 - 31 March 1926 (3 items). Summaries of special expenditure on current work being an a/c of expenditure on new plants, alterations, repairs in the various branches of the works. Includes Monthly Special Expenditure Sheets (30 June 1922 - 27 October 1923) and Monthly A/c sheets of reserves and authorisations (31 March 1922 - 27 October 1923). Also a/c of money expended on new work contracts at Cwmbran Works. Personal D.409.41. 18? Uncompleted Indenture of Apprenticeship form. Agreement (copy) between Dr. Charles Stander Bowker of Cwmbran House, Pontnewydd and Guest, Keen and Hettlefields Ltd. Appointment of said Dr. Stander Bowker as official doctor to the Works. Estate Deeds 1867 - 1899 Henry Parfitt and the Patent Nut and Bolt Co. with regard to the Green Meadow Brickworks: D.409.3. 1867 Lease of Cwmbran Firebrickyard from John Lawrence of Cwmbran, Esq., to Henry Parfitt of the same place, mason. 7 years. £114 p.a. & 1s.6d. per ton of clay taken from premises. D.409.4. 14 December 1896 Particulars of conversation at Cwmbran works re the Green Meadow and the expiration of the lease of the Firebrick works leased to Henry Parfitt with particulars of further conversation at Green Meadow Brickworks. D.409.5. December 1896 Correspondence &c. on the subject of the expiration of Henry Parfitt's lease. D.409.6. 1887 - 1891 Correspondence &c. re the Brickyard rented to Henry Parfitt and his arrears of rent. Together with 5 plans. D.409.7. April 1899 Correspondence between Watkins and Co. Solicitors to the Trustees of the late Henry Parfitt and the Patent Nut and Bolt Co. with regard to a new right of way to the Green Meadow Brickyard. D.409.8. 26 December 1873 Agreement (copy) between Isaac Jones of 51 William St., Newport, Co.Mon., railway guard and Patent Nut and Bolt Co. for making and maintaining a road and footway on part of the Isaac Jones' land. D.409.9. 1 December 1888 Agreement (copy) between the Patent Nut and Bolt Co. and William Evans of Cwmbran, sawyer for letting dwelling house, stable and field called the Grist Mill Property in par. Llanfrechfa Upper, Co.Mon. Yearly. £17.10.0. p.a. Correspondence between Henry Parfitt and the Patent Nut and Bolt Co. re his claims regarding Tyr Box Farm. D.409.11. 7 February 1894 Agreement (copy) between Patent Nut and Bolt Co. Ltd. and David Thomas of Llanfrechfa Upper Co. Mon., farmer (with plan) for letting of Maindy Farm. Yearly £54 p.a. D.409.12. 25 May 1894 Agreement (copy) between Patent Nut and Bolt Co. and William George Thomas of Llanfrechfa Upper, farmer for letting of Maindy Farm. Yearly £54 p.a. D.409.13. 10 November 1898 Agreement between Patent Nut and Bolt Co. and Thomas Lewis of Llanfrechfa Upper, farmer for letting of Maindy Farm. Yearly £61 p.a. D.409.14. June 1894 Letter from Rafael, Manager of the Patent Nut and Bolt Works re Company's land at Cwmbran wanted for Rifle Range with Agreement signed by Capt. Brewer on behalf of 3rd. Vol. Regt. S.W. Borderers for payment of 10/- per annum for land. D.409.15. 31 January 1895 Letter from J. Jacob on behalf of the Patent Nut and Bolt Co. to J. Rafael, Manager, re Thomas Moretons notice giving up possession because of trespassing by mountain sheep. Together with Mr. Moretons notice (1 February 1895). D.409.16. February 1899 Agreement between Patent Nut and Bolt Co. and John Edmunds of Henllys for letting of several pieces of pasture land called Pen-heol-baedd Farm in par. of Henllys. Yearly £24. p.a. D.409.17. 27 July 1899 Conditions of Sale of freehold and leasehold properties in the parishes of Pontnewydd, Cwmbran and Llantarnam offered for sale by Mr. Thomas Parry (pencilled marginal notes indicate the interest of the Patent Nut and Bolt Co.). Contract between Arthur Keen of Sandyford, Edgebaston, Birmingham (landlord) and Harse Son and Shepherd of Newport, Mon., for repairs to Gt. Western House, Cwmbran. Agreement (copy) between Arthur Keen and Henry Summers of Great Western House for the letting of Great Western House. Yearly, £45 p.a. Agreement (copy) between Messrs. Guest Keen and Nettlefolds Ltd. and T.H. Jefferson of Newport for letting of 133 Dock Street, Newport. Yearly, £24 p.a. Agreement (copy) between Guest Keen and Nettlefolds Ltd. and Cwmbran Colliery Workmen's Committee for letting of a stable and yard adjoining Maindee House, Pontnewydd in par. of Llanfrechfa Upper Co., Mon. 3 years certain. £10 p.a. Deeds (copies) and correspondence re the tenancy of Gorse House, Upper Cwmbran. Agreement (copy) between Guest Keen and Nettlefolds Ltd. and William Powell of Woodland St., Cwmbran for the letting of 2 acres 2 roods of pasture land between Woodland Street and St. Dials Road in Llanvihangel Llantarnam. Yearly, £1 p.a. Agreement (copy) between Guest Keen and Nettlefolds Ltd. and Llantarnam Urban District Council for the letting of 2 acres near Clomendy Road for allotments. Yearly, subject to 12 months notice. £1 per acre p.a. Agreement (copy) between Guest Keen and Nettlefolds Ltd. and Llanfrechfa Upper District Council for letting of 2 acres of land near Ty'r Box Farm. Yearly, subject to 12 months notice. £1 per acre p.a. Together with:- Letter from Llanfrechfa Upper District Council to Guest Keen and Nettlefolds Ltd. re continuance of allotments with copy reply. Notice of assignment of 4 C Clomendy Road, Cwmbran to the Most Rev. James R. Bilsborrow, Archbishop of Cardiff, the Rev. Daniel J. Hannon and the Rev. Henry Irvine. Sent to Guest Keen and Nettlefolds from A.G. Williams & Prichard, Solicitors. With accompanying letter from Cwmbran Works to London Works. Particulars as to Lease of land in Clomendy Road dated 26 July 1906. Agreement (copy) between Aubrey Mark Pugh of Malpas Farm, Malpas, Edward Lewis of Llandeifal Farm, Llantarnam and Guest Keen and Nettlefolds Ltd. License to lay underground cable for transmitting electricity beneath Llandeifal Farm. £55. Agreement (copy) between Herbert Morris Prichard of Penllangwyn Farm Cwmbran and Guest Keen and Nettlefolds Ltd. License to lay underground cable beneath land belonging to said H.M. Prichard and to Messrs. Partridge Jones and Ward. £35. Agreement (copy) between Guest Keen and Nettlefolds Ltd. and Azariah Lloyd of Pontnewydd, family butcher and cattle dealer for letting of 2 fields near Holy Trinity Vicarage par. of Llanfrechfa Upper. Yearly. £16.12.0. p.a. Agreement (copy) between Guest Keen and Nettlefolds Ltd. and William Collins of 4 Foundry Row, Cwmbran for letting of a field near and part adjoining the ruins of Arcadia Terrace, St. Dials Road, Cwmbran in the par. of Llantarnam. Yearly. £4.10.0d. Letter from T. Welch of Guest Keen and Nettlefolds Ltd. to William Jones cashier of Cwmbran Works re their division of the tenancy of Craig House. Correspondence between W. Homfray Davies, Sec. of the National Farmers Union, Monmouthshire Branch and Guest Keen and Nettlefolds Ltd. re rights of the tenant of Craig Land. Together with an undated plan of Belle Vue, Upper Cwmbran. Copy Letter from Guest Keen and Nettlefolds to Messrs. D.W. Jones & Co. Solicitors re the ground rent of Box Cottage with reply. 2 plans (1 undated, the other 30/10/22). Rates and Rents D.409.43. A/c Book of rents and royalties payable and receivable by the principal depts of the Cwmbran Works being the Bolt Works, Blast Furnaces, Colliery, Rents Dept., New Works, Coke Ovens, Farm, Royalties Dept., Wharf and Foundry. D.409.44. Printed list of resolutions made at a meeting of the County Rate Basis Committee and Representatives of the several Unions (of Boards of Guardians) of Co.Mon. held at Usk. D.409.45. Together with:- Printed copy minute passed at a meeting of the Assessment Committee re the supplemental Valuation List. D.409.46. Valuation of coal and other mines in the Newport Union. D.409.47. List of rateable values at a twice yearly valuation, comprising rateable value, Poor Rate and District, Parish of Abercarn. D.409.48. Note of rateable value of Clomendy land excluding the Power Station. Together with note of rateable value of Cwmbran Works with Furnace in use and out of use. D.409.49. Valuation List for par. of Llanfrechfa Upper with special reference to property of the Patent Nut and Bolt Co. Ltd. i.e. Green Meadow, coal level, tram road, Graig land, Penywain land, railway siding, smithy, engine house, coal washing machine, 52 coke ovens, Tyr Box Farm, Mine Slope, New Foundry. Fire Insurance D.409.50. List of renewal premiums and new policies giving names of policy owners and property. Miscellaneous D.409.51. Quotations for hardware at Cwmbran Works inc. grates, gutters, locks etc. Protest of chief rate payers against purchase of Messrs. Lewis and James 'buses conjointly by the Councils of Cross Keys, Risca and Abercarn:- Reports of meetings of ratepayers, correspondence and newspaper cutting showing notices of meetings of Urban District Councils of Abercarn and Risca. D.409.52. n.d. Reasons given by J. Murray as to why he and others relinquished the practice of breeding from mares belonging to the Colliery, Blast Furnaces and Iron Works. D.409.81. c. 1925 "Guest Keen and Nettlefolds Ltd." An outline history of this group of companies together with a list of their manufactures. D.409.82. c. 1958 "A Handy Group to know" A fully illustrated introduction to the G.K.N. Group of Companies. Cwmbran Colliery (with By Product Coke Ovens and New Washery) D.409.53. 1 April 1923 - 29 September 1928 Reports, Cwmbran By-Product Coke Ovens and New Washery, being general remarks on efficiency and output with table of working costs and cost of coke. Finance D.409.54. 1894 - July 1920 Statements of coal worked and sold at Henllis and Cwmbran Collieries. Together with- 24 March 1899 - 1919 Loose correspondence etc. (34 items) largely between the London and Monmouthshire branches of the Patent Nut & Bolt Co. (U.H.N. after 1902) re errors in cost sheets, coal in stock, coal consumed at colliery boilers, engine coal, colliery costs, coal worked from the Llantarnam Estate, war loans etc. with newspaper cutting as to wage negotiations (1902). 1890 - 1894 Loose statements showing the "get" and cost of coal and clay at Henllis Colliery and the difference between engine coal allowed from the various properties and that actually consumed. 1902 - 1904 Statement of transactions at Cwmbran Works (rates, taxes, gas, supply, travelling expenses, Mon. & S.Wales Employers Mutual Indemnity Society etc., statement of "get" and disposal of coal at Cwmbran Colliery.) Plant D.409.55. 14 December 1896 Letter from A. Keen to F. Rafarel re contract for new Saw Mill House at Cwmbran with copy reply. Specifications from Uskaidie Engineering and Rivet Co., Ltd. of a pair of 12" x 16" Short Type Hauling Engines for Cwmbran Colliery. Together with blueprint plan. D.409.57. 31 March 1928 - March 1929 Disposal of plant at Cwmbran Colliery (6 September 1928) Analysis of Dismantling Sales A/c under the headings—plant etc., horses, scrap, sundries, wagons, trams, pipes. Statement of dismantling expenses under headings—wages, National Insurance, workmen's compensation, electricity, surrender of leases etc. Estimate of amount realised by disposal of plant at Cwmbran Colliery with letters concerning the disposal from Tudor Davies to E.J. Pode Esq. (Sec. Colliery Committee) and from E.J. Pode to Victor T.E. More Esq. dated 7 September 1928 and 10 September 1928 respectively. D.409.58. n.d. Particulars of work of hauling engines and pumps. Personal D.409.59. 1887 - 1912 Standard Price List for Meadow Vein at Cwmbran Colliery. 1887 Printed leaflet of standard rates paid at Cwmbran Colliery. 29 May 1897 Award made by James Williams of Brynglas, Newport, gent., arbitrator appointed under the Sliding Scales Agreement on behalf of the Patent Nut and Bolt Co., Ltd. and Alfred Onions of Pontywaun, checkweigher, arbitrator on behalf of the colliers. 14 November 1910 - 15 January 1912 Notes of progress of negotiations to settle standard rate with details as to average earnings from 2 chosen periods. 12 February 1912 Letter from W. Gascoyne Dalziel, Sec. of the Monmouthshire and S. Wales Coal Owners Association to Guest Keen and Nettlefolds Ltd. re failure to settle price list and proposing meeting of a Conciliation Board. 15 February 1912 Particulars of colliers who worked on minimum wage from 22 July - 21 October 191- n.d. 2 proposed price lists, one giving a comparison between proposed and present prices. D.409.60. 1906 Pay Rise Demand, Cwmbran Colliery Statements of workmen paid standard rates in accordance with price list, those paid 2½% under full percentage, those paid net, those paid standard rate plus 71½%, those paid standard rate plus 68½%. With description of work to which advances asked for will apply. Miscellaneous D.409.61. c. 1895 Fire in Saw Mill and Stores, Cwmbran Colliery on 12 May 1895:- List of machinery, materials etc. involved, list of men who assisted in extinguishing the fire and list of men employed to turn over the debris and select materials in accordance with instruction of the Insurance Company's Inspector (copies) Viaduct Colliery D.409.62. 1921 - 1924 Dispute over the rateable value of the Viaduct Colliery for the ½ years ending Sept. 1922 and March 1923:- Correspondence between Guest, Keen and Nettlesford, W. Bateman Collector for the parish and urban district of Abercychan and H.H. Haden, Superintendent Assistant Overseer. Together with assessments for Viaduct Colliery, Cwmbran Colliery and Henllys Brickworks in the parishes of Abercychan, Llandrechfa Upper, Henllys Llanterman, Abercarn and Mynyddyskyn. Bolt Works, Iron Works and Foundry Bolt Works D.409.63. 1900 Particulars of income of various classes of workmen in the Bolt Works. Together with:- n.d. Tables giving names, occupation age, period of service, standard rate per turn, percentage, present weekly earnings without overtime, average weekly earnings with over time for past 4 weeks. n.d. Rough list of workmen giving details as to their turns. Guide Mill D.409.64. Correspondence etc. between A. Rafael and A.J. Keen re the case of Benjamin Davies, baller in the Guide Mill of the Patent Nut and Bolt Works Ltd., Cwmbran, threatened with dismissal for frequent absence from work. Iron Works D.409.65. n.d. Lists of employees at Cwmbran Iron Works who are 50 years of age and upwards with remarks as to their capabilities. Box Shop D.409.66. 11 December 1896 Letter from A. Keen re spruce timber for packing cases recommending negotiations with Col. Lyne as representative of Nicholas & Co. (Newport) D.409.67. 1900 - 1905 Quotations and correspondence re prices of St. Johns spruce timber for packing cases at Cwmbran Works. Correspondence, specification etc. re pulling down of Blast Furnace Stack and removal of Boiler at Cwmbran Works. Hennllys Brick Works and Colliery Copy correspondence and rough memoranda (4 items) re orders for bricks by the New Russia Co. and Blaenavon Co. 25 April 1899 Specification of work required to be done in connection with the building of a Dwarf retaining wall and strengthening side of Reservoir at Air Shaft, Hennllys. September 1921 - February 1929 Hennllys Brick Works. General Managers' Reports giving particulars of days worked, output, costs, sales orders received, unexecuted orders, contracts made, stock of fireclay etc. with profit and loss a/c. Newport Office and Wharf 2 letters relating to price and haulage at Wharf and Docks and dispute with R. Gilchrist & Co. over serious delay caused by their hauliers' refusal to work at night. July - October 1902 Transfer from Post Office to National Telephone system at the Wharf and Newport Office. Correspondence and agreements (22 items). March 1917 3 letters from Guest Keen and Nettlefolds Ltd. to Alexandra (N & S.W.) Docks and Railway Co. re hire of steam cranes. Cwmbran Works D.409.76. 2 March 1915 Plan showing Cwmbran Works and Greenmeadow Brick Works sidings. 7 July 1920 Plan of Cwmbran Works. 1 March 1924 Plan of Cwmbran Works (Part). 3 March 1924 Map showing path of high level railway at Cwmbran Works. June 1929 Blueprint plan of suggested additions to the General Offices Cwmbran Works. n.d. Blueprint plan of Patent Nut and Bolt Works, Cwmbran. n.d. Plan of Cwmbran Works. n.d. Ground plan of Cwmbran works. n.d. Plan showing proposed road through Greenmeadow, Cwmbran Works. Cwmbran Bolt Works, Iron Works and Foundry D.409.77. 1 March 1924 Plan of Bolt Works, Iron Works and Foundry. Plan of Cwmbran Iron Works. D.409.77 (cont.) 23 April 1925 Fire Insurance plan of Bolt Works, Iron Works and Foundry. 8 February 1921 Ground plan of Cwmbran Foundry. 12 August 1922 Plan of proposed arrangement for cupolas, Cwmbran Foundry. 5 January 1920 Plan showing drive of circular saw in Box Shop. 8 March 1921 Plan of Cwmbran Blast Furnace. n.d. Plan of proposed Rope Drive for Guide Mill. n.d. Plan of foundation for 1½ Nut Machine. October 1922 Plan showing arrangement of Iron Works Time Office and Ambulance Room. Cwmbran Colliery D.409.78. 11 June 1918 Plan of Cwmbran Colliery showing positions of surrounding collieries. post 1925 Ventilation plan Cwmbran Colliery. n.d. Plan of Cwmbran Colliery showing mineral property. Section of strata at Cwmbran Colliery, for Cwmbran Colliery. Section of strata sunk through new air shaft 10 March 1905 and n.d. Plan showing levels at Spring Vale Field. Cwmbran Colliery. 8 May 1928 Blueprint plans of Meadow Vein Seam, Elled, Red and Old Coal Veins, Black Vein Seam. (3) 2 March 1915 Plan of Cwmbran Colliery, coke ovens and Foundry. Bye Product Plant n.d. Plan of Bye Product Plant. n.d. Plan of wrought iron pipes for new Benzol. n.d. Plan of small coal elevator plant. Bye Product Plant Coke Ovens 30 December 1903 Plan of bridge for proposed tramway. New Coke Ovens. 17 February 1904 Plan of points and crossings for Railway Sidings. New Coke Ovens. 30 April 1910 Plan of proposed alterations to Coke Ovens. 28 July 1915 Plan of proposed coke car. 16 December 1915 Plan of alteration of the flues of the Coke Ovens. Plan of Spring Vale Field showing proposed position of new Coke Ovens. Plan showing proposed position of new Coke Ovens. Plan showing proposed arrangements of reservoirs for water supply to the Coke Ovens. Plan of special pipes from reservoir. Plan of proposed belt conveyor New Coke Ovens. Plan of belt conveyor, New Coke Ovens. Plan of engine house for Belt Conveyor Coke Ovens. Plan of girder for engine house walls. Belt Conveyor. Coke Ovens. Plan of proposed screw conveyor and elevator from Billy Box to present screw conveyor. Plan showing arrangement for raising roof of unwashed coal hopper. Belt Conveyor. Coke Ovens. Plan for framing for roof over unwashed coal hopper. Coke Ovens. Belt Conveyor. Plan showing proposed altered position at Coal Hopper. Belt Conveyor. Coke Ovens. Plan of steps for footbridge. Coke Ovens. Plan of extension of Pusher Bench, New Coke Ovens. n.d. Plan of section of ovens showing parts of walls which can be made in stone. n.d. Plan of wagon for Coke Ovens. In French. Coal Washery 20 January 1916 Plan of proposed four additional washed coal bunkers Cwmbran Washery. 11 February 1921 Plan of coal washery. n.d. Plan of coal washery. (unfinished). n.d. Plan of general arrangement of a Coppée Coal Washing and Crushing Plant to deal with 50 tons of coal per hour. Viaduct Colliery D.409.79. post 1895 Plan of workings at Viaduct Colliery showing takings of Messrs. Lewis and Co. and the Ebbw Vale Co. 1898 Plan of Viaduct Colliery showing the Big Vein and Meadow Vein workings. 1903 - 1905 (pencilled in) Plan of Viaduct Colliery 1904 Plans of workings at Viaduct Colliery. (2) 1905 - 1910 (pencilled in) Plan of workings at Viaduct Colliery. D.409.79. (cont.) Plan of proposed drivings for Pentwyn Viaduct Colliery. c.1928 Plan of workings at Viaduct Colliery. 24 October 1933 Plan of the Cwmantddu Level Viaduct Colliery. c.1935 Plan of Meadow Vein Viaduct Colliery. c.1938 Plan of Meadow Vein and old coal and clay seams. Viaduct Colliery. General D.409.80. Plan of property at Cwmbran belonging to the Patent Nut and Bolt Co. Ltd. May 1873 Plan of land near Oakfield Brick Works in par. of Llantarnam let to Thomas Francis. 24 July 1894 Plan of Waun Hywel Farm, par. llanfrechfa. 24 July 1894 Plan of garden land in par. of Llantarnam. 14 April 1900 Plan showing footpaths to and through, the Patent Nut and Bolt Co's. properties. 1 December 1902 Plan of the Cwmbran site of the S.W. Electric Power Distribution Co. on land bought from Mr. Pilliner. n.d. Blueprint plan of Patent Nut and Bolt Works indicating the ground Mr. Pilliner proposes to sell. Plan of property in Cwmbran owned by Guest Keen and Nettlefold Ltd. n.d. Plan of land near Upper Cwmbran let to William Evans. n.d. Plan of land occupied by Mr. Henry Knipe, Coed y gric, showing position of proposed pipe lines. n.d. Plan of land in Cwmbran belonging to the Patent Nut and Bolt Co. Ltd. and John Capel Hanbury showing proposed Rifle Range. Further List of Papers deposited by Messrs. Guest, Kean and Nettlefold (Cwmbran) Ltd. 26 May, 1965 \| Description \| Dates \| \|----------------------------------------------------------------------------\|------------------------\| \| Returns of Annual Output at Cwmbran Works (Foundry, Bolt Works and Iron Works) \| 1896, 1897, 1898, 1901-1915, 1917/8, 1920/1 \| \| Statement of Annual Output \| 1896-1919 \| \| Comparison of Output \| 1913/4 with 1917/8 \| \| Statement of steel bedplates supplied \| 1910/1 \| \| Analyses of steel used in Cwmbran Works \| 1924-1932/3 (9 items) \| \| Schedule of Boilers insured at Cwmbran Works \| n.d. (post 1914) \| \| File of Correspondence etc. relating to rates of wages and hours of work etc. at Cwmbran Works \| 30 December 1919 \| \| Ledger of Piece Work Rates, Patent Nut and Bolt Co., Cwmbran \| 1871-1885 \| \| Ledgers, Piece and Day Works Tariffs No.3 \| 1907-1927/8 \| \| \| \| \| \| 1927-1944 \| County Record Office, County Hall, Newport, Mon. 1st June, 1965 County Archivist
PARISH MISSION STATEMENT You are welcomed and loved by St Anthony’s Community. We are transformed through prayer, acts of love, forgiveness, service and stewardship. PARISH OFFICE: ... 978-685-7233 ... FAX: 978-688-4475 ... firstname.lastname@example.org What does it mean to love? Not those who love us back, but those who don’t, not those who can’t, but those who won’t? It means to love like Jesus. DAILY LITURGIES 9am MON (Arabic) TUE (English) WED (Arabic) THU (English) WEEKEND LITURGIES SAT 4:00PM (English) SUN 8:00AM (Arabic) 9:00AM (English) 11:30AM (English & Arabic) Holy days of obligation: Vigil Liturgy @ 7:00 PM OFFICE HOURS M-TH 9:00 AM-3:00 PM FRI 9:00 AM-2:00 PM SAT By Appointment MEET OUR PRIESTS: Fr. Elie Mikhael ... 305-807-9087 ... email@example.com Fr. Michael Charchaflian ... 508-982-5130 ... firstname.lastname@example.org MEET OUR DEACONS: Deacon Nadim B. Daou Deacon David Leard Sub-Deacon James T. Demers Sub-Deacon Antoine Nammour SACRAMENTS Baptism & Confirmation: 1 month in advance with the Pastor, Donations: Church: $200 - Priest: Free Will Matrimony: Arrangements should be made by couples six months prior to the wedding date Donations: Church $500—Priest: Free Will Reconciliation: One hour Before Thursday & Saturday Liturgies, or by appointment Anointing of the Sick: Please notify the Rectory if a member of your family is ill, hospitalized, or unable to come to Church and would like to receive communion at home Please refer to our website for more Sacrament Celebrations Guidelines. 7TH Sunday of Resurrection Saturday, May 28, 2022 4:00 pm For: 1 year Anniversary - +Abraham Beshara, By Joseph Beshara & Madeleine Silveira. Sunday, May 29, 2022 8:00 am For: In Honor of Tia Sfeir, By her parents, Bechara & Huguette Sfeir. 9:00 am For: 1 year Anniversary - Phyllis Touma, For: Bob & Sheila Gurka, By the Conway, Gurka, & Hall Families. 11:30 am For: 1 year Anniversary - Albert Merheb, For: +Saada & Albert Jean Merheb By Laure & Amine Bourouphael. For: 1 year Anniversary - Chahine Ramey, By his wife, Jamal, children & their families. Pentecost Sunday Saturday, June 4, 2022 St. Erasmus 4:00 pm For: 40 Day Anniversary - Siham Hachem, By her husband, Soheil; children, Jay & Carla; their spouses & Family. Sunday, June 5, 2022 St Conan & His Son 9:00 am For: +Deceased members of the Rahal, Jesser, & Faunt Families, By their loved ones 11:30 am For: Special Intention. WEEKDAY LITURGIES Monday, May 30 - Memorial Day 10AM - Cemetery Grounds WEATHER PERMITTING Tuesday, May 31 St Petronilla & Hermias Eph 4:17-24 Jn 12:20-25 9AM For: In Honor of our Family, By Najat & Mounir Rizkallah. 6:30PM Rosary 7PM Divine Liturgy– Last day of Devotion to Mary, followed by procession Wednesday, June 1 (Arabic) St Justin Martyr Eph 4:25-32 Jn 12:31-36 9AM For: +Nakhle, Victoria, Ghazi, John & Joseph Jabbour, By Kamil & Mouna Hbaiter & Family. Thursday, June 2 (English) The 4 Evangelists Eph 5:1-7 Jn 12:37-43 9AM For: +William Faris, his wife, Wanda, & daughter, Miriam, By Donna & Christine Kattar. 10 am– 12 noon Eucharistic Adoration Friday, June 3, St. Awtel NO LITURGY SUMMER LITURGIES SCHEDULE Please take notice: Sunday, June 5th begins our Summer Liturgy schedule. There will be no 8AM Liturgy on Sundays. Schedule will be as follows: 9 AM-English & 11 AM-English & Arabic PLEASE NOTE: 40 Day Liturgies are considered a priority. When necessary, they will be scheduled with other previously reserved intentions. Sanctuary Lamps For the health & well-being of Louise Glass. UPCOMING HOLY DAY OF OBLIGATION Pentecost Sunday- June 4 & 5 Rite of Kneeling: Blessing of Water to be distributed after liturgies. SECOND COLLECTIONS Catholic Communications - May 29 Open Letter to the Parish, The Stewardship Council’s responsibility is to execute on the wishes of the parishioners but to do so we need to make sure we are listening to what our parishioners really want. Sometimes, this is difficult due to the broad nature of our parishioners; some have been part of the church for 3 generations and some we have just opened our hearts too. We have created a survey to gather information to hopefully create a vision for tomorrow. After 2 years of COVID we are finally getting back to normalcy and this awakening is a perfect time to reflect and listen to the voice of the entire parish. We are so proud of how this community always steps up and supports the needs of others, but do we ever ask what you want. We are not asking for money or time or sweat, that will come, today all we want is for you to share with us your vision of the church’s future. Don’t answer how you think Father Elie wants you to answer, or your Sitto or Jedo wants you to answer - listen to your heart and describe your vision for St Anthony’s for the next 10 years or 50 years. We hope the questions below stimulate your thoughts on where St. Anthony’s is headed. We want to hear your voice. Fill in the form online by clicking on the link: https://forms.gle/kYYN7yD8uVVLk8co8 Respectfully, Stewardship Council SAVE THE DATE Father’s Day Annual Church Picnic Location: St Basil Seminary, Methuen MA Date: Sunday June 19, 2022 • 11am Liturgy—Picnic Ground • 1pm Luncheon ANNUAL MAHRAJAN NEWS The Mahrajan committee has begun planning for our 50th Anniversary. We are seeking volunteers to lead the effort to honor that history during the Mahrajan. As you are well aware, the Mahrajan's success is dependent on volunteers. The committee encourages individuals to sign up early. If your are interested in volunteering, please let us know as early as possible by emailing us at: email@example.com SHARE YOUR MEMORIES As we approach our 50 Year Mahrajan Anniversary, we ask you to dust off your old boxes, reach in your attic or basement, find and share your Mahrajan memories with us! If you find old photos, newspaper clippings, etc., please drop them off at the Rectory during office hours or email them to firstname.lastname@example.org. What a great way to share the history and memories of what helped shape our traditions and lead us to this wonderful milestone, 50 Years!!! We look forward to sharing your memories as we continue to make more together! St. Anthony Dabke Troop Ages 6-11 Years Old Summer Training We are excited to be gathering children ages 6 to 11 years to learn how to Dabke this summer. Reine Ata and Colette Sadek will be teaching this group. We are asking those who are interested to please be committed to our training dates (9 sessions). Anyone absent more than 3 times, will not be allowed to perform, as we ask that parents respect the time of the volunteers and committed children. Training will be held every Wednesday through the summer at 5:30 pm to 6:30 pm in the church hall. The first session will be held on Wednesday, June 29th, 2022. The dates are below for our sessions: - June 29th - July 6th – No Session - July 13th - July 20th - July 27th - August 3rd - August 10th - August 17th - August 23rd – TUESDAY - August 31st We ask that parents send the following information to Colette by June 29th at [email@example.com](mailto:firstname.lastname@example.org) so we have all those interested in these sessions. Also, please send your children with water bottles labeled with their names to the sessions and comfy shoes!!! - Name of Child - Age - Any health conditions that impact dancing - Parent’s name & best phone number Thank you for trusting us with your children. Reine Ata and Colette Sadek --- DAUGHTERS OF ST ANTHONY The Daughter’s will hold their annual luncheon meeting at the Shadi’s Restaurant, on Monday June 6th at 4 PM. Seats are limited to 36 people. Reservations are crucial and will be taken on a first come, first serve basis. This event is open to Members Only. Officers will call and provide more details in the coming days. Kindly, reach out and reserve to one of the officers: Dianne Dewan, Elaine Azzi, Phyllis Thomas or Elaine Ferris, at your earliest convenience. --- Save the Date LIGHT OF LIFE BIBLE CAMP July 25-27th from 10am to 3pm at St. Anthony’s Church, Lawrence MA [https://forms.gle/2TjpfY3wPzJcyqg8g](https://forms.gle/2TjpfY3wPzJcyqg8g) --- MUSIC GROUP This group is intended to bring musicians together to have fun and share a common hobby, Playing Music! Open to all intermediate to advanced musicians. Next meeting in the Church hall: Friday, May 27 @ 7PM For more info, or to join, contact Patrick Tabet @ 978-821-8879. OUR SYMPATHIES TO: Danny, Chantale & Lucas Maroun and family, for the loss of their son and brother, Baby Leo Alexander. May his precious soul rest in eternal peace and his loved ones be comforted. OUR SYMPATHIES TO: Linda Kalil, children, and their families, for the loss of her husband, Larry Kalil. May his soul rest in peace & his memories be eternal. MASS INTENTIONS Liturgies are offered for many reasons: for the souls in purgatory, in remembrance for someone who is deceased, or in honor of a birthday or special anniversary, and more. Liturgy stipend or offering given, signifies the sacrificial nature of giving of something of yourself to associate more intimately with Christ who offers himself in the Eucharist. If you would like to have a Liturgy said for someone, please contact the Parish Office by phone or email for help with available dates and times. BANNS OF MARRIAGE First & Second Banns of Marriage: Joseph Saade & Julia Pumphrey JESUS IS HERE Don’t miss our special night for youth and young adults with Village Lights and Jackie and Bobby Angel. June 17, 2022 \| 7:30pm – 9:30pm Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Boston June 18, 2022 8:30AM – 6:00PM AT THE TSONGAS CENTER It is in the Eucharist where we find our true identity. Cardinal Seán O’Malley invites all the Catholic faithful in the Archdiocese of Boston and surrounding dioceses to join him in closing the Year of the Eucharist with a day-long Eucharistic Congress, Jesus is Here. A core tenet of the Catholic faith is that the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ is made truly present in the Eucharist. But belief in the True Presence has waned in recent years, even among Catholics. And that’s a concern—because as Cardinal Seán teaches, “it is in the Eucharist where we find our true identity.” Jesus is Here is an opportunity for us to deepen our understanding of the mystery of Jesus’ presence with us—by listening to powerful talks on the Eucharist, by receiving Jesus in the Eucharist at Mass, and by adoring Him in a time of adoration and worship. M-WINE is a creative and inspired ministry to invigorate women’s groups and parishes through encouraging, supporting, and nurturing women in the Maronite Catholic faith and by equipping and mobilizing women as intentional disciples of Christ. 57th Annual Maronite Convention MINNEAPOLIS, MN \| Jul 13-17, 2022 Sponsored by the National Apostolate of Maronites More information/sign up: www.namnews.org St Anthony-Grave Purchase & Burial *Grave Purchase—For Active Parishioners** - Grave Purchase–Double Depth: $1900 (one time fee) - Perpetual Care: $200 (one time fee) Total of Grave (Double Depth) Purchase: $2100 - Memorial Stone Permit: $75 (one time fee paid upon installation) Burial Costs (Itemized) - Opening and Closing (Summer Fees): $1000 - Opening and Closing (Winter Burial): $1,200 - Church Stipend: $250 - Church Stipend ( Wake in Church): $450 - Soloist: $150 - Organist: $150 - Clergy Stipend: $200 or left to the Family Discretion Total of Burial Costs: - Burial (Summer Fees): $1,750 - Burial (Summer Fees-Wake in Church): $1,950 - Burial (Winter Fees): $1,950 - Burial (Winter Fees-Wake in Church): $2,150 Prices are subject to change. Active Parishioners are considered those who have participated: Socially, spiritually and have contributed regularly in our database. Please take the time to review the complete cemetery guidelines by visiting our website [www.stanthonylawrence.org/cemetery/](http://www.stanthonylawrence.org/cemetery/) --- TREE OF LIFE REMEMBER YOUR LOVED ONES BY PUTTING THEIR NAMES ON TREE OF LIFE BRASS ALUMINUM PLAQUES SIZES: - 1.5” X 3” = $75 / 3”X 6” = $150 / - 4”X8”= $250 Please submit your request either by Phone: 978.685.7233 or by E-mail: email@example.com --- Looking for a Loved one buried at St Anthony’s Cemetery? 1. Go to www.stanthonylawrence.org 2. Scroll to the bottom and click on BURIAL ONLINE SEARCH. 3. Type in the last/first name or in some cases just last name and click search. CEMETERY LOT SALES & AVAILABILITY St Anthony Cemetery offers affordable payment plans to fit any family’s budget. For more information: By Phone (During Office Hours) 978-685-7233 Email firstname.lastname@example.org or Visit: [www.stanthonylawrence.org/lots-sales/](http://www.stanthonylawrence.org/lots-sales/) Headstones & Cemetery Markers Kindly review the information provided regarding acceptable dimensions per grave/lot on our website: https://www.stanthonylawrence.org/lots-sales/. Please note: Double-Depth Graves are considered “One Grave Size” --- DONATE A TREE IN MEMORY OF A LOVED ONE Enhancing the beauty of Historic Saint Anthony Maronite Catholic Cemetery. Plant-A-Tree A— For a donation of $400.00: memorial plaque will be displayed by the tree for a period of ten years. Plant-A-Tree B— For a donation of $250.00: memorial plaque will be displayed by the tree for the period of five years. Your Donation is Tax-Deductible Your contribution is tax deductible. You will receive a written acknowledgement of your donation from the Saint Anthony Maronite Catholic Cemetery. If you like to donate a tree, please call the office at 978.685.7233 or email us at: email@example.com Tree to be planted : Kousa Dogwood 2022 ANNUAL LEBANESE FESTIVAL Friday, June 3 5pm - 11pm Saturday, June 4 3pm - 11pm Sunday, June 5 1pm - 9pm 1013 Ellsworth Street, Philadelphia, PA 19147 Food, Bar, Live Music, Saj, Hookas, Raffles, Dancing Our Lady Of Purgatory Church Lebanese Festival Friday, June 24, 2022 5:00PM – 11:00PM Saturday, June 25, 2022 12:00PM – 11:00PM 11 Franklin Street, New Bedford, MA 02740 The American Lebanese Awareness Association Join us and our Guest of Speaker, Joan Hatem Roy, as we award our scholarships. Sunday, June 5, 2022 Cocktails 5:00-6:00 pm, Dinner 6:00pm Donation $50.00/Person Michael's Function Hall 12 Alpha Street, Haverhill, MA For tickets call Barbara Zraket 978-683-6271 or Cassandra Abou-Farah 978-609-3795 or email us at: firstname.lastname@example.org Donate a Stock St Anthony Maronite Catholic Church, INC Fidelity account number: Z40-262821 Type of Ownership: Corporation Fidelity’s Depository Trust Company (DTC) number, which is 0226 Our name and address: Fidelity Investments Attn: TOA Receives PO Box 770001 Cincinnati, OH 45277-0036 HAPPY BIRTHDAY May 27: Amelia Jesionowski, Terry Kalil, Joshua Thomas, May 28: Hannah Godfrey, Jacob Godfrey, May 29: Jean Abou Ezzi, Antoine Abou Jaoude, George Bejjani, Maria Hobeika, Declan Jacobs May 30: Jaiden Amil, Matthew Avedisian, David Brousseau, Terri Kenney, Wesley Pelletier, Rodney Pica, Joel Santos, Tia Sfeir May 31: Bassima Abou Jaoude, Elizabeth Aoun, Paul Tridenti June 1: Alexandra Antar, Kenneth Lanouette, Patricia Constantine, June 2: Cameron Benoit, Daphne Lucas, Carolena Mansor, Ann Maroun June 3: Loretta Yameen HAPPY ANNIVERSARY May 27: David & Sonia Ameen May 30: Jason & Rena Hand June 1: Assaad & Megan El Hayek, Bud & Lorry Ganem, Robert & Paulette Issa, Joseph & Pascal Zaarour June 2: George & Maureen Abraham, Michael & Rimonda Hanna June 3: Robert & Nathalie Danus Seventh Sunday of the Resurrection: New Commandment Leviticus 19,1-2,11-18 The LORD spoke to Moses, saying: Speak to all the congregation of the people of Israel and say to them: You shall be holy, for I the LORD your God am holy. You shall not steal; you shall not deal falsely; and you shall not lie to one another. And you shall not swear falsely by my name, profaning the name of your God: I am the LORD. You shall not defraud your neighbour; you shall not steal; and you shall not keep for yourself the wages of a labourer until morning. You shall not revile the deaf or put a stumbling-block before the blind; you shall fear your God: I am the LORD. You shall not render an unjust judgement; you shall not be partial to the poor or defer to the great: with justice you shall judge your neighbour. You shall not go around as a slanderer among your people, and you shall not profit by the blood of your neighbour: I am the LORD. You shall not hate in your heart anyone of your kin; you shall reprove your neighbour, or you will incur guilt yourself. You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against any of your people, but you shall love your neighbour as yourself: I am the LORD. Letter to the Ephesians 1,15-23 Brothers and sisters, I have heard of your faith in the Lord Jesus and your love towards all the saints, and for this reason I do not cease to give thanks for you as I remember you in my prayers. I pray that the God of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of glory, may give you a spirit of wisdom and revelation as you come to know him, so that, with the eyes of your heart enlightened, you may know what is the hope to which he has called you, what are the riches of his glorious inheritance among the saints, and what is the immeasurable greatness of his power for us who believe, according to the working of his great power. God put this power to work in Christ when he raised him from the dead and seated him at his right hand in the heavenly places, far above all rule and authority and power and dominion, and above every name that is named, not only in this age but also in the age to come. And he has put all things under his feet and has made him the head over all things for the church, which is his body, the fullness of him who fills all in all. John 13,31-35. When he had gone out, Jesus said, 'Now the Son of Man has been glorified, and God has been glorified in him. If God has been glorified in him, God will also glorify him in himself and will glorify him at once. Little children, I am with you only a little longer. You will look for me; and as I said to the Jews so now I say to you, "Where I am going, you cannot come." I give you a new commandment, that you love one another. Just as I have loved you, you also should love one another. By this everyone will know that you are my disciples, if you have love for one another.' LECTORS SCHEDULE Saturday, May 28 - 4PM Lisa Abdallah Sunday, May 29 - 8 AM Hitaf Nammour / 9AM Meaghan Twing / 11:30AM Eng: Mounira Daher Ar: Selim Matta الأحد السابع من زمن القيامة : وصية يسوع الجديدة سفر الأناجيل 19:1-11.2-18 وكلمَ الربُّ موسى قائلاً: مر كل جماعة بني إسرائيل وقل لهم: كنوا قدسيين، لأنني أنا الربُّ الحكم قُدُس. لا تشرفوها، ولا تكذبوها، ولا تثبت أجرة الأجير عندك إلى الغد. لا تلغن الأصل، وأمام الأغنى لا تضيع معترفًا، وائق الهك. أنا الربُّ. لا تخوروا في الحكم، ولا تحاب وجه الفقير ولا تكرم وجه العظيم، بل بالعدل تحكم قربيك. لا تستع بالنعيمة بين شريك، ولا تطالب بدم قربيك. أنا الربُّ. لا تبخض أخاك في قلبك، بل عاب قربيك عتابا، فلا تجعل خطيئة بسبته. لا تنتقم ولا تخدع على أثناء شريك، وأحيب قربيك حبك لنفسك: أنا الربُّ". رسالة القديس بولس إلى أهل أفسس 1:15-23 يا إخوتي، أنا أيضًا، وقد سمعت بإيمانكم بالرب يسوع، ومخبِّئتم لجميع الإخوة القدسيين، لا أزال أشكر الله من أنعمكم، وأنعمكم في صلواتي، ليُعطِّيكُم إليه زنَّا يسوع المسيح، أبو المجد، روح الحكمة والروح، وما هي عظمة قدرتِه الفائقة من أجلنا، نحن المؤمنين، يحسب عمل عزة قوته، الذي عمله في المسيح، إذ أقامه من بين الأموات، وأخلسه إلى تبنيه في السماوات، فوق كل رئاسة وسلطان وقوة وسيادة، وكل اسم مسمى، لا في هذا الدُّنْهُ وحسب، بل في الآتي أيضًا؛ وأخصم كل شيء تحت قدميه، وجعله فوق كل شيء، رأسًا للكنيسة، وهي جسدُه وملوءه، هو الذي يملأ الكل في الكل. إنجيل القديس يوحنا 13:31-35 لما خرج يهوذا الإسخريوطي قال يسوع: »ألاَّنَّ مُحَدُّ ابن الإنسان ومُحَدُّ الله فيه. إن كان الله قد مُحَدُّ فيه، فألله سيُحَدُّ في ذاته، وحالاً يُحَدُّ. يا أولادي، أنا مُحَدُّ نعَّمَنا قليلاً. ستُطْلُوني، ولكن ما قُلْتُه للبُهود أقوله لكم الآن: خذت أنا أقضي لا تقدرون أنتم أن تأتوا. وصيَّةٌ جديدة أعطيكم، أن تُحبوا بغضكم بعضًا. أجل، أن تُحبوا بغضكم بعضًا كما أنا أحببكم. بهذا يعرف الجميع أنكم تلاميذي، لأن كان فيكم حبُّ بغضكم ليُغضِّ. « LECTORS SCHEDULE Saturday, June 4 - 4PM Lisa Abdallah Sunday, June 5- 9AM Elaine Ferris / 11:30AM Eng: Marie-Christine Daou Ar: Marcel Saade Catholic Cruises and Tours and The Apostleship of The Sea of the United States of America Mass is included with all of our tours! 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Use of a 4-week up-titration regimen of roflumilast in patients with severe COPD Henrik Watz1 Nitin Bagul2 Klaus F Rabe3,4 Stephen Rennard5,6 Vijay KT Alagappan7 Jonas Román8 Axel Facius9 Peter MA Calverley10 1Pulmonary Research Institute at LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; 2DNA Medical Ltd., Lutley, UK; 3Department of Pulmonary Medicine, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, 4Department of Medicine, Christian Albrecht University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; 5Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; 6AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK; 7AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; 8AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden; 9thinkQ2 AG, Baar, Switzerland; 10Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Correspondence: Henrik Watz Pulmonary Research Institute at LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Woehrendamm 80, D-22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany Email firstname.lastname@example.org Background: The oral selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor roflumilast (ROF) reduces exacerbations in patients with severe COPD. Adverse events (AEs) can cause early ROF discontinuation. Alternative dosing strategies may help patients continue their therapy. Methods: In this multicenter, double-blind trial, 1,321 patients with severe COPD were randomized 1:1:1 to 4 weeks’ treatment with ROF 250 μg once daily (OD), 500 μg every other day (EOD), or 500 μg OD, each followed by ROF 500 μg OD for 8 weeks, plus standard therapy. The primary end point was the percentage of patients prematurely discontinuing study treatment. Results: Patients in the 250 μg OD/500 μg OD group had significantly fewer treatment discontinuations (odds ratio [OR] 0.66 [95% CI 0.47–0.93], p=0.017) and lower rates of AEs of interest such as diarrhea, nausea, headache, decreased appetite, insomnia and abdominal pain (OR 0.63 [95% CI 0.47–0.83], p=0.001) compared with those in the 500 μg OD group. Although rates of discontinuation and AEs of interest were numerically lower with ROF 500 μg EOD/500 μg OD, the difference was not significant (OR 0.76, p=0.114, and OR 0.78, p=0.091, respectively) compared with ROF 500 μg OD. Conclusion: A dose of ROF 250 μg OD for 4 weeks before escalation to the approved maintenance dose of 500 μg OD resulted in reduced treatment discontinuation and improved tolerability. Keywords: roflumilast, COPD, discontinuation, adverse event Introduction Severe exacerbations of COPD are associated with a poor prognosis.1–3 Roflumilast (ROF) is a selective, oral phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor used for the treatment of patients with severe COPD associated with chronic bronchitis and a history of exacerbations.4 Previous studies have shown that ROF as an add-on to inhaled COPD therapy reduces exacerbations in this patient population.5,6 More recently, this has been shown in the ROF and Exacerbations in patients receiving Appropriate Combination Therapy (REACT) study – in patients using ROF therapy in addition to an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)/long-acting beta agonist (LABA) ± long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) combination – a finding most evident in those with a history of hospitalization.8 Patients initiating treatment with the approved 500 μg dose of ROF may report side effects in the first few weeks, including diarrhea, nausea, headache, insomnia, abdominal pain, loss of appetite and a reduction in body weight.7,6,9 These are predominantly mild to moderate in severity and, with the exception of body weight reduction, typically transient – often resolving within the first few weeks of treatment.10 However, they are a common cause of early treatment discontinuation. Overall rates of discontinuations for patients taking 500 μg of ROF in recent 52-week clinical trials have been in the region of 30%,7,11 although the rates of discontinuation are thought to be higher... in clinical practice.\textsuperscript{12} Therefore, alternative dosing strategies to improve tolerability over the first few weeks of treatment may help patients continue their therapy. The present study, referred to as OPTIMIZE (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02165826), investigated whether treatment discontinuation rates could be reduced and tolerability could be improved by using a reduced dose of ROF for a short initial treatment period. Phase I dose-ranging and modeling studies\textsuperscript{11} have previously suggested that a daily dose of 250 µg is associated with an improved side effect profile compared with the approved 500 µg dose. However, the 250 µg dose is less efficacious, associated with less forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV\textsubscript{1}) improvement, than the 500 µg dose\textsuperscript{14,15} and is not appropriate for long-term maintenance therapy. The 12-week OPTIMIZE study evaluated the tolerability and discontinuation rate associated with a daily dose of 250 µg ROF for the first 4 weeks, before escalation to 500 µg for 8 weeks. In a parallel treatment arm, 500 µg was given on alternate days for the first 4 weeks of treatment, before increasing to 500 µg daily. The results of both up-titration strategies were compared with 500 µg dose daily, taken continuously for 12 weeks. Pharmacokinetic analyses were undertaken to evaluate drug exposure in patients receiving the three treatment strategies to assess any correlation between drug exposure and ability to tolerate ROF. Methods Patients Patients aged ≥40 years with a history of COPD associated with chronic productive cough, ≥1 moderate or severe exacerbation in the previous 12 months, and who were former/current smokers (history of ≥10 pack-years) were eligible for enrollment. A post-bronchodilator FEV\textsubscript{1} ≤50% of predicted and an FEV\textsubscript{1}/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio <70% were required. Patients had to be receiving standard of care COPD treatment (LABA or LAMA or a combination of the two for at least 12 weeks). Patients were excluded if they had a COPD exacerbation ongoing at screening, a lower respiratory tract infection unresolved within 4 weeks prior to screening, asthma/other relevant lung disease, or known α1-antitrypsin deficiency (refer Supplementary materials for the full list of inclusion/exclusion criteria). ICS and theophylline were permitted if taken at a constant daily dose for 12 weeks prior. All patients involved in the OPTIMIZE trial provided their written informed consent. Study design and interventions OPTIMIZE was a multicenter, double-blind, Phase III randomized trial conducted over 12 weeks, which included an initial 4-week up-titration period. All patients discontinuing the trial were offered the opportunity to enter an 8-week open-label down-titration phase, during which they received ROF 250 µg OD (Figure S1). Patients were randomized (by a computerized interactive voice response system/interactive web response system) to one of three treatment regimens (1:1:1) (Figure S1): ROF 250 µg once daily (OD) for 4 weeks and then 500 µg OD thereafter (250 µg OD/500 µg OD), ROF 500 µg every other day (EOD) for 4 weeks and then 500 µg OD thereafter (500 µg EOD/500 µg OD) or ROF 500 µg OD for 12 weeks (500 µg OD). Patients continued receiving their usual maintenance therapy. The first 4 weeks (up-titration) of the trial were double blinded, and the remaining 8 weeks (maintenance period) were single blinded, with only the sponsor and investigators aware that the patient was receiving ROF 500 µg OD. The original randomized treatment regimen remained blinded to all parties involved in the study for the duration of the study. ROF 250 and 500 µg and placebo were supplied as identical white, round, biplane tablets in wallet cards containing 20 tablets, with identical labeling and packaging. Patients attended clinics at screening, randomization and Weeks 2, 4, 8 and 12. Those discontinuing and entering the down-titration phase also attended clinic on Weeks 2, 4 and 8 of the down-titration. Study medication was accounted for at each visit to assess compliance. The study protocol was approved by each respective institutional review board and followed established good clinical practice guidelines. A list of all approving institutional review boards is available in Table S1. All patients gave written informed consent for this study. Outcomes and end points The primary end point was the percentage of patients prematurely discontinuing study treatment for any reason during the 12-week study period. Secondary end points included the percentage of patients with adverse events (AEs) of interest (diarrhea, nausea, headache, decreased appetite, insomnia and abdominal pain) during the trial, percentage of patients prematurely discontinuing study treatment for any reason during the down-titration phase, and change in pre-bronchodilator FEV\textsubscript{1} during both the trial and the down-titration phase. The six types of AEs of interest used to evaluate tolerability were selected as they are the most common AEs associated with ROF treatment, the main reason for treatment discontinuation, and assumed to be related to PDE4 inhibition. Safety assessments included monitoring AEs and assessment of Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), body weight, and body mass index (BMI). AEs of interest (occurrence and intensity) were assessed on a daily basis using diary cards. Intensity (mild/moderate/severe) was evaluated using a 7-point Likert scale. Pharmacokinetic evaluations Pharmacokinetics (PK) of ROF and ROF $N$-oxide were measured using 6 mL blood samples by Pharmaceutical Product Development (Middleton, WI, USA) using a high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer, as described previously.\textsuperscript{16} An integrated population PK (popPK) model was developed to predict individual ROF/ROF $N$-oxide exposure levels and total PDE4 inhibitory activity (tPDE4i) levels and assess whether patients unable to tolerate ROF 500 $\mu$g OD have drug exposure with 250 $\mu$g OD, similar to patients on a 500 $\mu$g OD dose. The integrated popPK model was developed from an earlier base model in which the structural parameters were fixed to estimates from a dataset of 21 Phase I and two Phase II/III studies.\textsuperscript{16} This base model used combined REACT/OPTIMIZE datasets.\textsuperscript{7,17} Statistical analyses A hierarchical testing approach was followed; if significance (5%) was not reached, subsequent tests were exploratory. The hierarchy of testing for the null hypothesis was first: if the percentage of patient discontinuations on ROF 250 $\mu$g OD/500 $\mu$g were not lower than or equal to that on ROF 500 $\mu$g OD by Week 12, then the percentage of patient discontinuations on ROF 500 $\mu$g EOD/500 $\mu$g OD were not lower than or equal to that on ROF 500 $\mu$g OD by Week 12 (refer Supplementary materials for full list). The primary end point and secondary safety end points were based on the safety analysis set (SAS) and performed using a logistic regression model. For the primary end point and AEs of interest, the treatment odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR) between groups\textsuperscript{18} were calculated. The secondary efficacy end point, change in pre-bronchodilator FEV$_1$, was based on the full analysis set (FAS) and analyzed using an analysis of covariance model. Additional post hoc exploratory analyses were undertaken to further assess whether weight loss on ROF was related to, 1) baseline BMI, and 2) gastrointestinal AEs and/or decreased appetite (no formal statistical testing performed). For calculation of sample size, rates of discontinuation for any reason were estimated based on pooled data from the ROF COPD pivotal studies,\textsuperscript{5,9} which included a similar patient population to the OPTIMIZE study. Assuming a discontinuation rate of 20% with ROF 500 $\mu$g OD and 13% with either up-titration regimen, a total of 441 patients per treatment arm, 1,323 overall, would provide 80% power to declare superiority of each of ROF 250 $\mu$g OD/500 $\mu$g OD and ROF 500 $\mu$g EOD/500 $\mu$g OD versus ROF 500 $\mu$g OD for 12 weeks. Results Patients The study was conducted at 161 sites across 15 countries (refer Supplementary materials for full list) between April 2014 and October 2015. In total, 1,323 patients were randomized, of whom 1,321 received treatment. A total of 104 patients entered the down-titration phase (Figure 1). Data presented hereafter are for the 12-week trial population; data on the down-titration phase are included in the Supplementary materials. Baseline characteristics were generally balanced across the treatment arms (Table 1). Patients had a mean age of 64.6 years and were predominantly male (74.4%). Compliance with study medication ranged from 101% to 104% across treatment arms. Demographic and baseline characteristics of patients who entered the down-titration phase are presented in Table S2. Study discontinuations The greatest between-group difference in discontinuations occurred in the first few weeks of treatment (Figure 2A). Significantly fewer patients discontinued treatment (for any reason) in the ROF 250 $\mu$g OD/500 $\mu$g OD group compared with the ROF 500 $\mu$g OD group (18.4% versus 24.6%; RR 0.72 [95% CI 0.54–0.95], OR 0.66 [95% CI 0.47–0.93], $p=0.017$; Figure 2B). There were fewer treatment discontinuations in the ROF 500 $\mu$g EOD/500 $\mu$g OD group compared with the ROF 500 $\mu$g OD group, but this difference did not reach statistical significance (20.1% versus 24.6%; RR 0.81 [95% CI 0.62–1.05], OR 0.76 [95% CI 0.55–1.07], $p=0.114$; Figure 2). Based on the hierarchical testing approach, all interpretations of $p$-values after the second hierarchical test are exploratory. Tolerability Significantly fewer patients experienced AEs of interest in the ROF 250 $\mu$g OD/500 $\mu$g OD arm compared with the ROF 500 $\mu$g OD arm (45.4% versus 54.2%; RR 0.79 [95% CI 0.66–0.91], OR 0.63 [95% CI 0.47–0.83], $p=0.001$; Figure 3). The frequency of all AEs of interest was lower, and the median time to onset was longer in the ROF 250 $\mu$g OD/500 $\mu$g OD arm compared with the ROF 500 $\mu$g OD arm (Table S3). The proportion of patients reporting AEs of interest was numerically lower in the ROF 500 $\mu$g EOD/500 $\mu$g OD arm compared with the 500 $\mu$g OD arm, but Figure 1 Patient disposition. Notes: A pre-treatment event is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a patient who had signed written informed consent to participate in a study, but prior to administration of any study medication; it did not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with study participation. Abbreviations: EOD, every other day; LTFU, lost to follow-up; OD, once daily; ROF, roflumilast; 250, 250 µg; 500, 500 µg. Table 1 Baseline patient characteristics \| Characteristics \| ROF 250 OD/ROF 500 OD (n=441) \| ROF 500 EOD/ROF 500 OD (n=437) \| ROF 500 OD (n=443) \| \|----------------------------------\|-------------------------------\|-------------------------------\|---------------------\| \| Age, years \| 64.2 (7.8) \| 65.0 (8.2) \| 64.6 (8.4) \| \| Male, n (%) \| 320 (72.6) \| 325 (74.4) \| 338 (76.3) \| \| White, n (%) \| 405 (91.8) \| 399 (91.3) \| 405 (91.4) \| \| BMI, kg/m² \| 26.4 (6.0) \| 26.01 (5.6) \| 26.46 (5.9) \| \| Cigarette pack years \| 38.1 (17.5) \| 40.2 (19.2) \| 37.6 (17.7) \| \| Current smoker, n (%) \| 213 (48.3) \| 198 (45.3) \| 196 (44.2) \| \| Pre-bronchodilator FEV₁, L \| 1.0 (0.3) \| 1.0 (0.3) \| 1.0 (0.3) \| \| Pre-bronchodilator FVC, L \| 2.3 (0.7) \| 2.3 (0.7) \| 2.3 (0.7) \| \| % predicted FEV₁ \| 36.0 (8.8) \| 36.7 (8.8) \| 36.0 (9.5) \| \| Post-bronchodilator FEV₁/FVC \| 0.46 (0.1) \| 0.47 (0.1) \| 0.46 (0.1) \| \| % FEV₁ reversibility \| 7.1 (12.0) \| 6.45 (14.4) \| 7.4 (11.4) \| \| ≥2 exacerbations, n (%) \| 435 (98.6) \| 427 (97.7) \| 432 (97.5) \| \| >2 exacerbations, n (%) \| 6 (1.4) \| 9 (2.1) \| 9 (2.0) \| \| Most commonly reported concomitant medication, n (%) \| 440 (99.8) \| 437 (100.0) \| 443 (100.0) \| \| LAMA (itoropium bromide) \| 245 (55.6) \| 235 (53.8) \| 225 (50.8) \| \| ICS/LABA (sereclid, budesonide) \| 202 (45.8) \| 197 (45.0) \| 217 (48.9) \| \| Theophylline \| 80 (18.1) \| 85 (19.5) \| 80 (18.1) \| Notes: Data are taken from the SAS and expressed as mean (SD) unless otherwise stated. Taken in ≥10% of all patients. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; EOD, every other day; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LABA, long-acting beta agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; OD, once daily; ROF, roflumilast; SAS, safety analysis set; SD, standard deviation; 250, 250 µg; 500, 500 µg. the difference was not significant (48.3% versus 54.2%; OR 0.78 [95% CI 0.59–1.04, $p=0.091$]); (Figure 3 and Table S3). The AEs of interest were predominantly mild or moderate (Table S4) and of short duration (2–4 days; data include discontinued patients; Table S5). For each treatment arm, among patients who discontinued, the most commonly reported AE of interest was diarrhea (19.8%, 31.8%, and 33%, in the ROF 250 μg OD/500 μg OD, 500 μg EOD/500 μg OD and the 500 μg OD arms respectively; Table S5). The percentage of patients who withdrew from treatment due to AEs was 13.2%, 15.3%, and 17.4% with ROF 250 μg OD/500 μg OD, 500 μg EOD/500 μg OD, and 500 μg OD, respectively. AEs that most commonly led to discontinuation in the ROF 250 μg OD/500 μg OD arm, 500 μg EOD/500 μg OD arm, and 500 μg OD arm, were diarrhea (3.6%, 6.4%, and 8.1% of patients, respectively), decreased appetite (3.6%, 4.6%, and 7.4% of patients, respectively), and nausea (3.9%, 3.7%, 6.1% of patients, respectively). Overall, 63.7% of patients experienced any AE: 61.2%, 64.3%, and 65.7% with ROF 250 μg OD/500 μg OD, 500 μg EOD/500 μg OD, and 500 μg OD, respectively. The most frequently reported AEs were those assessed as AEs. of interest. During the trial, 4.6% of patients experienced a serious AE and six deaths were reported (three in the 250 μg OD/500 μg OD arm [COPD, cardiac failure, and cardiopulmonary failure], one in the 500 μg EOD/500 μg OD arm [pneumothorax spontaneous], and two in the 500 μg OD arm [lung adenocarcinoma and myocardial infarction]). Suicidal ideation was reported in one patient in the ROF 500 μg OD group during the trial, and this patient discontinued treatment as a result. Weight decrease was self-reported by 2.3%, 2.1%, and 3.8% of patients who received 250 μg OD/500 μg OD, 500 μg EOD/500 μg OD, and 500 μg OD, respectively. Reduction in body weight was evident from Week 2 and was of a similar magnitude across treatment groups (mean decrease 1.02, 0.82, and 0.98 kg, respectively; Figure 4). In post hoc analyses, weight loss tended to be greater in patients with a BMI >25 kg/m² compared with those with a BMI ≤25 kg/m² in all treatment groups (Table S6). Figure 3* Summary of AEs of interest. Notes: Percentage of patients with ≥1 AE to evaluate tolerability. Abbreviations: AE, adverse event; CI, confidence interval; EOD, every other day; OD, once daily; OR, odds ratio; ROF, roflumilast; 250, 250 μg; 500, 500 μg. Figure 4 Mean change in body weight. Notes: Measurements are mean, with bars showing SD. Vend was the last measurement obtained before dropout/study completion. Abbreviations: EOD, every other day; OD, once daily; ROF, roflumilast; SD, standard deviation; 250, 250 μg; 500, 500 μg. Lung function Improvements from baseline in pre-bronchodilator FEV$_1$ over the trial were minimally different between ROF 250 µg OD/500 µg OD, 500 µg EOD/500 µg OD, and 500 µg OD treatment groups (least squares [LS] mean change 90, 130, and 110 mL, respectively). Pharmacokinetics Individual PK parameters and tPDE4i values were derived for 1,238 patients with at least one quantifiable PK sample,\textsuperscript{17} including 101 patients who discontinued the 12-week trial and entered the down-titration phase, of whom 76 entered after not tolerating at least one dose of ROF 500 µg. Patients who discontinued ROF 500 µg OD in the trial because of AEs of interest had a slightly higher median tPDE4i (>10%) than those able to tolerate this dose (median tPDE4i level: 1.28 and 1.16, respectively; Figure 5). However, as expected with linear PK, reducing the dose to 250 µg OD in these patients reduced tPDE4i to below that typically observed in patients able to tolerate the 500 µg OD (median tPDE4i level: 0.65). Discussion Although the side effects that may occur soon after initiation of ROF are often transient in nature and predominantly mild to moderate in severity, they are a common reason for discontinuing treatment. Using an alternative reduced dosing regimen for a short initial treatment period (as used successfully with other systemic therapies)\textsuperscript{18–22} is one strategy to help increase the acceptability of ROF treatment and help patients stay on therapy. The OPTIMIZE study supports this concept. While use of a reduced dose of ROF as long-term maintenance therapy may not induce sufficient PDE4 inhibition to exert the clinical efficacy of the 500 µg dose,\textsuperscript{14,15} it can be used as part of an up-titration regimen to overcome tolerability issues in the first weeks of treatment and hence reduce discontinuation rates. Initiating ROF at a 250 µg daily dose for 4 weeks, before escalating to 500 µg daily dose for 8 weeks, was associated with a statistically significant decrease in the percentage of patients discontinuing treatment for any reason and reporting side effects of interest. The overall discontinuation rate for Figure 5 Comparison of tPDE4i levels achieved with ROF 500 µg or 250 µg according to whether patients were able to tolerate the dose. Notes: Medians in trial and down-titration phase. For consistency with previous popPK models, the list of preferred terms included in the AEs of interest for the popPK model is larger than that used to investigate safety in this study (Table S7). Error bars are 95% CI. Abbreviations: AE, adverse event; CI, confidence interval; OD, once daily; popPK, population pharmacokinetics; ROF, roflumilast; tPDE4i, total phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitory activity; 250, 250 µg; 500, 500 µg. patients taking ROF 500 μg daily in the current study was in line with that observed in recent ROF clinical trials, and for patients starting at the reduced dosing of 250 μg daily, the odds of early discontinuation and experiencing side effects of interest were 34% and 37% lower (RR reduction 28% and 21%). Patients starting ROF at 500 μg on alternate days also reported fewer side effects and lower treatment discontinuation rates, but this was not significantly different compared with the 500 μg daily regimen. The AEs of interest selected as a focus for OPTIMIZE study have previously been identified as limiting tolerability to ROF. Diarrhea and other gastrointestinal side effects particularly, have been perceived as a barrier to ROF treatment. Diarrhea accounted for approximately one-third of discontinuations with the 500 μg dose, and this was lowered to approximately 20% with reduced dosing. The mechanisms by which ROF causes nausea and diarrhea are believed to be distinct. Nausea is mediated by PDE4-D; located outside the blood–brain barrier, this subtype is accessible to ROF. The mechanism behind diarrhea is less clear; activators of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) are known to be potent inducers of diarrhea, and it is thought that PDE4 inhibition could activate this mechanism. Weight loss is a known systemic side effect of ROF and has been reported with both selective and nonselective PDE inhibitors. However, it did not appear to be a significant reason for discontinuation in OPTIMIZE, accounting for <1% of discontinuations overall. Reductions in body weight were similar between all three dosing regimens and comparable with previous studies when treatment length is taken into account. Absolute weight loss tended to be more pronounced in patients with a higher baseline BMI and in those who also experienced gastrointestinal side effects or loss of appetite with ROF (as seen previously). While the mechanism by which ROF causes weight decrease remains to be fully elucidated, it is thought to be related to the effects of increased cAMP on signaling pathways regulating lipolysis. Frequency of individual side effects of interest was always lowest in the 250 μg/500 μg OD group followed by the 500 μg EOD/500 μg OD group and then the 500 μg OD group. One exception was abdominal pain; the reason for this was unclear. Frequencies of some side effects of interest were higher in this study than those reported in previous studies; one explanation for this finding may be that OPTIMIZE, in contrast to previous studies, used a daily patient-assessed diary method to record side effects of interest. As OPTIMIZE did not include a placebo arm, the impact of the use of daily diary cards on side effect rates cannot be assessed. Additionally, levels of theophylline were not known in the 80 patients who were taking it, but may have contributed to increased reporting of side effects in these patients. The 250 μg daily dose was selected as the appropriate reduced dose following modeling studies, suggesting an improved side effect profile, compared with the 500 μg maintenance dose. Lung function measurements in OPTIMIZE revealed that the initial 4-week up-titration regimens did not appear to reduce the effect of the drug on lung function. FEV₁ improvements of ~100 mL in all treatment arms were observed; this improvement is at the upper range of changes compared with previous studies. Following oral dosing, ROF is rapidly converted by cytochrome P450 enzymes to its active metabolite ROF N-oxide, which contributes to ~90% of the tPDE4i activity. ROF N-oxide is primarily cleared by the enzyme CYP3A4, and a number of covariates can affect the activity. PK analyses found that patients who discontinued ROF 500 μg daily in the main 12-week trial of OPTIMIZE because of side effects of interest had a slightly higher median tPDE4i than those able to tolerate this dose. It is plausible that higher tPDE4i levels lead to more potential off-target effects of ROF such as nausea and diarrhea. However, as expected with linear PK, reducing the dose to 250 μg daily in these patients reduced tPDE4i to well below that typically observed in patients able to tolerate 500 μg daily. However, a daily dose of 250 μg should not be considered suitable as a therapeutic maintenance dose, as efficacy in exacerbation reduction has not been adequately demonstrated in clinical studies. A recent Korean study retrospectively analyzed data from 85 patients with severe/very severe COPD taking either 500 μg or 250 μg ROF daily, up-titrated to 500 μg daily up to 3 months after. There was a trend toward fewer AEs and discontinuations with the reduced initial dose. Similarly, a recent PK modeling analysis predicted that ROF 250 μg daily and 500 μg on alternate days were associated with lower plasma drug concentrations, lower tPDE4i, and lower incidence of diarrhea, nausea, and headache compared with ROF 500 μg daily. These data support the findings of the OPTIMIZE study. Limitations of the current study include the lack of a placebo arm, the low sample size in the down-titration phase, and a short study duration of 12 weeks compared with a long-term maintenance treatment. Nonetheless, the study population is one of the largest to investigate side effects in a targeted COPD population, and gives us confidence in the validity of our conclusions. Conclusion Starting ROF treatment at 250 µg daily for 4 weeks before increasing to the therapeutic maintenance dose of 500 µg daily reduced treatment discontinuations and improved the tolerability profile compared with initiating treatment at 500 µg daily. In practice, this should help patients with COPD to stay longer on treatment with the therapeutic dose. However, use of 250 µg OD as long-term maintenance therapy may not induce sufficient PDE4 inhibition to exert clinical efficacy. Acknowledgments Ken Nip (Takeda) provided additional statistical assistance, and Udo-Michael Goehring provided study interpretation. Ella Palmer, PhD (Synergy Vision, London, UK, supported by AstraZeneca) provided writing and editorial assistance with the preparation of this manuscript, in accordance with Good Publication Practice (GPP3) guidelines (http://www.ismpp.org/gpp3). This study was funded by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company and AstraZeneca. Data from the OPTIMIZE study were presented as an abstract (PA308) at the European Respiratory Society International Congress, 3–7 September 2016, London, UK. 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Intensive Training Program for Young Planning Professionals 23 January - 3 February UPC - Abu Dhabi 2011 YPP Training Program Intensive Training Program for Young Planning Professionals Week 1 • 5 times one day seminar • ISOCARP - Coordination Paco Perez (Vice President) - Mexico • Other coordinators (Malaysia, Serbia, Turkey, UAE – Sjarjah, USA) Week 2 • International 5 day Workshop • ISOCARP - Coordination Zeynep Enlil (Vice President) – Turkey • 24 workshop delegates (16 UAE and 8 ISOCARP YPP) ISOCARP – global network: • Founded 1965; • 750 members; • Over 50 countries; • Six continents; • Planning Practice / Planning research / Academia; • Annual congress / UPATS / Training Events / Publications. Intensive Training Program for Young Planning Professionals UAE delegates Ahmed Al Kuwati Suad Al Thehli Mariam Al Ameri Hamdan Al Mulla Sultan Echtibi Muna Al Shehhi Mansour Al Harbi Ahmed Al Hamed Ahmed Al Zaabi Mahmoud Al Mahmoud Mohamed Al Hammadi Omar Al Suwaidi Jaber Al Dharif Muath Al Mazrooei Mohamed Al Ameri Maha Al Rumaithi UPC UPC UPC UPC UPC UPC UPC UPC UPC UPC UPC UPC DOT DOT ADM ADM YPP delegates Thomas Buhler Madalen Gonzalez Bereziartua Zeynep Gunay Niels Kropman Mira Milakovic Wai Ki Pang Rolf Schuett Peter Vanden Abeele France Spain Turkey Netherlands Serbia China Germany/Bolivia Belgium Intensive Training Program for Young Planning Professionals Local Coordinators - Dima Al Srouri, UAE - Sonal Parikh, UAE - Olivia Duncan, UAE - Sura Abdelhadi, UAE - Swapnil Patil, UAE UPC Contact Person - Sally Biggins, UAE YPP Coordinators - Peter Jonquiere, Netherlands - F. Brandao Alves, Portugal Intensive Training Program for Young Planning Professionals Training Goals Contemporary urbanism + practical knowledge \| WK 1 \| Exposure \| acquire knowledge \| \|------\|----------\|-------------------\| \| \| Excercise\| applying new knowledge \| \| WK 2 \| Experience \| international professional exchange \| ISOCARP Intensive Training Program for Young Planning Professionals MUSAFFA as training ground Group Vision, Strategy, Implementation Framework Maha Alrumaithi Mansour Al Harbi Mahmoud Al Mahmoud Ahmed Al Zaabi Zeynep Gunay Niels Kropman Musaffah 2030 Visioning the future Group D part 1 Vision, Strategies, Implementation & Framework Introduction • Where are we? • Where do we want to be? • How do we go there? Where are we? Problems - Connectivity - Poor links (in&out) - Poor pedestrian network - Morphology - Bad quality of the buildings - Too large plots - Heavy industry - Integration - Isolated - Not human-friendly - Lack of urban public space Where are we? Potentials - Connectivity - Proximity - Transfer hub - Well-structured grid - Morphology - Diverse plot size - Waterfront - Integration - Well-defined environment - Waterfront - Cultural exchange Where do we want to be? - Vision - Key guiding principles - Strategies & objectives Where do we want to be? Vision Abu Dhabi and Musaffa, HAPPY TOGETHER! Where do we want to be? Key guiding principles Key Principles - City level - District level - Building level Sustainability Connectivity Livability Social Diversity Community Cultural Educational Creative Artistic Religious Green Environment Affordable Functional Efficient Attractive Flexible Applicable Connectivity: A Connected Musaffah - Defining Entrances - Walk-able Pedestrian Network - Public Transport - Infrastructure - Cargo Distribution - Re-Calculate Service Demands - Linking Open Areas - More Bus Routes - Separating Light & Heavy Vehicles - Transportation Hub - Water Taxies Morphology & Activities: A Livable Musaffah - Visible link Al Zayed Mosque - Flexible Rules - Renovate Buildings To Other Uses - Creative Industries - Knowledge Economy - Diversifying Economy - Flexible & Dynamic Design - Create Landmarks - Visible & Invisible Links - Balanced / Mixed Use - Connectivity Sustainability Liveability Social Integration: An Inclusive Musaffah - Provide All Required Facilities - Create A Multiuse Area - Visual Link To City / The Grand Mosque - Improve Housing - Provide Public Spaces - Living Conditions - Community Facilities - Identity - Sense of place - Connectivity Sustainability Liveability Group A Infrastructure, Connectivity, Links & Transportation Mohamed Al Hammadi Ahmed Al Hamed Muath Al Mazrooei Penny Wai Ki Pang Rolf Schuett Souad Al Thehli Musaffah 2030 Group A Infrastructure, Connectivity, Links & Transportation Methodology Analysis: Existing → Future Scales: UAE ↔ City ↔ District ↔ Sites Modes: People ↔ Public ↔ Private ## Existing Analysis - SWOT ### Strengths City Scale - Short distance to most parts of the city District Scale - Proximity to waterfront - Adjacent to main spine road “Truck Road” - Existing clear grid pattern - Self-organised and Non car-dependent communities Site Scale - Long waterfront area ### Weaknesses City Scale - Existing congested bridges - Inadequate public transport for people - Absence of rail-based network for goods District Scale - Limited bus network - Inaccessible waterfront areas - Car-oriented urban form /street patterns Site Scale - Though weather reduces walkability - Weak sense of place, difficult to navigate ### Opportunities City Scale - Connect Mussafah to other parts of the city / UAE - Suitable for water-based transport - Pioneer sustainable transport modes District Scale - Create pedestrian and cyclist-friendly network - Demands in public transport Site Scale - Enhancement for pedestrian and cyclist friendly ### Threats City Scale - Existing bus network is not wheelchair accessible - Worsen pollution if no solutions in place District Scale - Bottle-necks at road junctions - Mussafah as an industrial ghetto Site Scale - Inefficient under-ground parking due to water table Questions Transport Network How can Mussafah accommodate new land use and development? Connection How can Mussafah be better connected to wider areas? Accessibility How can Mussafah and its waterfront be more accessible? Less Cars How can Mussafah be less car-dependent? Sustainability What are the sustainable modes of transport for Mussafah? Implementation How can these modes be implemented? Solutions: Objectives - Estidama; - Promote sustainable modes of transport; - Improve accessibility Mussafah; - Better environments and safety for pedestrians, cyclists and all road users; - Improve permeability of the waterside areas; - Urban Straat + Public Realm Design Manual. Solutions: UAE + City-wide Connection UAE-wide - Union rail and highways - Freight and train for goods Abu Dhabi-wide - Connect Mussafah to other parts of the city - Integrated transport network Solutions: Districts + Sites Connection - Relieve congestion - Careful control of road directions & hierarchy - Legible street pattern with way finding system - New link with existing & new development in the future Integrate with road & metro/tram network National network: roads and rails Multi-modal public transport Water taxi route Modes of Connections People - Pedestrians - Cyclists Public Transport - Bus/ Shuttle - Tram - Metro - Train - Water Taxi - Shared Car Private Transport - Car - Industrial (Lighter) - Industrial (Heavier) People Connection: Concept - Promote short distance walk/ cycle - Urban form and street design easy to navigate - Mobility for everyone - Enhance potential of walk/ cycle to bus/ tram stops People Connection: District Scale - Clear street pattern for ease of navigation - Accessible waterfront - View corridors - Promote integrated transport People Connection: Site Scale - 1km x 1km block - Walkable neighbourhoods (less than 250m) - Improved pedestrian environments, eg, shading - Residential roads for parking & car sharing points People Connection: Site Scale - USDM - Design to improve accessibility and shading - Street section to connect walking and public transport Public Transport: Concept - City/ district/ site scale connections - Different modes - Different speeds - Inter-changable Public Transport: City-wide Connection - High integration amongst different modes of public transport - Eg. Trams/ buses from Mussafah connect to Metro and wider network Public Transport: District Scale - Connection to the wider public transport network - Trams as higher speed option - Bus services to cover local areas, stops to be within walking distance - Free shuttle services to connect local amenities - Water taxi Private Traffic: Concept - Road users: - Domestic cars - Industrial (Lighter) - Industrial (Heavier) - Two loops which work with land uses to mitigate impacts - Control of road directions & hierarchy Private Traffic: Road Hierarchy - Two loops with in/out only access points - Hierarchy roads: - Loop roads - Secondary roads - Local roads Private Traffic: Road Hierarchy Cross Section AA - Waterside - Pedestrian corridor - Residential road - Parking - Main Road Cross Section BB - Industrial Heritage - Residential road - Pedestrian corridor - Canal Cross Section CC - Mixed zone - Main Road - Pedestrian corridor Group B Morphology and Activities Mariam Al Ameri Mohamed Al Ameri Sultan Echtibi Mira Milakovic Omar Al Suwaidi Peter Vanden Abeele Musaffah 2030 Group B Morphology and Activities Introduction • Task Revitalized industrial area; • Morphology; • Typology; • Activities; Goals • Estidama principles; • Vernacular architecture; • Evolutive structures; • Affordable housing. Existing morphology As basis for new development الإكسبرس لتصويب المصد بديعة ANSAR HARDWARES CO الإكسبرس لتصويب المصد بديعة AL TOUFAN الإكسبرس لتصويب المصد بديعة AL KOSOAR TITA 250 m Transformation process phases of intervention 2 concepts: 1/ the lease expire date for short term development 2/ Mussafah Masterplan for long term development - short term - medium term - long term Proposed intervention PORT (LT) LOCAL ROADS WATER CANALS RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITY CENTRE LIGHT INDUSTRY COMMERCIAL AVENUES BOULEVARDS HIGHWAY INDUSTRIAL ZONE DISPERSED LABOUR CAMPS HANDICRAFT AREA Image ©2010 GeoEye Typology concepts - district _ medium/extra large scale _ industrial area (light+heavy) - dots _ small scale _ labor residences - strips _ small/middle scale _ light industry/handycraft - edge _ large scale _ commercial area (car showrooms, commercial walls, large retail, hotel, drive in…) - patch _ extra large scale _ residential area (low to medium income) 1 District • Redesigning the industrial fabric • Improving landscape quality District Light Industry Storage, Production Large Plot Max: 250 x 250m Open Space: Parking, Storage Small Plot Min: 50 x 50m Landscape Strip Xeri-Scaping: Shade Stormwater Storage Truck Entrance 20 m - 10 m ISOCARP 2 Dots • Introduce labour residences dispersed in the area Brief residential program: - rooms for 150 people - basic facilities / kitchen, sanitary, recreation - courtyard model - free open space - community center / mosque - pedestrian radius 500m 2 Dots GALLERY BUILDING WITH SINGLE PERSON ROOMS 4 SANITARY UNITS EACH FLOOR SHADED COURTYARD GROUND FLOOR WITH BASIC FACILITIES: KITCHEN, ENTERTAINMENT OPEN SPACE FOR SPORT, MARKET, GARDEN (MEDIUM NODE) 3 Strips • Transition mixed use zone Brief description: - mix of small scale functions: light industry, handycraft, workshops, atelier, shops... - re-use of existing fabric and buildings - organic growth/development - community center / main square with market, mosque, bus station 3 Strips Model 1, workshops - Plot 1 - Plot 2 - Plot 3 - Plot 4 Fixed Infrastructure: - Basic Building + Roof Open Space: - Parking, Working, Entrance Building: - Workshop, Office, Shop, Residence, ... Max SQM - 2 Floors - 120M Free Development of Plot 3 Strips Model 2, shelter ROOF OF FORMER INDUSTRIAL BUILDING = SHELTER OPEN SIDES FOR VENTILATION SMALL BOXES OR BUILDINGS FOR NEW USE OPEN SPACE 4 Edge • Commercial area with visibility along highway Brief description: _ mix of small and large scale commercial /car showrooms, furniture, mall, building materials…/ _ billboard location along highway for good visibility and advertising _ entrance area for Mussafah and the city 4 Edge Las Vegas strip model Higher buildings Advertising, signs Malls + showrooms directed towards highway 5 Patch • Large scale residential neighborhood — Arabic city Brief description: — adaptation of FREEJ model and KASBAH city — courtyard houses and apartments — central parking road — pedestrian walks: shared streets and sikkas — central public square with mosque — public facilities near avenue / school, hospital… — local shops and cafes along waterfront — waterfront view + canals — north-south orientation for wind and sun — 3 blocks: 80,000 people 5 Patch Residential Block Traffic System Pedestrian System Water System Estidama: Wind-Sun 25 x 50 or 35 x 35 3 Floors Average 16-20 = ± 1,000,000 m² FAR = 1 Courtyard Blocks 5 Patch Kasbah / Freej model The project is a response to the need for a new cultural hub in the heart of the city, which will serve as a catalyst for the regeneration of the area and provide a unique identity for the city. The design aims to create a vibrant and dynamic space that will attract visitors from all over the world, while also providing a sense of place and belonging for the local community. The project is located in a prime location within the city, with easy access to public transport and a range of amenities. The site is surrounded by a mix of modern and traditional architecture, creating a rich and diverse urban landscape. The design aims to integrate seamlessly into the existing context, while also making a strong visual statement. The project will include a range of facilities, including a museum, a library, a concert hall, and a range of shops and restaurants. The design will be guided by a set of principles that aim to create a space that is both functional and aesthetically pleasing. The project will also include a range of sustainable features, such as solar panels and rainwater harvesting systems, to reduce its environmental impact. The project is expected to be completed within five years, and will be a significant investment for the city. The design team is committed to delivering a high-quality project that will make a lasting contribution to the city's cultural life. Group C Social Integration, Identity, Culture Jaber Al Dharif Ahmed Al Kuwaiti Hamdan Al Mulla Muna Al Shehhi Thomas Buhler Madalen Gonzalez Bereziartua Musaffah 2030 Group C Heritage as a vehicle for social integration Introduction What is Mussafah? Describing the situation of the area - Emptiness; - Anonymous; - Out of scale; - Chaotic; - Monofunctional; - Monotonous. Defining the problem - emptiness - anonymous - out of scale - chaotic - monofunctional - monotonous → - lack of identity - no sense of place - no landmarks - gigantic scale - social disintegration Facing the problem • Enhance the heritage of the site industrial heritage • lack of identity spontaneous behaviour • no sense of place no landmarks gigantic scale • social disintegration • Structuring the space • Two levels of integration expats / expats emirati / expats Strategies - Dots - Strip - Patch Large scale - Mosque - Market - Main bus Station - Community facilities Medium scale - Mosque - Mixed-use open space - Station - Labour residence Small scale - Left-over empty plot - Social interactions - Connection to the pedestrian path Linear core Linear core shops schools open squares 2 km 500 m Central square Main gate Characterizing the street From industrial textures ... ... to urban furniture Cross section CAR WORKSHOP ST ISOCARP Patch Building: Workshop, office, shop, residence,… Open space: Parking, working, entrance Fixed infrastructure: Basic building + roof Free development of plot Plot 1, Plot 2, Plot 3, Plot 4 Max 50 m 2 floors 120 m 76 General System Intersection Nade The design of the market is inspired by the traditional Arabic market, which is known for its vibrant and lively atmosphere. The market is designed to be a place where people can come together to shop, socialize, and enjoy the local culture. The market is located in the heart of the city, making it easily accessible to all residents. The market is designed to be a place where people can come together to shop, socialize, and enjoy the local culture. The market is located in the heart of the city, making it easily accessible to all residents. The market is designed to be a place where people can come together to shop, socialize, and enjoy the local culture. The market is located in the heart of the city, making it easily accessible to all residents. Musaffah 2030 Visioning the future Group D part 2 Vision, Strategies, Implementation & Framework How do we get there? • Organizational structure • Implementation tools • Implementation process How do we get there? Organization structure (existing) Decision-makers Executive Council UPC Municipality Government agencies (Utility providers, DOT) How do we get there? Organization structure (recommended) Joined-up Decision-making process Executive Council UPC Municipality Government agencies (Utility providers, DOT) How do we get there? Implementation tools - Middle Income Housing Rule - Leasing system - Participatory forums How do we get there? Implementation process 1. Allocation of suitable plots outside Musaffah 2. Placement of new uses in empty plots 3. Beautification/image making Connectivity/Transportation Musaffah 2030 Concluding..... Concluding..... Training Results Today’s Presentation + Report • “Tornado’s in the mind”…. • Musaffa: – Not an other plan!; – A fresh look at the desired regenerating process; – New ideas / hopefully useful and implementable. Questions, comments, discussion Questions, comments, discussion شكراً ونتمنى أن نراكم قريباً Dankjewel Danke Merci Gracias Teşekkürler 谢谢 Obrigado Хвала Abu Dhabi Plan 2030 Estidama Pearl Rating System Estidama Design Framework Street Design Manual Public Realm Design Manual Emirati Neighbourhood Guidelines (Freej) Abu Dhabi Development Code Safety and Security Charette Mosque Development Regulations Interim Coastal Development Guidelines Middle Income Housing Rule
AGENDA ITEM 6b Treasure Island Development Authority City and County of San Francisco Meeting of September 10, 2014 Subject: Resolution approving modification of Memorandum of Understanding between the Treasure Island Development Authority and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission for the provision of utilities services on Treasure Island and Yerba Buena Island to extend the term of the agreement and recognize other changes (Action Item). Contact: Robert Beck, Treasure Island Director BACKGROUND In 1993, Naval Station Treasure Island ("NSTI"), consisting of both Treasure Island and portions of Yerba Buena Island, was designated for closure and disposition by the Base Realignment and Closure Commission acting under Public Law 101-510 and its subsequent amendments. The Department of Defense subsequently designated the City and County of San Francisco ("City"), and later TIDA, as the Local Reuse Authority ("LRA") responsible for the conversion of NSTI under the federal disposition process. The City and the Navy entered into the Base Caretaker Cooperative Agreement executed March 12, 1997, as amended from time to time (collectively, the “Cooperative Agreement”), for the interim management and operation of NSTI during the disposition process. Under the Cooperative Agreement, the City agreed to assume certain responsibilities for (i) operation and maintenance for the water, waste water, storm water, electric and gas utility systems on the Base, (ii) security and public health and safety services, (iii) grounds and street maintenance and repair, and (iv) property management and caretaker services. The SFPUC has been performing utility services for TIDA since 1997 and has been reimbursed for these services from utility revenues collected by the SFPUC or TIDA, as well as other TIDA revenues. The SFPUC and TIDA have prepared an MOU to memorialize the terms and conditions of the SFPUC’s continued performance of certain defined utility services, including TIDA’s reimbursement obligation. In 2013, TIDA and SFPUC entered into a Memorandum of Understanding formalizing the terms under which the SFPUC provides utilities services on Treasure Island and Yerba Buena Island. The MOU was for the term of one year subject to amendment, modification and/or extension by the consent of the agencies. DISCUSSION On July 2, 2014, TIDA and the Navy entered into an Economic Development Conveyance Memorandum of Agreement (the “EDC MOA”) which established terms under which the NSTI will be transferred to the City. An Exhibit to the EDC MOA was a Utilities Agreement which addressed permitting and other utility-specific matters arising out of the transfer of property and utility infrastructure from the Navy to TIDA. The MOU between SFPUC and TIDA is proposed to be revised to extend its term by an additional year and to acknowledge the execution of the EDC MOA and Utilities Agreement. During the coming twelve months, it is anticipated that the first land transfer from the Navy to TIDA will occur, but it is the parties intention that SFPUC will continue to provide utility services on lands transferred to TIDA as well as lands retained by the Navy consistent with past practice for, and on behalf of, TIDA to the extent feasible given the condition of the utility systems and the availability of funding. TIDA shall pay the SFPUC for the costs to provide utility services under the MOU. The parties will meet and confer on a regular basis to review charges and payment amounts and recommend changes if appropriate. The SFPUC shall recommend to TIDA annual budgets and supplemental budgets as needed to perform the Services, and the parties will meet and discuss all recommended repairs, upgrades and ongoing utility costs, and to make adjustments to budgets and charges as needed. All amounts collected by the SFPUC from NSTI residents and businesses shall be credited against amounts otherwise due and owing from TIDA to the SFPUC. This MOU is being concurrently submitted to the TIDA Board and SFPUC Commission for consideration. RECOMMENDATION Staff recommends approval of the revised Memorandum of Agreement between the Treasure Island Development Authority and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission for the provision of utilities services on Treasure Island and Yerba Buena Island. EXHIBITS A. Memorandum of Understanding between the Treasure Island Development Authority (TIDA) and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC) Regarding Utility Services at Former Naval Station Treasure Island Prepared by Robert Beck, Treasure Island Director Memorandum of Understanding between the Treasure Island Development Authority (TIDA) and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC) Regarding Utility Services at Former Naval Station Treasure Island THIS MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING (this "MOU") is entered into as of __________, 2014, by and between the CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO ("City"), a municipal corporation acting by and through the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission ("SFPUC"), and the TREASURE ISLAND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, a California non-profit public benefit corporation ("TIDA"), collectively, the "parties", upon the following facts, intentions and understandings of the parties: RECITALS A. In 1993, Naval Station Treasure Island ("NSTI"), consisting of both Treasure Island and portions of Yerba Buena Island, was designated for closure and disposition by the Base Realignment and Closure Commission acting under Public Law 101-510 and its subsequent amendments. The Department of Defense subsequently designated the City and County of San Francisco ("City"), and later TIDA, as the Local Reuse Authority ("LRA") responsible for the conversion of NSTI under the federal disposition process. B. TIDA was created in 1997 to serve as a single-purpose entity responsible for the redevelopment of NSTI. Under the Treasure Island Conversion Act of 1997, which amended Section 33492.5 of the California Health and Safety Code and added Section 2.1 to Chapter 1333 of the Statutes of 1968 (the "Act"), the California Legislature (1) designated TIDA as a redevelopment agency under the California Community Redevelopment Law with authority over NSTI, and (2) with respect to those portions of NSTI that are subject to the public trust for commerce, navigation and fisheries (the "Tidelands Trust" or "Trust"), vested in TIDA the authority to administer the Tidelands Trust as to such property in accordance with the terms of the Act. C. The City and the Navy entered into the Base Caretaker Cooperative Agreement executed March 12, 1997, as amended from time to time (collectively, the "Cooperative Agreement"), for the interim management and operation of NSTI during the disposition process. Under the Cooperative Agreement, the City assumed responsibility for certain caretaker duties at NSTI including the operation, maintenance and repair of the Navy's utility systems that service NSTI. These caretaker responsibilities were later assumed by TIDA in 1998. D. In January 2012 in response to California Assembly Bill 26, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors rescinded its designation of the TIDA as the redevelopment agency under California Community Redevelopment Law, but preserved TIDA’s status as the LRA for NSTI and all other powers and authority that the City had granted to TIDA or that TIDA otherwise had. E. The Cooperative Agreement includes information that describes in detail the caretaker duties for which TIDA is responsible under the Cooperative Agreement. F. The SFPUC has provided utility services on NSTI on behalf of TIDA, including the operation and maintenance of the active NSTI utility systems and the delivery of utilities to the occupants and users of NSTI. SFPUC activities include delivery of electricity, natural gas, water; stormwater management; and the operation and maintenance of the existing wastewater treatment plant and related facilities and pipe network on NSTI. G. In 2011, the City, TIDA and Treasure Island Community Development, LLC. ("TICD"), entered into three related agreements: a Disposition and Development Agreement (the "DDA") between TIDA and TICD; a Development Agreement (the "DA") between the City and TICD; and an Interagency Cooperation Agreement (the "ICA") between the City and TIDA (for reference purposes, all of these agreements are dated as of June 28, 2011). The DDA details a phased program for the development of NSTI including an Infrastructure Plan, Exhibit FF to the DDA, which describes the future utilities to be constructed by TICD as part of the development project. H. On July 2, 2014, TIDA and the Navy entered into an Economic Development Conveyance Memorandum of Agreement (the "EDC MOA") to convey all of NSTI other than the portions that the Navy previously conveyed to the United States Department of Labor Job Corps, the United States Coast Guard, and the Federal Highway Administration through federal-to-federal transfers. The portions of NSTI that are subject to the EDC MOA are collectively referred to in this MOU as the "Property". Beginning in 2014, the Navy will transfer the Property to TIDA, as the designated LRA, in phases in accordance with the conditions set forth in the EDC MOA (the "Transfer"). The EDC MOA addresses the obligations of the Navy and TIDA with respect to maintenance, operation, and replacement of utility systems during the course of the Transfer process through a utilities agreement between TIDA and the Navy that was entered into as Exhibit E to the EDC MOA, Form of Utilities Agreement (the "Utilities Agreement"). I. An initial transfer of property from the Navy to TIDA is anticipated in December 2014. For purposes and duration of this MOU, utility infrastructure on the Property that has not yet been transferred from the Navy to TIDA is referred to as "Pre-transfer Infrastructure" and utility infrastructure on the Property that has been transferred to TIDA is referred to as "Post-transfer Infrastructure." Pre- and Post-transfer Infrastructure does not involve infrastructure on lands owned by the United States Coast Guard, the Department of Labor, or TICD. J. The SFPUC has been performing utility services for TIDA to the extent it can be reimbursed by NSTI utility revenues imposed or collected by TIDA, or other TIDA revenues. In September, 2013, TIDA and the SFPUC entered into a Memorandum of Understanding to memorialize the terms and conditions of continued performance of certain defined utility services prior to transfer of any property on NSTI to TIDA. This MOU supersedes the 2013 MOU and includes the terms and conditions of continued performance of certain defined utility services for both Pre-transfer Infrastructure and Post-transfer Infrastructure on NSTI. K. This MOU does not apply to utility services that the SFPUC may or may not provide on lands subsequently transferred to TICD for the purposes of development at former NSTI. The SFPUC may, at its sole discretion, enter into a separate agreement or agreements with TICD to provide utility services for existing, temporary or new infrastructure that has not been accepted by a utility provider located on lands transferred to TICD. L. The parties acknowledge that the existing infrastructure on NSTI was built by the Navy and does not meet current SFPUC standards. The SFPUC conducted a condition assessment of certain utility infrastructure on NSTI, and provided those reports to TIDA. In addition, the SFPUC provided TIDA an assessment and cost estimate for the most immediate necessary capital improvements for the existing utilities on NSTI, including system reliability, regulatory compliance, and public and worker safety. Given the state of the existing infrastructure, the SFPUC may not be able to provide utility services at NSTI equivalent to the services that SFPUC provides in the other areas of San Francisco, pending construction, dedication and acceptances of new utility systems. SFPUC has worked with TIDA on plans for long term capital improvements to the substandard infrastructure through the redevelopment of NSTI. M. In October 2013, TIDA secured Board approval of capital funding in the amount of ten million dollars ($10,000,000) to address critical near term repairs to the existing infrastructure. SFPUC will coordinate with TIDA in the implementation of those capital repair projects. NOW, THEREFORE, the parties hereto agree as follows: 1. Term. The term of this MOU (the “Term”) will commence on the date on which the parties hereto have executed and delivered this MOU and will expire, unless sooner terminated, on September 30, 2015, unless amended by the parties in writing. This MOU may be terminated by either party, with or without cause, upon thirty (30) days' prior written notice. 2. Provision of Utility Services. (a) During the Term, the SFPUC agrees that it will continue to provide utility services for both Pre-transfer Infrastructure and Post-transfer Infrastructure for, and on behalf of, TIDA on NSTI consistent with past practices, and to the extent feasible given the condition of the utility systems and related infrastructure, subject to the terms and conditions of this MOU, including funding provided by TIDA for the services (the “Services”). These Services are described in Exhibit A, attached hereto. The scope of the Services may be amended by written agreement between the parties hereto. (b) The parties acknowledge that all Services rendered by the SFPUC to TIDA hereunder are as a contractor, not as a public utility provider, and the SFPUC’s expenditure authority in providing the Services is limited to the funds realized under Section 3, Compensation, below as payment for the Services. These payments are expected to include funds for the day-to-day operation and maintenance of the Pre-transfer Infrastructure and Post-transfer Infrastructure, including any claims or judgments, so that the SFPUC is made whole. The SFPUC is not obligated to provide the Services if TIDA is unable to fulfill its payment obligations set forth in Section 3 below. (c) The Navy, as the owner of Pre-transfer Infrastructure on NSTI, has responsibility for investigating and remediating Hazardous Materials consistent with Federal and State of California (“State”) law, and the terms of the EDC MOA. For Pre-transfer Infrastructure, TIDA is responsible for conveying information concerning Navy activities to SFPUC and developing and distributing Health and Safety Plans for the use of SFPUC employees performing services under this MOU. TIDA agrees to inform SFPUC as soon as practicable of any work that the Navy is performing as part of the remediation or otherwise, that will impact Pre-transfer or Post-transfer Infrastructure that the SFPUC is responsible to service under this MOU. Upon SFPUC’s request, TIDA will schedule meetings with the persons most knowledgeable about the Navy’s remediation activities potentially affecting Pre-transfer and Post-transfer Infrastructure in order to provide current information to the SFPUC. TIDA agrees to convey as-built drawings of any repaired or replaced Pre-transfer or Post-transfer Infrastructure to the SFPUC as soon as practicable. The Navy has additional responsibility for remediation of certain legacy contaminants if identified at Post-transfer Infrastructure, as detailed in the Utilities Agreement. (d) The SFPUC will inform TIDA to the extent that it becomes aware of known conditions in both Pre-transfer and Post-transfer Infrastructure related to providing Services that could result in threats to public health and safety or regulatory violations due to infrastructure failure. SFPUC will coordinate with TIDA in the implementation necessary capital repair projects. (e) SFPUC will not continue to provide Services if the General Manager of the SFPUC determines that conditions at NSTI work locations present a threat to the health and safety of SFPUC staff or contractors. SFPUC shall notify TIDA when it becomes aware of circumstances that pose an immediate or near term threat to the health or safety of SFPUC staff or others. Immediate threats to the health or safety of SFPUC staff will result in the immediate cessation of applicable Services until TIDA, or a third party, remedies the unsafe situation to a satisfactory level to permit the continuation of the applicable Services. Near term threats to the health or safety of SFPUC staff will be reported by the SFPUC to TIDA with a summary of work needed to remedy the unsafe situation, including an estimated timeframe, to the extent it can feasibly be determined, for how long the SFPUC will be able to safely provide utility services before the situation must be remedied. (f) As noted in Recital L above, the existing infrastructure on NSTI was built by the Navy and does not meet current SFPUC standards. SFPUC is not responsible for permit or regulatory violations that result from Pre-transfer or Post-transfer Infrastructure failures. For Pre-transfer Infrastructure, SFPUC will prepare the reports for State and federal wastewater, stormwater, air emissions and drinking water permits for the Navy, but the Navy is responsible for certifying and submitting those reports. The Navy is also responsible for meeting any permit violation reporting requirements for Pre-transfer Infrastructure although the SFPUC will assist as necessary in required data collection and report preparation. For Pre-transfer Infrastructure, SFPUC will provide data necessary for State reporting databases, but the Navy is ultimately responsible for certifying all monitoring data and reporting. Uploading of all data will be the responsibility of the designated Legally Responsible Official (LRO) for the permit. For Post-transfer Infrastructure, SFPUC will prepare the reports for State and federal wastewater, stormwater, air emissions and drinking water permits for TIDA, but TIDA is responsible for certifying and submitting those reports. TIDA is also responsible for meeting any permit violation reporting requirements for Post-transfer Infrastructure although the SFPUC will assist as necessary in required data collection and report preparation. For Post-transfer Infrastructure, SFPUC will provide the data necessary for the state reporting databases for TIDA, but the TIDA is ultimately responsible for certifying all monitoring data and reporting. Uploading of all data will be the responsibility of the designated Legally Responsible Official (LRO) for the permit. (g) TIDA is responsible under the Cooperative Agreement for communications with the Navy and all third parties on NSTI regarding the conditions of the Pre-transfer Infrastructure, and any interruptions to Services. The SFPUC is responsible under this MOU for communications with TIDA regarding the conditions of Post-transfer Infrastructure, to the extent known, but SFPUC does not have an obligation to TIDA to investigate, assess or report on the condition of Post-transfer Infrastructure, unless SFPUC expressly agrees to undertake such additional services funded by TIDA. TIDA is responsible under this MOU for communications with all third parties on NSTI regarding any interruptions to Services. The SFPUC will assist as needed in any such communications. 3. Compensation. (a) TIDA shall pay or cause the SFPUC to be paid for the costs to perform the Services for both Pre-transfer and Post-transfer Infrastructure, including any claims or judgments arising from such performance, such that the SFPUC is made whole (without penalty or profit). The SFPUC shall not be obligated to perform any Services for which funding is not provided. The SFPUC shall recommend to TIDA annual budgets and supplemental budgets as needed to perform the Services for both Pre-transfer and Post-transfer Infrastructure and the parties will meet and discuss all recommended repairs, upgrades and ongoing utility costs, and continue to make adjustments to budgets and charges as needed. The SFPUC agrees to invoice NSTI residents and businesses consistent with existing practices. The parties will meet and confer to discuss recommended changes to charges. All amounts collected by the SFPUC from NSTI residents and businesses shall be credited against amounts otherwise due and owing from TIDA to the SFPUC under this MOU. (b) In January 2009, the Board of Supervisors approved an agreement between the SFPUC and TIDA, where TIDA agreed to make payments to the SFPUC in the amounts set forth in the Memorandum of Understanding Regarding Utility Rate Adjustments, to reimburse the SFPUC for unpaid amounts of utility services provided during Fiscal Years 1997/1998 through 2005/2006 over a term extending to the Fiscal Year 2018/2019, and TIDA shall continue to make those payments pursuant to such MOU until all the payments have been made. (c) The parties further agree to meet and confer on a regular basis to review charges and payment amounts and make recommendations as to changes if appropriate. (d) Under no circumstance will the cost of performing the Services be paid from SFPUC enterprise revenues. 4. Cooperation. The SFPUC and TIDA agree to cooperate with one another to implement the terms of this MOU in good faith, and shall meet regularly to discuss Pre-transfer and Post-transfer Infrastructure operations and maintenance matters at NSTI. 5. Notices. Any notice given under this Agreement shall be in writing and given by delivering the notice in person, by commercial courier or by sending it by regular mail, with postage prepaid, to the mailing address listed below or other address when notice of which has been given. For the convenience of the parties, copies of notices may also be given by facsimile to the facsimile number listed below or other facsimile number when notice of which has been given. Address for SFPUC: 525 Golden Gate Ave, 13th Floor San Francisco, CA 94103 Attn: Harlan L. Kelly Jr., General Manager Fax: (415) 554-3161 Address for the Authority: 1 Avenue of the Palms, Suite 241 Treasure Island, San Francisco, CA 94130 Attn: Robert Beck, Treasure Island Director Fax: (415) 274-0229 6. Miscellaneous Provisions. a. California Law. This Agreement shall be construed and interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of California and the City, including the City’s Charter. b. Entire Agreement. Subject to any subsequent agreements authorized pursuant to this Agreement, this Agreement contains all of the representations and the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the subject matter of this Agreement. No prior drafts of this Agreement or changes from those drafts to the executed version of this Agreement shall be introduced as evidence in any litigation or other dispute resolution proceeding by any party or other person, and no court or other body should consider those drafts in interpreting this Agreement. c. Amendments. No amendment of this Agreement or any part hereof shall be valid unless it is in writing and signed by all of the parties hereto. d. No Party Drafter; Captions. The provisions of this Agreement shall be construed as a whole according to their common meaning and not strictly for or against any party in order to achieve the objectives and purposes of the parties. Any caption preceding the text of any section, paragraph or subsection or in the table of contents is included only for convenience of reference and shall be disregarded in the construction and interpretation of this Agreement. e. Further Assurances. The parties hereto agree to execute and acknowledge such other and further documents as may be necessary or reasonably required to carry out the mutual intent of the parties as expressed in this Agreement. f. Necessary Approvals. This Agreement and subsequent amendments must be approved by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission and the Treasure Island Development Authority, each in its sole and absolute discretion. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties hereto have executed this Agreement as of the date first above written. SFPUC: CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO, acting by and through its Public Utilities Commission By: ________________________________ Harlan L. Kelly, Jr. General Manager THE AUTHORITY: TREASURE ISLAND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, a California public benefit corporation By: ________________________________ Robert Beck Treasure Island Director Approved as to form: Dennis J. Herrera, City Attorney By: ________________________________ City Attorney of San Francisco EXHIBIT A DESCRIPTION OF THE UTILITY SERVICES This document provides general maintenance and operational procedures for the management of the Pre-transfer and Post-transfer Infrastructure at former NSTI, including electric, water, natural gas, stormwater, and sewer systems, by the SFPUC, as well as for establishment of rates and collection of revenue by TIDA to offset operating costs. Within the term of this Memorandum of Understanding, the SFPUC will operate utility systems in accordance with requirements of the MOU, as described in this Exhibit. 1.0 Operations 1.1 The SFPUC will operate and maintain Pre-transfer and Post-transfer Infrastructure at NSTI, including electric, natural gas, water, sanitary sewer, storm sewer and sewage treatment systems to the extent TIDA provides funds to perform such services. TIDA will defray associated costs through revenue generated by charging uniform rates established by TIDA. 1.2 All storage and handling of materials and equipment necessary for utility maintenance shall be done by the SFPUC in accordance with all applicable laws and regulations. 1.3 The SFPUC will be responsible for the purchase of all electricity, natural gas, and water consumed on NSTI. 1.4 System Extension and Provision of New Service: Subject to the availability of funds for such purpose and after a building permit and occupancy certificate are obtained from the authorities having jurisdiction and all utility service connection, inspection, and building costs and fees are paid in full, the SFPUC will provide any extension or alteration of systems along with any metering or service connections requested by TIDA for Post-transfer Infrastructure, or requested by TIDA on behalf of the Navy or other Federal users for Pre-transfer Infrastructure. TIDA is responsible to pay the SFPUC for work performed to provide new services, in addition to payments to SFPUC to cover the cost of typical operation of Pre-transfer and Post-transfer infrastructure. TIDA will recover costs for such work for other Federal users as outlined in the Base Caretaker Cooperative Agreement, or pursuant to other agreement with the entity requesting service. 2.0 Systems Definitions, Extent of Caretaker Responsibility for Utilities Distribution The physical extent of each utility system that will be operated under contract by the SFPUC is as described below. These descriptions apply to all elements of systems on Treasure Island and Yerba Buena Island and electric systems deriving in Oakland, with the exception of elements of systems serving the U.S. Coast Guard on Yerba Buena Island, elements of systems serving the Job Corps on Treasure Island, and elements of systems located on lands transferred to TIDC. 2.1 Water System: Facilities that are operated and maintained by the SFPUC consist of the existing water delivery facilities at NSTI including: 2.1.1 Supply and delivery pipelines, originating at the supply points for NSTI from SFPUC San Francisco City Distribution System. 2.1.2 Water storage facilities 2.1.3 Water pumping and chlorinating stations 2.1.4 All supply lines that cross through or under any leased or non-leased building that do not serve that building or facility. 2.1.5 For metered buildings and facilities, the SFPUC responsibility ends at the first valve or meter upstream of the building or facility. 2.1.6 For building and facilities that are not metered, the SFPUC responsibility will include all supply lines and water system facilities up to five (5) feet from any building or facility. 2.2 Sanitary Sewer System: Pre-transfer and Post-transfer Infrastructure that are operated and maintained by the SFPUC consist of the existing sanitary sewer collection and pumping facilities at NSTI, including: 2.2.1 Wastewater treatment plant including all facilities within the perimeter fence of the plant and including all piping and appurtenant facilities to the point of discharge to San Francisco Bay. 2.2.2 Wastewater-pumping/lift stations and associated control rooms 2.2.3 Mainline sewers 2.2.4 Forced mains 2.2.5 Collection and service sewers to the limit of the property line-mainline connection point. 2.3 Stormwater System: Pre-transfer and Post-transfer Infrastructure which are operated and maintained by the SFPUC consist of the existing stormwater collection and discharge facilities at NSTI including: 2.3.1 Stormwater collections system from the transition structure of surface flow entering the below surface piping (including drop inlets and other collection structures). Surface and street flows are not included. 2.3.2 Stormwater-pumping stations and associated control rooms 2.3.3 Stormwater outfalls 2.4 Natural Gas System: Natural gas is delivered to NSTI by a supply line owned by the Pacific Gas and Electric Co. (PG&E). PG&E also owns and operates the main meters and pressure reducing stations at the point of delivery. The responsibility of the SFPUC is for all facilities downstream of PG&E facilities including: 2.4.1 Supply and delivery pipeline downstream of the main meter and pressure reduction station located on NSTI. 2.4.2 Supply lines to and including that last valve or corporation stop leading to all leased, non-leased, occupied or non-occupied buildings and facilities. 2.5 Electrical Distribution System: Facilities that are operated and maintained by the SFPUC consist of the existing transformational and distribution facilities at NSTI including: 2.5.1 The entire high voltage transmission line serving Treasure Island originating at the point of connection to the breakers at the Port of Oakland's Davis Substation at Point Arnold including overhead and underground elements of the line located on the Port of Oakland and City of Oakland, the underground element extending from the Oakland Army Base including the junction with the submarine section of the line and the submarine section including the junction and the underground section of line at Treasure Island to the point of connection at the main Treasure Island substation. 2.5.2 Main substation at NSTI 2.5.3 Distribution system and related equipment between the substations and the end users 2.5.4 For metered buildings and facilities, service up to and including the meter. 2.5.5 For building and facilities which are not metered or which have dedicated switch-gear or transformers at the building or facility, service to the low side of the dedicated switch-gear or transformer and shall include the dedicated switch gear or transformer. 2.5.6 For buildings and facilities which are not metered and which do not have dedicated switch-gear or transformers at buildings or facilities, service to the weatherhead, building perimeter, or equipment connection. 2.5.7 The Davis Substation at the Port of Oakland, Oakland, CA. 3.0 Organization and Communication All essential communications with the Navy shall be conducted by TIDA. Utility trouble and emergency communications reporting procedures are detailed in Appendix A to this attachment. 4.0 Preventative Maintenance & Repair Work Regularly scheduled preventive maintenance and all non-emergency repair work will be executed as determined necessary by the SFPUC and subject to funding availability by TIDA. 5.0 Billing and Payment for Utilities Consumption 5.1 TIDA will defray costs of utility commodities purchased and costs of the operation and maintenance of the utility systems through revenues generated by charging uniform rates established by TIDA. 5.2 TIDA will enter into Utility Service Contracts (USC's) with all Federal users including the Navy or the Navy's contractors as required. The USC shall contain pertinent information regarding the utilities agreement between TIDA and the specific Federal user, including rates. The SFPUC will purchase electricity, natural gas and water. 5.3 Billing Non-Navy Tenants: The SFPUC, if requested by TIDA, will be responsible for billing, and TIDA will be responsible for obtaining payment from all Lessees, Licensees and non-Navy Federal activities permitted to receive utilities services on the former base. Charges to these tenants for use of electricity, natural gas, water, and sewer service will be determined by TIDA. In general, consumption will be read from meters which fully and exclusively measure permitted consumption. Where determined to be more economic, consumption may be determined through engineered estimates prepared by the SFPUC at the request of TIDA and paid for by TIDA. 5.4 Recovering Funds for Consumption by the Navy: Units of consumption for which the Navy is responsible have been determined through estimates mutually agreed upon by the Navy and TIDA per the terms of the Cooperative Agreement. 6.0 Outage Management 6.1 TIDA shall coordinate all scheduled and non-scheduled outages directly with the applicable parties including the Navy and its contractors. 6.2 The SFPUC will execute planned outages at the request of TIDA at the agreed upon time. 6.3 The SFPUC will take immediate action to restore service in the case of an unscheduled outage. TIDA shall reimburse the SFPUC for the cost to execute planned outages or restore service in the case of unscheduled outages. 7.0 Excavation Management TIDA will serve as the initial point of contact for all parties seeking to perform excavations at NSTI and will implement procedures to assure that no excavation is permitted without advance clearance with regard to underground utilities and from the designated Navy representative for environmental conditions, where applicable. The SFPUC will locate and, within 48 hours of notification, clearly mark all utilities in the vicinity of a proposed excavation. 8.0 Marking Utilities Locations The SFPUC will locate and clearly mark all electric, natural gas, water, storm drain and sewer utilities. Marking shall be made based on the Navy provided base maps and the best available local knowledge. The SFPUC will take best efforts to mark abandoned lines to include steam distribution based on available drawings. 9.0 Operational and Environmental Permits Operational and environmental permits pertaining to utility operations at NSTI are identified in Table A-1. Table A-1 Operational and Environmental Permits for which SFPUC Will Perform Monitoring and Preparation of Reporting Materials \| Item \| Permit Type \| Issuing Agency \| Permit Number \| Monitoring Required \| Reporting Required \| \|------\|--------------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------------\|--------------------------------\|---------------------\|--------------------\| \| 001 \| NPDES permit for waste water treatment plant \| California Regional Water Quality Control Board \| CA0110116 \| Yes \| Yes \| \| 002 \| Domestic Water Supply Permit \| California Health and Welfare Agency \| System No. 3810702 \| Yes \| Yes \| \| 003 \| Permit to Operate all Air Emissions Sources \| Bay Area Air Quality Management District \| Plant #479 \| Yes \| Yes \| \| 004 \| NPDES permit for stormwater discharge \| California Regional Water Quality Control Board \| CA S000001 Order No.97-03-DWQ Facility WDID No. 238S012140 \| Yes \| Yes \| Note: Permit numbers as of July 1, 2014; permit types and numbers are subject to change. The SFPUC will oversee the monitoring and preparation of material for the reporting requirements of operational permits as long as sufficient funding for these Services is provided by TIDA. Final submittal of required reports shall be done by the permit holder. For the duration of this MOU, the SFPUC will support the TIDA and Navy through TIDA in the enforcement of permit requirements and the abatement of non-compliance violations noted during tenant/lessee inspections. 10.0 Environmental Hazards 10.1 Definition: Environmental hazards, for the purpose of this discussion, are defined as historic spills or releases of hazardous substances or newly identified historic releases of hazardous substances to soil or groundwater which pose potential hazards to Caretaker personnel attempting to perform utility systems maintenance or repair or which may pose a threat to human health in general or to the environment. This definition does not include SFPUC use of potentially hazardous products and materials where required for utility system operation and maintenance activities. 10.2 Awareness: TIDA shall inform the SFPUC of all informational sources that identify locations and types of environmental hazards at NSTI in order to avoid contact with contaminated materials by personnel engaged in utilities operations. In this regard, TIDA will coordinate with the Navy to obtain and distribute the most current maps and characterization information for environmental hazards. 10.3 Procedures: Safety procedures normally observed by the SFPUC will be observed in order to minimize contact with contaminated soil. The following procedures will be followed by SFPUC personnel in the event work is required in an area documented to contain contamination or if undocumented contamination is encountered or suspected. 10.3.1 Planned Excavations: In conformance with excavation permit request procedures presented in paragraph 7.0 above, TIDA will coordinate with the Navy for any excavations per the terms of the Cooperative Agreement. The SFPUC will perform the excavation in accordance with SFPUC health and safety practices, and applicable Federal, State, or local regulations. The SFPUC will perform the excavation using any required protective equipment. 10.3.2 Unplanned Evacuations: When soil contamination is encountered or suspected in the course of unplanned excavations, the SFPUC will cease work and immediately contact TIDA. TIDA will coordinate with the Navy, as applicable to evaluate conditions and determine a course of action. 10.4 Disposal: The SFPUC is not responsible for the remediation or disposal of any contaminated excavation spoils. APPENDIX A UTILITIES TROUBLE/EMERGENCY CALL REPORTING PROCEDURES GENERAL EMERGENCY NUMBER: 311 or 911 (as appropriate) SFPUC San Francisco City Distribution Division (CDD): (415) 550-4956 Call 911, as appropriate, where it has been determined or is suspected that immediate action is required to eliminate a threat to human health, the environment, to protect property, to avoid disruption of essential operations, or for specific problems including civil disturbance, traffic and fire and safety. All other utility trouble calls should be placed to 311. 1. 311 will receive a utility trouble call and contact CDD Dispatch at (415) 550-4956. The CDD Dispatch will assign a Trouble Call Number (TC#) and record information in Treasure Island book. 2. CDD will dispatch trouble call to the appropriate unit: a. Water Problems – To on-call team b. Sewer Problems – (415) 920-4700 (Southeast Plant, Chief’s Office) c. Electrical Problems – (209) 989-2099 d. Natural Gas Problems – (415) 760-5179 for SFPUC and Department of Public Works “natural gas” plumbers (not PG&E). 3. CDD will notify in the order below the following individuals for emergencies involving environmental issues, broken water mains, downed electrical lines, loss of electric power to an area, any sewer overflow/spill, fire, or other emergency involving personal injury or significant property damage: a. Joseph Carlevaris (Treasure Island Buildings & Grounds Supervisor) (415) 554-1572 (office) (415) 238-8549 (cell) If unavailable, notify: b. Sam Larano (SFPUC Project Manager) (415) 554-0724 (office) (415) 370-2549 (cell) c. Richard Stephens (Utility Services Manager) (415) 227-8501 (office) (415) 238-5600 (cell) 4. If directed, CDD dispatch shall notify: a. SFPUC Communications Tyrone Jue (Manager, Communications) (415) 554-3247 (office) (415) 290-0163 (cell) b. Treasure Island Development Authority Robert Beck (Director) (415) 274-0662 (office) (415) 794-1129 (cell) c. Treasure Island Development Authority Peter Summerville (415) 274-0665 (office) (415) 740-8488 (cell) d. Doug De Long (Environmental Compliance Safety & Security Manager, Navy Caretaker Site Office) (415) 743-4713 (office) (510) 772-8832 (cell) If unavailable, notify: e. Patricia McFadden (Base Realignment and Closure Leader, Navy Caretaker Site Office) (415) 743-4720 (office) (415) 559-9961 (cell) [Memoranda of Understanding Between the Treasure Island Development Authority and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission regarding provision of utilities services on Treasure Island and Yerba Buena Island] RESOLUTION APPROVING MODIFICATION OF MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THE TREASURE ISLAND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY AND THE SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION FOR THE PROVISION OF UTILITIES SERVICES ON TREASURE ISLAND AND YERBA BUENA ISLAND TO EXTEND THE TERM OF THE AGREEMENT AND RECOGNIZE OTHER CHANGES. WHEREAS, Former Naval Station Treasure Island is a military base located on Treasure Island and Yerba Buena Island (together, the "Base"), which is currently owned by the United States of America, acting by and through the Department of the Navy; and, WHEREAS, The Base was selected for closure and disposition by the Base Realignment and Closure Commission in 1993, acting under Public Law 101-510, and its subsequent amendments; and, WHEREAS, On March 12, 1997, the City and the Navy executed the Base Caretaker Cooperative Agreement in which the City agreed to assume certain caretaker responsibilities for the interim management and operation of the Base during the disposition process; and, WHEREAS, Under the Cooperative Agreement the City, and later TIDA, agreed to assume, in addition to other responsibilities, certain responsibilities for operation and maintenance of the water, waste water, storm water, electric and gas utility systems on the Base; and, WHEREAS, The SFPUC has been performing utility services for the Base since 1997; and, WHEREAS, In 2013, TIDA and SFPUC entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (the “Memoranda of Understanding”) with a term of twelve months, subject to extension, to memorialize the terms and conditions of performance by the SFPUC of certain defined utility services consistent with the Cooperative Agreement and past practice; and, WHEREAS, On July 2, 2014, TIDA and the Navy entered into an Economic Development Conveyance Memorandum of Agreement (the “EDC MOA”) which established schedule and terms of conveyance of NSTI to TIDA; and WHEREAS, THE EDC MOA included as an Exhibit a Utilities Agreement addressing utility-specific matters arising out of the transfer of property and infrastructure from the Navy to TIDA; and, WHEREAS, TIDA and SFPUC staff have negotiated a revised Memorandum of Understanding, a copy of which is on file with the Board Secretary, extending the term for an additional twelve months and recognizing the execution of the EDC MOA and Utilities Agreement; now, therefore, be it RESOLVED, That the Authority Board of Directors approves the Memorandum of Understanding between the TIDA and the SFPUC in substantially the form on file with the Board Secretary; and, be it FURTHER RESOLVED, That the Authority Board of Directors authorizes the Treasure Island Director to enter into any additions, amendments or other modifications to the Memorandum of Understanding that the Treasure Island Director determines, following consultation with the City Attorney, are in the best interests of the City, that do not materially increase the obligations or liabilities of the TIDA, that do not materially reduce the rights of the TIDA, and are necessary or advisable to complete the transactions contemplated by the Memorandum of Understanding, such determination to be conclusively evidenced by the execution and delivery by the Treasure Island Director of the documents; and, be it FURTHER RESOLVED, The Treasure Island Director shall return to the Authority Board each year, in connection with any extension of the Cooperative Agreement with the Navy, to review and possibly extend the term of the Memorandum of Understanding. CERTIFICATE OF SECRETARY I hereby certify that I am the duly elected Secretary of the Treasure Island Development Authority, a California nonprofit public benefit corporation, and that the above Resolution was duly adopted and approved by the Board of Directors of the Authority at a properly noticed meeting on September 10, 2014. Jean-Paul Samaha, Secretary
hiPathDB: a human-integrated pathway database with facile visualization Namhee Yu\textsuperscript{1}, Jihae Seo\textsuperscript{1,2}, Kyoohyoung Rho\textsuperscript{1}, Yeongjun Jang\textsuperscript{1}, Jinah Park\textsuperscript{1}, Wan Kyu Kim\textsuperscript{2} and Sanghyuk Lee\textsuperscript{1,2,} \textsuperscript{1}Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIIC, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806 and \textsuperscript{2}Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology (ERCSB), Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea Received August 15, 2011; Revised October 10, 2011; Accepted November 9, 2011 ABSTRACT One of the biggest challenges in the study of biological regulatory networks is the systematic organization and integration of complex interactions taking place within various biological pathways. Currently, the information of the biological pathways is dispersed in multiple databases in various formats. hiPathDB is an integrated pathway database that combines the curated human pathway data of NCI-Nature PID, Reactome, BioCarta and KEGG. In total, it includes 1661 pathways consisting of 8976 distinct physical entities. hiPathDB provides two different types of integration. The pathway-level integration, conceptually a simple collection of individual pathways, was achieved by devising an elaborate model that takes distinct features of four databases into account and subsequently reformatting all pathways in accordance with our model. The entity-level integration creates a single unified pathway that encompasses all pathways by merging common components. Even though the detailed molecular-level information such as complex formation or post-translational modifications tends to be lost, such integration makes it possible to investigate signaling network over the entire pathways and allows identification of pathway cross-talks. Another strong merit of hiPathDB is the built-in pathway visualization module that supports explorative studies of complex networks in an interactive fashion. The layout algorithm is optimized for virtually automatic visualization of the pathways. hiPathDB is available at http://hiPathDB.kobic.re.kr. INTRODUCTION Pathways are the essential units of biological processes and embody the regulatory steps of cellular activities. According to Pathguide, a resource that compiles the resources related to pathways and molecular interactions, there are 59 pathway-related resources and 151 166 pathway entries within (1). KEGG, Reactome, BioCyc are among the best-known primary databases developed and maintained by a few dedicated research groups (2–4). BioCarta (http://www.biocarta.com) and WikiPathways are the examples of community-based resources depending on experts in specific subjects (5,6). With multiple pathway databases in distinct formats available, data integration has become an important issue in utilizing these resources systematically and efficiently. Pathway interaction database (PID) from the NCI-Nature resources and Pathway Commons from the MSKCC and the University of Toronto groups are two notable examples of pathway integration (7,8). Importantly, integrations of pathways extend the knowledge significantly beyond that contained within individual pathway. For example, the TNF signaling pathway in Reactome contains only 5 interactions, whereas NCI-Nature PID integrating BioCarta with Reactome contains 28 interactions. The critical issue in pathway data integration is establishing a standard format for exchange. Even though the Biological Pathways Exchange (BioPAX) and Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) have been proposed as standards for pathway data exchange in the XML format (9,10), pathway integration is still a non-trivial task since each pathway database was constructed based on its own pathway model. In other words, the data models reflect the researcher’s view on pathways and are often incompatible with simple integration by compilation and format unification. Because of these difficulties, most integrated pathway databases are simple collections of... existing databases in the original format without serious remodeling. Such limitation notwithstanding, they still enable identification of all pathways in different original databases with a single gene or keyword search. For example, both PathJam and HPD cover four pathway databases (NCI-Nature PID, Reactome, BioCarta and KEGG), but the integration is done at the level of gene lists, not interactions (11,12). This makes it difficult to analyze or visualize pathways from different databases with a coherent and comprehensive perspective. In principle, pathways can be defined as the compiled relationships among the biological entities in various given contexts. Although biologists typically focus on limited portions related to specific biological phenomena, it is often the case that pathways previously thought independent turn out to be interconnected. Consequently, as more regulatory relationships accumulate, pathway integration at the molecular level becomes increasingly informative. It is thus necessary to develop means to explore the pathway space efficiently. Commercial software such as Ingenuity Pathway Analysis or MetaCore collects such information from the literature by manual curation but has disadvantage of inherent inefficiency as well as high costs for the access. Visualization of pathways is another challenge in the pathway analysis. Pathway resources usually provide diagrams drawn manually with no allowance of interactive editing (e.g. KEGG and BioCarta). While they provide informative knowledge compiled by experts, an interactive interface for browsing and extending part of pathways is missing. Most programs for pathway visualization are stand-alone applications mainly for editing purposes, as can be seen in the example of GenMAPP and PathVisio (13,14). Combining integrated pathway data with a powerful interactive visualization software is necessary to help biologists obtain insights for underlying molecular mechanisms. Currently, ConsensusPathDB (CPDB) is the only pathway database in this category, but their graphical interface is too complicated for facile interpretation (15). Here, we introduce a new integrated pathway database with effective visualization support for interactive pathway modeling. Integration at both pathway and entity levels are achieved for four of the most widely used pathway databases: NCI-Nature PID, Reactome, BioCarta and KEGG. The key advantage is the utilization of an elaborate pathway model which accommodates complex biological functions with minimum loss of detailed information. SYSTEM OVERVIEW The overview of hiPathDB workflow is shown in Figure 1. Pathway data were collected from four different sources: NCI-Nature PID, Reactome, BioCarta and KEGG. In total, 1661 pathways consisting of 24879 interactions among 8976 distinct physical entities are included. Each signaling step from each of the databases was remodeled in a coherent fashion rather than simply compiled. Detailed description of our pathway modeling is provided in the following section. Entities in the reformatted pathways were integrated at the molecular level to create a unified superpathway. This allows users to explore the entire network of molecular pathways. Detailed information on data integration procedure is provided in the website online documentation. The website supports both gene and pathway queries. A Java applet for pathway visualization was developed for interactive visualization and for editing of the reformatted pathways and unified superpathway. A stand-alone in-house program MONGKIE, dedicated for pathway visualization, was modified to be implemented as an applet. DATA IMPORT AND PATHWAY REMODELING* As most pathway databases support data exchange in the BioPAX format, we adopted BioPAX (level 2) as the standard format for data collection. However, it should be noted that a simple binary model of nodes and edges cannot describe the cellular processes properly. For example, physical entities in the BioPAX data model can be any of DNA, RNA, protein and complex. In addition, molecular interactions cover diverse types of processes such as biochemical reaction, complex assembly, transport, catalysis and modulation. Therefore, we needed to devise an elaborate pathway and database model to integrate pathways from different sources with minimal loss of information. The database schema of entity-relation diagram reflecting these characteristics is provided in the website documentation. Data for NCI-Nature curation and BioCarta were downloaded from the NCI-Nature PID database. The Reactome (release version 32) was obtained from the website. The downloaded XML files were parsed by using our in-house Python parsers for BioPAX data. Parsed data were converted according to our own pathway data model and stored into the relational database. Manual curation was necessary for nodes without cross-reference information. The KEGG database also provides their data in the BioPAX format, but the information content in this format was only partial. Thus, we downloaded the data in the KGML format and converted them into the BioPAX format, which required careful comparison of the two models to identify controller nodes. Several additional data such as enzyme information were also obtained using the KEGG API. For visualization, we introduced the concept of ‘abstract node’ to be compliant with the BioPAX entity concept as shown in Figure 2. The abstract node can be a usual node, a pseudo node, or even a complex node. As exemplified in Figure 2, the pseudo node (gray circle) and complex node (red circle) can be used to describe a physical or functional aggregation of BAX, BCL2L1 and BCL2. Our data model also supports activation (BAX) and translocation (CYCS) processes. All pathways in the four pathway databases were imported and reformatted according to the procedure as described above. Figure 3 shows pathway visualization of the reformatted pathway in hiPathDB for the BioCarta ‘apoptotic signaling in response to DNA damage’ pathway. Visualization was done using the website applet. Comparison of this image with the original BioCarta image available at http://www.biocarta.com/pathfiles/h_chemicalPathway.asp readily reveals that our modeling captures most of the important biological details in the original database: the biological process indicated as ‘response to radiation’ (upper right) promotes BID cleavage which activates BAX; DNA damage causes activation of ATM-TP53 signaling which is followed by BAX transcription and translocation into the cytoplasm; activated BAX promotes cytochrome C (CYCS) release from mitochondria to cytoplasm by forming a complex with BCL2 and BCL2L1 which in turn inhibits the release of CYCS. Further, it can be seen that CYCS subsequently activates a complex consisted of CASP9 and APAF-1 (a protease released from mitochondria), which triggers the caspase cascade by cleaving and activating caspases (CASP3, CASP6, CASP7) ultimately leading to apoptosis (upper left). That AKT1 activation inhibits the whole apoptosis process by inactivating both CASP9-APAF-1 complex and BAD protein is also incorporated as a part of the overall process. This example demonstrates that the full details of apoptosis process can be gleaned from our reformatted pathway in an intuitive manner. It is noteworthy that our pathway diagram, produced almost automatically with minor interactive modifications, is as informative as the original BioCarta picture that was drawn manually by experts in the field. UNIFIED SUPERPATHWAY We also implemented pathway integration at the entity level. In this gene-centric model, the entities are mapped to the standard identifier, merged and unified as non-redundant data set. These non-redundant set of nodes are interconnected into a single unified pathway like the superpathway used in BioCyc. The resulting unified pathway can be used to explore the molecular network and to identify pathway cross-talks efficiently. As genes, proteins and chemicals often have multiple synonyms and homographs where two or more different biochemical entities have the same symbol, unique standard identifiers for the entities are required. We adopted the Entrez GeneID for genes and their products, PubChem compound IDs for chemicals. Mapping was processed using cross-references, and the process labels were used as the identifiers for the relevant biological processes. In the entity-level integration, it is virtually impossible to retain the biological details of pathways. Therefore, we converted the pathway model in the BioPAX format into Figure 2. Data model for pathway integration. See the text for description of the abstract node, pseudo node (gray circle) and complex node (red circle). Figure 3. Reformatted modeling of the BioCarta ‘apoptotic signaling in response to DNA damage’ pathway. Note that + and – next to the gene circles indicate the active and inactive forms, respectively. Small red ovals indicate translocation, and the new location of protein is provided next to the oval (yellow box, biological processes; blue circle, gene or protein; gray circle, pseudo node; red circle, complex node). the Simplified Interaction Format (SIF) as described in the Pathway Commons resource with minor modifications of the rules. This conversion led to representation of all pathway interactions as binary pair-wise interactions, suitable for network analysis, visualization and navigation. Because the molecular details are already lost, we chose not to discriminate the gene products with different active states or cellular locations to increase the number of equivalent entities. As an illustration for the utility of the unified superpathway, we again examined the BAX-mediated apoptosis process. Figure 4 shows a part of the unified pathway related to BAX, BCL2 and CYCS. Binary networks centered around BAX (lower right) were expanded at nodes BCL2 and CYCS. The key features of apoptosis process due to DNA damage remain essentially identical to the process illustrated in the BioCarta pathway (Figure 3; ‘DNA damage’-TP53-BAX-BCL2-CYCS-caspases). However, the unified pathway shows several additional nodes from the NCI-Nature PID and Reactome databases. Among them, NFκB, CREBBP and SP1 represent the new nodes with important regulatory functions in various cellular processes. The NCI-Nature PID indicates that the stress response also leads to apoptosis via CYCS. Expanding at other important nodes would display numerous other genes and processes related to BAX, BCL2 and CYCS. Even though the details of molecular mechanism are lost in the unification process, it is evident that the unified superpathway is useful to survey the molecular network in more comprehensive way and to identify key regulators and pathway cross-talks. WEB INTERFACE AND IMPLEMENTATION The hiPathDB website incorporates various user-friendly features. Searches for physical entities can be carried out either for unified superpathway or for the remodeled pathways. Diverse ID types can be entered in the query window. Querying multiple gene names gives all the pathways, entities and edge relations organized in an intuitive way. Pathway search supports the auto-complete mode in the input process to enable users to find and select queries quickly from the recommended list. Most useful features available in other pathway databases are implemented as well to enhance user convenience. The visualization tightly integrated with the database is the strongest merit of hiPathDB. The software supports diverse types of node–edge relations such as aggregation, complex formation, translocation and biochemical reactions. The force-directed layout algorithm is optimized for pathway visualization. In addition to the basic operations of zooming and panning, coherently working multiple windows (pathway, overview, description and information windows) facilitate network navigation and information extraction substantially. Users can delete nodes directly within network window to reduce network complexities. hiPathDB also supports node expansion in the unified superpathways. The response time is an important issue in supporting interactive visualization. To reduce the response time, we made two additional mirror sites in US/Canada and Europe regions using the Amazon Web Services (http://us.hipathdb.kobic.re.kr and http://eu.hipathdb.kobic.re.kr). The amount of data transfer was minimized as well. Even though the current visualization applet is one of the most powerful programs, the MONGKIE program has several other modules useful for pathway analysis. This includes the network clustering, expression overlay, etc. For users inclined to utilize features in the MONGKIE, hiPathDB support exporting pathway diagrams in the GraphML format. CONCLUSION hiPathDB is an integrated database for human pathways with a state-of-the-art visualization. Our data modeling maintains the molecular details of signaling processes. The unified superpathway achieved by entity level integration facilitates network analysis and navigation. With these unique features, hiPathDB should be a valuable addition for communities interested in analyzing pathways. There are many aspects to improve, and we plan to add other pathway and interaction databases in the near future. The website and visualization software will be improved to enhance user convenience based on community feedbacks. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors gratefully acknowledge the dedicated effort of curation teams that are creating and sharing biological pathway information. They also appreciate Ms Sun Young Ji and Mr Ji Han Kim for helping the website construction. FUNDING KRIBB Research Initiative Program; National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No. 2011-0002321, No. 2011-0019745, No. R15-2006-020); GIST Systems Biology Infrastructure Establishment Grant (2011) through Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology (ERCSB). Funding for open access charge: KRIBB Research Initiative Program. Conflict of interest statement. None declared. REFERENCES 1. Bader,G.D., Cary,M.P. and Sander,C. (2006) Pathguide: a pathway resource list. 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Expert considerations and consensus for using dogs to detect human SARS-CoV-2-infections Sebastian Meller1, Maryam Sultan Ali Al Khatri2, Hamad Khatir Alhammadi3, Guadalupe Álvarez4, Guillaume Alvergnat3, Lécio Câmara Alves5, Chris Callewaert6, Charles G. B. Caraguël7, Paula Carancci4, Anne-Lise Chaber7, Marios Charalambous8, Loïc Desquilbet8, Hans Ebbers9, Janek Ebbers9, Dominique Grandjean10, Claire Guest11, Hugues Guyot12, Anna Hielm-Björkman13, Amy Hopkins11, Lothar Kreienbrock14, James G. Logan15,16, Hector Lorenzo4, Rita de Cassia Carvalho Maia5, Juan M. Mancilla-Tapia17, Fernando O. Mardones18, Leon Mutesa19,20, Sabin Nsanzimana21, Cynthia M. Otto22, Marília Salgado-Caxito18, Florencia de los Santos4, Jeine Emanuele Santos da Silva23, Esther Schalke24, Clara Schoneberg14, Anísio Francisco Soares23, Friederike Twele1, Victor Manuel Vidal-Martínez25, Ariel Zapata4, Natalia Zimin-Veselkoff18† and Holger A. Volk1,26† 1Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany, 2Dubai Police K9, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 3International Operations Department, Ministry of Interior of the United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 4Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil, 6Center for Hospital Ecology and Technology, 7Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, 8School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia, 9Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, IMRB, Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France, 10Kynoscience UG, Hörlstel, Germany, 11École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France, 12Medical Detection Dogs, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom, 13Clinical Department of Production Animals, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium, 14Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, 15Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany, 16Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, 17Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Dagenham, United Kingdom, 18Laboratory OBI K19 Biodetection Center, Hermosillo, Mexico, 19Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal and Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, 20Center for Human Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda, 21Rwanda National Joint Task Force COVID-19, Kigali, Rwanda, 22University Teaching Hospital of Butare, Butare, Rwanda, 23Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, 24Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Introduction The respiratory coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) quickly developed into a pandemic (1). Even though laboratory diagnostic tests and vaccines were consequently developed (2, 3), the exploration of rapidly deployable, more reliable tools for addressing the current and future pandemics was vital. Toward this goal, researchers worldwide evaluated the use of medical detection dogs as a rapid, reliable and cost-effective screening method for SARS-CoV-2 infections (4). The ability of dogs to distinguish diseases by their high-resolution sense of smell is based on the volatile organic compound (VOC)-hypothesis (5). Numerous infectious and non-infectious diseases change metabolic processes releasing characteristic VOC-patterns in the form of an “olfactory fingerprint” (6–10). Many studies have shown that dogs can detect metabolic disorders, such as cancer (11) and hypoglycemia (12), predict epileptic seizures (13, 14), or even distinguish various pathogens (8, 15–17). Approximately 78% of the 27 SARS-CoV-2-canine detection studies reviewed by Meller et al. yielded > 80% sensitivity and approximately 60% of studies yielded > 95% of specificity (4), highlighting the potential of the dog as a “diagnostic system” and its recommendation for certain settings. Despite these promising results, all studies published up to now differed in numerous design features. They were mostly designed as pilot studies and case-control selection of patients was mostly favored over a more preferable cross-sectional (“cohort”) selection [study quality assessment was conducted and presented by Meller et al. (4)]. The aim of this comprehensive review summary is to provide a general overview of the divergent aspects that may impact canine disease detection and to provide recommendations for future deployment of medical detection dogs (see also summary in Table 1). Specific emphasis is placed on the choice of dogs, training paradigms, safety aspects, sample characteristics, pre-screen processing (e.g., inactivation), and screening-population and its environment related aspects, respectively (see also Figure 1 and Supplementary Figure 1), providing an outlook and proposals for the future standardization in the use of dogs for disease detection. Ultimately, this report provides a blueprint for the potential use of medical detection dogs in future epidemics and pandemics. Disease- or metabolism-derived volatile organic compounds Infectious and non-infectious diseases can produce metabolic alterations that may be associated with the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the body (6–10). In this way, specific volatile biochemical fingerprints may be detected and function as biomarkers for corresponding diseases and their clinical course, provided that appropriate sensory means are available (18, 19). The detective olfactory potential of dogs and other animals has been researched in the medical field concerning various infectious viral, bacterial, and parasitic as well as non-infectious diseases and disorders like epilepsy, diabetes, and cancer (5, 11, 20, 21). Horvath et al. demonstrated that dogs can differentiate between normal and neoplastic tissue as well as non-neoplastic disease processes such as inflammation, necrosis or emergence of metabolic products (22). For example, Ehmann et al. reported that detection dogs were able to differentiate lung cancers from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by sniffing the breath (23). The occurrence of specific disease-associated VOC-profiles using chemical analytical methods and technical sensory devices was shown in ovarian (24) and breast cancer (25) or in various respiratory diseases (26) and other infections (27). By applying quantitative analytical methods in animal or in vitro models, interesting questions about the temporal and quantitative dynamics of VOC-production across infection states and progress can be addressed. Traxler et al. (28) detected VOC-changes in the breath of pigs after influenza A infection versus control animals. Interestingly, none of the animals in the study displayed clinical signs, indicating that changes in VOCs still remain despite a lack of significant host immune responses (28). Another study measured VOCs produced by B lymphoblastoid cells following infection with specific avian and human influenza strains in vitro. VOCs did change depending on infection status, which coincided with the many cellular processes that occur when an organism becomes infected (29). Gould et al. summarized that, in various viral infections, glycolysis in host cells is elevated due to the necessary energy supply for replication, accompanied with increased production of fatty acids, alkanes and related products (30). SARS-CoV-2-infections were shown to lead to characteristic immune and metabolic dysregulation in proteins and lipids in blood serum (31). SARS-CoV-2-specific biochemical processes, such ### TABLE 1 Summarizing comments and recommendations for medical canine scent detection of samples from SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. \| Topic \| Comments \| \|--------------------------------------------\|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Disease- or metabolism-derived VOCs \| Canine detection of SARS-CoV-2-infection is thought to be mainly based on the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Canine detection of VOCs can occur in real-time with high level of accuracy. However, VOC-detection is susceptible to environmental factors which can be difficult to standardize. The success of medical detection dogs’ VOC-detection depends largely on training with the right variety of target odors. \| \| Ethical considerations \| Dogs have different personalities and experiences. They are sentient beings. The learning method should only include positive reinforcement. Dogs can fatigue and get frustrated, which should be considered in the training procedure and when they are deployed in the field. Thus, dogs require adequate work/break cycles and regular positive rewards for their work. \| \| Dog selection \| Not only anatomical but also the dog’s behavior and personality significantly impacts suitability as a detection dog. Physical and mental fitness as well as high levels of motivation are of crucial importance. Dogs should have a solid willingness to work with humans. Prior detection experience can be helpful. \| \| Dog training \| Appropriate training is the key for success in detection. Defining the correct target scent in advance is challenging, especially when the VOC-profile of interest remains unknown. The right grade of olfactory generalization vs. discrimination has to be achieved during training. Sufficient variety of new samples of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients at different stages of the disease process are here required. Duration of training can be variable and should be tailored to the individual dog’s success rate. Few days of “retraining” dogs after a longer break are sufficient to reach initial levels of detection accuracy. Line-up, scent-wheel, and detection dog training system (DDTS) have been used for training successfully. Apart from imprinting the specific scent to be recognized, also the search context needs to be trained for. While automated approaches such as DDTS might offer a more randomized and rapid training by providing higher repetition rates, line-up settings are closer to the search context in the field. Blank trials are important in order to test for forced choice decisions and to understand the individual dog’s frustration threshold. Dogs should not only be trained with negative samples, but also ideally with samples from other viral respiratory infections to reduce false-positive rates. Further work is needed to standardize and certify training procedures. \| \| Susceptibility of dogs for SARS-CoV-2 \| Dogs can be infected with SARS-CoV-2, but have a low susceptibility to the virus. Clinical signs are, if at all present, mild. However, biosecurity measures for safe sample presentation, such as virus inactivation and/or safety sample containers during training and/or deployment are recommended, not only for the dogs but also for the handlers. \| \| Sample types \| Saliva, sweat, urine, and breath but also respiratory secretions and immediate body odor of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals express specific COVID-19-associated VOC-profiles, which can be used for training and testing. Sweat collected with cotton pads is not thought to be infectious. Other sample types can be infectious and should be inactivated or presented in a container ensuring biosecurity. Only inactivation procedures should be used, which have shown not to alter the target scent and could bias canine scent detection (see below). Most studies have used sweat samples for practicality reasons. However, it is not clear if cotton-bound VOCs have a similar storage resilience than fluid-bound VOCs such as saliva or urine, which may impact training. Further work is required to provide standardized sample materials. \| \| Virus inactivation \| Beta-propiolactone (BPL), heat, ultraviolet radiation (UV), and detergent/solvent are possible measures for virus inactivation. While BPL does not appear to alter canine VOC-detection, heat and detergents might have a greater impact on altering VOC-profiles, which remains ambiguous for UV. However, the use of BPL-inactivation is more time-consuming, requiring laboratories with high safety standards. The least VOC-altering method is to omit inactivation, which works especially well for sweat samples, providing a neglectable risk for infection. In general, biosecurity aspects should never be disregarded and be approved by authorities. \| \| Training sample alternatives \| Currently, well-established sample alternatives for a more standardized training for COVID-19-detection do not exist. Artificial “VOC-cocktails,” samples from animal models, cell cultures, or pure virus protein are currently being tested and the tests are not yet conclusive. It is likely that proteins can only be used in parts of the training and that the certification procedure will require samples from SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. \| \| Target population and operational applicability \| Studies showed high accuracies for canine COVID-19-detection within seconds with similar or better detection performances than with antigen tests. Depending on disease prevalence and characteristics of the population to be screened, the performance can alter. To ensure certainty in defining the infection/disease status of an individual, multiple back-up dogs can be involved. Changing or distracting environmental factors in the operational setting should be reduced or avoided. \| FIGURE 1* Mind map representing key areas of interest highlighted and discussed by the group of experts. VOC, volatile organic compound. as those associated with modes of entry and replication in cells, combined with induction of humoral and cellular immunologic reactions as well as the dynamic cytokine release might play an important role in COVID-19-specific VOC-expression (32). The smell of COVID-19 Various studies exist, which give striking insights into SARS-CoV-2-VOC-profiles with differing identifiable VOCs mainly via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) or related techniques (33–38). In principle, spectrometric techniques enable the identification and quantification of VOCs in breath samples, preceded by gas chromatographic separation if needed. Prior studies have reported quantifiable differences in about two dozen VOCs between individuals with COVID-19 versus healthy individuals as well as individuals with other respiratory diseases. Particularly striking here are COVID-19-associated elevated concentrations of certain alcohols such as butanol and propanol or derivatives (33, 35, 37, 38), aldehydes such as heptanal, octanal, and nonanal (33, 34, 36), as well as ketones such as acetone and butanone or derivatives (33, 38). Other substances with reported increased concentrations are various alkanes, alkenes, further aldehydes, aromatic substances, and their derivatives (33, 34, 36–38). Decreased VOC-concentrations in COVID-19-breath were shown for methanol (33) and – in contrast to Ruszkiewicz et al. (33) – acetone (35). In addition, Feuerherd et al. showed by headspace air sampling of virus-infected cell cultures that specific differences in 2-butanone, nonane, and pentanal concentrations represent robust discriminatory features between SARS-CoV-2-, human coronavirus NL63-, and influenza A virus subtype H1N1-infections (39). Similarly, Steppert et al. were able to discriminate between individuals infected with influenza A virus or SARS-CoV-2 analyzing breath samples via IMS coupled with a multicapillary column (40). In a study from ten Hagen et al. dogs were able to discriminate supernatants of SARS-CoV-2-infected human cell cultures from 15 other viruses including coronaviridae, orthomyxoviridae, paramyxoviridae, pneumoviridae, adenovirus, and rhinovirus among others (41). The use of electronic noses (eNoses) has also been explored by some studies for the detection of COVID-19. Sensors and nanotechnology allow to detect differences in the chemical composition of air samples by means of chemical reactions with sensor arrays consisting of specific coatings of certain metal oxides, organic polymers, nanoparticles, etc. (42, 43). The emerging differences in resistance and conductivity produce corresponding “volatile finger-” or “breathprints” via artificial neural networks (44). eNoses were able to discriminate breath samples between individuals with symptomatic COVID-19 versus healthy individuals (45–47) or other respiratory diseases (48), Post-COVID-19 condition (49), and nonsymptomatic COVID-19 (47, 50). Two recent studies provided evidence that also dogs can detect Post-COVID-19 conditions (51, 52). Detection of disease-related volatile organic compounds by devices versus dogs Despite good discriminatory potential within individual studies, the comparison of the described chemical analytical or sensor methods between studies nevertheless highlights some drawbacks of these techniques, which may create challenges for their use in an open screening process. In the following paragraphs, certain features of the canine and technical methods are critically discussed. First, it is not ensured that all relevant VOCs are reliably detected via MS or sensor methods. Differences in databases and small number of metabolites available as standards complicate interpretations of MS analyses (53). Small ions, molecules or molecular fragments cannot be easily detected and make it difficult to interpret and draw conclusions about originally contained compounds. For example, small hydrocarbon-based molecules occur abundantly in exhaled breath, making their detection complicated due to overlap with molecules of similar spectra (38). In addition, certain measurable VOCs are non-specifically altered across diseases making disease discrimination prone to errors. For example, elevated propanol in breath is associated with infectious and non-infectious respiratory diseases other than COVID-19 (35, 54–57). Analogously, a certain “roughness” of detection is also given with eNoses, since the selective and susceptible coatings of the sensors might lead to physical limitations in qualitative and quantitative resolution (42, 58, 59). These aspects become impactful, especially when considering that VOCs in exhaled breath are numerous and most of the VOC-compositions have wide inter-individual variations (60). Similarly, some uncertainties exist in canine detection, as well, since research in perception and processing of certain olfactory cues in dogs is not yet very advanced. Thus, the definition of the target odor, especially in the medical field, remains one of the main challenges in canine scent detection. Second, differences in the detection of COVID-19-VOCs across studies with MS-detection might emerge due to the choice of different detection and analytical techniques, different patient recruitment procedures and the environment (33, 37). Snitz et al. and Rodriguez-Aguilar et al., who conducted cross-sectional trials in a real-life scenario with eNoses, showed the significant impact of differing sample acquisition methods and environmental factors on the results (45, 50). Although disease discrimination was possible, certain environment-associated deterioration in eNose performance could not be excluded (50). Therefore, it is probable that the chemical analytical and sensor detection methods are susceptible to “olfactory noise” for COVID-19-detection. While these devices might feed intrinsic and extrinsic VOCs to the analyzer in an unfiltered, noisy, and “one-dimensional” manner, living biosensors such as dogs may perceive the learned sensations that are evoked due to a certain key composition, or “network,” of complex and low-concentration VOCs. Dogs are therefore possibly more capable of searching specifically for the “needle in the haystack” than current technical solutions, provided that training samples are correctly and meticulously defined according to the target condition. However, olfactory noise and other distractors may play an important role for canine detection, as well, especially when using detection dogs in the open environmental space. Further research is needed to increase control of these confounding factors. Third, chemical analytical instruments are often stationary devices. They are mainly used offline and are coupled with software for evaluative steps. eNoses are mobile and online analysis is possible, but they require further software and deep-learning approaches in order to “learn” and analyze specific VOC-patterns. For example, the sensors must be able to detect the correct compounds and in the correct ratio and at low concentrations. The software then has to interpret the signals correctly, and environmental factors can cause difficulties, as described above. Each specific application needs considerable method development work in advance and is cost-intensive which is a drawback in rapid pandemic dynamics of emerging pathogens. Marder et al. stated that “data processing is a major bottleneck of metabolomics” (38). Furthermore, sensors often have a short life and their sensitivity deteriorates in presence of humidity (42, 48, 50). The analysis time for chemical analytical devices or sensors used for COVID-19-detection in the aforementioned studies (see section “The smell of COVID-19”) revealed a range of one to 16 min per sample. Dogs, on the other hand, are mobile and can identify COVID-19-samples within a few seconds, i.e., in real-time. This requires preceding specific canine training for high discriminating performance of approximately 4 weeks with a range of 2–15 weeks regardless of the chosen training method (when studies with dogs that had previous COVID-19-scent experience were excluded) (4). However, a variety of factors can have a large influence on learning efficiency, e.g., number of sample exposures, environmental factors, the success of odor generalization, etc. Furthermore, personality traits of dogs and emerging fatigue during work (see also section “Considerations regarding Dog Selection”) are impacting factors, which represent a disadvantage compared to well established artificial devices. Finally, the lower limit of detection in dogs is one part per trillion (ppt), exceeding the range of detection of current available instruments by around three orders of magnitude (61–63). A new study shows that dogs are indeed able to detect even far lower concentrations, in the order of $10^{-21}$ (Turunen et al., unpublished). Since it was reported that VOCs from breath are released in the range of parts per billion (ppb) to ppt, dogs might appear more suitable for VOC-detection in comparison to instruments with sensitivities in the ppb range (50, 64). However, the canine range of detection was validated in controlled environments, which could mask an actual lower sensitivity. In addition, sensitivity might also depend on the qualitative characteristics of the target odor. In hospitals and other health care facilities, chemical analytical and sensory instruments are well suited for sensitive and relatively rapid isolation of patients (33, 37), provided that they are swiftly fed with sufficient data for rapid adaptive purposes (36, 65). For external mass screening, the use of such technical devices for VOC-detection is complex due to sample processing time, limited selectivity, and increased susceptibility to material damage as well as to external olfactory noise in a poorly controllable environment. Although similar challenges may exist for dogs, their ability to learn and to process information immediately can make them more capable of searching for specific odors in real time, particularly in complex environments. However, the success of canine detection depends significantly on the training methods and the choice of the right training samples, which is one of the main challenges and disadvantages compared to established analytical and sensory methods. Finally, dogs are likely to be complimentary to sensors and analytical methods and more appropriate for certain scenarios. Ethical considerations for using detection dogs One important consideration in repurposing dogs’ olfactory abilities for the detection of specific odors is that dogs are living beings with different and individual needs, characters, experiences, behaviors, and capabilities (66). In addition, these elements may differ in the same individual over time due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. These characteristics, which from an ethical point of view must be protected and respected, considerably distinguish dogs from standardized, industrially produced test kits that have been tailored to a specific purpose (67). Ethical considerations in using dogs’ abilities for human purposes are therefore paramount. The method of operant conditioning including positive reinforcement of correct searching behavior by reward (food, toy, etc.) and absence of reward for undesired searching behavior, is considered as ethically unobjectionable, and was the method used across the canine SARS-CoV-2-detection literature (4). For the dogs, the method forms a motivation and pleasure driven detection exercise using olfaction as one of the most important sensory and cognitive tools in macrosmatics. On the other hand, one is confronted with potential short-term issues such as fatigue and/or boredom after a certain time of action, highlighting the importance of specific and individual adaptations in training and deployment according to the different personality traits of the dogs (67). However, Guest et al. drawing on their experience of deploying medical scent detection dogs, suggest that two trained dogs would have the potential to screen 300 individuals in 30 min in a COVID-19-screening scenario (47), which exceeds the capacity of current available testing methods by far. After the fast screening of a population by canine detection, reference standard reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) of positive scent detected individuals can be applied as further downstream verification (47). Such approaches were already being pursued early in the pandemic, e.g., at Dubai Airport in July 2020. Importantly, when dogs are deployed in the field and the disease of interest has a low prevalence, reducing the opportunity for the animals to succeed in detection, positive affective and motivational states of dogs have to be sustained in order to avoid frustration (68). This can be achieved, for example, through regular rewards for the respective detection procedure or for detecting specifically prepared (positive) samples (69–71). Interestingly, variation in reward types may lead to a more pronounced maintenance of motivation in some dogs (72). In addition, adequate work/rest cycles for the dogs are of significant relevance for animal welfare and for high efficiency in scent detection work (73, 74). Considerations regarding dog selection Besides a well-functioning and harmonic partnership between dog and its handler, many other individual factors can ultimately influence the effectiveness of olfactory detection. These are highlighted in the following. Three recent reviews provide a more detailed overview about the anatomy, physiology, and other factors related to canine olfaction performance (75–77). Intrinsic factors Breed-specific anatomy and physiology The paucity of comparative studies on the olfactory abilities of different dog breeds including intra-breed variations represents a challenge for the selection of suitable detection dogs (75, 76). Although it can be hypothesized that anatomical and physiological characteristics of the olfactory organ play a crucial role, behavioristic and mental aspects, personal traits, and experiences are of no less importance for adequate canine screening work (76). The mechanisms involved in molecular recognition in olfactory receptors (OR) and olfactory sensory neurons and in the identification of specific odorants are still only partially understood. In this regard, the current consensus is that each OR has a characteristic ligand spectrum and each odorant can also be detected by a combination of ORs (78). Gene polymorphisms in expression of ORs in the same breed but also between breeds differ and may be used as an indicator for scent discrimination performance (79–83). In addition, the total number of neurons, i.e., the size of the olfactory epithelium, may have an effect on olfactory acuity in dogs (79), which might be due to enhanced olfactory resolution with increased numbers of neurons (84). One study showed that dolichocephalic or normocephalic dogs (often classified as scent breeds) and wolves have better olfactory capabilities than non-scent breeds and brachycephalic dogs (85). Brachycephalic breeds have less space for the olfactory epithelium to expand in the nasal cavity and less olfactory cells reducing olfactory sensitivity, and pronounced breathing issues leading to reduced cerebral oxygen supply, reduced heat elimination, and therefore to quicker fatigue (84, 86, 87). Thickened conchae and less ramifications inside the nasal cavity may be a reason for less epithelial surface (88). Brachycephalic breeds should therefore be avoided for scent detection tasks (76). Controversially and surprisingly, Hall et al. showed that pugs are able to outperform German shepherds in olfactory tasks (89), highlighting that behavioral aspects play a crucial role as well. Furthermore, olfactory airflow in dogs in ethmoidal regions is laminar which is optimized for scent molecule transport (62, 90). This type of airflow is impacted in brachycephalic breeds due to an obstructive and deforming development of the nasal cavity and nasal conchae (87, 88), especially since the dorsal meatus in the canine nasal cavity, functioning as a bypass for olfactory laminar air supply, is only ventilated when high inspiratory pressure is applied (62, 90, 91). However, Wagner and Ruf showed that a large surface of the bony turbinates in dolichocephalic dogs is not the main reason for a better smelling ability (92), highlighting, again, the fact that breed and anatomy should not be the ultimate reason for defining a good detection dog (76). All mentioned dog breeds in the reviewed literature of canine COVID-19-detection by Meller et al. were normocephalic breeds, which are typically used for scent detection work and are known for their outstanding olfactory capabilities and resilience (e.g., Belgian Malinois, German Shepherd, Labrador Retriever) (4). Dog health, behavior, and sex Impact of physical, behavioral, and sex related factors are less investigated than anatomical properties. In addition to a well-functioning olfactory system, a high degree of physical and mental fitness and especially motivation are essential for dogs to focus on the target scent in different environments (76, 93). Although the speed of dogs’ olfactory system is currently unsurpassable by itself, a high level of stamina, agility, athleticism, and motivation in dogs is of great benefit to enhance testing throughput. A high motivation and fitness level can compensate for difficulties in search tasks that prove fatiguing and where target odors are scarce (94–96). Good cooperative work with humans, especially a balance between obedience and independence, is essential in deployed dogs. On the one hand, independence ensures self-determined searching strategies rather than being potentially misguided by the dog handler. On the other hand, obedience leads to efficiency, where the dog handler can narrow down the area for the search (76). Aggression toward humans and other animals should be excluded and distractibility and anxiety levels should be as low as possible. Female dogs are generally considered less aggressive and more cooperative (97–99). In terms of neurophysiology, cells in the olfactory bulb of female dogs were shown to be more active than in males. Furthermore, female dogs have a better long-term memory (100). Neutering was assumed to decrease levels of aggressiveness and distractibility (101, 102) and males were shown to perform better in terms of directionality assessment of the target odor (103). Importantly, however, Jamieson et al. summarized that breed and sex finally should not be the crucial cornerstones to assess suitability of detection dogs since training, socialization, experience, and long-term and short-term environmental exposure can have far-reaching influences (76). Sex aspects and potential differences in terms of olfactory performance were not relevant in the screened COVID-19-detection studies (4). Physical health of deployed dogs should always be guaranteed in the first place from the perspective of ethics and animal welfare and, secondly, not to interfere with their scent performance. Diseases and disorders capable of impacting canine olfaction are, e.g., tumors and injuries in the nasal cavity, infections like aspergillosis, distemper and parainfluenza as well as endocrinological disorders like hyperadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism, and diabetes (104, 105). Also, the function of the vomeronasal organ, supposed to be responsible for detection of pheromones and low-volatile substances, can be impacted by diseases (77). A parotitis was shown to decrease the accuracy of SARS-CoV-2-detection in one study dog (69). SARS-CoV-2-infections can affect olfaction in people (106) and in some animal models [e.g., hamster (107) and mouse (108)]. Although dogs can be infected by SARS-CoV-2 (109, 110), typically, no clinical signs or mild and reversible signs are observed and susceptibility appears to be low (111). However, biosafety measures should be used when deploying scent detection dog teams (see also sections “Susceptibility of dogs for SARS-CoV-2” and “No viral inactivation”). Dog mental condition and age Olfaction is affected by aging processes, and can manifest in atrophic degeneration of the olfactory epithelium, decreased neurogenesis and loss of olfactory cells and their cilia (112). Wells and Hepper showed that younger dogs perform better in olfactory directionality perception than older dogs (103). In addition, pathological aging (e.g., canine cognitive dysfunction) is associated with lower olfactory capabilities (113–115), analogous to human patients with Alzheimer’s disease (116). In 27 studies reviewed by Meller et al. (4) the median age of dogs involved in COVID-19-detection was 3 years (range 0.5–12.0). Age dependent canine olfactory performance in COVID-19-detection cannot be provided as such comparisons were not in the scope of the reviewed studies (4). Extrinsic factors Prior scent detection experience Previous detection experience in dogs is of great advantage. However, inexperienced dogs can be trained and deployed for COVID-19-detection, as well, achieving high diagnostic accuracies (4). For example, Chaber et al. showed that inexperienced dogs were as efficient and accurate as experienced dogs (117). Experienced dogs that are accustomed to the mechanics and environment of odor detection tasks, may only need to learn the new target odor-profile, whereas more time must be allowed for inexperienced dogs to learn to handle the procedure in the setting confidently and efficiently. However, more time should be calculated when changes in setting between training and testing occur (71, 118), even for experienced dogs, in order to ensure understanding of the new search context. Interestingly, the experience of dogs in detecting odors seems to be positively correlated with the ability to cope with more complicated odor information and with stability of long-term memory (100). Inexperienced dogs seem to use olfaction to a lesser extent than experienced dogs (119), highlighting that olfaction is subject to learning processes and plasticity and can be shaped accordingly. Therefore, frequent olfactory exercises with alternating scenarios are beneficial to the training repertoire and experience. Dog operational environment High environmental humidity seems to be favorable for scent perception in dogs probably due to increased nasal humidity and enhanced odorant trapping (120), while high temperatures might have a negative impact on the general workflow (121). The dehydration of the mucosal layer in the dog’s nose can decrease the odor detection capabilities (122). The training and sample assessment by the dogs is preferably done in a spacious and conditioned room with controlled temperature and humidity. Still, dogs should be let out in between runs to avoid boredom and increase their odor detection capacity. It was found that dogs had a lower performance when they were exposed to direct sunlight and at higher temperatures (Callewaert et al., in preparation). Kokocińska-Kusiak et al. described environmental factors concerning canine scent detection in the open field, highlighting how sudden environmental changes might impact olfactory abilities (77). However, even in a more spatially restricted searching context, where dogs are involved as screening tools, alterations of external factors should be kept to a minimum. In the study of Vgsa et al., COVID-19-detection dogs directly sniffing people in public transport performed at 69% sensitivity. However, those dogs had no training for 2.5 months prior to this testing scenario and still performed well (118). In the study of ten Hagen et al., dogs had high detection accuracy in line-up screenings at concerts (sweat samples, sensitivity 82%, specificity 100%) following the training phase of one to two weeks in a line-up setting (71). Apparently, dogs’ performance was not affected by potentially constantly changing odor-profiles at the testing location, although testing was restricted to a dedicated, roofed, and protected area (71). It may be probable, that a setting of stationary and somewhat isolated dog detection procedures in the form of a checkpoint, e.g., in an isolated roofed space, is more suitable, efficient, and more constant than letting dogs pass through crowds of individuals where olfactory and further environmental sensory distractions may have a higher impact (69, 123). Interestingly, there are also specific and rigorous training programs for explosive detection dogs (e.g., Vapor Wake®dogs) designed for the reliable detection of odorants in aerodynamic wakes of moving individuals in crowds of people (124). Other external influences on canine olfaction performance can originate from food and drugs. Certain food compositions and ingredients can enhance or decrease olfactory acuity (120), which seems to be dependent on the level of physical exercise in dogs. Angle et al. found benefits to olfactory performance when corn oil supplemented diets were used together with exercise (125), whereas feeding coconut oil supplemented diets without exercise impaired olfaction (126). Interestingly, relatively few studies exist concerning commonly used drugs in dogs and their impact on olfactory performance (77). Especially, metronidazole (127) and steroids like dexamethasone or hydrocortisone (128) have the potential to impair olfaction. Considerations regarding dog training Training is the most critical step in predicting the success of dogs in any form of detection work. Dogs without prior odor detection training must learn the value of odor detection, associating a reward with the smell of the target sample. The physical mechanics of searching for and responding to odor in the training and testing environment may be novel to dogs, even to those with prior odor detection experience. Many dogs trained in odor detection (e.g., explosives, narcotics) are trained to recognize an odor, but are not required to discriminate between two very similar odors (i.e., human scent from a diseased state versus human scent from a non-diseased state). Therefore, dogs must learn that the background scent (i.e., individual people) can vary greatly, but the target is the common scent present in only diseased individuals, a task which requires generalization (129). Thus, defining the correct target scent in advance is crucial for the training and subsequent testing in the field (see section “Variability of samples”). Because little is yet known about the COVID-19-odor, target scent definition may seem inconsistent, especially early in a pandemic. Nevertheless, the majority of dogs involved in COVID-19-screening studies performed with high diagnostic accuracies with novel samples in the diagnostic test evaluations (DTEs) (4). The training method used across COVID-19-studies was operant conditioning with positive reinforcement of correct searching and indication behavior using reward (food, toy, etc.) and the classical conditioning for odor imprinting (presentation and conditioning of the target scent). This method allows for an intrinsically arising motivational boost, which is the determining factor for successful learning. However, training protocols differ depending on the materials, settings, and learning approaches that were used (4). Therefore, there is a lack of standardization of canine training methods for disease recognition, especially for COVID-19, resulting in uncertainty in intra- and inter-dog reproducibility and in translation to real-world scenarios (130). Currently, standardization methods are being developed and a detailed training protocol is provided as supplemental material by Chaber et al. (117). Furthermore, ten Hagen et al. emphasized that integrating other, similarly acting pathogens into training procedures is reasonable in order to decrease the false positive rate and to sharpen the accuracy of dogs for SARS-CoV-2-detection (41). Once dogs learn to reject samples of similar pathogens that appear frequently in a population, sharper discrimination between these pathogens and the target pathogen can be achieved (41). Olfactory generalization A key component for consideration during the training process is the scent generalization, which ensures that the dog searches for the common scent-profile of a target condition among all samples of interest rather than recognizing individuals (129). The degree to which generalization is required also depends on the search context. When deploying dogs as a pandemic countermeasure, exposing the dogs to numerous and varied samples from both affected and unaffected individuals will likely lead to higher proportions of correct decisions in an open field screening-scenario, where sources of olfactory confounding factors may be numerous (e.g., age, physiological condition, other diseases, diets, hygiene, habits, environment, etc.). However, too broad of a generalization gradient can also lead to a “dilution effect” of the target scent perception. In this condition, a wide range of different odors is present in the learning repertoire, which differ gradually from the target odor. Thus, too much generalization may mean that dogs also recognize odor-profiles that are merely COVID-19- or SARS-CoV-2-associated. This would lead to an increased false-positive screening rate. Training on a narrow and invariable scent repertoire, on the other hand, can lead to increased discrimination and to confident recognition of very explicit odor patterns or individual samples. This situation can be a problem for screening of a disease-associated odor-profile among plethora of individual odors, potentially leading to an increased false-negative screening rate (129). The main challenge in canine medical scent detection is to assess the origin of the olfactory profile of interest through a myriad of metabolic and other processes, and thereby to define the target odor. The lack of knowledge about the exact odor-profile of COVID-19 and whether this odor-profile is consistent among individuals, represents a “black box” for dog training and makes balanced generalization very challenging. Both balanced generalization and discrimination can be useful, depending on the search context, to enable multi-layered searches, e.g., starting with a broad screening by dog x (e.g., condition) followed by a specific search for a particular target (e.g., pathogen or variant) by dog y (see also section “Standardized sample alternatives”). In order to assess adequate degrees of generalization dogs should be regularly confronted with new samples, both during training and, more importantly, when DTE is conducted. Dogs’ reaction should always be carefully observed, especially when confronted with novel samples, to determine whether generalization processes took place. However, the exact mechanisms of olfactory generalization remain poorly understood (129). An interesting contribution could be made by studies that titrate the intensity of generalization upon detection of disease odor against dogs’ performance. In this way, rates of correct choices for defined samples, or a defined condition, could be compared between dogs trained with different odor-profiles varying in their odorant spectrum. This could provide important conclusions about the relative generalization process. However, it is probable that generalization depends on further properties of odorants, e.g., source, quality, and quantity of odorants, interactions between odorants, etc., as well as on the individual dog’s personality or learning style. Training duration Training periods varied between canine COVID-19-detection studies as durations were chosen arbitrarily. Overall, dogs were trained in 2–15 weeks (median 4 weeks), including habituation (e.g., familiarization with scent work, search contexts, and workflow) and/or imprinting, for the detection of COVID-19- or SARS-CoV-2-infections, if no prior COVID-19-scent experience was present. No systematic testing for detection accuracy after different previously defined training periods has been reported and typically the increasing training performance over time was used as a basis for the decision to start the DTE (4). Vesga et al. showed that dogs still performed in an acceptable way (69% sensitivity, 94% specificity) after a training gap of 2.5 months (118). Interestingly, half a week of robust “retraining” of dogs with previous COVID-19-detection experience resulted in comparable high COVID-19-detecting performance as observed after initial training (41, 52, 71). In contrast to the results in the study of Vesga et al. (118), a recently published study highlighted that dogs indeed can remember at least 40 different defined odors, not experienced within 12 months, with 100% accuracy (131). However, the metabolism-induced smell of a disease may be more complex and more difficult to detect (and to remember) than more simple odors, especially among numerous individuals. In addition, it appears important to regularly confront dogs with fresh samples in order to react dynamically to changing disease conditions (e.g., new virus variants) early and reliably. Further research is necessary to assess the potential of canine olfactory memory in order to establish efficient training and break plans for the maintenance of high olfactory performance and for the reduction of fatigue- and boredom-related performance losses. Training setting The majority of the 27 reviewed studies by Meller et al. (4) used training with line-ups (19 studies; Figure 2). Scent-wheel training (Figure 3) was used in three studies while five studies used the Detection Dog Training System (DDTS; Figure 4), a device dedicated to the automated, randomized and software-driven presentation of samples (4). In the more classical training methods, great care needs to be taken when exchanging the scent containers, so that sequencing is randomized and blinding of the study is guaranteed which, in addition, requires sufficient personnel and material. Manual and frequent exchange of containers is time-consuming and contamination of containers needs to be avoided. In case of reusable sample containers cleaning after usage and between sessions with different dogs is of crucial importance. While in the traditional approach the dog usually works together with its handler, in the DDTS-approach the dog works independently, significantly decreasing handler bias (“Clever-Hans”-effect (132)), and the sample presentation frequency is high with multiple presentations per minute and an automated reward system. The studies that used DDTS observed generalization quickly despite a limited number of samples used (41, 52, 71, 133, 134). While such automated approaches might enable fast scent conditioning (135), they lack the reference to real-life scenarios where samples (or individuals) would be presented along a line (e.g., airports, schools, events, etc.) to the dog and its handler. Therefore, it is recommended to use a mixed approach using automated methods for initial fast, unbiased scent imprinting and generalization with subsequent habituation and training at line-up or scent-wheel settings to train dogs for systematic and controlled screening in real-life scenarios. It is also recommended to regularly challenge dogs in training with “blank trials”. These trials, which do not contain samples with the target odor, are conducted to evaluate whether dogs perform forced choice decisions, possibly due to rapid frustration after not finding the target odor. Especially, when prevalence of a certain disease is low, such frustration thresholds in detection dogs must be high and monitored. Based on the frustration level of the individual dog, target scent samples should be presented at a dog specific interval to keep frustration levels low (see also section “Ethical Considerations for Using Detection Dogs”). Of the 27 reviewed studies by Meller et al., only nine studies reported the use of blank trials (4). Susceptibility of dogs for SARS-CoV-2 To date, little is known about the susceptibility of dogs to SARS-CoV-2 and the disease caused by it but initial findings indicate that the susceptibility is low (111). However, studies have shown that dogs can be infected, accompanied by seroconversion, but usually do not show symptoms of disease (110, 136–140). However, a rare association between SARS-CoV-2-infections and the development of myocarditis has been suggested (141). Virus shedding seems to occur to a small extent due to limited titers and during a very short period of time (136, 139, 140). In addition, infection appears to be complicated because only a small percentage of dogs living in households of COVID-19 patients become infected (110, 137, 138). Therefore, there is currently no evidence that dogs play a determining role in virus circulation or transmission to humans, but this should not be ruled out at this stage (110). In contrast to dogs, ferrets and cats seem to be more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2-infections (111, 142, 143). In the reviewed studies of canine COVID-19-detection, there are no reports of SARS-CoV-2-infections in the involved dogs (4). Of the three studies that conducted PCR-testing of the dogs after the tasks, none of the dogs tested positive (118, 134, 144). However, those studies had high biosafety standards. Biosafety measures should be addressed in training and testing, such as safety containers (118, 134, 145) or chemical and physical viral inactivation measures (41, 52, 71, 133, 134, 145–147). In addition, personal protective equipment should be used to protect involved individuals, even in the case that samples show low infectivity (see section “Sample types”). The following sections discuss the wide variability of sample types and inactivation measures used in reviewed canine COVID-19-detection reports (4). Samples for use in training and testing Upper respiratory tract samples like nasopharyngeal (NPS) or oropharyngeal (OPS) swabs and, under certain circumstances, lower respiratory tract samples (e.g., tracheobronchial aspirates) are routinely used for the detection of viral nucleic acid via PCR-techniques (148). Especially RT-qPCR as well as lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA) are currently widely used to identify ongoing infections and rely on the direct detection of viral presence by identifying certain nucleic acids or antigens, respectively (149). Temporal and quantitative presence of SARS-CoV-2-RNA detected via RT-qPCR varies across different human biological sample types and across the duration of infection (150, 151). Although the virus is essential for the induction of VOCs, the metabolic changes detected by dogs are not necessarily linked to the persistence of the virus, neither locally nor temporally, and VOC-release may lag or precede detectable viral infection (51, 52). A global COVID-19-VOC-profile affecting the whole organism seems to be plausible since Jendrny et al. could show that dogs were able to detect SARS-CoV-2-infections in different body fluids although being trained with only one sample type (134). How essential VOCs change over the time course, disease state, and other disease characteristics still needs to be elucidated. Nevertheless, if biological samples are used for training, it is of crucial importance to “capture” the odor-profile related to the operational usage, e.g., acute and active infections, since only then dogs can be involved as screening tools. The following sections will give a brief overview of sample types used in the reviewed COVID-19-scent dog literature by Meller et al. (4). Sample handling and options for preserving VOCs in samples (e.g., storage, etc.) can be found in the individual study protocols. Sample types Saliva and respiratory secretions Most studies comparing viral content in saliva and respiratory samples showed saliva samples to contain SARS-CoV-2-RNA in patients of differing age and with differing severities of COVID-19-infections (152). Saliva may substantially contribute to the airborne/droplet transmission (153, 154). It is suggested that in the oral cavity and in epithelial cells of minor salivary gland ducts significant expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine subtype 2 (TMPRSS2) may contribute to enhanced viral invasion of the host cells by coronaviruses. High levels of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva are usually already detectable at COVID-19-symptom onset, and usually the loads are similar or slightly lower than in NPS/OPS (151, 152, 158–164). Some studies showed higher viral loads in saliva in some patients or positive tested saliva samples while NPS/OPS presented negative (163, 165–167), which could be due to poor NPS/OPS sampling quality or due to earlier viral manifestation in the oral cavity (165). Nevertheless, a significant decline of viral loads in saliva takes place in the later time points of infection compared to NPS/OPS (151, 158, 159, 162, 164). Interestingly, the grade of salivary viral load does not seem to be associated with disease states (158, 168). For scent dog detection, saliva was used in the DTEs of six of the reviewed studies, whereas upper airway samples were used in four of the 27 studies (4). Saliva is relatively easy and quick to obtain, but can contain high loads of viable SARS-CoV-2 in infected individuals. Therefore, samples have to be inactivated or presented in a high-security setting in order to protect dogs and their handlers from infection (see section “Pre-processing of samples”). These crucial steps can considerably complicate the training. Jendrny et al. showed that dogs trained with beta-propiolactone (BPL)-inactivated saliva samples can transfer their gained olfactory abilities to the detection of previously unknown non-inactivated SARS-CoV-2-positive saliva samples, and even to previously unknown non-inactivated SARS-CoV-2-positive sweat and urine samples (134). This successful transfer performance simplifies the training (and the real scenario deployment) considerably as it can be extrapolated from the results that regardless of the training samples used, COVID-19 can be detected by trained dogs in the real screening scenario based on a global and specific disease odor. Similarly, Essler et al. showed canine transfer abilities between urine and saliva as well (145). These results support the GC-MS-based studies by Penn et al. and Soini et al. who revealed that general VOC-compositions in human saliva and sweat overlap to a large extent (169, 170). The probable direct infection of the epithelial cells in the salivary gland ducts would provide a high grade of COVID-19-associated VOCs dissolved in saliva and further secretions from the oral cavity functioning as stable carrier media. However, it remains to be elucidated if the fluid-bound condition in saliva might elongate VOC-persistence in contrast to non-fluid-bound VOCs as it occurs in sweat/body odor samples. Interestingly, research in biomarkers established the term “salivaomics” since composition of saliva appears to be sensitive to differing disease states of the organism (171). Therefore, it can be speculated that the metabolism-based olfactory fingerprint of COVID-19 in saliva has a relatively specific representation. Further important questions to elucidate are under what conditions and how long saliva samples can be stored without significant loss of characteristic COVID-19-VOCs, and how VOC-production and -dynamics are related to the temporal and clinical course of the infection. One of the authors successfully used frozen aliquots of BPL-inactivated saliva samples for training purposes within a year with success (personal communication). Sweat and body odor In contrast to the biological material from the respiratory tract, the potential for SARS-CoV-2-infectivity via sweat or skin is considered negligible. However, based on research on previously described human beta-coronaviruses, attention should be drawn to sweat as one possible vehicle of SARS-CoV-2-transmission (172). Skin, sweat and sebaceous glands express ACE2-receptors (173, 174), making SARS-CoV-2-infections of the resident cells probable (175, 176). However, viral load in epidermis and sebaceous glands was shown to be extremely low by immunohistochemical analysis (175, 177, 178). In contrast, cells in sweat glands contained high levels of viral spike proteins whereas cells in the sweat ducts contained low levels (175). Recalcati et al. tested the sweat of 22 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, the sweat of only five patients was SARS-CoV-2-positive via RT-PCR (179). In contrast, Arslan et al. did not detect viral nucleic acids in multiple sweat samples from both axilla and forehead in 50 patients with COVID-19 (180). Similarly, Fathizadeh et al. did not detect SARS-CoV-2 in sweat from the forehead of 25 patients with COVID-19 (181). These results indicate that despite potential viral presence in sweat glands, viral shedding through skin and sweat is unlikely (but not impossible), allowing for less strict security measures concerning sweat/body odor samples. Sweat/body odor on pads, gauze, etc., or clothes was used in the DTEs of 20 of the 27 reviewed studies, while direct sniffing of live humans was conducted in only one study (4). Sweat and skin surface also appear to release VOCs which may vary depending on the internal health state of the organism (18). However, bacteria on the skin surface can also influence the metabolism of the released VOCs (6). Whether the composition of the microbiome on the skin has an impact on the COVID-19-associated VOC-profile, and whether these variations may alter scent dog acuity, needs to be elucidated. Nevertheless, body parts frequently or constantly exposed to personal care products, cosmetics, and perfumes are not ideal for sample acquisition since interactions of these products with bacteria and VOCs can occur. Furthermore, clothes intended for SARS-CoV-2-detection by scent dogs should not be washed before being presented to the dogs since important VOCs like organic acids would be destroyed by this process (182). Importantly, the non-homogeneous distribution of apocrine and eccrine glands in the skin implicates different compositions of VOCs depending on the sampled body region (183). Indeed, a varying collection period was applied depending on the body region across the reviewed COVID-19-detection studies. While a short swabbing of the crook of the arm, wrist, face or neck was sufficient for high diagnostic accuracies with sensitivities and specificities above 91% in three studies (69, 70, 134), studies that used axillary sweat or other sweat type chose a longer collection period of around 1–20 min (51, 117, 184–192) or even periods of hours in case of clothes (47, 144). However, in most cases these periods were arbitrarily chosen (4). Callewaert et al. (in preparation) found that 30 min sampling of the underarm skin yielded better canine results versus 15 min sampling. Compared to saliva or urine sampling and processing, sampling of sweat/body odor on cotton pads or clothes represents a quicker, safer, and more feasible method without inactivation procedures and is well suited for rapid scent dog mass screening. However, it is unclear whether VOCs have a comparable half-life on solid materials such as cotton pads compared to liquids. This could complicate the creation of a long-lasting training sample set if not stored appropriately, but this remains speculative and needs to be elucidated in future studies. For example, Gokool et al. provided preliminary evidence that the specific odor persists for months in worn cotton shirts (193). Sweat samples for COVID-19-detection were stored cooled or at room temperature for around 2 h (194), 24–72 h (70, 185–187, 189, 190, 192), 1 week (188), or even up to 6 months in triple zip-lock plastic bags (69) before being presented to a dog. In some studies, sweat samples (and clothes) were frozen and then presented to the dogs thawed after longer storage periods in order to preserve VOCs (47, 52, 117, 134, 191). Those qualitative and temporal differences in storage did not seem to impact canine performance (4). A combination of training with inactivated saliva or other liquid-bound respiratory material with a stable VOC-profile and testing with rapidly obtainable sweat samples in a real-life scenario could be an effective, safe, and sustainable learning and testing method for infectious disease testing. However, an additional challenge with fresh sweat samples during training is recommended. Urine Viable SARS-CoV-2 or its RNA was detected in urine of infected individuals in various studies (153, 195–197). Although some studies showed no detectable virus in urine (198, 199) or, at least, very low viral loads compared to respiratory samples (200), other studies suggested similar viral loads in both sample types (153). These discrepancies might suggest that urinary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is less likely in general, but that dynamics of viral shedding via urine could be highly dependent on the clinical and temporal stage of the disease (153, 200–203). These concepts are supported by a longitudinal study from Joukar et al. (204) who showed that at clinic admission of COVID-19 patients (n = 100), only 7% of the urinary RT-PCR-tests were positive. The maximal duration of viral persistence in urine was 11 days post admission which was shorter than for all other examined sample types (204). Similarly, Yoon et al. revealed a rapid decline of viral loads in urine to levels below detection limit after only 3 days post admission (151), narrowing the temporal window of virus detection in urine (202). Possible enhanced viral infections of the urogenital tract are plausible due to a prominent expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 (205) and renal abnormalities due to SARS-CoV-2-infections cannot be excluded (206, 207). Urine was used in the DTEs of three studies (52, 134, 145) of the reviewed COVID-19-scent dog detection studies by Meller et al. (4). Chemical analyses of VOCs in urine have been used to detect olfactory fingerprints of different types of cancer (208) and bacterial infections like tuberculosis (209, 210). Since urine contains the intermediate or end products of numerous converging metabolic pathways it can be considered a VOC-rich body fluid (6), although saliva contains a larger variety of VOCs (208). However, due to glomerular filtration VOCs might be more concentrated in the urine than in other body fluids (211). Interestingly, in a direct comparison between saliva, sweat and urine, dogs were able to detect urine from COVID-19 patients with high certainty (median sensitivity 96% and specificity 98%), although the dogs had been trained with saliva beforehand. This might indicate a high concentration of COVID-19-associated VOCs in urine (134). Urine sampling requires more infrastructure, time, and effort and, therefore, is less suitable for mass screening scenarios compared to saliva or sweat. In addition, viral inactivation or high-security measurements should be considered due to the potential risk of viral transmission. Due to the high detection accuracy achieved in the study from Jendrny et al. (134), testing of urine could be used for additional post hoc confirmation after detection of a positive case during screening with other sample types. As with other sample types, however, optimized storage properties still need to be investigated. Furthermore, aspects like diet can impact urinary VOCs significantly (6), which needs to be addressed in future studies. Breath Exhaled breath contains high concentrations of various particles and molecules (212–214) including VOCs (60), with differing compositions among certain pathological conditions (6, 215). Although “violent” expiratory events such as coughing and sneezing have previously been considered the main contributors to infectious aerosol and droplet infections (216), aerosols generated by breathing can transmit SARS-CoV-2 and may have a major impact on the infection dynamics (217, 218). Breath VOCs were already investigated in many other diseases (19, 219) and initial approaches have been made in COVID-19 (see also section “The smell of COVID-19”). Breath samples were used in the DTEs of six of the COVID-19-detecting dog studies, especially in combination with masks (4). The collection and conservation of VOCs from breath is challenging. Lomonaco et al. showed that general VOCs of breath samples stored in sorbent tubes at room temperature were stable up to 72 h (220). A study by Kang and Thomas stated that significant loss in some endogenous breath VOCs was already discernible after 6 months of −80°C storage, although specialized adsorbent tubes were used (221). It is therefore probable that VOCs in masks, similar to cotton pads or clothes, have a storage resilience of shorter duration. However, Guest et al. showed that clothes (socks) gave a stronger specific olfactory signature for dogs than breath samples (face masks) (47). This suggests a high inter-individual VOC-variability in breath samples (60) (see also section “Detection of disease-related VOCs by devices versus dogs”). Furthermore, higher storage temperatures drive a greater loss of breath VOCs on adsorbent materials (222) and longer storage times can lead to exogenous contamination (223). These properties impair the establishment of stable breath sample sets for training. On the other side, subtle skin abrasions in masks, cotton pads, and clothes certainly contribute to a prolonged retention of certain VOC-profiles (see also section “Sweat and body odor”) (6). Due to the impressive acuity of canine olfaction, the potential storage artifacts of breath samples might represent a negligible drawback, this issue however has to be addressed in further studies. Unlike eNoses, into which the breath sample is usually fed directly, the direct presentation of pure breath in training and in real-life screening to the dogs is challenging, which is not the case for solid-/adsorbent- or fluid-bound biological material. Furthermore, due to technical and hygienic reasons, the throughput rate of current eNoses in real-life screening is lower (minutes per sample) than the throughput rate of trained dogs evaluating line-ups with self-taken sweat samples (seconds per sample) (69, 71) (see also sections “Detection of disease-related VOCs by devices versus dogs” and “Sweat and body odor”). In terms of breath VOCs, masks (or specialized adsorbent material) would be more suitable than pure exhaled breath both for canine training and screening. However, generating those mask samples generally required a longer duration of approximately 10 min to 24 h with a median of 180 min (47, 144, 146, 147, 190). Vlachová et al. however, conducted breath sampling on sterile surgical compresses of only 3 min (189). Furthermore, due to the evidence of airborne/droplet infections for SARS-CoV-2, biosecurity associated with the immediate presentation of pure breath samples is more complex than presentation of carrier material-bound samples. Variability of samples Origin of samples for training and DTE purposes is an important factor due to the potential contaminating impact of environmental VOCs (6, 208, 215, 224). For example, it could be a major issue if samples from SARS-CoV-2-positive patients originated from only one facility, conditioning dogs on facility-associated smell rather than SARS-CoV-2-associated smell. Likewise, if SARS-CoV-2-negative patients are collected from a different environment, e.g., the community, and SARS-CoV-2-positive patients are all collected from hospital environments, the systematic difference between the samples may lead to inaccurate responses by the dogs. Similarly, geographical conditions may also have an impact on VOC-profiles (225). Chaber et al. showed slight differences in canine olfactory performance depending on the geographical origin of samples (117). However, special care should be taken to ensure that handling of utensils during sampling and processing proceeds in the same manner for both negative and positive samples across testing locations (47, 226, 227). In addition, Callewaert et al. (in preparation) found that dissimilarities in canine performance occur depending on the carrier material (e.g., cotton pad, cotton gauze, commercial odor carrier, etc.). Therefore, it is advised to use one and the same carrier throughout training and DTE. For training and DTE purposes, a large representation of different demographic aspects (sex, age, etc.), localities of sample origin, and temporally different stages of infection among SARS-CoV-2-positive and -negative samples is crucial to adequately map the olfactory fingerprint of the disease. In addition, other aspects such as pre-existing infectious and non-infectious pathological conditions, recovered SARS-CoV-2-infections, Post-COVID-19 condition, COVID-19-vaccination status, or differing virus variants may play an important role for VOC-patterns and are subject of current research (51, 52, 69, 71). ten Hagen et al. studied the ability of dogs to discriminate between SARS-CoV-2-infections and other viral respiratory infections in NPS/OPS and infected cell cultures, when trained with saliva from SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals or with SARS-CoV-2-infected cell culture supernatants. Although sensitivity was lower (61.2–75.8%) than in other studies from the same laboratory, dogs rejected the samples of other viral infections in the DTE more often than SARS-CoV-2-infected samples, which is reflected by a high specificity of 90.2–95.1%. This indicates that further respiratory viral diseases defined as SARS-CoV-2-negative samples should always be integrated into training procedures in order to enhance diagnostic acuity for SARS-CoV-2 (41). In terms of infection state, the crucial intervals dogs should be able to recognize is any phase in which viable virus is shed in order to contain the pandemic effectively. Therefore, samples across all phases of infection should be used for training in order to reliably indicate all potentially changing relevant odor-profiles in the course of infection. However, further research is needed to evaluate if and how dogs are able to transfer their olfactory detection abilities from a certain stage of disease to another. Recent studies found that dogs which were trained with samples from acute SARS-CoV-2-infection did not indicate patients with Post-COVID-19 condition as positive, when tested versus acute infection. Nevertheless, when tested against samples from healthy individuals, Post-COVID-19 condition samples were identified (51, 52). These results might suggest a titration effect, which could be based on a slow gradual decomposition of characteristic VOCs even if the virus is only residually or not present anymore. Furthermore, an appropriate mapping of disease severity (e.g., asymptomatic, mild, severe) should be taken into account and integrated into training. However, COVID-19-VOC-measurement indicated that there was no relationship between VOCs and viral loads (34) or disease states, although mainly severe cases were included (36). Importantly, more research is needed to explore to what extent PCR-cycle threshold values, representing viral loads, influence canine olfactory performance [see also (47)]. Dogs can even be trained to certain concentration differences of the target scent (228). For example, this is used in diabetes alert dogs, which detect increases or decreases of blood glucose values of patients beyond predetermined levels (229). This emphasizes that the samples used in canine training procedures must be as versatile as possible. The issues described in this section will be minimized when further efforts are made in the profiling of critical SARS-CoV-2-VOCs and in the processing techniques of samples in order to reduce olfactory noise from potential exogenous and irrelevant endogenous factors (215). A crucial question which arises is whether training conditions can be reduced to the lowest common denominator by, for example, training with pure viral proteins or proteins produced in cell cultures or animal models (see section “Standardized sample alternatives”). Cell cultures were used in one (41) of the 27 reviewed studies by Meller et al. (4). Pre-processing of samples Many protocols for inactivation of viral pathogens with differing grades of loss of functional and structural viral integrity exist. The main purpose of viral inactivation in scent dog detection studies is the safe handling of training samples for animals and humans. On the other side, olfactory fingerprints of samples deriving from SARS-CoV-2-infections have to be preserved, probably requiring gentle inactivation methods. Different approaches up to renunciation of inactivation procedures were used in the reviewed COVID-19-scent dog literature (4), which is discussed below. The study from Jendrny et al. revealed that inactivated samples can be used for training to subsequently screen non-inactivated “armed” samples with a median sensitivity and specificity of 84 and 95%, respectively (134). Beta-propiolactone Beta-propiolactone (BPL) is an organic chemical compound which has historically been used for effective inactivation of various known viruses (230), especially in the field of vaccine development (231–234). BPL inactivates SARS-CoV-2 as well (235). Its inactivating properties are based on opening its lactone ring which is unstable in aqueous media and highly reactive (230). Due to rapid hydrolyzation in aqueous media, the substance is transformed within a few hours to non-toxic 3-hydroxypropionic acid making it highly suitable and safe for biological preparations (236). Despite the rapid degradation, viral activity has usually subsided long before the last detectable residuals of BPL in samples have been measured (230). BPL appears to have affinity for viral nucleic acids blocking viral replication while mostly sparing the protein structures, which preserves the immunogenicity of the virus. However, not all the organic chemical modifications coming from BPL are elucidated and proteins may be affected as well (237). On the other hand, Determann and Joachim showed that a higher reactivity toward certain functional groups of amino acids results from a lower hydrolyzation capacity of the medium (238), highlighting that water is a preferred nucleophilic reagent of BPL. In summary, variations in nucleophilic characteristics of the reaction with BPL and the “nucleophilic potential” as well as further physicochemical properties of the medium might explain why varying quantitative and qualitative dynamics among reaction products from different organic compounds exist (237). In the study from Jendrny et al. dogs did not smell a relevant difference between BPL-inactivated (training) and non-inactivated (DTE) SARS-CoV-2-infected samples (134). Although more research is needed in this field, this might indicate that nucleophilicity of relevant VOCs is low and that microenvironmental aspects of the samples could further contribute to the lack of involvement of respective VOCs in the reaction with BPL so that those are kept preserved. Furthermore, it is possible that the BPL-manipulation has no effect on the high discriminatory power of the dog’s olfactory system. It is noteworthy that in the first work by Jendrny et al., non-inactivated negative samples were used in addition to BPL-inactivated negative samples (133). The dogs did not indicate the latter more often than the former even though they were trained with BPL-inactivated positive samples (133). Only three of the reviewed studies used BPL for viral inactivation in their DTEs (41, 52, 133). However, in terms of safety versus VOC-preservation, BPL inactivation represents a highly effective and reasonable method. Heat Heat inactivation is a possible and common method to destroy viral pathogens effectively (239, 240). At the same time, maintenance of antigen integrity is important to preserve the diagnostic value of samples, e.g., for serological analysis (240–247). Heating methods can prevent infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and at the same time preserve RNA when appropriate temperatures are applied (247). In contrast, BPL preserves proteins but not RNA (see above). Heat has denaturizing properties on proteins and other compounds leading to disruption in the interaction between virion and cell. Even slight alterations might also have a crucial and persistent impact on quality of the VOC-emitting properties of organic material, changing VOC-concentrations and their chemical composition. In addition, Lomonaco et al. showed that heat treatment is able to alter VOC-composition in human breath samples (220). Heat inactivation or treatment in the DTEs was used in three (118, 145, 147) of the reviewed studies (4). Essler et al. (145) trained dogs with detergent-inactivated urine (see below) and tested the dogs for detection of heat-inactivated urine. Especially when dogs were confronted with a novel heat-inactivated sample, overall sensitivity was only 62%, whereas specificity was 98%. This may indicate that – at least in relation to detergent treatment – heat may alter critical COVID-19-VOC-profiles to a certain extent inducing uncertainty, or that the use of detergent inactivation made the odor more obvious. However, it has to be mentioned that these transfer trials consisted of only one set of presented samples to eight dogs. Interestingly, the performance of dogs, which were trained with heat-inactivated samples and tested with new heat-inactivated samples, deteriorated significantly, which possibly was due to a poor generalization process as sample availability was limited at the time the experiments were performed (145). Possibly, the process of heat-inactivation might produce different VOC-profiles among individual samples, depending on their original chemical and physical composition. The learned VOC-spectrum would thus present too broad to be finally used in detection of COVID-19-specific smell with adequate generalization and high diagnostic acuity. The assumption of global and individual changes in the key VOC-profile through heat-inactivation is also supported by the fact that the olfactory transfer performance from heat-inactivated urine-training to heat-inactivated saliva-testing produced very low sensitivities in two trials (11 and 22%, respectively), whereas the accurate recognition of negative samples was maintained (specificity of 94 and 100%, respectively) (145). However, only one positive sample was presented per trial across nine dogs. Furthermore, the discussed aspects of heat treatment remain speculative since other possible complicating factors have to be taken into account. In contrast, Jendrny et al. showed that dogs’ transfer performance from BPL inactivated training samples to completely novel non-inactivated samples of the same and even different type is maintained at the same or even higher levels (134). BPL seems to retain the assumed global COVID-19-associated smell. Heat-inactivation appears to be more time-saving and cheaper than BPL-inactivation, but the former might lead to less robust learning results in dogs. Consistent with those statements, Salgırlı et al. have also reported that dogs initially had problems recognizing heat-inactivated masks worn by COVID-19 patients when previously trained with non-inactivated masks (147). In contrast, Vesga et al., who used heat treatment in order to prevent proliferation of microbiota, reported a high performance quality of dogs, however, the treatment was not further specified (118). Ultraviolet radiation Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation may be used to inactivate coronaviruses effectively (240, 248–250). It acts mainly by photochemical conversions of heterocyclic bases in the structure of nucleic acids without spontaneous reversion (251–253). Amino acids are affected to a lesser extent while carbohydrates and lipids are hardly modified (251). Mendel et al. used 10 minutes of UV-C-irradiation (254 nm) per side of mask material for SARS-CoV-2-positive cases, for canine training and for DTEs (146). Similarly, Salgirli et al. also used UV-inactivation (147). However, it is a significant concern of methodology in both studies that it is not clearly stated whether negative samples were also inactivated in order to control for potential pronounced or subtle UV-induced alterations in COVID-19-associated VOCs. In an additional experiment Mendel et al. showed that UV exposure did not result in statistically significant alterations in headspace solid phase microextraction GC-MS-profiles of at least 36 typical human-derived scent compounds pipetted on unused masks, suggesting a lack of significant photocatalytic effects on these VOCs (146). Conversely, UV-radiation of different wavelengths (especially UV-C) and dosage can have a great photocatalytic impact on gaseous emissions and VOCs by eliminating many of them from air samples, even within seconds (254–257), or from liquid media (258, 259). Therefore, the extent to which specific COVID-19-associated VOCs are altered by UV-irradiation remains uncertain and needs to be elucidated. If there are alterations, it has to also be clarified whether the discriminatory power of the canine olfactory system is nevertheless sufficient to compensate for those changes. However, Mendel et al. (146) reported in two cases that trained dogs were able to indicate locations at workplaces where SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals had been situated 3–4 weeks prior to canine inspection. It would represent a promising indication that UV-irradiation might have no relevant effect on COVID-19-associated VOCs and that the temporal range of detection might extend well beyond acute infections, however, these are only few individual cases reported (146) and it remains questionable whether COVID-19-associated VOCs persist in a confined area for such a long time without appropriate storage [SARS-CoV-2 itself survives only a few days in the environment (260)]. In summary, comparative studies of training with UV-inactivated and DTEs with new, non-inactivated samples under high security standards (see also section “Susceptibility of dogs for SARS-CoV-2”) are an essential step to ultimately verify the suitability of UV-inactivation for establishing canine training sample sets. Although the actual process of viral inactivation by UV takes longer than by BPL (230), the use of UV would be a time-saving and an ecological method since, in contrast to BPL- or detergent-inactivation, no chemicals, no targeted chemical manipulations of the samples, and no waiting time for hydrolysis are required. Detergent–solvent Detergent/solvent applications are a further method for efficient viral inactivation by complete destruction of the lipid membrane of enveloped viruses while preserving the structure of proteins from the virus and from the biological microenvironment (261–263). This method is widely and commercially used especially in the treatment of therapeutic human plasma, as it robustly destroys enveloped viruses while at the same time retaining physiological activity levels of plasma proteins (262, 264). Nonidet™ NP-40 in combination with further detergents seems to successfully disrupt coronavirions (240) and was used by one canine COVID-19-detection study for urine inactivation (145). A possible VOC-altering effect of Nonidet™ NP-40 or the closely related substance Triton X-100 on VOCs in treated samples is not elucidated. They represent gentle inactivation methods, but it might be assumed that lytic effects on membranes of contained cells (265) might slightly change the biochemical properties of those samples. Triton X-100 has a vapor pressure of 130 Pa at 20°C and is therefore considered an organic volatile substance (266). It can therefore be assumed that the detergents themselves change the odor-profile of the samples while they are still dissolved. In order to clarify these issues, comparative canine olfaction studies with both detergent-inactivated and non-inactivated positive and negative samples are necessary. However, Essler et al. (145) could show that cognitive transfer from detergent-inactivated to heat-inactivated samples is possible. Although sensitivities decreased, this may also be due to heat-inactivation [(145); see also section “Heat”]. Finally, chemical treatments with detergents or BPL are more environmentally damaging, time-consuming, and eventually more expensive than, for example, the use of UV-C. Nevertheless, they appear to allow satisfactory and safe olfactory transfer to non-inactivated samples in canine COVID-19-detection (134, 145). No viral inactivation No inactivation can represent a biosafety issue, but is probably also the best method for the preservation of crucial VOC-profiles. SARS-CoV-2 can survive a few days in the environment depending on the type of contaminated surface (260). In secreted biological material like aerosols, virus was shown to be infectious for minutes to hours (260, 267) whereas other studies show higher viral activity up to 21 days in different body fluids like e.g., sputum, saliva, urine, and blood, depending on seasonal factors (268). No virus inactivation was used by the majority of reviewed canine COVID-19-detection studies in their DTEs $(n = 21)$ (4). Sweat samples were the main material used without inactivation which \textit{per se} have no high infectivity (see also section “Sweat and body odor”). Similarly, four studies did not use inactivation of mask or clothes samples (47, 144, 147, 190). Apparently, the material on which sweat or body odor was collected impacts the viral persistence as well, since cotton and related material seems to ensure decomposition of its RNA within minutes (269, 270). The duration between sample acquisition and presentation to dogs was variable across studies between hours and months (see also section “Sweat and body odor”). However, in some reports, inactivation was omitted also in other sample types like saliva (184) and nasopharyngeal secretions (144) without use of further biosafety measures. Leaving out inactivation generated robust and good results (4) suggesting that characteristic VOCs outlast the virus presence or at least high viral loads. Nevertheless, independent of inactivation status, special safety measures should be used (118, 134, 145), e.g., Training Aid Delivery Device (TADD) containers (134, 145), which are supposed to allow odor particles to pass through but not droplet- or particle-bound virions, in order to protect both animals and humans (134). This is especially interesting for training purposes where body fluids with higher viral loads may be used. For detection of other infectious diseases, corresponding data about pathogen dynamics in body fluids and environment should be used, or reliable data should be generated first in the case of future emerging zoonotic diseases in order to determine susceptibility of dogs to pathogens of interest and to guarantee adequate safety. Standardized sample alternatives Training sample sets derived from naturally obtained human biological fluids can be used for extended periods of time. However, more research is needed in appropriate storage conditions (see section “Sample types”). In addition, acquiring samples is not trivial both from an ethical and logistic sense, especially early in a pandemic or while pandemic dynamics are low. Furthermore, storage duration and divergent storage conditions can affect VOC-patterns (221, 271, 272). There may also exist uncertainties regarding true infection status with possible false negative or false positive PCR-status potentially corrupting the sensitive training process for the right olfactory cue, differences in temporal and clinical infection states, demographic differences, etc. Producing specific COVID-19-associated VOC-profiles artificially for dog training purposes represents a challenging endeavor although first approaches with a “VOC-cocktail” have been conducted in combination with eNoses (273). However, sensor array composition of the eNose and environmental influences still represent a major limitation and studies are merely scratching the surface of decoding the volatilome of SARS-CoV-2-infections (see section “The smell of COVID-19”). For the current state of the canine COVID-19-detection research, it was important to cover the majority of VOC-variations, which can emerge from varying disease-associated factors, for adequate broad training and generalization. Nevertheless, it is only the attempt to “catch” the true critical COVID-19-odor of an active infection in an as broad as possible way, for the simple reason that the critical VOC-composition is not known yet but at the same time early investigation of anti-pandemic measures appeared reasonable. In this way, dogs were taught to perceive key signals from a broad array of positive samples, which were not present in a broad array of negative samples. Therefore, dogs did not learn to detect an absolute COVID-19-VOC-profile, but a certain scent-profile of relative difference to what healthy individuals did not express. The VOC-hypothesis is based on viable metabolic entities with the result of VOC-production, which may have fingerprint-like properties for certain pathological conditions, e.g., viral infections. Some have suggested that dogs might be able to detect viral proteins, i.e., spike proteins (51, 52), which could be perceived by olfaction without any metabolic intermediate step. Amino acids are not among the substances typically defined as odorants, and to date have been little studied in the context of odor perception, except in fish (274–278). Humans have been shown to be able to distinguish among certain amino acids by olfaction (279, 280). Whether dogs are able to smell parts of the pure SARS-CoV-2-proteins and reliably discriminate it against other distractors is currently being investigated. In this context, the function of the vomeronasal organ in dogs should be emphasized, which serves as an additional olfactory organ for intra-species communication through pheromones and is located rostrally at the bottom of the nasal cavity (5). Interestingly, in contrast to the main olfactory organ, the vomeronasal organ is capable of detecting non-volatile molecules of higher molecular weight, such as proteins (281), which might indicate the presence of different receptor cell types in both olfactory organs (282). If dogs are able to smell viral proteins, a standardized, broad, and sustainable training infrastructure based on appropriately manufactured proteins could be established and research is already underway. Safety would be guaranteed due to the absence of the viable virus, however, the risk of contamination of such sensitive samples is high. In addition, costs of sampling body fluids versus production of protein samples must be considered. An essential consideration, however, is the periodic emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 with differing mutations in spike genes and protein expression (283, 284). When dogs are trained on a single protein the spectrum of detection would be extremely narrow and certainly highly specific, increasing olfactory discrimination (129), but it has to be studied whether it would suffice to cover different virus variants. It would therefore seem reasonable to mix the variants during training sessions according to the current viral occurrence in the population. However, it may take some time before the next corresponding protein is available after discovery and identification of a new variant. It is probable that the impact of viral variants on variation in COVID-19-VOC-patterns is less pronounced. Chaber et al. stated that dogs had no difficulties recognizing the virus despite being confronted with different strains in biological samples. On the contrary, Kantele et al. showed a significant difference in accuracy between variants, when the training included only biological samples with the wild-type virus (69). Furthermore, by using only proteins for training, it would be essential that viral material is present and “readily accessible” in the screening samples of diseased individuals, which is not always the case for sweat/body odor or urine as described above (see section “Sample types”). In contrast, only infected individuals who acutely excrete the virus would be detected in this way sparing individuals who do not shed the virus anymore but still express COVID-19-VOC-patterns. Nevertheless, this can be deceptive because the viral load may vary temporally across the samples while the individual is still infectious or may depend on vaccine-induced immune response (see section “Sample types”). In order to circumvent these issues, supernatants from infected human cell cultures (41) could be used for additional training with negative/distractor samples belonging to the same culture or with different cell lines among positive and negative samples, profiting from the advantages of VOCs. The combinatorial approach of VOCs and proteins (e.g., one or more “sets” of specifically trained dogs, see section “Olfactory generalization”) could maintain high levels of sensitivity in general screening and be used in special confirmatory cases as a highly specific detection method for certain dangerous viral variants, which could be continuously updated in dogs’ olfactory memory (117). Although cell cultures are a very interesting alternative, it should be noted that the VOC-profile does not necessarily correspond to the versatility of VOC-patterns from naturally obtained biological samples. Murarka et al. trained dogs with an ovarian cancer cell line and showed that olfactory transfer or switch from cell culture to samples of patients with ovarian cancer did not readily occur in dogs (285). Similarly, there was a lower detection ability in SARS-CoV-2-positive cell culture supernatants after dogs had been trained with naturally acquired saliva samples (41). These problems could be circumvented to some extent by using different cell lines in cell cultures, but mimicking the olfactory versatility of naturally acquired samples remains difficult. Another alternative may be the use of SARS-CoV-2-training samples from animal models. Nevertheless, the question of effective translation to human derived VOCs needs to be addressed (286). Despite the great advantages of sample alternatives with regard to trainability and standardization, the use of “real” biological samples will probably still be necessary to prepare dogs for real-life screening scenarios. Target and screening population and the operational applicability The World Health Organization (WHO) and the German Paul Ehrlich Institute (PEI) recommend thresholds for diagnostic sensitivities and specificities for point-of-care-antigen tests to be more than 80% and more than 97%, respectively (287). 78% of reviewed canine detection studies showed $\geq 80\%$ sensitivity and 60% of studies showed $\geq 95\%$ specificity. Therefore, dogs’ detection is in line with or even better than other rapid diagnostic tests. Dogs achieved even better performances when only considering high-quality studies with a low risk of bias (4). However, when considering the entire components influencing the dog as a detection system, it has to be taken into account that the characteristics of the population to be tested has its impact on the accuracy as well. Besides the actual prevalence of COVID-19 within the target population to be screened the detection performance differs between different populations and search scenarios, which has a direct impact on the practicality. Therefore, the calculation of expected positive and negative predictive values is crucial for the decision on screening scenarios in order to avoid any vilification of the dogs’ detection (Table 2). It is furthermore important to note that not all studies relied on a single dog’s decision to determine sensitivity and specificity. In particular, in some cross-sectional studies, decisions from multiple dogs were used to ensure certainty in defining the infection/disease-status of tested individuals (69, 71, 191, 194). Those considerations, which also might depend on the number of available trained dogs, are important especially for the planning and conduction of a screening test. Furthermore, changing and distracting environmental factors should be reduced or avoided in the operational screening setting (see also section “Dog operational environment”). TABLE 2 Positive and negative predictive values for dogs’ performance of 90% sensitivity and 99% specificity and for the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Paul Ehrlich Institute (PEI) among different COVID-19 prevalences in the target population. \| COVID-19 prevalence \| Dogs’ performance (SEN = 0.90, SPE = 0.99) \| WHO and PEI recommendations (SEN = 0.80, SPE = 0.97) \| \|---------------------\|------------------------------------------\|--------------------------------------------------\| \| \| PPV \| NPV \| PPV \| NPV \| \| 0.0010 \| 0.0826 \| 0.9999 \| 0.0260 \| 0.9998 \| \| 0.0011 \| 0.0902 \| 0.9999 \| 0.0285 \| 0.9998 \| \| 0.0012 \| 0.0976 \| 0.9999 \| 0.0310 \| 0.9998 \| \| 0.0013 \| 0.1049 \| 0.9999 \| 0.0335 \| 0.9997 \| \| 0.0014 \| 0.1120 \| 0.9999 \| 0.0360 \| 0.9997 \| \| 0.0015 \| 0.1191 \| 0.9998 \| 0.0385 \| 0.9997 \| \| 0.0016 \| 0.1261 \| 0.9998 \| 0.0410 \| 0.9997 \| \| 0.0017 \| 0.1329 \| 0.9998 \| 0.0434 \| 0.9996 \| \| 0.0018 \| 0.1396 \| 0.9998 \| 0.0459 \| 0.9996 \| \| 0.0019 \| 0.1463 \| 0.9998 \| 0.0483 \| 0.9996 \| \| 0.0020 \| 0.1528 \| 0.9998 \| 0.0507 \| 0.9996 \| SEN, sensitivity; SPE, specificity; PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value. Dog detection as the one health approach to tackle COVID-19 The increase of zoonotic infectious diseases highlights the importance of collaborative, multisectoral and interdisciplinary work to address challenges that could impact public health, animal health and production, and environmental conservation. The World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) have established an intersectoral collaboration aiming to implement initiatives under the concept of “One Health” to address main global problems at the human-animal-environment interface (288). The four organizations are working together to mainstream One Health so that they are better prepared to prevent, predict, detect, and respond to global health threats and promote sustainable development. The use of COVID-19-detecting dogs is a great example of using this concept to respond to the current COVID-19-pandemic. In this review, we showed how multi-sectoral communication and joint work resulted in the generation of evidence that the use of dogs trained to detect SARS-CoV-2 infections has been shown to be a rapid, mobile, and non-invasive tool for early detection of affected individuals. Collaborative efforts are crucial to minimize the rapid viral transmission requiring massive testing (289, 290). The use of detection dogs to pre-screen infections among the population could overcome the overloaded response capacity of laboratories due to the higher number of required tests, the lack of needed reagents to perform these tests, and technical issues in sampling infected individuals (i.e., inappropriate sample collection, storage, or transportation) or false-negative results related to the disease status with low viral multiplication levels (291–293). Conclusion Dogs can detect samples from SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals with a high degree of diagnostic accuracy. However, the search context, study design and quality of the current studies varied considerably, and only a small percentage of studies were of high quality with a low risk of bias. In contrast to an industrially produced test kit, dogs and their olfactory performance are naturally subject to many variations. In addition, disease detection involves difficult to measure and volatile amounts of substances and little is known about the olfactory dynamics of a pathological process, making it difficult to control the process of adequate odor imprinting. However, the evidence of canine COVID-19 recognition has been replicated by several different groups, and the dog proved to be an incomparably fast detection tool. Importantly, in epi/pandemic conditions, dogs can be trained quickly with a good level of sensitivity before specific laboratory methods are available, helping with isolation of infected patients presenting with or without symptoms. Therefore, further research on influences of the odor profile (or the perception of it) by factors such as training sample number and type, sampling method, inactivation type, training procedures, dogs’ personalities, environment, translation from training to test scenario, etc. proves to be very important for harmonization and optimization of canine scent detection and for maintenance of high study quality. Those considerations pave the way for the canine olfaction to become a reliable, stable and quick test method. Thus, standardization and validation processes such as those used in the field of drug and explosive detection dogs are urgently needed, if medical detection dogs should be deployed in the field to detect samples from SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. We recommend the use of dogs as VOC-detectors in mass screenings as a quick, highly adaptive, and effective countermeasure both at the emergence and also in the further course of a pandemic, provided that sufficient numbers of diverse positive and negative, high quality, safe samples for training purposes can be generated early, the pathophysiological condition of those samples is known with a high certainty, and that training procedures, dogs, and their handlers are certified similarly as described for scent detection in explosives (294). Author contributions HV and SM discussed and planned the form of the comprehensive analysis. SM wrote the manuscript and conducted the main literature research. All other authors have contributed significantly to the completion and development of the review and provided their expert opinion. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Funding This Open Access publication was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – 491094227 “Open Access Publication Funding” and the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation. Acknowledgments We would like to thank Stéphane de la Rocque (WHO) for critically reviewing the manuscript. Furthermore, we would also like to thank Sonja von Brethorst and Ulrich Stamm for providing the image for Figure 2. Conflict of interest JGL was employed by the Arctech Innovation. HE and JE were employed by the Kynoscience UG. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Publisher’s note All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Supplementary material The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2022.1015620/full#supplementary-material SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE 1 Detailed mind map representing areas of interest and related aspects that played a role in the reviewed canine COVID-19-detection studies by Meller et al. (4) and have been highlighted by the experts in this publication. References 1. Wiersinga WI, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, Peacock SJ, Prescott HC. Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA. 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(2022). Available online at: https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/pps/items/696384 (accessed May 1, 2022). COPYRIGHT © 2022 Meller, Al Khatri, Alhammadi, Álvarez, Alvergnat, Alves, Callewaert, Carague, Carancci, Chabier, Charalambous, Desquibet, Ebbers, Ebbers, Grandjean, Guest, Guyot, Hielm-Björkman, Hopkins, Kreienbrock, Logan, Lorenzo, Maia, Mancilla-Tapia, Mardones, Mutesa, Nsanzimana, Otto, Salgado-Caxito, de los Santos, da Silva, Schalke, Schoneberg, Soares, Twele, Vidal-Martínez, Zapata, Zimin-Veselkoff and Volk. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
INTRODUCTION Giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone was first described by Cooper and Travers in 1818.\textsuperscript{1} It comprises around 18-23% of benign bone neoplasm and 5% of all bone neoplasms.\textsuperscript{2} It usually occurs during third and fourth decades with female predominance.\textsuperscript{3} It is known for its local aggressiveness and capability to metastasize.\textsuperscript{3} Radiologically, its eccentric location in the long bone epiphyses in skeletally mature patients and in metaphysis in immature ones is often diagnostic.\textsuperscript{4} It usually occurs in distal femur, followed by proximal tibia and distal radius.\textsuperscript{4} Involvement of spine (except sacrum), foot and ankle ($\sim 4\%$) is rare.\textsuperscript{4} Medial malleolus involvement of GCT has not yet been reported. Besides curettage of the tumor, its treatment mandates maintaining stability of the ankle joint. CASE REPORT A 32 years old female presented to Suvekchya International Hospital, Sitapaila, Kathmandu, in October 2021... with complaints of pain and swelling on the distal medial aspect of her left leg for 2 months. There was no history of trauma to the ankle joint. Investigations done previously at other centers revealed no signs of arthritis or systemic diseases. Symptomatic treatment did not improve her symptoms. She visited our department with increasing pain and swelling and decreasing range of motion of her left ankle for past few days. On examination, there was tenderness and mild swelling over the medial malleolus of her left ankle. Range of motion of the joint was decreased. X-ray of the ankle joint (Fig.1) showed a well-defined eccentric expansile lytic lesion at left medial malleolus. CT scan (Fig. 1) of the ankle revealed a well-defined, hypodense expansile eccentric lesion measuring about 1.4 cm x 2.3 cm with narrow zone of transition at epiphysis involving medial malleolus of left ankle with thin sclerotic margin, minimal endosteal scalloping and adjacent soft tissue edema; without extension into adjacent soft tissue region, periosteal reaction, or matrix calcification. Laboratory investigations were within normal limits. With the provisional diagnosis of GCT, surgery with curettage, biopsy and filling the defect and reconstruction of medial malleolus with bone cement was planned. Figure 1 Xray and CT scan of left ankle showing a well defined eccentric lytic lesion at left medial malleolus suggestive of GCT (white arrow) A curvilinear incision was given over the medial malleolus of left distal tibia (Fig 2(a)), bone was exposed subperiosteally and through a cortical window of around 3cm x 2cm (Fig 2(b)), the tumor was excised in piecemeals and curettage was done up to subchondral surface of whole medial malleolus. The tissues removed (Fig 2(c)) were sent for histopathological examination. The void, after meticulous removal of the tumor tissues, was further ‘cleansed off’ with diamond burr and electrocautery. The surgical site was then thoroughly washed and the defect, which comprised the medial pillar of the ankle joint, was filled with bone cement mixed with gentamicin and medial malleolus was reconstructed (Fig 2(d)), without any further implants. Skin was closed in single layer and the ankle was immobilized with a back slab. The histopathology showed a highly cellular lesion composed of osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells in a sea of mononuclear stromal cells suggestive of GCT (Fig 4). Patient was followed up at regular intervals, at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months post-op. Ankle mobilization and gradual weight bear were started post op 6 weeks. X-rays were taken at regular follow-ups. In her recent follow up, she had regained full ankle functions and was pain free. The follow up X-ray revealed cement reconstructed medial malleolus in the proper position and no signs of recurrence (Fig 5(a)). Figure 3 Post Surgery Xray Left Ankle AP and lateral views showing bone cement medial malleolus reconstruction Figure 2 Per-op pictures: a. Medial approach to the medial malleolus b. Cortical window 3cm x 2cm c. Excised tumor d. Filling the cavity and medial malleolus reconstruction with bone cement Figure 4 Histopathology of the tissue showed a highly cellular lesion composed of osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells in a sea of mononuclear stromal cells suggestive of GCT Figure 5 Follow-up after 1 year a.X-ray of left ankle b.Clinical pictures DISCUSSION GCT is usually locally aggressive and most manifest clinically at later stages.\textsuperscript{3} Earlier, their treatment consisted of simple curettage but the recurrence rate was high. Almost 50% of the patients treated with simple curettage had recurrence of the tumor. However, with the improvement in the technique of curettage, at present, the recurrence rate has decreased to 5-15%.\textsuperscript{4} The key to ensuring an adequate curettage with complete removal of tumor is obtaining adequate exposure of the lesion. Nowadays, for a better result, it is suggested to create a cortical window large enough to access the tumor so as to avoid having to curette under overhanging shelves or ridges of bone.\textsuperscript{5} Further, a power burr is used to enlarge the cavity about 1 cm in all directions. However, care should be taken not to perforate the subchondral bone into the joint.\textsuperscript{4,6} Varieties of methods have been described for the filling up of the cavity after curettage in GCT. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement with gentamicin was used in this case to fill the void and reconstruct the medial malleolus. Bone cement has several advantages: it hardens quickly, the heating effect may destroy remaining tumor cells in the cavity walls, and recurrences are easier to detect early. Bone lysis or non-development of the sclerotic rim adjacent to the radiolucent zone between cement and cancellous bone signifies recurrence.\textsuperscript{7} Bini S. A. et. al.,\textsuperscript{8} Bami M et. al.,\textsuperscript{9} Madi S. et. al.\textsuperscript{10} had desired results with the use of PMMA bone cement as filling agent. In this case, a further challenge was to reconstruct the medial malleolus with bone cement alone to provide medial support to the ankle joint preventing instability. Fixation with implants was not done due to its subcutaneous position and possibility of cement fracture. CONCLUSION A young female with a rare case of GCT of medial malleolus was treated by curettage and reconstruction of the medial malleolus with PMMA bone cement. In one year follow up, she showed good functional results without signs of recurrence. We conclude that thorough curettage and bone cement reconstruction is a good treatment option for giant cell tumor involving medial malleolus. REFERENCES 1. Turcotte RE. Giant Cell Tumor of Bone. Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 2006 Jan 1;37(1):35–51. 2. Murphey MD, Nomikos GC, Flemming DJ, Gannon FH, Thomas Temple • H, Kransdorf MJ. From the Archives of the AFIP Imaging of Giant Cell Tumor and Giant Cell Reparative Granuloma of Bone: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation 1 Learning Objectives For Test 6. [cited 2022 Mar 16]; Available from: www.rsna.org 3. Sobti A, Agrawal P, Agarwala S, Agarwal M. Giant Cell Tumor of Bone - An Overview. Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2022 Mar 28];4(1):2. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4733230/ 4. Robert K., Heck Jr., Patrick C. Benign/Agressive tumors of bone. In: Campbell’s Operative Orthopedics 14th edition. 2021. p. 986–8. 5. Vult von Steyern F, Kristiansson I, Jonsson K, Mannfolk P, Heinegård D, Rydholm A. Giant-cell tumour of the knee: the condition of the cartilage after treatment by curettage and cementing. J Bone Joint Surg Br [Internet]. 2007 Mar [cited 2022 Mar 30];89(3):361–5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17356150/ 6. Hisatome T, Yasunaga Y, Ikuta Y, Fujimoto Y. Effects on articular cartilage of subchondral replacement with polymethylmethacrylate and calcium phosphate cement. J Biomed Mater Res [Internet]. 2002 Mar 5 [cited 2022 Mar 30];59(3):490–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11774307/ 7. Kivioja AH, Blomqvist C, Hietaniemi K, Trovik C, Walloe A, Bauer HCF, et al. Cement is recommended in intralesional surgery of giant cell tumors: A Scandinavian Sarcoma Group study of 294 patients followed for a median time of 5 years. New Pub: Medical Journals Sweden [Internet]. 2009 Feb 1 [cited 2022 Mar 30];79(1):86–93. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17453670710014815 8. Bini SA, Gill K, Johnston JO. Giant cell tumor of bone. Curettage and cement reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995 Dec;(321). 9. Bami M, Nayak AR, Kulkarni S, Kulkarni A, Gupta R. Giant Cell Tumor of Lower End of Tibia. Case Rep Orthop [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2022 Mar 30];2013:1–3. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3703419/ 10. Al A, Madi S, Vijayan S, Naik M, Rao S. Recurrent giant cell tumour of distal Tibia: Case report and review of the literature Monappa Naik 4 \| Page. Annals Of Medical And Biomedical Sciences [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2022 Mar 30];1(1):4–7. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278312947
Gate bias voltage dependence of Cardiff admittance model in Ka-band GaAs pHEMTs Alexander Baddeley, Ehsan Azad, Roberto Quaglia, James Bell, Paul Tasker Centre for High Frequency Engineering Cardiff University Queen’s Buildings, CF24 3AA, Cardiff, UK Email: email@example.com Abstract—This paper analyzes the dependence vs. gate bias voltage of the coefficients of the Cardiff model in the admittance form. The load-pull measurement data used to extract the model, inclusive of input power sweep, is taken on a GaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (pHEMT) at the frequency of 36 GHz. The gate bias is swept in class C and in class AB and a different set of coefficients is extracted at each bias point. It is observed that the model coefficients can be fitted vs. bias using a linear function within the class C and class AB ranges. This allows to predict the model coefficients within a range of bias voltages with load-pull measurements at only a few bias points, significantly reducing the measurement effort. Using the predicted coefficients, the model shows a global error lower than -31 dB for the DC and fundamental output current. I. INTRODUCTION The use of millimeter-wave frequencies is gaining traction in a number of applications, ranging from ground to satellite communications, radar, and imaging, thanks to the good availability of bandwidth and the possibility to miniaturize circuits and antennas. The power amplifier (PA) remains the most critical component in the transmitter, heavily affecting the quality of the transmitted signal and the power consumption. Advanced PA architectures, such as the Doherty PA [1], can be used to improve the performance for specific applications. However, they require a significant effort in the design that must rely on accurate device models that can predict the response over a range of operating conditions, especially bias voltage. State function models, such as the Angelov model [2], can achieve great accuracy and are extremely versatile, but extracting them is a complex and lengthy operation, involving several characterization steps and a final validation by means of load-pull measurements. Alternatively, load-pull measurement results can be used directly in the design phase, but this is not trivial when designing advanced PA architectures. As an alternative bridging the two options, behavioural models can directly represent measured data in a simulator, allowing to simulate advanced PA architectures [3], and leading to a quicker turn-around between device samples availability and design compared to more complete models. An example of a behavioural model is the Cardiff model [4], which is based upon rigorous mathematical formulation supported by mixing theory. Being a behavioural model, the Cardiff model requires the measurement domain to cover the possible application domain. Therefore, the model must be extracted on measurements at different gate bias voltages to ensure a valid model when designing advanced PAs. Finding a way to minimize the number of required measurements is therefore important in order to accelerate the model extraction procedure. The dependence of the Cardiff model vs. gate bias has been presented in [5], and parameters’ fitting vs. gate bias was adopted to reduce the number of measurements needed. In this work, we apply a similar concept to the admittance form of the Cardiff model, i.e. based on voltage and current rather than power waves. The use of the admittance model is an important step forward since it is a preferred form of the model for having a closer link to the device physics, allowing in future to perform frequency and size scaling in a more accurate way than with a power wave-based model [6]. II. MODEL The Cardiff model is used in its admittance form with an order of 5 [7], expressing the output fundamental current as: $$I_{21} = \frac{1}{\|V_{11}\|} \sum_{t=0}^{1} \sum_{r=0}^{1} \sum_{n=n_{\text{min}}}^{n_{\text{max}}} L_{2,1,x,m,n} \|V_{11}\|^x \|V_{21}\|^m Q_{21}^n$$ \hspace{1cm} (1) and the DC current as: $$I_{20} = \sum_{t=0}^{1} \sum_{r=0}^{1} \sum_{n=n_{\text{min}}}^{n_{\text{max}}} L_{2,0,x,m,n} \|V_{11}\|^x \|V_{21}\|^m Q_{21}^n$$ \hspace{1cm} (2) where $V_{11}$ is the fundamental input voltage, $V_{21}$ is the fundamental output voltage, and $Q_{21}$ is a unitary phasor with phase as the difference between output and input voltage. The coefficients $m$ and $x$ are calculated as: $$\begin{cases} m = \|n\| + 2r \\ x = \|h - n\| + 2t \end{cases}$$ \hspace{1cm} (3) with $h=1$ for fundamental and $h=0$ for DC. The range of $n$ is: $$\begin{cases} n_{\text{min}} = -(mix - t - r) \\ n_{\text{max}} = h + (mix - t - r) \end{cases}$$ \hspace{1cm} (4) where $mix = \left\lfloor \frac{s-h}{2} \right\rfloor$. A model, i.e., a set of $L$ coefficients (16 for $I_{21}$ and 12 for $I_{20}$), can be extracted for each bias point at which the load-pull measurements have been performed, using a least-mean square algorithm since the model is linear in its parameters. The insertion of the input voltage in the model is due to the impossibility of performing a “voltage pull” on high frequency devices that would give a constant input voltage when sweeping the output voltage. Therefore, as explained in detail in [6], including the input voltage in the model and performing the load-pull characterization over a few dBs of input power solves this issue providing a sufficient variation of input voltage for the model to be fitted. III. LOAD-PULL MEASUREMENTS An active open-loop load-pull system was used for the measurements presented in this paper, see picture in Fig. 1. ![Active open-loop load-pull measurement set-up](image) Fig. 1. Active open-loop load-pull measurement set-up The device under test was placed on a probe station, and the measurement process driven by the Mesuro ALPS software, using the receivers and sources of a Rohde & Schwarz ZVA67 vector network analyzer. The driver and load-pull PAs are the RFLUPA28G42GA from RF-LAMBDA. The load-pull measurements were conducted on a GaAs 6x25 µm pHEMT fabricated with the Qorvo QPHT09 process, at the frequency of 36 GHz and at the drain bias voltage of 3.5 V. The gate bias voltage was swept between $-0.65$ V and $-0.4$ V, with a step of 50 mV, for the class AB range, and between $-1.25$ V and $-1.0$ V, with a step of 50 mV, for the class C range. The power drive is swept on a 6 dB and 3 dB range in class AB and class C, respectively, and pushed to around 1.5-2 dB compression. Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show the measured output power and efficiency contours at $V_{GG} = -0.4$ V and $V_{GG} = -1.25$ V, respectively. IV. FITTING OF COEFFICIENTS VS. BIAS POINT The extracted model coefficients can be plotted vs. $V_{GG}$, and they all result to be very close to a linear relationship in both the class AB and C ranges. Fig. 4 shows some of the low order coefficients. For example, $L_{2,1,1,0,0}$ represents the trans-admittance between input voltage and output current, and its real part is related to the trans-conductance of the device. Therefore, it makes sense for it to be increasing with bias voltage in both the class AB and class C ranges. On the other hand, its imaginary part is expected to be less dependent on the gate bias voltage. $L_{2,1,0,1,1}$ is related to the output admittance of the device, and also shows only a loose dependence on gate voltage. Having identified a linear trend vs. bias for the model coefficients, we can reduce drastically the number of bias points measured, and determine the coefficients at non-measured bias-points using a linear function fitting the measured points, that is in general expressed as: $$\begin{cases} L_{2,1,x,m,n}(V_{GG}) = m_{1,x,m,n}V_{GG} + q_{1,x,m,n} \\ L_{2,0,x,m,n}(V_{GG}) = m_{0,x,m,n}V_{GG} + q_{0,x,m,n} \end{cases} \quad (5)$$ where $m$ is the slope coefficient and $q$ is a reference gate voltage. These approximations are valid within defined $V_{GG}$ ranges. To prove that this method is effective, we use the coefficients at the extremes of the class AB and C ranges as data points for the model extraction, and determine the values of $m$ and $q$. Then, we calculate the model at any bias points not used in the model extraction using (5) and validate it against the measurements at that bias point. For class AB, we use the measurements at $V_{GG} = -0.65$ V and $V_{GG} = -0.4$ V for the model extraction, while for class C we use $V_{GG} = -1.25$ V and $V_{GG} = -1$ V. The validation is performed at all the other points measured, and the resulting normalised mean square error (NMSE) for fundamental and DC output current is reported in Fig. 5. Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 show the measured vs. modelled output power and efficiency contours for $V_{GG} = -0.5$ V and $V_{GG} = -1.1$ V, respectively. The good agreement shown is related to the very low NMSE obtained when modelling the output DC and fundamental currents. It is important to remark that the measured data at these bias points was not used to extract the models, hence this is a proper validation of the model accuracy. Fig. 4. Some of the extracted coefficients vs. $V_{\text{GIG}}$ in the class AB (left column) and class C (right column) ranges. Fig. 5. Model accuracy in terms of NMSE vs. gate bias voltage, for the class AB model (a) and the class C model (b). The model has been extracted at the extremes of the voltage ranges only, and the models within the ranges are extracted by linearly fitting the coefficients. Fig. 6. Power (a) and DCRF (b) contour comparison between modelled (blue solid) and measured (red dashed) at $V_{\text{GIG}} = -0.5 \text{ V}, 0.25 \text{ dBm}$ and 5% contours, respectively. Drive power of 15.6 dBm. Fig. 7. Power (a) and DCRF (b) contour comparison between modelled (blue solid) and measured (red dashed) at $V_{\text{GIG}} = -1.1 \text{ V}, 0.25 \text{ dBm}$ and 5% contours, respectively. Drive power of 17.7 dBm. V. CONCLUSION The paper has shown that the Cardiff admittance model coefficients for a millimetre-wave GaAs pHEMT can be linearly interpolated vs. gate bias voltage within class AB and class C ranges. This opens the possibility of applying frequency and periphery scaling. More work will be required to identify a method to extend the admittance model across class AB and C ranges and a larger input drive dynamic range. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank Qorvo Inc. for providing the transistor samples. REFERENCES [1] V. Camarchia et al., “The Doherty Power Amplifier: Review of Recent Solutions and Trends,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 559-571, Feb. 2015. [2] I. Angelov et al., “A new empirical nonlinear model for HEMT and MESFET devices,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 2470-2477, Dec. 2000. [3] J. Loure et al., “New Transistor Behavioral Model Formulation Suitable for Doherty PA Design,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 2138-2147, April 2021. [4] H. Qi et al., “Nonlinear Data Utilization: From Direct Data Lookup to Behavioral Modeling,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1425-1432, June 2009. [5] E. M. Azad et al., “Gate Bias Incorporation into Cardiff Behavioural Modelling Formulation,” 2020 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS), 2020, pp. 420-423. [6] M. R. Moore et al., “Parameterization of an admittance domain behavioural model from small-signal load-pull measurements,” 2017 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS), 2017, pp. 1057-1060. [7] M. R. Moore et al., “A Systematic Investigation of Admittance Domain Behavioural Model Complexity Requirements,” 2018 IEEE MTT-S Latin America Microwave Conference (LAMC 2018), 2018, pp. 1-4.

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