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[ "Katherine Bowling (born 1955, Washington, D.C.) is a painter known for her layered landscape paintings that draw inspiration from nature in the Hudson Valley.", "Early life and education \n\nKatherine Bowling grew up in Tidewater, Virginia.", "She received her BFA from Virginia Commonwealth University in 1978.", "Painting \n\nBowling's first New York show, as well as her first solo exhibition, was in 1987.", "Bowling's works tend to be landscape paintings that often feature woods and fields as well as roads.", "Many of her paintings are based on her photographs of woods and fields surrounding and in Scholarie County, where she rents a house.", "As Molly O'Neill notes in an essay on Bowling and her work, this area is \"fifty miles northwest of the vistas that inspired the Hudson River School painters in the mid-1800s.\"", "Bowling focused in particular on the imagery of roads for the theme of her exhibition at Greenberg Van Doren, Divide.", "As the title implies, writes Lilly Wei in the exhibition's accompanying catalog, Bowling views the roads as \"abstract marks in the landscape that divide and order space.\"", "Even with roads she has often traveled, Bowling finds something new on closer inspection that alters her perception of the familiar and mundane.", "Bowling explains that the roads \"function as a metaphor for memory and displacement.\"", "In 2001, Bowling exhibited a number of seascape paintings.", "In her essay on the exhibition, art historian and critic Nancy Princenthal writes that, far from being an aberration from Bowling's typically home-based scenes, the ocean paintings are \"a return to childhood memories and life long inclinations.", "A native of Virginia, she spent her first summers at the Atlantic shore and on the Chesapeake Bay.\"", "Primarily, however, Bowling's works focus on capturing the play of light and shadow.", "Art critic Eleanor Heartney notes that \"Her paintings, like those of Monet, Pissarro, and Renoir, focus on the ephemeral moment and the fleeting impression, conjuring the flicker of sunlight through the trees, the shifting shadows of early evening, the reflections of clouds and foliage glancing across the rippling surface of a lake.\"", "O'Neill argues that Bowling additionally \"has an innate sense of abstraction and she ranges happy as an uncaged chicken, pecking elements from the Impressionists' obsession with light; from modern photography; and the drip paintings of Jackson Pollock.\"", "Bowling is influenced by the use of light in the paintings of European Romantics such as J.M.W.", "Turner and John Constable as well as by the later work of George Inness.", "Her paintings also recall landscapes by Claude Lorraine, Albert Pinkham Ryder and Camille Corot.", "Process \n\nBowling is known for her use of spackle.", "She uses a long process of layering and sanding to create the \"back-lit\" effect found in her paintings.", "First, the paintings begin as photographs which she typically takes near her rented house in the Hudson Valley.", "Then, she uses these photographs, which serve as her \"preliminary drawings,\" to aid in the painting process.", "She also paints from memory and direct observation.", "Bowling paints on square panels of plywood.", "Bowling considers rectangular pieces to be too horizontal and rife of implications already of landscapes and horizons.", "She sometimes paints on one of these square and sometimes paints on several square panels together.", "The seams between these adjoined panels are left visible.", "Next, Bowling applies layers of spackle.", "O'Neill remarks that \"Inspired, perhaps, by her day job of painting houses, [Bowling] turned to more industrial media: damp vinyl spackle, a building compound that is applied to wooden panels to create a matte, fresco-like surface.", "Thinned oil pigments are poured, allowed to dry, and then the Sisyphean task of sanding begins.\"", "Initial layers generally correspond with the color of the light—varying from pinks, golds, blues, and oranges.", "Through this layering and sanding, she creates a luminous quality in her landscapes.", "Despite rigorous sanding, air bubbles within the spackle layers are revealed occasionally on the surface.", "Rather than disguise them, Bowling integrates them.", "Heartney writes that Bowling \"allows these irregularities to become part of the painting so that the viewer's perception of the play of light and shadow across the image cannot be separated from an awareness of surface itself.\"", "In later stages of painting, Bowling stands above panels to throw, dribble, and splatter paint with a hair dryer, recalling the techniques of Abstract Expressionists such as Jackson Pollock.", "Katherine Bowling: Moments of Grace.", "New York: DC Moore Gallery, 2010.", "Friesen, Andria.", "Speak for the Trees.", "Seattle, WA: Friesen Gallery, 2009.", "Wei, Lilly.", "Katherine Bowling: Divide.", "New York: Greenberg Van Doren Gallery, 2004.", "Princenthal, Nancy.", "Katherine Bowling: Land to Sea.", "New York: Joseph Helman Gallery, 2001.", "Heartney, Eleanor.", "Katherine Bowling.", "New York: BlumHelman Gallery, 1990.", "Scott, Sue.", "Katherine Bowling: New Paintings.", "New York: Blum Helman Gallery, 1992.", "References \n\n1955 births\nLiving people\n20th-century American painters\n21st-century American painters\nAmerican women painters\n20th-century American women artists\n21st-century American women artists" ]

[ "Katherine Bowling is a painter who draws inspiration from nature in the Hudson Valley.", "Bowling grew up in Virginia.", "She received her degree from Virginia Commonwealth University.", "Painting Bowling's first New York show was in 1987.", "Landscape paintings by Bowling often feature woods and fields as well as roads.", "She rents a house in Scholarie County, which is where many of her paintings are based.", "This area is fifty miles northwest of the vistas that inspired the Hudson River School painters in the mid-1800s.", "For her exhibition at Greenberg Van Doren, Divide, Bowling focused on the imagery of roads.", "The exhibition's accompanying catalog states that Bowling views the roads as \"abstract marks in the landscape that divide and order space.\"", "Bowling finds something new on closer inspection that changes her perception of the familiar and mundane.", "The roads are a metaphor for memory and displacement.", "There were a number of paintings in 2001.", "Nancy Princenthal writes in her essay on the exhibition that the ocean paintings are a return to childhood memories and life long inclinations.", "She grew up in Virginia and spent her first summers at the Atlantic shore.", "Bowling's works focus on capturing the play of light and shadow.", "Her paintings focus on the fleeting impression, conjuring the flicker of sunlight through the trees, the shifting shadows of early evening, and the reflections of clouds and foliage.", "Bowling has an innate sense of abstraction and she ranges happy as an uncaged chicken, from the Impressionists' obsession with light, to the drip paintings of Jackson Pollock.", "Light is used in the paintings of European Romantics such as J.M.W.", "George Inness' work as well as Turner and John Constable.", "Her paintings show landscapes by Claude, Albert, Pinkham, and Corot.", "Process Bowling uses spackle.", "She uses layers and sanding to create the \"back-lit\" effect in her paintings.", "She usually takes photographs near her rented house in the Hudson Valley.", "She uses the photographs as her \"preliminary drawings\" to aid in the painting process.", "She paints from memory and observation.", "There are square panels of plywood.", "rectangular pieces are too horizontal and have a lot of implications.", "She sometimes paints on one of these square and sometimes paints on several square panels together.", "The seams between the panels are visible.", "Bowling applies spackle.", "\"Inspired, perhaps, by her day job of painting houses, [Bowling] turned to more industrial media: damp vinyl spackle, a building compound that is applied to wooden panels to create a matt, fresco-like surface.\"", "The Sisyphean task of sanding begins after thin oil pigments are poured.", "The initial layers correspond with the color of the light.", "She uses layers and sanding in her landscapes.", "Air bubbles can be seen occasionally on the surface of the spackle layers.", "Bowling integrates them rather than hiding them.", "The viewer's perception of the play of light and shadow across the image cannot be separated from an awareness of surface itself because of Bowling.", "In the later stages of painting, Bowling stands above panels to throw, dribble, and splatter paint with a hair dryer, similar to the techniques of Jackson Pollock.", "There are moments of Grace.", "DC Moore Gallery is in New York.", "Andria, Friesen.", "Speak for the trees.", "The Friesen Gallery is in Seattle.", "Lilly, Wei.", "There is a divide.", "The Greenberg Van Doren Gallery is in New York.", "Nancy Princenthal.", "Land to Sea was written by Katherine Bowling.", "The Joseph Helman Gallery is in New York.", "Eleanor Heartney.", "The person is Katherine Bowling.", "The gallery was in New York.", "Scott and Sue.", "There are new paintings by Katherine Bowling.", "The gallery was in New York.", "There are references to 1955 births of American painters and American women painters." ]

[ "Katherine Bowling", "Katherine Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Katherine Bowling", "Katherine Bowling", "Katherine Bowling", "Katherine Bowling", "Katherine Bowling" ]

[ "Katherine Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Bowling", "Katherine Bowling", "Katherine Bowling", "Katherine Bowling" ]

[ "Pulakeshi II (IAST: Pulakeśi, r. c. 610–642 CE) was the most famous ruler of the Chalukya dynasty of Vatapi (present-day Badami in Karnataka, India).", "During his reign, the Chalukya kingdom expanded to cover most of the Deccan region in peninsular India.", "A son of the Chalukya king Kirttivarman I, Pulakeshi overthrew his uncle Mangalesha to gain control of the throne.", "He suppressed a rebellion by Appayika and Govinda, and decisively defeated the Kadambas of Banavasi in the south.", "The Alupas and the Gangas of Talakadu recognized his suzerainty.", "He consolidated the Chalukya control over the western coast by subjugating the Mauryas of Konkana.", "His Aihole inscription also credits him with subjugating the Latas, the Malavas, and the Gurjaras in the north.", "The most notable military achievement of Pulakeshi was his victory over the powerful northern emperor Harsha-vardhana, whose failure to conquer the Chalukya kingdom is attested by the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang.", "In the east, Pulakeshi subjugated the rulers of Dakshina Kosala and Kalinga.", "After defeating the Vishnukundina ruler, he appointed his brother Vishnu-vardhana as the governor of eastern Deccan; this brother later established the independent Eastern Chalukya dynasty of Vengi.", "Pulakeshi also achieved some successes against the Pallavas in the south, but was ultimately defeated, and probably killed, during an invasion by the Pallava king Narasimhavarman I.", "Names and titles \n\nTwo variants of Pulakeshi's name appear in the Chalukya records: Pulikeshi (IAST: Pulikeśi) and Polekeshi (IAST: Polekeśi).", "\"Ereya\" appears to have been another of his names: the Peddavaduguru inscription calls him \"Ereyatiyadigal\" (or \"Ereyitiyadigal\"), and the Bijapur-Mumbai inscription mentions the variant \"Eraja\".", "Historian K. V. Ramesh theorizes that Ereya was the pre-coronation name of Pulakeshi.", "Satyashraya (\"refuge of truth\"), a hereditary biruda (epithet) of Pulakeshi, was commonly used as a substitute for his name in the dynasty's records.", "He was the dynasty's most celebrated ruler, because of which the subsequent rulers called their dynasty Satyashraya-kula (\"family of Satyashraya\").", "The imperial titles of Pulakeshi include Bhattaraka and Maharajadhiraja (\"King of great kings\").", "Besides, he also used the family epithets Shri-prithvi-vallabha, Vallabha, and Shri-vallabha.", "Pulakeshi also assumed the title Parameshvara (\"Supreme Lord\") after defeating Harsha, as attested by his Bijapur-Mumbai inscription.", "The Chinese traveler Xuanzang calls him Pu-lo-ki-she.", "The Persian historian Al-Tabari calls him Paramesa or Pharmis, probably a Persian transcription of his title Parameshvara.", "Early life \n\nPulakeshi was a son of the Chalukya king Kirttivarman I.", "When Kirttivarman died, Pulakeshi appears to have been a minor, as Kirttivarman's younger brother Mangalesha became the next king.", "The inscriptions of the later Chalukyas of Kalyani, who claimed descent from the Chalukyas of Vatapi, state that Mangalesha \"took upon himself the burden of administration\" because Pulakeshi was a minor.", "However, these inscriptions also wrongly claim that Mangalesha returned the kingdom to Pulakeshi when Pulakeshi grew up, praising the Chalukya lineage for such exemplary behaviour.", "This claim is contradicted by Pulakeshi's own Aihole inscription, and appears to be a late attempt to gloss over Pulakeshi's overthrow of Mangalesha.", "The exact details of the conflict between these two men are unclear, because the Aihole inscription describes it in a rather enigmatic way.", "It is possible that Mangalesha initially ruled as a regent, but later decided to usurp the throne.", "According to the Aihole inscription, Mangalesha was envious of Pulakeshi, because Pulakeshi was a favourite of Lakshmi (the goddess of fortune).", "Therefore, Pulakeshi, decided to go into exile.", "Subsequently, Mangalesha became weak \"on all sides\" as Pulakeshi applied his \"gifts of good counsel and energy\".", "Ultimately, Mangalesha had to abandon three things simultaneously: his attempt to secure the throne for his own son (or his ability to perpetuate his own descent), his kingdom, and his own life.", "The above description suggests that when Pulakeshi became an adult, Mangalesha rejected his claim to the throne and possibly appointed his own son as the heir apparent.", "Pulakeshi went into exile, during which he must have planned an attack on Mangalesha; he ultimately defeated and killed Mangalesha.", "The undated Peddavaduguru inscription records Pulakeshi's grant of the Elpattu Simbhige village after his subjugation of Ranavikrama.", "According to one theory, this Ranavikrama was Mangalesha, who bore the title \"Ranavikrama\", and who was defeated by Mangalesha in a battle fought at Elpattu Simbhige.", "However, another theory identifies Ranavikrama as a Bana king.", "Date of ascension \n\nPulakeshi's Hyderabad inscription is dated 613 CE (Shaka year 534), and was issued during the third year of his reign, which suggests that he must have ascended the throne in c. 610–611 CE.", "The exact year of his ascension is debated among modern scholars.", "The 610–611 CE Goa grant inscription, which refers to an unnamed Chalukya overlord titled Shri-prithvi-vallabha Maharaja, was probably issued during the reign of Pulakeshi's predecessor Mangalesha.", "It is dated to the Shaka year 532: assuming it was issued after 532 years of the Shaka era had expired, the date of issue was 4 January 611 CE.", "However, if we assume that it was issued when the 532rd year of the Shaka era was current, it can be dated to 5 July 610 CE.", "Based on this inscription, the end of Mangalesha's reign is variously dated to 610 CE or 611 CE.", "The matter is complicated by the Maruturu inscription, which is dated to Pulakeshi's 8th regnal year, and was issued on the occasion of a solar eclipse on the new moon day (amavasya) of the Jyeshtha month.", "According to modern calculations, this solar eclipse took place on 21 May 616 CE, which would mean that Pulakeshi ascended the throne in 609 CE.", "Military conquests \n\nAfter Mangalesha's death, Pulakeshin appears to have faced opposition from multiple rivals, including those who were loyal to Mangalesha and those who wanted to take advantage of the turmoil resulting from the Chalukya war of succession.", "The Aihole inscription declares that \"the whole world was enveloped in the darkness that was the enemies\".", "Pulakeshin subjugated these enemies, and established the Chalukyas as the dominant power in the Indian peninsula.", "Appayika and Govinda \n\nThe Aihole inscription suggests that two rulers named Appayika and Govinda rebelled against Pulakeshin.", "The identity of these rulers is uncertain, but they are said to have approached the core Chalukya territory from the north of the Bhimarathi (modern Bhima) river in present-day Maharashtra.", "According to historian K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, the way they are mentioned in the inscription suggests that they were military adventurers and not from a royal background.", "However, according to historian Durga Prasad Dikshit, their names suggest that they may have belonged to a Rashtrakuta branch, which was distinct from the imperial Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta.", "This branch may have become subordinate to the Chalukyas after facing invasions from the Nala and Mauryas of Konkan, and later rebelled taking advantage of the conflict between Pulakeshin and Mangalesha.", "According to the Aihole inscription, Pulakeshin adopted the policy of bheda (divide and conquer), and bestowed favours upon Govinda while alienating Appayika.", "Govinda became his ally, and Appayika was defeated.", "Recapture of Banavasi \n\nPulakeshin's predecessors had subjugated the Kadambas of Banavasi, but the Kadambas no longer recognized the Chalukya suzerainty during his reign.", "Pulakeshin marched against them, and besieged their capital of Banavasi.", "The Aihole inscription suggests that the Kadambas put up a strong resistance, but were ultimately defeated.", "The Kadamba ruler at this time was probably Bhogivarman.", "Pulakeshin ended the Kadamba dynasty, and annexed their territory to his empire.", "He divided this territory among his vassals: the major part of the Kadamba kingdom was granted to the Alupas under the name kadamba-mandala; the Nagarakhanda division of Banavasi was given to the Sendrakas.", "Alupas \n\nAccording to the Aihole inscription, Pulakeshin subjugated the Alupas, who had earlier served as Kadamba vassals.", "However, according to the Chalukya inscriptions, the Alupas had already been subjugated by Pulakeshin's predecessors.", "Therefore, it appears that the Aihole inscription simply refers to Pulakeshin reaffirming the Chalukya suzerainty over the Alupas.", "Another possibility is that the Alupas had not been completely subdued by the Pulakeshin's predecessors.", "The location of the core Alupa territory during Pulakeshin's period is not certain.", "Alupas are known to have been ruling in the Dakshina Kannada region of Karnataka for several centuries, but some scholars believe that their capital was located at Humcha in the Shimoga district.", "After subjugating the Kadambas, Pulakeshin assigned a major part of the former Kadamba territory to his Alupa vassal, who according to historian Moraes, may have been Kundavarammarasa.", "If \"Aluka\" is considered a variant of \"Alupa\", the Marutura inscription suggests that the Alupa vassals of Pulakeshin also ruled over the Guntur district in present-day Andhra Pradesh.", "According to this inscription, the Aluka ruler Gunasagara, who was a Chalukya vassal, was appointed to govern this region.", "The 692 CE Sorab inscription describes Gunasagara's son Chitra-vahana as an \"Alupa\", which suggests that \"Aluka\" is a variant of \"Alupa\".", "Gangas of Talakad \n\nThe Aihole inscription credits Pulakeshin with subjugating the Gangas of Talakad, who had matrimonial ties with the Kadambas.", "The Mahakuta pillar inscription of his predecessor Mangalesha states his father Kirttivarman also subjugated the Gangas.", "It is possible that the Gangas accepted the Chalukya suzerainty during Kirttivarman's reign, but subsequently gave up this allegiance taking advantage of the war of succession between Mangalesha and Pulakeshin.", "After Pulakeshin's victory over the Kadambas, the Gangas again accepted the Chalukya suzerainty, possibly without any military conflict.", "The Ganga ruler Durvinita married his daughter to Pulakeshin; she was the mother of Pulakeshin's son Vikramaditya I.", "The Gangas probably hoped to gain Chalukya support against the Pallavas, who had captured the Kongunadu region from them.", "The Gangas subsequently defeated the Pallava ruler Kaduvetti of Kanchi.", "Mauryas of Konkana\n\nPulakeshin's father Kirttivarman had defeated the Mauryas of Konkana (modern Konkan), who ruled in the coastal region of present-day Goa and Maharashtra.", "The Mauryas acknowledged the Chalukya suzerainty during Mangalesha's reign, but seem to have declared independence during the Chalukya war of succession.", "After consolidating his power in southern Deccan, Pulakeshin successfully besieged the Mauryan capital Puri, which is variously identified as Gharapuri (Elephanta) or Rajapuri (near Janjira).", "Latas, Malavas, and Gurjaras \n\nThe Aihole inscription states that Pulakeshin subjugated the Latas, the Malavas, and the Gurjaras, who were the northern neighbours of the Chalukyas.", "Historian Durga Prasad Dikshit theorizes that these kingdoms may have accepted Pulakeshin's suzerainty without a military conflict, when faced with an invasion from the northern king Harshavardhana.", "Alternatively, it is possible that these three rulers accepted Mangalesha's suzerainty after his victory over the Kalachuris, and the Aihole inscription simply refers to Pulakeshin reaffirming the Chalukya suzerainty over them.", "The Lata region (present-day southern Gujarat) was formerly under the control of the Kalachuris, who had been defeated by Mangalesha.", "Pulakeshin, who appears to have annexed Lata to the Chalukya kingdom, placed it under the governorship of a member of the Chalukya family.", "The rule of the Chalukya governor Vijaya-varma-raja over Lata is attested by his 643 CE Kheda copper-plate inscription.", "The Malavas ruled in and around the present-day Malwa (Malava) region in central India.", "According to the Chinese traveler Xuanzang, Malava (\"Mo-la-po\") was an independent kingdom, but the records of the Maitraka dynasty suggest that the Maitrakas controlled at least a part of the Malava territory.", "Thus, the Malavas may have been Maitraka vassals or independent rulers before they accepted Pulakeshin's suzerainty.", "The Gurjaras were most probably the Gurjaras of Lata (or Bharuch), and the Gurjara ruler who accepted Pulakeshin's suzerainty was probably Dadda II.", "Victory over Harsha \n\nThe most notable military achievement of Pulakeshin was his victory over the powerful emperor Harsha-vardhana, who ruled over much of northern India.", "The inscriptions of Pulakeshin's successors prominently mention this victory even when they ignore his other military achievements.", "Date \n\nThe date of the war between Harsha and Pulakeshin has been debated by modern scholars.", "The Kandalgaon copper-plate inscription, dated to Pulakeshin's 5th regnal year (c. 615 CE), mentions the conflict, but this inscription is regarded as spurious by modern scholars.", "Some scholars, such as K. V. Ramesh and K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, date the battle to c. 612 CE or before, based on the 612–613 CE Hyderabad inscription of Pulakeshin.", "This inscription boasts that Pulakeshin defeated a king who had fought a hundred battles (presumably Harsha).", "The later Chalukya inscriptions, dating from the reign of Vikramaditya I onwards, mention Pulakeshin's victory over Harsha using similar expressions.", "This early date for the war is also supported by the writings of Xuanzang, who states that Harsha fought wars for six years, and then ruled in peace for thirty years.", "Scholars Shreenand L. Bapat and Pradeep S. Sohoni date the battle to the winter of 618–619 CE.", "These scholars note that the Bijapur-Mumbai grant inscription, dated to 4 April 619 CE, mentions Pulakeshin's victory over Harsha, which proves that the conflict definitely took place sometime before this date.", "The earlier Satara inscription of Pulakeshin's brother Vishnu-vardhana, issued during his 8th regnal year (c. 618 CE) does not mention the conflict.", "Based on this, Bapat and Sohoni theorize that the conflict took place between November 618 CE and February 619 CE.", "Some earlier scholars, such as D. Devahuti dated the conflict to 630s CE, but this is no longer considered correct after the publication of the Bijapur-Mumbai inscription in 2017.", "Cause of the war \n\nThe cause for the war between Harsha and Pulakeshin is not certain.", "Historian K. A. Nilakanta Sastri suggests that Harsha's growing influence may have driven the Latas, the Malavas, and the Gurjaras to accept Pulakeshin's suzerainty.", "Historian Durga Prasad Dikshit adds that these three kingdoms are known to have been enemies of Harsha's father Prabhakara-vardhana, as attested by Harsha's court poet Bana: this enmity probably continued during the reign of Harsha.", "The Malava king played a role in the murder of Harsha's predecessor Rajya-vardhana, and also killed Harsha's brother-in-law, the Maukhari ruler Graha-varman.", "The Gurjara ruler Dadda II aided the Maitraka dynasty against Harsha.", "When Harsha decided to take action against these three kingdoms, their rulers probably sought protection of Pulakeshin.", "Pulakeshin may have granted asylum to Harsha's adversaries.", "According to scholars Shreenand L. Bapat and Pradeep S. Sohoni, the \"Malavas\" mentioned in the Chalukya record were the Later Guptas who controlled the Malwa region.", "The expansion of the Maitraka influence in the Malwa region must have attracted Harsha's attention.", "The Maitraka ruler Shiladitya I may have sympathized with Pulakeshin's cause during the latter's northern campaign against the Latas, the Malavas, and the Gurjaras.", "This situation ultimately resulted in a conflict between Harsha and Pulakeshin.", "Another possibility is that Harsha decided to take advantage of the turmoil resulting from the conflict between Mangalesha and Pulakeshin, and invaded the Chalukya kingdom.", "During his march against Pulakeshin, Harsha advanced up to the Narmada River before being forced to retreat.", "Result \n\nThe Aihole inscription of Pulakeshin boasts the harsha (mirth) of Harsha melted away by fear, as his elephants fell in the battle.", "The only other inscription from his reign that mentions this battle is the Bijapur-Mumbai inscription.", "Harsha's court poet Bana does not mention this conflict in his biography Harsha-charita, presumably to avoid portraying his patron in a negative light.", "However, Pulakeshin's success against Harsha is confirmed by other independent sources.", "The Chinese traveler Xuanzang, who calls Pulakeshin's kingdom Mo-ho-la-cha (the Chinese transcription of \"Maharashtra\"), provides the evidence of Pulakeshin's success against Harsha.", "Xuanzang states that Shiladitya (that is, Harsha) had conquered the nations from east to west, and had marched with his army to remote parts of India: only the people of Mo-ho-la-cha had refused to accept his suzerainty.", "Xuanzang further states that Harsha gathered troops from different parts of his kingdom, summoned his best commanders, and himself led the army to punish the people of Mo-ho-la-cha, but could not subjugate them.", "The Rashtrakutas, who ultimately overthrew the Chalukyas several years after Pulakeshin's death, also boast that they defeated the dynasty that claimed victory over Harshavardhana, thus indirectly confirming Pulakeshin's achievement.", "The Aihole inscription poetically states that Pulakeshin's elephants had to avoid the neighbourhood of the Vindhya mountains beside the Narmada River, because they \"by their bulk, rivalled the mountains\".", "Historian K. A. Nilakanta Sastri interprets to mean that Pulakeshin \"did not send his elephant forces into the difficult Vindhya terrain\", and guarded the passes with infantry.", "According to Shreenand L. Bapat and Pradeep S. Sohoni, the inscription suggests that Pulakeshin's army subsequently tried to cross the Vindhyas, in a bid to invade Harsha's kingdom, but was unsuccessful, which may explain why only two inscriptions from Pulakeshin's reign mention his conflict with Harsha.", "Dakshina Kosala and Kalinga \n\nThe Aihole inscription states that the rulers of Koshala and Kalinga accepted Pulakeshin's suzerainty without offering any resistance.", "Koshala here can be identified as Dakshina Kosala (present-day Chhattisgarh and western Odisha), which was probably under the Panduvamshi rule.", "The Aihole inscription does not mention the name of the subjugated ruler, but historian D. C. Sircar theorizes that he may have been the Panduvamshi king Mahashivagupta Balarjuna.", "The name of the ruler of Kalinga, which includes parts of present-day Odisha and northern Andhra Pradesh, is not certain either.", "Historian Durga Prasad Dikshit suggests that he was probably a member of the Eastern Ganga dynasty.", "Historian K. A. Nilakanta Sastri suggests that he may have been a Vishnukundina feudatory.", "Vishnukundina dynasty \n\nAccording to the Aihole inscription and the Maruturu inscription, Pulakeshin invaded and captured Pishtapura (modern Pithapuram in Andhra Pradesh).", "The Maruturu inscription suggests that this event took place around or before 617–618 CE.", "The Aihole inscription states that subsequently, a fierce battle was fought near Kunala lake (identified with modern Kolleru Lake), whose water turned red with the blood of those killed in the war.", "These inscriptions do not name Pulakeshin's rival in these conflicts, but modern scholars identify him as a king of the Vishnukundina dynasty, which ruled in Andhra Pradesh.", "Pulakeshin probably subjugated Vishnukundina vassals during his eastern campaign in Kalinga, which may have brought him in conflict with the Vishnukundina dynasty.", "Pulakeshin conquered the Vishnukundina kingdom, located in the lower Godavari-Krishna valley, and appointed his younger brother 'Kubja' Vishnu-vardhana as the governor of the newly-conquered territory.", "The Chalukya conquest in this region is corroborated by Vishnu-vardhana's 631 CE Kopparam copper-plate inscription, which records a land grant in the Karma-rashtra region of present-day Andhra Pradesh.", "The Vishnukundina ruler defeated by Pulakeshin was probably Indravarman: he appears to have ultimately accepted Pulakeshin's suzerainty, and was allowed to rule as a Chalukya vassal.", "Pulakeshin assigned some of the newly-conquered territories to his own feudatories.", "For example, the Maruturu inscription states that the Aluka ruler Gunasagara, a Chalukya vassal, came from Mangalapura (identified with modern Mangalagiri in Guntur district) to Kallura after undergoing several hardships.", "Xuanzang's visit \n\nThe Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang visited Pulakeshin's kingdom in 641–642 CE.", "He calls the Chalukya kingdom \"Mo-ho-la-cha\" (the Chinese transcription of \"Maharashtra\"), and corroborates Pulakeshin's success against Harsha (see above).", "He had visited the Pallava kingdom before arriving in the Chalukya kingdom, but he doesn't mention any conflict between the two kingdoms, presumably because he was not aware of major political changes or because his main interest was Buddhism rather than politics.", "Xuanzang describes Pulakeshin (\"Po-le-ke-she\") as \"a man of farsighted resource and astuteness who extends kindness to all\".", "The king's subjects were \"tall and sturdy in nature and... proud and carefree by nature... grateful for kindness and revengeful for injustice\".", "They preferred death to disloyalty, and called for a duel if they or their families were insulted.", "According to Xuanzang, the king was war-like and loved \"military arts\", because he was a Kshatriya by birth.", "His well-disciplined troops comprised several thousands of men, and several hundreds of elephants.", "The elephants, who were intoxicated with wine before battles, were used to break the enemy's front line.", "When his generals were defeated, they were not punished, but were humiliated by being ordered to wear women's dresses.", "The soldiers who lost a battle would commit suicide as a matter of honour.", "According to Xuanzang, the kingdom's capital (not named by Xuanzang) was situated to the east of a large river, around 1000 li from Bharukachchha (modern Bharuch).", "This description does not fit the Chalukya capital Vatapi (modern Badami).", "Modern scholars identify the city mentioned by Xuanzang as Nashik, although this identification is not conclusive.", "It is possible that Xuanzang spent some time in Nashik, which was an important centre of Buddhism, and mistook it as the kingdom's capital.", "Xuanzang mentions that there were five stupas in and around the capital city: these stupas had been built by the earlier king Ashoka, and were several hundred feet high.", "Around 5,000 Buddhist monks lived in over 100 monasteries in the kingdom; in particular, Xuanzang describes a large monastery identified with the Ajanta Caves by modern scholars.", "Xuanzang adds that the kingdom also had temples of \"heretics\" who \"smeared dust on their bodies\".", "War with the Pallavas and death \n\nThe Pallavas were the southern neighbours of the Chalukyas.", "The Vishnukundins were their allies at the time, and Pulakeshin's subjugation of the Vishnukundins brought him in conflict with the Pallava king.", "The Chalukyas and the Pallavas fought several battles without conclusive results.", "The Aihole inscription states that the Pallava ruler opposed the rise of Pulakeshin, who caused the enemy's splendour to be \"obscured by the dust of his army\" and forced the enemy to take shelter behind the walls of the Pallava capital Kanchipuram.", "The Kashakudi inscription of the Pallavas states that the Pallava King Mahendravarman defeated an unnamed enemy at Pallalura (modern Pullalur).", "These two accounts appear to refer to the same battle, which must have been inconclusive: the Pallava army was probably forced to retreat to Kanchipuram, but inflicted enough damage on the Chalukya army to force Pulakeshin to retreat to Vatapi.", "The undated Peddavaduguru inscription records Pulakeshin's grant of the Elpattu Simbhige village in Bana-raja-vishaya (\"Bana king's province\") after the subjugation of Ranavikrama.", "Assuming that Ranavikrama was a Bana king, it appears that Pulakeshin defeated the Banas.", "(An alternative theory identifies Ranavikrama as Mangalesha; see Early life section above.)", "The Banas appear to have been Pallava feudatories before their submission to Pulakeshin, as suggested by the name of the inscription's engraver: Mahendra Pallavachari.", "Pulakeshin's subjugation of a Pallava feudatory must have renewed his conflict with the Pallavas.", "The Aihole inscription suggests that Pulakeshin won over the Chola, the Chera, and the Pandya kings as his allies in his struggle against the Pallavas.", "He marched towards Kanchipuram, but the Pallava inscriptions suggest that he suffered reverses in battles fought at Pariyala, Suramara, and Manimangala, near Kanchipuram.", "The Pallavas, during the reign of Narasimha-varman I, ultimately besieged the Chalukya capital Vatapi.", "Pulakeshin was probably killed, when a Pallava force led by Shiruttondar Paranjoti captured Vatapi in c. 642–643 CE.", "The Pallava occupation of Vatapi is attested by an inscription found at the Mallikarjunadeva temple in Badami, dated to the 13th regnal year of Narasimha-varman.", "Succession \n\nBy 641 CE, during Pulakeshin's lifetime, his brother Vishnu-vardhana had carved out an independent kingdom in the eastern part of the Chalukya empire, resulting in the establishment of the Chalukya dynasty of Vengi.", "According to one theory, this arrangement may have happened with the approval of Pulakeshin, who did not want his brother to wage a war of succession like Mangalesha.", "Pulakeshin had multiple sons, and the order of succession after him is not clear from the available historical evidence:\n\n Adityavarman is attested by his Kurnool inscription, which describes him as a powerful ruler and gives him imperial titles.", "Historian T. V. Mahalingam theorizes that Adityavarman was simply a former name of Vikramaditya I.", "However, historian D. P. Dikshit disputes this identification, and believes that Adityavarman succeeded Pulakeshin, and in turn, was succeeded by his son Abhinavaditya.", "Chandraditya is attested by the Nerur and Kochre grant inscriptions of his wife Vijaya-Bhattarika, which accord him imperial titles, but are dated in the regnal years of his wife.", "It is possible that Chandraditya held the throne after Abhinavaditya, and after his death, his wife acted as a regent for their minor son.", "His brother Vikramaditya I, appears to have restored Chalukya power as the supreme commander of the Chalukya army during this period, becoming the de facto ruler in the process.", "Ranaragha-varman is attested by the Honnur inscription dated to the 16th regnal year of his younger brother Vikramaditya.", "The inscription states that Ranaragha-varman's daughter was the wife of the Ganga prince Madhava, a subordinate of Vikramaditya.", "Vikramaditya I restored the Chalukya power, and recaptured Vatapi from the Pallavas.", "Dharashraya Jayasimha-varman, a younger brother of Vikramaditya, is attested by the 671 CE Navsari grant inscription.", "Extent of the kingdom \n\nThe Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang attests that Pulakeshin ruled an extensive, militarily powerful and economically prosperous kingdom through several loyal vassals.", "The Aihole inscription states that Pulakeshin's kingdom was bound by the oceans on three sides, suggesting that he ruled a vast portion of the Indian peninsula to the south of the Vindhyas.", "However, there is no evidence that he was able to annex the extreme southern kingdoms of the Cholas, the Keralas (Cheras), and the Pandyas to his empire.", "After his victory over Harsha, Pulakeshin appears to have acquired control of a large part of western Deccan to the south of the Narmada river.", "The Aihole inscription states that he gained control of the \"three Maharashtras\" which included 99,000 villages.", "The identity of these \"three Maharashtras\" is not certain: according to historian D. C. Sircar, they may have been the Maharashtra proper (a large part of present-day Maharashtra), Konkana, and Karnata.", "Pulakeshin could not administer this large kingdom centrally, and therefore, ruled through governors from the Chalukya family and loyal vassals, who included the rulers defeated by him.", "The Sendraka prince Sena-nanda-raja ruled the Konkana and neighbouring areas as his loyal feudatory.", "The family of Alla-shakti ruled the Khandesh and neighbouring areas as his vassal, as attested by the Abhona and Kasare inscriptions.", "After defeating the Vishnukundins, Pulakeshin acquired control of a large part of the eastern Deccan region, extending from Vishakhapatnam in north to Nellore and Guntur in the south.", "Pulakeshin appointed his younger brother Vishnu-vardhana, who had earlier served as his governor of the Velvola country, as the governor of Vengi in eastern Deccan.", "Vishnu-vardhana acknowledges Pulakeshin's suzerainty in his 631 CE Kopparam inscription, but asserts himself as an independent ruler in his 641 CE Chirupalli inscription.", "After Pulakeshin's death, the Chalukya governor Vijaya-varman, who ruled in the Lata region (in southern Gujarat), also seems to have asserted his independence.", "Vijaya-varman's 643 CE Kheda (Kaira) inscription records a land grant without any reference to a Chalukya overlord.", "Foreign relations \n\nAccording to the 9th-century Persian historian Al-Tabari, Pulakeshin (\"Pharmis\") maintained diplomatic relations with the Sasanian ruler Khosrow II of present-day Iran.", "Pulakeshin sent expensive presents and letters to Khusrow and his sons, during the 26th regnal year of the Sasanian monarch.", "This embassy can be dated to c. 625 CE.", "In the 1870s, architectural historian James Fergusson theorized that a painting at the Ajanta Cave 1 depicted a Sasanian embassy to Pulakeshin's court.", "The painting depicts several figures in foreign dress: Fergusson identified the dress as Sasanian, and proposed that the Sasanian king sent a return embassy to the Chalukya kingdom.", "This theory was widely accepted by other scholars, but is no longer considered correct: the painting, which does indeed include the visit of foreigners in Persian or Sassanian dress, actually depicts a scene from the Maha-sudarsana Jataka, in which the enthroned king can be identified as the Buddha in one of his previous births as a King.", "The inclusions of numerous men in Sassanian clothing in the caves of Ajanta seems to reflect the great number of Sassanian traders or workers in Central India at that time, and the fact that they were an object of intense interest by the Indians.", "The good relations between Indian and the Sasanian Empire encouraged the migration to India of Zoroastrians, who were persecuted by the rise of Islam.", "They settled on the West coast of the Deccan and established the Parsi Community.", "Religion \n\nPulakeshin was a Vaishnavite, as attested by the Lohner copper-plate inscription which calls him a Parama-bhagavata (\"devotee of Vishnu\"), and the Pimpalner copper-plate inscription which states that he belonged to the line of Vishnu.", "Several of his inscriptions begin with salutations to Vishnu, and bear seals with emblems that feature varaha, an incarnation of Vishnu.", "He was tolerant of other faiths: The construction of the Shaivite shrines now called the Upper Shivalaya, the Lower Shivalaya, and Malegitti Shivalaya, started during his reign.", "The Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang mentions that there were over 100 Buddhist monasteries in his kingdom; over 5,000 monks - both Mahayana and Hinayana - lived in these monasteries.", "The Meguti Jain temple at Vatapi was also built during his reign, by Ravikirrti, who composed the Aihole inscription engraved on the wall of this temple.", "Cultural activities \n\nThe Aihole inscription of Pulakeshin states that he was generous in \"bestowing gifts and honours on the brave and the learned\".", "The inscription's composer Ravikirrti, a court poet of Pulakeshin, describes himself as an equal of the famous Sanskrit poets Bhasa and Kalidasa.", "Inscriptions \n\nFollowing inscriptions from Pulakeshin's reign have been discovered:\n\n The Yekkeri rock inscription, which was probably issued in Pulakeshin's first regnal year, contains land records in certain towns said to be owned by the god Mahadeva.", "The Hyderabad copper-plate grant inscription is dated to the Shaka year 532 (expired), and was issued during Pulakeshin's 3rd regnal year.", "It was issued during the solar eclipse on the Amavasya of the Bhadrapada month, which corresponds to 23 July 613.", "It records a village grant.", "The Maruturu grant inscription records the grant of the Maruturu village at the instance of the Aluka vassal ruler, and notices the occupation of Pishtapura.", "The Satara grant inscription of Vishnu-vardhana refers to him as the crown-prince.", "The Lohner (Nashik district) inscription is dated to the year 552 of an unspecified calendar era, which must be the Shaka era.", "It registers grant of the Goviyanaka village to a Brahmana named Dama Dikshita.", "The Kopparam copper-plate inscription, dated to Pulakeshin's 21st regnal year, records the grant of a village in Karma-rashtra region to a Brahmana.", "The Aihole prashasti inscription, composed by Pulakeshin's court poet Ravikirtti, records the construction of a Jinendra temple by Ravikirtti, and lists Pulakeshin's military achievements.", "The undated Tummeyanaru grant inscription of Pulakeshin bestows the title Paramaveshvara on him.", "The Chiplun copper-plate inscription record the grant of the Amravatavaka village in Avaretika vishaya (province) to a Brahmana named Maheshvara.", "It refers to Pulakeshin's maternal uncle and vassal king Shrivallabha Sena-nanda-raja, who belonged to the Sendraka dynasty.", "The Nerur inscription.", "The fragmentary Badami rock inscription refers to the \"victorious metropolis\" of Vatapi.", "The Hirebidri (Dharwar district) stone inscription records a land grant by Tiraka.", "A Kannada-language inscription from Bellary district \"specifies the land measure and the coin to be used at Kurumgodu\".", "The undated Peddavaduguru Ishvara temple stone inscription records Pulakeshin's grant of the Elpattu Simbhige village after his subjugation of Ranavikrama.", "The defeated ruler was probably a king of the Bana dynasty; alternatively, he may be identified with Mangalesha, who bore the title Ranavikrama.", "The Bijapur-Mumbai copper-plate grant inscription records a land grant to Nagasharman of Kaushika gotra, and includes a prashasti (praise) of the dynasty and its kings.", "The granted land was located in the Brahmana-Vataviya villages situated on the banks of the Godavari River (identified with modern Brahmangaon and Wadvali, east of Paithan, in Aurangabad district).", "The copper plates were purchased by Raghuvir Pai of Mumbai from a scrap-vendor of Bijapur in the 1990s.", "The inscription was unreadable because of corrosion, but Shreenand L. Bapat of Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute cleaned it and published it in 2017.", "It is written in Sanskrit language and inscribed in a southern variety of the Brahmi script.", "It was issued on the occasion of a lunar eclipse on a full-moon day in the Vaishakha month of Pulakeshin's ninth regnal year, which corresponds to 4 April 619 CE.", "Following inscriptions are attributed to Pulakeshin's reign, but are considered spurious by modern scholars:\n\n The Kandalgaon copper-plate inscription, dated to Pulakeshin's 5th regnal year, records the grant of the Pirigipa village on Revati island.", "It is considered spurious because its script features irregular characters and its language is very inaccurate.", "Additionally, its seal and opening matter are different from other Chalukya inscriptions, and it contains a faulty description of Pulakeshin.", "The Lakshmeshvara inscription records the grant of a field to the chaitya of Shankha Jinendra.", "It is considered spurious because of \"late script and irregular dating\".", "The Pimpalner copper-plate inscription, considered spurious for the same reasons as the Lakshmeshvara inscription, records the grant of the Pippalanagara to Nagarasvami Dikshita.", "See also\n History of South India\n Sivagamiyin sabadham, a historical novel featuring Pulakeshin II\n Immadi Pulikeshi (film), a Kannada-language film based on the life of Pulakeshin II\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nEarly Chalukyas\n640s deaths\n7th-century Indian monarchs\nIndian Hindus\nIndian military leaders\nHindu monarchs" ]

[ "The most famous ruler of the Chalukya dynasty was Pulakei II.", "The kingdom expanded to cover most of the Deccan region in India.", "The son of the king overthrew his uncle to take control of the throne.", "He defeated the Kadambas of Banavasi in the south.", "The Gangas of Talakadu recognized his suzerainty.", "The control of the western coast was consolidated by him.", "He is credited with subjugating the Latas, the Malavas, and the Gurjaras in the north.", "The emperor's failure to conquer the Chalukya kingdom is seen by the Chinese as the most notable military achievement of Pulakeshi.", "The rulers of Kalinga and Dakshina Kosala were conquered by Pulakeshi.", "After defeating the Vishnukundina ruler, he appointed his brother Vishnu-vardhana as the governor of eastern Deccan.", "During an invasion by the Pallava king, Pulakeshi was probably killed, but he achieved some successes against the Pallavas in the south.", "There are two different versions of Pulakeshi's name in the records.", "\"Ereya\" appears to have been one of his names, as evidenced by the inscriptions \"Ereyitiyadigal\" and \"Eraja\".", "The historian theorizes that the pre-coronation name was Ereya.", "In the dynasty's records, a substitute for his name was used as a \"refuge of truth\".", "The dynasty's most celebrated ruler was the family of Satyashraya.", "The title of King of great kings is one of the imperial titles.", "He also used the family epithets.", "He assumed the title Parameshvara after defeating Harsha.", "The Chinese traveler calls him Pu-lo-ki-she.", "The Persian historian Al-Tabari calls him a translation of the title Parameshvara.", "He was a son of the king.", "When Kirttivarman died, his younger brother became the next king.", "According to the inscriptions of the later Chalukyas of Kalyani, they took upon themselves the burden of administration because Pulakeshi was a minor.", "The inscriptions wrongly claim that the kingdom was returned to Pulakeshi when he was a child.", "This claim is contrary to Pulakeshi's own Aihole inscription, and appears to be a late attempt to gloss over the overthrow of Mangalesha.", "The Aihole inscription describes the conflict between these two men in a rather enigmatic way.", "It is1-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-6556", "According to the Aihole inscription, Pulakeshi was a favorite of the goddess of fortune.", "Pulakeshi decided to go into exile.", "As Pulakeshi applied his \"gifts of good counsel and energy\", Mangalesha became weak on all sides.", "He had to abandon three things at the same time: his attempt to secure the throne for his own son, his ability to perpetuate his own descent, and his own life.", "According to the above description, Pulakeshi's claim to the throne may have been rejected by his father, who may have appointed his own son as the heir apparent.", "Pulakeshi went into exile, during which he must have planned an attack on Mangalesha, as he defeated and killed him.", "The grant of the Elpattu Simbhige village was recorded in the Peddavaduguru inscription.", "According to one theory, the person who was defeated by the other in the battle at Elpattu Simbhige was the Ranavikrama.", "There is a theory that says Ranavikrama is a Bana king.", "The third year of his reign is when the Hyderabad inscription was issued, and it is believed that he ascended the throne.", "Modern scholars disagree on the exact year of his ascension.", "The grant inscription, which refers to an unnamed Chalukya overlord, was probably issued during the reign of Pulakeshi's predecessor.", "The date of issue was January 4, 611CE, if it was issued after 532 years of the Shaka era had expired.", "It can be dated to 5 July 610CE if we assume that it was issued in the 532rd year of the Shaka era.", "The end of Mangalesha's reign is based on this inscription.", "The solar eclipse on the new moon day (amavasya) of the Jyeshtha month complicates the matter.", "Modern calculations show that the solar eclipse took place on 21 May 616CE, which means that PulakeShi ascended the throne in 609CE.", "There were people who wanted to take advantage of the turmoil caused by the war of succession and those who were loyal to Mangalesha.", "The whole world was dark, according to the Aihole inscription.", "The Chalukyas were established as the dominant power in the Indian peninsula.", "The Aihole inscription suggests that there are two rulers named Appayika and Govinda.", "The rulers are said to have approached the core Chalukya territory from the north of the Bhimarathi river.", "According to historian K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, the way they are mentioned in the inscription suggests that they were not from a royal background.", "According to historian Durga Prasad Dikshit, their names suggest that they may have belonged to a different branch of the Rashtrakuta.", "After facing invasions from the Nala and Mauryas of Konkan, this branch may have become subservient to the Chalukyas.", "According to the Aihole inscription, Pulakeshin adopted a policy ofdivide and conquer and gave favors to Govinda while alienating Appayika.", "Appayika was defeated.", "The Kadambas of Banavasi were no longer recognized by the Chalukya suzerainty during Pulakeshin's reign.", "The capital of Banavasi was besieged by Pulakeshin.", "According to the Aihole inscription, the Kadambas put up a strong resistance, but were defeated.", "At this time, the Kadamba ruler was probably Bhogivarman.", "The Kadamba dynasty was ended by Pulakeshin.", "The major part of the Kadamba kingdom was divided into two parts, one of which was given to the Sendrakas.", "The Aihole inscription states that Pulakeshin subjugated the Alupas, who had previously served as Kadamba vassals.", "According to the inscriptions, Pulakeshin's predecessors had already taken over the Alupas.", "The Aihole inscription simply refers to the suzerainty over the Alupas.", "The Pulakeshin's predecessors might have not been completely subdued by the Alupas.", "The location of the core Alupa territory is not certain.", "Some scholars believe that the capital of the Alupas was located in the Shimoga district.", "After subjugating the Kadambas, Pulakeshin assigned a large part of the former Kadamba territory to his Alupa vassal.", "If \"Aluka\" is a variant of \"Alupa\", the inscription suggests that the Alupa vassals ruled over the Guntur district.", "According to this inscription, the ruler of Aluka was appointed to govern this region.", "\"Aluka\" is a variant of \"Alupa\", according to the 692CE Sorab inscription.", "The Gangas of Talakad were subjugating the Kadambas, according to the Aihole inscription.", "His father also subjugated the Gangas according to the Mahakuta pillar inscription.", "During Kirttivarman's reign, the Gangas may have accepted the suzerainty, but then gave it up in favor of the war of succession.", "After Pulakeshin's victory over the Kadambas, the Gangas accepted the suzerainty.", "The Ganga ruler Durvinita had a daughter who was the mother of a son.", "The Pallavas had captured the Kongunadu region from the Gangas.", "The Pallava ruler Kaduvetti was defeated by the Gangas.", "The Mauryas of Konkana Pulakeshin's father had defeated the Mauryas of Konkan who ruled in the coastal region of Maharashtra.", "During the war of succession, the Mauryas seem to have declared independence despite acknowledging the suzerainty.", "The Mauryan capital of Puri was besieged by Pulakeshin after he consolidated his power in southern Deccan.", "The Latas, Malavas, and Gurjaras were the northern neighbours of the Chalukyas, according to the Aihole inscription.", "When faced with an invasion from the northern king, the kingdoms may have accepted Pulakeshin's suzerainty.", "It is1-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-6556", "The Kalachuris used to control the Lata region in southern Gujarat.", "Lata was placed under the control of a member of the Chalukya family.", "The rule of the governor over Lata is written on a copper plate.", "The Malavas ruled the Malwa region in central India.", "The records of the Maitraka dynasty suggest that at least part of the Malava territory was controlled by the Maitrakas.", "The Malavas may have been independent rulers before they accepted Pulakeshin's suzerainty.", "The Gurjara ruler who accepted Pulakeshin's suzerainty was probably Dadda II.", "The most notable military achievement of Pulakeshin was his victory over the powerful emperor Harsha-vardhana.", "Even when they ignore his other military achievements, the inscriptions of Pulakeshin's successors mention this victory.", "The date of the war between Harsha and Pulakeshin has been debated by modern scholars.", "The conflict is mentioned in the Kandalgaon copper-plate inscription, but it is considered spurious by modern scholars.", "The battle is said to have been based on the inscription of Pulakeshin.", "Pulakeshin defeated a king who had fought a hundred battles.", "The inscriptions mention Pulakeshin's victory over Harsha using the same expressions.", "The early date for the war is supported by the writings of Xuanzang, who claims that Harsha ruled in peace for thirty years after fighting six wars.", "The battle took place in the winter of 618–619CE.", "According to these scholars, the conflict definitely took place before the date of the grant inscription, which is 4 April 619CE.", "The conflict was not mentioned in the earlier Satara inscription of Vishnu-vardhana.", "Bapat and Sohoni theorize that the conflict took place in the months of November and February.", "The conflict is no longer considered correct after the publication of the Bijapur-Mumbai inscription.", "The cause of the war is not certain.", "According to K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, the Latas, the Malavas, and the Gurjaras may have accepted Pulakeshin's suzerainty because of his influence.", "According to a historian, the kingdoms were enemies of Harsha's father, and this enmity probably continued during his reign.", "The Maukhari ruler Graha-varman was killed by the Malava king, who was also involved in the murder of Rajya-vardhana.", "The Maitraka dynasty was aided by the Gurjara ruler Dadda II.", "The rulers of the three kingdoms probably wanted to protect Pulakeshin.", "Pulakeshin may have granted asylum.", "The \"Malavas\" mentioned in the record were the later Guptas, according to scholars.", "The expansion of the Maitraka influence in the Malwa region caught the attention of Harsha.", "During the northern campaign against the Latas, the Malavas, and the Gurjaras, Shiladitya I may have sympathized with Pulakeshin's cause.", "The conflict resulted from this situation.", "There is a chance that Harsha decided to take advantage of the turmoil caused by the conflict between Pulakeshin and Mangalesha.", "He advanced up to the Narmada River before being forced to retreat.", "As his elephants fell in the battle, the Aihole inscription of Pulakeshin boasted the harsha of Harsha melted away.", "There is only one inscription from his reign that mentions this battle.", "To avoid portraying his patron in a negative light, the court poet Bana did not mention the conflict in his biography.", "Other independent sources have confirmed Pulakeshin's success.", "The Chinese traveler, who calls Pulakeshin's kingdom Mo-ho-la-cha, gives the evidence of his success.", "The people of Mo-ho-la-cha refused to accept Shiladitya's suzerainty after he conquered the nations from east to west.", "According to Xuanzang, the people of Mo-ho-la-cha were punished by the army of Harsha, but he could not enslave them.", "The dynasty that claimed victory over Harshavardhana is indirectly confirmed by the fact that the Rashtrakutas defeated them.", "The Aihole inscription states that Pulakeshin's elephants had to avoid the Vindhya mountains because they were competing with the mountains.", "According to K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, Pulakeshin did not send his elephant forces into the Vindhya terrain and guarded the passes with infantry.", "The inscription suggests that Pulakeshin's army tried to cross the Vindhyas but was unsuccessful, which may explain why only two inscriptions from that time period.", "The rulers of Koshala and Kalinga accepted Pulakeshin's suzerainty without resistance, according to the Aihole inscription.", "The present-day Koshala is probably under the rule of the Panduvamshi rule.", "The name of the ruler is not mentioned in the Aihole inscription.", "The ruler of Kalinga, which includes parts of present-day India, is not known.", "He is thought to be a member of the Eastern Ganga dynasty.", "Historian K. A. Nilakanta Sastri thinks he was a Vishnukundina feudatory.", "The Vishnukundina dynasty is based on the Aihole inscription and the Maruturu inscription.", "The event is said to have taken place around or before 617–618CE.", "The water of the lake turned red with the blood of those killed in the battle, according to the Aihole inscription.", "The inscriptions don't name Pulakeshin's rival in the conflicts, but modern scholars think he was the king of the Vishnukundina dynasty.", "During his eastern campaign in Kalinga, Pulakeshin may have brought about a conflict with the Vishnukundina dynasty.", "The Vishnukundina kingdom, located in the lower Godavari-Krishna valley, was conquered by Pulakeshin and his younger brother 'Kubja' Vishnu-vardhana.", "The land grant in the Karma-rashtra region of present-day AP can be found in Vishnu-vardhana's copper-plate inscription.", "Indravarman is thought to have accepted Pulakeshin's suzerainty and was allowed to rule as a Chalukya.", "Some of the newly-conquered territories were assigned to his own feudatories.", "The Aluka ruler Gunasagara came from Guntur district to Kallura after going through a lot of hardship.", "The Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang visited Pulakeshin's kingdom.", "He calls the kingdom \"Mo-ho-la-cha\", which is the Chinese translation of \"Maharashtra\".", "He didn't mention a conflict between the two kingdoms because his main interest was Buddhism and he wasn't aware of major political changes.", "Pulakeshin is described as a man of farsighted resource and astuteness who extends kindness to all.", "The subjects of the king were proud and happy in nature.", "If they or their families were insulted, they preferred death to disloyalty and called for a duel.", "The king loved military arts because he was a Kshatriya by birth.", "Several hundreds of elephants were part of his well-disciplined troops.", "Elephants were used to break the enemy's front line.", "When his generals were defeated, they were ordered to wear women's dresses and humiliated.", "The soldiers who lost a battle would take their own lives.", "The kingdom's capital was located to the east of a large river around 1000 li from Bharukachchha.", "This description doesn't fit the capital of Chalukya.", "The identification of the city mentioned by Xuanzang is not conclusive.", "It is1-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-6556", "The stupas that were built around the capital city were several hundred feet high.", "Around 5,000 Buddhist monks lived in over 100 monasteries in the kingdom.", "The kingdom had temples of \"heretics\" who \"smeared dust on their bodies\".", "The Pallavas were 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- were 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- were 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- were 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- were 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- were 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- were 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- were 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- were 888-609- 888-609- 888-609-", "Pulakeshin's subjugation of the Vishnukundins brought him into conflict with the Pallava king.", "The Pallavas fought several battles.", "The Aihole inscription states that the Pallava ruler opposed the rise of Pulakeshin, who caused the enemy to be \"obscured by the dust of his army\" and forced the enemy to take shelter behind the walls of the Pallava capital Kanchipuram.", "According to the inscription of the Pallavas, the Pallava King Mahendravarman defeated an enemy at Pullalur.", "The Pallava army may have been forced to retreat to Kanchipuram, but they inflicted enough damage on the Chalukya army to force Pulakeshin to retreat.", "The grant of the Elpattu Simbhige village to Pulakeshin was recorded in the Peddavaduguru inscription.", "It appears that Pulakeshin defeated the Banas.", "See the Early life section above for an alternative theory.", "The engraver's name is Mahendra Pallavachari, and he suggests that the Banas were Pallava feudatories before they submitted to Pulakeshin.", "The conflict with the Pallavas must have been renewed by Pulakeshin's subjugation.", "According to the Aihole inscription, Pulakeshin won over the Chola, the Chera, and the Pandya kings as his allies in his fight against the Pallavas.", "The Pallava inscriptions suggest that he suffered reverses in battles near Kanchipuram.", "During the reign of Narasimha-varman I, the Pallavas besieged the capital.", "The Pallava force that captured Vatapi probably killed Pulakeshin.", "An inscription found at the Mallikarjunadeva temple in Badami attests to the Pallava occupation of Vatapi.", "During Pulakeshin's lifetime, his brother Vishnu-vardhana carved out an independent kingdom in the eastern part of the Chalukya empire.", "Pulakeshin may have approved of this arrangement because he did not want his brother to wage a war of succession.", "The order of succession after Pulakeshin was not clear from the available historical evidence, and he had multiple sons.", "T. V. Mahalingam theorizes that the name Adityavarman was once used by Vikramaditya I.", "D. P. Dikshit believes that Pulakeshin's son, Abhinavaditya, succeeded him.", "Chandraditya has imperial titles but they are dated in the years of his wife.", "It is possible that Chandraditya's wife acted as a regent for their son after he died.", "His brother, Vikramaditya I, appears to have restored the power of the Chalukya army, becoming the defacto ruler in the process.", "The Honnur inscription dates to the 16th regnal year of his younger brother.", "The inscription states that the wife of the Ganga prince was the daughter of a man.", "The power was restored to the Chalukya area.", "The 671CE Navsari grant inscription attests to the existence of the younger brother of Vikramaditya.", "Thetent of the kingdom is said to have been ruled by several loyal vassals.", "According to the Aihole inscription, Pulakeshin ruled a large portion of the Indian peninsula to the south of the Vindhyas.", "There is no evidence that he was able to annex the southern kingdoms.", "Pulakeshin appears to have taken control of a large part of western Deccan to the south of the Narmada river.", "According to the Aihole inscription, he gained control of the \"three Maharashtras\" which included 99,000 villages.", "According to historian D. C. Sircar, they may have been the Maharashtra proper (a large part of present-day Maharashtra), Konkana, and Karnata.", "The rulers of this large kingdom were defeated by Pulakeshin, who ruled through governors from the Chalukya family and loyal vassals.", "The Konkana and surrounding areas were ruled by the Sendraka prince.", "The family of Alla-shakti ruled the Khandesh and the surrounding areas.", "Pulakeshin gained control of a large part of the eastern Deccan region after defeating the Vishnukundins.", "Vishnu-vardhana, Pulakeshin's younger brother, was appointed as the governor of Vengi in eastern Deccan.", "While acknowledging Pulakeshin's suzerainty, Vishnu-vardhana asserts himself as an independent ruler.", "The governor of the Lata region, who ruled in southern Gujarat, seems to have asserted his independence after Pulakeshin's death.", "There is no reference to the overlord in the land grant inscription.", "According to the 9th-century Persian historian Al-Tabari, Pulakeshin maintained diplomatic relations with the Sasanian ruler of present-day Iran.", "During the 26th regnal year of the Sasanian monarch, Pulakeshin sent expensive presents and letters to Khusrow and his sons.", "The embassy is from c. 625CE.", "James Fergusson believed that a painting at the Ajanta Cave 1 depicted a Sasanian embassy to Pulakeshin's court.", "The painting depicts several figures in foreign dress, one of which was identified as the Sasanian king and he sent a return embassy to the Chalukya kingdom.", "The theory that the painting depicts a scene from the Maha-sudarsana Jataka, in which the enthroned king can be identified, is no longer accepted by other scholars.", "The large number of Sassanian traders in Central India at that time, and the fact that they were an object of intense interest to the Indians, are reflected in the inclusion of many men in Sassanian clothing in the caves of Ajanta.", "The migration of Zoroastrians to India was encouraged by the good relations between India and the Sasanian Empire.", "The Parsi Community was established on the West coast of the Deccan.", "The Parama-bhagavata \"devotee of Vishnu\" and the Pimpalner copper-plate inscription state that he belonged to the line of Vishnu.", "Several of his inscriptions begin with salutations to Vishnu, and bear seals with emblems that feature varaha, an incarnation of Vishnu.", "The construction of the Upper Shivalaya, Lower Shivalaya, and Malegitti Shivalaya began during his reign.", "There were over 100 Buddhist monasteries in the Chinese kingdom, with Mahayana and Hinayana living in some of them.", "The Aihole inscription on the wall of the Meguti Jain temple was written by the man who built it.", "According to the Aihole inscription of Pulakeshin, he was generous in \"bestowing gifts and honours on the brave and the learned\".", "The composer of the inscription describes himself as an equal of the famous Sanskrit poets Bhasa and Kalidasa.", "The Yekkeri rock inscription, which was probably issued in Pulakeshin's first regnal year, contains land records in certain towns said to be owned by the god Mahadeva.", "The grant inscription is dated to the year 532 and was issued during the 3rd regnal year.", "During the solar eclipse on the Amavasya of the Bhadrapada month, it was issued.", "A village grant is recorded.", "The grant inscription records the grant of the village at the instance of the Aluka ruler.", "Vishnu-vardhana is referred to as the crown-prince by the Satara grant inscription.", "The year 552 of the calendar era is when the inscription is dated.", "It shows the grant of the Goviyanaka village to Dama Dikshita.", "The grant of a village to a Brahmana is recorded in the inscription of the copper-plate.", "The construction of a Jinendra temple and Pulakeshin's military achievements are recorded in the Aihole prashasti inscription.", "The title Paramaveshvara is bestowed on him by the Tummeyanaru grant inscription.", "The grant of the Amravatavaka village was recorded by the Chiplun copper-plate inscription.", "Pulakeshin's maternal uncle was a king of the Sendraka dynasty.", "The inscription is called the nerur.", "The \"victorious metropolis\" is what the Badami rock inscription refers to.", "The Hirebidri has a stone inscription that records a land grant.", "The land measure and the coin will be used at Kurumgodu, according to an inscription from Bellary district.", "The stone inscription of the Ishvara temple records the grant of the Elpattu Simbhige village by Pulakeshin.", "The defeated ruler may have been a king of the Bana dynasty, or he may have been associated with another person.", "The land grant to Nagasharman of Kaushika gotra is recorded in the Bijapur-Mumbai copper-plate grant inscription.", "The granted land was located in two villages on the banks of the Godavari River.", "The copper plates were purchased from a scrap vendor in the 1990s.", "The inscription was unreadable, but it was MzEll L. Bapat who cleaned it and published it.", "It is written in a dialect of the Brahmi script.", "On a full moon day in the Vaishakha month of Pulakeshin's ninth regnal year, it was issued.", "The Kandalgaon copper-plate inscription, dated to Pulakeshin's 5th regnal year, is considered spurious by modern scholars.", "It is considered spurious because of its script and language.", "The seal and opening matter are different from other inscriptions.", "The grant of a field was recorded by the Lakshmeshvara inscription.", "It is spurious because of late script and irregular dating.", "The grant of the Pippalanagara to Nagarasvami Dikshita is recorded in the Pimpalner copper-plate inscription.", "There is a film based on the life of Pulakeshin II in the History of South India." ]

[ "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshinmma", "Pulakeshin" ]

[ "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshinupup", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin", "Pulakeshin" ]

[ "Charles Franklin Seabrook (28 May 1881 – 1964), known professionally as C.F.", "Seabrook, was an American businessman and owner of Seabrook Farms, a family-owned frozen vegetable packing plant in New Jersey that at one point was the largest irrigated truck farm in the world.", "Seabrook Farms became famous for recruiting Japanese Americans from internment camps beginning in January 1944 and other immigrants displaced from World War II.", "He was nicknamed the \"Henry Ford of agriculture\" by B.C.", "Forbes, the founder of Forbes magazine, and the town of Seabrook, New Jersey is named after him.", "Early life\nSeabrook was born in Cumberland County, New Jersey to parents Aurthur P. and Elizabeth (known as \"Riley\") Seabrook.", "His father was an Englishman who started an unnamed farm truck in 1870.", "In 1893, his father bought a piece of land in Upper Deerfield to expand his farming business.", "C.F.", "Seabrook left school at the age of 12 to work as a farmhand for his father's farm in Upper Deerfield, Cumberland County.", "He is often described as a \"reluctant farmer\", who had interests in engineering instead.", "Career \nDuring the early 1920s, he briefly worked overseas in Europe as an engineering consultant for civil projects.", "Seabrook Farms\n\nAt the age of 14, Seabrook was an early proponent of novel irrigation methods in farming.", "He installed a single pipe with punched holes that fed water droplets over a celery bed in 1907 that increased production by approximately 300% and continued to be used until the mid-1930s.", "In the 1910s, C.F.", "bought his father's farm and had it incorporated in 1913.", "The farm briefly was sold and renamed Del Bay Farms in 1919; however, Seabrook bought back ownership as well as a local cannery business.", "He was instrumental in the creation of highways that linked New Jersey to larger cities where his produce was sold, such as Philadelphia and New York City.", "Seabrook expanded his father's business of growing and selling fresh vegetables by buying out surrounding plots of land.", "In the 1930s, he expanded the company to include the production of canned and frozen vegetables.", "His frozen food venture led to a partnership with Clarence Birdseye.", "By the 1940s, Seabrook was operating one of the largest farm and food businesses in the United States.", "At its height, it was producing agriculture on over 54,000 acres of land across three states and employing over 4,000 workers.", "The company also pioneered the use of gasoline-powered tractors and trucks.", "Seabrook Farms became the supplier of frozen food for General Foods Corporation under their Birdseye brand, and under this name began supplying food for national and international markets.", "Seabrook had previously filled labor shortages with people of diverse backgrounds from the United States, including Italian immigrants and southern African Americans.", "During the Second World War, Seabrook worked with the War Relocation Authority to employ Japanese Americans released from internment camps.", "These laborers helped fill government orders of food to feed the troops overseas.", "After one year, over 1,000 Japanese Americans had relocated to south New Jersey to work for Seabrook.", "By 1947, Seabrook Farms employed over 2,500 Japanese Americans.", "Other employees included émigrés from Russia and German prisoners of war.", "In 1955, LIFE magazine called Seabrook Farms the \"Biggest Vegetable Factory on Earth\".", "Seabrook sold the company to Seeman Brothers in 1959.", "The company ceased operating under the name Seabrook Farms in 1963, when the name was changed to Seabrook Foods.", "Bridgeton Strike\nIn early April 1934, over 300 workers for Seabrook Farms who had formed a union, most of whom were Italian and African Americans, began a peaceful strike for higher wages.", "Donald Henderson, a former professor at Columbia University, was the organizer of the strike.", "Seabrook agreed to double the wages after four days.", "However, after a few months he laid off over 100 workers, the majority of African-American descent, and again lowered wages.", "This reversal led to picketing and protests by some workers.", "Seabrook contacted police to end the strikes, which led to violent clashes on July 9.", "Eventually, these clashes made it to the front page of The New York Times.", "There was a photograph of the event taken, named Strikers at Seabrook Farms, Bridgeton, New Jersey (With a Stone in One Hand...), July 9, 1934, by an unknown photographer.", "The next day, a federal negotiator settled a deal with the strikers.", "Contrary to what was promised in the agreement, Seabrook Farms did not re-hire many of the workers who went on strike and many of its previous African-American workers remained unemployed afterwards.", "Personal life\nSeabrook married Norma Dale Ivins on November 22, 1905.", "He and his wife had three sons: Belford, Charles Courtney, and John \"Jack\" Martin.", "Belford Seabrook was in charge of the engineering and construction of new Seabrook Farms plants.", "Charles Courtney Seabrook was born in 1909 and died in Woodstown, New Jersey while visiting a friend's house on October 4, 2003.", "He was in charge of sales.", "Jack earned a degree in chemical engineering at Princeton University and started working as a general manager at Seabrook Farms after graduation.", "Jack was nicknamed the \"Spinach King\" for his work at Seabrook Farms.", "On 3 October 1941, Seabrook had a stroke.", "He continued to have health problems into the 1950s until his death in 1964.", "Honors and awards\nThe town of Seabrook, New Jersey is named after him.", "The town has a Pre-K to 3rd grade elementary school named after him called the Charles F. Seabrook School.", "The town also has the Seabrook Educational and Cultural Center (SECC), a museum that houses historical information about the community that was created in Seabrook in 1994.", "The museum was founded by Japanese Americans whose families had moved to South Jersey to work in Seabrook Farms.", "The Princeton Theological Seminary houses \"The Charles F. Seabrook Manuscript Collection\".", "It was established in 1996 from donations made by John Seabrook, one of Charles Seabrook's son.", "The seminary also created the C.F.", "Seabrook Director of Music and Lecturer in Church Music position in his honor.", "His son, John M. Seabrook wrote a biography about his father and Seabrook Farms, entitled Henry Ford of Agriculture: Charles F. Seabrook 1881–1964 and Seabrook Farms 1893–1959.", "The New Jersey Historical Commission also produced a radio documentary about Seabrook called \"Seabrook at War\" with author Kurt Vonnegut as the narrator.", "References\n\nExternal links\n \"Invisible Restraints: Life and Labor at Seabrook Farms,\" New Jersey Digital Highway Exhibition on Seabrook Farms' Labor History \n Rutgers University Community Repository\n Densho Encyclopedia entry\n\n20th-century American businesspeople\n1881 births\n1964 deaths\nPeople from Cumberland County, New Jersey" ]

[ "Seabrook was known as C.F.", "At one point, Seabrook's family-owned frozen vegetable packing plant in New Jersey was the largest irrigated truck farm in the world.", "Seabrook farms was famous for recruiting Japanese Americans from internment camps during World War II.", "B.C. nicknamed him the \"Henry Ford of agriculture\".", "The town of Seabrook, New Jersey is named after Forbes.", "Seabrook was born to parents in Cumberland County, New Jersey.", "His father started a farm truck in 1870.", "In 1893, his father bought a piece of land to expand his farming business.", "C.F.", "Seabrook left school at the age of 12 to work on his father's farm.", "He was described as a \"reluctant farmer\" who had interests in engineering.", "He was an engineering consultant for civil projects in Europe during the early 1920s.", "Seabrook was an early supporter of novel irrigation methods.", "A single pipe with punched holes was installed in 1907 that increased production by approximately 300% and continued to be used until the mid-1930s.", "C.F. was in the 1910s.", "His father's farm was incorporated in 1913.", "Seabrook bought back ownership of the farm after it was briefly sold and renamed Del Bay Farms in 1919.", "He was involved in the creation of highways that connected New Jersey to larger cities such as Philadelphia and New York.", "Seabrook expanded his father's business by buying surrounding plots of land.", "He expanded the company in the 1930s to include canned and frozen vegetables.", "Clarence Birdseye was a partner in his frozen food venture.", "Seabrook was one of the largest farm and food businesses in the United States.", "It employed over 4,000 workers when it 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110", "The use of gasoline-powered tractor and trucks was pioneered by the company.", "Seabrook Farms became the supplier of frozen food for General Foods Corporation under their Birdseye brand and began supplying food for national and international markets.", "Italian immigrants and southern African Americans were some of the people Seabrook filled labor shortages with.", "Seabrook worked with the War Relocation Authority to get Japanese Americans released from internment camps.", "The laborers filled government orders to feed the troops.", "Over 1,000 Japanese Americans moved to south New Jersey to work for Seabrook.", "Seabrook Farms employed a lot of Japanese Americans.", "Russian and German prisoners of war were included in the employees.", "Seabrook Farms was called the \"Biggest Vegetable Factory on Earth\" by LIFE magazine in 1955.", "Seabrook sold the company to Seeman Brothers.", "When the name Seabrook Foods was changed in 1963, the company ceased operating.", "The Bridgeton Strike took place in April 1934, when over 300 workers for Seabrook Farms formed a union and began a strike for higher wages.", "Donald Henderson was a professor at Columbia University.", "Seabrook agreed to double their wages after a few days.", "The majority of African-American workers were laid off after a few months.", "Some workers protested and picketed after this reversal.", "Violence broke out on July 9 after Seabrook contacted police to end the strikes.", "It was on the front page of The New York Times.", "An unknown photographer took a picture of the event called \"Strikers at Seabrook Farms, Bridgeton, New Jersey (With a Stone in One Hand...)\" on July 9, 1934.", "A deal was reached with the strikers the next day.", "Seabrook did not re-hire many of the workers who went on strike and many of its previous African-American workers remained unemployed after the strike ended.", "Seabrook married Ivins on November 22, 1905.", "He and his wife had three sons.", "Belford Seabrook was in charge of the construction of the plants.", "On October 4, 2003 Charles Seabrook died in Woodstown, New Jersey while visiting a friend's house.", "He was in charge of sales.", "After graduating with a degree in chemical engineering, Jack worked as a general manager at Seabrook Farms.", "Jack was nicknamed the \"Spinach King\" for his work.", "Seabrook had a stroke.", "He had health problems until his death in 1964.", "The town of Seabrook, New Jersey is named after him.", "The town has a Pre-K to 3rd grade school named after him.", "The Seabrook Educational and Cultural Center is a museum that houses historical information about the community that was created in Seabrook in 1994.", "The museum was founded by Japanese Americans who had moved to South Jersey to work.", "The Charles F. Seabrook Manuscript Collection is housed at the seminary.", "John Seabrook donated money to establish it in 1996.", "The C.F. was created by the seminary.", "He is the Director of Music and Lecturer in Church Music.", "John M. Seabrook wrote a biography about his father and Seabrook farms.", "The New Jersey Historical Commission produced a radio documentary called \"Seabrook at War\" with author Kurt Vonnegut as the narrator.", "\"Invisible Restraints: Life and Labor at Seabrook Farms\" is an External link." ]

[ "Charles Franklin Seabrook", ". Seabrook", "Henry Ford", ". Forbes", "Seabrook", "Seabrook", ". Seabrook", "Seabrook", "Seabrook", "Seabrook", "Seabrook", "Seabrook", "Charles Courtney", "Charles Courtney", "Seabrook", "Charles", "John Seabrook", "Charles Seabrook", "Seabrook", ". Seabrook", "Henry Ford", "Charles F", ". Seabrook" ]

[ "Henry Ford", "Forbes", "Seabrook", ". Seabrook", "Seabrook", "Seabrook", "Seabrook", "Seabrook", "Charles Seabrook", "John Seabrook", ". Seabrook" ]

[ "Daniel Saul Gelber (born November 26, 1960) is an American politician and former prosecutor serving as the Mayor of Miami Beach, Florida.", "He served in the Florida Legislature from 2000 to 2010 and was the Democratic nominee for Attorney General of Florida in 2010.", "Gelber represented the 106th district in the Florida House of Representatives from 2000 to 2008, also serving as House Minority Leader in his last term.", "He then served in the Florida Senate, representing the 35th district from 2008 to 2010.", "He ran for Attorney General of Florida in 2010, losing the general election to Republican Pam Bondi.", "In 2012, he co-founded the law firm of Gelber Schachter & Greenberg, P.A.", "along with Adam Schachter and Gerald Greenberg.", "The firm handles complex civil litigation and white-collar criminal defense cases in Florida and across the country.", "Gelber was reelected mayor, without opposition, on September 6, 2019, after no other candidate qualified to challenge him by the filing deadline.", "His second term began in November 2019 and is slated to end in 2021.", "Early life and family\nDan Gelber was born to Jewish parents Seymour Gelber (1919-2019) and Edith Schwitzman Gelber (1924-2006).", "The elder Gelber served as Miami Beach's 33rd mayor, from 1991 to 1997.", "Dan Gelber grew up in Miami Beach, Florida and is a graduate of Miami Beach Senior High School.", "Gelber has a BA from Tufts University and a Juris Doctorate from University of Florida College of Law where he was a Harry S. Truman Scholar.", "When he was 24, he co-founded a summer camp for children with cancer where he volunteers every summer as a bunk counselor and provides support services for patients and their families.", "Gelber has been a Big Brother volunteer since 1985, and is a former president of the board of directors of Big Brothers Organization.", "Dan introduced Judge Marilyn Milian (of the TV show The People's Court) to her husband John Schlesinger at a local bar one Friday night.", "Currently, Dan lives in Miami Beach with his wife, Joan Silverstein, a federal prosecutor, and their three children: Sophie, Hannah, and Max.", "Public service\n\nGelber's career in public service started at the age of twenty-five, when he was appointed as one of the youngest federal prosecutors in the nation.", "After nearly a decade prosecuting public corruption and civil rights cases, Gelber was selected by United States Senator Sam Nunn to be Chief Counsel and Staff Director of the U.S. Senate's Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations where he directed U.S. Senate investigations into global terrorism and weapons of mass destruction.", "Gelber was first elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 2000 from District 106.", "As a member of the Florida Legislature, Gelber frequently sparred with former governor Jeb Bush.", "The Wall Street Journal referred to Gelber as Bush's \"chief nemesis.\"", "Nevertheless, Gelber earned the respect of the former governor, who once told the St. Petersburg Times that Gelber \"would be a very well qualified Governor.\"", "In 2005, Gelber took charge of the Florida House Democratic Caucus' political operation.", "Under his leadership, despite the Democrats losing the Governor's mansion, state house Democrats have picked up nine Republican seats, their first net gain in the lower chamber in sixteen years, his party's best ever showing in a single cycle, and the fifth best overall gain in the nation.", "In 2008, Gelber was elected to the Florida Senate from the 35th District.", "Legislative record\n\nGelber has worked to increase fairness in the Florida tax code.", "In 2009, Gelber sponsored and helped pass a bill that closed a real estate loophole that allowed high end developers to evade taxes.", "He also worked to stop multistate corporations from avoiding Florida taxes.", "Gelber is critical of recent budget cuts that leave Florida last in per student spending.", "He has fought spending cuts to the state university system.", "He is also a vocal critic of the FCAT, believing that \"[y]ou shouldn't have a school system where the ceiling is the floor.\"", "Drawing on his experience prosecuting corruption as a US Attorney, Gelber has been active in cleaning up government.", "Sen. Gelber sponsored a bill that provides criminal penalties for official misconduct, criminal misuse of official position and bid tampering.", "This bill passed in HB 847 and was signed into law.", "2010 Attorney General campaign\n\nOn June 8, 2009, Gelber announced his candidacy for Florida Attorney General.", "Reminiscent of Senator Bob Graham's Workdays, Gelber performed community service across Florida, which included serving meals to the homeless, cleaning up the Wekiva River, and joining elementary school students in writing letters to veterans.", "Gelber soundly won the August 24, 2010 primary election, defeating his Democratic opponent fellow state senator Dave Aronberg by 18 points.", "His campaign has been endorsed by many top public servants, including Republican state senator J. Alex Villalobos, former United States Attorney General Janet Reno, former Florida Education Secretary Betty Castor, former Congressman Jim Davis, Congresswoman and DNC Vice Chair Debbie Wasserman Schultz and Tampa Mayor Pam Iorio, as well as the Florida Police Benevolent Association, the state's largest law enforcement union.", "Ultimately, Gelber lost the election to the Republican candidate, Pam Bondi.", "Mayor of Miami Beach\n\nOn November 7, 2017, Gelber was elected mayor of Miami Beach with 82 percent of the vote over three other candidates.", "His main competitor, former commissioner Michael Grieco, withdrew from the election and eventually resigned from office amid a campaign finance scandal that led to criminal charges.", "Committee assignments\nCommittee Membership\nCommerce, vice chair\nHigher Education Appropriations, vice chair\nPolicy and Steering Committee on Social Responsibility\nPolicy and Steering Committee on Ways and Means\nCommunications, Energy, and Public Utilities\nJudiciary\nSelect Committee on Florida's Economy\nJoint Committee on Public Counsel Oversight\n\nSee also \n List of mayors of Miami Beach, Florida\n\nReferences \n\nPermanent Subcommittee on Investigations\n\nExternal links\nDan Gelber for Attorney General: \nDan Gelber's official legislative bio: member bio\nWall Street Journal: A Tale of Two GOP's \nSt. Petersburg Times: Governor Gelber?", "Palm Beach Post: FCAT role in schools' fate may be demoted\nSt. Petersburg Times: Florida Democrats Grab a Role\n\nExternal links\nFlorida House of Representatives – Dan Gelber\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n1960 births\nFlorida Democrats\nLiving people\nJewish American people in Florida politics\nJewish mayors of places in the United States\nMembers of the Florida House of Representatives\nTufts University alumni\nFredric G. Levin College of Law alumni\nCandidates in the 2010 United States elections\n21st-century American politicians\nPeople from Miami Beach, Florida\nFlorida lawyers\nFlorida state senators\n20th-century American lawyers\n21st-century American lawyers\n21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "Daniel Saul Gelber is an American politician and former prosecutor who is the Mayor of Miami Beach, Florida.", "He was the Democratic nominee for Attorney General of Florida in 2010 and served in the Florida Legislature from 2000 to 2010.", "Gelber was a member of the Florida House of Representatives from 2000 to 2008 and served as House Minority Leader in his last term.", "He represented the 35th district in the Florida Senate from 2008 to 2010.", "He lost the general election for Attorney General of Florida.", "He co-found the law firm of Gelber Schachter & Greenberg, P.A.", "Adam and Gerald were with them.", "Civil litigation and white-collar criminal defense cases are handled by the firm.", "Gelber was reelected mayor without opposition after no other candidate qualified to challenge him by the filing deadline.", "His second term ends in 2021.", "Dan Gelber was the son of Seymour Gelber and Edith Schwitzman Gelber.", "The elder Gelber was the 33rd mayor of Miami Beach.", "Dan Gelber is a graduate of Miami Beach Senior High School.", "Gelber received a degree from the University of Florida College of Law and was a Harry S. Truman Scholar.", "He co-founded a summer camp for children with cancer at the age of 24 and volunteers every summer as a bunk counselor.", "Gelber was a former president of the board of directors of Big Brothers Organization.", "John and Marilyn were introduced to each other at a local bar by Dan.", "Dan lives with his wife, Joan Silverstein, a federal prosecutor, and their three children in Miami Beach.", "Gelber was appointed as one of the youngest federal prosecutors in the nation at the age of twenty-five.", "After nearly a decade prosecuting public corruption and civil rights cases, Gelber was selected by United States Senator Sam Nunn to be Chief Counsel and Staff Director of the U.S. Senate's Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations.", "Gelber was first elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 2000.", "Gelber was a member of the Florida Legislature.", "Gelber was referred to as Bush's \"chief nemesis\" by the Wall Street Journal.", "The former governor once said that Gelber would be a very well qualified Governor.", "Gelber was in charge of the political operation of the Florida House Democratic Caucus.", "Despite the Democrats losing the Governor's mansion, the state house Democrats have picked up nine Republican seats, their first net gain in the lower chamber in sixteen years, and the fifth best overall gain in the nation.", "Gelber was elected to the Florida Senate in 2008.", "Gelber has worked to make the Florida tax code more fair.", "In 2009, Gelber helped pass a bill that closed a real estate loophole that allowed high end developers to avoid taxes.", "Multistate corporations were stopped from avoiding Florida taxes.", "Florida is last in per student spending due to recent budget cuts.", "Spending cuts to the state university system have been fought by him.", "He believes that the ceiling should not be the floor in a school.", "Gelber was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Criminal penalties are provided for official malfeasance, misuse of official position, and bid tampering in a bill sponsored by Sen. Gelber.", "The bill was signed into law.", "On June 8, 2009, Gelber announced his candidacy for Florida Attorney General.", "Gelber performed community service across Florida, which included serving meals to the homeless, cleaning up the Wekiva River, and joining elementary school students in writing letters to veterans.", "Gelber defeated Aronberg in the August 24, 2010 primary election by 18 points.", "A number of top public servants have endorsed his campaign, including Republican state senator J. Alex Villalobos and former United States Attorney General Janet Reno.", "Gelber lost the election to the Republican.", "Gelber was elected mayor of Miami Beach with an overwhelming majority of the vote.", "His main competitor, Michael Grieco, resigned from office after a campaign finance scandal led to criminal charges.", "The committee memberships are Commerce, vice chair Higher Education Appropriations, Policy and Steering Committee on Social Responsibility Policy and Steering Committee on Ways and Means Communications.", "The Palm Beach Post reported that the role of the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test may be demoted." ]

[ "Daniel Saul Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Dan Gelber", "Seymour Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Dan Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Dan", "Dan", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Dan Gelber", "Dan Gelber", "Dan Gber" ]

[ "Daniel Saul Gelber", "Gelber", "Dan Gelber", "Seymour Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Dan Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Dan", "Dan", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber", "Gelber" ]

[ "Winifred Dunn was an American screenwriter, editor, radio scenario writer, and art critic in the early 20th century.", "She was one of the youngest scenario editors of the silent era and was credited with writing over 40 productions.", "Early life\nBorn around 1898, Winifred Dunn spent her childhood on an island at Squirrel Lake, Wisconsin.", "Coming from a family of writers, Dunn made her decision to be a writer at the age of 6.", "She moved out to Chicago, Illinois, at a young age, starting a career that would lead her to be one of the youngest scenario editors in the film industry.", "Career\nAt the age of 18, Winifred Dunn wrote her first film, Too Late, which launched her formal writing career with the production company Selig Polyscope.", "Her talent for writing and formatting entertainment pieces became apparent when Dunn translated a German play into English, as well as formatted the production aspects to fit a natural setting on the American stage.", "In 1921, Dunn made the big move out to Hollywood to continue the expansion of her career with Sawyer-Lubin Productions.", "It was there that her 1922 production of Quincy Adams Sawyer (1922) was edited and titled, and also where she wrote a screen adaptation of Your Friend and Mine (1923) by Willard Mack.", "In February 1923, Dunn began a new position with Metro Pictures, later known as Metro Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, with formal tasks of a scenario editor.", "It wasn't long before Dunn was known as one of the \"busiest scenario editors in Hollywood.\"", "A 1924 story in The Los Angeles Times quotes Dunn encouraging other writers to read many newspapers in order to \"keep a metaphorical finger on the pulse of life everywhere.\"", "With her quickly growing popularity, Dunn was recruited by actress Mary Pickford in 1925 to work collaboratively on future projects.", "The first collaboration of Dunn and Pickford was the 1926 hit Sparrows.", "The role played by Pickford was out of the ordinary for her often lighthearted work, and therefore was a significant driver for its success.", "The film was later criticized for copyright issues by Harry Hyde, who claimed the plot of Sparrows was eerily similar to his film The Cry of the Children, and sued both Dunn and Pickford for $100,000.", "This was also the year Dunn's film Twinkletoes was released.", "Dunn had tough competition for her production of Twinkletoes to be performed by famous actress Colleen Moore.", "Based on the Thomas Burke book Twinkletoes: A Tale of the Limehouse, Dunn had to dig deep into her creative mind to create a film story that fit Moore, while staying relatively true to the original narrative.", "Dunn beat out the competition and production began a few weeks later.", "Toward the close of 1926, Dunn signed a contract for long-term employment of writing scenarios with First National Pictures.", "It was here that she wrote the scenario for The Patent Leather Kid.", "To prepare for this assignment, she sat at a boxing ring every Friday night to gain a feel for what the production should be like.", "In April 1928, Dunn resigned from First National in order to pursue writing pieces with \"more sentiment and less sentimentality.\"", "Dunn remained a freelance writer into the sound era and continued her talents through other mediums as well.", "Dunn was hired to ghostwrite Osa Johnson's autobiography, I Married Adventure: The Lives and Adventures of Martin and Osa Johnson, which was released in 1940.", "Dunn applied her own spin to the facts found through extensive interviews and research of the story so readers could easily get \"swept away.\"", "After its release, the book took off, selling 288,000 copies in the first eight months.", "Achievements\nDunn was of the youngest scenario editors in the film industry.", "In April 1928, Dunn took on the duties of chairman of the Women's Executive Committee of the Southern California Olympic Games.", "Later that year, Dunn was inducted into the writer's executive committee for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences as the only female, and also served as a member of the Executive Board for the Writer's Guild.", "Personal life\nIn December 1928, Winifred Dunn announced her marriage to Harold Swartz, a successful sculptor.", "The ceremony was held in San Diego, and Dunn's mother was present.", "Contrary to popular norms of the time, Dunn did not let her marriage stop her career and continued to work as a freelance writer.", "After Dunn filed for divorce against Swartz in May 1942, records of her life stopped appearing in periodicals for public viewing.", "Filmography\nWinifred Dunn has been credited as a screenwriter in 41 productions, as editor in three, and both screenwriter and editor in two." ]

[ "In the early 20th century, she was an American screenwriter, editor, radio scenario writer, and art critic.", "She was one of the youngest scenario editors of the silent era and was credited with writing over 40 productions.", "She was born around 1898 and grew up on an island at Squirrel Lake, Wisconsin.", "At the age of 6, she decided to be a writer.", "She was one of the youngest scenario editors in the film industry when she moved to Chicago at a young age.", "At the age of 18 she wrote her first film, Too Late, which launched her career as a writer.", "When she translated a German play into English, as well as formatted the production aspects to fit a natural setting on the American stage, her talent for writing and formatting entertainment pieces became apparent.", "She moved to Hollywood to continue the expansion of her career with Sawyer-Lubin.", "Her 1922 production of Quincy Adams Sawyer was edited and titled, and she wrote a screen adaptation of Your Friend and Mine.", "Metro Pictures, later known as Metro Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, began to have formal tasks of a scenario editor in February 1923.", "It wasn't long before he was known as one of the busiest scenario editors in Hollywood.", "A 1924 story in The Los Angeles Times quotes Dunn encouraging other writers to read many newspapers in order to keep a metaphorical finger on the pulse of life everywhere.", "Mary Pickford recruited Dunn in 1925 to work on future projects with her.", "Sparrows was the first collaboration of Dunn and Pickford.", "Pickford's role was out of the ordinary for her often lighthearted work and therefore was a significant driver for its success.", "The film was sued for $100,000 by Harry Hyde, who claimed the plot of Sparrows was eerily similar to his film The Cry of the Children.", "The film was released in this year.", "Colleen Moore was going to perform in the production of Twinkletoes.", "She had to dig deep into her creative mind to create a film story that fit Moore, while staying relatively true to the original narrative.", "The production began a few weeks later after Dunn beat out the competition.", "The contract for long-term employment of writing scenarios with First National Pictures was signed near the end of the 19th century.", "She wrote the scenario for The Patent Leather Kid here.", "She sat at a boxing ring every Friday night to get a feel for what the production should look like.", "In April 1928, Dunn left First National in order to write pieces with more sentiment and less sentimentality.", "As a writer, she continued her talents through other medium as well.", "In 1940, Osa Johnson's autobiography, I Married Adventure: The Lives andAdventures of Martin and Osa Johnson, was released.", "Readers could easily get swept away by the facts found through extensive interviews and research of the story.", "The book sold 288,000 copies in the first eight months.", "He was the youngest scenario editor in the film industry.", "The Women's Executive Committee of the Southern California Olympic Games had a new chairman in April 1928.", "Later that year, she was the only female member of the writer's executive committee for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, as well as a member of the Executive Board for the Writer's Guild.", "In December 1928, the wife of a successful sculptor was announced.", "The ceremony was held in San Diego.", "She continued to work as a writer despite her marriage because she didn't want to let it stop her career.", "Records of her life stopped appearing in periodicals after she filed for divorce.", "As an editor in three, and as a screenwriter in two, she has been credited with being in 41 productions." ]

[ "Winifred Dunn", "Winifred Dunn", "Dunn", "Winifred Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Winifred", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Winifred", "Dunn" ]

[ "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn", "Dunn" ]

[ "Hans Mayer (19 March 1907 in Cologne – 19 May 2001 in Tübingen; pseudonym: Martin Seiler) was a German literary scholar.", "Mayer was also a jurist and social researcher and was internationally recognized as a critic, author and musicologist.", "Life \nHans Mayer was born in an upper-class Jewish family.", "He was influenced in his youth by the writings of Georg Lukács and Karl Marx.", "He was a socialist.", "He studied jurisprudence, political science, history and philosophy in Cologne, Bonn and Berlin and received his doctorate in 1930 with a thesis titled \"Die Krise der deutschen Staatslehre\" (The Crisis of German Political Science).", "At the same time, he joined the SPD and worked on the magazine Der Rote Kämpfer (The Red Fighter).", "In 1931, he moved to the SAPD, which expelled him again one year later because of his sympathy for the KPD-O.", "Since he was a Jew and a Marxist and therefore banned from his profession in July 1933, he fled in August 1933 to France, where he worked for a short time as the chief editor of the Die Neue Welt ('The New World'), which was the daily newspaper of the Alsatian KPO.", "In 1934, Hans Mayer had to flee to Geneva.", "Here, he received jobs from Hans Kelsen and Max Horkheimer as a social researcher.", "He left the KPD-O in 1935.", "Carl Jacob Burckhardt influenced his literary orientation during this time.", "From 1937 to 1939, Mayer was a member of the Collège de Sociologie, founded by Georges Bataille, Michel Leiris and Roger Caillois in 1937.", "There he held a lecture about the secret political societies in German Romanticism and demonstrated how these secret societies already anticipated Nazi symbolism.", "Other exiles at the Collège were Walter Benjamin and Paul L. Landsberg.", "After the end of the war, he returned to Germany in 1945.", "The Americans made him the cultural editor of the German news agency, DENA, the predecessor of the DPA, and later the chief political editor of Radio Frankfurt.", "In 1948, he and his friend Stephan Hermlin, went to the Soviet occupation zone.", "In Leipzig he accepted a professorship for literary studies and became an influential critic of the new German literature.", "It was possible for him to cross between the East German and the West German world.", "In the East, he worked through his lectures and discussion circles, and in West Germany he was a welcome guest at meetings of Group 47.", "He was also in contact with Bertolt Brecht during this time.", "His relationship with those in power in the GDR was characterized by more friction as of 1956.", "He resigned in 1963 and did not return to the GDR after a visit to a publisher in Tübingen.", "In 1965, he was appointed to a newly created chair for German literature at the University of Hannover.", "He held this chair until his retirement in 1973.", "After that, he lived in Tübingen as an honorary professor.", "As he grew older, he lost his eyesight, but he was still able to dictate his texts.", "For that reason, his publications extend well into his old age.", "Work \nThe work of Hans Mayer includes more than forty volumes.", "He studied Büchner, Thomas Mann, Montaigne, Robert Musil, James Joyce, Uwe Johnson, Günter Grass, Hans Henny Jahnn and others in his investigations on the history of literature.", "While he was in exile in 1936, he began the advance work for his great work about Georg Büchner.", "This work about Büchner was later recognized by the University of Leipzig as his postdoctoral thesis which was required to qualify as a professor.", "He released the collection of essays, Zur deutschen Literatur der Zeit, in 1962.", "In 1986, he followed this volume with the book, Das unglückliche Bewusstsein – Zur deutschen Literaturgeschichte von Lessing bis Heine.", "Ein Deutscher auf Widerruf is the title of his three-volume memoires of 1982.", "The investigation, Außenseiter, which appeared in 1975, was considered by many to be his main work.", "In this volume, he deals with the literary portrayal of three groups, which have commonly been discriminated against in history: women, male homosexuals and Jews.", "He had his own experiences with belonging to two of these groups – as a Jew and as a homosexual.", "Der Turm von Babel of 1991 is an obituary on the GDR.", "Its key sentence is frequently seen to be: \"Das schlechte Ende widerlegt nicht einen möglicherweise guten Anfang\" – \"The bad end doesn't disprove a possibly good beginning.\"", "The GDR was the better of the two German states to him for a long time.", "The last book published by Mayer is Erinnerungen an Willy Brandt from 2001.", "Tributes and criticism \n\nWhen it comes to acknowledging the work on Hans Mayer, these points are especially emphasized:\n\nIn the middle of Stalinism, he defended authors such as Kafka, Proust, James Joyce and Ernst Bloch.", "In his lectures, it was important to him to investigate literature time after time with a view to whether it was suitable to promote humanity.", "His special attention for the non-compliant and Außenseiter (outsider) especially stands out.", "Mayer was an important supporter for many young authors (for example, for Uwe Johnson).", "Hans Mayer was an honorary citizen of the city of Leipzig, had honorary doctorates from universities in Brussels, Wisconsin and Leipzig, was an honorary professor in Peking, was winner of the National Prize of East Germany, as well as the Bundesverdienstkreuz (Federal Cross of Merit) of the class \"Großes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern und Schulterband\" (Great Cross of Merit with Star and shoulder ribbon).", "He was honored with the Ernst-Bloch Prize in 1988.", "He was a member of the Akademie der Künste (Academy of the Arts) in Berlin and an honorary member of the\nSächsische Akademie der Künste (Saxon Academy of the Arts).", "Hans Mayer, along with Walter Benjamin, who was also with him at the Collège de Sociologie, and some others, belongs to the most important literary critics of the 20th century.", "Perhaps there is some correlation to a former competitive situation, which Marcel Reich-Ranicki wrote about in an obituary, which shows Mayer's life in an unflattering light.", "Reich-Ranicki describes the story of Hans Mayer's life as a tragic story, as the story of a person who did not find a home anywhere.", "Selected literary works \n Karl Marx und das Elend des Geistes.", "Studien zur neuen deutschen Ideologie.", "Westkulturverlag Anton Hain, Meisenheim am Glan 1948.", "Richard Wagner, 1959\n Zur deutschen Literatur der Zeit, 1962\n Georg Büchner und seine Zeit, 1972\n Außenseiter, 1975\n Ein Deutscher auf Widerruf, 1982\n Wir Außenseiter, 1983\nWidersprüche einer europäischen Literatur, 1984\n Das unglückliche Bewusstsein – Zur deutschen Literaturgeschichte von Lessing bis Heine, 1986\n Der Turm von Babel, 1991\n Versuch über Hans Henny Jahnn, 1994\n Erinnerungen an Willy Brandt, 2001\n Briefe 1948–1963.", "Publ.", "and annotated by Mark Lehmstedt, Leipzig 2006\n\nReferences \n\nAll references are in German\n\n Volker Ladenthin: Hans Mayer und das \"Unglückliche Bewußtsein\".", "In: Volker Ladenthin: Moderne Literatur und Bildung.", "Hildesheim-New York 1991. pp.", "136–162\n Clemens Berger: Der späte Hans Mayer.", "Aspekte im Lebens-Werk eines Außenseiters, 2003 (dissertation, Vienna)\n Stephan Moebius: DIE ZAUBERLEHRLINGE.", "Soziologiegeschichte des COLLÈGE DE SOCIOLOGIE 1937-1939 (Georges Bataille, Michel Leiris, Roger Caillois, die Geheimgesellschaft 'Acéphale' und die Wirkungen auf Foucault, Lévinas, Nancy, Maffesoli, Baudrillard und Derrida).", "552 pages, Constance: UVK, 2006,\n\nExternal links \n\nObituary for Hans Mayer\n Recordings with Hans Mayer in the Online Archive of the Österreichische Mediathek (Interviews in German).", "Retrieved 2 September 2019\n\n1907 births\n2001 deaths\nWriters from Cologne\nJewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Switzerland\nJurists from Cologne\nGerman literary critics\nGerman Marxists\nJewish socialists\nSocial Democratic Party of Germany politicians\nSocialist Workers' Party of Germany politicians\nCommunist Party of Germany (Opposition) politicians\nPeople from the Rhine Province\nUniversity of Cologne alumni\nUniversity of Bonn alumni\nHumboldt University of Berlin alumni\nLeipzig University faculty\nUniversity of Hanover faculty\nUniversity of Tübingen faculty\nHeinrich Mann Prize winners\nGerman gay writers\nGerman essayists\nGrand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany\nMembers of the Academy of Arts, Berlin\nGerman male essayists\n20th-century essayists\nGay academics" ]

[ "Hans Mayer was a German literary scholar who lived in Tbingen from 2001 to 1907.", "Mayer was an internationally recognized critic, author and musicologist.", "Hans was born in an upper-class Jewish family.", "He was influenced by the writings of Karl Marx.", "He was a socialist.", "He received his doctorate in 1930 after studying jurisprudence, political science, history and philosophy in Cologne, Bonn and Berlin.", "He joined the SPD and worked on a magazine.", "He was kicked out of the SAPD one year later because of his sympathy for the KPD-O.", "He fled to France in August 1933 after he was banned from his profession because he was a Jew and Marxist.", "Hans Mayer had to flee in 1934.", "He was hired by Hans Kelsen and Max Horkheimer as a social researcher.", "He left the KPD-O in 1935.", "Carl Jacob Burckhardt had an influence on his literary orientation.", "The Collge de Sociologie was founded in 1937 by Georges Bataille,Michel Leiris and Roger Caillois.", "He demonstrated how secret societies in German Romanticism anticipated Nazi symbolism in a lecture.", "Walter Benjamin and Paul L. Landsberg were exiles.", "He returned to Germany in 1945.", "He was made the cultural editor of the German news agency, DENA, and later the chief political editor of Radio Frankfurt by the Americans.", "He and his friend went to the Soviet occupation zone in 1948.", "He became an influential critic of the new German literature after accepting a professorship for literary studies.", "He was able to cross between the two worlds.", "He was a guest at meetings of Group 47 in West Germany and worked through his lectures and discussion circles in the East.", "He was in contact with Bertolt Brecht.", "The relationship between him and those in power in the GDR deteriorated as of 1956.", "After visiting a publisher in Tbingen, he resigned from the GDR in 1963.", "In 1965, he was appointed to a chair for German literature.", "This chair was held by him until 1973.", "He was a professor in Tbingen.", "He was able to dictate his texts even though he lost his eyesight.", "His publications last well into his old age.", "Hans Mayer's work includes more than forty volumes.", "He studied the history of literature, including Bchner, Thomas Mann, Montaigne, Robert Musil, James Joyce, Uwe Johnson, Gnter Grass, Hans Henny Jahnn and others.", "In 1936, while in exile, he began work on his great work about Bchner.", "In order to qualify as a professor, his work about Bchner was needed to be 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465.", "The collection of essays was released in 1962.", "He followed this volume with a book in 1986.", "His three-volume memoires of 1982 are called EinDeutscher und Widerruf.", "The investigation, Auenseiter, appeared in 1975, and was considered his main work by many.", "He deals with the literary portrayal of three groups that have been discriminated against in the past: women, male homosexuals and Jews.", "He had experiences with being a Jew and a homosexual.", "There is an obituary on the GDR.", "\"The bad end doesn't disprove a possibly good beginning\" is the key sentence.", "The GDR was the better of the two German states for a long time.", "The last book written by Mayer was in 2001.", "In the middle of Stalinism, he defended authors such as Proust and James Joyce.", "He wanted to investigate literature time after time with a view to whether it was suitable to promote humanity.", "The Auenseiter and non-compliance stand out.", "For example, Uwe Johnson was supported by Mayer.", "The National Prize of East Germany, as well as the Bundesverdienstkreuz (Federal Cross of Merit), was won by Hans Mayer.", "He received the prize in 1988.", "He was a member of both the Academy of the Arts in Berlin and the Schsische Akademie der Knste.", "The most important literary critics of the 20th century include Hans Mayer and Walter Benjamin.", "Mayer's life was shown in an unflattering light in an obituary, which may be related to a former competitive situation.", "The story of Hans Mayer's life is described as a tragic story because he did not find a home.", "There are literary works by Karl Marx.", "Ideologie in deutschen ist Studien.", "The Westkulturverlag is located in Meisenheim am Glan 1948.", "1972 Auenseiter, Ein 1975Deutscher, 1982Wir Auenseiter, 1984Dieser europischen Literatur ist.", "Publ.", "All references are in German.", "In: Ladenthin: Moderne literatur.", "pp.", "The spte Hans Mayer was written by Clemens Berger.", "Stephan Moebius: DIE ZAUBERLEHRLINGE.", "George Bataille,Michel Leiris, Roger Caillois, and Nancy Foucault are soziologists.", "The Obituary for Hans Mayer can be found in the Online Archive of the sterreichische Mediathek.", "Writers from Cologne, Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany, Jurists from Cologne, German literary critics, Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians, Communist Party of Germany, and people from the Rhine Province University died in 2001." ]

[ "Hans Mayer", "Mayer", "Hans Mayer", "Hans Mayer", "Hans Kelsen", "Mayer", "Hans Mayer", "Hans Henny", "Mayer", "Hans Mayer", "Mayer", "Hans Mayer", "Hans Mayer", "Mayer", "Hans Mayer", "Hans Henny", "Hans Mayer", "Hans Mayer", "Hans Mayer" ]

[ "Hans Mayer", "Mayer", "Hans", "Hans Mayer", "Hans Kelsen", "Hans Mayer", "Hans Henny", "Mayer", "Mayer", "Hans Mayer", "Hans Mayer", "Mayer", "Hans Mayer", "Hans Mayer", "Hans Mayer" ]

[ "Graham Henderson is a cultural entrepreneur based in London.", "He is best known for developing the arts organisation Poet in the City.", "In 2014 he launched a second arts organisation, the Rimbaud and Verlaine Foundation, committed to cross-arts commissioning and to championing a new funding model for the arts.", "Henderson has also been involved in many other arts-related initiatives including the development of a public art consultancy, the creation of an international arts network and a campaign to create a new investment fund for the arts.", "Early life and education\nHenderson was born in Somerset in 1964, was educated at Taunton School in Taunton and Millfield School in Street, Somerset, and spent a year in Ontario, Canada before doing a history degree at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge between 1983 and 1986.", "Early career\nGraham Henderson’s career has spanned both the City of London and the arts.", "A qualified solicitor, he previously worked as a commercial litigation lawyer at one of the largest law firms based in the City of London, Clifford Chance.", "He took a sabbatical break from legal practice in 2000–01 to become a consultant in the specialist travel business in which he created and marketed specialist dance and music activity holidays for both Dance Holidays Ltd and WOMAD.", "In 2003 he produced Coach of Black Water, an exhibition of Cuban art photographs, which took place at the Menier Gallery in Southwark, the first sponsored exhibition to take place at this venue.", "In 2004 he launched The Company of Adventurers Ltd in an attempt to raise funding for independent arts and cultural documentary films.", "And in 2005 he was responsible for arranging the translation and publication of Kindred Spirits, a collected edition of poems by the Cuban poet Regino E Boti, known as \"the poet of Guantanamo\", which was published by Mango Publications.", "The Lorca case\n\nIn 2002, Graham Henderson was the solicitor in charge of the high-profile case concerning ownership of the manuscript of the famous poetry collection Poet in New York by the Spanish poet Federico García Lorca, assassinated by Franco's militia at the start of the Spanish Civil War in 1936.", "This case resulted in a 10-day trial at the High Court in London, presided over by Judge Peter Smith.", "The case was a success for Henderson and his law firm, Morgan Cole, who were acting under a conditional fee agreement.", "Henderson was keen to celebrate the life and work of the poet and organised a special event in the Great Room at Christie’s on the eve of the auction of the manuscript.", "The event was attended by, amongst others, the ambassadors of all the main countries associated with the manuscript, Spain, Cuba and Mexico.", "In order that the event should be bipartisan in nature, he invited Poet in the City, a project founded in 1998 by City of London lawyers, to present the event on his behalf.", "The success of the event led Rosamund McCarthy, its founder and first chair, to invite Henderson to run Poet in the City.", "Poet in the City\n\nInitially Henderson continued to run Poet in the City as a project of the Poetry Society, to which it was affiliated.", "However, he became increasingly interested in the opportunities it presented to reach out to new audiences for poetry and to access new sources of funding to support poetry education.", "Establishing Poet in the City as a separate charity in 2006, he obtained substantial sponsorships for it, including sponsorships from leading brands such as Lloyds TSB, HSBC, Pfizer, Linklaters and Lloyd's of London.", "He also achieved its selection as a National Portfolio Organisation by Arts Council England in 2010.", "Between 2006 and 2014, Henderson led on programming over 50 high-profile poetry events every year in London and South East England, together with a wide range of other poetry-related projects and activities, including short films, national poetry tours and public art commissions.", "After organising Poet in the City's successful transition to a new chief executive in April 2014, he remained as a trustee of the charity, and as its public art consultant, until April 2016.", "The Rimbaud and Verlaine Foundation\n\nIn 2007, Henderson became involved in the campaign to save the Regency property at 8 Royal College Street that had been occupied by the French poets Arthur Rimbaud and Paul Verlaine in 1873.", "Henderson persuaded the owner, Michael Corby, to leave the property as a legacy gift in his will.", "The Rimbaud and Verlaine Foundation was created to take advantage of this gift, and with the long-term goal of establishing a European-style \"poetry house\" at the property, providing a cultural and educational resource for the residents of the London Borough of Camden.", "Incubated inside of Poet in the City, the Foundation was launched as a separate organisation and as a registered charity in 2014.", "However, rather than just be a small house museum the Foundation decided to use the poets as an inspiration for a wider mission to champion the arts, create new sources of earned income, and provide platforms for talented up-and-coming artists across many different art forms.", "Becoming Chief Executive of the new Foundation in April 2014, Henderson delivered a programme of over 30 cross-arts events and original arts commissions during 2014–17 that featured opera, classical and rock music, theatre, film, sculpture and other art forms, as well as poetry and literature.", "Henderson has also been responsible for developing a new business model for the arts centred on the development of new sources of earned income, and for devising a new form of investment bond suitable as a means of attracting investment to arts organisation.", "Kindred Spirits – The European Poetry House Network\n\nAs part of his role in championing the idea of the \"poetry house\" as a new and streamlined business model for the arts, Henderson created an international collaboration, bringing together seven \"poetry houses\" in six different European countries.", "Kindred Spirits seeks to promote international cultural exchange and to develop new business and funding models for the arts, as well as being an arts network and a vehicle for celebrating a shared European culture.", "Social capital building\nHenderson has long championed the arts as an important source of social capital, and as a fundamental building block of a healthy civil society.", "This has directly informed his work, both in promoting a new approach to public art and in seeking an innovative new funding model for arts organisations.", "Public art\n\nAs public art consultant for Poet in the City, between 2014 and 2016, Graham Henderson created important new sources of income for the arts.", "In 2015, working in partnership with Richmond upon Thames Council and the architectural design practice Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios, he conceived, designed, built and installed Pope's Urn, a contemporary piece of public art, inspired by the poetry of Alexander Pope.", "Enjoying a central position on the Twickenham riverside, the sculpture was commissioned to celebrate the 2015 Rugby World Cup, and was opened in a ceremony in September 2015.", "This work provided an important source of earned income for Poet in the City in 2015.", "Associated with this work, Henderson has also been involved in high-level advocacy for innovative approaches to public art, including an active role in the 2014 Farrell Review of Architecture and the Built Environment, writing the official essay in support of its findings, and continues to work with BEAM in promoting new approaches to the commissioning of public art.", "Limited profit investment fund for the arts\nAs an elected member of the Culture Forum in 2010, Henderson played an important part in developing innovative ideas for the funding of the arts, including an influential paper which led directly to the establishment in 2014 of an Arts Impact Fund.", "However, Graham Henderson parted company with the Fund over the insistence on the part of some its funders that investment in arts organisations should also achieve so-called \"social outcomes\".", "He continues to campaign for the original funds that he proposed in 2010, a limited profit fund designed to help arts organisations to make money from their existing assets and intellectual property rights.", "Henderson argues that investment which allows arts organisations to develop their sources of earned income will release a great deal of entrepreneurial activity in the arts, particularly amongst small-medium enterprise arts organisations, and will lead to a much more resilient funding basis for the arts sector as a whole.", "Modern Poetry in Translation\nGraham Henderson has been an active board member of the journal Modern Poetry in Translation since 2008 and is now working with its editor, Clare Pollard, to deliver a programme of poetry and translation placements in Camden schools.", "Oxford Cultural Leaders programme\n\nIn 2015 Henderson was selected, along with 17 other leaders from the arts, cultural and museums sectors, to be part of a new residential programme, Oxford Cultural Leaders, delivered by Oxford University Museums in partnership with the Saïd Business School.", "The programme, held for the first time in 2015, brings together leaders to experiment and take risks, to explore new business models and ways of working and to develop innovative organisational cultures.", "Henderson now runs the alumni network for all those who have passed through the programme, encouraging them to continue to meet and to collaborate.", "Jan Patočka\nHenderson has been interested for many years in the ideas of the Czech philosopher Jan Patočka (1907–1977).", "In particular, Patočka's ideas for \"putting soul in the city\", and of recapturing the relationship between the arts and social capital building (and between culture and political engagement) characteristic of the ancient Athenians, have been much used by Henderson in his own championship of the arts.", "As of 2018 he is involved in a project, working in partnership with the Jan Patočka Archive in Prague and with the phenomenologist Erin Plunkett, to publish, for the first time, an English-language edition of the philosopher’s selected works.", "Personal life\nGraham Henderson lives in Twickenham, south-west London.", "See also\n Poet in the City\nPope's Urn\n Rimbaud and Verlaine Foundation\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n: Rimbaud and Verlaine Foundation\nKindred Spirits – European Poetry House Network\nBEAM\nOxford Cultural Leaders Alumni\nThe Jan Patočka Archive\n\nLiving people\n1964 births\n20th-century English lawyers\n21st-century English businesspeople\n21st-century English lawyers\nAlumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge\nBritish arts administrators\nEnglish curators\nEnglish nonprofit executives\nEnglish solicitors\nFounders of charities\nPeople educated at Millfield\nPeople educated at Taunton School\nPeople from Somerset\nPoetry houses" ]

[ "Graham Henderson is based in London.", "He developed the arts organisation Poet in the City.", "He launched a second arts organisation, the Rimbaud and Verlaine Foundation, in order to promote a new funding model for the arts.", "A campaign to create a new investment fund for the arts is one of the many arts-related initiatives that Henderson has been involved in.", "Henderson spent a year in Ontario, Canada, and did a history degree at Cambridge between 1983 and 1986 after graduating from Millfield School in Street.", "Graham Henderson's career has spanned both the City of London and the arts.", "He was a commercial litigation lawyer at one of the largest law firms in the City of London.", "He took a sabbatical in 2000–01) to become a consultant in the specialist travel business in which he created and marketed specialist dance and music activity holidays.", "In 2003 he produced Coach of Black Water, an exhibition of Cuban art photographs, which was the first sponsored exhibition to take place at the Menier Gallery.", "The Company of Adventurers was launched in 2004 to raise funding for independent arts and cultural documentary films.", "He was responsible for arranging the translation and publication of the Cuban poet Regino E Boti's collection of poems, which was published by Mango Publications.", "Graham Henderson was the lawyer in charge of the high-profile case concerning the ownership of the manuscript of the famous poetry collection Poet in New York by the Spanish poet Federico Garca Lorca, who was assassinated by Franco's militia at the start of the Spanish Civil War in 1936.", "Judge Peter Smith presided over the 10-day trial at the High Court in London.", "The case was a success for Henderson and his law firm.", "On the eve of the auction of the manuscript, Henderson organised a special event in the Great Room at Christie's to celebrate the life and work of the poet.", "The ambassadors of Spain, Cuba and Mexico attended the event.", "In order for the event to be bipartisan, he invited Poet in the City, a project founded in 1998 by City of London lawyers, to present the event on his behalf.", "The founder and first chair,Rosamund McCarthy, invited Henderson to run Poet in the City after the success of the event.", "Henderson continued to run Poet in the City as a project of the Poetry Society.", "He became more interested in the opportunities it presented to reach out to new audiences for poetry and to access new sources of funding to support poetry education.", "In 2006 he established Poet in the City as a separate charity and got sponsorship from leading brands such as Lloyd's of London.", "He was selected as a National Portfolio Organisation by the Arts Council England.", "Henderson led on programming over 50 high-profile poetry events every year in London and South East England, together with a wide range of other poetry-related projects and activities.", "After Poet in the City's successful transition to a new chief executive in April 2014, he remained as a Trustee of the charity and as its public art consultant.", "The Regency property at 8 Royal College Street was occupied by the French poets Arthur Rimbaud and Paul Verlaine in 1873.", "Henderson persuaded the owner to leave the property as a legacy gift.", "The long-term goal of the Rimbaud and Verlaine Foundation is to establish a European-style \"poetry house\" at the property, providing a cultural and educational resource for the residents of the London Borough of Camden.", "Incubated inside of Poet in the City, the Foundation was registered as a charity.", "Rather than just be a small house museum, the Foundation decided to use the poets as an inspiration for a wider mission to champion the arts, create new sources of earned income, and provide platforms for talented up-and-coming artists across many different art forms.", "Henderson became Chief Executive of the new Foundation in April 2014, and delivered a programme of over 30 cross-arts events and original arts commissions during the year.", "A new business model for the arts centred on the development of new sources of earned income and a new form of investment bond suitable as a means of attracting investment to arts organisation was developed by Henderson.", "As part of his role in promoting the idea of the \"poetry house\" as a new and streamlined business model for the arts, Henderson created an international collaboration, bringing together seven \"poetry houses\" in six different European countries.", "To promote international cultural exchange and to develop new business and funding models for the arts, as well as being an arts network and a vehicle for celebrating a shared European culture is what Kindred Spirits seeks to promote.", "Henderson has long championed the arts as an important source of social capital, and as a fundamental building block of a healthy civil society.", "His work has been informed by this, both in promoting a new approach to public art and in seeking an innovative new funding model for arts organizations.", "Graham Henderson, the public art consultant for Poet in the City, created new sources of income for the arts.", "He conceived, designed, built and installed Pope's Urn, a contemporary piece of public art, inspired by the poetry of Alexander Pope.", "Enjoying a central position on the Twickenham riverside, the sculpture was commissioned to celebrate the Rugby World Cup and opened in a ceremony in September 2015.", "In 2015, this work provided an important source of earned income for Poet in the City.", "Henderson has been involved in high-level advocacy for innovative approaches to public art, including an active role in the Farrell Review of Architecture and the Built Environment, writing the official essay in support of its findings, and continues to work with BEAM in promoting new approaches.", "Henderson was elected to the Culture Forum in 2010 and played an important part in developing innovative ideas for the funding of the arts, including an influential paper which led directly to the establishment of an Arts Impact Fund.", "Graham Henderson and his company parted company with the Fund over the insistence on the part of some of its funders that investment in arts organisation should also achieve so-called \"social outcomes\".", "In 2010 he proposed a limited profit fund to help arts organizations make money from their assets and intellectual property rights.", "Henderson believes that investment which allows arts organizations to develop their sources of earned income will release a lot of entrepreneurial activity in the arts, particularly amongst small-medium enterprise arts organizations, and will lead to a much more resilient funding basis for the arts sector as a whole.", "Graham Henderson has been an active board member of the journal Modern Poetry in Translation since 2008 and is currently working with its editor, Clare Pollard, to deliver a programme of poetry and translation placements in Camden schools.", "Henderson was selected along with 17 other leaders from the arts, cultural and museums sectors to be part of a new residential programme.", "The programme, held for the first time in 2015, brings together leaders to experiment and take risks, to explore new business models and ways of working, and to develop innovative organisational cultures.", "Henderson encourages those who have passed through the programme to continue to meet and collaborate.", "For many years, Jan Patoka Henderson has been interested in the ideas of the Czech philosopher Jan Patoka.", "Henderson used Patoka's ideas for \"putting soul in the city\" and \"recapturing the relationship between the arts and social capital building\" in his own championship.", "For the first time, an English-language edition of the philosopher's selected works will be published by him and the Jan Patoka Archive.", "Graham Henderson lives in south-west London.", "External links include the European Poetry House Network and the Jan Patoka Archive." ]

[ "Graham Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Graham Henderson", "Graham Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Graham Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Graham Henderson", "Henderson", "Graham Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Graham Henderson" ]

[ "Graham Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Graham Henderson", "Graham Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Graham Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Graham Henderson", "Henderson", "Graham Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Henderson", "Graham Henderson" ]

[ "Fahai, born Pei Wende, was a monk who lived in Tang Dynasty, and was identified as a compiler of Zen Buddhism according to the Dun-huang edition of the Platform Sutra.", "Fahai was a disciple of the Six Patriarch of Zen Buddhism, Hui-neng.", "Biography \nFahai was the son of Tang chancellor Pei Xiu, and the secular name of Fahai was Pei Wende.", "The young Pei Wende was sent by his father to Laoshan (Hunan province) to practice Zen Buddhism.", "Fahai's father, the then court chancellor donated to build Miyin Temple (located in Ningxiang County, Hunan Province).", "The Miyin Temple host gave the Pei Wende a Buddhist name \"Fahai\".", "Fahai's master, Master Lingyou ordered ascetic practice every day.", "Fahai spent nearly three years cutting firewood, and delivered water for more than five hundred monks for nearly three years.", "Soon after, the ascetic life of Zen Master Fahai came to a successful end and he began a three-year meditation.", "Master Lingyou went to the door to call the name \"Fahai\".", "The Zen master came out from his meditation room, and the doors and windows of the closed room were not damaged, which was a sign of perfection.", "After Fahai achieved enlightenment after three-year of meditation, the master was instructed to travel to Lushan, Jiangxi and other places, and finally resided in the Fu Mountain in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu.", "From the information given by local people, there was a dojo called Zexin Temple from East Jin Dynasty.", "Therefore, the master Fahai burned a section and vowed to rebuild the dojo and samghārama for all beings.", "So he started digging fields and working hard, and gradually won the support of the local people and began to build temples.", "At Zhenjiang, he helped locals with cultivation and gradually won the support of local people and began to build temples.", "Achievements \nDuring a foundation excavation, a batch of gold was accidentally excavated, and Fahai decided to turn it over to Zhenjiang prefecture.", "The prefecture reported this matter to Emperor Tang Xuanzong, the emperor was deeply moved and ordered that gold be allocated directly to the temple as court support for construction.", "The emperor names the temple Jinshan Temple.", "Fahai became the first Zen master resided at Jinshan (Gold Mountain) Temple.", "Before the temple was built, the Zen master had been meditating in a cave next to Jinshan Temple, and later became a well-known Zen cave.", "When the Jinshan Temple was successfully completed in the end, it became the largest Zen Buddhism Temple in the Jiangnan region, and master Fahai was also called the \"Kaishan Pei Zu\" (honourable founder) of Jinshan Temple.", "Historically, Master Fahai was known by his enlightenment through asceticism practice and was admired by people throughout Jiangsu.", "As a patriarch of Zen Buddhism, Fahai was one of the editors of the Platform Sutra.", "Fahai contributed to the translation of the sutra and left editing notes in his version of the translation and warned haphazard transmission.", "A famous dialogue between Faai and the sixth patriarch Hui-Neng was recorded in the Platform Sutra:“The mind has always been the buddha, before I understood I deceived myself, knowing now how mediation and wisdom work, I cultivate both and transcend all things.”\n\nAnecdotes\n\nThe story of the White Snake \n\nThe story of the \"white snake\" has historical archetypes, of which there are two versions.", "One way of saying this is according to the \"Jinshanzhi\" record: There is a python cave, the side of the right front, is so treacherous and dangerous, and enters the depth of four or five feet.", "The white python came out to eat people.", "When Fahai came to Zhenjiang for the first time, the old temple was torn down and overgrown with weeds.", "A white python from the middle of the cliff often came out and hurt people.", "Fahai drove the white python into the river without harming others.", "Another version of this story has something to do with Jinshan Temple, but not Fahai himself.", "According to the Record of the High Monk, more than eighty years before Fahai came to Zhenjiang, there was a high monk named Lingtan who was the nephew of Empress Wu.", "He had once been a prince and later became a monk.", "Lingtan once drove a white python in the python cave of Jinshan.", "Later, people integrated these people and tales related to Jinshan Temple and Fahai which made up fiction, then the story of the white snake gradually became a household story.", "Leifeng Pagoda\n\nIn the legend of Leifeng Pagoda and the White Snake, monk Fahai was linked to being the guardian of the pagoda.", "Leifeng Pagoda was mostly known due to the love story between the White Snake (Bai Niangzi) and Xu Xian.", "In the historical records and literary works about Leifeng Pagoda, the character Xu Xian was called \"Xu Xuan\" in Ming and Qing novels and was not \"renamed\" to Xu Xian until the middle of the Republic of China.", "When Leifeng pagoda was built there was not a story of the White Snake.", "After the Wu Dynasty was descended from the Song Dynasty, the storytellers gradually evolved this legendary story.", "The outline of the story is basically consistent with the current legends, except that Xu Xian was renamed.", "Feng Menglong from Ming Dynasty recorded one of the earliest and more complete versions of the White Snake legend.", "The records in Feng Menglong's \"Jing Shi Heng Yan\", Xu Xian and Bai Niangzi (the white snake) met Master Fahai from Jinshan Temple by the dock at the West Lake, Hangzhou.", "Fahai became a figure in this legend.", "Fahai in Feng Menglong's writing is a positive figure and a monk with good morals.", "Later, in the version of the local drama \"White Snake\", Fahai was gradually shaped into a negative image that departed the couple, and eventually became a hypocritical spokesperson.", "Jinshan Temple in the story of the White Snake is located at Hangzhou where the story took place.", "Historically, the connection between Zhenjiang and Hangzhou has been quite frequent.", "During the Song and Ming dynasties, people who travelled along the Yangtze River to Hangzhou always took Zhenjiang as a transit point and a rest stop.", "At that time, Hangzhou, which was famous for silk and tea, was economic prosperity.", "Folk storytellers at the time pulled things familiar to the travellers into the content of the storytelling, Fahai in Jinshan Temple was then connected to Leifeng Pagoda.", "Fahai's figure \n\nAccording to the historical record, there was a Fahai in the Tang Dynasty, who lived in the Jinshan Temple.", "In the cave which the master meditated, there was a python.", "Because Master Fahai possessed great virtues and morals, the python retreated and left.", "At this stage, in the context of the Tang Dynasty, he was a Zen master who helped built Jinshan Temple and respected by people.", "In the novel of Feng Menglong from the late Ming Dynasty, Fahai as a prototype in the story of had changed, and the recorded historical story was changed through folktales.", "Fahai in Feng Menglong's novel was still a positive image.", "Until modern times, many people still have the impression that Fahai is a life-saving monk.", "Since the 20th century of student movements till contemporary, \"anti-feudalism\" became mainstream advocacy of society.", "One of the values of \"anti-feudalism\" is a tribute to freedom of love and marriage.", "Fahai as a figure in widespread folk dramas “White Snake”, became a symbol of feudal forces.", "The famous Chinese author Lu Xun criticised that Leifeng Pagoda was going to fall, and he also believed that it was a symbol of the feudal system and hindered the free love between young men and women.", "As the story of the White Snake is widespread, the Xiang Opera, Han Opera, Sichuan Opera, Hui Opera, Yunnan Opera, Yu Opera, Cantonese Opera, Ping Opera, Hebei Xunzi, Qin Qiang and Qingping Opera all have this repertoire.", "Different perceptions of Fahai were received by people from different regions.", "As of the contemporary time, Fahai as a figure appeared in legends and novels adapted television works.", "In terms of literary and artistic creation, Fahai as a fictional figure is distant from his historical figure as a Buddhist monk.", "References\n\nCitations\n\nSources \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nYear of birth unknown\nTang dynasty Buddhist monks" ]

[ "According to the Dun-huang edition of the Platform Sutra, Fahai was a monk who lived in the Tang Dynasty.", "Fahai was a follower of the Six Patriarch of Zen Buddhism.", "The secular name of Fahai was Pei Wende.", "Pei Wende was sent by his father to practice Zen Buddhism.", "The court chancellor, Fahai's father, donated to build the temple.", "The Pei Wende was given a Buddhist name.", "Every day, Master Lingyou ordered Fahai's ascetic practice.", "For nearly three years, Fahai cut firewood and delivered water to monks.", "The life of Zen Master Fahai came to an end and he began meditating for three years.", "Master Lingyou went to the door and called \"Fahai\".", "The doors and windows of the closed room were undamaged when the Zen master came out of his meditation room.", "After Fahai achieved enlightenment, the master was instructed to travel to other places and live in the Fu Mountain.", "There was a dojo that was from the East Jin Dynasty.", "The master Fahai burned a section and promised to rebuild the dojo for all beings.", "He started digging fields and working hard and eventually won the support of the local people and began to build temples.", "He began to build temples at Zhenjiang after winning the support of local people.", "A bunch of gold was accidentally excavated during a foundation excavation, and Fahai decided to turn it over to Zhenjiang prefecture.", "The emperor was moved by the prefecture's report and ordered that gold be allocated to the temple as court support.", "The temple is named after the emperor.", "The first Zen master to reside at Jinshan was Fahai.", "The Zen master had meditated in a cave next to Jinshan Temple before the temple was built.", "The Jinshan Temple was the largest Zen Buddhism Temple in the Jiangnan region and was founded by master Fahai.", "Master Fahai was known by his enlightenment through his practice of asceticism.", "Fahai was one of the editors of the platform sutra.", "Fahai contributed to the translation of the sutra and left editing notes in his version of the translation.", "A famous dialogue between Faai and the sixth patriarch was recorded in the platform sutra: \"The mind has always been the buddha, before I understood I deceived myself, knowing now how mediation and wisdom work, I cultivate both and surpass all things.\"", "According to the \"Jinshanzhi\" record, there is a python cave on the side of the right front that is so dangerous that it enters the depth of four or five feet.", "The python was eating people.", "The old temple was torn down and overgrown when Fahai came to Zhenjiang.", "A python from the middle of the cliff can hurt people.", "The white python was driven into the river by Fahai.", "The story has something to do with Jinshan Temple, but not Fahai.", "Before Fahai came to Zhenjiang, there was a high monk named Lingtan who was the nephew of the emperor.", "He became a monk after being a prince.", "Lingtan once drove a white python.", "The story of the white snake gradually became a household story after people integrated these people and tales related to Jinshan Temple and Fahai.", "The legend says that monk Fahai was the guardian of the pagoda.", "There was a love story between the White Snake and the girl.", "The character \"Xu Xuan\" in the books was not \"renamed\" to \"Xu Xian\" until the middle of the Republic of China.", "There wasn't a story about the White Snake when the pagoda was built.", "After the Song Dynasty, the storytellers began to develop this legendary story.", "The current legends do not differ from the outline of the story.", "One of the earliest and more complete versions of the White Snake legend was recorded by a man from the Ming Dynasty.", "Master Fahai from Jinshan Temple met Bai Niangzi from the white snake at the West Lake in Hangzhou.", "Fahai was a figure in the legend.", "Fahai is a positive figure and a monk with good morals.", "In the version of the local drama \"White Snake\", Fahai was shaped into a negative image that left the couple.", "The story of the White Snake took place at the Jinshan Temple.", "The connection between Zhenjiang and Hangzhou has been frequent in the past.", "Zhenjiang was a transit point and rest stop for people who traveled along the Yangtze River to Hangzhou.", "The city of Hangzhou was known for its silk and tea.", "Folk storytellers told the story of Fahai in Jinshan Temple, which was connected to the Leifeng Pagoda.", "The Jinshan Temple was where a Fahai lived in the Tang Dynasty.", "There was a python in the cave.", "The python retreated because Master Fahai had great virtues and morals.", "He was a Zen master who helped build Jinshan Temple in the Tang Dynasty.", "Fahai as a prototype in the story of the novel was changed through folktales.", "There was still a positive image of Fahai in the novel.", "Many people still think that Fahai is a monk.", "Anti-feudalism became a mainstream advocacy of society after the 20th century.", "A tribute to freedom of love and marriage is one of the values of anti-feudalism.", "Fahai was a symbol of feudal forces in folk dramas.", "Lu Xun, a famous Chinese author, believed that the free love between young men and women was hampered by the feudal system and that it was a sign of the falling of the pagoda.", "The story of the White Snake is widespread and so many operas have it.", "People from different regions had different opinions of Fahai.", "Fahai was a figure in television works as of the contemporary time.", "Fahai is not the same as a Buddhist monk in terms of literary and artistic creation.", "The year of birth is unknown for the Tang dynasty Buddhist monks." ]

[ "Fahai", "Master Fahai" ]

[ "Master Fahai" ]

[ "Gilbert Renault (August 6, 1904 – July 29, 1984), known by the nom de guerre Colonel Rémy, was a notable French secret agent active in World War II, and was known under various pseudonyms such as Raymond, Jean-Luc, Morin, Watteau, Roulier, Beauce and Rémy.", "Biography\n\nGilbert Renault was born in Vannes, France, the oldest child of a Catholic family of nine children.", "His father was a professor of Philosophy and English, and later the inspector general of an insurance company.", "He went to the Collège St-François-Xavier in Vannes, and after his studies he went to the Rennes faculty.", "His sisters were Maisie Renault and Madeleine Cestari.", "A sympathizer of French Action in the Catholic and Nationalist line, he began his career at the Bank of France in 1924.", "In 1936, he began cinematic production and finances, and made J'accuse, a new version of the Abel Gance film.", "It was a resounding failure, but the many connections Renault made during this period were very useful during the resistance.", "With armistice declared of June 18, 1940, he refused to accept Marshal Philippe Pétain and went to London with one of his brothers, on board a trawler which departed from Lorient.", "He was one of the first men to adhere to the calls of General Charles de Gaulle, and was entrusted by Colonel Passy, then captain and chief of the BCRA, to create an information network in France.", "In August of that year he met with Louis de La Bardonnie, and together they created the Notre-Dame Brotherhood, which would become NDT-Castille in 1944.", "Initially centered on the Atlantic coast, it ended up covering much of occupied France and Belgium.", "This network was one of the most important in the occupied zone, and its information allowed many military successes, as the attack on Bruneval and on Saint-Nazaire.", "Convinced that it was necessary to mobilize all forces against the occupation, he put the French Communist Party in touch with the exiled government of Free France in January 1943.", "Gilbert Renault later admitted it was Pierre Brossolette who got him in touch with political groups and trade unions.", "Awarded the Ordre de la Libération on March 13, 1942, he became a member of the executive committee of the Rally of the French People (RPF) from its creation, in charge of trips and demonstrations.", "He appeared in Carrefour, April 11, 1950, in an article entitled 'La justice et l'opprobre' (Justice and the Opprobrium), in which he preached the rehabilitation of Marshal Pétain.", "A short time afterwards, he adhered to the Association of defense of the memory of Marshal Pétain (ADMP).", "Repudiated by de Gaulle, he resigned from the RPF.", "He settled in Portugal in 1954 and returned to France in 1958 to be placed at de Gaulle's disposal, who refused.", "He was also very active from this time onwards in various associations, including ultra-conservative Catholic networks.", "He died in Guingamp, France, in 1984.", "Renault wrote many works on his activities in the Resistance.", "Under the name of Rémy (one of his pseudonyms in clandestinity), he published his Mémoires d'un agent secret de la France libre et La Ligne de démarcation (adapted for cinema by Claude Chabrol in 1966), which are regarded as important testimonies on the French Resistance.", "He had the writer Jean Cayrol under his orders.", "Decorations\n\n Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur\n Compagnon de la Libération - décret du 13 mars 1942\n Croix de guerre 1939-1945\n Médaille de la Résistance avec rosette\n Distinguished Service Order (G.B.)", "Officer of the Order of the British Empire (G.B.)", "Officer of the Legion of Merit (U.S.)\n Officier de la Couronne de Belgique\n Croix de Guerre Belge\n Commandeur du Mérite (Luxembourg)\n\nHomage\nAround 1993, a street in Caen (France) was named after Colonel Rémy, in a district close to the Mémorial pour la Paix museum, where a majority of streets commemorate personalities linked with World War II, the Résistance, and the subsequent making of the European Community.", "Portrayed in film and television \n Le Grand Charles - French television - portrayed by French actor Sam Spiegel.", "épisodes de la vie d'un agent du S.R.", "et du contre-espionnage français, Galic (J.A.", "Christophe Colomb\n 1986: La Résistance, Hatier\n\nSources\n(Mostly translated from the French article on Gilbert Renault)\n Grandmaison (Henri de), Le colonel Rémy, un héros de l'ombre, CMD, 2000.", "Perrier (Guy), Rémy - L'agent secret n° 1 de la France libre, Perrin, 2001.", "References\n\nExternal links\n Ordre de la libération - Fiche de Gilbert Renault\n\n1904 births\n1984 deaths\nFrench Resistance members\nOfficers of the Legion of Merit\nRecipients of the Resistance Medal\nOfficers of the Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg\nUniversity of Rennes alumni" ]

[ "Gilbert Renault was a French secret agent who was active in World War II and was known as Raymond, Jean-Luc, Morin, Watteau, Roulier.", "Gilbert was the oldest child of a Catholic family and was born in Vannes, France.", "The inspector general of an insurance company was a professor of philosophy and English.", "After his studies, he went to the faculty at Rennes.", "Madeleine Cestari was his sister.", "He began his career at the Bank of France as a sympathizer of French Action in the Catholic and Nationalist line.", "In 1936, he began cinematic production and finances, and made J'accuse, a new version of the Abel Gance film.", "It was a resounding failure, but the many connections made during this period were very useful during the resistance.", "He refused to accept the marshal and went to London with one of his brothers on a boat which left from Lorient.", "He was one of the first men to follow the orders of General Charles de Gaulle, and was tasked by Colonel Passy, then captain and chief of the BCRA, to create an information network in France.", "The Notre-Dame Brotherhood was created in August of 1944 when he met with Louis de La Bardonnie.", "It was initially centered on the Atlantic coast, but ended up covering much of France and Belgium.", "One of the most important networks in the occupied zone was the one that allowed the attack on Bruneval and Saint-Nazaire.", "The French Communist Party was put in touch with the Free France government in January 1943 after he was convinced that it was necessary to mobilize all forces against the occupation.", "Pierre Brossolette got Gilbert to talk to political groups and trade unions.", "He became a member of the executive committee of the Rally of the French People when he was awarded the Ordre de la Libération in 1942.", "In an article entitled 'La justice et l'opprobre' (Justice and the opprobrium), he preached the rehabilitation of marshal Pétain.", "He followed the Association of defense of the memory of marshal Pétain.", "He resigned from the RPF after being repudiated by de Gaulle.", "He returned to France in 1959 to be placed at de Gaulle's disposal, but he was refused.", "From this time onwards, he was very active in various associations.", "He died in France in 1984.", "He wrote many works about his activities in the Resistance.", "The Mémoires d'un agent secret de la France libre et La Ligne de démarcation was published under the name of Rémy.", "Jean Cayrol was under his orders.", "The Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur Compagnon de la Libération was created in 1942.", "The officer is from the Order of the British Empire.", "The officer of the Legion of Merit in the US named a street in France after him.", "Sam Spiegel is the French actor who portrayed Le Grand Charles.", "The episodes are about the agent du S.R.", "Galic (J.A.) is home to the contre-espionnage.", "Le colonel Rémy, un héros de l'ombre, CMD, 2000 is a translation of La Résistance, Hatier Sources.", "The L'agent secret n 1 de la France libre was written by Perrier.", "The Resistance medal officers of the Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg are alumni of the University of Rennes." ]

[ "Gilbert Renault", "Gilbert Renault", "Maisie Renault", "Renault", "Gilbert Renault", "Renault", "Gilbert Renault", "Gilbert Renault" ]

[ "Gilbert Renault", "Gilbert", "Gilbert" ]

[ "Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (; 27 October 57323 August 634) was an Arab political and religious leader who founded the Rashidun Caliphate and ruled as its first caliph from 632 until his death in 634.", "He was the most prominent companion, closest advisor and a father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.", "Abu Bakr is one of the most important figures in Islamic history.", "Abu Bakr was born in 573 CE to Abu Quhafa and Umm Khayr.", "He belonged to the tribe of Banu Taym.", "In the Age of Ignorance, he was a monotheist and condemned idol-worshipping.", "As a wealthy trader, Abu Bakr used to free slaves.", "He was an early friend of Muhammad and often used to accompany him on trading in Syria.", "After Muhammad's invitation of Islam, Abu Bakr became one of the first Muslims.", "He extensively contributed his wealth in support of Muhammad's work and also accompanied Muhammad, on his migration to Medina.", "By the invitations of Abu Bakr, many prominent Sahabis became Muslims.", "He remained the closest advisor to Muhammad, being present at almost all his military conflicts.", "In the absence of Muhammad, Abu Bakr led the prayers and expeditions.", "Following Muhammad's death in 632, Abu Bakr succeeded the leadership of the Muslim community as the first Rashidun Caliph, being elected at Saqifah.", "During his reign, he overcame a number of uprisings, collectively known as the Ridda wars, as a result of which he was able to consolidate and expand the rule of the Islamic state over the entire Arabian Peninsula.", "He also commanded the initial incursions into the neighboring Sassanian and Byzantine empires, which in the years following his death, would eventually result in the Muslim conquests of Persia and the Levant.", "Abu Bakr also had an essential role in the compilation of the Quran during his reign.", "The first finished codex of the Quran was kept with Abu Bakr.", "All modern versions of the Quran are derived from Abu Bakr's codex.", "Abu Bakr's caliphate lasted for only two years, ending with his death after an illness in 634.", "On his deathbed, he dictated his last testament to Uthman ibn Affan, in which he appointed Umar ibn al-Khattab as his successor.", "Abu Bakr's ghusl was performed by Ali ibn Abi Talib and the funeral prayer was performed by Umar.", "Along with Muhammad, Abu Bakr is buried in the Green Dome at the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina, the second holiest site in Islam.", "Though the period of his caliphate was short, it included successful invasions of the two most powerful empires of the time, a remarkable achievement in its own right.", "He set in motion a historical trajectory that in a few decades would lead to one of the largest empires in history.", "His victory over the local rebel Arab forces is a significant part of Islamic history.", "Abu Bakr is widely honored among Muslims.", "Name, lineage and titles \n\nAbu Bakr's full name was Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa ibn Amir ibn Amr ibn Ka'b ibn Sa'd ibn Taym ().", "According to the traditions, the Taym clan, which Abu Bakr hailed, were descended from ibn Murrah ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.", "Abu Bakr's birth name is disputed.", "Most sources record his birth name being Abdullah ().", "In Arabic, the name Abd Allah means \"servant of Allah\".", "However, other sources record Abu Bakr's real name as Abdulkaaba (), meaning \"servant of Kaaba\".", "It has been reported that Abdullah was a title used by Abu Quhafa for Abu Bakr.", "Abu Bakr spent his early childhood like other Arab children of the time, among the Bedouins who called themselves 'The People of Camel' (Ahl-i-Ba'eer), and developed a particular fondness for camels.", "In his early years he played with the camel calves and goats, and his love for camels earned him the title (kunya) \"Abu Bakr\", meaning the father of the young camel.", "Preceding his conversion to Islam, Abu Bakr's title was Atiq, meaning \"saved one\".", "Muhammad later restated this title when he said that Abu Bakr is the \"Atiq\".", "He was called Al-Siddiq (the truthful) by Muhammad after he believed him in the event of Isra and Mi'raj when other people didn't, and Ali confirmed that title several times.", "Abu Bakr is also referred to in the Quran as the \"second of the two in the cave\" and \"companion\" in reference to the event of hijra, where, with Muhammad, he hid in the cave in Jabal Thawr from the Meccan party that was sent after them.", "Abu Bakr was also sometimes called Ibn Abi Quhafa meaning the 'son of Abu Quhafa'.", "Origins and early life\n\nAbu Bakr was born in Mecca in 573, to a wealthy family of the Banu Taym tribe of the Quraysh tribal confederacy.", "His father Abu Quhafa was a prominent member of the Quraysh.", "Abu Bakr's mother Umm Khayr also belonged to the Banu Taym.", "Like other children of the rich Meccan merchant families, Abu Bakr was literate and never developed a fondness for poetry.", "He had great knowledge of the genealogy of the Arab tribes, their stories and their politics.", "Regardless, it recorded that prior to converting to Islam, Abu Bakr practiced as a hanif and never worshipped idols.", "He also avoided alcohol.", "During the Age of Ignorance, Abu Bakr was appointed as a representative of the people of Quraysh for cases of ransom and penalty.", "Since Abu Bakr was the most knowledgeable of family history of Arabs, he was called 'Scholar of Quraysh'.", "At the age of thirty eight, Abu Bakr became a chief of the Banu Taym.", "Acceptance of Islam \n The historian Al-Tabari, in his Tarikh al-Tabari, quotes from Muhammad ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas:{{blockquote|I asked my father whether Abu Bakr was the first of the Muslims.", "He said, 'No, more than fifty people embraced Islam before Abu Bakr; but he was superior to us as a Muslim.", "And Umar ibn Khattab had embraced Islam after forty-five men and twenty-one women.", "As for the foremost one in the matter of Islam and faith, it was Ali ibn Abi Talib.}}", "Shias and some of the Sunni believe that the second person to publicly accept Muhammad as the messenger of God was Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first being Muhammad's wife Khadija.", "Ibn Kathir, in his Al Bidaya Wal Nihayah, disregards this.", "He stated that the first woman to embrace Islam was Khadijah.", "Zayd ibn Harithah was the first freed slave to embrace Islam.", "Ali ibn Abi Talib was the first child to embrace Islam, for he has not even reached the age of puberty at that time, while Abu Bakr was the first free man to embrace Islam.", "Subsequent life in Mecca\n\nAbu Bakr conversion to Islam initially remained a secret.", "After he announced his faith, he delivered a speech at the Kaaba.", "This was the first public address inviting people to offer allegiance to Muhammad was delivered by Abu Bakr.", "In a fit of fury, the young men of the Quraysh tribe rushed at Abu Bakr and beat him till he lost consciousness.", "Four members of the Banu Taym wrapped Abu Bakr in a mantle and took him to his house.", "Umm Khayr saw her son and washed his face.", "Following this incident, Umm Khayr converted to Islam.", "His preaching brought many people to Islam as he persuaded his intimate friends to convert.", "Many Sahabis, prominently including Uthman, Zubayr, Talha, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, Abu Ubayda, Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, Abu Hudhaifah ibn al-Mughirah and many others converted to Islam by the invitations of Abu Bakr.", "Abu Bakr's acceptance proved to be a milestone in Muhammad's mission.", "As slavery was common in Mecca, many slaves accepted Islam.", "When an ordinary free man accepted Islam, despite opposition, he would enjoy the protection of his tribe.", "For slaves, however, there was no such protection and they commonly experienced persecution.", "Abu Bakr felt compassion for slaves, so he purchased eight slaves, four men and four women, and then freed them, paying 40,000 dinar for their freedom.Tarikh ar-Rusul wa al-Muluk 3/ 426 The slaves were Bilal ibn Rabah, Abu Fukayha, Ammar ibn Yasir, Lubaynah, Al-Nahdiah, Harithah bint al-Muammil and Umm Ubays.", "Most of the slaves liberated by Abu Bakr were either women or old and frail men.", "Almost all of Abu Bakr's family converted to Islam except his father Abu Quhafa, his son Abdul-Rahman, and his wife Qutaylah.", "Last years in Mecca\n\nAbu Bakr's daughter Aisha was betrothed to Muhammad; however, it was decided that the actual marriage ceremony would be held later.", "In 620 Abu Bakr was the first person to testify to Muhammad's Isra and Mi'raj (Night Journey).", "Life in Medina\nMigration to Medina\n\nIn 622, on the invitation of the Muslims of Medina, Muhammad ordered Muslims to migrate to Medina.", "The migration began in batches.", "Ali was the last to remain in Mecca, entrusted with responsibility for settling any loans the Muslims had taken out, and famously slept in the bed of Muhammad when the Quraysh, led by Ikrima, attempted to murder Muhammad as he slept.", "Meanwhile, Abu Bakr accompanied Muhammad to Medina.", "Due to the danger posed by the Quraysh, they did not take the road, but moved in the opposite direction, taking refuge in a cave in Jabal Thawr, some five miles south of Mecca.", "Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr, would listen to the plans and discussions of the Quraysh, and at night he would carry the news to the fugitives in the cave.", "Asma bint Abi Bakr, the daughter of Abu Bakr, brought them meals every day.", "Aamir, a servant of Abu Bakr, would bring a flock of goats to the mouth of the cave every night, where they were milked.", "The Quraysh sent search parties in all directions.", "One party came close to the entrance to the cave, but was unable to see them.", "Due to this, Quran verse was revealed.", "Aisha, Abu Saʽid al-Khudri and Abdullah ibn Abbas in interpreting this verse said that Abu Bakr was the companion who stayed with Muhammad in the cave.", "Aisha was a wife of Muhammad.", "After staying at the cave for three days and three nights, Abu Bakr and Muhammad proceed to Medina, staying for some time at Quba, a suburb of Medina.", "Life in Medina\n\nIn Medina, Muhammad decided to construct a mosque.", "A piece of land was chosen and the price of the land was paid for by Abu Bakr.", "The Muslims, including Abu Bakr, constructed a mosque named Al-Masjid al-Nabawi at the site.", "Abu Bakr was paired with Khaarij ah bin Zaid Ansari (who was from Medina) as a brother in faith.", "Abu Bakr's relationship with Khaarijah was most cordial, which was further strengthened when Abu Bakr married Habiba, a daughter of Khaarijah.", "Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari lived at Sunh, a suburb of Medina, and Abu Bakr also settled there.", "After Abu Bakr's family arrived in Medina, he bought another house near Muhammad's.", "While the climate of Mecca was dry, the climate of Medina was damp and because of this, most of the migrants fell sick on arrival.", "Abu Bakr contracted a fever for several days, during which time he was attended to by Khaarijah and his family.", "In Mecca, Abu Bakr was a wholesale trader in cloth and he started the same business in Medina.", "He opened his new store at Sunh, and from there cloth was supplied to the market at Medina.", "Soon his business flourished.", "Early in 623, Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha, who was already married to Muhammad, was sent on to Muhammad's house after a simple marriage ceremony, further strengthening relations between Abu Bakr and Muhammad.", "Military campaigns under Muhammad\n\nBattle of Badr\n\nIn Sunni accounts, during one such attack, two discs from Abu Bakr's shield penetrated into Muhammad's cheeks.", "Abu Bakr went forward with the intention of extracting these discs but Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah requested he leave the matter to him, losing his two incisors during the process.", "In these stories subsequently Abu Bakr, along with other companions, led Muhammad to a place of safety.", "Battle of Uhud\n\nIn 625, he participated in the Battle of Uhud, in which the majority of the Muslims were routed and he himself was wounded.", "Before the battle had begun, his son Abdul-Rahman, at that time still non-Muslim and fighting on the side of the Quraysh, came forward and threw down a challenge for a duel.", "Abu Bakr accepted the challenge but was stopped by Muhammad.", "Later, Abdul-Rahman approached his father and said to him \"You were exposed to me as a target, but I turned away from you and did not kill you.\"", "To this Abu Bakr replied \"However, if you had been exposed to me as a target I would not have turned away from you.\"", "In the second phase of the battle, Khalid ibn al-Walid's cavalry attacked the Muslims from behind, changing a Muslim victory to defeat.", "\"Uhud\", Encyclopedia of Islam Online Many fled from the battlefield, including Abu Bakr.", "However, according to his own account, he was \"the first to return\".", "Battle of the Trench\n\nIn 627 he participated in the Battle of the Trench and also in the Invasion of Banu Qurayza.", "In the Battle of the Trench, Muhammad divided the ditch into a number of sectors and a contingent was posted to guard each sector.", "One of these contingents was under the command of Abu Bakr.", "The enemy made frequent assaults in an attempt to cross the ditch, all of which were repulsed.", "To commemorate this event a mosque, later known as 'Masjid-i-Siddiq', was constructed at the site where Abu Bakr had repulsed the charges of the enemy.", "Battle of Khaybar\n\nAbu Bakr took part in the Battle of Khaybar.", "Khaybar had eight fortresses, the strongest and most well-guarded of which was called Al-Qamus.", "Muhammad sent Abu Bakr with a group of warriors to attempt to take it, but they were unable to do so.", "Muhammad also sent Umar with a group of warriors, but Umar could not conquer Al-Qamus either.", "Some other Muslims also attempted to capture the fort, but they were unsuccessful as well.", "Finally, Muhammad sent Ali, who defeated the enemy leader, Marhab.", "Military campaigns during final years of Muhammad\n\nIn 629 Muhammad sent 'Amr ibn al-'As to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, followed by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah in response to a call for reinforcements.", "Abu Bakr and Umar commanded an army under al-Jarrah, and they attacked and defeated the enemy.", "In 630, when the Muslims conquered Mecca, Abu Bakr was part of the army.", "Before the conquest of Mecca his father Abu Quhafa converted to Islam.", "Battles of Hunayn and Ta'if\n\nIn 630, the Muslim army was ambushed by archers from the local tribes as it passed through the valley of Hunayn, some eleven miles northeast of Mecca.", "Taken unaware, the advance guard of the Muslim army fled in panic.", "There was considerable confusion, and the camels, horses and men ran into one another in an attempt to seek cover.", "Muhammad, however, stood firm.", "Only nine companions remained around him, including Abu Bakr.", "Under Muhammad's instruction, his uncle Abbas shouted at the top of his voice, \"O Muslims, come to the Prophet of Allah\".", "The call was heard by the Muslim soldiers and they gathered beside Muhammad.", "When the Muslims had gathered in sufficient number, Muhammad ordered a charge against the enemy.", "In the hand-to-hand fight that followed the tribes were routed and they fled to Autas.", "Abu Bakr was commissioned by Muhammad to lead the attack against Ta'if.", "The tribes shut themselves in the fort and refused to come out in the open.", "The Muslims employed catapults, but without tangible result.", "The Muslims attempted to use a testudo formation, in which a group of soldiers shielded by a cover of cowhide advanced to set fire to the gate.", "However, the enemy threw red hot scraps of iron on the testudo, rendering it ineffective.", "The siege dragged on for two weeks, and still there was no sign of weakness in the fort.", "Muhammad held a council of war.", "Abu Bakr advised that the siege might be raised and that God make arrangements for the fall of the fort.", "The advice was accepted, and in February 630, the siege of Ta'if was raised and the Muslim army returned to Mecca.", "A few days later Malik bin Auf, the commander, came to Mecca and became a Muslim.", "Abu Bakr as Amir-ul-Hajj\n\nIn 631 CE, Muhammad sent from Medina a delegation of three hundred Muslims to perform the Hajj according to the new Islamic way and appointed Abu Bakr as the leader of the delegation.", "The day after Abu Bakr and his party had left for the Hajj, Muhammad received a new revelation: Surah Tawbah, the ninth chapter of the Quran.", "It is related that when this revelation came, someone suggested to Muhammad that he should send news of it to Abu Bakr.", "Muhammad said that only a man of his house could proclaim the revelation.", "Muhammad summoned Ali, and asked him to proclaim a portion of Surah Tawbah to the people on the day of sacrifice when they assembled at Mina.", "Ali went forth on Muhammad's slit-eared camel, and overtook Abu Bakr.", "When Ali joined the party, Abu Bakr wanted to know whether he had come to give orders or to convey them.", "Ali said that he had not come to replace Abu Bakr as Amir-ul-Hajj, and that his only mission was to convey a special message to the people on behalf of Muhammad.", "At Mecca, Abu Bakr presided at the Hajj ceremony, and Ali read the proclamation on behalf of Muhammad.", "The main points of the proclamation were:\n\nHenceforward the non-Muslims were not to be allowed to visit the Kaaba or perform the pilgrimage.", "No one should circumambulate the Kaaba naked.", "Polytheism was not to be tolerated.", "Where the Muslims had any agreement with the polytheists such agreements would be honoured for the stipulated periods.", "Where there were no agreements a grace period of four months was provided and thereafter no quarter was to be given to the polytheists.", "From the day this proclamation was made a new era dawned, and Islam alone was to be supreme in Arabia.", "Expedition of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq\n\nAbu Bakr led one military expedition, the Expedition of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq, which took place in Najd, in July 628 (third month 7AH in the Islamic calendar).", "Abu Bakr led a large company in Nejd on the order of Muhammad.", "Many were killed and taken prisoner.", "The Sunni Hadith collection Sunan Abu Dawud mentions the event.", "Expedition of Usama bin Zayd\n\nIn 632, during the final weeks of his life, Muhammad ordered an expedition into Syria to avenge the defeat of the Muslims in the Battle of Mu'tah some years previously.", "Leading the campaign was Usama ibn Zayd, whose father, Muhammad's erstwhile adopted son Zayd ibn Harithah, had been killed in the earlier conflict.", "No more than twenty years old, inexperienced and untested, Usama's appointment was controversial, becoming especially problematic when veterans such as Abu Bakr, Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas were placed under his command.", "Nevertheless, the expedition was dispatched, though soon after setting off, news was received of Muhammad's death, forcing the army to return to Medina.", "The campaign was not re-engaged until after Abu Bakr's ascension to the caliphate, at which point he chose to reaffirm Usama's command, which ultimately led to its success.", "Death of Muhammad\n\nIn Muhammad's final days, he was confined to bed by Abu Bakr.", "As Muhammad was nearing death, he found himself unable to lead prayers as he usually would.", "He instructed Abu Bakr to take his place, ignoring concerns from Aisha that her father was too emotionally delicate for the role.", "Abu Bakr subsequently took up the position, and when Muhammad entered the prayer hall during the Fajr prayers, Abu Bakr attempted to step back to let him to take up his normal place and lead.", "However, Muhammad sat next to Abu Bakr, allowing him to continue.", "Then Muhammad reportedly ascended the pulpit and addressed the congregation, saying, \"God has given his servant the choice between this world and that which is with God and he has chosen the latter.\"", "Abu Bakr, understanding this to mean that Muhammad did not have long to live, responded \"Nay, we and our children will be your ransom.\"", "Muhammad consoled his friend and ordered that all the doors leading to the mosque be closed aside from that which led from Abu Bakr's house, \"for I know no one who is a better friend to me than he.\"", "Sunnis use this to reinforce the great friendship and trust which existed between him and Abu Bakr.", "Upon Muhammad's death, the Muslim community was unprepared for the loss of its leader and many experienced a profound shock.", "Umar was particularly affected, instead declaring that Muhammad had gone to consult with God and would soon return, threatening anyone who would say that Muhammad was dead.", "Abu Bakr, having returned to Medina, calmed Umar by showing him Muhammad's body, convincing him of his death.", "He then addressed those who had gathered at the mosque, saying, \"If anyone worships Muhammad, Muhammad is dead.", "If anyone worships God, God is alive, immortal\", thus putting an end to any idolising impulse in the population.", "He then concluded with a verse from the Quran: \"Muhammad is no more than an apostle, and many apostles have passed away before him.\"", "Caliphate \n\nElection\n\nIn the immediate aftermath of the death of Muhammad, a gathering of the Ansar (natives of Medina) took place in the Saqifah (courtyard) of the Banu Sa'ida clan.", "The general belief at the time was that the purpose of the meeting was for the Ansar to decide on a new leader of the Muslim community among themselves, with the intentional exclusion of the Muhajirun (migrants from Mecca), though this has later become the subject of debate.", "Upon learning of the meeting, Abu Bakr hastened to the gathering.", "After arriving, Abu Bakr addressed the assembled men with a warning that an attempt to elect a leader outside of Muhammad's own tribe, the Quraysh, would likely result in dissension, as only they can command the necessary respect among the community.", "The companion Habab ibn Mundhir suggested that the Quraysh and the Ansar choose a leader each from among themselves, who would then rule jointly.", "The group grew heated upon hearing this proposal and began to argue amongst themselves.", "As Abu Bakr noticed the bitterness in the meeting, he took Umar and Abu Ubayda, by his hand and offered them to the Ansar as potential choices.", "The orientalist William Muir gives the following observation of the situation:\n\nUmar took Abu Bakr's hand and swore his own allegiance to the latter, which was followed by the gathered men.", "The meeting broke up when a violent scuffle erupted between Umar and the chief of the Banu Sa'ida, Sa'd ibn Ubadah.", "This may indicate that the choice of Abu Bakr may not have been unanimous, with emotions running high as a result of the disagreement.", "Abu Bakr was almost universally accepted as head of the Muslim community, under the title of caliph, as a result of Saqifah, though he did face contention because of the rushed nature of the event.", "Several companions, most prominent among them being Ali ibn Abi Talib, initially refused to acknowledge his authority.", "Among Shia Muslims, it is also argued that Ali had previously been appointed as Muhammad's heir, with the election being seen as in contravention to the latter's wishes.", "Abu Bakr later sent Umar to ask allegiance from Fatimah, which resulted in an altercation that may have involved violence.", "However, after six months the group made peace with Abu Bakr and Ali pledged him his allegiance.", "After Ali pledged his allegiance, Ali used to help Abu Bakr on government and religious matters.", "Administration \nAbu Bakr was a constitutional ruler.", "He held the caliphate to be a sacred trust.", "He declared jihad against traitors.", "Abu Bakr regarded all men, either rich or low, as equal.", "The caliphate was neither theocracy nor democracy.", "Abu Bakr's close associates Umar, Uthman, Ali and Zayd ibn Thabit acted as his secretaries.", "He also had an advisory council.", "Ridda Wars \n\nSoon after Abu Bakr's election, several Arab tribes launched revolts, threatening the unity and stability of the new community and state.", "These insurgencies and the caliphate's responses to them are collectively referred to as the Ridda Wars (\"Wars of Apostasy\").", "The opposition movements came in two forms, one which challenged the political power of the caliphate, with the other being the acclamation of rival religious ideologies, headed by political leaders who claimed prophethood.", "Some of the revolts of this type took the form of tax rebellions in Najd among tribes such as the Banu Fazara and Banu Tamim.", "Other dissenters, while initially allied to the Muslims, used Muhammad's death as an opportunity to attempt to restrict the growth of the new Islamic state.", "They include some of the Rabīʿa in Bahrayn, the Azd in Oman, as well as among the Kinda and Khawlan in Yemen.", "Abu Bakr, likely understanding that maintaining firm control over the disparate tribes of Arabia was crucial to ensuring the survival of the state, suppressed the insurrections with military force.", "He dispatched Khalid ibn Walid and a body of troops to subdue the uprisings in Najd as well as that of Musaylimah, who posed the most serious threat.", "Concurrent to this, Shurahbil ibn Hasana and Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami were sent to Bahrayn, while Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl, Hudhayfah al-Bariqi and Arfaja al-Bariqi were instructed to conquer Oman.", "Finally, Al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya and Khalid ibn Asid were sent to Yemen to aid the local governor in re-establishing control.", "Abu Bakr also made use of diplomatic means in addition to military measures.", "Like Muhammad before him, he used marriage alliances and financial incentives to bind former enemies to the caliphate.", "For instance, a member of the Banu Hanifa who had sided with the Muslims was rewarded with the granting of a land estate.", "Similarly, a Kindah rebel named Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, after repenting and re-joining Islam, was later given land in Medina as well as the hand of Abu Bakr's sister Umm Farwa in marriage.", "At their heart, the Ridda movements were challenges to the political and religious supremacy of the Islamic state.", "Through his success in suppressing the insurrections, Abu Bakr had in effect continued the political consolidation which had begun under Muhammad's leadership with relatively little interruption.", "By wars' end, he had established an Islamic hegemony over the entirety of the Arabian Peninsula.", "Battles against Tulayha \n\nFew days after Abu Bakr's election, in July 632, Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid, from the Banu Asad tribe, was preparing to launch an attack on Medina.", "Abu Bakr raised an army primarily from the Banu Hashim.", "He appointed Ali ibn Abi Talib, Talha ibn Ubayd Allah and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, each as commander of one-third of the newly organized force.", "Tulayha's forces was defeated and driven to Zhu Hussa.", "Though, few months after, Tulayha again launched an attack on the Muslim forces.", "Abu Bakr appointed Khalid ibn al-Walid as the main commander.", "Khalid had an army of 6,000 men whereas Tulayha had an army of 30,000 men.", "However, Tulayha's forces were crushed by Khalid ibn al-Walid and his forces.", "After the battle, Tulayha accepted Islam and asked forgiveness from Abu Bakr.", "Though, Abu Bakr forgave Tulayha, he refused to allow Tulayha to participate in wars on the Muslim side since Tulayha killed a Sahabi called Akasha ibn Mihsan in the battle.", "Battle of Yamama \nMusaylimah, from the Banu Hanifa tribe, was one of the biggest enemies of Abu Bakr.", "He is denounced in Islamic history as \"false prophet\".", "Musaylimah, along with his wife Sajah from Banu Taghlib and Banu Tamim, claimed prophethood and gathered an army of 40,000 people to attack against Abu Bakr.", "Abu Bakr appointed Khalid ibn al-Walid as the primary commander and appointed Ikrimah and Shurahbil as the commander of the corps.", "In the battle, Musaylimah's forces were crushed by Khalid and his forces.", "However, Musaylimah's forces killed about 360 huffaz (memorizers of the Quran) were killed.Hasan, Sayyid Siddiq; Nadwi, Abul Hasan Ali; Kidwai, A.R.", "(translator) (2000).", "The collection of the Qur'an.", "Karachi: Qur'anic Arabic Foundation.", "pp.", "34–5.", "Wahshi ibn Harb killed Musaylimah in the battle.", "After the battle, Musaylimah's wife Sajah became a devout Muslim.", "Preservation of the Quran\n\nAbu Bakr was instrumental in preserving the Quran in written form.", "After the Battle of Yamama in 632, numerous memorizers of the Quran had been killed.", "Umar fearing that the Quran may become lost or corrupted, Umar requested that Abu Bakr authorise the compilation and preservation of the scriptures in written format.", "The caliph was initially hesitant, being quoted as saying, \"how can we do that which the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless and keep him, did not himself do?\"", "He eventually relented, however, and appointed Zayd ibn Thabit, who had previously served as one of the scribes of Muhammad, for the task of gathering the scattered verses.", "The fragments were recovered from every quarter, including from the ribs of palm branches, scraps of leather, stone tablets and \"from the hearts of men\".", "The collected work was transcribed onto sheets and verified through comparison with Quran memorisers.", "The finished codex, termed the Mus'haf, was presented to Abu Bakr, who prior to his death, bequeathed it to his successor Umar.", "Upon Umar's own death, the Mus'haf was left to his daughter Hafsa, who had been one of the wives of Muhammad.", "It was this volume, borrowed from Hafsa, which formed the basis of Uthman's legendary prototype, which became the definitive text of the Quran.", "All later editions are derived from this original.", "Expeditions into Persia and Levant \nWith Arabia having united under a single centralized state with a formidable military, the region could now be viewed as a potential threat to the neighbouring Byzantine and Sasanian empires.", "It may be that Abu Bakr, reasoning that it was inevitable that one of these powers would launch a pre-emptive strike against the youthful caliphate, decided that it was better to deliver the first blow himself.", "Regardless of the caliph's motivations, in 633, small forces were dispatched into Iraq and Palestine, capturing several towns.", "Though the Byzantines and Sassanians were certain to retaliate, Abu Bakr had reason to be confident; the two empires were militarily exhausted after centuries of war against each other, making it likely that any forces sent to Arabia would be diminished and weakened.", "A more pressing advantage though was the effectiveness of the Muslim fighters as well as their zeal, the latter of which was partially based on their certainty of the righteousness of their cause.", "Additionally, the general belief among the Muslims was that the community must be defended at all costs.", "Historian Theodor Nöldeke gives the somewhat controversial opinion that this religious fervour was intentionally used to maintain the enthusiasm and momentum of the ummah:\n\nThough Abu Bakr had started these initial conflicts which eventually resulted in the Islamic conquests of Persia and the Levant, he did not live to see those regions conquered by Islam, instead leaving the task to his successors.", "Death\n\nOn 8 August 634, Abu Bakr fell sick.", "He developed a high fever and was confined to bed.", "His illness was prolonged, and when his condition worsened, he felt that his end was near.", "Realizing this, he sent for Ali and requested him to perform his ghusl since Ali had also done it for Muhammad.On his deathbed, Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor.", "He gave the amount of six thousand dirhams and his personal assets to Umar.", "Abu Bakr divided his property among his children, in accordance with Sharia.", "Abu Bakr dictated his last testament to Uthman ibn Affan as follows:\n\nOn 23 August 634 (22 Jumada al-Thani), at the age of 63, Abu Bakr died.", "His death took place between Maghrib and Isha prayers.", "Two pieces of sheets were used for Abu Bakr's coffin.", "Ali performed the ghusl and Umar led the funeral prayer for him.", "Abu Bakr was buried beside the grave of Muhammad.", "During the reign of the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I, Al-Masjid an-Nabawi was expanded to include the site of Abu Bakr's tomb.", "The Green Dome above the tomb was built by the Mamluk sultan Al Mansur Qalawun in the 13th century, although the green color was added in the 16th century, under the reign of Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.", "Among tombs adjacent to that of Abu Bakr, are of Muhammad, Umar, and an empty one reserved for Isa.", "\"Isa\", Encyclopedia of Islam\n\n Wives and children \n\nAbu Bakr had four wives.", "His first wife Qutaylah bint Abd al-Uzza bore him a daughter Asma and a son Abdullah.", "Though Asma and Abdullah became Muslims, their mother Qutaylah didn't become a Muslim and Abu Bakr divorced her.", "Abu Bakr's second wife was Zaynab bint Amir, who bore him Abdul-Rahman and Aisha.", "Zaynab and her daughter Asma converted to Islam whereas Abdul-Rahman didn't convert until the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah in 628 CE.As-Suyuti, Tarikh al-Khulafa.", "Translated by Jarrett, H. S. (1881).", "The History of the Caliphs, p. 35.", "Calcutta: Asiatic Society.", "Abu Bakr's third wife was Asma bint Umais, who bore Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr.", "Before her marriage with Abu Bakr, Asma was a wife of Jafar ibn Abi Talib, and after Abu Bakr's death, Asma married Ali ibn Abi Talib.", "Abu Bakr's fourth wife was Habibah bint Kharijah.", "She bore Umm Kulthum, who was born after Abu Bakr's death.", "Abu Bakr's descendants are called Siddiquis.", "The Sufi Naqshbandi spiritual order is believed to be originating from Abu Bakr.The Naqshbandiyya: orthodoxy and activism in a worldwide Sufi tradition by Itzchak Weismann, 2007, p24Islamic Sufism by Sirdar Ikbal Ali Shah, Tractus Books, 2000, p104 The Shia Imams Jafar al-Sadiq, Musa al-Kazim, Ali al-Reza, Muhammad al-Jawad, Ali al-Hadi, Hasan al-Askari and Muhammad al-Mahdi are all descended from Abu Bakr.", "Appearance\nThe historian Al-Tabari, in regards to Abu Bakr's appearance, records the following interaction between Aisha and her paternal nephew, Abdullah ibn Abdul-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr:\n\nWhen she was in her howdah and saw a man from among the Arabs passing by, she said, \"I have not seen a man more like Abu Bakr than this one.\"", "We said to her, \"Describe Abu Bakr.\"", "She said, \"A slight, white man, thin-bearded and bowed.", "His waist wrapper would not hold but would fall down around his loins.", "He had a lean face, sunken eyes, a bulging forehead, and trembling knuckles.\"", "Referencing another source, Al-Tabari further describes him as being \"white mixed with yellowness, of good build, slight, bowed, thin, tall like a male palm tree, hook-nosed, lean-faced, sunken-eyed, thin-shanked, and strong-thighed.", "He used to dye himself with henna and black dye.\"", "Legacy\n\n Political legacy \n\nThough the period of his caliphate covers only two years, two months and fifteen days, it included successful invasions of the two most powerful empires of the time: the Sassanid Empire and Byzantine Empire.", "Abu Bakr's reign lasted for 27 months, during which he crushed the rebellion of the Arab tribes throughout the Arabian Peninsula in the successful Ridda Wars.", "Abu Bakr's main objective was to extend the caliphate over the entire Arabia and defeat the rebel tribes, in which he succeeded.", "In the last months of his rule, he sent Khalid ibn al-Walid on conquests against the Sassanid Empire in Mesopotamia and against the Byzantine Empire in Syria.", "This would set in motion a historical trajectory, continued later on by Umar and Uthman, that in just a few short decades would lead to one of the largest empires in history.", "He had little time to pay attention to the administration of state, though state affairs remained stable during his Caliphate.", "On the advice of Umar and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, he agreed to draw a salary from the state treasury and discontinue his cloth trade.", "Abu Bakr had the distinction of being the first caliph in the history of Islam and also the first caliph to nominate a successor.", "He was the only caliph in the history of Islam who refunded to the state treasury at the time of his death the entire amount of the allowance that he had drawn during the period of his caliphate.", "He has the distinction of purchasing the land for Al-Masjid al-Nabawi.", "Religious legacy \n\nSunni Muslims view Abu Bakr as the greatest Sahabah.", "They consider Abu Bakr as one of the ten to whom Paradise was promised () whom Muhammad had testified were destined for Paradise.", "Abu Bakr is regarded among the best of Muhammad's followers.", "Muhammad reportedly said: \"If the faith of Abu Bakr was weighed against the faith of the people of the earth, the faith of Abu Bakr would outweigh the others.\"", "Abu Bakr used to solve disputes by looking at the Quran and Sunnah.", "He was also the most knowledgeable Sahabi regarding the genealogy of Arabs.", "Shia Muslims believe that Ali ibn Abi Talib was supposed to assume the leadership, and that he had been publicly and unambiguously appointed by Muhammad as his successor at Ghadir Khumm.", "Most Twever Shias (largest Shia branch) have a negative view of Abu Bakr because, after Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr refused to grant Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah, the garden of Fadak which she claimed her father had given to her as a gift before his death.", "Abu Bakr refused to give Fadak because he told that Muhammad had told him that the prophets of God do not leave as inheritance any worldly possessions.", "However, as Sayed Ali Asgher Razwy notes in his book A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims, Muhammad inherited a maid servant, five camels, and ten sheep.", "Shia Muslims believe that prophets can receive inheritance, and can pass on inheritance to others as well.", "In addition, Twelvers accuse Abu Bakr of participating in the alleged attack on Fatimah's house.", "Some Twelvers also believe Abu Bakr had no role in the preservation of the Quran, claiming that they should have accepted the copy of the book in the possession of Ali.", "Early sources report that Ali's compiled Quran was lost and he praised Abu Bakr for preserving the Quran.", "Zaydi Shias (second-largest Shia branch),Stephen W. Day (2012).", "Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union.", "Cambridge University Press.", "p. 31. .\nJump up believe Abu Bakr's caliphate to be legitimate.", "In the last hours of Zayd ibn Ali (the uncle of Jafar al-Sadiq), he was betrayed by the people in Kufa who said to him: \"May God have mercy on you!", "What do you have to say on the matter of Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab?\"", "Shia:\nIncident of the cave\nAbu Bakr\n\n \n573 births\n634 deaths\nPeople from Mecca\nRashidun caliphs\n \n7th-century caliphs\nSahabah who participated in the battle of Uhud\nSahabah who participated in the battle of Badr\nPeople of the Muslim conquest of the Levant\nArab slave owners\nSahabah hadith narrators\nPeople of the Ridda wars" ]

[ "The first caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate was Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, who died in 634.", "He was a father-in-law of the prophet Muhammad and the most prominent companion.", "One of the most important figures in Islamic history is Abu Bakr.", "Abu Bakr was born in 573CE.", "He was a member of the Banu Taym tribe.", "He was a monotheist in the Age of Ignorance.", "Abu Bakr used to free slaves.", "He was an early friend of Muhammad and used to accompany him on trading in Syria.", "One of the first Muslims was Abu Bakr.", "He supported Muhammad's work and accompanied him on his migration to Medina.", "Many prominent Sahabis became Muslims as a result of the invitations of Abu Bakr.", "He was present at almost all of Muhammad's military conflicts.", "Abu Bakr led the prayers in the absence of Muhammad.", "The first Rashidun Caliph was elected at Saqifah after Muhammad's death.", "He was able to consolidate and expand the rule of the Islamic state over the entire Arabian Peninsula after overcoming a number of uprisings known as the Ridda wars.", "After his death, he commanded the initial incursions into the neighboring Sassanian and Byzantine empires, which resulted in the Muslim conquest of Persia and the Levant.", "The Quran was an important part of Abu Bakr's reign.", "The Quran's first codex was kept by Abu Bakr.", "The Quran is derived from Abu Bakr's codex.", "After only two years, Abu Bakr died from an illness.", "He appointed Umar ibn al-Khattab as his successor in his last testament.", "The funeral prayer and ghusl were performed by Ali and Umar.", "The second holiest site in Islam, the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina, contains the graves of Muhammad and Abu Bakr.", "The period of his caliphate was short, but it included successful invasions of the two most powerful empires of the time.", "In a few decades, he set in motion a historical trajectory that would lead to one of the largest empires in history.", "His victory over the Arab forces is a significant part of Islamic history.", "Many Muslims honor Abu Bakr.", "Abu Bakr's full name was Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafah.", "The traditions show that the Taym clan were descended from the same people as the Murrah clan.", "There is a dispute over Abu Bakr's birth name.", "His birth name is recorded by most sources.", "The meaning of the name is \"servant of Allah\".", "Abu Bakr's real name is Abdulkaaba, meaning \"servant of Kaaba\".", "According to reports, Abu Quhafah used a title called \"Abdullah\" for Abu Bakr.", "Among the Bedouins who called themselves 'The People of Camel', Abu Bakr developed a particular affection for camels.", "He was given the title \"Abu Bakr\", meaning the father of the young camel, because of his love for camels.", "Abu Bakr's title was Atiq, meaning \"saved one\".", "Muhammad said that Abu Bakr is the \"Atiq\".", "He was called Al-Siddiq by Muhammad after he believed him in the event of Isra and Mi'raj when other people didn't.", "In the Quran, Abu Bakr is referred to as the \"second of the two in the cave\" and \"companion\", when he hid in the cave with Muhammad.", "The'son of Abu Quhafa' is what Abu Bakr was sometimes called.", "Abu Bakr was born in Mecca to a wealthy family of the Banu Taym tribe of the Quraysh tribal confederacy.", "His father was a member of the Quraysh.", "Abu Bakr's mother was a member of the Banu Taym.", "Like other children of rich merchant families, Abu Bakr was literate but never fond of poetry.", "He knew a lot about the genealogy of the Arab tribes.", "Abu Bakr practiced as a hanif and never worshipped idols before he converted to Islam.", "He didn't drink alcohol.", "Abu Bakr was appointed as a representative of the people of Quraysh during the Age of Ignorance.", "Abu Bakr was called the 'Scholar of Quraysh' because he was the most knowledgeable of his family's history.", "Abu Bakr became a chief at the age of thirty eight.", "I asked my father if Abu Bakr was the first of the Muslims.", "More than fifty people embraced Islam before Abu Bakr, but he was superior to us as a Muslim.", "After forty-five men and twenty-one women, Umar ibn Khattab embraced Islam.", "The most important one in the matter of Islam and faith was Ali ibn Abi Talib.", "The first person to publicly accept Muhammad as the messenger of God was his wife, according to Shias and some Sunnis.", "In his Al Bidaya Wal Nihayah, Ibn Kathir ignores this.", "He said that the first woman to embrace Islam was Khadijah.", "The first freed slave to embrace Islam was Zayd ibn Harithah.", "While Abu Bakr was the first free man to embrace Islam, his brother Ali was the first child to embrace it.", "Mecca Abu Bakr's conversion to Islam remained a secret.", "He delivered a speech at the Kaaba after announcing his faith.", "This was the first time that people were invited to offer their support to Muhammad.", "The young men of the Quraysh tribe beat Abu Bakr until he lost consciousness.", "The Banu Taym wrapped Abu Bakr in a mantle and took him to his house.", "The woman washed her son's face.", "The person who converted to Islam after this incident was Umm Khayr.", "Many people were brought to Islam by his preaching.", "Many people have converted to Islam, including Uthman, Zubayr, Talha, Abu Ubayda, and many others.", "The milestone in Muhammad's mission was Abu Bakr's acceptance.", "Slaves in Mecca accepted Islam.", "The protection of his tribe would be enjoyed by an ordinary free man who accepted Islam.", "There was no protection for slaves.", "Abu Bakr paid 40,000 dinar for the freedom of eight slaves, four men and four women.", "Women and old and frail men were the majority of the slaves liberated by Abu Bakr.", "Most of Abu Bakr's family converted to Islam except for his father, son and wife.", "It was decided that the actual marriage ceremony would be held later after Abu Bakr's daughter was betrothed to Muhammad.", "The first person to testify to Muhammad's Isra and Mi'raj was Abu Bakr.", "Muslims were ordered to migrate to Medina by Muhammad in 622.", "The migration started in batches.", "Ali slept in the bed of Muhammad when the Quraysh tried to kill him, as he was the last to remain in Mecca.", "Muhammad was accompanied by Abu Bakr to Medina.", "They took refuge in a cave five miles south of Mecca because of the danger posed by the Quraysh.", "The plans and discussions of the Quraysh would be listened to by the son of Abu Bakr, and at night he would deliver the news to the fugitives in the cave.", "The daughter of Abu Bakr brought them meals.", "Every night, a flock of goats would be brought to the mouth of the cave and milked.", "Search parties were sent all the way by the Quraysh.", "The party was unable to see the entrance to the cave.", "Quran verse was revealed due to this.", "A group of people, including Abu Said al-Khudri, said that Abu Bakr was the companion who stayed with Muhammad in the cave.", "She was a wife of Muhammad.", "After staying at the cave for three days and three nights, Abu Bakr and Muhammad went to Quba, a suburb of Medina.", "Muhammad decided to build a mosque in Medina.", "The price of the land was paid for by Abu Bakr.", "The mosque was built by the Muslims, including Abu Bakr.", "Abu Bakr was given a brother in faith.", "When Abu Bakr married Habiba, he was able to strengthen his relationship with Khaarijah.", "Sunh is a suburb of Medina, and both Abu Bakr and Khaarijah lived there.", "A house near Muhammad's was bought by Abu Bakr after his family arrived in Medina.", "Most of the migrants fell sick when they arrived in Medina because of the damp climate.", "During the time Abu Bakr was sick, he was attended to by his family.", "Abu Bakr started his business in Medina after starting his business in Mecca.", "He supplied cloth to the market at Medina from his new store at Sunh.", "His business grew quickly.", "After a simple marriage ceremony, Abu Bakr's daughter, who was already married to Muhammad, was sent to Muhammad's house.", "During the Muhammad Battle of Badr, two discs from Abu Bakr's shield penetrated into Muhammad's cheeks.", "Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah requested that Abu Bakr leave the matter to him, losing his two incisors during the process.", "Abu Bakr and other companions led Muhammad to a place of safety.", "He was wounded in the Battle of Uhud, in which the majority of the Muslims were routed.", "Before the battle began, his son Abdul-Rahman, who was still non- Muslim and fighting on the side of the Quraysh, threw down a challenge for a duel.", "Muhammad stopped Abu Bakr after he accepted the challenge.", "Abdul-Rahman told his father that he turned away from him and did not kill him.", "If you had been exposed to me as a target, Abu Bakr would not have turned away from you.", "Khalid ibn al-Walid's cavalry attacked the Muslims from behind in the second phase of the battle.", "Many fled from the battlefield, including Abu Bakr.", "He said he was the first to return.", "He participated in both the Battle of the Trench and the Invasion of Banu Qurayza.", "In the Battle of the Trench, Muhammad divided the ditch into a number of sectors and a contingent was posted to guard each sector.", "Abu Bakr was in charge of one of the contingents.", "The enemy tried to cross the ditch many times, but were repelled.", "The site where Abu Bakr repulsed the charges of the enemy was the location of a mosque.", "The Battle of Khaybar was participated in by Abu Bakr.", "The strongest and most well-guarded of the eight fortresses was called Al-Qamus.", "Muhammad sent a group of warriors to try to take it, but they were unable to do so.", "Umar was sent with a group of warriors by Muhammad.", "Other Muslims tried to capture the fort, but were unsuccessful.", "Muhammad sent Ali, who defeated Marhab.", "Muhammad sent 'Amr ibn al-'As to Zaat-ul-Sallasal in response to a call for reinforcements.", "The army under al-Jarrah was commanded by Abu Bakr and Umar.", "Abu Bakr was part of the army when Mecca was conquered by the Muslims.", "His father converted to Islam before Mecca was conquered.", "The Muslim army was attacked by archers from the local tribes as it passed through the valley of Hunayn, some eleven miles northeast of Mecca.", "The advance guard of the Muslim army fled in panic.", "The camels, horses and men ran into each other in an attempt to hide.", "Muhammad stood firm.", "Nine companions remained around him, including Abu Bakr.", "Abbas shouted at the top of his voice, \"O Muslims, come to the Prophet of Allah\", under Muhammad's instructions.", "The Muslim soldiers heard the call and gathered beside Muhammad.", "Muhammad ordered a charge against the enemy when the Muslims had gathered.", "The tribes were routed in the fight and fled to Autas.", "The attack against Ta'if was ordered by Muhammad.", "The tribes refused to come out in the open.", "The catapults were employed by the Muslims.", "The Muslims attempted to use a testudo formation in which a group of soldiers protected by a cover of cowhide advanced to set fire to the gate.", "The testudo was rendered useless by the red hot scraps of iron thrown by the enemy.", "There was no sign of weakness in the fort during the siege.", "The council of war was held by Muhammad.", "It was advised by Abu Bakr that the siege might be raised and that God should plan for the fall of the fort.", "The Muslim army returned to Mecca after the siege of Ta'if was raised.", "The commander came to Mecca and became a Muslim.", "Muhammad sent a group of Muslims from Medina to perform the Hajj according to the new Islamic way and appointed Abu Bakr as the leader of the delegation.", "The ninth chapter of the Quran was revealed to Muhammad the day after Abu Bakr and his party left for the Hajj.", "Someone suggested to Muhammad that he should send the news to Abu Bakr.", "Muhammad said only a man in his house could make the revelation.", "On the day of sacrifice, Muhammad summoned Ali and asked him to proclaim a portion of the Quran to the people.", "Ali overtook Abu Bakr on Muhammad's slit-eared camel.", "Abu Bakr wanted to know if Ali had come to give orders or convey them when he joined the party.", "Ali said that his only purpose was to convey a message to the people on behalf of Muhammad.", "Ali read the declaration on behalf of Muhammad at the Hajj ceremony in Mecca.", "The non-Muslims were not allowed to visit the Kaaba or perform the pilgrimage.", "The Kaaba should not be circumambulated naked.", "Polytheism was not allowed.", "The polytheists would honor any agreements the Muslims had with them.", "A grace period of four months was provided where there were no agreements.", "Islam was to be supreme in Arabia from the day this proclamation was made.", "In the third month of the Islamic calendar, the expedition of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq led by Abu Bakr took place.", "Muhammad ordered Abu Bakr to lead a large company in Nejd.", "Many were killed and taken prisoner.", "Sunan Abu Dawud mentions the event in his collection.", "In the last weeks of his life, Muhammad ordered an expedition into Syria to avenge the defeat of the Muslims in the Battle of Mu'tah.", "The son of Muhammad's adopted son, who had been killed in the earlier conflict, was leading the campaign.", "No more than twenty years old, inexperienced and untested, Usama's appointment was controversial, becoming especially problematic when veterans such as Abu Bakr, Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah and Sa'd ibn Waqqas were placed under his command.", "The news of Muhammad's death forced the army to return to Medina.", "The campaign was not re-engaged until after Abu Bakr's ascension to the caliphate, at which point he chose to reaffirm Usama's command, which ultimately led to its success.", "Muhammad was confined to bed in the last days of his life.", "Muhammad was unable to lead prayers as he neared death.", "He told Abu Bakr to take his place, ignoring the fact that his father was too emotional for the role.", "When Muhammad entered the prayer hall during the Fajr prayers, Abu Bakr tried to step back to let him take up his normal place and lead.", "Muhammad sat next to Abu Bakr.", "Muhammad ascended the pulpit and said that God had given his servant the choice between this world and God.", "Abu Bakr was aware that Muhammad did not have long to live.", "\"For I know no one who is a better friend to me than him, so I ordered the doors leading to the mosque to be closed,\" Muhammad said.", "Sunnis use this to reinforce the friendship and trust that existed between him and Abu Bakr.", "The Muslim community was unprepared for the loss of its leader after Muhammad's death.", "Umar made a threat to anyone who would say that Muhammad was dead.", "After returning to Medina, Abu Bakr showed Umar Muhammad's body to convince him of his death.", "He said that if anyone worships Muhammad, he is dead.", "If anyone worships God, God is alive and well, thus ending any idolatry in the population.", "\"Muhammad is no more than an apostle, and many apostles have passed away before him,\" he said.", "The Ansar gathered in the Saqifah of the Banu Sa'ida clan after Muhammad's death.", "The general belief at the time was that the purpose of the meeting was for the Ansar to decide on a new leader of the Muslim community, with the intentional exclusion of the Muhajirun.", "Abu Bakr rushed to the gathering after learning of the meeting.", "Abu Bakr warned the assembled men that an attempt to choose a leader outside of Muhammad's own tribe, the Quraysh, would likely result in dissension, as only they can command the necessary respect among the community.", "The Quraysh and Ansar could choose a leader from among themselves, who would rule together.", "The group began to argue after hearing the proposal.", "As Abu Bakr noticed the bitterness in the meeting, he took Umar and Abu Ubayda and offered them to the Ansar as potential choices.", "Umar took Abu Bakr's hand and swore his own allegiance to the latter, which was followed by the gathered men.", "Umar and the Banu Sa'ida's chief, Sa'd ibn Ubadah, got into a fight.", "The choice of Abu Bakr may not have been unanimous, with emotions running high as a result of the disagreement.", "Abu Bakr was almost universally accepted as head of the Muslim community, under the title of caliph, as a result of Saqifah, though he did face contention because of the rushed nature of the event.", "Several of his companions initially refused to acknowledge his authority.", "The election of Ali as Muhammad's heir was seen as contrary to his wishes by Shia Muslims.", "Umar was sent to ask allegiance from Fatimah, which may have resulted in an altercation.", "After six months, the group made peace with Abu Bakr.", "Ali helped Abu Bakr with government and religious matters after he pledged his allegiance.", "Abu Bakr was a constitutional ruler.", "The caliphate was held to be a sacred trust by him.", "He said jihad against traitors.", "All men were considered equal by Abu Bakr.", "The caliphate was not a democracy.", "The close associates of Abu Bakr acted as his secretaries.", "He had an advisory council.", "Several Arab tribes launched revolts after Abu Bakr's election, threatening the unity and stability of the new community and state.", "These insurgencies and the caliphate's responses are referred to as the Ridda Wars.", "One of the opposition movements challenged the political power of the caliphate and the other was the acclamation of rival religious ideologies, headed by political leaders who claimed prophethood.", "Some of the revolts of this type took the form of tax rebellions.", "Dissenters used Muhammad's death as an opportunity to try to restrict the growth of the new Islamic state.", "They include some of the Raba in Bahrayn, as well as the Kinda and Khawlan in Yemen.", "Maintaining firm control over the disparate tribes of Arabia was crucial to ensuring the survival of the state.", "Khalid ibn Walid and a body of troops were dispatched to subdue the uprisings in Najd and Musaylimah.", "Shurahbil ibn Hasana and Al-Ala'a Al- Hadrami were sent to Bahrayn.", "The local governor in Yemen needed the help of Al-Muhajir and Khalid.", "diplomatic means and military measures were used by Abu Bakr.", "He used marriage alliances and financial incentives to bring enemies to the caliphate.", "A member of the Banu Hanifa who had sided with the Muslims was rewarded with a land estate.", "After re-joining Islam, a Kindah rebel named Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays was given land in Medina as well as the hand of Abu Bakr's sister.", "The Ridda movements challenged the political and religious supremacy of the Islamic state.", "The political consolidation begun under Muhammad's leadership with relatively little interruption was continued by Abu Bakr's success in suppressing insurrections.", "He established an Islamic dominance over the entire Arabian Peninsula.", "Tulayha, from the Banu Asad tribe, was preparing to launch an attack on Medina after Abu Bakr's election.", "The Banu Hashim was where Abu Bakr raised his army.", "The commander of one-third of the newly organized force was appointed by him.", "Tulayha's forces were defeated.", "Tulayha launched an attack on the Muslim forces.", "Khalid ibn al-Walid was appointed the main commander.", "Khalid had 6,000 men while Tulayha had 30,000.", "Tulayha's forces were defeated by Khalid ibn al-Walid.", "Tulayha accepted Islam and asked for forgiveness.", "Tulayha was not allowed to participate in wars on the Muslim side since he killed a Sahabi in the battle.", "One of the biggest enemies of Abu Bakr was the Battle of Yamama Musaylimah.", "He is seen as a false prophet in Islamic history.", "Musaylimah, along with his wife Sajah from Banu Taghlib and Banu Tamim, claimed prophethood and gathered an army of 40,000 people to attack Abu Bakr.", "Khalid ibn al-Walid was appointed the primary commander by Abu Bakr.", "Khalid and his forces were 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The forces of Musaylimah killed about 350 huffaz.", "The translator was published in 2000.", "The Qur'an has a collection.", "The Qur'anic Arabic Foundation is in Karachi.", "pp.", "3–4.", "Musaylimah was killed in the battle.", "Sajah became a Muslim after the battle.", "The Quran was preserved in written form.", "Many memorizers of the Quran were killed after the Battle of Yamama.", "Umar requested that Abu Bakr allow the preservation of the scriptures in written format, fearing that the Quran may become lost or corrupted.", "The caliph was hesitant at first, asking \"how can we do that which the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless and keep him, did not himself do?\"", "He relented and appointed Zayd ibn Thabit, who had previously served as one of the sholders of Muhammad, for the task of gathering the scattered verse.", "The fragments were recovered from every quarter, including from the ribs of palm branches, scraps of leather, stone tablets and \"from the hearts of men\".", "The work was verified through comparison with Quran memorisers.", "The Mus'haf was given to Umar prior to Abu Bakr's death.", "Hafsa was one of the wives of Muhammad and the Mus'haf left her after Umar's death.", "The basis of Uthman's legendary prototype, which became the definitive text of the Quran, was borrowed from this volume.", "This original is the basis for all later editions.", "With Arabia having united under a single centralized state with a formidable military, the region could now be seen as a potential threat to the Byzantine and Sasanian empires.", "It is possible that Abu Bakr decided that it was better to deliver the first blow himself than wait for one of these powers to launch a pre-emptive strike.", "Small forces were dispatched into Iraq and Palestine, capturing several towns, regardless of the caliph's motives.", "Though the Byzantines were certain to retaliate, Abu Bakr had reason to be confident because the two empires were exhausted after centuries of war.", "The effectiveness of the Muslim fighters as well as their zeal, the latter of which was partially based on their certainty of the righteousness of their cause, was a more pressing advantage.", "The Muslims believed that the community must be defended at all costs.", "Historian Theodor Nldeke believes that this religious fervour was used to maintain the enthusiasm and momentum of the ummah, despite the fact that Abu Bakr had started these initial conflicts which eventually resulted in the Islamic conquests of Persia and the Levant.", "Abu Bakr died on August 8th.", "He was confined to bed after developing a high temperature.", "He felt that his end was near when his illness worsened.", "Realizing this, he sent for Ali and requested him to perform his ghusl since Ali had done it for Muhammad. On his deathbed, Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor.", "He gave Umar six thousand dirhams and his personal assets.", "In accordance with Sharia, Abu Bakr divided his property among his children.", "At the age of 63, Abu Bakr died, and he dictated his last testament to Uthman.", "He died between Maghrib and Isha prayers.", "The sheets were used for the coffin.", "Umar led the funeral prayer while Ali performed the ghusl.", "Abu Bakr was buried next to Muhammad.", "The site of Abu Bakr's tomb was expanded during the reign of the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I.", "The Mamluk sultan Al Mansur Qalawun built the Green Dome in the 13th century, but the green color was added in the 16th century.", "The tombs of Muhammad, Umar and an empty one are near Abu Bakr.", "Encyclopedia of Islam Wives and children Abu Bakr had four wives.", "His first wife gave birth to a daughter and a son.", "The mother of Asma and Abdullah didn't become a Muslim and her husband divorced her.", "Abu Bakr had two wives, one of which bore him Abdul-Rahman and Aisha.", "Abdul-Rahman didn't convert until the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah in 628CE.", "It was translated by H.S. Jarrett.", "The History of the Caliphs is a book.", "The Asiatic Society is in Calcutta.", "Asma bint Umais was the third wife of Abu Bakr.", "Before her marriage with Abu Bakr, Asma was married to another man.", "Habibah bint Kharijah was Abu Bakr's fourth wife.", "She had a child who was born after Abu Bakr's death.", "The descendants of Abu Bakr are called Siddiquis.", "The Naqshbandiyya: orthodoxy and activism in a worldwide Sufi tradition was written by Itzchak Weismann.", "When she was in her howdah, she saw a man from among the Arabs pass by, and that's when she had an interaction with Abu Bakr.", "We asked her to describe Abu Bakr.", "She said that the man was thin-bearded and bowed.", "His waist wrapper would fall around his loins.", "He had a lean face, sunken eyes, and trembling hands.", "He is described as being \"white mixed with yellowness, of good build, slight, bowed, thin, tall like a male palm tree, sunken-eyed, thin-shanked, and strong-t.\"", "He used to dye himself.", "The period of his caliphate consisted of two years, two months and fifteen days and included successful invasions of the two most powerful empires of the time.", "During his 27 months in power, Abu Bakr crushed the rebellion of the Arab tribes in the Arabian Peninsula.", "The main goal of Abu Bakr was to extend the caliphate over the entire Arabia and defeat the rebel tribes.", "Khalid ibn al-Walid was sent to destroy the Byzantine Empire in Syria in the last months of his rule.", "In just a few short decades, Umar and Uthman would lead to one of the largest empires in history.", "During his Caliphate, state affairs remained stable despite the fact that he had little time to pay attention.", "He agreed to stop his cloth trade and draw a salary from the state treasury.", "The first caliph in the history of Islam was Abu Bakr, who nominated a successor.", "He was the only caliph in the history of Islam to give the entire amount of his allowance back to the state treasury at the time of his death.", "He bought the land for Al-Masjid al-Nabawi.", "Sunni Muslims view Abu Bakr as the greatest saint.", "They think that Abu Bakr is one of the ten to whom Paradise was promised.", "Abu Bakr is one of the best of Muhammad's followers.", "\"If the faith of Abu Bakr was weighed against the faith of the people of the earth, the faith of Abu Bakr would outweigh the others,\" Muhammad is said to have said.", "The Quran and Sunnah were used to solve disputes.", "He was the most knowledgeable about the genealogy of Arabs.", "Shia Muslims believe that Ali was appointed by Muhammad as his successor, and that he was supposed to assume the leadership.", "Most Twever Shias have a negative view of Abu Bakr because he refused to grant Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah, the garden of Fadak, which she claimed her father had given to her as a gift before his death.", "Muhammad told Abu Bakr that the prophets of God do not leave as inheritance any worldly possessions.", "Muhammad had a maid, five camels, and ten sheep.", "Shia Muslims believe that prophets can pass on their inheritance to others.", "Twelvers accuse Abu Bakr of being involved in the attack on Fatimah's house.", "Some Twelvers believe that Abu Bakr had no role in the preservation of the Quran, and that they should have accepted the copy of the book in the possession of Ali.", "According to early sources, Ali's Quran was lost and he praised Abu Bakr for preserving it.", "Stephen W. Day is the second-largest Shia branch.", "There is regionalism and rebellion in Yemen.", "Cambridge University Press.", "If you believe Abu Bakr's caliphate to be legitimate, jump up.", "In the last hours of his life, he was betrayed by the people who said to him: \"May God have mercy on you!\"", "What do you think about the matter of Abu Bakr and Umar?", "The incident of the cave was caused by people from Mecca who participated in the battle of Uhud Sahabah." ]

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[ "Abu Bakr al", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Quhafah", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Quhaf", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Ubayda", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bak", "Abu Said", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Ubaidah", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Dawud", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Ubaidah", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Ubayda", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abuk", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakrsh", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bak", "Abu Bakr", "Abu Bakr" ]

[ "Daniel Merton Wegner (June 28, 1948 – July 5, 2013) was an American social psychologist.", "He was a professor of psychology at Harvard University and a fellow of both the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.", "He was known for applying experimental psychology to the topics of mental control (for example ironic process theory) and conscious will, and for originating the study of transactive memory and action identification.", "In The Illusion of Conscious Will and other works, he argued that the human sense of free will is an illusion.", "Early life and education\nWegner was born in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.", "When Wegner was 11 years old he developed an understanding of two types of scientists: \"bumblers, who plod along, only once in a while accomplishing something but enjoying the process even if they often end up being wrong, and the pointers, who do only one thing: point out that the bumblers are bumbling.\"", "He enrolled in a physics degree at Michigan State University but changed to psychology, going on to an M.A.", "and then a PhD.", "Career\nAfter gaining his doctorate in 1974, he spent sixteen years teaching at Trinity University, becoming a full Professor in 1985.", "From 1990 to 2000, he researched and taught at the University of Virginia, after which he joined the faculty at Harvard University.", "Awards\nIn 2011, Wegner was awarded the William James Fellow Award by the Association for Psychological Science, the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award by the American Psychological Association, and the Distinguished Scientist Award by the Society of Experimental Social Psychology.", "In 2012, he was awarded the Donald T. Campbell Award by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology (SPSP).", "Furthermore, shortly after Wegner's death in 2013, SPSP announced that its annually awarded Theoretical Innovation Prize would henceforth be known as the Daniel M. Wegner Theoretical Innovation Prize to honor Wegner's memory and his innovative work.", "Research\n\nIronic process theory\nWegner and colleagues performed a series of experiments in which people tried to suppress thoughts, for example by attempting not to think of a white bear.", "That work revealed that attempting not to think of a topic often backfires, resulting in high rates of intrusive thoughts about the topic.", "Wegner coined the term \"ironic mental processes\" for this effect, which is also known more commonly as the \"white bear phenomenon\".", "The effect contributes to various psychological challenges and disorders.", "Smokers who try not to think about cigarettes find it harder to give up.", "People who suppress thoughts that may cause an anxiety reaction often make those thoughts more intrusive.", "Wegner found that the ironic effect is stronger when people are stressed or depressed.", "The illusion of conscious will\nWegner conducted a series of experiments in which people experience an illusion of control, feeling that their will shapes events which are actually determined by someone else.", "He argued controversially that the ease with which this illusion can be created shows that the everyday feeling of conscious will is an illusion or a \"construction\" and that this illusion of mental causation is \"the mind's best trick\".", "Wegner defined conscious will as a function of priority (the thought must come before the action), consistency (the thought must be consistent with the action), and exclusivity (the thought cannot be accompanied with other causes).", "He argued that, although people may feel that conscious intentions drive much of their behavior, in reality both behavior and intentions are the product of other, unconscious mental processes.", "Wegner's research agreed with previous findings by Benjamin Libet regarding brain readiness potential and concluded that his own findings were \"compatible with the idea that brain events cause intention and action, whereas conscious intention itself may not cause action.\"", "Apparent mental causation\nWegner argued that the feeling of intention is something attributed \"after the fact\" according to three principles: consistency, exclusivity, and priority.", "The principle of consistency states that if the content of one's thoughts is relevant to one's action, then a feeling of control will occur.", "The exclusivity principle holds that one must not believe there to be an outside influence or cause to feel as though an action was intended.", "Finally, the priority principle requires the thought to occur right before the action to produce the illusion of free will.", "He did not claim that conscious thought cannot in principle cause action, merely that any connection between conscious thought and action should be determined by scientific enquiry, and not by unreliable introspection and feelings.", "Transactive memory\n\nIn 1985, Wegner proposed the concept of transactive memory.", "A transactive memory system is a system through which groups collectively encode, store, and retrieve knowledge.", "Transactive memory suggests an analysis not only of how couples and families in close relationships coordinate memory and tasks at home, but how teams, larger groups and organizations come to develop a \"group mind\", a memory system that is more complex and potentially more effective than that of any of the individuals that comprise it.", "According to Wegner, a transactive memory system consists of the knowledge stored in each individual's memory combined with metamemory containing information regarding the different teammate's domains of expertise.", "Just as the individual's metamemory allows him to be aware of what information is available for retrieval, so does the transactive memory system provide teammates with information regarding the knowledge they have access to within the team.", "Group members learn who knowledge experts are and how to access expertise through communicative processes.", "In this way, a transactive memory system can provide the group members with more and better knowledge than any individual could access on his or her own.", "Death\nTrinity University announced Wegner's death on Friday, July 5, 2013, at his home in Massachusetts, of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "He was survived by his wife and two daughters.", "Books\nAuthor\n\n Wegner, D. M., & Vallacher, R. R. (1977).", "Implicit psychology: An introduction to social cognition.", "New York: Oxford University Press.", "Japanese translation by Sogensha, 1988.", "Vallacher, R. R. & Wegner, D. M. (1985).", "A theory of action identification.", "Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.", "Wegner, D. M. (1989).", "White bears and other unwanted thoughts: Suppression, obsession, and the psychology of mental control.", "New York: Viking/Penguin.", "German translation by Ernst Kabel Verlag, 1992.", "1994 Edition, New York: Guilford Press.", "Schacter, D. S., Gilbert, D. T., & Wegner, D. M. (2008).", "Psychology.", "New York: Worth.", "Schacter, D. S., Gilbert, D. T., & Wegner, D. M. (2011).", "Psychology: 2nd Edition.", "New York: Worth.", "Wegner, D. M., & Gray, K. (2016).", "The mind club: Who thinks, what feels, and why it matters.", "New York: Viking.", "Editor\n\n Wegner, D. M., & Vallacher, R. R.", "(Eds.).", "(1980).", "The self in social psychology.", "New York: Oxford University Press.", "Wegner, D. M., & Pennebaker, J. W.", "(Eds.)", "(1993).", "Handbook of mental control.", "Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.", "References\n\nExternal links\nA copy of Dan Wegner's Personal Website has been preserved here\n\"Daniel Wegner e l'illusione della volontà cosciente\" (A very critical writing in Italian about the concept of 'free will' by Wegner)\n\n1948 births\n2013 deaths\nAmerican psychologists\nSocial psychologists\nHarvard University faculty\nPeople from Calgary" ]

[ "Daniel Wegner was an American social psychologist.", "He was a professor of psychology at Harvard University and a fellow of both the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.", "He was known for applying experimental psychology to the topics of mental control and conscious will.", "He argued that the human sense of free will is an illusion.", "Wegner was born in Canada.", "When Wegner was 11 years old, he came to understand that there were two types of scientists: bumblers, who only do once in a while and enjoy the process even if they end up being wrong, and pointers, who do only one thing: point out that", "He went on to earn an M.A. in psychology after majoring in physics at Michigan State University.", "And then a PhD.", "He became a full Professor at Trinity University in 1985.", "He joined the faculty at Harvard University after working at the University of Virginia.", "The Association for Psychological Science, the American Psychological Association, and the Society of Experimental Social Psychology gave awards to Wegner in 2011.", "The Donald T. Campbell Award is given by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology.", "The Daniel M. Wegner Theoretical Innovation Prize was renamed in honor of Wegner after he died.", "A group of people tried to suppress their thoughts by trying to not think of a white bear.", "Attempting to not think of a topic can lead to high rates of intrusive thoughts.", "The term \"ironic mental processes\" was created by Wegner for this effect.", "The effect contributes to psychological challenges.", "Smokers who try not to think about cigarettes are more likely to give up.", "People who suppress thoughts that can cause an anxiety reaction are more likely to do so.", "The ironic effect is stronger when people are stressed or depressed.", "The illusion of conscious will was the subject of a series of experiments conducted by Wegner.", "He argued that the ease with which this illusion can be created shows that the everyday feeling of conscious will is an illusion.", "Wegner defined conscious will as a function of priority, consistency, and exclusiveness.", "Although people may think that conscious intentions drive a lot of their behavior, in reality both behavior and intentions are the product of other unconscious mental processes.", "Wegner's research agreed with previous findings by Benjamin Libet regarding brain readiness potential and concluded that his own findings were compatible with the idea that brain events cause intention and action.", "According to three principles, the feeling of intention is attributed after the fact.", "If the content of one's thoughts is relevant to one's action, then a feeling of control will occur.", "One can't feel like an action was intended if they believe there is an outside influence or cause.", "The priority principle requires the thought to occur before the action in order to make the illusion of free will.", "He didn't say that conscious thought can't cause action, but that any connection between conscious thought and action should be determined by scientific inquiry.", "The concept of transactive memory was proposed in 1985.", "A transactive memory system is a way for groups to store and retrieve knowledge.", "Transactive memory suggests an analysis of how couples and families in close relationships coordinate memory and tasks at home, as well as how teams, larger groups and organizations come to develop a \"group mind\", a memory system that is more complex and potentially more effective than that of any of the individuals", "The knowledge stored in each individual's memory is combined with metamemory to form a transactive memory system.", "Just as the individual's metamemory allows him to be aware of what information is available for retrieval, so does the transactive memory system provide teammates with information regarding the knowledge they have access to within the team.", "Knowledge experts and how to access them are learned by group members.", "A transactive memory system can give the group members more and better knowledge than they could get on their own.", "Wegner's death was announced on Friday, July 5, at his home in Massachusetts.", "His wife and two daughters were by his side.", "Wegner is a books author.", "An introduction tolicit psychology.", "Oxford University Press is in New York.", "The Japanese translation was done by Sogensha.", "Vallacher, R. R. and Wegner, D. M.", "There is a theory of action identification.", "Lawrence Erlbaum Associates is located in New Jersey.", "D. M. Wegner wrote.", "White bears and other unwanted thoughts include suppression, obsession, and the psychology of mental control.", "New York:Penguin.", "The German translation was published in 1992.", "The 1994 edition is from New York.", "S., Gilbert, D. T., and Wegner, D. M.", "There is psychology.", "New York is worth.", "S., Gilbert, D. T., and Wegner, D. M.", "The second edition of psychology.", "New York is worth.", "Wegner, D. M., and Gray, K.", "The mind club is about who thinks, what feels, and why.", "New York is Viking.", "Wegner, D. M., and Vallacher, R. R.", "The book is called (Eds.).", "The year 1980.", "The self is in social psychology.", "Oxford University Press is in New York.", "Wegner, D. M., and Pennebaker, J. W.", "The article is titled \" (Eds.)", "The year 1993", "There is a handbook of mental control.", "Prentice-Hall is in Englewood Cliffs, NJ.", "A copy of Dan Wegner's Personal Website can be found here \"Daniel Wegner e l'illusione della volont cosciente\", a very critical writing in Italian about the concept of 'free will'." ]

[ "Daniel Merton Wegner", "Wegner", "Wegner", "Wegner", "Wegner", "Wegner", "Wegner", "Wegner", "Wegner", "Wegner", "Wegner", "Dan Wegner", "Daniel Wegne" ]

[ "Daniel Wegner", "Wegner", "Daniel M", ". Wegner", "Wegner", "Wegner", "Wegner", "Wegner", "Wegner", "Wegner", "Dan Wegner", "Daniel Wegne" ]

[ "Christopher Roland Waddle (born 14 December 1960) is an English former professional football player and manager.", "He currently works as a commentator.", "Nicknamed \"Magic Chris\", football journalist Luke Ginnell wrote that Waddle was \"widely acknowledged as one of the finest attacking midfielders in Europe\".", "During his professional career, which lasted from 1978 to 1998, he played for several clubs, including Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur, Olympique de Marseille and Sheffield Wednesday.", "In 1989, his transfer from Tottenham to Marseille for £4.5 million made him the third most valuable player in the world, and he won three successive Ligue 1 titles with the club and played in the 1991 European Cup Final.", "While playing for Wednesday he was voted FWA Footballer of the Year for his performances in the 1992-93 season.", "He also played in the Premier League for Sunderland, in the Scottish Premiership with Falkirk and in the Football League for Bradford City, Burnley and Torquay United.", "He finished his career in non-league football with Worksop Town, Glapwell and Stocksbridge Park Steels, later whilst in his fifties, he continued to play at semi-professional level for Northern Counties East League side Hallam.", "Waddle earned 62 caps for England between 1985 and 1991, which included being a member of the teams which reached the quarter-finals of the 1986 FIFA World Cup and the semi-finals of the 1990 World Cup.", "He also played for England at UEFA Euro 1988.", "He had a spell as Burnley managed during the 1997–98 season, but has not returned to coaching since.", "Largely since retiring he has worked in the media for BBC Radio 5 Live as part of their Premier League and Champions League team.", "Club career\n\nEarly career\nWaddle began his footballing career with Pelaw Juniors, moving on to Whitehouse SC, Mount Pleasant SC, HMH Printing, Pelaw SC, Leam Lane SC and Clarke Chapman before joining Tow Law Town before the start of the 1978–79 season.<ref name=\"goal\">\"Top 50 English Players: Chris Waddle (35)\".", "Goal.com.", "12 May 2009.</ref>\n\nNewcastle United\nWhile working in food processing (a seasoning factory), Waddle had unsuccessful trials with Sunderland and Coventry City.", "He joined Newcastle United as a 19-year-old in July 1980 for £1,000.", "He made his Second Division debut for them in a 1–0 home win over Shrewsbury Town on 22 October 1980 and quickly established himself as an effective attacking midfielder, playing alongside Kevin Keegan and Peter Beardsley as Newcastle won promotion to the First Division at the end of 1983–84 season.", "In one of his first games in the top flight, against Queen's Park Rangers at Loftus Road on 22 September 1984, Waddle scored a first half hat-trick for Newcastle, who had a 4–0 lead at half time.", "However, a fight back by QPR saw the game end 5–5.", "Tottenham Hotspur\nAfter 46 goals in 170 league games for Newcastle, Waddle joined Tottenham Hotspur on 1 July 1985 for a fee of £590,000 (decided by a transfer tribunal).", "He scored twice on his league debut, a 4–0 home win over Watford on the opening day of the league season, although Spurs had a disappointing season where they finished tenth a year after finishing third, resulting in the dismissal of Peter Shreeves as manager and the appointment of David Pleat from Luton Town as his successor.", "He won an FA Cup runners-up medal in 1987 when Spurs were beaten by Coventry, while they also finished third in the League and got to the semi-finals of the League Cup.", "Marseille\nOn 1 July 1989, after scoring 33 times in 138 league appearances for Tottenham, Waddle moved to French club Olympique de Marseille for a fee of £4.5 million; the third highest sum ever paid for a footballer at the time.", "During his time in France the club were French champions three times (1990, 1991 and 1992).", "They were also on the losing side to Red Star Belgrade in the 1991 European Cup Final.", "In 1991–92, he also played alongside fellow England midfielder Trevor Steven, who spent a year in France after signing from Rangers, only to return to Scotland after a single season there.", "During his years at Marseille, the fans gave him the nickname \"Magic Chris\".", "He was known as the successor to former Marseille player Roger Magnusson.", "Waddle was also voted second best OM player of the century behind Jean Pierre Papin for the club's century anniversary in 1998.", "Waddle and Marseille reached the 1991 European Cup Final.", "Although he did not take a penalty, Waddle ended up on the losing side in a penalty shoot-out once again, after the game had ended 0–0 in normal time.", "Sheffield Wednesday\nWaddle returned to England in July 1992 in a £1 million move to Sheffield Wednesday, then managed by Trevor Francis.", "The club reached both domestic cup finals in the 1992–93 season (losing both to Arsenal – Waddle scored Wednesday's goal in the FA Cup final replay) and Waddle was voted the Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year in 1993.", "He helped Wednesday reach the semi-finals of the League Cup in the 1993–94 season, but this latest attempt at winning silverware was foiled by Manchester United, and the next two seasons brought bottom-half finishes in the league for Wednesday, with Francis being axed in 1995 and Waddle's former Tottenham manager David Pleat taking over.", "In January 1996, Kevin Keegan attempted to re-sign Waddle for Newcastle United as cover for David Ginola during a suspension, but Keegan's £500,000 bid to re-sign the player who had played alongside him in the Newcastle team more than a decade earlier was rejected and Keegan was unwilling to meet manager David Pleat's £1million asking price for the 35-year-old.", "Around this time, Celtic, Leeds United and Sunderland were also interested in signing Waddle, but none of these transfers ever happened.", "Burnley also expressed an interest in appointing him as their player-manager – a role he would finally take the following year – but Waddle saw out the season at Hillsborough.", "Waddle's later career at Hillsborough was marred by injuries and he was released 5 games into the 1996–97 season (when the Owls were top of the premiership and having taken young sensation Ritchie Humphreys – 4 goals in 5 games – under his wing) after being frozen out of the team by David Pleat, having played 109 games and scored 10 goals with many more assists.", "Falkirk and Bradford City\nWaddle joined Falkirk, in the Scottish First Division, in September 1996, but returned south of the border to play for Division One strugglers Bradford City the following month.", "Although short, his time at City was a success and he was a firm fans favourite.", "In a match away to Huddersfield Town he scored direct from a corner in a 3–3 draw live on TV.", "He also scored a goal in a 3-2 FA Cup win against Everton at Goodison Park which came second in the February 1997 Match of the Day Goal of the Month.", "His efforts with Bradford contributed to their survival in Division One, although he did not complete the season there.", "Sunderland\nWaddle's moved to Sunderland, the side he had supported as a boy, for a nominal fee of £75,000 in March 1997, but could not help Sunderland from being relegated from the Premier League at the end of the season, despite scoring once against Everton and providing the assist for all other Sunderland goals scored in that period.", "Burnley\nIn May 1997 Waddle was appointed player-manager of Burnley, moving from Roker Park on a free transfer.", "Burnley had a disappointing season, only just avoiding relegation at the end of the season.", "He scored once during his spell at Burnley, the goal coming in a 2–2 draw with AFC Bournemouth in October 1997.", "Torquay United\nWaddle left Burnley in the summer, and in September 1998 joined Torquay United.", "He played just 7 times for Torquay, before returning to Sheffield Wednesday as a coach.", "He was appointed reserve team coach in July 1999, and played for a local pub side, but left in June 2000 on the appointment of Paul Jewell as manager, just after the club (now blighted by financial problems) suffered relegation from the Premier League.", "Non-league career\nFollowing his departure from Torquay United, Waddle enjoyed two seasons with non-league Worksop Town making 60 appearances and scoring 3 goals.", "His most notable appearance was in a 12–0 Northern Premier League record win against Frickley Athletic.", "He also had a brief spell with Glapwell and one appearance for Stocksbridge Park Steels in the Northern Premier League First Division, continuing his playing career at non-league level into his early forties.", "Hallam\nHaving played at amateur level in the Sheffield Wragg Over-40s league for Hallam during 2012–13 season he came out of retirement after 11 years on the sidelines and signed for Sheffield based Non-league side Hallam on 22 July 2013.", "He made his debut against Chesterfield in a pre-season friendly, coming on as a substitute at half time.", "The game ended in a 6–2 defeat for Hallam FC.", "Waddle signed a one-year deal on 1 August 2013, committing to Hallam for the 2013–14 season promotion push while remaining part of the ESPN commentary team.", "International career\nDespite being in his 25th year, he was called up for the England Under-21 side and made his full squad debut against Ireland in March 1985.", "On 26 March 1985, when still a Newcastle player, Waddle was capped at senior level by Bobby Robson's England for the first time in a 2–1 win over Republic of Ireland.", "He soon became a regular member of the England squad and on 16 October that year he scored his first England goal, on his tenth international appearance, in a 5–0 win over Turkey.", "Waddle was in England's squad at the 1986 and 1990 FIFA World Cup as well as UEFA Euro 1988.", "Although England were eliminated at the group stages of Euro 88 after losing all three games, they did reach the quarter-finals of the 1986 World Cup and the semi-finals in 1990, where Waddle missed the decisive penalty in the latter as he put it inches over the bar in the shootout defeat to West Germany.", "He says he only took the fifth penalty because Paul Gascoigne, who had been suspended from playing in the next game if England progressed, was too upset to take it.", "He subsequently blamed a chance meeting with Uri Geller and Michael Jackson prior to the tournament for missing his penalty.", "Waddle's performances in the 1990 World Cup were described as \"superb\" by Rob Bagchi, writing for The Guardian in 2010.", "He won the last of his 62 England caps on 16 October 1991 in a 1–0 win over Turkey, more than six years after making his international debut, and having rarely missed an England game since then.", "He had scored six goals for England, the last against Scotland on 27 May 1989.", "When Terry Venables became the new England manager at the beginning of 1994, he was keen to include Waddle in the squad for his first game against Denmark.", "However, Waddle was injured at the time and unavailable for selection.", "Media career\nIn 1987, Waddle recorded the song \"Diamond Lights\" in a duet with Spurs and England teammate Glenn Hoddle.", "The song reached number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in May of that year and the pair appeared on Top Of The Pops.", "Whilst at Marseille he joined teammate Basile Boli in recording a song entitled We've Got a Feeling.", "Despite spending the 1997–98 season as a manager, Waddle never returned to the coaching side of the game following his retirement and became a TV football pundit, commentator and sports newspaper writer.", "He previously worked for Setanta Sports and ESPN, he currently works as an analyst for BBC Radio Five Live's Premier League football coverage.", "Waddle appeared on BBC Radio 5 Live as a summariser at Premier League matches and also writes a column in The Sun newspaper.", "Waddle signed a deal with Setanta Sports to commentate on all England away matches in 2008–09.", "Waddle then went on to co-commentate for ESPN's English Premier League football coverage and is a pundit on Showsports Arabia, covering the English Premier League, from the studio in Dubai, UAE.", "In 2003, Thierry Henry named Waddle in his all-time Dream Team Line up.", "Following England's heavy defeat to Germany in the second round of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, Waddle criticised the English Football Association, claiming: \"The FA sit on their backsides and do nothing tournament after tournament after tournament.", "Why don't they listen?", "Why don't they look at other countries and ask 'how do they keep producing talent?'", "We coach talent out of players ... We lack so many ideas and it is so frustrating.", "The amount of money in our league is frightening and all we do is waste it on rubbish ideas ... We kid ourselves thinking we have a chance if we keep the tempo up.", "We can only play one way and it is poor.", "You can't go on playing football and hoping to win trophies playing a hundred miles an hour and putting teams under pressure for 90 minutes.", "You've got to be able to play slow, slow, quick and we can't do it.\"", "Personal life\nWaddle has one daughter, Brooke, and a son, Jack.", "On 29 April 2012, Jack was given a one-year first-team contract at Chesterfield.", "His cousin, Alan Waddle, played league football for Halifax Town, Liverpool, Leicester City, Swansea City, Newport County, Mansfield Town, Hartlepool United and Peterborough United.", "In 2005, he was arrested following claims he was involved in a brawl in a pub in Dore, Sheffield.", "No charges were brought due to lack of evidence.", "In popular culture\nWaddle was a key part of the pool of popular culture references used in the BBC comedy The Fast Show''.", "References to, and photographs of, Waddle made regular appearances during the \"Chanel 9\" news segment of the show.", "Career statistics\n\nClub\n\nInternational\n\nHonours\nMarseille\nDivision 1: 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92\nEuropean Cup runner-up: 1990–91\n\nTottenham Hotspur\nFA Cup runner-up: 1986–87\n\nSheffield Wednesday\nFA Cup runner-up: 1992–93\nFootball League Cup runner-up: 1992–93\n\nEngland\nFIFA World Cup fourth place: 1990\n\nIndividual\nFirst Division PFA Team of the Year: 1984–85, 1988–89\nTottenham Hotspur Player of the Year: 1988\nOnze d'Argent: 1991\nFIFA XI: 1991\nFWA Footballer of the Year: 1992–93 (Sheffield Wednesday)\nPremier League Player of the Month: January 1995\nThe Dream Team 110 years of OM: 2010\n\nBibliography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Chris Waddle photos & stats at Sporting Heroes.net\n \n\n1960 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Felling\nFootballers from Gateshead\nFootballers from Sheffield\nEnglish footballers\nAssociation football wingers\nAssociation football midfielders\nTow Law Town F.C.", "players\nNewcastle United F.C.", "players\nTottenham Hotspur F.C.", "players\nOlympique de Marseille players\nSheffield Wednesday F.C.", "players\nFalkirk F.C.", "players\nBradford City A.F.C.", "players\nSunderland A.F.C.", "players\nBurnley F.C.", "players\nTorquay United F.C.", "players\nWorksop Town F.C.", "players\nStocksbridge Park Steels F.C.", "players\nGlapwell F.C.", "players\nHallam F.C.", "players\nEnglish Football League players\nLigue 1 players\nPremier League players\nScottish Football League players\nNorthern Premier League players\nNorthern Counties East Football League players\nEngland under-21 international footballers\nEngland international footballers\n1986 FIFA World Cup players\nUEFA Euro 1988 players\n1990 FIFA World Cup players\nEnglish expatriate footballers\nEnglish expatriate sportspeople in France\nExpatriate footballers in France\nEnglish football managers\nAssociation football player-managers\nBurnley F.C.", "managers\nEnglish Football League managers\nEnglish association football commentators\nFA Cup Final players" ]

[ "Christopher Waddle was an English professional football player and manager.", "He is a commentator.", "Nicknamed \"Magic Chris\", football journalistluke ginnell wrote that Waddle was \"widely acknowledged as one of the finest attacking midfielders in Europe\".", "He played for several clubs during his career, which lasted from 1978 to 1998.", "He was the third most valuable player in the world after his transfer from Spurs in 1989 and he played in the 1991 European Cup Final.", "He was voted FWA Footballer of the Year for his performances in the 1992-93 season.", "He played in the Scottish Premiership with Falkirk, as well as in the Football League for Burnley and Torquay United.", "He played for Worksop Town, Glapwell and Stocksbridge Park Steels after finishing his career in non-league football.", "A member of the teams which reached the quarter-finals of the 1986 World Cup and the semi-finals of the 1990 World Cup, Waddle earned 62 caps for England between 1985 and 1991.", "He played for England at Euro 1988.", "During the 1997–98 season, he was the manager of Burnley, but hasn't been back to coaching since.", "He has worked in the media for Radio 5 Live since he retired.", "Waddle joined Tow Law Town before the start of the 1978–79.", "There is a website called Goal.com.", "While working at a seasoning factory, Waddle had unsuccessful trials with two teams.", "He joined the club as a 19-year-old.", "He made his Second Division debut for them in a 1–0 home win over Shrewsbury Town on 22 October 1980 and quickly established himself as an effective attackingMidfielder as they won promotion to the First Division at the end of 1983–84 season.", "Waddle scored a first half hat-trick in his first game in the top flight, against Queen's Park Rangers at Loftus Road on September 22, 1984.", "The game ended 5–5.", "Waddle joined Spurs on 1 July 1985 for a fee of $585,000, which was decided by a transfer tribunal.", "He scored twice on his league debut, a 4–0 home win overWatford on the opening day of the league season, although Spurs had a disappointing season where they finished tenth a year after finishing third.", "He won an FA Cup runners-up medal in 1987 when Spurs were beaten by Coventry, while they also finished third in the League and got to the semi-finals of the League Cup.", "It was the third highest sum ever paid for a footballer at the time, when Chris Waddle moved to Olympique de Marseille after scoring 33 times in 138 league appearances for Spurs.", "During his time in France, the club won three French titles.", "They lost to Red Star Belgrade in the European Cup Final.", "He spent a year in France after signing from Rangers, but returned to Scotland after a single season.", "The fans gave him the nickname \"Magic Chris\".", "He was the successor to Roger Magnusson.", "Waddle was the second best player of the century behind Jean Pierre Papin.", "The European Cup Final was held in 1991.", "After the game had ended 0–0 in normal time, Waddle ended up on the losing side in a penalty shoot-out.", "In July 1992 the Waddle moved back to England in a million pound move.", "Waddle was voted the Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year in 1993 and the club reached both domestic cup finals in the 1992–93 season.", "He helped Wednesday reach the semi-finals of the League Cup in the 1993–94 season, but this latest attempt at winning silverware was dashed by Manchester United, and the next two seasons brought bottom-half finishes in the league for Wednesday, with Francis being axed in 1995 and Waddle", "In January 1996, Kevin Keegan tried to re-sign Waddle for Newcastle United as cover for David Ginola during a suspension, but his £500,000 bid was rejected and he was unwilling to meet the player who had played with him in the team more than a decade earlier.", "Celtic was interested in signing Waddle, but none of these transfers ever happened.", "He was interested in becoming their player-manager the following year, but Waddle saw out the season at Wednesday.", "After being frozen out of the team, Waddle was released 5 games into the 1996–97 season, which was when the Owls were top of the league.", "In September 1996, Falkirk and Bradford City Waddle joined each other in the Scottish First Division, but returned south of the border to play for each other in Division One.", "His time at City was a success and he was a firm fans favourite.", "He scored from a corner in a 3–3 draw live on TV.", "In the February 1997 Match of the Day Goal of the month, he scored a goal in a 3-2 FA Cup win against Everton at Goodison Park.", "He did not complete the season in Division One, but his efforts contributed to their survival.", "Despite scoring one goal and providing one assist for all other, the Wearsiders were not able to stay up despite Waddle's move to the club for a nominal fee of £75,000 in March 1997.", "In May 1997 Waddle was appointed player-manager of the club.", "At the end of the season, the club avoided being demoted.", "The only goal he scored was in a 2–2 draw with Bournemouth.", "In the summer of 1998, Waddle joined Torquay United.", "He returned to Wednesday as a coach after playing 7 times for Torquay.", "He was appointed reserve team coach in July 1999 and played for a local pub side, but left in June 2000 after the club was demoted from the premier league.", "Waddle spent two seasons with non-league Worksop Town, making 60 appearances and scoring 3 goals.", "He played in a 12–0 Northern Premier League record win against Frickley Athletic.", "He had a brief spell with Glapwell and one appearance for Stocksbridge Park Steels in the Northern Premier League First Division.", "He came out of retirement after 11 years and signed for a non-league side in July of last year.", "He made his debut in a pre-season friendly, coming on as a substitute at half time.", "The game ended in a 6–2 defeat.", "Waddle signed a one-year deal on August 1st of last year, committing to the promotion push while remaining part of the commentary team.", "He made his full squad debut against Ireland in March 1985 after being called up for the England Under-21 side.", "Waddle was capped at senior level for England for the first time in a 2–1 win over the Republic of Ireland on 26 March 1985.", "He scored his first England goal on his tenth appearance in a 5–0 win over Turkey.", "At the 1986 and 1990 World Cup, Waddle was in England's squad.", "Although England were eliminated at the group stages of Euro 88 after losing all three games, they did reach the quarter-finals of the 1986 World Cup and the semi-finals in 1990, where Waddle missed the decisive penalty in the latter as he put it inches over the bar in the shootout defeat", "He says he only took the fifth penalty because Paul Gascoigne was too upset to take it.", "He blamed a chance meeting with Michael Jackson for missing his penalty.", "Rob Bagchi wrote about Waddle's performance in the 1990 World Cup for The Guardian.", "He won the last of his 62 England caps on 16 October 1991 in a 1–0 win over Turkey, more than six years after making his international debut, and has never missed an England game since.", "He had scored six goals for England.", "Terry Venables wanted to include Waddle in the squad for his first game as England manager.", "Waddle was unavailable for selection due to an injury.", "Waddle recorded a song with Glenn Hoddle in 1987.", "The pair appeared on Top Of The Pops after the song reached number 12 in the UK Singles Chart.", "He and Basile Boli recorded a song together.", "Despite spending the 1997–98 season as a manager, Waddle never returned to the coaching side of the game and became a TV football pundit, commentator and sports newspaper writer.", "He used to work for Setanta Sports and is now an analyst for Radio Five Live's football coverage.", "Waddle appeared on Radio 5 Live as a summariser and also wrote a column for The Sun newspaper.", "In 2008–09, Waddle will commentate on all England away matches.", "Waddle is a pundit on Showsports Arabia, covering the English Premier League from the studio in the United Arab Emirates.", "Waddle was named in the Dream Team Line up.", "Following England's heavy defeat to Germany in the second round of the 2010 World Cup, Waddle criticized the English Football Association.", "Why don't they listen?", "Why don't they ask how they keep producing talent in other countries?", "We don't have many ideas and it's frustrating.", "The amount of money in our league is frightening and we waste it on useless ideas.", "We can only play one way.", "You can't play football if you want to win a trophy and put teams under pressure for 90 minutes.", "We can't do it because we have to be able to play slow, slow, quick.", "Waddle has a daughter and a son.", "Jack was given a one-year first-team contract.", "His cousin, Alan Waddle, played football for a number of teams.", "He was arrested in 2005 after being accused of being involved in a brawl in a pub.", "There wasn't enough evidence to bring charges.", "Waddle was a key part of the popular culture references used in The Fast Show.", "Waddle made regular appearances during the news segment of the show.", "Club International Marseille Division 1: 1989–90, 1990–91), 1991– 92 European Cup runner-up.", "The players of United F.C.", "The players are from Spurs.", "Olympique de Marseille players are from Wednesday F.C.", "The players are from Falkirk F.C.", "The players are fromBradford City A.F.C.", "The players are from the A.F.C.", "The players are from the F.C.", "The players are from Torquay United F.C.", "The players are from Worksop Town F.C.", "The players are from Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.", "The players are from Glapwell F.C.", "The players are from Hallam F.C.", "Football players from England include under-21 international players, 1986 World Cup players, 1990 World Cup players, and English expatriates.", "FA Cup Final players are managers." ]

[ "Christopher Roland Waddle", "Chris", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Chris Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Magic Chris", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddlead", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Alan Waddle", "Chris Wad" ]

[ "Christopher Waddle", "Chrisluk", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Chris Waddle", "Magic Chris", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Waddle", "Alan Waddle", "Waddle" ]

[ "Anna Constantia von Brockdorff (17 October 1680 – 31 March 1765), later the Countess of Cosel, was a German lady-in-waiting and noblewoman, and mistress of Augustus the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, in 1706–1713.", "Eventually he turned against her and exiled her to Saxony, where she died after 49 years of internal exile.", "Life\nAnna Constantia was born in Gut Depenau, today part of Stolpe, Holstein, the daughter of the Knight (Ritter) Joachim von Brockdorff (1643–1719) and his wife Anna Margarethe Marselis (1648-1736), daughter of the rich Hamburg citizen Leonhard Marselis, owner of Gut Depenauborn.", "The Brockdorffs belonged to the Equites Originarii (knightly noble families) and gave their daughter an unusual education for that time: she learned several languages, received instruction in mathematics and classical education, including music (lute in particular) and passionately loved to hunt.", "However, her impetuous behavior worried her parents.", "Early adult life\nIn 1694, her parents sent Anna Constantia to the Schloss Gottorf in Schleswig, the official residence of the Duke Christian Albrecht.", "The fourteen-year-old girl served the Duke's daughter, Sophie Amalie, as a lady-in-waiting.", "Anna Constantia accompanied Sophie Amalie to Wolfenbüttel, where Sophie Amalie became the second wife of the Hereditary Prince August Wilhelm of Brunswick-Lüneburg, son and heir of the Duke Anton Ulrich.", "While in Wolfenbüttel, Anna Constantia became pregnant, possibly by Ludwig Rudolf, younger brother of the Hereditary Prince.", "After the birth of her child in 1702, Anna Constantia was expelled from the court and sent back to her parents in Gut Depenau.", "The fate of the child is unknown.", "Marriage\nBy 1699, Anna Constantia was living openly in Castle Burgscheidungen with the director of the Saxonian Generalakzis Kollegiums, Adolph Magnus, Baron of Hoym, whom she met in Wolfenbüttel.", "After four years of cohabitation, they were married on 2 July 1703 but were divorced by 1706.", "When she arrived in Dresden, Anna Constantia claimed that she was still married to the Baron in order to be able to appear at court.", "Royal mistress\nIn 1704, the King of Poland and Elector of Saxony Augustus the Strong met the vivacious Baroness von Hoym and fell in love with her.", "The Baron of Hoym tried unsuccessfully to prevent the relationship, because he considered his former wife unsuitable for the role of official mistress.", "Augustus' pious wife, Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, refused to reign alongside her husband at the Catholic, scandalous Polish court, and had effectively exiled herself to the Schloss Pretzsch (Elbe).", "Anna Constantia became close to Augustus, but he still had another mistress, Ursula Katharina, Princess of Teschen.", "Finally, in 1705, the Princess Teschen was banished from the court, and Anna Constantia took her place as official mistress.", "In 1706, she was created the Imperial Countess (Reichsgräfin) of Cosel.", "Two years later, on 24 February 1708, she gave birth to August's daughter, named Augusta Anna Constantia after both her parents.", "One year later, on 27 October 1709, the Countess von Cosel bore a second daughter, Friederike Alexandrine, and three years later, on 27 August 1712, she had a son, Frederick Augustus, who was named after his father and eventually inherited Gut Depenau from his maternal grandparents.", "In the opinion of the court, Anna Constantia interfered too much into politics, and in particular, her attempts to meddle in Augustus' Polish politics encountered strong resistance.", "The Protestant Electorate of Saxony was determined to turn the King's attention away from Catholic Poland, which he had lost after the defeat at the hands of Sweden's Charles XII in the Great Northern War.", "Anna Constantia came to be considered increasingly dangerous to the Polish political interests, especially when it was rumoured that Augustus had written his mistress a secret promise to marry her.", "The Polish aristocracy tried to supplant the Countess von Cosel with a Catholic mistress and thus eliminate her from the political scene.", "Augustus finally gave in to the charms of Maria Magdalena Bielinski, Countess von Dönhoff.", "Exiled to Burg Stolpen\nIn 1713, Anna Constantia was banished to the Pillnitz Castle, but in 1715 she managed to flee to Berlin, Prussia.", "For this, she was condemned in Saxony as a Landesverräter (state criminal).", "In Berlin, she hoped to get her hands on Augustus' secret written marriage promise, which was in the hands of her cousin, Count Detlev Christian zu Rantzau, held in the fortress of Spandau.", "However, the Countess failed to retrieve this important document and was arrested on 22 November 1716 in Halle an der Saale and exchanged for Prussian deserters in Saxony.", "Augustus exiled his former mistress on 26 December 1716 to Burg Stolpen, where she remained for the next 49 years until her death.", "Emancipated after August II's demise?", "After the death of August II (1 February 1733) and during the reign of his son and successor, August III there's differing views on to what extent the Countess' exile was lifted or not.", "Rumour has it she was not given freedom .", "Other rumours state, that the Countess did not use the opportunity to flee even though this was presented to her twice (1745 and 1756).", "In both cases the Saxon guards, according to rumour, fled before advancing Prussian troops .", "A documented view on her circumstances after August II comes from the Polish writer Józef Ignacy Kraszewski's historical novel Countess of Cosel (\"Hrabina Cosel\" 1873, later the feature movie Hrabina Cosel).", "The following quote is from the final chapter where the Countess has been offered freedom after 17 years of imprisonment; \n\nThe Countess passed away 31 March 1765 at Stolpen and is also buried there.", "References\nGabriele Hoffmann, Constantia von Cosel und August der Starke − Die Geschichte einer Mätresse, 1984.", "Cornelius Gurlitt: August der Starke\nKosel oder Cosel, Cossel.", "In: Zedlers Universal-Lexicon.", "vol.", "XV, Leipzig 1737, column 1569 f.\nWalter Fellmann: Mätressen\nHeinrich Theodor Flathe, Cosel, Anna Constanze Gräfin von.", "In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB).", "Vol IV, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1876, p. 512.", "Oscar Wilsdorf, Gräfin Cosel – Ein Lebensbild aus der Zeit des Absolutismus.", "Verlag von Heinrich Minden, Dresden und Leipzig 1892 on-line\nThomas Kuster, Anna Constantia Hoym: Reichsgräfin Cosel.", "In: Der Aufstieg und Fall der Mätresse im Europa des 18.", "Jahrhunderts.", "Eine Darstellung anhand ausgewählter Persönlichkeiten.", "Innsbruck 2001.", "1680 births\n1765 deaths\nPeople from Plön (district)\nPeople from the Duchy of Holstein\nGerman countesses\nMistresses of Augustus the Strong\nGerman ladies-in-waiting" ]

[ "Anna Constantia von Brockdorff was a German lady-in-waiting and noblewoman and mistress of Augustus the Strong.", "She died after 49 years of internal exile when he turned against her.", "Anna Constantia was the daughter of the Knight (Ritter) Joachim von Brockdorff and his wife Anna Margarethe Marselis and was born in Gut Depenau.", "The Brockdorffs were members of the Equites Originarii and gave their daughter an unusual education that included several languages, mathematics and classical education.", "Her parents were worried about her impetuous behavior.", "In 1694, Anna Constantia's parents sent her to the official residence of the Duke Christian Albrecht.", "The Duke's daughter was served by a fourteen-year-old girl.", "The second wife of the Hereditary Prince August Wilhelm of Brunswick-Lneburg was accompanied by Anna Constantia.", "The younger brother of the Hereditary Prince may have been responsible for Anna Constantia becoming pregnant.", "Anna Constantia was sent back to her parents after the birth of her child after she was kicked out of the court.", "The child's fate is unknown.", "Anna Constant Burgia married the director of the Saxonian Generalakzis Kollegiums, the Baron of Hoym, in 1699.", "They were married on July 2, 1703 but divorced in 1706.", "Anna Constantia claimed that she was still married to the Baron in order to be able to appear in court.", "The Strong met the Baroness von Hoym and fell in love with her.", "The Baron of Hoym considered his former wife unsuitable for the role of mistress and tried to prevent the relationship.", "Christiane Eberhardine, the wife of Augustus, refused to reign alongside her husband at the Catholic, scandalous Polish court and had effectively exiled herself to the Schloss Pretzsch.", "Anna Constantia was close to Augustus, but he still had another mistress.", "800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The Imperial Countess was created in 1706.", "She gave birth to August's daughter, Augusta Anna Constantia, two years later.", "One year later, on 27 October 1709, the Countess von Cosel had a second daughter, Friederike, and three years later, she had a son, Frederick Augustus, who was named after his father.", "Anna Constantia interfered too much into politics and her attempts to meddle in Augustus' Polish politics encountered strong resistance.", "After the defeat at the hands of Sweden's Charles XII in the Great Northern War, the King's attention was turned away from Catholic Poland.", "When it was rumored that Augustus had written his mistress a secret promise to marry her, Anna Constantia became more dangerous to the Polish political interests.", "The Polish aristocracy tried to eliminate the Countess von Cosel from the political scene by replacing her with a Catholic mistress.", "The charms of Maria Bielinski were finally given in by Augustus.", "In 1713, Anna Constantia was exiled to Burg Stolpen, but in 1715 she escaped to Berlin, Prussia.", "She was condemned as a Landesverrter for this.", "She wanted to get her hands on Augustus' secret written marriage promise, which was held in the hands of her cousin.", "The Countess was arrested in Halle an der Saale in 1716 after she failed to retrieve the important document.", "Burg Stolpen was where Augustus exiled his mistress on December 26, 1716, for the next 49 years.", "The mancipated after August II's demise?", "The Countess' exile was lifted or not after the death of August II and the reign of August III.", "It has been said that she was not given freedom.", "The rumour says that the Countess didn't use the opportunity to flee even though she was given it twice.", "According to rumour, the Saxon guards fled before the troops advanced.", "There is a documented view on her circumstances after August II from the Polish writer Jzef Ignacy Kraszewski.", "The last chapter of the book states that the Countess was offered freedom after 17 years of imprisonment, but he passed away on March 31, 1765.", "Gabriele Hoffmann, Constantia von Cosel, and August der Starke are references.", "August der Starke Kosel was written by Cornelius Gurlitt.", "In: Universal-Lexicon.", "vol.", "Walter Fellmann: Mtressen Heinrich Theodor Flathe, Cosel, Anna Constanze Gr fin von.", "In: AllgemeineDeutsche Biographie.", "The fourth volume, Duncker & Humblot, was published in 1876.", "Oscar Wilsdorf and Grfin Cosel have a book called Ein Lebensbild aus der Zeit des Absolutismus.", "On-line Thomas Kuster and Anna Constantia Hoym: Reichsgrfin Cosel.", "In: The fall of the Mtresse.", "Jahrhunderts.", "Eine Darstellung ist bei Persnlichkeiten.", "Innsbruck 2001.", "The people from the district are from the Duchy of Holstein." ]

[ "Anna Constantia von Brockdorf", "Anna Constantia", "Joachim von Brockdorff", "Anna Margarethe Marselis", "Anna Constant", "Anna Constant", "Anna Constant", "Anna Constant", "Anna Constantia", "Anna Constant", "von Hoym", "Anna Constantia", "Anna Constantia", "Augusta Anna", "von Co", "Anna Constant", "Anna Constant", "von Co", "von D", "Anna Constantia", "Constantia", "von Cosel", "Anna Con", "Anna Constantia" ]

[ "Anna Constantia von Brockdorf", "Anna Constantia", "Joachim von Brockdorf", "Anna Margarethe Marselis", "Anna Constantia", "Anna Constant", "Anna Constant", "Anna Constantia", "Anna Constant", "Anna Constantia", "von Hoym", "Anna Constantia", "von Co", "Anna Constant", "Anna Constant", "von Co", "Anna Constantia", "Constantia", "von Cosel", "Anna Constan", "Anna Constantia" ]

[ "Jennifer Ann Agutter (born 20 December 1952) is a British actress.", "She began her career as a child actress in 1964, appearing in East of Sudan, Star!, and two adaptations of The Railway Children—the BBC's 1968 television serial and the 1970 film version.", "She also starred in the critically acclaimed film Walkabout and the TV film The Snow Goose (both 1971), for which she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama.", "She relocated to the United States in 1974 to pursue a Hollywood career and subsequently appeared in Logan's Run (1976), Amy (1981), An American Werewolf in London (1981), and Child's Play 2 (1990).", "Parallel to her Hollywood film roles, Agutter continued appearing in high-profile British films such as The Eagle Has Landed (1976), Equus (1977), for which she won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role, and The Riddle of the Sands (1979).", "In 1981, she also co-starred in The Survivor, an Australian adaptation of the James Herbert novel, and was nominated for an AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role.", "After returning to Britain in the early 1990s to pursue family life, Agutter shifted her focus to television, and in 2000, she appeared in a television adaptation of The Railway Children, this time taking on the role of the mother.", "She has continued to work steadily in British television drama, and since 2012, she has starred in the BBC's primetime ratings hit Call the Midwife.", "She also made a return to Hollywood film-making in 2012, appearing in The Avengers, and reprised her role in Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014).", "Agutter is married with one adult son.", "She supports several charitable causes, mostly in relation to cystic fibrosis, a condition from which her niece suffers, and was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for charitable services.", "Early life\nAgutter was born in Taunton, Somerset, England.", "She is the daughter of Derek Agutter (an entertainments manager in the British Army) and Catherine, and was raised Roman Catholic.", "As a child, she lived in Singapore, Dhekelia (Cyprus) and Kuala Lumpur (Malaya).", "She was discovered at Elmhurst Ballet School, a boarding school she attended from ages eight to sixteen, when a casting agent looked for a young English-speaking girl for a film.", "She did not get the part, but he recommended her to the producers of East of Sudan (1964).", "Career\n\nTelevision and film\nAgutter came to television audiences as Kirsty in the twice-weekly BBC series The Newcomers.", "The character Kirsty was the daughter of the new managing director of Eden Brothers, the fictional firm that was at the centre of the series.", "Agutter could appear only during school holidays.", "At this stage of her career, she was listed in credits as Jennifer.", "In 1966, she portrayed a ballet pupil in Disney's film Ballerina.", "In 1968, she was featured in the lavish big-budget 20th Century Fox film musical Star!", "with Julie Andrews as Gertrude Lawrence.", "In that motion picture, Agutter played Lawrence's neglected daughter Pamela.", "Later, she played Roberta in a BBC adaptation of The Railway Children (1968) and played the same part in Lionel Jeffries's 1970 film of the book.", "She followed this with a more serious role in the thriller I Start Counting (1969).", "She also won an Emmy as supporting actress for her television role as Fritha, in a British television adaptation of The Snow Goose (1971).", "Agutter moved into adult roles, beginning with Walkabout (1971), playing a teenaged schoolgirl lost with her younger brother in the Australian outback.", "She auditioned for the role in 1967, but funding problems delayed filming until 1969.", "The delay meant Agutter was 16 at the time of filming, which allowed the director to include nude scenes.", "Among them was a five-minute skinny-dipping scene, which was cut from the original US release.", "She said at the 2005 Bradford Film Festival at the National Media Museum that she was shocked by the film's explicitness, but remains on good terms with director Nicolas Roeg.", "Agutter moved to Hollywood at 21 and appeared in a number of films over the next decade, including The Eagle Has Landed (1976), Logan's Run (1976), Equus (1977), for which she won a BAFTA as Best Supporting Actress), An American Werewolf in London (1981), and an adaptation of the James Herbert novel The Survivor (1981).", "Agutter has commented that the innocence of the characters she played in her early films, combined with the costumes and nudity in later adult roles such as Logan's Run, Equus, and An American Werewolf in London, are \"perfect fantasy fodder\".", "In 1990, Agutter returned to the UK to concentrate on family life and her focus shifted towards British television.", "During the 1990s, she was cast in an adaptation of Jeffrey Archer's novel Not a Penny More, Not a Penny Less and as the scandalous Idina Hatton in the BBC miniseries The Buccaneers, inspired by Edith Wharton's unfinished 1938 book, and made guest appearances in television series such as Red Dwarf and Heartbeat.", "In 2000, she starred in a third adaptation of The Railway Children, produced by Carlton TV, this time playing the mother.", "Since then Agutter has had recurring roles in several television series including Spooks, The Invisibles, Monday Monday and The Alan Clark Diaries.", "In 2012 Agutter resumed her Hollywood career, appearing as a member of the World Security Council in the blockbuster film The Avengers; she reprised her role in Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014).", "She currently plays Sister Julienne in the BBC television drama series Call the Midwife.", "Theatre\nAgutter has appeared in numerous theatre productions since her stage debut in 1970, including stints at the National Theatre in 1972–73, the title role in a derivation of Hedda Gabler at the Roundhouse in 1980 and with the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1982–83.", "In 1987–88, Agutter played the role of Pat Green in the Broadway production of the Hugh Whitemore play Breaking the Code, about computer pioneer Alan Turing.", "In 1995 she was in an RSC production of Love's Labour's Lost staged in Tokyo.", "She is also a patron of the Shakespeare Schools Festival, a charity that enables school children in the UK to perform Shakespeare in professional theatres.", "Audio\nIn 2008, she also guest-starred in the Doctor Who audio drama The Bride of Peladon and played an outlawed scientist in The Minister of Chance.", "She has appeared as a guest star character (\"Fiona Templeton\") in the Radio 4 comedy Ed Reardon's Week.", "Music\nAgutter appears on the 1990 Prefab Sprout song \"Wild Horses\", speaking the words \"I want to have you\".", "Personal life\nAt a 1989 arts festival in Bath, Somerset, Agutter met Johan Tham, a Swedish hotelier who was a director of Cliveden Hotel in Buckinghamshire.", "They married in August 1990, and their son Jonathan was born on 25 December 1990.", "Agutter lives in London, but has a keen interest in Cornwall and once owned a second home there on the Trelowarren Estate, in one of the parishes on the Lizard peninsula.", "She was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for charitable services.", "Agutter has been attached to several causes throughout her career.", "She has been involved in raising awareness of the illness cystic fibrosis, which she believes was responsible for the deaths of two of her siblings.", "Her niece has the disease.", "At Agutter's suggestion, an episode of Call the Midwife focused on cystic fibrosis.", "She has also worked in support of charities, in particular the Cystic Fibrosis Trust, of which she is a patron (she is also a carrier of the genetic mutation).", "Politics\nIn August 2014, Agutter was also one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September 2014's referendum on that issue.", "Filmography\n\nFilm\n\nTelevision\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n Jenny Agutter at the TCM Movie Database\n \n\nLiving people\n1952 births\n20th-century English actresses\n21st-century English actresses\nActresses from Somerset\nBest Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners\nEnglish child actresses\nEnglish film actresses\nEnglish stage actresses\nEnglish television actresses\nPeople educated at the Elmhurst School for Dance\nPeople from Taunton\nOfficers of the Order of the British Empire\nOutstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners" ]

[ "She is a British actress.", "She began her career as a child actress in 1964, appearing in East of Sudan, Star!, and two versions of The Railway Children.", "She won an award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama for her role in The Snow Goose.", "She moved to the United States in 1974 to pursue a Hollywood career and appeared in a number of movies.", "Agutter won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for The Eagle Has Landed, one of the British films she appeared in.", "She was nominated for an AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role in The Survivor, an Australian adaptation of the James Herbert novel.", "After returning to Britain in the early 1990s to pursue family life, Agutter shifted her focus to television, and in 2000 she appeared in a television adaptation of The Railway Children, taking on the role of the mother.", "She has continued to work in British television drama, and since 2012 she has starred in the hit show Call the Midwife.", "She reprised her role in Captain America: The Winter Soldier after appearing in The Avengers.", "Agutter is married to a male child.", "She was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for her services to charity.", "Agutter was born in England.", "She is the daughter of an entertainments manager in the British Army and a Roman Catholic.", "She lived in Singapore, Malaya and Cyprus as a child.", "She was discovered at a boarding school when a casting agent looked for a young English-speaking girl.", "He recommended her to the producers of East of Sudan even though she did not get the part.", "In The Newcomers, Agutter played the role of Kirsty, a career television and film actor.", "The character was the daughter of the new managing director of the fictional firm that was at the center of the series.", "The Agutter could only appear during school holidays.", "She was listed in credits as \"Jen\" at this point in her career.", "She played a ballet student in Disney's film Ballerina.", "She was featured in a 20th Century Fox film in 1968.", "Julie is playing Gertrude Lawrence.", "Pamela was played by Agutter in that movie.", "She played the same part in both The Railway Children and Lionel Jeffries's film of the book.", "She played a more serious role in I Start Counting.", "She won an award for her role as Fritha in a British television adaptation of The Snow Goose.", "Agutter played a teenaged schoolgirl lost with her younger brother in the Australian outback in Walkabout.", "Funding problems delayed filming until 1969.", "The nude scenes were allowed because Agutter was 16 at the time.", "The skinny-dipping scene was cut from the original US release.", "She said at the National Media Museum that she was shocked by the film's explicitness, but still has good relations with the director.", "After moving to Hollywood at the age of 21, Agutter appeared in a number of films, including The Eagle Has Landed (1976) and An American Werewolf in London (1981), which she won a BAFTA for Best Supporting Actress.", "Agutter commented that the innocence of the characters she played in her early films, combined with the costumes and nudity in later adult roles, are perfect fantasy fodder.", "Agutter returned to the UK in 1990 to focus on family life.", "In the 1990s, she was cast in an adaptation of Jeffrey Archer's novel Not aPenny More, Not aPenny Less and she also appeared in television series.", "She played the mother in a third adaptation of The Railway Children that was produced by Carlton TV.", "Agutter has had recurring roles in several television shows.", "Agutter reprised her role in Captain America: The Winter Soldier after appearing as a member of the World Security Council in The Avenger.", "She plays Sister Julienne in Call the Midwife.", "Theatre Agutter has appeared in numerous theatre productions since her stage debut in 1970, including a stint at the National Theatre in 1972– 73, the title role in a derivation of Hedda Gabler at the Roundhouse in 1980 and the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1982.", "Agutter played the role of Pat Green in the Broadway production of the Hugh Whitemore play, about computer pioneer Alan Turing.", "Love's Labour's Lost was staged in Tokyo in 1995.", "The Shakespeare Schools Festival is a charity that helps school children in the UK to perform Shakespeare in professional theatres.", "She played an outlawed scientist in The Minister of Chance and guest- starred in the Doctor Who audio drama The Bride of Peladon.", "She played a guest star character in Ed Reardon's Week.", "Music Agutter spoke the words \"I want to have you\" on the 1990 Prefab Sprout song \"Wild Horses\".", "Agutter met a Swedish hotelier at a 1989 arts festival who was the director of the Cliveden Hotel.", "Their son Jonathan was born in 1990.", "Agutter once owned a second home on the Trelowarren Estate in one of the parishes on the Lizard peninsula, but he now lives in London.", "She was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for her charitable services.", "Several causes have been attached to Agutter throughout her career.", "She believes that the deaths of two of her siblings were due to the illness cystic fibrosis.", "Her niece has a disease.", "An episode of Call the Midwife focused on cystic fibrosis was suggested by Agutter.", "She is a patron of the Cystic Fibrosis Trust and is a carrier of the genetic mutation.", "Agutter was one of 200 public figures who signed a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom.", "Jenny Agutter at the TCM Movie Database has links to other film and television references." ]

[ "Jennifer Ann Agutter", "Derek Agutter", "Agutter", "Agutter", "Jenny Agu" ]

[ "Agutter", "Agutter", "Agutter", "Agutter", "Agutter", "Jenny Agutter" ]

[ "Daniel J.", "\"Danny\" Neaverth, Sr. (born May 11, 1938) is an American disc jockey and television personality from Buffalo, New York.", "He is best known for a run of over 40 years as a morning disc jockey in Buffalo, including 25 years at heritage top-40 and oldies station WKBW/WWKB, another 15 years at oldies/classic hits WHTT-FM and a three-year run at WECK.", "Radio career\nNeaverth recalled that his first radio work was as a young teenager, when he, his longtime friend and collaborator Joey Reynolds, WEBR jockey Danny McBride, and others set up a closed-circuit radio station at a Boys Club in Buffalo, under a sponsorship deal with a local pizzeria that \"paid\" the jockeys in free pizza.", "Neaverth was personally trained in the art of broadcasting by Jack Curran of Syracuse, New York and did not attend college.", "(As a running gag, Neaverth often claims he \"went to Syracuse\" when asked about his education.)", "began his career at WFRM in Coudersport, Pennsylvania in 1957, where he served as afternoon jock.", "In 1959, he went to WDOE and then on to WBNY in Buffalo, the city's first rock and roll station.", "By 1961, WKBW had lured him to host the afternoon drive time slot (he became the station's morning host in 1970).", "Becoming known for the tagline \"Danny moves your fanny in the morning!\"", "and the catch phrase \"I got up early so I could be the first kid on the block to say good morning to you\" among many others, Neaverth spent 26 years at WKBW through top 40, adult contemporary and oldies formats before an ownership change and a format change to talk radio led to his termination in the late 1980s.", "During his time in Buffalo, he co-recorded a comedy record, \"Rats in my Room\" (an expanded and rearranged cover of a Leona Anderson song) along with fellow WKBW jock Joey Reynolds, that was a regional hit, in 1963.", "For his expansion and rearrangement work, Neaverth was required to join BMI and received $80 in royalties; he was disappointed to find that airplay of \"Rats in my Room\" had dropped off to zero after only two months and only once (when David Letterman played it on Late Night) did it ever get another spin; he never received the $7.69 royalty for Letterman's usage.", "Neaverth, on behalf of WKBW, was offered the chance to bring The Beatles to Buffalo Memorial Auditorium on February 10, 1964, the day after the band had appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show.", "It would have been the Beatles' first concert in North America.", "Neaverth, not willing to risk the $3500 appearance fee for a Monday night concert in the poor February weather for an unproven band he did not expect to sell out the auditorium declined the offer.", "It was not until after Beatlemania swept the nation that Neaverth acknowledged that his move was a mistake as the city would never again have the opportunity to bring the Beatles to Buffalo and it would be over five decades before Beatles co-founder Paul McCartney would perform in the city.", "His absence from radio in the late 1980s was short-lived, as he would quickly find his way to WHTT-FM, which was launching an oldies format of its own.", "Neaverth spent another decade at WHTT, again as morning jock, until being dismissed in a cost-cutting move in 2002.", "Shortly thereafter, he came out of retirement for another three year stretch at a revived \"WKBW,\" where he (along with the oldies format in general) quadrupled the station's Arbitron ratings.", "After three years, WKBW's owner decided to pull the plug on oldies again, and Neaverth spent the next decade in semi-retirement.", "On May 4, 2017, Neaverth was added to the airstaff at WECK, hosting a weekly oldies program on Friday afternoons.", "Neaverth moved his show to Monday mornings in February 2019, reuniting him with Tom Donahue, his newsman at WWKB and WHTT.", "He was displaced from the Monday morning position in October 2019 after the station hired Roger Christian to fill the position.", "Neaverth was fired in April 2020 in a public argument with WECK owner Buddy Shula over how his co-workers were treated during the coronavirus outbreak.", "He has remained mostly in retirement since then but has been active on social media with his tongue-in-cheek production \"Danny Needs a Job\" and has hinted that he would not turn down another job offer in Buffalo if one were given.", "Neaverth is a member of the Buffalo Broadcast Pioneers Hall of Fame and the New York State Broadcasters Association Hall of Fame.", "Other appearances\nNeaverth also had a very long run as the public address announcer for the Buffalo Bills for 13 years.", "He also served as the public address announcer for the Buffalo Braves throughout the team's existence.", "As part of his work with WKBW, he and his fellow disc jockeys played as part of the \"KB Yo-Yo Basketball Team,\" a Washington Generals-like sports entertainment squad that would travel to local schools and play charity games against teachers, deliberately losing every time.", "Neaverth has also been seen frequently on television.", "Neaverth, while still doing disc jockey work at WKBW, also served as noon weatherman for sister station WKBW-TV, despite taking all the forecasts from Accuweather and admittedly not knowing at all what he was doing.", "Later, in the 1980s, Neaverth moved to WGRZ-TV and hosted the talk show Nearly Noon with Dan Neaverth, and in 2016, he began producing a series of segments called I've Been Thinking for WBBZ-TV.", "Neaverth can also occasionally be seen hosting infomercials and commercials.", "Personal life\n\nNeaverth, who originally came from South Buffalo, resides in Orchard Park, New York.", "He attended and graduated from Bishop Timon high school in South Buffalo, New York.", "His wife of 59 years, the former Marie Seifert, died August 17, 2017.", "Two of his four sons, Dan Jr. and Darren, have also worked in the radio industry (David and Dean did not); Dan Jr. was also a fire chief for Orchard Park.", "Neaverth is a registered Democrat but also identifies as a regular listener to conservative talk radio shows on WBEN.", "References\n\nExternal links\nNeaverth's bio at WECK\n\nRadio personalities from Buffalo, New York\nAmerican radio personalities\nLiving people\n1938 births\nPeople from Orchard Park, New York\nAmerican sports announcers\nNew York (state) Democrats\nNational Football League public address announcers" ]

[ "Daniel J.", "Danny Neaverth, Jr., also known as \"Danny\" Neaverth, is an American disc jockey and television personality from Buffalo, New York.", "He has been a morning disc jockey in Buffalo for over 40 years, including 25 years at heritage top-40 and oldies station WWKB, another 15 years at oldies/classic hits, and a three-year run at WECK.", "Neaverth's first radio job was as a teenager, when he and his friends set up a closed-circuit radio station at a Boys Club in Buffalo under a sponsorship deal with a local pizzeria.", "Neaverth did not attend college but he was trained in the art of broadcasting.", "Neaverth often says he went to Syracuse when asked about his education.", "He began his career at a radio station in Coudersport, Pennsylvania.", "WBNY in Buffalo was the city's first rock and roll station.", "He became the station's morning host in 1970 and was lured to host the afternoon drive time slot in 1961.", "The slogan was \"Danny moves your fanny in the morning!\"", "\"I got up early so I could be the first kid on the block to say good morning to you\" is a catch phrase that Neaverth used for 26 years at WKBW.", "\"Rats in my Room\", a comedy record he co-produced with Joey Reynolds, was a regional hit in 1963.", "After only two months of playing \"Rats in my Room\", Neaverth was disappointed to find that only one late night show played it.", "On February 10, 1964, the day after the band appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, Neaverth was offered the chance to bring The Beatles to Buffalo Memorial Auditorium.", "The Beatles would have performed in North America.", "Neaverth was not willing to risk the $3500 appearance fee for a Monday night concert in the poor February weather for a band he did not expect to sell out the auditorium.", "It was not until after Beatlemania swept the nation that Neaverth acknowledged that his move was a mistake as the city would never again have the chance to bring the Beatles to Buffalo and it would be over five decades before Paul McCartney would perform in the city.", "His return to radio in the late 1980s was short-lived, as he found his way to a station that was launching an oldies format.", "Neaverth was dismissed from his job as morning jock at WHTT in 2002.", "He came out of retirement for another three year stretch at a revived \"WKBW,\" where he quadrupled the station's Arbitron ratings.", "Neaverth spent the next decade in semi-retirement after the owner decided to pull the plug on oldies again.", "Neaverth was added to the airstaff at WECK on May 4, 2017.", "Neaverth's show was moved to Monday mornings in February 2019.", "After the station hired Roger Christian to fill the position, he was displaced from the Monday morning position.", "Neaverth was fired in April 2020 after an argument with WECK owner Buddy Shula.", "He has remained mostly in retirement since then but has been active on social media with his tongue-in-cheek production \"Danny Needs a Job\" and has indicated that he would not turn down another job offer in Buffalo.", "Neaverth is a member of the New York State Broadcasters Association Hall of Fame.", "Neaverth was the public address announcer for the Buffalo Bills for 13 years.", "He was the public address announcer for the Buffalo Braves.", "He and his fellow disc jockeys were part of the \"KB Yo-Yo Basketball Team,\" a Washington Generals-like sports entertainment squad that would travel to local schools and play charity games against teachers, deliberately losing every time.", "Neaverth is frequently seen on television.", "Despite taking all the forecasts from Accuweather and not knowing what he was doing, Neaverth was still the noon weatherman for sister station WKBW-TV.", "In the 1980s, Neaverth hosted the talk show Nearly Noon with Dan Neaverth, and in 2016 he began producing a series of segments called I've Been Thinking for WBBZ-TV.", "Neaverth occasionally hosts commercials and infomercials.", "Neaverth came from South Buffalo and now lives in New York.", "He graduated from Bishop Timon high school.", "His wife of 59 years, Marie, died in August.", "David and Dean did not work in the radio industry, but their father, Dan Jr., was a fire chief.", "Neaverth is a registered Democrat and also listens to conservative talk radio shows.", "There are links to Neaverth's bio at WECK Radio personalities from Buffalo, New York." ]

[ "Danny", "\" Neaverth", "Danny McBride", "Danny", "Neaverth", "Neaverth", "Dan Neaverth", "Neaverth" ]

[ ". Danny Neaverth", "Danny", "Neaverth", "Neaverth", "Neaverth", "Danny", "Neaverth", "Neaverth", "Neaverth", "Neaverth", "Neaverth", "Dan Neaverth" ]

[ "Bernhardt \"Ben\" Klassen ( (O.S.", "February 7, 1918) – ) was an American politician and white supremacist religious leader.", "He founded the Church of the Creator with the publication of his book Nature's Eternal Religion in 1973.", "Klassen was openly racist, antisemitic and anti-Christian and first popularized the term \"Racial Holy War\" within the White Power movement.", "At one point, Klassen was a Republican Florida state legislator, as well as a supporter of George Wallace's presidential campaign.", "In addition to his religious and political work, Klassen was an electrical engineer and he was also the inventor of a wall-mounted electric can-opener.", "Klassen held unorthodox views about dieting and health.", "He was a natural hygienist who opposed the germ theory of disease as well as conventional medicine and promoted a fruitarian, raw food diet.", "Early life \n\nKlassen was born on February 20, 1918, in Rudnerweide (now Rozivka in Chernihivka Raion in Zaporizhzhia Oblast), Ukraine, to Bernhard and Susanna Klassen (née Friesen) a Ukrainian Mennonite Christian couple.", "He had two sisters and two brothers.", "When Klassen was nine months old, he caught typhoid fever and nearly died.", "His earliest memories were of the famine of 1921–22.", "He remembered his father rationing to him one slice of dark bread for dinner.", "Klassen was first introduced to religion at the age of \"three or four\".", "When he was five, the family moved to Mexico, where they lived for one year.", "In 1925, at age six, he moved with his family to Herschel, Saskatchewan, Canada.", "He attended the German-English Academy (now Rosthern Junior College).", "Entrepreneurship\nKlassen established a real estate firm in Los Angeles in partnership with Ben Burke.", "Believing that his partner was prone to drinking and gambling, Klassen eventually bought him out and became sole proprietor.", "He hired several salesmen, including Merle Peek, who convinced him to buy large land development projects in Nevada.", "Klassen and Peek started a partnership called the Silver Springs Land Company, through which they founded the town of Silver Springs, Nevada.", "In 1952, Klassen sold his share of the company to Phillip Hess for $150,000 and retired.", "On March 26, 1956, Klassen filed an application with the U.S. Patent Office to patent a wall-mounted, electric can opener which he marketed as Canolectric.", "In partnership with the marketing firm Robbins & Myers, Klassen created Klassen Enterprises, Inc.", "In the face of competition from larger manufacturers that could provide similar products more cheaply, Klassen and his partners dissolved the company in 1962.", "Political career\nKlassen served Broward County in the Florida House of Representatives from November 1966 – March 1967, running on an anti-busing, anti-government platform.", "He campaigned for election to the Florida Senate in 1967, but was defeated.", "That same year, he was vice chairman of an organization in Florida which supported George Wallace's presidential bid.", "Klassen was a member of the John Birch Society, at one point operating an American Opinion bookstore.", "But he became disillusioned with the Society because of what he viewed as its tolerant position towards Jews.", "In November 1970, Klassen, along with Austin Davis, created the Nationalist White Party.", "The party's platform was directed at White Christians and it was explicitly religious and racial in nature; the first sentence of the party's fourteen-point program is \"We believe that the White Race was created in the Image of the Lord.\"", "The logo of the Nationalist White Party was a \"W\" with a crown and a halo over it, and it would be used three years later as the logo of the Church of the Creator.", "Less than a year after he created the Nationalist White Party, Klassen began expressing apprehension about Christianity to his connections through letters.", "These letters were not well received and they effectively ended the influence of the Nationalist White Party.", "Church of the Creator\n\nIn 1973 Klassen founded the Church of the Creator (COTC) with the publication of Nature's Eternal Religion.", "Individual church members are called Creators, and the religion they practice is called Creativity.", "In 1982, Klassen established the headquarters of his church in Otto, North Carolina.", "Klassen wrote that he established a school for boys.", "The original curriculum was a two-week summer program that included activities such as \"hiking, camping, training in handling of firearms, archery, tennis, white water rafting and other healthy outdoor activities\", as well as instruction on \"the goals and doctrines of Creativity and how they could best serve their own race in various capacities of leadership.\"", "In July 1992 George Loeb, a minister in the church, was convicted of murdering a black sailor in Jacksonville, Florida.", "Fearing that a conviction might mean the loss of 20 acres of land worth about $400,000 in Otto, North Carolina belonging to the church, Klassen sold it to another white supremacist, William Luther Pierce, author of the Turner Diaries, for $100,000.", "Klassen was Pontifex Maximus of the church until January 25, 1993, when he transferred the title to Dr. Rick McCarty.", "Racial holy war\nBen Klassen first popularized the term \"Racial Holy War\" (RaHoWa) within the white nationalist movement.", "He also consistently called black people \"niggers\" in public discourse as well as in the literature of the COTC, as opposed to many white nationalist leaders who use relatively more polite terms in public.", "Klassen wrote, \"Furthermore, in looking up the word in Webster's dictionary I found the term 'nigger' very descriptive: 'a vulgar, offensive term of hostility and contempt for the black man'.", "I can't think of anything that defines better and more accurately what our position... should be...", "If we are going to be for racial integrity and racial purity... we must take a hostile position toward the nigger.", "We must give him nothing but contempt.\"", "In his 1987 book Rahowa – This Planet Is All Ours he claims that Jews created Christianity in order to make white people weaker, and he said that the first priority should be to \"smash the Jewish Behemoth\".", "Personal beliefs\n\nKlassen was a natural hygienist who promoted a back to nature philosophy that espoused fresh air, clean water, sunshine and outdoor exercise.", "He recommended a raw food diet which consisted of fruits and vegetables and believed that medicine and processed foods create cancer inside the body.", "Klassen wrote that food must be \"uncooked, unprocessed, unpreserved and not tampered with in any other way.", "This further means it must be organically grown without the use of chemicals.\"", "Klassen promoted \"racial health\" and natural hygiene principles, and he was influenced by the works of Herbert M. Shelton.", "Klassen believed that fasting would cleanse the body of toxins, and he also believed that a fruitarian raw food diet would cure disease.", "Klassen rejected the germ theory of disease and believed that modern medicine was a Jewish multi-billion-dollar fraud.", "Klassen contributed an introduction and a chapter on eugenics to Arnold DeVries' book Salubrious Living (1982).", "The book endorsed fasting, sunbathing, fruitarian and raw food dieting.", "Historian George Michael has written that \"despite his advocacy of healthy nutrition, some of his associates claimed that in practice Klassen did not actually follow the \"salubrious living\" regimen, because he often ate red meat and ice cream.\"", "Klassen firmly opposed religion because he believed it was superstitious, and he described Christianity as a \"Jewish creation\" which was designed to unhinge white people by promoting a \"completely perverted attitude\" about life and nature.", "He rejected the afterlife as \"nonsense\".", "He argued that man's morality and sense of purpose is based on the laws of nature and racial loyalty.", "Klassen believed that the white race was the sole builder of civilization and all of the advanced civilizations which existed in antiquity were created by white people but they were destroyed because they practiced miscegenation.", "Death \n\nPossibly depressed after the death of his wife, the failure of his church and a diagnosis of cancer and considering suicide a suitable way to end his life, Klassen took an overdose of sleeping pills either late on August 6 or early on August 7, 1993.", "Klassen was buried on his North Carolina property in an area which he had previously designated \"Ben Klassen Memorial Park\".", "Selected publications\n\nNatures Eternal Religion (1973)\nThe White Man's Bible (1981)\nSalubrious Living (with Arnold DeVries, 1982)\nExpanding Creativity (1985)\nBuilding a Whiter and Brighter World (1986)\nOn the Brink of a Bloody Racial War (1993)\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nGeorge Michael.", "(2009).", "Chapter 5: Groundbreaking in North Carolina.", "In Theology Of Hate: A History of the World Church of the Creator.", "University Press of Florida.", "1918 births\n1993 suicides\n20th-century American engineers\n20th-century American inventors\nAmerican city founders\nAmerican electrical engineers\nAmerican eugenicists\nAmerican fascists\nAmerican former Christians\nAmerican politicians who committed suicide\nAmerican real estate businesspeople\nAmerican white supremacists\nCanadian emigrants to the United States\nCreativity (religion)\nCritics of Christianity\nDrug-related suicides in North Carolina\nFascist politicians\nFasting advocates\nFlorida Republicans\nFounders of new religious movements\nGerm theory denialists\nJohn Birch Society members\nMembers of the Florida House of Representatives\nOrthopaths\nPeople from Broward County, Florida\nPeople from Chernihivka Raion\nPeople from Macon County, North Carolina\nPseudoscientific diet advocates\nRaw foodists\nSoviet emigrants to Canada\nUkrainian people of German descent\nUniversity of Manitoba alumni\nUniversity of Saskatchewan alumni\n20th-century American politicians\nCritics of Judaism" ]

[ "The person is Bernhardt \"Ben\" Klassen.", "The white supremacist religious leader was an American politician.", "He published his book Nature's Eternal Religion in 1973.", "The term \"Racial Holy War\" was popularized by Klassen, who was openly racist, antisemitic and anti-Christian.", "At one point, Klassen was a Republican Florida state legislator and supporter of George Wallace's presidential campaign.", "He was an electrical engineer and the inventor of a wall-mounted electric can-opener.", "Klassen had different views about diet and health.", "He promoted a fruitarian, raw food diet and opposed the germ theory of disease.", "In Rudnerweide, Ukraine, on February 20, 1918, Klassen was born to a Ukrainian Mennonite Christian couple.", "He had five siblings.", "He almost died when he was nine months old.", "The famine of 1921–22 was his earliest memory.", "He remembered his father rationing bread to him.", "At the age of three or four, Klassen was introduced to religion.", "The family moved to Mexico when he was five years old.", "He and his family moved to Canada at the age of six.", "He was a student at the German-English Academy.", "Klassen and Burke founded a real estate firm in Los Angeles.", "Klassen thought his partner was prone to drinking and gambling, so he bought him out and became sole proprietor.", "He hired several people, including Peek, who convinced him to buy large land development projects in Nevada.", "The town of Silver Springs, Nevada, was founded by Klassen and Peek through a partnership called the Silver Springs Land Company.", "Klassen retired after selling his share of the company for $150,000.", "On March 26, 1956, Klassen filed an application with the U.S. Patent Office to patent a wall-mounted, electric can opener.", "Klassen created a company with the help of a marketing firm.", "The company was dissolved in 1962 in the face of competition from larger manufacturers that could provide similar products more cheaply.", "In the Florida House of Representatives, Klassen ran on an anti-busing, anti-government platform.", "He tried to get elected to the Florida Senate in 1967.", "He was the vice chairman of an organization that supported George Wallace's presidential bid.", "The American Opinion bookstore was once operated by Klassen, who was a member of the John Birch Society.", "He became dissatisfied with the Society because of its tolerant stance towards Jews.", "The Nationalist White Party was founded in 1970.", "The first sentence of the party's fourteen-point program is \"We believe that the White Race was created in the image of the Lord.\"", "The logo of the Nationalist White Party was a \"W\" with a crown and a halo over it, and it would be used three years later as the logo of the Church of the Creator.", "Less than a year after creating the Nationalist White Party, Klassen began to worry about Christianity.", "The influence of the Nationalist White Party was ended by these letters.", "The Church of the Creator was founded in 1973, after the publication of Nature's Eternal Religion.", "The religion of the individual church members is called Creativity.", "The headquarters of the church was established in 1982.", "He established a school for boys.", "The original curriculum included activities such as hiking, camping, training in handling of firearms, archery, tennis, white water rafting and other healthy outdoor activities.", "A minister in the church was convicted of murdering a black sailor.", "Fearing that a conviction would result in the loss of 20 acres of land in Otto, North Carolina belonging to the church, Klassen sold it to another white supremacist for $100,000.", "The title of Pontifex Maximus was transferred to Dr. Rick McCarty on January 25, 1993.", "The term \"racial holy war\" was popularized by Ben Klassen.", "He called black people \"niggers\" in public as well as in the literature of the C OTC, as opposed to many white nationalist leaders who use more polite terms in public.", "I found the term 'nigger' in the dictionary to be offensive and contemptuous of the black man.", "I can't think of a better way to define our position.", "We need to take a hostile position toward the nigger if we are going to be for racial integrity and racial purity.", "We have to give him contempt.", "He claims in his book that Jews created Christianity in order to make white people weaker, and that the first priority should be to destroy the Jewish Behemoth.", "Klassen promoted a back to nature philosophy that promoted fresh air, clean water, sunshine and outdoor exercise.", "He believed that a raw food diet consisted of fruits and vegetables and that medicine and processed foods cause cancer in the body.", "Food must not be cooked,preserved, or tampered with in any way.", "It must be organically grown without the use of chemicals.", "He was influenced by the works of Herbert M. Shelton and promoted \"racial health\" and natural hygiene principles.", "He believed that a fruitarian diet would cure disease and that fasting would cleanse the body of toxins.", "Modern medicine was a Jewish multi-billion-dollar fraud because Klassen rejected the germ theory of disease.", "The introduction and chapter on eugenics were written by Klassen.", "Fruitsarian and raw food dieting were endorsed by the book.", "Despite his advocacy of healthy nutrition, some of his associates claimed that Klassen did not follow the \"salubrious living\" regimen because he often ate red meat and ice cream.", "Christianity was designed to unhinge white people by promoting a completely perverted attitude about life and nature, according to Klassen, who firmly opposed religion because he believed it was superstitious.", "The afterlife was rejected by him.", "The laws of nature and racial loyalty are the basis of man's morality.", "All of the advanced civilizations which existed in antiquity were destroyed because they were created by white people, but Klassen believed that the white race was the sole builder of civilization.", "Death Possibly depressed after the death of his wife, the failure of his church and a diagnosis of cancer and considering suicide a suitable way to end his life, Klassen took an overdose of sleeping pills either late on August 6 or early on August 7, 1993.", "He was buried on his North Carolina property, which he had previously designated as \"Ben Klassen Memorial Park\".", "Natures Eternal Religion, The White Man's Bible, and Building a Whiter and Brighter World are some of the publications.", "The year 2009.", "Chapter 5 begins in North Carolina.", "There is a history of the world church of the creator.", "The University Press of Florida.", "20th-century American inventors, American city founders, American engineers, American fascists, American politicians who committed suicide, American real estate business people, American white supremacists, Canadian emigrants to the United States, Critics of Christianity." ]

[ "Ben", "\" Klassen", "Klassen", "Klassen", "Klassen", "Klassen", "Klassen", "Ben Burke", "Klassen", "Klassen", "Klassen", "Klassen", "Klassen", "Klassen", "Klassen", "Klassen", "Klassen", "Ben Klass" ]

[ "Ben", "Klassen", "Klassen", "Klassen", "Klassen", "Klassen", "Klassen", "Klassen", "Klassen", "Klassen", "Ben Klass", "Ben" ]

[ "Zachary Leon Andrews (born March 9, 1985) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Northern Arizona Suns of the NBA G League.", "He grew up in Rancho Cordova, California and played college basketball for Yuba College and Bradley University.", "Early life and high school \nAndrews lived in poverty with his mother and three siblings in Oakland, California as a young child.", "He later grew up in foster homes for nearly a decade before reuniting with his biological mother to public housing in Sacramento, California as a teenager.", "Andrews graduated from Cordova High School of Rancho Cordova, California in 2003.", "At Cordova, Andrews lettered in both basketball and football.", "College career\n\nYuba (2003–2005)\nAndrews enrolled at Yuba College, a junior college in Marysville, California.", "He helped its basketball program make the Elite Eight of the California Community College Athletic Association state tournament in 2004 with a program-best record of 24–7 and averaged 10 points and 9 rebounds as a freshman in the 2003–04 season.", "As a sophomore (2004–05), Andrews earned Bay Valley East All-Conference honors after leading the league with 10.5 rebounds and 2.2 blocked shots per game, finished second in the league in field goal percentage (.584), and was ninth in scoring (13.5 points).", "He earned the number-one spot on the \"Top 10 Plays\" of an edition of SportsCenter in 2005 after leaping over a player of the opposing team to slam an alley-oop.", "Bradley (2005–2007)\nIn 2005, Andrews transferred to Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois and played two seasons on the Bradley Braves men's basketball team.", "Twice the Missouri Valley Conference selected Andrews as Player of the Week (December 19, 2005 and November 20, 2006).", "Andrews played in two 22-win seasons.", "As a starter, Andrews averaged 9.3 points and 6.7 rebounds during his junior year (2005–06) and averaged 3.9 points and 4.2 rebounds as a reserve.", "On December 14, 2005 against Western Kentucky, Andrews had his second double-double of the season and tied a school record 11 offensive boards, 19 points, and 15 rebounds.", "Bradley advanced to the \"Sweet 16\" regional semifinal of the 2006 NCAA tournament.", "On 64% field goal shooting, Andrews averaged 11.1 points and 7.0 rebounds as a senior in 2006–07.", "For the spring 2007 semester, Andrews made the honor roll of the Bradley athletic director.", "Bradley made the second round of the 2007 National Invitation Tournament.", "Professional career\nAndrews worked out with the Sacramento Kings in the summer of 2007 after going undrafted in the 2007 NBA draft.", "After an attempt to join Farho Gijón of Spanish third-tier LEB Plata fell through, Andrews signed with Costa Urbana Playas de Santa Pola of LEB Plata instead.", "After an injury, Santa Pola waived Andrews.", "In January 2008, Andrews signed with Genc Banvitliler of Turkish Basketball Second League and played the last 14 games of the season, averaging 11.6 points, 10.8 rebounds, and 2 assists.", "Andrews was an honorable mention all-league pick.", "He was the only American on the team.", "For the 2008–09 season, Andrews played for Rayet Guadalajara of Spanish fourth-tier LEB Bronce and averaged 12.1 points and 10.2 rebounds.", "Again, Andrews was an honorable mention all-league selection.", "He played for CB Peñas Huesca of third-tier LEB Plata the next season and averaged 11.9 points and 7.4 rebounds and was a 2010 second team all-LEB Plata selection and All-Import selection.", "In the 2010–11 season, Andrews played for Niigata Albirex of the Japanese Bj league and averaged 11.1 points and 10.8 rebounds.", "Andrews signed with the Los Angeles D-Fenders of the NBA Development League after a tryout before the 2011–12 season.", "Andrews signed with the D-Fenders' NBA parent team Los Angeles Lakers on December 9, 2011.", "Four days after the Lakers waived Andrews, the D-Fenders re-acquired Andrews on December 26.", "Andrews started 42 of 44 games for the D-Fenders and averaged 9.3 points on 64.7% shooting and 7.3 rebounds in 25.4 minutes per game.", "Andrews began the 2012–13 season playing two games for Sutor Montegranaro of Italian Lega Basket Serie A.", "On January 15, 2013, Andrews was reacquired by the Los Angeles D-Fenders.", "Later that year, he signed with Osaka Evessa of Japan for the 2013–14 season.", "After a one-game stint for Fuerza Regia in November 2014, Andrews was reacquired once again by the Los Angeles D-Fenders on December 20, 2014.", "On October 31, 2015, he was reacquired by the D-Fenders for the 2015–16 season.", "On January 29, 2016, he was traded to the Iowa Energy, along with two 2016 fifth-round picks, in exchange for Michael Holyfield and a 2016 fourth-round pick.", "The next day, he made his debut with the Energy in an 87–83 loss to the Canton Charge, recording two points and two rebounds in eight minutes.", "On February 19, he was waived by Iowa.", "Andrews competed for Team 23 in The Basketball Tournament.", "He was a center on the 2015 team who made it to the $1 million championship game, falling 67–65 to Overseas Elite.", "On October 24, 2017, Andrews was called up by the Northern Arizona Suns for training camp.", "He made their official roster at the start of the season.", "However, after playing in only three regular season games, Andrews was waived on November 12, 2017 in order to acquire forward Malik Dime on their roster.", "He was reacquired by Northern Arizona on February 2, 2018.", "References\n\nExternal links\nNBA D-League Profile\nBradley Braves bio\n\n1985 births\nLiving people\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in Italy\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in Japan\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in Lebanon\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in Mexico\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in Spain\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in Turkey\nAmerican men's basketball players\nBasketball players from Oakland, California\nBradley Braves men's basketball players\nCB Peñas Huesca players\nEarth Friends Tokyo Z players\nFuerza Regia players\nIowa Energy players\nJunior college men's basketball players in the United States\nLos Angeles D-Fenders players\nNiigata Albirex BB players\nNorthern Arizona Suns players\nOsaka Evessa players\nPower forwards (basketball)\nPeople from Marysville, California\nPeople from Rancho Cordova, California\nSportspeople from Sacramento County, California\nSagesse SC basketball players" ]

[ "An American professional basketball player who last played for the Northern Arizona Suns of the NBA G League was born on March 9, 1985.", "He played college basketball for Bradley University and Yuba College.", "As a young child, Andrews lived in poverty with his mother and three siblings in Oakland, California.", "He was raised in foster homes for a decade before being placed with his mother in public housing as a teenager.", "In 2003 he graduated from Rancho Cordova High School.", "He lettered in both football and basketball.", "Andrews attended a junior college in California.", "He was a part of the basketball team that made the Elite Eight of the California Community College Athletic Association state tournament in 2004 and averaged 10 points and 9 rebound as a freshman.", "The Bay Valley East All-Conference honors were earned by Andrews as a sophomore, after he led the league in scoring and had 2.2 blocked shots per game.", "He earned the number-one spot on the \"Top 10 Plays\" of an edition of SportsCenter in 2005 after leaping over a player of the opposing team to slam an alley-oops.", "After two seasons on the Bradley Braves men's basketball team, Andrews transferred to Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois.", "The Missouri Valley Conference selected Andrews as Player of the Week twice.", "He played in two 22-win seasons.", "During his junior year, he averaged 9.3 points and 6.7 rebound as a starter and 3.9 points and 4.2 rebound as a reserve.", "On December 14, 2005 against Western Kentucky, Andrews had his second double-double of the season and tied a school record 11 offensive boards.", "Bradley made it to the \"Sweet 16\" regional semifinal of the NCAA tournament.", "As a senior, Andrews averaged over 10 points and 7 points per game on field goal shooting.", "The Bradley athletic director had an honor roll for the spring of 2007.", "The second round of the National Invitation Tournament was made by Bradley.", "In the summer of 2007, he worked out for the Kings after being drafted in the NBA draft.", "After an attempt to join Farho Gijn of Spanish third-tier LEB Plata fell through, Andrews signed with Costa Urbana Playas de Santa Pola.", "Santa Pola made a decision after an injury.", "In the last 14 games of the 2008 Turkish Basketball Second League season, Andrews played with Genc Banvitliler and averaged 11.6 points, 10.8 rebound, and 2 assists.", "He was an honorable mention pick.", "He was the only American on the team.", "In the 2008–09 season, he played for Rayet Guadalajara of Spanish fourth-tier LEB Bronce and averaged 12.1 points and 10.2 rebound.", "He was an honorable mention all-league selection.", "He was a second team all-LEB Plata selection and an All-Import selection in 2010 after playing for CB Peas Huesca.", "In the 2010–11 season, he played for Niigata Albirex and averaged 11 points and 10.8 rebound.", "The Los Angeles D-Fenders of the NBA Development League signed Andrews after a tryout.", "The D-Fenders are an NBA parent team of the Los Angeles Lakers.", "The D-Fenders re-acquired Andrews four days after the Lakers released him.", "He started 42 of 44 games for the D-Fenders and averaged 9.3 points on 64.7% shooting and 7.3 rebound in 25.4 minutes per game.", "The 2012–13 season began with two games for Andrews.", "The Los Angeles D-Fenders reacquired Andrews on January 15th.", "He joined Osaka Evessa of Japan for the 2013–14 season.", "After a one-game stint for Fuerza Regia in November, Andrews was reacquired by the Los Angeles D-Fenders.", "He was reacquired by the D-Fenders on October 31, 2015.", "He was traded to the Iowa Energy on January 29, 2016 in exchange for Michael Holyfield and a fourth-round pick.", "He made his Energy debut in an 87–83 loss to the Canton Charge, recording two points and two rebound in eight minutes.", "He was released by Iowa on February 19.", "Team 23 competed in the basketball tournament.", "He was a center on the team that lost in the $1 million championship game.", "On October 24, 2017, he was called up by the Northern Arizona Suns.", "The official roster was made at the start of the season.", "After playing in only three games in the regular season, Andrews was released by the team in order to get a player on their roster.", "He was reacquired by Northern Arizona.", "NBA D-League Profile Bradley Braves bio 1985 births Living people American expatriate basketball people in Italy American expatriate basketball people in Japan American expatriate basketball people in Lebanon American expatriate basketball people in Mexico" ]

[ "Zachary Leon Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews" ]

[ "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrewsc", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews" ]

[ "Leslie Erin Mahaffy (July 5, 1976 – June 16, 1991) was a Canadian murder victim of killers Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka.", "At the time of her death, she was a resident of Burlington, Ontario and a Grade 9 student at M.M.", "Robinson High School.", "Mahaffy's kidnapping was one in a series of disappearances of Ontario schoolgirls in the early 1990s, including Kristen French, also a victim of Bernardo and Homolka.", "Prior to killing Mahaffy in 1991 and French in 1992, the pair had raped and killed Homolka's teenaged sister Tammy in 1990.", "The disappearances, arrests, and convictions were widely covered in Canadian media, becoming one of the most notorious crimes in Canadian history.", "Family\nLeslie Erin Mahaffy was born July 5, 1976.", "Her brother Ryan was born some years later.", "Her father was an oceanographer for the Canadian federal Fisheries and Oceans department, and sometimes would be on assignments away from home for weeks at a time.", "Her mother was a teacher.", "Though she had been close to her family, when she turned fourteen, Mahaffy began to rebel and spend periods of time away from the family home but always phoned home during her absences and kept in touch with her younger brother Ryan, with whom she was very close.", "Shortly before her abduction, some friends had been killed in a car accident.", "The evening prior to her abduction, Leslie attended a memorial for one of the teens as well as an informal get-together and subsequently missed her Friday night curfew.", "Finding the door locked, Leslie traveled to a nearby plaza to use the pay telephone to ask a friend if she might spend the night at the friend's home but was refused.", "Returning home, she crossed paths with Bernardo who had been out looking into back yards, hoping to find a victim.", "Bernardo lured Leslie back to his nearby car and took her to the house he shared with Homolka.", "Later that day, Leslie's friend telephoned the Mahaffy house to inquire about Leslie's well-being and explained the call that Leslie had made after discovering that she had been locked out, prompting Leslie's mother to start searching for Leslie.", "Finding no trace of her daughter, she eventually became concerned and contacted the police.", "When Mahaffy failed to phone home on her own birthday about two weeks later, her family was certain that she had not called them because she could not.", "Her mother Debbie would later become prominent in the struggle to maintain and enforce the judge's gag order about the trials of Mahaffy's killers and the videotapes they made of their own crimes, which were used as evidence against them.", "Mahaffy's remains are interred under a family headstone at Burlington Memorial Gardens in Burlington, Ontario, Canada.", "There is also a heart-shaped garden with a plaque in Leslie's honour at M.M.", "Robinson High School, and a memorial bench close to her family headstone.", "Kidnapping\n\nAt the time of her abduction and subsequent murder in mid-June 1991, a few weeks before her fifteenth birthday, Leslie Mahaffy was a Grade 9 student at M.M.", "Robinson High School in Burlington.", "Like many teens that age, she wore braces on her teeth.", "On the evening of June 14, 1991, Mahaffy went to a funeral home to attend a wake for her friend Chris Evans, a boy who had died in a car accident earlier that week.", "After the wake, a large group of teens met in the woods to drink and console one another.", "As the evening wound down, a couple of friends walked her home shortly before 2:00 AM, where they stayed with her while she found the side door locked.", "She told them the front door would surely be unlocked, and sent them home.", "After they left her, she found the front door was locked as well.", "Now alone, Mahaffy walked to a pay phone at Macs Milk and called a friend's house for permission to sleep over.", "Her friend told her no, and after a lengthy conversation that ended after 2:30 AM, Mahaffy said she would go back home and wake up her own mother to get in the house.", "When Mahaffy failed to appear later that day at the funerals for her friend Chris Evans and the three teens killed with him, her mother phoned the police.", "On June 18, Debbie Mahaffy filed the official paperwork to have her daughter sought and arrested as a runaway.", "Paul Bernardo eventually admitted he had been on Keller Court, where the Mahaffy home was located, to steal license plates.", "He saw Leslie Mahaffy alone.", "He claims he told her he was breaking into the house next door and then offered her a cigarette, which he said was back at his car.", "When she was close enough to the car, he said he wrapped his sweatshirt quickly around her head, forced her into the vehicle, and took her to the home he shared with Homolka.", "Homolka's version of the story is similar, but she claims that once he got Mahaffy to the car to fetch the cigarette, he pulled a knife on the girl to get her compliance.", "Both agree that Homolka was not present during the kidnapping.", "Murder\nAfter 24 hours of rape and abuse by both of the killers, Mahaffy was murdered sometime on June 15, 1991.", "According to Homolka, Bernardo strangled Mahaffy with an electrical cord a second time when the first attempt left her unconscious for a few minutes.", "Homolka, a veterinary technician, had access to sedative drugs which were used to subdue Mahaffy, the same technique the pair used in the rape and inadvertent murder of Homolka's sister six months before.", "Bernardo stated that he was out of the room, preparing the car to transport Mahaffy to a location where she would be released, when the heavily-drugged Mahaffy died.", "He has claimed he did not even know she was dead until, after putting gas in the car and taking a shower, he tried to pick her up to carry her away.", "He said he and Homolka panicked, and that he tried to give Mahaffy artificial respiration.", "Both killers agree that they gave her a teddy bear to hold during breaks between assaults.", "On June 16, 1991, Bernardo and Homolka moved Mahaffy's body from an upstairs bedroom to the basement.", "During this time, Bernardo and Homolka hosted Homolka's family for a Father's Day dinner on the main floor of the house, with Homolka making a special effort to keep her mother from going downstairs.", "When the family left, Bernardo and Homolka used his grandfather's circular saw to dismember Mahaffy's body into pieces small enough to lift when covered with concrete.", "Later, in a confession to her aunt before revealing details to the police, Homolka claimed that Bernardo did this while she was at work on Monday.", "Bernardo's version asserts that she did not help him rinse and bag the body parts.", "Mahaffy's body was found dismembered and encased in concrete on June 29, 1991 in Lake Gibson near St. Catharines, Ontario.", "The concrete block containing the torso weighed over 200 pounds.", "Her braces and dental records confirmed her identity.", "Investigators immediately believed she had been raped and tortured.", "This was confirmed when videotapes were discovered in the home of Bernardo and Homolka.", "The tapes show that she was held hostage for approximately 24 hours and repeatedly assaulted and sodomized.", "After Bernardo's final bid for an appeal before the Supreme Court was rejected, the tapes were all destroyed by the Ontario government.", "Bernardo's 2005 statements\nSeveral days before Homolka's release from prison in 2005, Bernardo was interviewed by police and his lawyer, Tony Bryant.", "Bryant was subsequently interviewed by the media, providing Bernardo's thoughts about the release.", "According to Bryant, Bernardo claimed that he had always intended to free the girls he and Homolka had held captive.", "Bernardo claimed that Homolka was worried that Leslie Mahaffy's blindfold had fallen off, and that she would be able to identify them.", "Further, Bernardo claimed that Homolka's plan was to murder Mahaffy by injecting an air bubble into her bloodstream, eventually causing an embolism.", "See also\nList of solved missing person cases\n\nVideo and television accounts\n Dark Heart, Iron Hand.", "Documentary broadcast by MSNBC.", "Rebroadcast as an episode of the series MSNBC Investigates retitled \"To Love and To Kill\" May 31, 2002 and September 4, 2007.", "Karla starring Laura Prepon and Misha Collins.", "Monterey Video (2007) No ISBN available. .", "The premiere episode of Wicked Attraction, a television show which focuses on couples who commit heinous crimes, focuses on Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka.", "The episode, entitled \"The Perfect Couple\" first aired on August 7, 2008.", "References\n\nFurther reading\n Burnside, Scott and Alan Cairns.", "Deadly Innocence.", "Grand Central Publishing, Warner Books edition (1995) .", "Davey, Frank.", "Karla's Web.", "Viking Adult (1994) .", "O'Neill, Brian.", "A Marriage Made For Murder.", "O'Neill Enterprises (1995) .", "Pron, Nick.", "Lethal Marriage: The Uncensored Truth Behind the Crimes of Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka.", "Seal Books (2005). .\nWilliams, Stephen.", "Karla: A Pact with the Devil.", "Seal Books.", "(2004) .", "Williams, Stephen.", "Invisible Darkness: The Strange Case Of Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka.", "Bantam (1997) .", "External links\n\n1990s missing person cases\n1990s murders in Canada\n1991 crimes in Canada\n1991 in Ontario\n1991 murders in North America\nChild abduction in Canada\nFormerly missing people\nJune 1991 events in Canada\nMissing person cases in Canada\nMurder in Ontario\nRape in Canada\nTorture in Canada\nIncidents of violence against girls" ]

[ "Mahaffy was a Canadian murder victim of Paul and Karla Homolka.", "She lived in Burlington, Ontario and was a student at M.M. at the time of her death.", "There is a high school.", "The abduction of Mahaffy was one of a number of disappearances of Ontario schoolgirls in the early 1990s.", "The pair had raped and killed Homolka's sister Tammy in 1990.", "One of the most notorious crimes in Canadian history was the disappearances, arrests, and convictions.", "A member of the Mahaffy family was born in 1976.", "Ryan was born a few years later.", "Her father was an oceanographer for the Canadian federal Fisheries and Oceans department, and sometimes would be away from home for weeks at a time.", "Her mother was a teacher.", "When she turned fourteen, Mahaffy began to rebel and spend periods of time away from the family home but always phoned home during her absences and kept in touch with her younger brother Ryan, who she was very close to.", "Some of her friends were killed in a car accident.", "She missed her Friday night curfew after attending a memorial for one of the teens as well as an informal get-together.", "After finding the door locked, she went to a nearby plaza to use the pay telephone to ask a friend if she could spend the night at their home, but was refused.", "Returning home, she crossed paths with a man who was looking for a victim.", "He took her to the house he shared with Homolka after lured her back to his car.", "After learning that she had been locked out of her house, Leslie's friend called the Mahaffy house to inquire about her well-being, prompting her mother to begin searching for her.", "She contacted the police after finding no trace of her daughter.", "The family was certain that Mahaffy had not called them because she couldn't.", "Her mother became involved in the struggle to maintain and enforce the judge's gag order about the trials of Mahaffy's killers and the videotapes they made of their own crimes, which were used as evidence against them.", "At Burlington Memorial Gardens in Burlington, Ontario, Canada, Mahaffy's remains are buried under a family headstone.", "There is a garden with a plaque at M.M.", "There is a memorial bench near her family headstone.", "Kidnapping at the time of her abduction and subsequent murder in June 1991, a few weeks before her fifteenth birthday, was a Grade 9 student at M.M.", "There is a high school in Burlington.", "She wore braces when she was a teen.", "On the evening of June 14, 1991, Mahaffy went to a funeral home to attend a wake for her friend Chris Evans, a boy who had died in a car accident earlier that week.", "A large group of teens met in the woods after the wake to drink and console one another.", "After the evening ended, a couple of friends walked to her home, where they stayed with her while she locked the side door.", "She said the front door would be unlocked and sent them home.", "The front door was locked after they left her.", "Mahaffy called a friend's house for permission to sleep over, after walking to a pay phone at Macs Milk.", "After a lengthy conversation that ended after 2:30 AM, Mahaffy said she would go back home and wake her mother up.", "When Mahaffy didn't show up for the funeral of her friend Chris Evans and three other people, her mother called the police.", "The official paperwork to have her daughter arrested as a runaway was filed by Mahaffy on June 18.", "The Mahaffy home was located on Keller Court, where Paul Bernardo admitted to stealing license plates.", "He saw Mahaffy alone.", "He said he offered her a cigarette after he broke into the house next door.", "He said he wrapped his sweatshirt around her head, forced her into the vehicle, and took her to the home he shared with Homolka.", "Homolka claims that he pulled a knife on the girl after getting Mahaffy to the car to get the cigarette.", "Both agree that Homolka was not present during the kidnapping.", "Mahaffy was murdered on June 15, 1991, after being raped and abused for 24 hours.", "The first attempt to choke Mahaffy left her unconscious for a few minutes, according to Homolka.", "In the rape and murder of Homolka's sister six months before, the pair used the same method to subdue Mahaffy that Homolka had access to.", "When Mahaffy died, he prepared the car to take her to a location where she would be released.", "He tried to carry her away after putting gas in the car and taking a shower, but he didn't know she was dead.", "He said he and Homolka panicked and tried to give Mahaffy artificial respiration.", "Both killers agree that they gave her a teddy bear.", "Mahaffy's body was moved from the upstairs bedroom to the basement on June 16, 1991.", "Homolka made a special effort to keep her mother from going downstairs when they hosted Homolka's family for a Father's Day dinner on the main floor of the house.", "When the family left, Bernardo and Homolka used their grandfather's circular saw to dismember Mahaffy's body.", "Homolka confessed to her aunt that she had done this while she was at work on Monday.", "She didn't help him rinse and bag the body parts according to Bernardo's version.", "On June 29, 1991, Mahaffy's body was found encased in concrete in a lake.", "The concrete block was over 200 pounds.", "Her records confirmed her identity.", "She was believed to have been raped and tortured.", "When videotapes were found in the home of Homolka, this was confirmed.", "The tapes show that she was held hostage for 24 hours.", "The tapes were destroyed by the Ontario government after they were rejected by the Supreme Court.", "The day before Homolka's release from prison in 2005, Bernardo was interviewed by police and his lawyer.", "Bryant was interviewed by the media about the release.", "According to Bryant, Bernardo claimed that he had always intended to free the girls he and Homolka had held captive.", "According to Bernardo, Homolka was worried that Mahaffy's blindfold would fall off, and that she would be able to identify them.", "Homolka's plan was to kill Mahaffy by injecting an air bubble into her bloodstream.", "There is a list of solved missing person cases.", "MSNBC broadcasts a documentary.", "An episode of MSNBC Investigates called \"To Love and To Kill\" was broadcasted on May 31, 2002 and September 4, 2007.", "Laura Prepon and Misha Collins are in the movie.", "There is no ISBN available for Monterey Video.", "The show focuses on couples who commit heinous crimes, and the premiere episode focuses on Paul and Karla Homolka.", "\"The Perfect Couple\" aired on August 7, 2008.", "Further reading Scott and Alan.", "There is a deadly innocence.", "Warner Books edition was published by Grand Central Publishing.", "Frank, Davey.", "There is a website called Karla's Web.", "The viking adult was published in 1994.", "Brian O'Neill.", "A marriage was made for murder.", "O'Neill Enterprises was founded in 1995.", "Pron, Nick.", "Lethal Marriage is about the truth behind the crimes of Paul and Karla Homolka.", "Stephen Williams is the author of Seal Books.", "There is a Pact with the Devil.", "There are Seal books.", "The book was written in 2004.", "Stephen Williams.", "The case of Paul and Karla Homolka is called invisible darkness.", "The book was published in 1997.", "There were cases of missing people in Canada in the 1990s, as well as murders in Canada and North America." ]

[ "Leslie Erin Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Leslie Erin Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Leslie", "Leslie", "Leslie", "Leslie", "Mahaffy", "Leslie", "Leslie", "Leslie", "Leslie", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Leslie", "Leslie Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Debbie Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Leslie Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Leslie Mahaffy", "Mahaffy" ]

[ "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Leslie", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy", "Mahaffy" ]

[ "Antony Lerman (born 11 March 1946) is a British writer who specialises in the study of antisemitism, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, multiculturalism, and the place of religion in society.", "From 2006 to early 2009, he was Director of the Institute for Jewish Policy Research, a think tank on issues affecting Jewish communities in Europe.", "From December 1999 to 2006, he was Chief Executive of the Hanadiv Charitable Foundation, renamed the Rothschild Foundation Europe in 2007.", "He is a founding member of the Jewish Forum for Justice and Human Rights, and a former editor of Patterns of Prejudice, a quarterly academic journal focusing on the sociology of race and ethnicity.", "Lerman served on the Runnymede Trust's Commission on Antisemitism in the early 1990s, and was appointed in 1998 to its Commission on the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain.", "He also sits on the advisory committee of the Imperial War Museum's Holocaust exhibition.", "He has contributed to The Guardian.", "Biography \nLerman spent much of his early life within the Habonim, and trained to become a madrikh (youth leader) at the Jewish Agency's Jerusalem Institute for Foreign Leaders.", "He became Britain's first mazkir, (foreign youth leader) aged 22.", "He made aliyah to Israel in 1970, and stayed there until 1973.", "From 1979 to 2009, he worked for Jewish organisations, mainly as a researcher for the Institute of Jewish Affairs, but also worked as a director of the Rothchild's Hanadiv Charity.", "When Lerman became an outspoken supporter of a \"one-state solution\", his ties to mainstream Jewish organizations soured, while the IJPR leadership pursued its goals without his input or support until he came to a realization of the fact and resigned in 2009.", "Since then, Lerman has contributed to The Guardian \"Comment is Free\" section to advocate for the disavowal of Zionism and the \"one-state solution\", which has earned him support on the pro-Palestinian camp but also resulted in him being ignored by the UK Jewish community and its leadership.", "New antisemitism \nIn the Israeli newspaper Haaretz, Lerman argued that the concept of a \"new antisemitism\" has brought about \"a revolutionary change in the discourse about anti-Semitism\".", "He wrote that most contemporary discussions concerning antisemitism have become focused on issues concerning Israel and Zionism, and that the equation of anti-Zionism with antisemitism has become for many a \"new orthodoxy\".", "He added that this redefinition has often resulted in \"Jews attacking other Jews for their alleged anti-Semitic anti-Zionism\".", "While Lerman accepts that exposing alleged Jewish antisemitism is \"legitimate in principle\", he added that the growing literature in this field \"exceeds all reason\"; the attacks are often vitriolic, and encompass views that are not inherently anti-Zionist.", "Lerman argued that this redefinition has had unfortunate repercussions.", "He wrote that serious scholarly research into contemporary antisemitism has become \"virtually non-existent\", and that the subject is now most frequently studied and analysed by \"people lacking any serious expertise in the subject, whose principal aim is to excoriate Jewish critics of Israel and to promote the \"anti-Zionism = anti-Semitism\" equation.", "Lerman concluded that this redefinition has ultimately served to stifle legitimate discussion, and that it cannot create a basis on which to fight antisemitism.", "When Yale decided to close the Yale Initiative for the Interdisciplinary Study of Antisemitism, many charged it was political in nature, owing to the Initiative's controversial focus on Muslim antisemitism.", "Abby Wisse Schachter, a commentator at the New York Post wrote that Yale \"almost certainly\" terminated the program because it \"refused to ignore the most virulent, genocidal and common form of Jew-hatred today: Muslim anti-Semitism.\"", "But Lerman welcomed the decision, and argued that the organisation was politicised and that its demise should be welcomed by those who \"genuinely support the principle of the objective, dispassionate study of contemporary antisemitism.\"", "Lerman believes claims that London is the \"hub of international efforts to delegitimise Israel and that British Jews are subject to a constant barrage of media-driven anti-Zionist propaganda that borders on, or overlaps with, antisemitism\" are grossly exaggerated.", "His concern has been to stimulate discussion about the impact of Israel on European Jewry, and on the extent to which the rise in anti-Semitism is influenced by actions taken by the Israeli government.", "Anti-Muslim sentiment \nLerman sees links between the Israeli far-right and Islamophobic groups in Europe such as Geert Wilders and his anti-Islam Party for Freedom.", "Wilders and leaders of four other far-right parties have visited Israel, despite their antisemitic roots.", "Lerman has commented that since 9/11, Israel has sought to identify itself with the US as a \"fellow victim of Islamist terror\".", "As Al Qaeda demonised America and Israel, the \"Zionist right\" began to argue a \"new antisemitism\" was a rising threat, thus recasting antisemitism as principally anti-Israel rhetoric from Muslim groups.", "On gauging the threat of antisemitism, Lerman quoted Rabbi David Goldberg: \"at the present time, it is far easier and safer to be a Jew than a Muslim, a black person or an east European asylum seeker.\"", "Lerman criticised an attack by The Jewish Chronicle on the Pears Foundation accusing them of \"blindness towards jihadi propagandists\".", "He considered obsessiveness against attempts to open a dialogue with Hamas as \"actively encouraging their racism, antisemitism and terrorism\", and regarded it as a generalised anti-Muslim discourse.", "The Making and Unmaking of a Zionist \nIn his 2012 book, The Making and Unmaking of a Zionist, Lerman analyses his positions over five decades, from early Zionist idealism to criticism of Zionism.", "He is not an 'anti-Zionist'.", "He argues that Zionism is a \"done deal\", like the French Revolution, something that occurred in the past.", "He contends that self-identifying Zionists in the diaspora are complicit in supporting an unjust occupation, and argues Israel must abrogate the Law of Return, change its Jewish character, and become a binational state for Jews and Palestinians.", "The diaspora must choose between universal values and multiculturalism, and Jewish exclusivity.", "In an op-ed for The New York Times after the 2014 Gaza Strip war, Lerman concluded that, “The only Zionism of any consequence today is xenophobic and exclusionary, a Jewish ethno-nationalism inspired by religious messianism.", "It is carrying out an open-ended project of national self-realization to be achieved through colonization and purification of the tribe.”\n\nSelected publications\nBooks\n (ed.)", "Antisemitism World Report.", "Institute of Jewish Affairs/Institute for Jewish Policy Research, published annually from 1992 to 1998.", "(ed.)", "The Jewish Communities of the World.", "A Comprehensive Guide.", "Macmillan, 1989.", "The Making and Unmaking of a Zionist, Pluto Press, London 2012.", "Bad News for Labour: Antisemitism, the Party and Public Belief, Greg Philo, Mike Berry, Justin Schlosberg, Antony Lerman, David Miller, Pluto Press, 2019.", "Papers\n with Kosmin, Barry and Goldberg, Jacqueline.", "\"The attachment of British Jews to Israel,\" JPR Report No.", "5, Institute for Jewish Policy Research, 1997.\n with Miller, Stephen and Schmool, Marlena.", "Social and political attitudes of British Jews.", "Institute for Jewish Policy Research, 1996.", "\"Fictive anti-Zionism: Third World, Arab and Muslim Variations,\" in Wistrich, Robert S.", "(ed.)", "Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism in the Contemporary World.", "Macmillan in association with the Institute of Jewish Affairs, 1990.", "\"The Art of Holocaust Remembering,\" in Jewish Quarterly, Autumn 1989.", "\"Le Pen and LaRouche: Political Extremism in Democratic Societies\" in Frankel, William.", "Survey of Jewish Affairs, 1987.", "Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1988.", "Opinion pieces\n Legitimizing Lieberman, The Guardian, 4 August 2009.", "Must Jews always see themselves as victims?, The Independent, 7 March 2009.", "Misdirected passion, New Statesman, 11 December 2008.", "Jews attacking Jews, Haaretz, 7 October 2008.", "Sense on antisemitism, Prospect, issue 77, August 2002.", "References\n\nExternal links\n Jewish Forum for Justice and Human Rights\n Institute for Jewish Policy Research\n CQ Global Researcher Anti-Semitism in Europe v.2–6, a 2008 report from Congressional Quarterly on anti-Semitism in Europe, contains a debate between Lerman and Ben Cohen.", "Hirsch, David.", "Do not confine Jews to the couch, The Jewish Chronicle'', 7 April 2009.", "Living people\nBritish non-fiction writers\nScholars of antisemitism\nAlumni of the University of Sussex\nAcademics of the University of Brighton\n1946 births\nBritish male writers\nBritish Jewish writers\nAnti-Zionist Jews\nJewish anti-Zionism in the United Kingdom\nMale non-fiction writers" ]

[ "Antony Lerman is a British writer who studies antisemitism, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, multiculturalism, and the place of religion in society.", "He was the Director of the Institute for Jewish Policy Research from 2006 to 2009.", "The Hanadiv Charitable Foundation was renamed the Rothschild Foundation Europe in 2007.", "He is a founding member of the Jewish Forum for Justice and Human Rights.", "Lerman was appointed to the Commission on the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain in 1998 after serving on the Runnymede Trust's Commission on Antisemitism.", "He is a member of the advisory committee of the Holocaust exhibition.", "He is a contributor to The Guardian.", "Lerman was trained to become a madrikh at the Jewish Agency's Jerusalem Institute for Foreign Leaders.", "He was Britain's first mazkir, a foreign youth leader.", "He went to Israel in 1970 and stayed there until 1973.", "He was a researcher for the Institute of Jewish Affairs from 1979 to 2009, but also worked as a director of the Hanadiv Charity.", "When Lerman became an outspoken supporter of a \"one-state solution\", his ties to mainstream Jewish organizations soured, while the IJPR leadership pursued its goals without his input or support until he came to a realization of the fact and resigned in 2009.", "Since then, Lerman has contributed to The Guardian \"Comment is Free\" section to advocate for the disavowal of Zionism and the \"one-state solution\", which has earned him support on the pro-Palestinian camp, but also resulted in him being ignored by the UK Jewish community and", "The concept of a \"new antisemitism\" has brought about a \"revolutionary change in the discourse about anti-Semitism\" according to Lerman.", "The equation of anti-Zionism with antisemitism has become for many a \"new orthodoxy\", as he wrote that most contemporary discussions concerning antisemitism have become focused on issues concerning Israel and Zionism.", "He said that the redefinition resulted in Jews attacking other Jews for their alleged anti-Semitic anti-Zionism.", "While Lerman accepts that exposing alleged Jewish antisemitism is \"legitimate in principle\", he added that the growing literature in this field \"exceeds all reason\" and includes views that are not anti-Zionist.", "Lerman argued that the redefinition had consequences.", "He wrote that serious scholarly research into contemporary antisemitism has become \"virtually non-existent\", and that the subject is now most frequently studied and analysed by people without any serious expertise in the subject.", "Lerman concluded that the redefinition served to stifle legitimate discussion and that it couldn't create a basis for fighting antisemitism.", "The Yale Initiative for the Interdisciplinary Study of Antisemitism was closed due to its controversial focus on Muslim antisemitism.", "According to the New York Post, Yale almost certainly ended the program because it refused to ignore Muslim anti-Semitism.", "Lerman argued that the demise of the organisation should be welcomed by those who support the principle of the objective, dispassionate study of contemporary antisemitism.", "Lerman believes that the claims that London is the hub of international efforts to delegitimise Israel and that British Jews are subject to a constant barrage of media-driven anti-Zionist propaganda are overstated.", "He is concerned about the impact of Israel on European Jewry and the extent to which the rise in anti-Semitism is influenced by actions taken by the Israeli government.", "Lerman sees links between the Israeli far-right and Islamophobic groups in Europe.", "Despite their antisemitic roots, the leaders of four other far-right parties have visited Israel.", "According to Lerman, since 9/11, Israel has sought to identify itself with the US as a victim of terrorism.", "As Al Qaeda demonised America and Israel, the \"Zionist right\" began to argue a \"new antisemitism\" was a rising threat.", "It is easier to be a Jew than a Muslim, a black person or an east European asylumseeker at the moment, according to Rabbi David Goldberg.", "The Pears Foundation was accused of \"blindness towards jihadi propagandists\" by The Jewish Chronicle.", "He considered obsessiveness against attempts to open a dialogue with Hamas to be encouraging their racism, antisemitism and terrorism.", "In his 2012 book, The Making and Unmaking of a Zionist, Lerman analyses his positions over the course of five decades.", "He's not an anti-Zionist.", "He believes that Zionism is a done deal like the French Revolution.", "He argues that self-identifying Zionists in the diaspora support an unjust occupation and that Israel must change its Jewish character and become a binational state for Jews and Palestinians.", "The diaspora can choose between universal values and multiculturalism.", "In an op-ed for The New York Times after the Gaza Strip war, Lerman concluded that Zionism is a Jewish ethno-nationalism inspired by religious messianism.", "It is carrying out an open-ended project of national self-realization to be achieved through colonization and purification of the tribe.", "There is an antisemitism world report.", "The Institute for Jewish Policy Research was published annually from 1992 to 1998.", "There is an ed.", "The Jewish communities of the world.", "A comprehensive guide.", "The book \"Macmillan\" was published in 1989.", "The Making and Unmaking of a Zionist was published in London.", "Antisemitism, the Party and Public Belief are bad news for Labour.", "There are papers with Kosmin, Barry and Goldberg.", "The attachment of British Jews to Israel was reported in the report.", "The Institute for Jewish Policy Research was founded in 1997.", "British Jews have social and political attitudes.", "The Institute for Jewish Policy Research was founded in 1996.", "The book \"ctive anti-Zionism: Third World, Arab and Muslim Variations\" was written by Robert S. Wistrich.", "There is an ed.", "There is anti-Zionism and antisemitism in the modern world.", "In association with the Institute of Jewish Affairs.", "The Jewish Quarterly published \"The Art of Holocaust Remembering\" in 1989.", "\"Le Pen and LaRouche: Political Extremism in Democratic Societies\" was written by William.", "The survey of Jewish affairs was done in 1987.", "The University Press of Fairleigh Dickinson.", "The Guardian had opinion pieces about Lieberman.", "The Independent asked if Jews should always see themselves as victims.", "New Statesman, 11 December 2008.", "Haaretz reported on Jews attacking Jews.", "The August 2002 issue of Sense on antisemitism.", "A 2008 Congressional Quarterly report on anti-Semitism in Europe contains a debate between Lerman and Ben Cohen.", "David Hirsch.", "The Jewish Chronicle said not to confine Jews to the couch.", "British male writers Anti-Zionist Jews Jewish anti-Zionism in the United Kingdom are living people." ]

[ "Antony Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Antony Lerman", "Lerman" ]

[ "Antony Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman", "Lerman" ]

[ "Robert Fraser (13 August 1937 – 27 January 1986), sometimes known as \"Groovy Bob\", was a London art dealer.", "He was a figure in the London cultural scene of the mid-to-late 1960s, and was close to members of the Beatles and the Rolling Stones.", "In February 2015, the exhibition A Strong Sweet Smell of Incense: A Portrait of Robert Fraser, curated by Brian Clarke, was presented by Pace Gallery at the Royal Academy of Arts in London.", "Early life and education\nRobert Fraser was born on 13 August 1937, the son of banker Sir Lionel Fraser, who had started as a newspaper delivery boy.", "Lionel Fraser's father was butler to Harry Gordon Selfridge, the founder of the Selfridges department store chain.", "Fraser was educated at Eton College, and spent several years in Africa in the 1950s as an officer in the King's African Rifles.", "Career\nAfter a period spent working in galleries in the United States he returned to England, and with the help of his father (a wealthy financier who had also been a trustee of the Tate Gallery) established the Robert Fraser Gallery at 69 Duke Street (near Grosvenor Square), London, in 1962.", "The gallery interior was designed by Cedric Price.", "The Robert Fraser Gallery became a focal point for modern art in Britain, and through his exhibitions he helped to launch and promote the work of many important new British and American artists including Peter Blake, Clive Barker, Bridget Riley, Jann Haworth, Richard Hamilton, Gilbert and George, Eduardo Paolozzi, Andy Warhol, Harold Cohen, Jim Dine and Ed Ruscha.", "Fraser also sold work by René Magritte, Jean Dubuffet, Balthus and Hans Bellmer.", "\"Swinging Sixties\" \nIn 1966, the Robert Fraser Gallery was prosecuted for staging an exhibition of works by Jim Dine that was described as indecent (but not obscene).", "The works were removed from the gallery by the Metropolitan Police, and Fraser was charged under a 19th-century vagrancy law that applied to street beggars.", "He was fined 20 guineas and legal costs.", "Fraser became a trendsetter during the Sixties; Paul McCartney has described him as \"one of the most influential people of the London Sixties scene\".", "His London flat and his gallery were the foci of a \"jet-set\" salon of top pop stars, artists, writers and other celebrities, including members of the Beatles and the Rolling Stones, photographer Michael Cooper, designer Christopher Gibbs, Marianne Faithfull, Dennis Hopper (who introduced Fraser to satirist Terry Southern), William Burroughs and Kenneth Anger.", "Because of this, he was given the nickname \"Groovy Bob\" by Terry Southern.", "His flat at 23 Mount Street, on the third floor above Scott's restaurant, was described by Barry Miles as one of the \"coolest sixties pads in London\".", "Fraser art-directed the cover for the Beatles' 1967 album Sgt.", "Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band – he dissuaded the group from using the original design, a psychedelic artwork created by the design collective The Fool, instead suggesting the pop artists Peter Blake and Jann Haworth, who created the famous collage cover design for which they each won a Grammy Award.", "It was through Fraser that Richard Hamilton was selected to design the poster for the White Album.", "His gallery also hosted You Are Here, Lennon's own foray into avant garde art during 1968.", "He was a close friend of the Rolling Stones and was present at the infamous 1967 party at Keith Richards' country house, Redlands, which was raided by police, leading to the subsequent arrests and trials of Mick Jagger, Richards, and Fraser on drug possession charges.", "The event is commemorated by the 1968 Richard Hamilton artwork Swingeing London 67, a collage of contemporary press clippings about the case, and the portrait of Jagger and Fraser handcuffed together also entitled \"Swingeing London\".", "Fraser always insisted that neither Jagger nor Richards actually had any drugs with them, and that everything found by the police actually belonged to him.", "During the raid he persuaded the officers that his 20 heroin pills were actually for an upset stomach and offered them only one for testing.", "Although Jagger and Richards were acquitted on appeal, Fraser pleaded guilty to charges of possession of heroin, and was sentenced to six months' hard labour.", "After his release Fraser's interest in the gallery declined as his heroin addiction grew worse, and he closed the business in 1969.", "Fraser moved down the street to a large 8-room apartment on the 2nd floor of 120 Mount Street, the previous occupant was writer and theatre critic Kenneth Tynan.", "Keith Richards from the Rolling Stones was living with Fraser at the time, and it was here, sitting by the window in the lounge room, that Richards had the inspiration for the song Gimme Shelter \"I had been sitting by the window of my friend Robert Fraser's apartment on Mount Street in London with an acoustic guitar when suddenly the sky went completely black and an incredible monsoon came down.", "It was just people running about looking for shelter – that was the germ of the idea.", "We went further into it until it became, you know, rape and murder are 'just a shot away'.\"", "1970s and 1980s, and death \n\nFraser left the UK and spent several years in India during the 1970s.", "He returned to London in the early 1980s and opened a second gallery in 1983, with a show of paintings by the stained glass and architectural artist Brian Clarke, but by this time he was suffering from chronic drug and alcohol problems and the gallery never replicated the success of its predecessor, although Fraser was again influential in promoting the work of Clarke, Jean-Michel Basquiat and Keith Haring.", "It soon transpired that Fraser was also suffering from AIDS.", "He was one of the first 'celebrity' victims of the disease in the UK.", "In 1985 he sold his Cork Street gallery to Victoria Miro, who subsequently created the successful Victoria Miro Gallery.", "Fraser seemed disillusioned, and told her at the time \"You'll never make a contemporary art gallery work in this country.\"", "He was cared for by the Terence Higgins Trust during his final illness and died in January 1986.", "He died at his mother's flat in London.", "Sources\nVyner, Harriet.", "Groovy Bob: The Life and Times of Robert Fraser.", "United Kingdom: Faber (1999); HENI Publishing (2017).", "Clarke, Brian; Vyner, Harriet.", "A Strong Sweet Smell of Incense: A Portrait of Robert Fraser.", "United Kingdom: PACE London/HENI Publishing (2015).", "Footnotes\n\n1937 births\n1986 deaths\nPeople educated at Eton College\nKing's African Rifles officers\nArt dealers from London\nAIDS-related deaths in England\n20th-century English businesspeople\n20th-century art collectors" ]

[ "Robert Fraser was a London art dealer.", "He was close to members of the Beatles and the Rolling Stones and was a figure in the London cultural scene of the 1960s.", "The exhibition A Strong Sweet Smell of Incense: A Portrait of Robert Fraser was held at the Royal Academy of Arts in London.", "Robert Fraser was born on August 13, 1937, the son of Sir Lionel Fraser, who had started as a newspaper delivery boy.", "Harry Gordon Selfridge was the founder of the Selfridges department store chain.", "Fraser was an officer in the King's African Rifles and spent several years in Africa.", "After working in galleries in the United States, he returned to England and established the Robert Fraser Gallery with the help of his father.", "The gallery interior was designed.", "The Robert Fraser Gallery became a focal point for modern art in Britain, and through his exhibitions he helped to launch and promote the work of many important new British and American artists.", "Fraser sold work by René Magritte, Jean Dubuffet, Balthus and Hans Bellmer.", "In 1966 the Robert Fraser Gallery was prosecuted for staging an exhibition of works by Jim Dine that was described as indecent but not obscene.", "Fraser was charged under a 19th-century vagrancy law that applied to street beggars after the Metropolitan Police removed the works from the gallery.", "He was fined and had legal costs.", "Paul McCartney has described Fraser as one of the most influential people of the London Sixties scene.", "His London flat and gallery were the focus of a \"jet-set\" salon of top pop stars, artists, writers and other celebrities, including members of the Beatles and the Rolling Stones.", "Terry Southern gave him the nickname \" Groovy Bob\".", "Barry Miles described his flat at 23 Mount Street as one of the \"coolest sixties pads in London\".", "The cover of the Beatles' album was directed by Fraser.", "He discouraged the group from using the original design, created by the design collective The Fool, instead suggesting the pop artists Peter Blake and Jann Haworth, who created the famous Collage cover design for which they each won aGrammy Award.", "The poster for the White Album was designed by Richard Hamilton.", "You Are Here, Lennon's own avant garde art, was hosted by his gallery.", "He was a close friend of the Rolling Stones and was present at the party at the country house of Richards in 1967, which was raided by police, leading to the trials of Mick, Richards, and Fraser on drug possession charges.", "Swingeing London 67 was created by Richard Hamilton in 1968 and features a portrait of Jagger and Fraser handcuffed together, as well as a collection of contemporary press clippings about the case.", "Fraser insisted that neither Richards nor Jagger had any drugs with them, and that everything the police found belonged to him.", "He convinced the officers that his 20 heroin pills were for an upset stomach and only gave them one for testing.", "Fraser was sentenced to six months' hard labour after pleading guilty to possession of heroin.", "After his release, Fraser's interest in the gallery waned, and he closed the business because of his heroin addiction.", "The previous occupant of the large apartment on the 2nd floor of 120 Mount Street was theatre critic Kenneth Tynan.", "The inspiration for the song Gimme Shelter came from sitting by the window of Robert Fraser's apartment when he was living with the Rolling Stones.", "The idea of people running about looking for shelter was the first thing that came to mind.", "Rape and murder are just a shot away.", "Fraser spent several years in India during the 1970s after leaving the UK.", "He returned to London in the early 1980s and opened a second gallery in 1983, but by this time he was suffering from chronic drug and alcohol problems and the gallery never replicated the success of its predecessor.", "Fraser was also suffering from AIDS.", "He was a celebrity victim of the disease.", "The Victoria Miro Gallery was created after he sold his gallery.", "Fraser told her that she wouldn't be able to make a contemporary art gallery work in this country.", "He died in January 1986 after being cared for by the trust.", "He died at his mother's house.", "Sources Vyner.", "The Life and Times of Robert Fraser was written by Groovy Bob.", "HENI Publishing is based in the United Kingdom.", "Brian and Vyner were named Brian and Vyner.", "A portrait of Robert Fraser has a strong smell of incense.", "The United Kingdom: PACE London/HENI Publishing.", "Art dealers from London AIDS-related deaths in England 20th-century English business people 20th-century art collectors." ]

[ "Robert Fraser", "Robert Fraser", "Robert Fraser", "Lionel Fraser", "Lionel Fraser", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Paul McCartney", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Robert Fraser", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Robert Fraser", "Robert Fraser" ]

[ "Robert Fraser", "Robert Fraser", "Robert Fraser", "Lionel Fraser", "Fraser", "Robert", "Robert", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Paul McCartney", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Robert Fraser", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Fraser", "Robert Fraser", "Robert Fraser" ]

[ "Gerardo Mosquera (born 1945 in Havana, Cuba) is a freelance curator, critic, art historian, and writer based in Havana, Cuba.", "He was one of the organizers of the first Havana Biennial in 1984 and remained central to the curatorial team until he resigned in 1989.", "Since then, his activity turned to be mainly international: he has been traveling, lecturing and curating exhibitions in more than 80 countries.", "Mosquera was adjunct curator at the New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York, from 1995 to 2009.", "Since 1995 he is advisor in the Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kusten in Amsterdam.", "His publications include several books on art and art theory (and a short stories' volume), and more than 600 articles, reviews and essays have appeared in numerous magazines, including: Art Nexus, Cahiers, Lápiz, Neue Bildende Kunst, Oxford Art Journal, Poliester, Third Text.", "Among other volumes, Mosquera has edited Beyond the Fantastic: Contemporary Art Criticism from Latin America and co-edited (with Jean Fisher) Over Here: International Perspectives on Art and Culture.", "His theoretical essays – which have been influential in discussing art’s cultural dynamics in an internationalized world, and contemporary Latin American art – are dispersed in English, but have been collected in books in Caracas and Madrid in Spanish, and in Chinese in Beijing.", "Mosquera was the Artistic Director of PHotoEspaña, Madrid (2011–2013), the Chief Curator of the 4th Poly/Graphic San Juan Triennial (2015-2016), and co-curator of the 3rd Documents, Beijing (2016).", "Early work\n Mosquera obtained his licenciatura in History of Art at the University of Havana in 1977.", "Since the early 1970s he was working as art, cinema and theater critic, researcher and journalist in Havana.", "He published thorough investigations on Servando Cabrera Moreno and Manuel Mendive two Cuban artists who had previously been marginalized for the erotic and religious Afro-Cuban (Mendive) content of their art, and as a result of homophobic cultural policies.", "Mosquera became the main critic and “ideologist” of the new Cuban art, which he supported since its inception.", "In the 1980s this movement renovated the Cuban art scene, breaking away from official dogmatism and introducing contemporary critical tendencies.", "It was successful in pushing the Ministry of Culture to open up towards a more liberal cultural policy.", "Mosquera’s critical writings on the new Cuban art were instrumental to this turn, while he also promoted the new artists internationally.", "This movement triggered a critical and reflexive inclination that distinguishes Cuba’s arts until today.", "Mosquera’s work has also always looked beyond Cuba, as can be seen in his book El diseño se definió en Octubre (Design was Defined in October), about Russian avant-garde art and design and its worldly impact, published in Havana in 1989 and Bogotá in 1992.", "Havana Biennial\nThe first Havana Biennial took place in 1984.", "It became the fourth international biennial (after Venice, São Paulo and Sydney) and the sixth huge international periodic art event to be established —following the aforementioned biennials, the Carnegie International and Documenta.", "Supported by the Cuban government, it was a vast show, but restricted to Latin America.", "In 1986 the 2nd Havana Biennial presented the first global show of contemporary art ever: more than 50 exhibitions and events that gathered 690 artists from 57 countries focusing on postcolonial contemporary art and not on traditional and religious practices.", "The next Biennial edition, in 1989, introduced radical curatorial changes that moved it away from the Venice and São Paulo paradigms, launching a new model that influenced the way in which the new biennials were organized.", "Transformations included basing the whole event (shows, conferences, workshops, etc.)", "on a general theme, the combination of a centralized curation that avoided national representations with a decentralized structure involving a constellation of multiple events, the link with the city, and the eradication of awards.", "Recently, it has become clear that it was the Havana Biennial and not Les magiciens de la terre –an exhibition that was advertised as “the first global show”—, that was initiating the way in which globalization will take shape in art, triggering “a new breed of contemporary biennials born of a global context” (Istanbul, Johannesburg, Gwangju, Lyon, etc.).", "The Havana Biennial approached for the first time the multiple practices of contemporary art around the world, out of the Western mainstream.", "Since 1984, Mosquera was Havana Biennial's \"leader of the curatorial work\", reformulating the premise and methodology of the event, with which his “own aesthetic and intellectual interests became deeply embedded.” He resigned in 1989, immediately after the 3rd Biennial, due to the escalating repression in the cultural sector, and to political contradictions with the Cuban regimen and about the Biennial’s future.", "International work\nAfter his resignation to the Havana Biennial, Mosquera was banned to publish, curate and lecture in his country until today, and since then he has been working as a freelance internationally.", "In 1990 he was a Guggenheim Fellow.", "From 1995 to 2009 he was adjunct Curator at the New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York, although his work was seriously hampered by legal constraints due to the United States embargo against Cuba, where he continued to live.", "Together with Dan Cameron he set off a program at the Museum that introduced a broader international approach in the New York art scene.", "His radical notion of “the museum-as-hub” transformed the New Museum’s Education Department to include what is called the Museum as Hub, “a new model for curatorial practice and institutional collaboration established to enhance our understanding of contemporary art.", "Both a network of relationships and an actual physical site…” with an international program of its own.", "Mosquera's theoretical work pioneered critical discussions about the complex cultural processes of modern and contemporary art from non-mainstream countries, especially in relation to mainstream art, globalization and postcolonial dynamics.", "He has also contributed to promote an open, multifaceted view on Latin American art, moving away from the identity stereotypes that prevailed in the 1980s – his standings being sometimes polemical.", "The exhibition Ante America, which he co-curated in 1992 (see below), was a landmark for this new view on Latin American art.", "Mosquera’s ideas, position and curatorial and editorial practice have been significant in the new scenario of broad international circulation of art.", "He introduced the notion of \"from here\" to oppose the “appropriation” paradigms – such as the Brazilian idea of “anthropophagy” – that prevailed to discuss postcolonial art’s strategies, conferring it an active role in the construction of global metaculture.", "The curator's work has lately focused on projects out of the white cube, trying to achieve artistic communication with broader audiences, beyond the art world’s elite.", "Some examples are his contribution to the Liverpool Biennial, and shows that have tried to create an active dialogue with the public space and to involve people in the streets, as CiudadMultipleCity.", "Arte>Panamá 2003 (), The Sky Within My House, Contemporary Art in Patios of Quito (), and ¡Afuera!", "(see all below).", "Main curatorial work\nCo-curator Guangzhou Image Triennial 2021: Rethinking Collectivity, Guangdong Museum of Art, March 9 to May 29, 2021.", "Useless: Machines for Dreaming, Thinking and Seeing., Bronx Art Museum, March 27, 2019 to September 1, 2019.", "Adiós Utopia.", "Dreams and Deceptions in Cuban Art Since 1950, The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas, USA, March 3, 2017 (with René Francisco Rodríguez and Elsa Vega), Walker Art Center, Nov 11, 2017–Mar 18, 2018.", "Cristina Lucas.", "Manchas en el silencio, Sala Alcalá 31, Madrid, 14 de septiembre de 2017.", "BRIC-à-brac.", "The Jumble of Growth, Today Art Museum, Beijing, December 10, 2016 (with Huang Du).", "Vida.", "Gervasio Sánchez, CEART Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain, December–March, 2016; Afundación, Santiago de Compostela, October 2017-January 2018; Sala de Exposiciones de la Diputación de Huesca, Huesca, March–May 2018; Afundación, A Coruña, June–September 2018.", "Cristina Lucas.", "Iluminaciones profanadas, Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Puerto Rico, Santurce, San Juan, November 18, 2016.", "Fernando Sánchez Castillo.", "Hoy fue también un día soleado, Sala de Arte Público Siqueiros, Mexico City, June 7, 2016.", "4th Poly/Graphic San Juan Triennial: Latin American and the Caribbean, Displaced Images / Images in Space, Antiguo Arsenal de la Marina Española, Old San Juan; Casa Blanca; Cagas Art Museum; Museum of Art of Puerto Rico; Museum of Art and History of San Juan; Museum and Center for Humanistic Studies Dr. Josefina Camacho Camacho de la Nuez, Turabo University; Museum of History, Anthropology and Art, UPR Río Piedras; Ponce Art Museum; Puerto Rico Museum of Contemporary Art; Puerto Rico, October 24, 2015 to February 28, 2016 (with Alexia Tala and Vanessa Hernández Gracia).", "Perduti nel Paesaggio / Lost in Landscape, Museo di arte moderna e contemporánea di Trento e Rovereto, April 4, 2014.", "Artificial Amsterdam.", "The City as Artwork, de Appel, Amsterdam, June 28, 2013.", "Manuel Álvarez Bravo.", "Un photographe aux aguets, Jeu de Paume, Paris, October 15, 2012; Fundación MAPFRE, Madrid, February 12, 2013; Museo Amparo, Puebla, June 2013 (with Laura González Flores).", "Here We Are.", "Richard Avedon, Richard Billingham, Paz Errázuriz, Lilla Szász, Círculo de Bellas Artes, Madrid, June 7, 2011 (with Mónica Portillo).", "Face to Time, Real Jardín Botánico, PHotoEspaña, Madrid, June 1, 2011.", "Ron Galella.", "Paparazzo Extraordinaire, Círculo de Bellas Artes and Loewe Gran Vía, PHotoEspaña, Madrid, June 1, 2011; Einladung, Berlin, December 9, 2011; FOAM, Amsterdam, June 7, 2012; Centro Sociocultural Novacaixagalicia, A Corunha, October 3, 2013; Galería Fundación Novacaixagalicia, Vigo, January 23, 2014.", "Face Contact, Centro de Arte Teatro Fernán Gómez, PHotoEspaña, Madrid, May 31, 2011; Iberia Center for Contemporary Art, Beijing, April 28, 2012.", "1000 Faces / 0 Faces / 1 Face.", "Cindy Sherman, Thomas Ruff, Frank Montero, Sala Alcalá 31, PhotoEspaña, Madrid, May 30, 2011.", "Fayum Portraits + Adrian Paci.", "No Visible Future, Museo Arqueológico, PhotoEspaña, Madrid, May 30, 2011.", "Crisiss.", "Latin America, Art and Confrontation.", "1910–2010, Palacio de Bellas Artes and Ex Teresa Arte Actual, Mexico City, March 12, 2011.", "¡Afuera!", "Arte en espacios públicos, Córdoba, Argentina, October 8, 2010 (with Rodrigo Alonso).", "Arte contemporáneo y patios de Quito, September 4, 2010.", "Denarrations, PanAmerican Art Projects, Miami, November 14, 2009.", "The Sky Within my House.", "Contemporary Art in 16 Patios of Cordoba.", "October 22, 2009.", "7 + 1 Project Rooms, Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Vigo, October 10, 2008.", "States of Exchange.", "Artists from Cuba, INIVA, London, January 22, 2008 (with Cylena Simonds).", "Border Jam, Regional Encounter of Art 2007, Montevideo.", "Museo Nacional de Artes Visuales, Museo Municipal Juan Manuel Blanes, Centro Cultural de España, Museo y Archivo Histórico Municipal (Cabildo), public realm, August 9, 2007.", "Transpacific.", "An Encounter in Santiago, La Moneda Palace Cultural Center, Santiago, Chile, May 17, 2007.", "Liverpool Biennial International 06, September 16, 2006 (with Manray Hsu).", "Cordially Invited, BAK and Central Museum, Utrecht, October 30 to December 31, 2004 (with Maria Hlavajova).", "Panorama of Brazilian Art 2003 (Desarrumado).", "19 Disarrangements, Museum of Modern Art, São Paulo, October 16 to November 30, 2003; Paço Imperial, Rio de Janeiro, December 16, 2003 to February 2004; Museum of Modern Art Aloísio Magalhaes, Recife, March 11 to May 6, 2004; MARCO, Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Vigo, January to May, 2005; Museo de Arte del Banco de la República de Colombia, Bogotá, November 2008 to February 9, 2009.", "CiudadMultipleCity.", "Arte>Panamá 2003 (International Urban Art Event) March 20 – April 20, 2003 (with Adrienne Samos)\n\nIt’s Not What You See.", "Perverting Minimalism, Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, December 12, 2000 to February 19, 2001\n\nCinco continentes y una ciudad.", "III Salón Internacional de Pintura, Museo de la Ciudad de México, August, 2000\n\nAbsent Territories, Casa de América, Madrid, January 28 to March 26, 2000\n\nCildo Meireles, New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York, November 18, 1999 to March 15, 2000; MOMA São Paulo, July 15 to August 20, 2000; MOMA Río de Janeiro, October 5 to December 2, 2000 (with Dan Cameron)\n\nCinco continentes y una ciudad.", "Artistas Cubanos Contemporáneos, Museo Alejandro Otero, Caracas, February–March 1991; Biblioteca Luis Angel Arango, Bogotá, April 4 to May 17, 1991 (with Graciela Pantin)\n\nThe Nearest Edge of the World.", "Art and Cuba Now, Massachusetts College of Art Main Gallery, Boston, November 7 to December 5, 1990; The Bronx Museum Of Art, New York, 1991; University of the South, Sewanee, 1991; Anderson Gallery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, 1991; The School of the Art Institute of Chicago, 1992; CU Art Galleries, Colorado University, Boulder; Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art, SECCA, Winston-Salem, 1993; Mexico Arte, Austin, 1993; Nexus Contemporary Art Center, Atlanta, 1994; Art Shows International, Sarasota, 1994 (with Rachel Weiss)\n\n3rd Havana Biennial, Centro Wifredo Lam, 1989\n\nAfrican Wire Toys, 3rd Havana Biennial, Museo de Artes Decorativas, Havana, November 1 to December 31, 1989\n\nRaíces en Acción.", "Nuevos Artistas de Cuba, Museo Carrillo Gil, Mexico D. F., November 10, 1988; Museo Biblioteca Pape, Coahuila, January to March, 1989\n\nAfrica Inside Cuba: 3 Artists, Kinshasa and Maputo, 1988\n\nTres Artistas Cubanos.", "Minerva Cuevas, Wifredo Lam, Ricardo Rodríguez Brey, Museo Nacional de Kinshasa, 7 al 12 de agosto de 1987\n\nModern Makonde Sculpture, Centro Provincial de Artes Plásticas y Diseño, Havana, May 22, 1987\n\n2nd Havana Biennial, Centro Wifredo Lam, November, 1986\n\nAfrica Inside Cuba: 6 Artists, Museo Nacional de Antropología de Angola, Luanda, April–May, 1986; Núcleo de Arte, Maputo, 1986; Centro Wifredo Lam, Havana, May–June, 1986\n\n1st Havana Biennial, Centro Wifredo Lam, 1984\n\nJóvenes Artistas.", "Retrospectiva, Galería Lalo Carrasco, Hotel Habana Libre, Havana, October, 1981 (with Flavio Garciandía and José Veigas)\n\nManuel Mendive: un Pintor de lo Real Maravilloso, Galería L, Havana, 1981\n\nObras Inéditas de Servando Cabrera Moreno, Galería L, Havana, September, 1979\n\nBooks\n“Dark Electricity”, Allora & Calzadilla.", "Specters of Noon, The Menil Collection, Houston, 2020.", "“Jeito”, 20 em 20.", "Os Artistas da Próxima Década, São Paulo, 2020.", "Arte desde América Latina (y otros pulsos globales), Ediciones Cátedra, Madrid, 2020.", "“Un gran tiempo de híbridos”, Híbridos.", "El cuerpo como imaginario, Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes, Ciudad de México, 2018, p. 341-356.", "“crisisss.", "Arte y confrontación en América Latina.", "Gerardo Mosquera.", "México DF, México, 2011”, Juan José Santos Mateo: Curaduría de Latinoamérica.", "20 entrevistas a quienes cambiaron el arte contemporáneo, CENDEAC, Murcia, 2018, p. 323-337.", "“Arte y utopía.", "1970 a 1990: dos décadas en guerra” and “Tania Bruguera.", "Artivismo y represión en Cuba.", "Informe de un testigo presencial”, Andrés Isaac Santana (editor): Lenguaje sucio.", "Narraciones críticas sobre el arte cubano Tomo I y II, Editorial Hypermedia, 2019, p. 33-43 y 487-492.", "\"Historia, tiempo, violencia”.", "Longitud de onda.", "Cristina Lucas.", "Turner, Madrid, 2017, p. 51-61.", "“La Geo-Política del Arte Contemporáneo\" (Co-editor & co-author with Nikos Papastergiadis).", "ERRATA#14.", "Geopolíticas del Arte Contemporáneo.", "July–December, 2015, pp.", "18–38.", "“Tong”.", "Magdalena Atria.", "Consejo Nacional de la Cultura y las Artes, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Galería XS, Santiago de Chile, 2015, pp.", "60–71, 168-171.", "“Gentlemen of Transgression”.", "Daniele Tamagni: Fashion Tribes.", "Global Street Style.", "New York: Abrams, 2015, p. 196-199.", "\"Gentlemen of Transgression”.", "Daniel Tamagni: Global Style Battles.", "Identités et sud cultures urbaines.", "Paris: Éditions La Découverte, 2015, pp.", "196–199.", "\"Prólogo”.", "John A. Loomis: Una revolución de formas.", "Las olvidadas escuelas de arte de Cuba.", "Barcelona: dpr, 2015, pp.", "21–23.", "“Além da antropofagia: arte, internacionalização e dinâmica cultural”.", "Histórias Mestiças.", "Antologia de textos (organized by Adriano Pedrosa and Lilia).", "Río de Janeiro: Cobogó, 2014, pp.", "328–338.", "“El arte en tiempos híbridos”.", "Visiting Minds 2013.", "Pedagogía radical: El arte como educación.", "Panamá: Sarigua, 2015, pp.", "192–200; 214-221.", "“René Portocarrero”.", "Todo sobre Portocarrero.", "Compilación de textos críticos 1936-2010 (compiled by Ramón Vázquez Díaz, Axel Li, José Veigas).", "Havana: Fundación Arte Cubano, 2014, pp.", "307–316.", "Infinite Islands.", "Art, Culture, Internationalization.", "Beijing: BeePub, 2014.", "Adriano Pedrosa; Luisa Duarte (editors): ABC - Arte brasileira contemporânea (curator & contributor).", "São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2013, pp.", "384–385.", "“La Biennale de La Havane : une utopie concrète”.", "Sophie Orlando, Catherine Grenier (editors): Art et mondialisation.", "Anthologie de textes de 1950 à nos jours.", "Paris: Centre Pompidou, 2013, pp.", "229–234.", "“Jatibonico.", "Notas sobre migración y dinámica cultural”; “Diálogo entre Gerardo Mosquera y José Manuel Springer”.", "José Manuel Springer (coordinator): Migraciones: territories y fronteras.", "Desplazamientos culturales y nomadismo artístico.", "Valencia: Editorial Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 2012, pp.", "31–39;71-79.", "“Beyond Anthropophagy: Art, Internationalization, and Cultural Dynamics”: Hans Belting, Andrea Buddensieg y Peter Weibel (editors): The Global Contemporary and the Rise of New Art Worlds (contributor).", "Karlsruhe, Cambridge (MA) and London: Center for Art and Media and The MIT Press, 2013, pp.", "233–238.", "“Virginia Pérez-Ratton”.", "Víctor Hugo Acuña Ortega, Alexandra Ortiz Wallner, Dominique Ratton Pérez (editors): Virginia Pérez-Ratton.", "Travesía por un estrecho dudoso.", "San José: TEOR/éTICA, 2012, pp.", "267–268.", "“Arte y nuevos públicos, ¿una aporía?”.", "Negociaciones: Puentes estratégicos entre el arte y los públicos.", "Honduras, Panama: CAVC/MUA, Fundación Arte>Panamá, 2012, pp.", "27–29.", "“Facing the Americas”; “From Latin American Art to Art from Latin America”.", "Héctor Olea, Mari Carmen Ramírez, Tomás Ybarra-Frausto (organizers): Resisting Categories: Latin American and / or Latino?", "Critical Documents of 20th Century Latin American and Latino Art.", "New Haven and London: The Museum of Fine Arts, International Center for the Arts of the Americas, Houston, Yale University Press, 2012, pp.", "1068–1076; 1123-1132.", "Desde aquí.", "Contexto e internacionalización (contributor & editor).", "Madrid, PHotoEspaña, 2012, www.phe.es.", "“Del arte latinoamericano al arte desde América Latina”.", "Adriano Pedrosa (editor): Art Nexus.", "Brasil en Colombia.", "Antología de textos.", "Bogotá: Arte en Colombia, 2011, pp.", "164–168.", "“Luis González Palma habla con Gerardo Mosquera”.", "Conversaciones con Fotógrafos / Conversations with Photographers (contributor).", "Madrid: La Fábrica, 2011.", "“Retratos de Fayum + Adrian Paci.", "Sin futuro visible”.", "Jean-Christophe Bailly: La llamada muda.", "Ensayo sobre los retratos de El Fayum.", "Madrid: Akal, PHotoEspaña, Madrid, 2011, pp.", "III-V.\n\nInterfaces.", "Retrato y comunicación (contributor & editor).", "Madrid: La Fábrica Editorial, PHotoEspaña, 2011, pp.", "7–15.", "“Más allá del ajiaco.", "Notas sobre lengua y cultura en el Caribe”.", "Utrópicos.", "Contexto.", "Pontevedra: XXXI Bienal de Pontevedra, 2010, pp.", "49–55.", "“The Havana Biennial: A Concrete Utopia”; “The Marco Polo Syndrome: Some Problems around Art and Eurocentrism”.", "Elena Filipovic, Mieke van Hal & Solveig ÿvsteb (editors): The Biennial Reader.", "An Anthology on Large-Scale Perennial Exhibitions of Contemporary Art, Bergen/Ostfildern, Bergen Kunsthall/Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2010, pp.", "198–207; 416-425.", "Caminar con el Diablo.", "Textos sobre arte, internacionalismo y culturas.", "Madrid: Exit Publicaciones, 2010.", "“Against Latin American Art”.", "Contemporary Art in Latin America (contributor & advisor).", "London: Black Dog Publishers, 2010, pp.", "11–23.", "Rotterdam Dialogues.", "The Critics, The Curators, The Artists.", "Rotterdam: Witte de With & Posteditions, 2010, pp.", "190–191.", "“The New Cuban Art”.", "Ales Erjavec (editor): Postmodernism and the Post Socialist Condition.", "Politicized Art under Late Socialism.", "Beijing, 2009 (chinese), pp.", "276–327.", "“Walking with the Devil: Art, Culture and Internationalization”.", "Helmut Anheier & Yudhishthir Raj Isar (editors): Cultural Expression, Creativity & Innovation.", "London, Thousand Oaks, Nueva Delhi, Singapore: SAGE, 2010, pp.", "47–56.", "“Cuba in Tania Bruguera’s work: The body is the social body”.", "Tania Bruguera: On the political imaginary.", "Milano: Ed Charta, 2009, pp.", "23–35.", "“Jineteando al diablo.", "Arte contemporáneo, cultura y (des)extranjerización”.", "Néstor García Canclini (editor): Extranjeros en la tecnología y en la cultura.", "Buenos Aires: Ariel, Fundación Telefónica, pp.", "51–63.", "“La isla infinita: introducción al nuevo arte cubano”; “Arte preso.", "Ángel Delgado 1242900”; “Arte haciendo política.", "Eduardo Ponjuán y René Francisco”- Andrés Isaac Santana (editor): Nosotros, los más infieles.", "Narraciones críticas sobre el arte cubano (1993-2005).", "Murcia: CENDEAC, pp.", "81–91; 314-317; 488-490.", "“Todo lo que usted necesita es amor”.", "I Insulted Flavio Garciandía in Havana.", "Mexico City: Turner, 2009, pp.", "291–305.", "“Globalización, algunas disyuntivas culturales”.", "I Encuentro de Arquitectura Tropical.", "San José: Instituto de Arquitectura Tropical, 2008, pp.", "97–107.", "“Desde aquí: arte contemporáneo, cultura e internacionalización”.", "Javier Domínguez, Carlos Arturo Fernández, Efrén Giraldo, Daniel Jerónimo Tobón (editors): Moderno/contemporáneo: un debate de horizontes.", "Antioquia: La Carreta del Arte, Universidad de Antioquia, 2008, ps.", "111-133.", "“Esferas, ciudades, transiciones.", "Perspectivas internacionales del arte y la cultura”.", "Pedro de Llano (editor): Wrong Site.", "Arte y globalización.", "A Coruña: Fundación Luis Seoane, 2008, pp.", "112–123.", "“Nfinda mató a Versalles”.", "Marta Palau.", "Naualli.", "Mexico, D.F.", ": Turner, 2006, pp.", "234–241.", "Copying Eden.", "Recent Art in Chile.", "Santiago: Puro Chile, 2008 (booklet).", "“Caminando con el Diablo”; “José Damasceno”; “Carlos Garaicoa”; “Jose Antonio Hernández-Diez”; “Wilfredo Prieto”; “Adriana Varejao”.", "Rosa Olivares (editor): 100 artistas latinoamericanos.", "Madrid: Exit, 2007, pp.", "21–23; 134; 182; 214; 362; 422.", "“The Urban Revolution”.", "Arjan van Helmond & Stani Michiels (editors): Jakarta Megalopolis.", "Horizontal and Vertical Observation.", "Amsterdam: Valiz, 2007, pp.", "22–24.", "“ciudadMULTIPLEcity.", "Art with the City: an Experiment in Context”.", "What’s Up, Biennale?", "The Internacional Symposium 2007.", "Busan: Busan Biennale, 2007, pp.", "39–47 & DVD with Rich Pitter documentary.", "“Seven Notes on the Museum-as-Hub”.", "Re-Shuffle/Notions of an Itinerant Museum.", "New York: Center for Curatorial Studies, Bard College, 2006.", "“Arte con la ciudad”.", "Gerardo Mosquera, Adrienne Samos (editors): ciudadMULTIPLEcity.", "Arte>Panamá 2003.", "Urban Art and Global Cities: an Experiment in Context.", "Amsterdam: KIT Publishers, 2005, pp.", "22–43.", "“Renovación en los años 80”; “La plástica cubana en un nuevo siglo”; “Crece la yerba”; “Reporte del hombre en La Habana”; “Arte y cultura crítica en Cuba”.", "Magaly Espinosa y Kevin Power (editores): Antología de textos críticos: el nuevo arte cubano.", "Santa Mónica: Perceval Press, Santa Mónica, 2006, pp.", "17–23; 59-61; 89-90; 141-146; 195-198.", "Copiar el Edén.", "Arte reciente en Chile (editor & introduction).", "Santiago: Puro Chile Publishers, 2006.", "“El nuevo arte cubano”.", "Pablo Oyarzún, Nelly Richard, Claudia Zaldívar (editors): Arte y política.", "Santiago de Chile: Universidad ARCIS, Facultad de Artes, Universidad de Chile, 2005, pp.", "253–279.", "\"Interview with Cildo Meireles\".", "pressPlay.", "Contemporary Artists in Conversation.", "London: Phaidon Press, 2005, pp.", "462–475.", "“Codo a codo.", "Conversación entre Gerardo Mosquera, Francis Alÿs, Rafael Ortega y Cuauhtémoc Medina”.", "Francis Alÿs, Cuauhtémoc Medina (editors): Cuando la fé mueve montañas.", "Madrid: Turner, Madrid, 2005, pp.", "64–105.", "Francis Alÿs: The Modern Procession (contributor).", "New York: Public Art Fund, 2004, p. 151.", "Over Here.", "International Perspectives on Art and Culture (editor & introduction with Jean Fisher).", "New York, Cambridge, London: New Museum of Contemporary Art/The MIT Press, 2004.", "“The Marco Polo Syndrome: Some Problems around Art and Eurocentrism”.", "Zoya Kocur and Simon Leung (editors): Theory in Contemporary Art since 1985.", "Malden, Oxford and Victoria: Blackwell Publishing, 2005, pp.", "218–225.", "“Modernism from Afro-America: Wifredo Lam”.", "Gilane Tawadros (editor): Changing States.", "Contemporary Art and Ideas in an Era of Globalisation.", "London: Institute of International Visual Arts, 2004, pp.", "278–283.", "“A Reproduction of Solitude”.", "Irene Kopelman: Documenting Three Interventions in a Space.", "Amsterdam: Rijksakademie van Beldende Kunsten, 2003.", "“The New Cuban Art”.", "Ales Erjavec (editor): Postmodernism and the Postsocialist Condition.", "Politicized Art under Late Socialism.", "Los Angeles/Berkeley/London: University of California Press, 2003, pp.", "208–246.", "“Global Islands”; “From”.", "Okwui Enwezor, Carlos Basualdo, Ute Meta Bauer, Susanne Ghez, Sarat Maharaj, Mark Nash and Octavio Zaya (editors): Crèolitè and Creolization, Documenta 11_Platform3.", "Ostfildern-Ruit: Museum Fridericianum; Hatje Cantz Publishers, 2003, pp.", "87–92, 145-148.", "“El arte latinoamericano deja de serlo”.", "Víctor Manuel Rodríguez (editor): Prácticas artísticas, enfoques contemporáneos.", "Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2003 pp.", "35–47.", "“Alien-Own/Own-Alien.", "Notes on Globalisation and Cultural Difference”.", "Nikos Papastergiadis (editor): Complex Entanglements.", "Art, Globalisation and Cultural Difference.", "London: Rivers Oram Press, 2003, pp.", "18–29.", "“Seis nuevos pintores”; “Volumen uno”; “Nuevos artistas”; “Renovación en los años ochenta”; “Feminismo en Cuba”; “Los catorce hijos de Guillermo Tell”.", "Margarita González, Tania Parson, Josè Veigas (anthology): Déjame que te cuente.", "Antología de la crítica en los 80, Havana: Artecubano Ediciones, 2002, pp.", "15–18; 19-20; 127-131; 153-162; 255-258; 273-282.", "“Modernidad y africanía: Wifredo Lam en su isla”; “Mi pintura es un acto de descolonización”.", "José Manuel Noceda (anthology): Wifredo Lam.", "La cosecha de un brujo, Havana, Letras Cubanas, 2002, pp.", "245–279, 522-530.", "“Sobre arte, globalización y culturas”.", "Rafael Hernández y Rafael Rojas (selection, prologue and notes): Ensayo cubano del Siglo XX.", "Mexico D.F.", ": Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2002, pp.", "620–637.", "\"Notas sobre globalización, identidades y nomadismo”.", "Globalización e identidad cultural, Seminario Internacional, VII Bienal de Cuenca, 2002, pp.", "17–19.", "\"The Marco Polo Syndrome”.", "Rasheed Araeen, Sean Cubitt, Ziauddin Sardar (compilators): The Third Text Reader on Art, Culture and Theory.", "London, New York: Continuum, 2002, pp.", "267–273.", "Saint James Guide to Hispanic Artists (adviser).", "Saint James: Saint James Press, 2002.", "“The Social Function of Art in Cuba since the Revolution of 1959”.", "David Craven: Art and Revolution in Latin America.", "1910-1990.", "New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002, pp.", "180–182.", "\"Sobre arte, globalización y diferencia cultural”.", "Identidad, Globalización y Diferencia, I Foro Internacional Paraguay 2001.", "Paraguay: Ediciones Faro para las Artes, 2002, pp.", "53–91.", "\"Good-bye identidad, welcome diferencia: del arte latinoamericano al arte desde América Latina”.", "Rebeca León (compilator): Arte en América Latina y cultura global.", "Santiago: Universidad de Chile/Dolmen Ensayo, 2002, pp.", "123–137.", "\"Moors with Christians, Anthropophagy and Coca-Cola.", "Two Notes on Transcultural Processes”.", "Mondialisation et Postcolonialisme.", "Dèfinitions de la Culture Visuelle V. Montreal: Museè d'Art Contemporain de Montrèal, 2002, pp.", "49–57.", "\"Eye, Mouth, and Ear”.", "Carin Kuoni (editor): Words of Wisdom.", "A Curator's Vade Mecum on Contemporary Art.", "New York: Independent Curators International, 2001, pp.", "123–124.", "\"Globalization: Some Cultural Dilemmas”.", "Alexander Tzonis, Liane Lefaivre and Bruno Stagno (editors): Tropical Architecture.", "Critical Regionalism in the Age of Globalization.", "London, The Hague: Wiley-Academy, Prince Claus Fund, 2001, pp.", "59–64.", "\"Notes on Globalisation, Art and Cultural Difference”.", "Silent Zones.", "On Globalisation and Cultural Interaction.", "Amsterdam: Rijsakademie van Beeldende Kunsten, 2001, pp.", "26–62.", "“New Cuban Art Y2K”.", "Holly Block (editor): Art Cuba.", "The New Generation.", "New York: Harry N. Abrams Publishers, 2001, pp.", "13–15.", "Fresh cream (contributor).", "London: Phaidon Press, 2000.", "“Suyo-ajeno y ajeno-suyo.", "Dos notas sobre migración y desplazamiento cultural”.", "Adiós identidad.", "Arte y cultura desde América Latina (editor & contributor).", "Badajoz: Museo Extremeño e Iberoamericano de Arte Contemporáneo, 2001, pp.", "173–184.", "\"Arte y religión en Elso”.", "Rachel Weiss (editor): Por América.", "La obra de Juan Francisco Elso.", "Mexico D.F.", ": UNAM,2000, pp.", "71–87.", "\"Some Notes on Globalization and Difference”.", "Birgit Baeroe (editor): Deterritorializations.", "Art and Aesthetics in the 90s.", "Oslo, Nora: Spartacus Forlag & Bokförlaget Nya Doxa, 2000, pp.", "127–135.", "“Gerardo Mosquera in Conversation with Cildo Meireles”.", "Cildo Meireles.", "London: Phaidon Press, 1999, pp.", "6–35.", "\"Robando del pastel global.", "globalización, diferencia y apropiación cultural”.", "José Jiménez y Fernando Castro (editors): Horizontes del arte latinoamericano.", "Madrid: Tecnos, 1999, pp.", "57–67.", "Servando Cabrera Moreno.", "Dibujo.", "Havana: Editorial Letras Cubanas, 1999.", "“Foreword”.", "John A. Loomis: Revolution of Forms.", "Cuba’s Forgotten Art Schools.", "New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1998, pp.", "XXIX-XXXI.", "\"Islas infinitas: sobre arte, globalización y culturas”.", "Mundialización y periferias.", "San Sebastián: Arteleku 1998, pp.", "123–139.", "\"La autobiografía del hombre-cucaracha”; “La isla se va”.", "Las artes plásticas en Pinar del Río: un vitral de estos tiempos.", "Pinar del Río: Vitral, 1996.", "\"Wim Delvoye”.", "Wim Delvoye.", "London, Gent: Delfina, Luc Derycke, 1996, pp.", "7–34.", "The Dictionary of Art (contributor).", "London: Macmillan Publishers, 1996.", "Cozido e Cru.", "São Paulo: Fundação Memorial de América Latina, 1996.", "\"Cuba 1950-1990”.", "Latin American Art in the 20th Century.", "London: Phaidon Press, 1996; Madrid: Nerea, 1997.", "\"Eleggua at the (Post?)", "Modern Crossroads.", "The Presence of Africa in the Plastic Art of Cuba”.", "Arturo Lindsey (editor): Santería Aesthetics in Contemporary Latino Art.", "Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1996, pp.", "225–258.", "\"Estética y marxismo”.", "Gabriel Vargas Lozano (editor): En torno a la obra de Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez.", "Mexico D.F.", ": UNAM, 1995, pp.", "391–406.", "\"Historia del arte y culturas”.", "Los discursos sobre el arte, XV Coloquio Internacional de Historia del Arte.", "Mexico D.F.", ": UNAM, 1995, pp.", "429–443.", "Contracandela.", "Caracas: Monte Ávila Editores, 1995.", "“Modernism from Afro-America: Wifredo Lam”.", "Beyond the Fantastic.", "Contemporary Art Criticism from Latin America (editor & contributor).", "London & Cambridge, Massachusetts: INVIA & MIT Press, 1995, pp.", "121–133.", "\"On Art, Politics and the Millennium in Latin America”.", "Strategies for Survival - Now!.", "Lund: AICA, 1995, pp.", "120–141.", "\"Some Problems in Transcultural Curating”.", "Jean Fisher (editor): Global Visions.", "Towards a New Internationalism in the Visual Arts.", "London: Kala Press, 1994, pp.", "133–139.", "\"Art Through the City (Carlos Garaicoa)”.", "Liam Kelly (editor): The City as Art.", "Interrogating the Polis.", "Belfast, AICA (Irish Section), 1994, pp.", "75–77.", "\"La apropiación afroamericana del modernismo: Wifredo Lam”.", "Arte, Historia e Identidad en América.", "Visiones Comparativas, XVII Coloquio Internacional de Historia del Arte, UNAM, 1994, II, pp.", "535–541.", "“Tercer mundo y cultural occidental” (included in appendix).", "Xavier Seoane: Rito ou Rendición.", "Unha aproximación aos presupostos teóricos e criativos da arte galega.", "La Coruña: Ediciós do Castro, 1994, pp.", "486–489.", "\"Art Criticism and Cultures”.", "American Visions.", "Artistic and Cultural Identity in the Western Hemisphere.", "New York: ACA Books, 1994, pp.", "22–24.", "\"Vid skilgevägen.", "Konstens och kulturernas historia”.", "Kulturin den Globala Byn.", "Lund: Aegis Förlag, 1994, pp.", "119–130.", "\"Africa dentro de la plástica caribeña”; “Raíces en acción”.", "Margarita Sánchez Prieto (editora): Visión del arte latinoamericano en la década de 1980.", "Lima: PNUD/ UNESCO, 1994, pp.", "145–156;163-167.", "\"El síndrome de Marco Polo”.", "Cuadernos del Museo, n.1.", "Montevideo: Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes Juan Manuel Blanes, 1993, pp.", "3–10.", "\"The Strokes of Magical Realism in Manuel Mendive”.", "Pedro Pérez Sarduy y Jean Stubbs (editors): Afrocuba.", "An Anthology of Cuban Writing on Race, Politics and Culture.", "Melbourne: Ocean Press, Melbourne, 1993, pp.", "146–153.", "Del Pop al Post (editor).", "Havana: Editorial Arte y Literatura, 1993.", "El Diseño se Definió en Octubre.", "Havana: Editorial Arte y Literatura, 1989; Bogotá: Banco de la República, 1992.", "\"Plastic Arts in Cuba”; “Remarks”.", "Rachel Weiss (editor): Being America.", "New York: White Pire Press, 1991, pp.", "61–70; 189-193.", "“Prólogo”.", "Roberto Segre: Lectura crítica del ambiente cubano.", "Havana: Editorial Letras Cubanas, 1990, pp.", "7–22.", "\"África dentro de la plástica caribeña.\"", "Plástica del Caribe (editor & contributor).", "Havana: Editorial Letras Cubanas, 1989, pp.", "137–164.", "\"Sánchez Vázquez: marxismo y arte abstracto”.", "Juliana González, Carlos Pereyra y Gabriel Vargas Lozano (editores): Praxis y Filosofía.", "Ensayos en homenaje a Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez.", "Mexico: Grijalbo, 1987, pp.", "231–252.", "“Prólogo”.", "Henri Perruchot: Toulouse-Lautrec.", "Havana: Editorial Arte y Literatura, 1987, pp.", "1–13.", "Sobre Wifredo Lam (editor).", "Havana: Editorial Letras Cubanas, 1986.", "Con la Primera Cantante.", "Havana: UNEAC, 1984.", "Exploraciones en la Plástica Cubana.", "Havana: Editorial Letras Cubanas, 1983.", "Trece Artistas Jóvenes.", "Havana: Universidad de La Habana, 1981.", "Cuba: pintura joven.", "Havana: Dirección de Artes Plásticas y Diseño, Ministerio de Cultura, 1981.", "\"El museo del presidio”.", "Marta Rojas (selection and introduction): Reportajes de la nueva vida.", "Havana: Editorial Letras Cubanas, 1980, pp.", "428–442.", "The Cultural Policy of Cuba.", "Paris: UNESCO, 1978 & 1979.", "\"Subir el palo ensebado.", "Cuatro preguntas molestas a René Depestre”.", "En algún lugar de la memoria.", "Premios de Periodismo Concurso 13 de Marzo.", "Havana: Universidad de La Habana, 1977, pp.", "9–20\n\n“En la casa”.", "Antología de cuentos.", "Concurso Literario 13 de Marzo.", "Havana: Universidad de La Habana, 1971, pp.", "38–42.", "- Gerardo Mosquera's opening words, published by Universes in Universe\nPerduti nel Paesaggio / Lost in Landscape, Museo di arte moderna e contemporánea di Trento e Rovereto, 2014.", "Arte y Critica - Matar al padre: entrevista a Gerardo Mosquera\nFrom Here.", "Context and Internationalization, Madrid, La Fábrica Editorial, PHotoEspaña, 2012 (editor and contributor).", "Digital publication.", "PHotoEspaña 2012\nIberoamericana Vol.", "12, Num.", "45 (2012) - Desplazamientos, contextos y compromisos.", "Revista Codigo - Entrevista con motivo de Crisisss.", "América Latina, arte y confrontación 1919-2010\nMuseum as Hub\nPress Release - 20 Dissarangements, Panorama on Brazilian Art, MARCO, Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Vigo, 2005.", "CiudadMultipleCity.", "Arte>Panamá 2003\nMuestra Internacional de arte Contemporáneo en la Ciudad de Córdoba\nArte Contemporáneo en Patios de Quito\nPonencia: ADIÓS A LA ANTROPOFAGIA: ARTE, INTERNACIONALIZACIÓN Y DINÁMICAS CULTURALES | CIRCULO A\n¡Afuera!", "Arte en Espacios Publico | nexo5.com\n\nLiving people\nCuban curators\nCuban art critics\nPeople from Havana\nCuban people of Galician descent\nArt curators\n1945 births" ]

[ "Gerardo Mosquera was born in Havana, Cuba, and is currently based in Havana, Cuba.", "He was a central figure in the curatorial team until he resigned in 1989.", "He has traveled, lectured andcurated exhibitions in more than 80 countries since then.", "Mosquera was an associate curator at the New Museum of Contemporary Art.", "He is an advisor in the Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kusten.", "His publications include several books on art and art theory, and more than 600 articles, reviews and essays have appeared in numerous magazines.", "Mosquera has edited Beyond the Fantastic: Contemporary Art Criticism from Latin America and Over Here: International Perspectives on Art and Culture.", "His theoretical essays, which have been influential in discussing art's cultural dynamics in an internationalized world, and contemporary Latin American art, are dispersed in English, Spanish, and Chinese.", "The Chief Curator of the 4th Poly/Graphic San Juan Triennial was Mosquera.", "Mosquera obtained his degree in History of Art at the University of Havana.", "He worked as an art, cinema and theater critic, researcher and journalist in Havana.", "As a result of homophobic cultural policies, two Cuban artists who had previously been marginalized for their erotic and religious content of their art were published thorough investigations.", "The main critic of the new Cuban art was Mosquera.", "The Cuban art scene was renovated in the 1980s by this movement.", "It was successful in getting the Ministry of Culture to open up.", "The turn was aided by Mosquera's critical writings on the new Cuban art and his promotion of the new artists internationally.", "Cuba's arts were different until today because of this movement.", "In 1989 Mosquera published a book about Russian avant-garde art and design in Havana and Bogot, as well as looking beyond Cuba.", "The first Havana Biennial took place in 1984.", "The Carnegie International and Documenta were the sixth and fourth huge international periodic art events to be established.", "The show was supported by the Cuban government, but only in Latin America.", "In 1986 the 2nd Havana Biennial presented the first global show of contemporary art ever, with more than 50 exhibitions and events that gathered 690 artists from 57 countries.", "The way in which the new biennials were organized was influenced by the way in which the next Biennial edition moved away from the Venice and So Paulo paradigms.", "The whole event was included in the transformation.", "The combination of a centralized curation that avoided national representations with a decentralized structure involving a constellation of multiple events, the link with the city, and the eradication of awards is a general theme.", "It has become clear that Les magiciens de la terre was not the first global show, but a new breed of contemporary biennials that started the way in which globalization will take shape in art.", "The multiple practices of contemporary art around the world were out of the Western mainstream for the first time at the Havana Biennial.", "The leader of the curatorial work since 1984 was Mosquera, who resigned in 1989 due to the increasing oppression in the cultural sector.", "Mosquera was banned from publishing in his country until today after he resigned from the Havana Biennial.", "He was a Guggenheim Fellow in 1990.", "The United States embargo against Cuba made it difficult for him to work at the New Museum of Contemporary Art in New York.", "The program at the Museum introduced a broader international approach to the New York art scene.", "The Museum as Hub is a new model for curatorial practice and institutional collaboration established to enhance our understanding of contemporary art.", "There is a network of relationships and an actual physical site.", "Mosquera's theoretical work pioneered critical discussions about the complex cultural processes of modern and contemporary art from non-mainstream countries, especially in relation to mainstream art, globalization and postcolonial dynamics.", "He moved away from the identity stereotypes of the 1980s in order to promote an open, multi-dimensional view of Latin American art.", "The exhibition Ante America, which he co-curated in 1992, was a landmark for this new view on Latin American art.", "Mosquera's ideas, position and curatorial practice have been significant in the new scenario of broad international circulation of art.", "The idea of \"from here\" was introduced to oppose the \"appropriation\" paradigms that were used to discuss postcolonial art's strategies.", "The white cube has lately been the focus of the curator's work, trying to achieve artistic communication with broader audiences beyond the art world's elite.", "His contribution to theLiverpool Biennial and shows that try to create an active dialogue with the public space and involve people in the streets are some examples.", "The Sky Within My House, Contemporary Art in Patios of Quito, and Afuera!", "You can see all of it below.", "The Guangdong Museum of Art will host the Guangzhou Image Triennial 2021.", "The Bronx Art Museum has Machines for Dreaming, Thinking and Seeing.", "There is a utopia called Adis Utopia.", "Dreams and Deceptions in Cuban Art Since 1950, The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas, USA, March 3, 2017.", "There is a person named Cristina Lucas.", "The Manchas are located at Sala Alcal 31, Madrid.", "BRIC--brac.", "The Jumble of Growth was held at the Today Art Museum in Beijing.", "It's okay.", "Gervasio Snchez is from Madrid, Spain, and he is from Santiago de Compostela.", "There is a person named Cristina Lucas.", "Museo de Arte Contemporneo de Puerto Rico is located in Santurce, San Juan.", "Fernando Snchez Castillo.", "Sala de Arte Pblico Siqueiros, Mexico City, June 7, 2016 fue un da soleado.", "The Museum of Art of Puerto Rico is a part of the 4th Poly/Graphic San Juan Triennial.", "The Museo di arte moderna is located in Trento e Rovereto.", "There is an artificial Amsterdam.", "The City as Artwork is located in Amsterdam.", "The man is named Manuel lvarezBravo.", "Un photographe aux aguets, Jeu de Paume, Paris, October 15, 2012; Fundacin MAPFRE, Madrid, February 12, 2013).", "Here we are.", "Richard Avedon, Richard Billingham, Lilla Szsz, and Mnica Portillo were in Madrid on June 7, 2011.", "Real Jardn Botnico is in Madrid.", "The man is Ron Galella.", "Paparazzo Extraordinaires, Crculo de Bellas Artes and Loewe Gran Va, Madrid, June 1, 2011; Einladung, Berlin, December 9, 2011; FOAM, Amsterdam, June 7, 2012; Sociocultural Novacaixa.", "Face Contact, Teatro Fernn Gmez,PHotoEspaa, Madrid, May 31, 2011; Iberia Center for Contemporary Art, Beijing, April 28, 2012.", "There are 1000 faces and one face.", "Cindy Sherman was at Sala Alcal 31, PhotoEspaa, Madrid, May 30, 2011.", "Adrian Paci and Fayum Portraits.", "The Museo Arqueolgico is in Madrid.", "There are crises.", "Art and confrontation in Latin America.", "Mexico City, March 12, 2011.", "Afuera!", "Crdoba, Argentina, October 8, 2010 is where Arte en espacios pblicos is located.", "September 4, 2010 is the date of the contemporneo.", "PanAmerican Art Projects, Miami, November 14, 2009.", "The sky over my house.", "There is contemporary art in 16 patio's.", "October 22, 2009.", "There are 7 and 1 project rooms in the museum.", "There are states of exchange.", "Iniva, London, January 22, 2008 has artists from Cuba.", "The Border Jam was a part of the Regional Encounter of Art.", "The Museo Municipal Juan Manuel Blanes is located in the public realm.", "The Transpacific.", "An encounter took place in Santiago, La Moneda Palace Cultural Center.", "September 16, 2006 is the date of theLiverpool Biennial International.", "October 30 to December 31, 2004, with Maria Hlavajova.", "There is a panorama of Brazilian art.", "Museum of Modern Art, So Paulo, October 16 to November 30, 2003; Pao Imperial, Rio de Janeiro, December 16 to February 2004, and Museum of Modern Art Alosio Magalhaes, Recife, March 11 to May 6, 2004.", "The city is called CiudadMultipleCity.", "The International Urban Art event will take place from March 20 to April 20.", "The period from December 12 2000 to February 19 2001 was perverting.", "Absent Territories, Casa de América, Madrid, January 28 to March 26, 2000; and the New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York, November 18, 1999 to March 15, 2000.", "The Nearest Edge of the World was held at the Biblioteca Luis Angel Arango in Bogot.", "Art and Cuba Now, Massachusetts College of Art Main Gallery, Boston, November 7 to December 5, 1990; The Bronx Museum of Art, New York, 1991; University of the South, Sewanee, 1991; and Anderson Gallery, Virginia Commonwealth University,Richmond, 1991.", "Museo Biblioteca Pape, Coahuila, January to March, 1989 Africa Inside Cuba: 3 Artists, Kinshasa and Maputo, is a collection of works by Cuban artists.", "The Modern Makonde Sculpture is located at the Museo Nacional de Kinshasa, Havana, May 22, 1987 2nd.", "In October of 1981 there was a Retrospectiva at the Hotel Habana Libre in Havana.", "The Menil Collection has Specters of Noon.", "20 em 20.", "There are artistas in So Paulo in 2020.", "Ediciones Ctedra is in Madrid in 2020.", "Hbridos said, \"Un gran tiempo de hbridos\".", "The Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes is located in Ciudad de México.", "There are crises.", "Ahora y confrontacin en América Latina.", "The person is Gerardo Mosquera.", "The book was written by Juan José Santos Mateo.", "20 Entrevistas a quienes cambiaron el arte contemporneo, Murcia.", "Arte y Utopa.", "Dos decadas en guerra and Tania Bruguera were written in the 70s and 1990s.", "En Cuba, artivismo y represin.", "Informe de un testigo presencial.", "Editorial Hypermedia published Narraciones crticas on the arte Tomo I and II.", "\" Historia, tiempo, violencia\".", "Longitud de onda.", "There is a person named Cristina Lucas.", "Turner wrote a book in Madrid.", "The co-editor and co-author of \"La Geo-Poltica del Arte Contemporneo\" is Nikos Papastergiadis.", "ERRATA#14.", "The Arte Contemporneo hasgeopolticas.", "In July and December of 2015, pp.", "18–38.", "\"Tong\".", "There is a person named Magdalena Atria.", "The Consejo Nacional de la Cultura y las Artes is located in Santiago de Chile.", "60–72, 168-171.", "Gentlemen of Transgression.", "There are fashion tribes.", "Global street style.", "The book is in New York.", "\"Gentlemen of Transgression\".", "There are global style battles.", "Une cultures urbaines.", "The ditions La Découverte was published in Paris.", "197–199.", "\"Prlogo\".", "John A. Loomis said \"Un revolucin de formas\".", "Las olvidadas escuelas are located in Cuba.", "pp.", "21–23.", "Além da antropofagia: arte, internacionalizao e dinmica cultural.", "Histrias Mestias.", "Adriano Pedrosa and Lilia organize the antologia de textos.", "The Cobog, pp., was published in Ro de Brazil.", "335–336.", "The arte en tiempos hbridos is called el arte.", "Visiting Minds", "Pedagoga is a radical.", "pp.", "192–200; 214–221.", "René Portocarrero.", "Todo at Portocarrero.", "There is a Compilacin de textos crticos 1936-2010.", "Havana: Fundacin Arte Cubano.", "327–322.", "There are infinite islands.", "Art, Culture, Internationalization.", "Beijing: BeePub.", "Adriano Pedrosa is the editor of ABC - Arte brasileira contempornea.", "Cosac Naify was published in So Paulo.", "386–385.", "La Biennale de La Havane is about the concrte.", "Art et mondialisation is edited by Catherine Grenier.", "Anthologie de textes was published in 1950.", "The Centre Pompidou is in Paris.", "229–235.", "Jatibonico.", "There are notas on migracin y dinmica cultural.", "There are territories and fronteras.", "Desplazamientos culturales y nomadismo artstico.", "Valencia: Editorial Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.", "31–39; 71–79.", "The Global Contemporary and the Rise of New Art Worlds was edited by Hans Belting.", "The Center for Art and Media and The MIT Press were published in Cambridge and London.", "23–38.", "Virginia Pérez-Ratton.", "Virginia Pérez-Ratton is an editor.", "por un estrecho dudoso", "The 2012 edition of San José: TeOR/éTICA.", "267–268.", "\"Arte y nuevos pblicos, una apora?\"", "Entre el arte y los pblicos, negociaciones.", "Fundacin Arte>Panam, Honduras, Panama: CAVC/MUA, 2012 pp.", "27–29.", "The books are \"Facing the Americas\" and \"From Latin American Art to Art from Latin America\".", "Resisting Categories: Latin American and Latino?", "There are critical documents of Latin American and Latino art.", "New Haven and London: The Museum of Fine Arts, International Center for the Arts of the Americas.", "1068–1076; 1123-1132.", "Desde aqu.", "The contexto e internacionalizacin is atributor and editor.", "PHotoEspaa is located in Madrid, Spain.", "\"Del arte latinoamericano al arte in América Latina\".", "Adriano Pedrosa is an editor.", "There is a country called Brasil en Colombia.", "There is antologa de textos.", "The Bogot: Arte en Colombia was published in 2011.", "164–168.", "\"Luis Gonzlez Palma habla con Gerardo Mosquera\".", "Conversaciones con Fotgrafos are about conversations with photographers.", "The Fbrica is in Madrid.", "Adrian Paci and Retratos de Fayum.", "Sin futuro is visible.", "Jean-Christophe Bailly said \"La llamada muda\".", "There are retratos de El Fayum.", "Akal,PHotoEspaa, Madrid, pp.", "I-V.", "The retrato y comunicacin is atributor and editor.", "The La Fbrica Editorial is in Madrid.", "7–15.", "Ms all.", "Notas de cultura en el Caribe.", "Utrpicos.", "There is a contexto.", "The XXXI Bienal de Pontevedra was published in 2010.", "49–55.", "The Havana Biennial is a Concrete Utopia.", "The Biennial Reader was edited by Elena, Mieke, and Solveig vsteb.", "An anthology on large-scale Perennial Exhibitions of Contemporary Art was published in 2010.", "199–199; 409–423.", "There is a caminar con el diablo.", "Textos de arte, internacionalismo, and culturas.", "In 2010 Madrid: Exit Publicaciones.", "Against Latin American art.", "There is contemporary art in Latin America.", "London: Black Dog Publishers.", "11–23.", "Dialogues in the city of Rotterdam.", "The Critics, the Curators, the Artists.", "The 2010 edition of Rotterdam: Witte de With & Posteditions.", "190–1.", "The new Cuban art.", "The Postmodernism and the Post Socialist Condition was edited by Ales Erjavec.", "Art is Politicized under socialism.", "Beijing, 2009, pp.", "There was a score of 276– 327.", "The book is about art, culture and internationalization.", "Anheier and Raj Isar wrote about cultural expression, creativity and innovation.", "SAGE, 2010, pp. London, Thousand Oaks, Nueva Delhi, Singapore.", "47–56", "The body is the social body in Cuba.", "There is a political imaginary.", "Ed Charta, 2009, pp.", "23–35.", "Al diablo, jineteando.", "The cultura y Extranjerizacin is called contemporneo.", "The editor is Néstor Garca Canclini.", "Fundacin Telefnica, pp.", "51–63.", "The title of the article is \"La isla infinita: introduccin al nuevo arte cubano\".", "\"Arte haciendo poltica\" was written by ngel Delgado.", "Nosotros, los ms infieles, Eduardo Ponjun y René Francisco.", "There are Narraciones crticas about the arte cubano.", "Murcia:CENDEAC, pp.", "The score was 81–91; 314-317.", "Todo lo, necesita es amor.", "I insulted him in Havana.", "Turner, 2009, pp.", "29–05.", "Globalizacin, algunas disyuntivas culturales.", "I Encuentro de Arquitectura Tropical.", "Insturment de Arquitectura Tropical is in San José.", "97–107.", "Aqu: arte contemporneo, cultura e internacionalizacin.", "The Moderno/contemporneo: un debate de horizontes was edited by Daniel Jernimo Tobn.", "The Antioquia: La Carreta del Arte was published in 2008.", "113-113.", "Esferas, ciudades, transiciones.", "Perspectivas internacionales del arte.", "Pedro de Llano is an editor.", "Ahora y globalizacin.", "A Corua: Fundacin Luis Seoane was published in 2008.", "112–123.", "The mat is called a Versalles.", "There is a woman named Marta Palau.", "There is a person named Naualli.", "Mexico, D.F.", "Turner, 2006 pp.", "236–243.", "A person is copying another person.", "There is recent art in Chile.", "Puro Chile was published in Santiago in 2008.", "It was called \"Caminando con el Diablo\", \"Jos Damasceno\", \"Carlos Garaicoa\", \"Jose Antonio Hernndez-Diez\", \"Wilfredo Prieto\", and \"Adriana Varejao\".", "There are 100 artistas latinoamericanos.", "Exit, 2007, pp.", "21–23; 134; 182; 214; 362; 423.", "The urban revolution.", "The Jakarta Megalopolis is edited by Arjan van Helmond and Stani Michiels.", "There are two types of observation: horizontal and vertical.", "Valiz, 2007, pp.", "22– 24.", "The city has aciudadMULTIPLEcity.", "Art with the City is an experiment.", "What is happening in the Biennale?", "The Internacional Symposium was held in 2007.", "The 2007, pp., is from the Busan Biennale.", "There is a documentary with Rich Pitter.", "The Museum-as-Hub has seven notes.", "The Itinerant Museum has been re-shuffle.", "Bard College has a Center for Curatorial Studies.", "\"Arte con la ciudad\".", "Editors: ciudadMULTIPLEcity.", "Panam was born in 2003", "An experiment in context is urban art and global cities.", "KIT Publishers, 2005, pp.", "There were 22 and 43 in this story.", "The reporte del hombre en La Habana, \"Renovacin en los aos 80\", and \"La plstica cubana en un nuevo siglo\" are examples.", "Kevin Power and Magaly Espinosa edited antologa de textos crticos.", "Santa Mnica: Perceval Press was published in 2006", "17–23; 59-61; 89-90; 141-146; 195-198.", "Copiar el Edén.", "An introduction and an editor's reciente en chile.", "Puro Chile Publishers was in Santiago.", "There is a new arte called el nuevo arte.", "Art y poltica is edited by Pablo Oyarzn, Richard, and Zaldvar.", "The Facultad de Artes of the University of Santiago de Chile was published in 2005.", "25–79.", "Interview with Cildo Meireles.", "Press play.", "The contemporary artists are having a conversation.", "Phaidon Press, 2005, pp.", "465–465.", "Codo a codo.", "There is a correlation between Gerardo Mosquera, Francis Als, and Cuauhtémoc Medina.", "Cuando la f mueve montaas, Francis Als, Cuauhtémoc Medina.", "Turner, Madrid, 2005, pp.", "64–105.", "Francis Als is the author of The Modern Procession.", "New York: Public Art Fund.", "Over here.", "The introduction to International Perspectives on Art and Culture was written by Jean Fisher.", "The New Museum of Contemporary Art is in New York, Cambridge, and London.", "The Marco Polo Syndrome has some problems with art and Eurocentrism.", "Theory in Contemporary Art has been edited by Zoya Kocur and Simon Leung.", "Oxford and Victoria: Blackwell Publishing, 2005, pp.", "218–225.", "The book is about modernism from Afro-America.", "Changing States is edited by Gilane Tawadros.", "There is contemporary art and ideas in an era of globalisation.", "The Institute of International Visual Arts is located in London.", "They had a score of 278–283.", "A reproduction of solitude.", "There are three interventions in a space.", "Amsterdam: Rijksakademie van Beldende.", "The new Cuban art.", "The Postmodernism and the Postsocialist Condition is edited by Ales Erjavec.", "Art is Politicized under socialism.", "Los Angeles/Berkeley/London: University of California Press.", "The score was 206–252.", "\"Global Islands\" and \"From\" are the terms used for the Global Islands.", "Mark Nash and Octavio Zaya edited Documenta 11_Platform3.", "The Museum Fridericianum was published by Hatje Cantz Publishers.", "95, 141-148.", "The arte latinoamericano deja de serlo.", "\"Prcticas artsticas, enfoques contemporneos\" is an editorial by Vctor Manuel Rodrguez.", "The 2003 pp. of Bogot are from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia.", "35–47.", "It's called Alien-Own/Own-Alien.", "There are notes on globalisation and cultural difference.", "The editor is Nikos Papastergiadis.", "There is art, globalisation and cultural difference.", "pp. from London: Rivers Oram Press.", "18–29.", "“Seis unos, unos, unos, unos, unos, unos, unos, unos, unos, unos, unos, unos, unos, unos", "The following people have anthology: Margarita Gonzlez, Tania Parson, and Jos Veigas.", "The antologa de la crtica was published in Havana in 2002.", "15–18; 19-20; 127-131; 153-162; 255-258.", "Mi pintura es un acto de descolonizacin.", "Noceda is an anthology.", "The cosecha de un brujo was published in Havana.", "243–279, 522-530", "Sobre arte, globalizacin y culturas.", "Ensayo cubano del Siglo XX was written by Rafael Hernndez and Rafael Rojas.", "Mexico D.F.", "The 2002 edition of the Fondo de Cultura Econmica.", "The score was 620–637.", "\"Notas de globalizacin, identidades y nomadismo\".", "The seminario Internacional, Bienal de Cuenca, 2002, pp. Globalizacin e identidad cultural.", "17-19.", "\"The Marco Polo Syndrome\".", "The third text reader is about art, culture and theory.", "London, New York: Continuum, 2002.", "260–279.", "The Guide to Hispanic Artists was written by Saint James.", "Saint James: Saint James Press was published in 2002.", "The social function of art in Cuba has been studied.", "There is art and revolution in Latin America.", "1910-1990.", "New Haven and London: Yale University Press.", "180–2", "\"Sobre arte, globalizacin y diferencia cultural\".", "I Foro Internacional Paraguay 2001 contains Identidad, Globalizacin y Diferencia.", "The 2002 edition of Ediciones Faro para las Artes was published in Asuncin.", "53–1.", "Welcome to diferencia: del arte latinoamericano al arte in América Latina.", "Rebeca Len is ailator.", "The University of Santiago/Dolmen Ensayo published a paper in 2002.", "123–137.", "\"Moors with Christians, Anthropophagy and Coca-Cola.\"", "There are two notes on transcultural processes.", "Mondialisation and Postcolonialisme are related.", "The Dfinitions de la Culture Visuelle V. Montreal were published in 2002.", "49–57.", "\"eye, mouth, and ear\"", "Words of Wisdom is edited by Carin Kuoni.", "Vade Mecum is a Curator.", "New York: Independent Curators International.", "123–4.", "There are some cultural problems with globalization.", "Tropical Architecture was edited by Alexander Tzonis, Liane Lefaivre and Bruno Stagno.", "There is critical regionalism in the age of globalization.", "The Prince Claus Fund was published in 2001.", "59–64", "There are notes on globalisation, art and cultural difference.", "There are silent zones.", "There is globalisation and cultural interaction.", "The 2001 edition of Amsterdam: Rijsakademie van Beeldende Kunsten.", "26–62.", "The new Cuban art is called Y2K.", "Holly Block is the editor of Art Cuba.", "The new generation.", "New York: Harry N. Abrams Publishers.", "13 to 15.", "There is fresh cream.", "Phaidon Press was in London in 2000.", "Suyo-ajeno y ajeno-suyo.", "Dos notas de migracin.", "Adis identidad.", "The cultura in América Latina is edited and contributed to.", "The Museo Extremeo e Iberoamericano de Arte Contemporneo was published in 2001.", "173–184.", "\"Arte y religin en Elso\".", "Rachel Weiss is an editor.", "The obra of Juan Francisco Elso.", "Mexico D.F.", "UNAM,2000, pp.", "71–87.", "There are some notes on globalization and difference.", "Theeditor: Deterritorializations.", "Aesthetics and art in the 90s.", "In 2000 there was a book called Spartacus Forlag and Bokfrlaget Nya Doxa.", "There was a total of 127–135.", "\"Gerardo Mosquera in Conversation with Cildo Meireles\".", "Cildo Meireles.", "Phaidon Press, 1999, pp.", "6–35.", "Robando del pastel global.", "Globalizacin, diferencia y apropiacin cultural.", "The edited version of Horizontes del arte latinoamericano is written by José Jiménez and Fernando Castro.", "The 1999 edition of Tecnos was published in Madrid.", "The score was 57–67.", "There is a person named Servando Cabrera.", "It's called Dibujo.", "Editorial Letras Cubanas was published in 1999.", "Foreword.", "John A. Loomis is the author of Revolution of Forms.", "Cuba has forgotten art schools.", "The Princeton Architectural Press was published in 1998.", "X-XXXI.", "Islas infinitas is about arte, globalizacin y culturas.", "There is Mundializacin y periferias.", "Arteleku 1998, pp.", "123–139", "\"La autobiografa del hombre-cucaracha\"", "There are artes plsticas in Pinar del Ro.", "The Ro was written by Pinar del Ro.", "\"Wim Delvoye\".", "There is a man named Wim Delvoye.", "Delfina, Luc Derycke, 1996, pp.", "7–34.", "The Dictionary of Art is atributor.", "Macmillan Publishers was in London in 1996.", "Cozido e cru.", "The Fundao Memorial de América Latina was in So Paulo.", "Cuba 1950-1990.", "Latin American art in the 20th century.", "Madrid: Nerea, 1997; London: Phaidon Press, 1996.", "\"Eleggua at the post?\"", "There is a modern crossroads.", "Africa is represented in the plastic art of Cuba.", "Santera Aesthetics in Contemporary Latino Art was edited by Arturo Lindsey.", "In 1996, pp.", "There was a score of225–258.", "\"Esttica y marxismo\".", "The editor said that the obra de Adolfo Snchez Vzquez was torn.", "Mexico D.F.", "UNAM, 1995, pp.", "39–06.", "\" Historia del arte y culturas\".", "The arte, XV Coloquio Internacional de Historia del Arte.", "Mexico D.F.", "UNAM, 1995, pp.", "437–437.", "There is aContracandela.", "Monte vila Editores was published in 1995.", "The book is about modernism from Afro-America.", "Beyond the Fantastic.", "The editor and contributor of contemporary art criticism from Latin America.", "INVIA & MIT Press, 1995, pp.", "It was 121–133", "\"On Art, Politics and the Millennium in Latin America\".", "Strategies for survival now!", "AICA, 1995, pp.", "120–1.", "There are some problems in transcultural Curating.", "Jean Fisher is an editor.", "There is a new internationalism in the visual arts.", "Kala Press was published in London in 1994.", "133–139", "\"Art Through the City\" was written by Carlos Garaicoa.", "The City as Art was edited by Liam Kelly.", "Interrogating the people who are affected by the disease.", "AICA (Irish Section), 1994, pp.", "75–77.", "There is afroamericana del modernismo.", "Historia e Identidad en América.", "Visiones Comparativas was published in 1994 in the UNAM.", "535–541.", "It is included in the appendix.", "Rito ou Rendicin is the name of the man.", "Aproximacin aos presupostos tericos.", "The Edicis do Castro was published in 1994.", "486–487.", "Art Criticism and Cultures.", "There are American Visions.", "The Western Hemisphere has artistic and cultural identity.", "The book was published in New York.", "22– 24.", "\"Vid skilgevgen.\"", "Konstens and kulturernas historia.", "The Globala Byn.", "In 1994, pp. Lund: Aegis Frlag.", "11–30", "\"Africa dentro de la plstica caribea\".", "The arte latinoamericano was published in 1980.", "In 1994, pp.", "The score was 146–156; 163-167.", "The sndrome was named after Marco Polo.", "Cuadernos del Museo.", "The Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes was published in 1993.", "3–10.", "The Strokes of Magical Realism in a man.", "Afrocuba is edited by Pedro Pérez Sarduy and Jean Stubbs.", "Cuban Writing on Race, Politics and Culture is an anthology.", "Ocean Press, Melbourne, 1993, pp.", "146–153.", "The editor is Del Pop al Post.", "The Editorial Arte y Literatura was published in Havana in 1993.", "Defini el Diseo.", "Bogot: Banco de la Repblica, 1992", "\"Plastic Arts in Cuba\"; \"Remarks\".", "Being America is edited by Rachel Weiss.", "New York: White Pire Press in 1991.", "61–70; 189-193.", "\"Prlogo\".", "Roberto Segre is a crtica writer.", "Havana: Editorial Letras Cubanas, 1990.", "7–22.", "\"frica dentro de la plstica caribea.\"", "The editor and contributor of plstica del Caribe.", "Havana: Editorial Letras Cubanas, 1989.", "137–164.", "\"Snchez Vzquez: marxismo y arte abstracto\".", "The edited version: Praxis y Filosofa.", "A Adolfo Snchez Vzquez.", "Grijalbo, 1987, pp.", "231–252.", "\"Prlogo\".", "Henri Perruchot was from Toulouse-Lautrec.", "The 1987 edition of Editorial Arte y Literatura was published in Havana.", "1–13.", "There is an editor.", "Editorial Letras Cubanas was published in Havana.", "Con la primera cantante.", "In 1984 Havana: UNEAC.", "Exploraciones en Cuba.", "Letras Cubanas was published in Havana in 1983.", "Artistas Jvenes.", "The University de La Habana was in Havana.", "Cuba: pintura.", "The Direccin de Artes plsticas y Diseo is located in Havana.", "\"El museo del presidio\".", "There is a reportajes de la nueva vida.", "Havana: Editorial Letras Cubanas, 1980.", "423–423.", "Cuba has a cultural policy.", "UNESCO was in Paris from 1978 to 1979.", "Subir el palo ensebado.", "Cuatro preguntas are molestas.", "Un lugar de la memoria.", "Periodismo Concurso 13 de Marzo.", "The University of La Habana published a pp.", "The title is \"En la casa\".", "There is antologa de cuentos.", "There is a literario 13 de Marzo.", "The University de La Habana in Havana published a pp.", "38–42.", "Museo di arte moderna e contempornea di Trento e Rovereto published Gerardo Mosquera's opening words.", "Matar al padre is about a Gerardo Mosquera from here.", "In Context and Internationalization, Madrid, La Fbrica Editorial, PHotoEspaa, 2012.", "Digital publication.", "The 2012 Iberoamericana Vol. is called PHotoEspaa.", "There is a 12th Num.", "Desplazamientos, contextos y compromisos.", "Revista Codigo is Entrevista con motivo de crises.", "América Latina, arte y confrontacin 1919-2010 Museum as Hub Press Release.", "The city is called CiudadMultipleCity.", "The Muestra Internacional de arte Contemporneo is located in the Ciudad de Crdoba.", "Cuban art critics and living people from Havana are Art curators." ]

[ "Gerardo Mosquera", "Mosquera", "Mosquera", "Mosquera", "Mosquera", "Mosquera", "Mosquera", "Mosquera", "Mosquera", "Mosquera", "Gerardo", "Gerardo", "Mosquera", "Gerardo", "Gerardo", "Mosquera", "Gerardo", "Mosquera", "Gerardo", "Mosquera", "Gerardo", "Mosquera", "Gerardo", "Mosquera" ]

[ "Gerardo Mosquera", "Mosquera", "Mosquera", "Mosquera", "Mosquera", "Mosquera", "Mosquera", "Mosquera", "Mosquera", "Mosquera", "Mosquera", "Mosquera", "Gerardo", "Mosquera", "Gerardo", "Gerardo", "Mosquera", "Gerardo", "Mosquera", "Gerardo", "Mosquera", "Gerardo", "Mosquera" ]

[ "Walter Hume Long, 1st Viscount Long, (13 July 1854 – 26 September 1924), was a British Unionist politician.", "In a political career spanning over 40 years, he held office as President of the Board of Agriculture, President of the Local Government Board, Chief Secretary for Ireland, Secretary of State for the Colonies and First Lord of the Admiralty.", "He is also remembered for his links with Irish Unionism, and served as Leader of the Irish Unionist Party in the House of Commons from 1906 to 1910.", "Background and education\nLong was born at Bath, the eldest son of Richard Penruddocke Long, by his wife Charlotte Anna, daughter of William Wentworth FitzWilliam Dick (originally Hume).", "The 1st Baron Gisborough was his younger brother.", "On his father's side he was descended from an old family of Wiltshire gentry, and on his mother's side from Anglo-Irish gentry in County Wicklow.", "When young, Walter lived at Dolforgan Hall, Montgomeryshire, a property owned by his grandfather.", "Whilst living there, his father inherited the Rood Ashton Estate.", "Long went to Hilperton school, Amesbury, where he was harshly disciplined by Edwin Meyrick.", "At Harrow, Walter was popular, proving a sporty captain of cricket.", "It was during Walter's studies at Christ Church, Oxford, that his father had a mental breakdown, and two years later died in February 1875.", "Upon his father's death, he took over management of the family properties, whilst his mother moved into a house in Oxford.", "It was a stressful time, during which he was frequently summoned by his mother, and his younger brother also accumulated gathering debts.", "Long continued to box, ride and hunt, as well as play college cricket.", "Afternoons spent with the Bicester, Heythrops, and South Oxfordshire hunts were matched by the university Drag Hunt.", "His proficiency was reflected in the early offer to become Master of the Vale of White Horse Hunt, which he turned down.", "His agent H Medlicott despaired at the danger to the family fortune, urging him to cut his relations loose; but he raised a new £30,000 mortgage on lands, which Medlicott complained he would have to sell.", "On coming down from Oxford in 1877, he purchased a Coach and Four for £200.", "After a year in Wiltshire, he married Lady Boyle.", "Long served as an officer in the Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry, being promoted Major in 1890 and becoming Lieutenant-Colonel in command from 1898 to 1906.", "Political career, 1880–1911\nLong was determined on a career in politics, campaigning at Marlborough in a traditional Liberal seat in 1879.", "After Sir George Jenkinson agreed to resign in North Wiltshire, he was adopted by 'half a dozen country gentlemen'.", "At the 1880 general election, Long was elected to parliament as a Conservative for North Wiltshire, a seat he held until 1885.", "A supporter of Lord Beaconsfield, the British Empire, Church of England and state, he was against extending education, but favoured bible teachings in schools.", "He won the two-member North Wiltshire seat by more than 2000 votes.", "At the time Beaconsfield died on 19 April 1881, he was making a record of his days in the Commons: \"I rose somewhere about 8.30 and as a new member was duly called\".", "The Liberal government was in trouble over Egypt and the Bradlaugh incident; and the Conservatives were internally divided.", "He hunted for the Beaufort Hounds.", "I selected as my time, midnight until, if necessary, eight in the morning.", "I used to leave London at 5.30 in the morning, providing the House was up, take the train down to Chippenham, have my hunt, and get back to London by train leaving Chippenham about 7.30 … I was at the House at midnight and I would stay there till it rose.", "He made his first speech on 26 July 1880 during the third reading of the Compensation for Disturbances (Ireland) bill.", "Long won his seat with a reduced majority of 95 votes at the November 1885 general election.", "There was considerable anger at the Conservatives 'Fair Trade policy' for workers.", "He believed English people had little understanding of Ireland or the minority in Ireland that Home Rule would not protect, and that Gladstone's Home Rule policy would lead to the dismemberment of the empire.", "The home rule policy was defeated, Long was returned with an increased majority of 1726 votes in July 1886.", "Aged thirty-two, Long was asked to become a junior minister to C. T. Ritchie at the Local Government Board, in Salisbury's government.", "They had noticed his unswerving support from the backbenches.", "He was approachable and had a no-nonsense manner, an excellent memory: logical and crisp.", "He was both mature and responsible for a young MP.", "The very strong connections he had with the agricultural community assisted local government in his area.", "He entered government for the first time in 1886 in Lord Salisbury's second administration as Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board, serving under Charles Ritchie, and became one of the architects of the Local Government Act 1888, which established elected county councils.", "Long dealt with Poor Law reform in the county areas, slum reforms, reform of the London County Council, and better housing for the working-classes.", "He was deputed to make speeches backing the government position on the LCC bill, although he was not responsible for its draft or passage.", "Ritchie was to deal with the towns in Local Government Act 1888, but was ill for the period, and Long had \"a sound grasp its details and essentials.\"", "On 6 Feb 1887, he made an important speech in the \"Plan of Campaign\" from which unionism there seemed to encourage landlordism.", "However behind the law for tenant compensation, Long knew lay a deeper demand for independence.", "He continued to be worried by the Liberals' policy of Home Rule, supporting the Irish Unionists who opposed it.", "He could not square the retention of Irish MPs at Westminster under the scheme for the second home rule bill.", "Irish MPs could control English, Scottish, and Welsh affairs, so he argued.", "The issue was central to the general election of 1892.", "Long had returned from Canada on a tour speaking on the federal system there.", "He reiterated the claim that Ulster Unionists would never accept the bill.", "But Liberals argued that the Conservatives would raise bread prices, and lower wages if returned, \"the labourers are ignorant lot and swallowed it whole\", he decried.", "Long was defeated by 138 votes, losing his seat.", "In July 1892, Liverpool West Derby became vacant and Long defeated the Liberal candidate by 1357 votes at the by-election of 1893.", "Knowing his grasp of parliamentary procedure, Arthur James Balfour hired him to be a strategist in opposition.", "The Liberals appointed Long to the Royal Commission on Agriculture, meeting at Trowbridge on 18 January 1893.", "Long continued in connections with Ireland throughout his career.", "He did not wish to sever legislative ties of Union with Ireland; but only to offer \"an extension of the privileges of local government to the Irish people\".", "Home Rule was thrown out by the Lords on 8 September 1893, by 419 votes to 41.", "In June 1895, the Liberals were resoundingly defeated in the Lords, and the following month Salisbury was returned for another ministry.", "After the Conservative defeat in 1892, Ritchie's retirement made Long the chief opposition spokesman on local government, and when the Tories returned to power in 1895, he entered the cabinet as President of the Board of Agriculture.", "In this role he was notable for his efforts to prevent the spread of rabies.", "The creation of the Board of Agriculture had brought a boost to Long's career in 1889.", "But opposition rose up strongly, when the Dog Muzzlers act, prompted the Laymen's League in Liverpool to contest the Church discipline bill.", "Long became increasingly unpopular in his constituency accused of being \"irascible and scheming\", and was advised to change seats.", "But this did not prevent in 1895 admittance to the Privy Council.", "The bourgeois Navy League in Liverpool could not wait to get rid of him but his powerful friends, like the \"somnolent\" Duke of Devonshire gave large donations to the Anti-Socialist Union - and this would be disastrous to the Union, for it would immediately alienate every snob and mediocrity ...\" Yet Long was thick-skinned and seems impervious to the insults, for he remained remarkably successful at the polls.", "At the 'Khaki election' of November 1900, Long won Bristol South.", "With the ministerial shuffle in 1900, he became President of the Local Government Board.", "Never an insider, Long worked closely with constituents on local issues showing \"sensitivity to the wider needs of society\".", "His capacity for hard work revealed that he was also stubborn, short-tempered, with a choleric temperament; a stickler for the letter of the law.", "He was frequently plagued by ill-health: neuralgia, arthritis, susceptible to colds and flu; a waspish character, he was not charismatic, nor was he analytic or probing, like his mentor Balfour.", "In this role, he was criticised as too radical for his support of the Unemployed Workmen's Act 1905, which created an unemployment board to give work and training to the unemployed.", "In 1903, Long took a leading role as a spokesman for the protectionist wing of the party, advocating tariff reform and imperial preference alongside Joseph Chamberlain and his son Austen Chamberlain, which brought him into conflict with Charles Ritchie, Michael Hicks-Beach and others on the free-trade wing.", "Long was a moderate within the protectionist ranks and became a go-between for the protectionists and free-traders, increasing his prominence and popularity within the party.", "Perhaps his most significant achievement on the board was the unification of the London water-supply boards into the Metropolitan Water Board.", "Chief Secretary for Ireland\nLong was offered the position of First Lord of the Admiralty in Lord Selborne's place, as the latter was appointed to the Governor-Generalship of South Africa.", "But he refused the promotion, advising the appointment of Lord Cawdor.", "Really what Long wanted was to remain at Local Government, but when George Wyndham resigned as Chief Secretary for Ireland, Balfour was faced with a crisis.", "Wyndham resigned on 5 March 1905, over what became known as the \"Wyndham-MacDonnell Imbroglio\".", "Sir Antony MacDonnell was a successful Indian civil servant appointed as administrator in Dublin by Wyndham, on the strict understanding that the permanent post made MacDonnell's role a non-political position.", "MacDonnell was a Catholic from Mayo, whose appointment left unionists wondering if they had been betrayed by London.", "Nevertheless, having been an experienced and competent implementer of the Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903, MacDonnell came to be widely seen as a force for moderation.", "Wyndham was occupied in London with cabinet duties, and so appreciated the implied need for permanent governance.", "Balfour had already considered Long for the post in January 1905, and to that end consulted both Edward Carson and John Atkinson under pressure from Horace Plunkett and Gerald Balfour, to continue the policy of moderate reform.", "Due to his Irish connections (both his wife and his mother were Irish), it was hoped that Long might be more acceptable to Irish Unionists than his predecessor.", "Long was reluctant to accept the offer; frustrated and angered by Lord Dunraven's proposals and MacDonnell's initiatives that he regarded as anti-Unionist.", "In mid-March he was determined to bring Unionism back from the brink of extinction in Ireland.", "Arriving in Dublin on 15 March, at dinner there he took the pragmatic view to work with MacDonnell.", "Throughout March and April he saw no grounds for MacDonnell's dismissal.", "Yet labouring closely with Unionists to discuss agrarian and non-agrarian crime, and discipline in the RIC, he continued to appease Unionist opinion.", "He appointed Unionists William Moore as Solicitor-General for Ireland, John Atkinson, as Lord of Appeal, while Edward Saunderson, the Ulsterite member of the Orange Order, became a confidant and close friend.", "Patronage was usually dispensed by the Lord Lieutenant: this sparked a row with Lord Dudley, and a constitutional argument prompted an appeal to the Prime Minister.", "Long's motto of \"patience and firmness\" was designed to placate Irish Unionists at public meetings, speeches and tours of Ireland, made to reassure local community officials.", "On 20 April 1905, he made an important speech at Belfast emphasizing that he was a stickler for order and the rule of law.", "But in the south and west, obdurate landlords refused land sales to tenantry leading to boycotts and cattle-driving.", "The damage done to unionist farms and farmers was frightening.", "MacDonnell continually urged compromise, but Long ignored him.", "The dispute with Lords Dudley and Dunraven dragged on into August 1905, with their attitude of intransigence towards Long's attempts at Unionist reform, and obedience to the law.", "On 25 May 1905, the issues were discussed in the Commons.", "He wished to strengthen Unionism; but both Dudley and Long appealed to Balfour for adjudication.", "Balfour opined that the Chief Secretary was both in the Commons and in the cabinet so Dudley had to be content that the power of the Lords was waning.", "During the last quarter of 1905, Long advised the postponement of dissolution, as it would hit Unionists hard in \"the Country\" and would hand numerous electorates to radicals.", "He warned of the loss of seats of Bristol West and South.", "In December 1905, true to his word, he himself was defeated by 2,692 votes.", "Long continued to distrust 'Birmingham & Co' as he called Chamberlain's struggle for a policy of Tariff recognition, which was already driving the party away from the Free Trade north.", "Nonetheless, he continued to co-operate transnationally with conservative parties in Germany, such as Reichspartei right up until the second Moroccan crisis in 1911.", "Unionist in opposition\nNonetheless, Long's parliamentary career was far from finished.", "He was nominated as Unionist candidate for South County Dublin in 1906, winning by 1,343 votes.", "Long became one of the leading opposition voices against the Liberal plans for Home Rule in Ireland.", "At this stage the Irish Unionist Party's leadership was still in the hands of his friend Edward Saunderson, who was far from energetic, unhelpfully described as \"devoid of business capacity\".", "The dispute with MacDonnell was carried on in the pages of The Times - Long trying to galvanise Unionist opinion in both England and Ireland.", "Balfour, Jack Sandars (Balfour's private secretary), and Wyndham all thought he had been duped by Unionism \"where his vanity and hopes are concerned\", characterising the Chief Secretary as easily manipulated.", "In October 1906, Saunderson died, and Long was chosen as the new Chairman of Irish Unionist Alliance (IUA) - aimed at closer co-operation between northern and southern parties.", "Three months later, he was also elected as Chairman of the Ulster Unionist Council (UUC).", "In 1907, he formed the Union Defence League (UDL) as a support in Great Britain for Irish unionism.", "The UDL in London linked with the UUC in Belfast and the IUA in Dublin.", "It had support from Conservative backbenchers but not the leadership.", "It was active in 1907–1908 and again after 1911 when the Third Home Rule Bill was imminent; with the Primrose League it created the 1914 British Covenant mirroring the 1912 Ulster Covenant.", "Although Long never openly supported the most militant Unionists, who were prepared to fight the Southern nationalists (and perhaps the British Army) to prevent home rule for Ireland, contemporary accounts indicate that he probably had prior knowledge of the Larne gunrunning.", "In the Commons Walter Long was an active opponent of Liberal social legislation.", "He founded a Budget Protest League to advance the cause of moderate tax changes.", "In the Lords the defeat of the 'people's budget' led to the constitutional crisis of 1911.", "He clashed with Edward Carson adopting a similarly equivocal position over the Parliament Bill of 1911, opposing the Bill, but recommending acquiescence.", "He sat as MP for the Strand between December 1910 and 1918 and St George's between 1918 and 1921.", "Political career, 1911–1921\nWhen Balfour resigned as party leader in November 1911, Long, who had never been happy with his leadership style, was pre-eminent in the Conservative Party and one of the leading candidates to succeed him, the candidate of the 'country party'.", "As early as 1900, Long had denounced Chamberlain, as the \"Conservative Party...will not be led by a bloody radical\".", "However, he was opposed by Austen Chamberlain, who was backed by the Liberal Unionists still under his father's leadership.", "Long feared 'the degradation' to the party that a divisive contest might split the protectionist majority of the Unionist coalition, so both candidates agreed to withdraw in favour of Bonar Law, the tertium quid, and a relatively unknown figure, on 12 November.", "The unification of the Liberal Unionist and Conservative parties at the Carlton Club in 1912, was for Long acknowledgement of the end of its domination by the country interest.", "Long was always skeptical of coalition, and declared that it would not happen.", "So with the formation of the wartime coalition government in May 1915, Long's awaited return to office at the Local Government Board was greeted by his surprise.", "Asquith resisted attempts by Unionists to install Long as Chief Secretary.", "Long dealt with the plight of thousands of Belgian refugees.", "He was actively involved in undermining attempts by Lloyd George to negotiate a deal between Irish Nationalists and Unionists in July 1916 over introducing the suspended Home Rule Act 1914, publicly clashing with his arch-rival Sir Edward Carson.", "He was accused of plotting to bring down Carson by jeopardising an agreement with the nationalist leader John Redmond, that any partition would only be temporary.", "When Long wanted to alter the clause to permanent, Redmond abandoned further negotiations.", "Carson, in a bitter riposte, said of Long \"The worst of Walter Long is that he never knows what he wants, but is always intriguing to get it\".", "Austen Chamberlain, in 1911, was similarly critical of Long, saying he was \"at the centre of every coterie of grumblers.\"", "Long and the Unionists wanted General Maxwell to have authority over the police, but Asquith finally gave the Chief Secretaryship to a civilian, Henry Duke.", "With the fall of Asquith and the accession of the Lloyd George government in December 1916, Long had established himself as the cabinet's foremost authority on Irish policy.", "Chief Secretary Duke would have preferred to be Inspector-General; but Lloyd George, a natural home ruler, did not seem too happy with Long's brand of federated Unionism.", "Two allies of the Prime Minister, namely Carson and Lord Edward Cecil, supplied the most intransigent opposition to a united Ireland.", "It was Long's policy on 16 April 1918 to promote the Conscription bill that would provoke the crisis for Irishness.", "Duke opposed a policy of conscription without an offer of home rule, whereas Long wanted the former without the latter.", "The crisis gave rise to the German Plot, and Long's pressure to act on intelligence against Sinn Féiners caused him to issue a large number of arrest warrants.", "Long was promoted to the Colonial Office, serving until January 1919, when he became First Lord of the Admiralty, a position in which he served until his retirement to the Lords in 1921.", "From October 1919 on, he was, once again, largely concerned with Irish affairs, serving as the chair of the cabinet's Long Committee on Ireland.", "In this capacity, he was largely responsible for initiating the Partition of Ireland under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, which followed certain proposals of Lloyd George's failed 1917–18 Irish Convention, and created separate home rule governments for Southern Ireland and Northern Ireland, the former subsequently evolving as the Irish Free State.", "In March 1921, Bonar Law resigned as party leader due to ill-health.", "Sir Austen Chamberlain finally succeeded him in the former office after a ten-year wait.", "But Long too, getting tired and old, was 'kicked upstairs' with a peerage.", "He was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Wiltshire in February 1920, and was raised to the peerage as Viscount Long, of Wraxall in the County of Wiltshire, in May 1921.", "Personal life \nLord Long married Lady Dorothy (Doreen) Blanche, daughter of the 9th Earl of Cork and Orrery, in 1878.", "They had two sons, including Brigadier General Walter Long, who was killed in action in 1917, and three daughters.", "He died at his home, Rood Ashton House in Wiltshire, in September 1924, aged 70, and was succeeded by his 13-year-old grandson Walter.", "Lady Long died in June 1938." ]

[ "1st Viscount Long was a British Unionist politician.", "He was the President of the Board of Agriculture, the President of the Local Government Board, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, the Secretary of State for the Colonies and the First Lord of the Admiralty.", "He was the leader of the Irish Unionist Party in the House of Commons from 1906 to 1910.", "The oldest son of Richard Penruddocke Long and his wife Charlotte Anna was born at Bath.", "The younger brother was the 1st Baron Gisborough.", "He was descended from two different families on his father's and mother's sides.", "Walter lived at a property owned by his grandfather when he was young.", "His father took over the estate when he lived there.", "Long was disciplined by Meyrick at Hilperton school.", "Walter was a popular captain of cricket.", "During Walter's studies at Christ Church, Oxford, his father had a mental breakdown and died two years later.", "He took over management of the family properties after his father's death.", "During this time, he was frequently summoned by his mother, and his younger brother also accumulated debts.", "Long continued to box, ride and hunt.", "The university Drag Hunt matched the afternoons spent with the Bicester, Heythrops, and South Oxfordshire hunts.", "He turned down the offer to become Master of the Vale of White Horse Hunt.", "He was urged to cut his ties by his agent, H Medlicott, but he was forced to sell his lands after raising a new mortgage.", "He bought a Coach and Four for £200 when he came down from Oxford.", "He married Lady Boyle after a year in Wiltshire.", "Lieutenant-Colonel in command from 1898 to 1906, Long served as an officer in the Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry.", "Long was determined on a career in politics after campaigning in a traditional Liberal seat in 1879.", "Sir George was adopted by a group of SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATAs.", "Long held a seat in parliament until 1885, after he was elected as a Conservative.", "He was in favor of bible teachings in schools, but was against extending education.", "He won the seat by a large margin.", "He made a record of his days in the Commons at the time he died, saying \"I rose somewhere about 8.30 and as a new member was duly called\".", "The Liberal government was in trouble over Egypt and the Bradlaugh incident.", "He was hunting for the hounds.", "I chose my time from midnight until eight in the morning.", "If the House was up, I used to leave London at 5.30 in the morning, take the train down to Chippenham, and get back to London at 7:30.", "He made his first speech during the third reading of the bill.", "At the November 1885 general election, Long won his seat with a reduced majority of 95 votes.", "Workers were angry at the Conservatives 'Fair Trade policy'.", "He believed that Home Rule would not protect Ireland and that the dismemberment of the empire would be caused by Home Rule.", "Long was returned with an increased majority of 1726 votes after the home rule policy was defeated.", "Long was asked to become a junior minister in Salisbury's government.", "His support from the backbenches was noticed by them.", "He was easy to talk to and had an excellent memory.", "He was responsible for a young person.", "Local government in his area was aided by the strong connections he had with the agricultural community.", "He became Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board in Lord Salisbury's second administration in 1886 and was one of the architects of the Local Government Act of 1888.", "Poor Law reform in the county areas, slum reforms, reform of the London County Council, and better housing for the working-classes have been dealt with for a long time.", "He was deputed to make speeches in support of the government's position on the bill.", "Long had a sound grasp of the details of the Local Government Act, even though he was ill for the period.", "He made an important speech in the \"Plan of Campaign\" from which unionism seemed to encourage landlordism.", "Long knew that there was a deeper demand for independence behind the law for tenant compensation.", "He supported the Irish Unionists who opposed Home Rule.", "Under the scheme for the second home rule bill, he couldn't square the retention of Irish MPs.", "He said that Irish MPs could control English, Scottish, and Welsh affairs.", "The general election of 1892 was about the issue.", "Long was speaking on the federal system in Canada.", "He said that the bill wouldn't be accepted by the Unionists.", "Liberals argued that the Conservatives would raise bread prices and lower wages if they were returned.", "Long lost his seat.", "Long defeated the Liberal candidate at the by-election in 1893 when West Derby became vacant.", "He was hired by Arthur James Balfour to be a strategist in the opposition.", "Long was appointed to the Royal Commission on Agriculture by the Liberals.", "Long kept in touch with Ireland throughout his career.", "He did not wish to sever legislative ties of Union with Ireland, but only to offer an extension of the privileges of local government to the Irish people.", "Home Rule was thrown out by the lords in 1893.", "Salisbury was returned for another ministry after the Liberals were defeated in June 1895.", "After the Conservative defeat in 1892, Long became the chief opposition spokesman on local government, and when the Conservatives came back to power in 1895, he became the President of the Board of Agriculture.", "He was notable for his efforts to prevent the spread of the disease.", "Long's career got a boost when the Board of Agriculture was created.", "When the Dog Muzzlers act prompted the Laymen's League to contest the Church discipline bill, opposition rose up strongly.", "Long was advised to change seats after his constituency accused him of beingirascible and scheming.", "In 1895, the Privy Council was admitted.", "The Duke of Devonshire gave large donations to the Anti-Socialist Union in order to get rid of him, and this would be disastrous to the Union, for it would immediately alienating every snob and mediocrity.", "Long won Bristol South at the 'Khaki election' in November 1900.", "He became the President of the Local Government Board in 1900.", "Long worked closely with his people on local issues that were sensitive to the wider needs of society.", "He was a stickler for the letter of the law and had a short temper.", "He was prone to neuralgia, arthritis, susceptible to colds and flu and was a waspish character.", "He was criticized for his support of the Unemployed Workmen's Act 1905, which created an unemployment board to give work and training to the unemployed.", "In 1903, Long took a leading role as a spokesman for the protectionist wing of the party, advocating tariff reform and imperial preference, which brought him into conflict with others on the free-trade wing.", "Long was a moderate within the protectionist ranks and became a go-between for the protectionists and free-traders, increasing his prominence and popularity within the party.", "The unification of the London water-supply boards into the Metropolitan Water Board was his most significant achievement on the board.", "As Lord Selborne was appointed to the Governor-Generalship of South Africa, the Chief Secretary for Ireland Long was offered the position of First Lord of the Admiralty.", "He advised the appointment of Lord Cawdor.", "Long wanted to stay at Local Government, but when George Wyndham resigned as Chief Secretary for Ireland, he was faced with a crisis.", "The \"Wyndham-MacDonnell Imbroglio\" began when Wyndham resigned on 5 March 1905.", "Sir Antony MacDonnell was a successful Indian civil servant who was appointed as administrator in Dublin on the understanding that his role was not political.", "MacDonnell's appointment left unionists wondering if they had been betrayed by London.", "MacDonnell was seen as a force for moderation because he was an experienced and competent implementer of the Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903.", "The implied need for permanent governance was appreciated by the man who was in London with cabinet duties.", "The policy of moderate reform was continued despite the fact that Long had been considered for the post in January 1905.", "It was hoped that Long would be more accepted by Irish Unionists than his predecessor.", "Long was frustrated and angry by Lord Dunraven's proposals, which he regarded as anti-Unionist.", "He was determined to bring Unionism back to Ireland.", "He took the pragmatic view to work with MacDonnell when he arrived in Dublin.", "There were no grounds for MacDonnell's dismissal during March and April.", "He worked closely with Unionists to discuss crime and discipline in the RIC.", "He appointed Unionists William Moore as Solicitor-General for Ireland, John Atkinson as Lord of Appeal, and Edward Saunderson as a close friend.", "A constitutional argument and a row with Lord Dudley led to an appeal to the Prime Minister.", "Long's motto was designed to appease Irish Unionists at public meetings, speeches and tours of Ireland.", "He emphasized that he was a stickler for order and the rule of law in his speech.", "Land sales to tenantry were refused in the south and west.", "The damage done to farms was frightening.", "MacDonnell urged compromise, but Long ignored him.", "The dispute with Dudley and Dunraven dragged on into August 1905, with their attitude of intransigence towards Long's attempts at Unionist reform.", "The issues were discussed in the Commons.", "He wanted to strengthen Unionism, but he was appealed to by both Dudley and Long.", "Dudley had to be content that the power of the lords was waning because the Chief Secretary was both in the Commons and in the cabinet.", "During the last quarter of 1905, Long advised the postponement of dissolution, as it would hit Unionists hard in \"the Country\" and would hand many electorates to radicals.", "The seats of Bristol West and South were warned of by him.", "He was defeated by 2,692 votes in December 1905.", "The struggle for a policy of Tariff recognition was driving the party away from the Free Trade north.", "He co-operated with conservative parties in Germany, such as Reichspartei, until the second Casablanca crisis in 1911.", "Long's parliamentary career was not finished.", "He was the Unionist candidate for South County Dublin in 1906.", "Long was one of the leading voices against Home Rule in Ireland.", "The Irish Unionist Party's leadership was still in the hands of Edward Saunderson, who was described as \"pathetic of business capacity\".", "Long trying to galvanise Unionist opinion in both England and Ireland, the dispute with MacDonnell was carried on in the pages of The Times.", "The Chief Secretary was portrayed as easily manipulated by Jack Sandars and the other people who thought he had been deceived by Unionism.", "Long was chosen as the new Chairman of the Irish Unionist Alliance in October 1906 after the death of Saunderson.", "He was elected as Chairman of the UUC three months later.", "He formed the Union Defence League to support Irish unionism in Great Britain.", "The UUC in Belfast and the IUA in Dublin are linked to the UDL in London.", "It had support from Conservative backbenchers.", "The 1914 British Covenant was created with the help of the Primrose League when the Third Home Rule Bill was imminent.", "Although Long never supported the most militant Unionists, who were prepared to fight the Southern nationalists to prevent home rule for Ireland, contemporary accounts indicate that he probably had prior knowledge of the Larne gunrunning.", "Walter Long was an opponent of Liberal social legislation.", "The cause of moderate tax changes was advanced by the Budget Protest League.", "The constitutional crisis of 1911 was caused by the defeat of the people's budget.", "He clashed with Edward Carson, who was against the Bill, but recommended acquiescence.", "He was an MP for the St George's constituency from 1918 to 1921.", "Long, who had never been happy with his leadership style, was pre-eminent in the Conservative Party and one of the leading candidates to succeed him, the candidate of the 'country party'.", "Long had said that the Conservative Party would not be led by a \"bloody radical\".", "He was opposed by the Liberal Unionists who supported his father's leadership.", "Both candidates agreed to withdraw in favour of Bonar Law, the tertium quid, and a relatively unknown figure on November 12th because they feared that a divisive contest might split the protectionist majority of the Unionist coalition.", "The unification of the Liberal Unionist and Conservative parties at the Carlton Club in 1912 was for Long to acknowledge the end of its domination by the country.", "Long believed that coalition wouldn't happen.", "With the formation of the wartime coalition government in May 1915, Long's return to office at the Local Government Board was greeted by his surprise.", "Unionists tried to install Long as Chief Secretary.", "The plight of thousands of Belgian refugees has been dealt with for a long time.", "He helped undermine attempts by Lloyd George to negotiate a deal between Irish Nationalists and Unionists in July 1916 over the suspension of the Home Rule Act 1914.", "The nationalist leader John Redmond had an agreement with him that any partition would only be temporary.", "Redmond abandoned negotiations when Long wanted to change the clause to permanent.", "\"The worst of Walter Long is that he never knows what he wants, but is always intriguing to get it\", said Carson in a bitter riposte.", "He was at the center of every coterie of grumblers and was critical of Long.", "The Unionists wanted General Maxwell to have authority over the police, but Asquith gave the Chief Secretaryship to a civilian, Henry Duke.", "The fall of Asquith and the accession of the Lloyd George government in 1916 made Long the cabinet's foremost authority on Irish policy.", "Lloyd George, a natural home ruler, did not seem to like Long's brand of Unionism.", "The most intransigent opposition to a united Ireland was supplied by two of the Prime Minister's allies.", "The crisis for Irishness was caused by Long's policy on 16 April 1918 to promote the Conscription bill.", "Long wanted the former without the latter, whereas Duke opposed the latter without an offer of home rule.", "Long's pressure to act on intelligence against Sinn Féiners caused him to issue a large number of arrest warrants.", "In January 1919, Long became First Lord of the Admiralty, a position in which he served until his retirement in 1921.", "He was the chair of the cabinet's Long Committee on Ireland from October 1919 to October 1919.", "He was largely responsible for the creation of the Irish Free State and the partition of Ireland under the Government of Ireland Act 1920.", "Bonar Law resigned as party leader due to ill-health.", "He had been in the former office for ten years.", "Long was 'kicked upstairs' with a peerage.", "In February 1920 he was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Wiltshire, and in May 1921 he was raised to the peerage as Viscount Long.", "Lord Long was married to Lady Dorothy (Doreen) Blanche, daughter of the 9th Earl of Cork and Orrery.", "They had two sons, including Walter Long, who was killed in action in 1917.", "He died in September 1924 at the age of 70 and was succeeded by his grandson Walter.", "Lady Long died in June of 1938." ]

[ "Walter Hume Long", "Long", "Long", "Richard Penruddocke Long", "Walter", "Long", "Walter", "Walter", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Walter Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Walter Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Viscount Long", "Long", "Walter Long", "Walter", "Long" ]

[ "Long", "Richard Penruddocke Long", "Walter", "Long", "Walter", "Walter", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Walter Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Walter Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Long", "Lord Long", "Walter Long", "Walter", "Lady Long" ]

[ "Bahman Nirumand (); born 18 September 1936 in Tehran) is an Iranian and German journalist and author.", "Life\nBahman Nirumand was born on 18 September 1936 to a wealthy family of civil servants in Tehran, Iran.", "His uncle was a consul in the Iranian embassy in Berlin before World War II.", "When he was 14 years old, Nirumand was sent to Germany to go to gymnasium, and attended Rudolf Steiner School.", "After his primary and secondary schooling, he studied German, philosophy and Persian at the Universities of Munich, Tübingen, and Berlin.", "He became a docent ın 1960 at the University of Tübingen with the subject \"Problems of transplanting European dramas to Neo-Persian literature\".", "After finishing his studies, he returned to Iran and worked there as a docent for comparative literature at the University of Tehran, and as a writer and journalist.", "Together with Mehdi Khanbaba Tehrani and Majid Zarbakhsh, he founded the Goruhe Kadreh (Kader Group), which understood itself as a Marxist-Leninist organisation and wanted to organize revolutionary cells for the anti-imperialist war in urban areas of Iran by acting as urban guerillas.", "In 1965, he returned to Germany to escape a purported imminent arrest.", "His book, Iran, The New Imperialism in Action, was published in January 1967 and had a large influence upon the internationalism of the May 1968 student uprising.<ref group=note>On the influence of Nirumand's work on the West German New Left, see Quinn Slobodian, Foreign Front: Third World Politics in Sixties West Germany Duke University Press, chapter 5</ref> Nirumand became a member of the Confederation of Iranian students.", "Freimut Duve invited him on a lecture tour for his book in Hamburg and he became acquainted with Ulrike Meinhof.", "They talked about the circumstances in Iran, whereupon in June 1967, for the official visit of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to West Germany, Meinhof alleged in an open letter to the Shah's wife, Farah Diba, that, among other things, for the peasants of Mehdiabad, a \"Persian meal\" consists of straw put in water.", "In October 1967, Der Spiegel published a critical review of Nirumand's book, alleging that much of the information it contained was dubious or wrong.", "In 1979, Nirumand returned to Iran before the Islamic Republic of Iran was founded.", "After staying there for three years, Nirumand went into exile in Paris, as he had not received permission to re-enter Germany.", "He later relocated to Berlin.", "Nirumand advocates for freedom in Iran.", "He holds that the forces around Ahmadinejad are sustained through terror and threats from the West, including the threats of sanctions and war.", "He believes that such actions serve to bolster the regime and that popular support for the regime is much weaker than is assumed in the West.", "He contends that artists, women, and the youth are not radicals and desire freedom.", "Nirumand argues that the image of Iran in the West has been reduced to that of only the Islamic regime itself.", "Nirumand is the author of several books and articles, including:\n\"Die Zeit\"\n\"Der Spiegel\"\n\"Die Tageszeitung\"\n\"Frankfurter Rundschau\"\n\nIn addition to that, he authored numerous contributions that have been broadcast.", "He published, among others:\n\"Mit Gott für die Macht\" (\"With God for power\"), a Khomeini-biography\n\"Feuer unterm Pfauenthron.", "Verbotene Geschichten aus dem persischen Widerstand\" (\"Fire under the Peacock's Throne: Forbidden stories from the Persian opposition\")\n\"Iran - hinter den Gittern verdorren Blumen\" (\"Iran - behind the bars wither flowers\")\n\"Sturm im Golf: Die Irak-Krise und das Pulverfass Nahost''\" (\"Storm in the Gulf: The Iraq crisis and the Powder Keg Middle East\"\n\nIn addition, he has translated literature from Persian into German, among others:\nSadegh Hedayat\nGholamhossein Saedi\nSamad Behrangi\nHe translated \"The trip\" of Mahmud Doulatabadi for the Unionsverlag.", "Since 2001, he is the composer of the monthly \"Iran Reports\" of the Heinrich Böll Foundation.", "Bahman Nirumand is the father of the journalist Mariam Lau, who is currently working as the political correspondent of the weekly journal Die Zeit.", "Works\n\nAs an author \n “Problems of transplanting European dramas to the Neopersian literature” (“Probleme der Verpflanzung des europäischen Dramas in die neupersische Literatur”).", "University of Tübingen.", "Dissertation, 1960.", "“Persia, a model of a developing nation or the dictatorship of the Free World” (“Persien, Modell eines Entwicklungslandes oder Die Diktatur der Freien Welt”), Rowohlt, Reinbek 1967\n “Iran.", "The New Imperialism in Action”, Monthly Review Press, New York 1969\n\t“With God for power.", "A political biography of Ayatollah Khomeiny” (“Mit Gott für die Macht.", "Eine politische Biografie des Ayatollah Chomeini.“), Rowohlt, Reinbek 1987, (mit Keywan Daddjou)\n\t“Fire under the peacock throne.", "Forbidden stories from the Persisan opposition” (“Feuer unterm Pfauenthron.", "Verbotene Geschichten aus dem persischen Widerstand“, Rotbuch Verlag, Hamburg 1985, \n\t“Iran - behind the bars wither flowers“ (“Iran - hinter den Gittern verdorren Blumen“), Rowohlt, Reinbek 1985 (Übersetzung ins Türkische durch Kemal Kurt: “Iran – Soluyor Çiçekler Parmaklıklar Ardında“, mit Belge Yayınlar, Istanbul 1988)\n\tLiving with Germans\" (“Leben mit den Deutschen“), Rowohlt, Reinbek 1989, \n\t“Storm in the Golf: The Iraq crisis and the powder keg Middle East“ (\"Sturm im Golf: Die Irak-Krise and das Pulverfass Nah-Ost“), Rowohlt, Reinbek 1990, \n\t“A stranger for Germans“ (“Fremd bei den Deutschen“), 1991, \n\t“The Kurdish tragedy.", "The Kurds - Chased in their own land” (“Die kurdische Tragödie.", "Die Kurden - verfolgt im eigenen Land“), Rowohlt, Reinbek 1991, \n\t“Scared of Germans.", "Terror against foreigners and the disintegration of the state of law” (“Angst vor den Deutschen.", "Terror gegen Ausländer und der Zerfall des Rechtsstaates“), Rowohlt, Reinbek 1992, \n\t“iran-report“, Heinrich Böll endowment, Berlin, seit 2001 (erscheint monatlich; siehe Weblinks)\n \"Iran.", "The imminent catastrophe\" (\"Iran.", "Die drohende Katastrophe\"), Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Köln 2006, \n \"The undeclared World War\" (\"Der unerklärte Weltkrieg\"), booklet, 2007, \n \"Iran Israel War: The spark to a bush fire\" (“Iran Israel Krieg: Der Funke zum Flächenbrand“), Verlag Klaus Wagenbach, 2012,\n\nAs a publisher \n\t“In the name of Allah.", "Islamic groups and the fundamentalism ın the Federal Republic of Germany” (“Im Namen Allahs.", "Islamische Gruppen und der Fundamentalismus in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland“), 1990, \n\t“In the name of Allah“ (“Im Namen Allahs“), Dreisam Verlag, Köln 1990, \n\t“German conditions.", "Dialog over a endangered country“ (“Deutsche Zustände.", "Dialog über ein gefährdetes Land“, Rowohlt, Reinbek 1993, \n\t“Iran after the polls“ (“Iran nach den Wahlen“), Westfälisches Dampfboot, Münster 2001,\n\nAs a translator (a choice of) \n\t Sadegh Hedayat: “The blind owl“ (“Die blinde Eule - Ein Roman and neun Erzählungen“), Eichborn, Frankfurt 1990\n\tMahmud Doulatabadi: “The journey“ (“Die Reise“), Unionsverlag, Zürich 1992, \n\tMahmud Doulatabadi: “The old World“ (“Die alte Erde“), Unionsverlag Zürich 2005, \n\tMahmud Doulatabadi: “The colonel” (“Der Colonel”), Unionsverlag Zürich 2009,\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n\tGewalt auf dem Campus - Das Persienbild des Bahman Nirumand, Der Spiegel 44/1967, 23.", "Oktober 1967, S. 132]\n\tWelcher Perser isst schon Schwein?", "Dr. Bahman Nirumand zur Spiegeltitelgeschichte über Persien, Der Spiegel 47/1967, 13.", "November 1967, S. 164]\n Der Iran und die Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung - Kritik an Reformbewegung unerwünscht (Juni 2000)\n iran-report - monatliche Berichte über die Lage im Iran (seit 2001)\n “Revolutionäre Romantik“ - umfassendes Interview mit Bahman Nirumand über sein Leben and den Iran\n Interview mit Bahman Nirumand im Deutschlandfunk (Juni 2007)\n Die Kriegsgefahr wächst: Das Szenario erinnert an den Irak-Krieg\n\nIranian writers\nIranian journalists\n1936 births\nMay 1968 events in France\nLiving people\nNational Council of Resistance of Iran members" ]

[ "Bahman Nirumand was born in Tehran in 1936.", "Bahman Nirumand was born to a family of civil servants in Tehran, Iran.", "Before World War II, his uncle was in the Iranian embassy in Berlin.", "Nirumand was sent to Germany when he was 14 years old to attend a gym.", "He studied German, philosophy, and Persian at a number of universities.", "He was a docent at the University of Tbingen from 1960 to 1960.", "He returned to Iran after finishing his studies and worked at the University of Tehran as a writer and journalist.", "The Goruhe Kadreh (Kader Group) was founded by him and Mehdi Khanbaba Tehrani in order to organize revolutionary cells for the anti-imperialist war in urban areas of Iran.", "He returned to Germany to escape an imminent arrest.", "The influence of Nirumand's work on the West German New Left can be seen in his book, Iran, The New Imperialism in Action.", "Freimut Duve invited him on a lecture tour for his book and he became acquainted with Ulrike.", "In June 1967, for the official visit of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to West Germany, they talked about the plight of the peasants of Mehdiabad, according to an open letter to the Shah's wife.", "A critical review of Nirumand's book was published in October of 1967.", "The Islamic Republic of Iran was founded in 1979.", "Nirumand went into exile in Paris because he didn't have permission to come back to Germany.", "He moved to Berlin.", "Nirumand supports freedom in Iran.", "He believes that the forces around Ahmadinejad are supported by terror and threats from the West.", "He believes that such actions bolster the regime and that popular support for the regime is not as strong as is thought in the West.", "Artists, women, and the youth are not radicals, according to him.", "According to Nirumand, the image of Iran in the West has been reduced to that of the Islamic regime.", "Nirumand is the author of several books and articles.", "\"With God for power\" and \"Feuer unterm Pfauenthron\" were published by him.", "\"Iran - behind the bars wither flowers\", \"Fire under the Peacock's Throne: Forbidden stories from the Persian opposition\", and so on.", "The monthly \"Iran Reports\" of the Heinrich Bll Foundation has been composed by him since 2001.", "The journalist Mariam Lau is the daughter of Bahman Nirumand.", "Probleme der Verpflanzung des europischen Dramas in die neupersische literatur is an author.", "The University of Tbingen.", "The thesis was written in 1960.", "Persia is a model of a developing nation or the dictatorship of the Free World.", "The New Imperialism in Action was published in 1969 by Monthly Review Press.", "A biography of a political figure.", "\"Fire under the peacock throne\" is a song by Keywan Daddjou.", "There were forbidden stories from the opposition.", "\"Iran - behind the bars wither flowers\", \"Iran - hinter den Gittern verdorren Blumen\", and \"bersetzung\" were written in 1985.", "The Kurds were Chased in their own land.", "Rowohlt wrote \"Scared of Germans\" in 1991.", "There was terror against foreigners and the state of law.", "\"Iran\" is a report by the Heinrich Bll endowment, Berlin, in 2001.", "The imminent catastrophe in Iran.", "The booklet, \"Iran Israel War: The spark to a bush fire\", was published in 2007.", "Islamic groups and fundamentalism are found in the Federal Republic of Germany.", "Islamische Gruppen und der Fundamentalismus in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland was published in 1990.", "There is a dialog over a country.", "Iran after the polls, Rowohlt, Reinbek 1993, Westflisches Dampfboot, Mnster 2001, as a translator, and Sadegh He.", "It was Oktober 1967, S. 132.", "Dr. Bahman Nirumand is a member of the Spiegeltitel.", "The iran-report is monatliche Berichte ber die Lage im Iran." ]

[ "Bahman Nirumand", "Bahman Nirumand", "Nirumand", "Nirumand", "Nirumand", "Nirumand", "Nirumand", "Nirumand", "Nirumand", "Nirumand", "Nirumand", "Bahman", "Nirumand", "Bahman" ]

[ "Bahman Nirumand", "Bahman Nirumand", "Nirumand", "Nirumand", "Nirumand", "Nirumand", "Nirumand", "Nirumand", "Bahman", "Nirumand", "Bahman", "Nirumand" ]

[ "Raymond Moriyama (born October 11, 1929) is a Canadian architect.", "In 1970, Moriyama co-founded a private practice in Toronto with Ted Teshima called Moriyama & Teshima Architects which is renowned for designing many major buildings across the world, including the Canadian War Museum and the Canadian Embassy in Tokyo.", "His focus is on humane architecture with the pursuit of true ideals, democracy, and unanimity of all people.", "Early life and education\nBorn in Vancouver, British Columbia, Raymond Moriyama suffered burns as a four-year-old and was sometimes teased about his scars.", "During the eight months he spent bedridden after the accident, he saw an architect coming and going from a nearby construction site, \"with a blueprint under his arm and a pipe in his mouth.\"", "Moriyama decided then and there that he would become an architect too.", "Moriyama's father was an outspoken pacifist who was arrested and made a Prisoner of War for his activism.", "Moriyama was then twelve; his pregnant mother was left with him and his two sisters to run the family hardware store.", "Shortly after, he and his family were forced out of Vancouver and confined to an internment camp in the Slocan Valley of British Columbia during the Second World War.", "Japanese Canadians on the West Coast were classified as security threats, in a policy similar to that of the United States.", "He said these years were influential in his later career.", "Moriyama has described his experiences in internment camps as miserable.", "During this time, his mother experienced a miscarriage, in which Moriyama then grieved the loss of a potential younger brother.", "He looked for a place for escape and solitude, and decided to build a treehouse outside of camp, as a lookout point.", "He made friends with Canadian farmers who supplied him with lumber and tools to build.", "He describes his experience of finding escape as such:\"In despair, I decided to bathe in the Slocan River on the other side of a little mountain away from the camp.", "The water was glacial, but it was better than hot tears.", "To see who might be coming, I built an observation platform.", "Soon I found myself wanting to build my first architectural project, a tree house, without being found out by the RCMP.", "I used just an axe as a hammer, an old borrowed saw, six spikes, some nails, a rope, and mostly branches and scraps from the lumberyard.", "It was hard work building it by myself, and it was a lesson in economy of material and meansThat tree house, when finished, was beautiful.", "It was my university, my place of solace, a place to think and learn.\"", "After the war, his family reunited with his father and they resettled in Hamilton, Ontario, where he attended Westdale Secondary School and worked in a pottery factory.", "Ambidextrous, he was able to finish his piecework quickly, and his bosses allowed him to use his extra time to study for school.", "During his years in University, he ran into his childhood friend Sachi from Vancouver.", "When they began to date, he knew immediately that she was the one he was going to marry.", "He told her this many times, but she just laughed.", "She never believed him.", "They married in 1954.", "Together, they had five children, including two sons who also become architects, Ajon and Jason Moriyama.", "Moriyama received a Bachelor of Architecture degree from the University of Toronto in 1954, and a Master of Architecture degree in civic and town planning from the School of Architecture at McGill University in 1957.", "His sons, Ajon and Jason, became principals at Moriyama + Teshima Architects after Raymond Moriyama retired in 2003.", "In 2013, Ajon Moriyama founded Ajon Moriyama Architect, doing independent work in Toronto.", "Career\nMoriyama's first large project as an independent architect was the Ontario Science Centre in Toronto, built in 1964.", "After years of working independently as an architect, Moriyama established his Toronto-based firm in 1958 and in 1970 was joined by Ted Teshima and is now Moriyama & Teshima Architects.", "Some of their notable early projects include the Scarborough Civic Centre from 1973, and the Metropolitan Toronto Reference Library from 1977.", "Both of these projects won Governor General's Medals.", "Moriyama has been heavily involved in bringing a Japanese cultural influence to Western society.", "He is a part of the Japanese Order of the Rising Sun, as well as the Order of Ontario.", "Many of Moriyama's architectural awards recognize his excellency in materiality, landscape, and urban design.", "Some of his core values as an architect involve the principles of designing for human scale and human functionality.", "Ted Teshima retired in 2006, and died in 2016.", "In 1985, Raymond Moriyama was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and promoted to Companion in 2008.", "He was also inducted into the Order of Ontario in 1992.", "In 1997, he received the RAIC Gold Medal, Canadian Architecture's highest honour.", "In 1999, he was the key architect for designing of the National Museum of Saudi Arabia in Riyadh.", "From 2001 to 2007, he served as the Chancellor of Brock University in St Catharines, Ontario.", "He has designed several buildings at Brock University from the 1970s onwards.", "In 2004, he was made a member of the Order of the Rising Sun, a Japanese award given in recognition for his services to Japanese culture in Canada.", "In 2007, he was honoured with a postage stamp by Canada Post featuring his design for the Ontario Science Centre.", "In 2009, he was one of nine laureates to receive a Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts.", "In 2010, he won the Sakura Award, for his impact and dedication in the promotion of Japanese culture worldwide.", "In 2012, he received a Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal.", "He also created a $200,000 endowment with the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada called the Moriyama RAIC International Prize.", "In June 2013, he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Calgary.", "Moriyama retired in 2003.\n\nNotable projects\n\nOntario Science Centre \n\nThis was Moriyama's first large-scale project as an independent architect.", "It was built in 1969.", "Moriyama incorporated Confuciuan philosophies into his design, building on the ideas of tactile and experiential learning.", "The Science Centre functions as a place for visitors to experiment hands-on with installations.", "The glass facade of the front entrance has a large, exposed steel cable structure.", "This gesture immediately involves visitors to experience the engineering and science behind architecture, an example of experiential learning in itself.", "The interior lends itself to flexibility, with large open spaces fit for various installations, exhibits, and large crowds.", "Canadian embassy in Tokyo \nMoriyama designed this building during his time with Moriyama + Teshima.", "It was built in 1991.", "The prominent concept of this building is the \"tree house\", gaining inspiration from his childhood years spent in Japanese internment camps.", "He replicated the feeling of youthfulness and magic of the treehouse he first built while in camp.", "His intention was to enable a place of social connection and welcoming for all those visiting the Embassy.", "The form resembles that of a temple.", "On the lower half, a large solid mass of concrete includes deep set windows, and above it, an asymmetrical glass peaked roof creates a light, sculptural contrast.", "Adjacent to the building is the Akasaka Imperial Grounds and the Takahashi Memorial Park.", "The building was limited in the shadows it was allowed to cast over the park, a restriction that led to its final shape.", "Bata Shoe Museum \n\nMoriyama + Teshima designed the Bata Shoe Museum, built in 1995.", "It is recognizable by its angled trapezoidal limestone walls, and pyramid-like glazing on the front face.", "The interior reflects the angularity of the outside, with large open spaces for exhibitions with tilted walls.", "The interior is mostly wood, with \"floating\" display boxes with hidden supports, similar to the grand wooden staircase in the centre of the room.", "This project won the City of Toronto Urban Design Award of Excellence in 1997.", "Other projects\n\nToronto French School additions (2015)\nCanadian War Museum (2005)\nNational Museum of Saudi Arabia in Riyadh (1999)\nSeneca College's Seneca@York campus Stephen E. Quinlan Building in Toronto (1999)\n John Labatt Visual Arts Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario (1993)\nOttawa City Hall (1990)\nNorth York Central Library (1987)\nMuseum London in London, Ontario (1980)\nPeterborough Public Library, Peterborough, Ontario (1980)\nToronto Reference Library (1977)\nAlbert Campbell Collegiate Institute (1976)\nScarborough Civic Centre (1973)\nL'Amoreaux Collegiate Institute (1971)\n Health Services Building, University of Waterloo (1968)\n Harvest Bible Chapel, Markham (1967)\nCivic Garden Centre (now Toronto Botanical Garden), Toronto (1965)\n Gordie Howe International Bridge (planned - not built)\n\nGallery\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Moriyama & Teshima Architects\n Raymond Moriyama fonds\n Moriyama and Teshima Architects fonds, Archives of Ontario\n Architectural Dialogues... / Dialogues architecturaux... Moriyama & Teshima, 2010, Archives of Ontario YouTube channel\n\n \n1929 births\nLiving people\nCanadian architects\nModernist architects\nCanadian university and college chancellors\nCompanions of the Order of Canada\nJapanese-Canadian internees\nMcGill School of Architecture alumni\nMembers of the Order of Ontario\nPeople from Vancouver\nUniversity of Toronto alumni\nGovernor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts winners" ]

[ "Raymond Moriyama is a Canadian architect.", "The Canadian War Museum and the Canadian Embassy in Tokyo are just a few of the major buildings that have been designed by the Moriyama & Teshima Architects.", "His focus is on humane architecture with the pursuit of true ideals, democracy, and unanimity of all people.", "Raymond was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "During the eight months he was immobile after the accident, he saw an architect coming and going from a nearby construction site with a pipe in his mouth.", "He decided that he would become an architect as well.", "The father of Moriyama was made a Prisoner of War for his activism.", "His pregnant mother left with him and his two sisters to run the hardware store when he was twelve.", "During the Second World War, he and his family were confined to an internment camp in British Columbia.", "Similar to the United States, Japanese Canadians on the West Coast were classified as security threats.", "His later career was influenced by these years.", "He described his experience in internment camps as miserable.", "During this time, his mother lost a baby and then mourned the loss of a younger brother.", "He wanted a place for escape and solitude, so he built a tree house outside of camp as a lookout point.", "He got lumber and tools from Canadian farmers.", "In despair, he decided to bathe in the Slocan River on the other side of a little mountain away from the camp.", "The water was better than hot tears.", "I built an observation platform to see who was coming.", "I wanted to build my first architectural project, a tree house, without being discovered by the police.", "I used an axe as a hammer, an old borrowed saw, six spikes, some nails, a rope, and mostly branches and scraps from the lumberyard.", "When the tree house was finished, it was beautiful, and it was a lesson in economy of material and means.", "My place of solace was my university.", "After the war, his family relocated to Hamilton, Ontario, where he attended Westdale Secondary School and worked in a pottery factory.", "His bosses allowed him to use his extra time to study for school because he was able to finish his piecework quickly.", "He ran into his childhood friend Sachi when he was in University.", "He knew she was the one he was going to marry when they began to date.", "She just laughed when he told her this many times.", "She didn't believe him.", "They were married in 1954.", "They had five children, including two sons who became architects.", "He received a Bachelor of Architecture degree from the University of Toronto in 1954 and a Master of Architecture degree from the School of Architecture at McGill University in 1957.", "Raymond Moriyama retired in 2003 and his sons became principals.", "The founder of Ajon Moriyama Architect was doing independent work in Toronto.", "The Ontario Science Centre in Toronto was Career Moriyama's first large project as an independent architect.", "After years of working independently as an architect, Moriyama established his Toronto-based firm in 1958 and in 1970 was joined by Ted Teshima and is now Moriyama & Teshima Architects.", "The Metropolitan Toronto Reference Library was built from 1977 to 1977.", "The projects won the Governor General's medals.", "The Japanese cultural influence to Western society has been brought about by Moriyama.", "He is a member of both the Order of Ontario and the Japanese Order of the Rising Sun.", "His excellency in landscape and urban design is recognized by many of his architectural awards.", "The principles of designing for human scale and human function are some of his core values as an architect.", "Ted Teshima died in 2016 after retiring in 2006", "Raymond Moriyama was promoted to Companion in 2008 after being made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1985.", "He was made a member of the Order of Ontario in 1992.", "He received the highest honour of Canadian architecture in 1997.", "The National Museum of Saudi Arabia was designed by him in 1999.", "He was the Chancellor of Brock University from 2001 to 2007.", "He has designed several buildings at Brock University.", "In 2004, he was made a member of the Order of the Rising Sun, a Japanese award, for his services to Japanese culture in Canada.", "Canada Post honoured him with a postage stamp in 2007, featuring his design for the Ontario Science Centre.", "He was one of nine people to receive a Governor General's Award.", "He won the Sakura Award in 2010 for his dedication to the promotion of Japanese culture.", "He received the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee medal.", "The Royal Architectural Institute of Canada created a $200,000 endowment with him.", "He received a doctorate from the University of Calgary.", "The Ontario Science Centre was the first large-scale project for Moriyama.", "It was built in 1969.", "The ideas of tactile and Experiential learning were incorporated into the design by Moriyama.", "Visitors to the Science Centre can experiment with installations.", "There is a steel cable structure on the glass facade of the front entrance.", "The engineering and science behind architecture is an example of Experiential Learning.", "Large open spaces allow for various installations, exhibits, and large crowds.", "This building was designed by the Canadian embassy in Tokyo.", "It was built in 1991.", "The tree house is a prominent concept and is inspired by his time in Japanese internment camps.", "He replicated the feeling of youthfulness and magic that he experienced while in camp.", "He intended for the Embassy to be a place of social connection and welcoming.", "The form is similar to a temple.", "The asymmetrical glass peaked roof creates a light, sculptural contrast to the large solid mass of concrete on the lower half.", "The Akasaka Imperial Grounds and the Takahashi Memorial Park are close to the building.", "The final shape of the building was due to a restriction on the shadows it could cast over the park.", "The Bata Shoe Museum was built in 1995.", "The front face has a pyramid-like LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar LLumar", "There are large open spaces for exhibitions with tilted walls in the interior.", "The wooden interior is similar to the grand wooden staircase in the center of the room.", "The City of Toronto Urban Design Award of excellence was won by this project.", "The National Museum of Saudi Arabia in Riyadh is a project of the Canadian War Museum." ]

[ "Raymond Moriyama", "Moriyama", "Raymond Moriyama", "Moriyama", "Moriyama", "Moriyama", "Jason Moriyama", "Moriyama", "Raymond Moriyama", "Moriyama", "Career Moriyama", "Moriyama", "Moriyama", "Moriyama", "Raymond Moriyama", "Moriyama", "Moriyama", "Moriyama", "Moriyama", "Moriyama", "Raymond Moriya" ]

[ "Raymond Moriyama", "Raymond", "Raymond Moriyamajon", "Career Moriyama", "Moriyama", "Raymond Moriyama" ]

[ "Marty Mayberry (born 9 February 1986) is a double leg amputee LW3 classified Paralympic alpine skier from Australia.", "Mayberry lost both legs after contracting meningococcal disease when he was sixteen years old.", "This experiences led him to study medicine, and he attended Griffith University and the University of Sydney where Mayberry pursued health science courses.", "Beyond the classroom, he has written a paper on meningococcal disease, worked part-time on research about the disease, and talked about his experiences at a conference.", "Having started out as an able-bodied skier, Mayberry took up the disability sport.", "He made his national team debut in 2005, and went on to represent Australia at the 2006 Winter Paralympics the following year, when he did not medal.", "With the aid of a prosthesis, adjustments were made to his skiing legs, and he competed in several skiing competitions during 2007, 2008 and 2009.", "He was selected for the Australian 2010 Winter Paralympics team at a ceremony in Canberra in November 2009.", "Between then and the start of the Games, he participated in a few more competitions, including one where he picked up a gold medal, and participated in a national team training camp.", "He was selected as Australia's flag bearer for the opening ceremony.", "In competition, he earned a silver medal in the men's downhill standing event, finished 24th in the Super-G, was disqualified from the slalom, and failed to finish in the giant slalom.", "Following the games, he retired from skiing.", "Personal\nMayberry was born on 9 February 1986, and grew up in Byron Bay, New South Wales, \nwhere he attended Byron Bay High School.", "By 2009, he resided in Queensland, and was living in Yeerongpilly, Queensland by 2010.", "In June 2010, he married a woman he met at a music festival.", "Following a high school ski trip when he was in year 11, Mayberry contracted meningococcal disease at the age of 16, and this resulted in double below the knee amputations.", "He was in a coma for two weeks as a result of the disease, and, when he woke up at Byron Bay Hospital, learned his legs had been amputated.", "One of the things that motivated him to keep going during rehabilitation was the opportunity for sports.", "Mayberry studied health sciences at Griffith University, and medicine at the University of Sydney.", "He went into medicine partly because of his illness during high school.", "He relocated to Sydney with his fiancé to do so not long before the start of the 2009—2010 ski season.", "In August 2010, he was the opening speaker at the Amanda Young Foundation Meningococcal Conference, and in 2010 and 2011, worked part-time at the Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, where he was in contact with \"Robert Booy in his research on the psycho-social impact of meningococcal B on families.\"", "He wrote up his experiences in dealing with meningococcal infection in the Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health.", "He lives by Gandhi's quote \"Be the change you want to see in the world\".", "Skiing\nMayberry is an LW3 classified skier who competes in standing events using a pair of artificial legs.", "Prior to contracting meningococcal, he was involved with skiing.", "He was back to competing at it on the disability side by 2004.", "When fully kitted out, he looks like an able-bodied skier, and is capable of skiing faster than .", "He received support for his skiing from the Australian Institute of Sport, New South Wales Institute of Sport and the Australian Government Sports Training Grants program.", "Mayberry has won medals at IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup events and the Paralympic Games.", "He made his Australian national team debut in 2005 at the European Cup Finals, and went on to represent Australia the following year at the 2006 Torino Games where he failed to medal in the four men's standing events he competed in.", "He finished 33rd in the downhill, 21st in the Giant Slalom, 19th in the Slalom and did not finish in the Super G. Mayberry attributed his poor performance at the 2006 Games to his prosthetic legs, which \"just didn't feel right during the speed events in Italy.\"", "Following those Games, he worked with prosthetist Peter Farrand to develop new legs that would address the problems in Italy.", "Continuing to ski following the 2006 Games, he earned a gold medal at a World Cup event in 2007 in Slalom, and earned a bronze medal in slalom event at a 2008 World Cup competition.", "During Australia's 2009—2010 summer, Mayberry was based in Europe and North America for training.", "At the 2009 World Championships, he had a pair of sixth places finished in the Super G and downhill events.", "That year, at a Spanish hosted IPC World Cup, he crashed in the giant slalom event and did not score a time.", "He was officially named to the Australian 2010 Winter Paralympics team in November 2009.", "A ceremony was held in Canberra with Australian Paralympic Committee president Greg Hartung and Minister for Sport Kate Ellis making the announcement.", "Mayberry was selected to the largest Winter Paralympics team that Australia had ever sent to the Games.", "In 2010, he was the only elite skier with his type of disability in his classification.", "At the second to last World Cup event before the 2010 Games, on a course in Vancouver, Canada, he won a silver medal in the downhill with a time of 1:16.02.", "In Aspen, Colorado, at the last World Cup event before the 2010 Games, he won a gold medal in the downhill event.", "Prior to the start of the Games, he participated in a national team training camp in Vail, Colorado before the Aspen hosted World Cup.", "He and the rest of Australia's para-alpine team arrived in the Paralympic village on 9 March 2010.", "As a 24-year-old, Mayberry competed in five events in the 2010 Paralympic games: downhill, super G, super combined, giant slalom, and slalom.", "His parents were in Vancouver to watch him compete.", "Mayberry won a silver medal in the men's standing downhill event where he tied with another skier, and had a combined time of 1:22.78 He finished 24th in the Super-G, was disqualified from the slalom event after missing a gate, and did not finish in the Giant Slalom.", "Following the Games, he returned with the team to Sydney, where he attended a press conference at Sydney International Airport.", "He won an Australian Institute of Sport Sport Achievement Award in 2010.", "By September 2010, he had retired from elite skiing, one of several 2010 Winter Paralympic skiers to retire following the games.", "Others who retired at the same time he did included Shannon Dallas and Bart Bunting.", "References\n\nParalympic alpine skiers of Australia\nAlpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Paralympics\nParalympic silver medalists for Australia\nAlpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Paralympics\nLiving people\nAustralian Institute of Sport Paralympic skiers\nAmputee category Paralympic competitors\n1986 births\nMedalists at the 2010 Winter Paralympics\nAustralian male alpine skiers\nParalympic medalists in alpine skiing" ]

[ "A double leg amputee, Marty Mayberry is a paralympian from Australia.", "When he was sixteen years old, Mayberry lost his legs to meningococcal disease.", "Mayberry pursued health science courses at the University of Sydney, where he studied medicine.", "He has written a paper on meningococcal disease, worked on research about the disease, and talked about his experiences at a conference.", "Mayberry took up the disability sport after starting out as a skier.", "He represented Australia at the 2006 Winter Paralympics when he did not medal, after making his national team debut in 2005.", "During 2007, 2008 and 2009, adjustments were made to his skiing legs, and he competed in several skiing contests.", "He was selected for the Australian 2010 Winter Paralympics team.", "Between then and the start of the Games, he participated in a few more contests, including one where he picked up a gold medal.", "He was the flag bearer for the opening ceremony.", "He earned a silver medal in the men's downhill standing event, finished 24th in the Super-G, was disqualified from the slalom, and failed to finish the giant slalom.", "He stopped skiing after the games.", "Personal Mayberry was born in 1986 and grew up in New South Wales.", "He lived in Yeerongpilly,Queensland by the year 2010.", "He married a woman he met at a music festival.", "Mayberry had double below the knee amputations after contracting meningococcal disease at the age of 16 while on a high school ski trip.", "He was in a coma for two weeks and woke up at the hospital with his legs missing.", "The opportunity for sports motivated him to keep going during his rehabilitation.", "Mayberry studied medicine and health sciences.", "He went into medicine because of his illness.", "He moved to Australia with his fiancée not long before the start of the ski season.", "He was the opening speaker at the Meningococcal Conference in August 2010 and worked part-time at the Kids Research Institute in 2010 and 2011.", "In the Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, he wrote about his experience dealing with meningococcal infections.", "Gandhi's quote \"Be the change you want to see in the world\" is what he lives by.", "Mayberry is a skier who uses artificial legs to compete in standing events.", "He was involved with skiing.", "By 2004, he was back at it on the disability side.", "He looks like an able-bodied skier, and is capable of skiing faster than anyone else.", "He was supported by the Australian Institute of Sport, New South Wales Institute of Sport and the Australian Government Sports Training Grants program.", "Mayberry won medals at the World Cup and the Paralympics.", "He made his Australian national team debut in 2005 at the European Cup Finals, and went on to represent Australia the following year at the Torino Games, where he failed to medal in the four men's standing events he competed in.", "He finished 33rd in the downhill, 21st in the Giant Slalom, 19th in the Slalom and did not finish in the Super G.", "He worked with Peter Farrand to develop new legs that would address the problems in Italy.", "He won a gold medal in slalom at a World Cup event in 2007, and a bronze medal in slalom at a World Cup event in 2008.", "During the summer of 2009, Mayberry was based in Europe and North America.", "He finished sixth in the Super G and downhill events at the World Championships in 2009.", "He crashed in the giant slalom and did not score a time.", "He was named to the Australian 2010 Winter Paralympics team.", "The Australian Paralympic Committee president, Greg Hartung, and the Minister for Sport, Kate Ellis, made an announcement.", "The largest Winter Paralympics team that Australia had ever sent to the Games was selected by Mayberry.", "He was the only elite skier with a type of disability.", "He won a silver medal in the downhill at the second World Cup event before the 2010 Olympics in Canada.", "He won a gold medal in the downhill at the last World Cup event before the 2010 Olympics.", "Before the Aspen hosted the World Cup, he participated in a national team training camp in Colorado.", "Australia's para-alpine team arrived in the village on March 9, 2010.", "Mayberry competed in five events in the 2010 Paralympics, including downhill, super G, super combined, giant slalom, and slalom.", "His parents watched him compete.", "Mayberry won a silver medal in the men's standing downhill event where he tied with another skier, and had a combined time of 1:22.78.", "He attended a press conference at the airport after returning from the Games.", "He received an Australian Institute of Sport Sport Achievement Award.", "He retired from elite skiing after the 2010 Winter Paralympics.", "Shannon Dallas and Bart Bunting retired at the same time.", "The Australian Institute of Sport has medals from the 2010 Winter Paralympics and the 2006 Winter Paralympics." ]

[ "Marty Mayberry", "Mayberry", "Mayberry", "Personal Mayberry", "Mayberry", "Mayberry", "Mayberry", "Mayberry", "Mayberry", "Mayberry", "Mayberry", "Mayberry" ]

[ "Marty Mayberry", "Mayberry", "Mayberry", "Mayberry", "Mayberry", "Mayberry", "Mayberry", "Mayberry", "Mayberry", "Mayberry", "Mayberry", "Mayberry" ]

[ "John Weever (1576–1632) was an English antiquary and poet.", "He is best known for his Epigrammes in the Oldest Cut, and Newest Fashion (1599), containing epigrams on Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, and other poets of his day, and for his Ancient Funerall Monuments, the first full-length book to be dedicated to the topic of English church monuments and epitaphs, which was published in 1631, the year before his death.", "Life\nWeever was a native of Preston, Lancashire.", "Little is known of his early life, and his parentage is not certain.", "He may be the son of the John Weever who in 1590 was one of thirteen followers of local landowner Thomas Langton put on trial for murder after a riot which took place at Lea Hall, Lancashire.", "He was educated at Queens' College, Cambridge, where he was admitted as a sizar on 30 April 1594.", "Weever's first tutor at Cambridge was William Covell, himself a native of Lancashire and author of Polimanteia (1595) which contains one of the first printed notices of Shakespeare.", "Another of Weever's tutors was Robert Pearson, whom in later life he mentions with gratitude as a \"reverend, learned divine\".", "It is possible that Weever considered a career in the church himself but after receiving his degree on 16 April 1598 he appears to have left Cambridge and travelled to London, where he immersed himself in the literary scene.", "He was in York in 1603 and later apparently in Lancashire.", "However, he eventually settled in London and married, buying a house in the parish of St. James, Clerkenwell.", "Works\nIn late 1599 Weever published Epigrammes in the Oldest Cut, and Newest Fashion, containing epigrams on Shakespeare, Samuel Daniel, Michael Drayton, Ben Jonson, Edmund Spenser, William Warner and Christopher Middleton, all of which are valuable to the literary historian.", "The epigram on Shakespeare is particularly interesting since it follows the typical Shakespearean sonnet form: this may indicate Weever had seen actual examples of Shakespeare's sonnets, which at that date circulated only in manuscript.", "Many other epigrams however relate to persons Weever knew at Cambridge and presumably were composed while he was still a student there.", "The book also has commendatory verses by some of Weever's Cambridge friends.", "In 1600 he published Faunus and Melliflora, which begins as an erotic poem in the style of Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis and after a thousand lines in this vein abruptly veers toward satire, with a description of the mythological origins of the form and translations of satires by classical authors.", "It concludes with references to contemporary satirists Joseph Hall and John Marston, and also to the Bishops' Ban of 1599, which ordered the calling in and destruction of satirical works by Thomas Nashe and others.", "In 1601 an anonymous pamphlet called The Whippinge of the Satyre was published, which attacks three figures referred to as the Epigrammatist, the Satirist and the Humorist.", "These three are taken to refer to the contemporary writers Everard Guilpin, author of Skialetheia.", "or, A shadowe of Truth (1598), his kinsman John Marston, and Ben Jonson.", "It has been convincingly argued that Weever was the author of this pamphlet, and that as a result he was attacked in his turn and lampooned onstage as the character Asinius Bubo in Thomas Dekker's Satiromastix, as Simplicius Faber in Marston's What You Will and as Shift in Jonson's Every Man Out of His Humour.", "All these three characters are represented as being very small in stature and great lovers of tobacco, two characteristics which Weever himself admits to in his later works.", "In 1601 Weever also published two more serious works of a religious tone, The Mirror of Martyrs and An Agnus Dei.", "The Mirror of Martyrs or The Life and Death of ... Sir John Oldcastle may have been part of a backlash.", "In his preface Weever calls it the \"first trew Oldcastle\", perhaps on account of the fact that Shakespeare's character Falstaff first appeared as \"Sir John Oldcastle\".", "Weever's work is influenced by John Bale's 1544 biography of Oldcastle, which presents him as a proto-Protestant martyr.", "In the fourth stanza of this long poem, in which Sir John is his own panegyrist, occurs a reminiscence of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar which serves to fix the date of the play.", "Weever's other work of this year, An Agnus Dei, is the life of Christ told in verse form.", "It has little literary merit but went through several editions, perhaps because it was produced as a tiny book less than two inches square.", "The Mirror of Martyrs was reprinted in 1872 for the Roxburghe Club.", "Ancient Funerall Monuments\nAs early as his first publication in 1599 Weever had demonstrated an interest in tomb monuments.", "Developing this, he spent the first three decades of the seventeenth century collecting monumental inscriptions.", "He travelled throughout England and to parts of Scotland, France, the Low Countries and Italy.", "Back in England he made friends among the chief antiquaries of his time, including Sir Robert Cotton and the herald Augustine Vincent.", "The result of his endeavours appeared as Ancient Funerall Monuments, a folio volume published in 1631.", "The work included a lengthy introductory global overview of his subject, the \"Discourse of Funerall Monuments\"; and this was followed by a survey of over a thousand inscriptions in the four south-eastern dioceses of England: Canterbury, Rochester, London and Norwich.", "The book is particularly valuable on account of the subsequent loss of many of these inscriptions.", "However, Weever viewed the inscriptions primarily as literary survivals, and (unlike some of his contemporaries) took little interest in the genealogical evidence they provided, or in the heraldic elements of many monuments: Graham Parry comments, \"[i]t is fair to say that he ignored half the value of a memorial.\"", "Nor was he concerned with their sculptural or architectural features, and he made no drawings on his travels.", "The published volume contains just eighteen illustrative woodcuts, all of which appear to have been added only at the production stage, and to have been based on drawings supplied by antiquarian friends.", "The Society of Antiquaries holds two notebooks in Weever's own hand (MSS 127 and 128) which contain a partial early draft of Ancient Funerall Monuments, as well as other material not included in the published volume.", "Death and commemoration\nWeever died between mid-February and late March 1632, and was buried at St James, Clerkenwell.", "He was commemorated by a marble tablet framed with a black border, and inscribed with a lengthy encomium in verse (afterwards published in the 1633 edition of John Stow's Survey of London).", "The monument was lost when the church was demolished for rebuilding in 1788, despite some ineffectual efforts by the Society of Antiquaries to preserve it.", "The engraved frontispiece to Ancient Funerall Monuments includes a portrait of Weever, giving his age as 55; and also the following self-penned doggerel summary of his life:\nLanchashire gave him breath,\nAnd Cambridge education.", "His studies are of Death.", "Of Heaven his meditation.", "Personal life\nWeever's wife's first name was Anne, but it is unclear from the surviving records whether she was Anne Edwards, who married a man named John Weaver in St James Church, Clerkenwell, in 1614; Anne Panting, who married a John Weaver in the same church in 1617; or neither of these.", "She may have been the Anne Weaver of Clerkenwell who drew up her will in 1647, and whose maiden name may have been Onion.", "References\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n Epigrammes in the Oldest Cut and Newest Fashion, ed.", "by R. B. McKerrow at Internet Archive \n Ancient Fvnerall Monvments within the Vnited Monarchie of Great Britaine, Ireland, and the Islands Adiacent (1631) at Google Books.", "Antient Funeral Monuments, of Great-Britain, Ireland, and the Islands Adjacent (1767) at Google Books.", "Antient Funeral Monuments, of Great-Britain, Ireland, and the Islands Adjacent (1767) at archive.org\n\n1576 births\n1632 deaths\nPeople from Preston, Lancashire\n17th-century English poets\n17th-century English male writers\n16th-century English poets\n16th-century antiquarians\n17th-century antiquarians\nEnglish antiquarians\nAlumni of Queens' College, Cambridge\nEnglish male poets" ]

[ "John Weever was an English poet.", "He is best known for his Epigrammes in the Oldest Cut, and Newest Fashion, and for his Ancient Funerall Monuments, the first full-length book to be dedicated to the topic.", "Weever was a native of the area.", "His parentage is not certain, and little is known of his early life.", "He might be the son of John Weever who was one of thirteen people put on trial for murder after a riot in 1590.", "He was admitted to Cambridge's Queens' College as a sizar on April 30, 1594.", "One of the first printed notices of Shakespeare was written by William Covell, Weever's first tutor at Cambridge.", "Robert Pearson was one of Weever's teachers, and in later life he mentioned that he was a rebirth, learned divine.", "It is possible that Weever considered a career in the church, but after graduating from Cambridge in 1598, he moved to London and immersed himself in the literary scene.", "He was in York in the 16th century.", "He bought a house in the parish of St. James, Clerkenwell, after moving to London.", "Epigrammes in the Oldest Cut and Newest Fashion were published in the late 1599's and are valuable to the literary historian.", "Weever may have seen actual examples of Shakespeare's sonnets, which were only in manuscript at that time, since the epigram on Shakespeare follows the typical Shakespearean sonnet form.", "While he was still a student at Cambridge, Weever composed many of the other epigrams.", "Some of Weever's Cambridge friends wrote commendatory verse in the book.", "Faunus and Melliflora, which begins as an erotic poem in the style of Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis and ends with a description of the mythological origins of the form and translations of satires, was published in 1600.", "It ends with references to the Bishops' Ban of 1599, which ordered the destruction of satirical works by Thomas Nashe and others.", "In 1601 an anonymous pamphlet called The Whippinge of the Satyre was published, which attacked the Epigrammatist, the Satirist and the Humorist.", "Everard Guilpin is the author of Skialetheia.", "A shadowe of Truth, his kinsman John Marston, and Ben Jonson.", "It has been argued that Weever was the author of this pamphlet, and that he was attacked in his turn and lampooned as the character Asinius Bubo in Thomas Dekker's Satiromastix.", "The three characters are depicted as being very small in stature and great lovers of tobacco, two characteristics which Weever admits to in his later works.", "Two more serious works of a religious tone were published in 1601 by Weever.", "The Life and Death of Sir John Oldcastle may have been part of a backlash.", "Shakespeare's character Falstaff first appeared as \"Sir John Oldcastle\", which is why Weever calls it the \"first trew Oldcastle\".", "John Bale's biography of Oldcastle presents Weever as a Proto-Protestant martyr.", "The date of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar is fixed in the fourth line of this long poem, in which Sir John is his own panegyrist.", "An Agnus Dei is the life of Christ told in verse.", "It was produced as a small book and went through several editions.", "The Mirror of Martyrs was published in 1872.", "His first publication in 1599 showed an interest in tomb monuments.", "He spent the first three decades of the 17th century collecting monumental inscriptions.", "He traveled to parts of Scotland, France, the Low Countries and Italy.", "He made friends with many of the antiquaries of his time, including Sir Robert Cotton.", "Ancient Funerall Monuments was published in 1631.", "The work included a lengthy introductory global overview of his subject, the \"Discourse of Funerall Monuments\", followed by a survey of over a thousand inscriptions in the four south-eastern dioceses of England.", "The book is valuable because of the loss of many inscriptions.", "However, Weever viewed the inscriptions primarily as literary survivals, and took little interest in the genealogy evidence they provided, or in the heraldic elements of many monuments.", "He didn't make drawings on his travels because he wasn't concerned with their sculptural or architectural features.", "There are only eighteen illustrative woodcuts in the published volume, all of which have been based on drawings supplied by antiquarian friends.", "There are two notebooks in Weever's own hand that contain a partial early draft of Ancient Funerall Monuments, as well as other material not included in the published volume.", "Between February and March 1632, Weever died and was buried at St James, Clerkenwell.", "He was remembered by a marble tablet with a black border and a lengthy encomium in verse, which was published in the 1633 edition of John Stow's Survey of London.", "The Society of Antiquaries tried to save the monument, but it was lost when the church was demolished.", "The engraved frontispiece to Ancient Funerall Monuments has a portrait of Weever and a summary of his life.", "His studies are about death.", "He was meditating on Heaven.", "Weever's wife's first name was Anne, but it's not clear if she was the woman who married a man named John Weaver in St James Church, Clerkenwell, in 1614 or the woman who married a man named John Weaver.", "She may have been the Anne Weaver of Clerkenwell who drew up her will in 1647, and whose maiden name may have been Onion.", "External links Epigrammes in the Oldest Cut and Newest Fashion.", "The Ancient Fvnerall Monvments within the Vnited Monarchie of Great Britaine, Ireland, and the Islands Adiacent can be found at the Internet Archive.", "There are Antient Funeral Monuments of Great-Britain, Ireland, and the Islands.", "There are Antient Funeral Monuments of Great-Britain, Ireland, and the Islands." ]

[ "John Weever", "Life Weever", "John Weever", "Weever", "John Marston", "John Marston", "John Oldcastle", "John Oldcastle", "John Bale", "John", "John Stow", "John Weaver", "John Weaver" ]

[ "John Weever", "John Weever", "Weever", "John Marston", "John Oldcastle", "John Oldcastle", "John Bale", "John", "Weever", "John Stow", "Weever", "John Weaver", "John Weaver" ]

[ "Leon Christoph Goretzka (born 6 February 1995) is a German professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Bayern Munich and the Germany national team.", "Club career\n\nVfL Bochum\nIn 2009, Goretzka started his career with Werner SV 06 Bochum.", "He stayed for two years with the WSV before making the move to VfL Bochum in 2011.", "On 30 July 2012, Goretzka was awarded the 2012 under-17 Fritz Walter Medal in gold.", "On 4 August 2012, he made his professional debut for Bochum in the 2.", "Bundesliga against Dynamo Dresden in the rewirpowerSTADION.", "Goretzka had an impressive 2012–13 season at Bochum and was their standout performer as Bochum narrowly avoided relegation from the 2.", "Bundesliga.", "During the season, Goretzka was linked to several big clubs around Europe including Bayern Munich, Manchester United, Arsenal and Real Madrid.", "Matthias Sammer, the then sporting director of Bayern Munich, reportedly met with Goretzka to try to convince him of joining Bayern in the summer of 2013.", "Schalke 04\nOn 30 June 2013, Schalke 04 confirmed the transfer of Goretzka from Bochum.", "He signed a five-year contract until 30 June 2018.", "The transfer fee was reported to be €3.250 million.", "2013–14 season\n\nDuring the 2013–14 season, Goretzka had a promising first season, scoring five goals in 32 appearances in all competitions.", "He became a regular starter in the second half of the season and helped Schalke finish in third place in the Bundesliga behind champions Bayern Munich and Borussia Dortmund.", "At the end of the season, Goretzka was called up for the 30-man preliminary squad of the Germany national team for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil.", "He made his debut in a friendly match against Poland prior to the World Cup.", "2014–15 season\nDuring the 2014–15 season, Goretzka was limited to only 11 matches in all competitions due to a thigh injury.", "He returned from the injury on Matchday 24 against TSG 1899 Hoffenheim.", "Goretzka played in only 10 Bundesliga matches during the season.", "Schalke had a disappointing season and finished in sixth place in the Bundesliga.", "2015–16 season\n\nDuring the 2015–16 season, Goretzka scored two goals in 34 appearances in all competitions.", "He was back to full fitness at the start of the season, but had several injuries throughout the season.", "Goretzka was also diagnosed with an inflammatory bowel disease during the season and said \"I was diagnosed with a chronic bowel inflammation, which had been having a negative impact on my ability to recover.\"", "Goretzka continued: \"So I completely changed what I eat, cutting out gluten, cow's milk, pork and nuts.", "As a result, I have fewer issues with my health and I can recover from a game much quicker.", "2016–17 season\nDuring the 2016–17 season, Goretzka played in a career-high 41 matches in all competitions, scoring eight goals.", "This was regarded as Goretzka's best season to date as he flourished in a more attacking role.", "On 20 April, Goretzka received a concussion and suffered a double fracture of his jaw while playing against Ajax in the Europa League.", "He continued and played almost the entire match until he was substituted in the 84th minute.", "Schalke finished in a disappointing 10th place in the Bundesliga and did not qualify for European places.", "2017–18 season\nDuring the 2017–18 season, Goretzka played in 29 matches in all competitions and scored four goals.", "This was his first season without European football since his arrival at Schalke in 2013.", "He had problems with stress reaction in bones in his lower leg, which kept him out of action for over two months.", "Goretzka helped Schalke finish second behind champions Bayern Munich to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the first time since the 2014–15 season.", "On 25 November 2017, he played in his 100th Bundesliga game in a match against Schalke's bitter rivals, Borussia Dortmund.", "On 19 January 2018, Goretzka announced that he would leave Schalke in the summer of 2018 and join rivals Bayern Munich.", "His decision did not go down well with the Schalke fans and board.", "Schalke's supervisory board chairman, Clemens Tönnies, expressed his first reaction regarding Goretzka's decision on a football talk show.", "Tönnies said: \"My first reaction was, that you shouldn’t wear the jersey of Schalke anymore.\"", "Tönnies said that Goretzka could be forced to sit in the stands should his decision have a negative impact on the team.", "Bayern Munich\n\n2018–19 season\n\nOn 1 July 2018, Goretzka officially joined Bayern by signing a four-year contract until June 2022.", "On 12 August 2018, in the DFL Super Cup, he came on for Thomas Müller in the 64th minute.", "This was Goretzka's first appearance for Bayern.", "On 1 September, he scored his first goal for the club in a 3–0 away victory over VfB Stuttgart.", "The following year, on 19 January 2019, he scored his first ever brace in the Bundesliga, scoring twice in a 3–1 win over Hoffenheim.", "On 15 February 2019, Goretzka scored an own goal in a Bundesliga game after 13 seconds; no Bayern player had yet touched the ball.", "On 18 May 2019, Goretzka won his first Bundesliga title as Bayern finished two points above Dortmund with 78 points.", "A week later, he won his first DFB-Pokal as Bayern defeated RB Leipzig 3–0 in the 2019 DFB-Pokal Final.", "He did not appear in the match as he was out injured.", "2019–20 season\nOn 26 November 2019, Goretzka scored his first Champions League goal during a 6–0 away win at Red Star Belgrade.", "He played vital part of Bayern's treble win under Hansi Flick.", "He played most of the games, including the whole Champions League campaign, making a midfield duo with Joshua Kimmich.", "After Benjamin Pavard got injured and Kimmich was asked to play as a right-back, Goretzka played in a box-to-box midfielder role next to Thiago, including in the Champions League final.", "2020–21 season\nOn 24 September 2020, Goretzka scored a goal in a 2–1 win over Sevilla after extra time in the 2020 UEFA Super Cup.", "In April 2021, he missed the second leg against Paris Saint-Germain in the Champions League quarter-finals due to muscle problems.", "However, he ended the season winning his third consecutive Bundesliga title.", "2021–22 season \nAhead of the season, Goretzka was assigned the number 8 shirt left vacant by Javi Martínez.", "On 17 August 2021, Goretzka conquered the 2021 DFL-Super Cup with Bayern, playing the full 90 minutes.", "On 16 September, Bayern announced that Goretzka had signed a new contract, keeping him at the club until 2026.\n\nInternational career\n\nYouth\nOn 15 October 2010, Goretzka made his Germany national U-16 football team debut in a friendly against Northern Ireland.", "He scored in the 3–2 victory.", "On 24 August 2011, he made his Germany national U-17 football team debut against Turkey in a 4–0 victory.", "In May 2012, he captained the Germany national U-17 football team at the 2012 UEFA European Under-17 Championship in Slovenia and led the German U-17 team all the way to the final against the Netherlands.", "In the final, Goretzka scored the first goal of the match; his goal was compensated in stoppage time, taking the scoreline to 1–1.", "The subsequent penalty shoot-out was won by the Netherlands.", "On 8 August 2013, he debuted for the Germany national U-21 football team under Horst Hrubesch in a 0–0 draw against France, in which he had a magnificent match.", "Goretzka was contacted by the Polish national team but rejected the offer as he is not aware of any Polish background.", "Senior\nOn 8 May 2014, Goretzka was included in the 30-men preliminary squad of the German national team for the 2014 FIFA World Cup by Germany's manager, Joachim Löw.", "On 13 May 2014, he made his debut in a 0–0 draw against Poland.", "After Germany's match against Poland, in which Goretzka had suffered a muscle injury, he was removed from the team's preparatory training camp and final squad for the 2014 World Cup in Brazil.", "In May 2017, Goretzka was named in Germany's squad for the Confederations Cup in Russia.", "In the nation's opening match for the tournament on 20 June, he scored his first goal for Germany in a 3–2 Group B win over Australia.", "Goretzka scored two goals against Mexico in the semi-finals.", "Goretzka finished joint top scorer with Timo Werner and Lars Stindl in the competition with three goals.", "The German national team won the competition, beating Chile in the final in Saint Petersburg.", "On 4 June 2018, Goretzka was included in Germany's final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.", "On 27 June, he made his World Cup debut in the last match of the group stage in a 2–0 defeat to South Korea as his side got knocked out from the World Cup for the first time since 1938.", "On 19 May 2021, he was selected to the squad for the UEFA Euro 2020.", "He scored a goal in the final group fixture, a 2–2 draw against Hungary.", "Olympic team\nAlongside Schalke teammate Max Meyer, Goretzka was named in the squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics.", "He captained Germany in their first match against Mexico, but picked up a shoulder injury, and returned to Gelsenkirchen.", "Playing style\nIn 2013, Goretzka was referred to as one of the brightest talents in German football.", "Peter Neururer, Goretzka's head coach at Bochum, said that he had \"never seen an eighteen year old footballer which had a potential as Goretzka\", and titled him as the \"talent of the century\".", "Goretzka has a potent eye for scoring goals and is known to possess good ball control ability and also has the ability to pick out passes for his teammates.", "He produces powerful shots from outside the penalty area.", "He is also well known for his excellent heading ability which sees him regularly score goals with his head.", "At 1.89 m, Goretzka's high-jumping ability helps him to win aerial battles against strong and tall defenders.", "His main position is as a central midfielder, although he can be deployed as a defensive midfielder, a right winger and a playmaker.", "Goretzka's game has often been compared to two of Germany's footballing greats, Lothar Matthäus and Michael Ballack.", "Personal life\nGoretzka was born in Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia.", "He completed his Abitur and graduated from the (Alice-Salomon-Vocational School) in Bochum.", "His father, Konrad, is an automotive engineer and electrical engineer for Opel.", "Goretzka launched an online initiative, \"We Kick Corona\", with his Bayern Munich teammate Joshua Kimmich, to help charitable, social or medical institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Goretzka has been an activist against hate crime, visiting the Dachau Holocaust memorial, and meeting Holocaust survivor Margot Friedlander.", "He is a critic of the far-right political party Alternative for Germany, calling them a \"disgrace for Germany\" and saying \"when a party is supported and led by Holocaust revisionists and Corona deniers, then they are unmasking themselves\".", "Career statistics\n\nClub\n\nInternational\n\nAs of match played 11 November 2021.", "Germany score listed first, score column indicates score after each Goretzka goal.", "Honours\nBayern Munich\n Bundesliga: 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21\n DFB-Pokal: 2018–19, 2019–20\n DFL-Supercup: 2018, 2020, 2021\n UEFA Champions League: 2019–20\n UEFA Super Cup: 2020\n FIFA Club World Cup: 2020\n\nGermany U17\n UEFA European Under-17 Championship runner-up: 2012\n\nGermany Olympic\n Summer Olympic Games silver medal: 2016\n\nGermany\n FIFA Confederations Cup: 2017\n\nIndividual\n Fritz Walter Medal in Gold (U-17): 2012\n FIFA Confederations Cup Silver Boot: 2017 \n FIFA Confederations Cup Bronze Ball: 2017\n UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season: 2019–20\n Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2017–18, 2020–21\nkicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2020–21\nVDV Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2020–21\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nkicker profile\n\n1995 births\nLiving people\nSportspeople from Bochum\nFootballers from North Rhine-Westphalia\nGerman footballers\nAssociation football midfielders\nVfL Bochum players\nFC Schalke 04 players\nFC Schalke 04 II players\nFC Bayern Munich footballers\n2.", "Bundesliga players\nBundesliga players\nRegionalliga players\nUEFA Champions League winning players\nGermany youth international footballers\nGermany under-21 international footballers\nGermany international footballers\n2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players\n2018 FIFA World Cup players\nUEFA Euro 2020 players\nFIFA Confederations Cup-winning players\nOlympic footballers of Germany\nFootballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics\nMedalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics\nOlympic silver medalists for Germany\nOlympic medalists in football" ]

[ "Leon Goretzka is a German professional footballer who is a member of the Germany national team.", "Goretzka started his career with VfL Bochum.", "He was with the WSV for two years before moving to VfL Bochum.", "Goretzka was awarded a gold medal on July 30th.", "On August 4, 2012 he made his professional debut.", "The rewirpowerSTADION is a game between the Bundesliga and Dynamo Dresden.", "Goretzka was their top performer as they narrowly avoided being demoted from the 2.", "The top tier of the game.", "Goretzka was linked to several big clubs in Europe during the season, including Real Madrid and Manchester United.", "Sammer met with Goretzka to try to convince him to join the club.", "The transfer of Goretzka was confirmed on June 30th.", "He signed a five-year contract.", "The fee was reported to be 3.250 million.", "Goretzka had a promising first season in which he scored five goals in 32 appearances.", "He became a regular starter in the second half of the season and helped the club finish third in the league.", "Goretzka was called up for the preliminary squad of the Germany national team at the end of the season.", "He made his debut in a match against Poland.", "Goretzka was limited to 11 matches due to a thigh injury.", "He came back from the injury on Matchday 24.", "Goretzka played in 10 matches.", "The team finished in sixth place in the league.", "Goretzka scored two goals in 34 appearances during the 2015–16 season.", "He had several injuries throughout the season, but was back to full fitness at the start of the season.", "Goretzka was diagnosed with an inflammatory bowel disease, which had been having a negative impact on his ability to recover.", "Goretzka completely changed what he eats, cutting out cow's milk, pork and nuts.", "I can recover from a game much quicker because I have fewer health issues.", "Goretzka played in a career-high 41 matches in the 2016–17 season, scoring eight goals.", "Goretzka's best season to date was thought to be this one, as he flourished in a more attacking role.", "Goretzka fractured his jaw and received a concussion while playing in the Europa League.", "He played the entire match until he was replaced in the 84th minute.", "They did not qualify for European places in the 10th place in the Bundesliga.", "Goretzka played in 29 matches and scored four goals.", "He was without European football for the first time in his career.", "He was out of action for over two months because of stress reaction in his lower leg.", "For the first time since the 2014/15 season, Goretzka and his team qualified for the European competition.", "He played in his 100th game in the Bundesliga in a match against his bitter rivals.", "On January 19th, Goretzka announced that he would leave Schalke in the summer of next year to join his rivals.", "His decision did not go down well with the fans.", "Tnnies expressed his first reaction to Goretzka's decision on the football talk show.", "Tnnies said that he thought that you shouldn't wear the jersey anymore.", "Should Goretzka's decision have a negative impact on the team, he could be forced to sit in the stands.", "Goretzka signed a four-year contract with the club on July 1st.", "He came on for Thomas Mller in the 64th minute.", "This was Goretzka's first appearance.", "He scored his first goal for the club in a 3–0 away victory over VfB Stuttgart.", "He scored a pair of goals in a 3–1 win over Hoffenheim on January 19th, 2019.", "Goretzka scored an own goal in a game in February of this year.", "Goretzka won his first title in the Bundesliga on May 18th.", "He won his first DFB-Pokal a week later when he helped his team to victory in the DFB-Pokal Final.", "He wasn't in the match because he was injured.", "Goretzka scored his first goal for the club during a win at Red Star Belgrade.", "He played a big part in the win.", "He made a duo with Joshua Kimmich in most of the games.", "Goretzka played in a box-to-box role next to Thiago in the final after Kimmich was asked to play as a right-back.", "Goretzka scored a goal in a 2–1 win over Sevilla in the 2020 UEFA Super Cup.", "He missed the second leg against Paris Saint-Germain due to muscle problems.", "He won his third consecutive title.", "The number 8 shirt was assigned to Goretzka ahead of the season.", "Goretzka won the DFL-Super Cup with a full 90 minutes of play.", "Goretzka signed a new contract with the club on September 16th.", "He scored in the victory.", "He made his Germany national U17 football team debut against Turkey in August of 2011.", "He was the captain of the German U17 team at the 2012 European Under 17 Championship in Slovenia and led them to the final, where they lost to the Netherlands.", "Goretzka scored the first goal in the final, but his goal was nullified in the final seconds of the game.", "The Netherlands won the penalty shoot-out.", "He made his debut for the Germany national U-21 football team in a 0–0 draw against France, in which he had a great match.", "Goretzka was contacted by the Polish national team but he was not aware of any Polish heritage.", "Goretzka was included in the 30-man preliminary squad of the German national team for the World Cup by Germany's manager.", "He made his debut in a 0–0 draw against Poland.", "Goretzka was removed from the final squad for the World Cup in Brazil after suffering a muscle injury in Germany's match against Poland.", "Goretzka was in Germany's squad for the Confederations Cup in Russia.", "He scored his first goal for Germany in a win over Australia in the opening match of the tournament.", "Goretzka scored two goals against Mexico.", "Goretzka was the top scorer with three goals.", "The German national team beat Chile in the final to win the competition.", "Goretzka was included in Germany's final squad for the World Cup.", "He made his World Cup debut in the last match of the group stage in a 2–0 defeat to South Korea as his side got knocked out from the World Cup for the first time since 1938.", "He was selected to the squad for the Euro 2020.", "He scored a goal against Hungary.", "Goretzka was named to the Summer Olympics squad with Max Meyer.", "He hurt his shoulder in Germany's first match against Mexico and returned to Gelsenkirchen.", "Goretzka was referred to as one of the top talents in German football.", "Goretzka is the \"talent of the century\" according to Peter Neururer, Goretzka's head coach.", "Goretzka has a potent eye for scoring goals and is known to possess good ball control ability and also has the ability to pick out passes for his teammates.", "He shoots from outside the penalty area.", "He is well known for his ability to score goals with his head.", "Goretzka's high-jumping ability helps him to win aerial battles against taller defenders.", "His main position is in the middle of the field, although he can be used in other areas.", "Goretzka's game has been compared to two of Germany's footballing greats, Lothar Matthus and Michael Ballack.", "Goretzka was born in North Rhine-Westphalia.", "He graduated from the Alice-Salomon-Vocational School.", "Konrad is an automotive engineer and an electrical engineer.", "Goretzka and his teammate, Joshua Kimmich, launched an online initiative, \"We Kick Corona\", to help charitable, social or medical institutions during the COVID-19 Pandemic.", "Goretzka visited the Dachau Holocaust memorial and met a Holocaust survivor.", "He is a critic of the far-right political party Alternative for Germany, calling them a \"disgrace for Germany\" and saying \"when a party is supported and led by Holocaust revisionists and Corona deniers, then they are unmasking themselves\".", "Club International as of match played 11 November 2021.", "The score column indicates the score after each Goretzka goal.", "The DFL-Supercup is in 2020, the U17 European Championship is in 2020, and the FIFA Club World Cup is in 2020.", "Football players from Germany who won medals at the 2016 Summer Olympics." ]

[ "Leon Christoph Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka" ]

[ "Leon Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka", "Goretzka" ]

[ "Adriano Olivetti (11 April 1901 – 27 February 1960) was an Italian engineer, politician and industrialist whose entrepreneurial activity thrived on the idea that profit should be reinvested for the benefits of the whole society.", "He was son of the founder of Olivetti, Camillo Olivetti, and Luisa Revel, the daughter of a prominent Waldensian pastor and scholar.", "Adriano Olivetti was known worldwide during his lifetime as the Italian manufacturer of Olivetti typewriters, calculators, and computers.", "Olivetti was an entrepreneur and innovator who transformed shop-like operations into a modern factory.", "In and out of the factory, he both practiced and preached the utopian system of \"the community movement,\" but he never managed to build a mass following.", "In his company, apart from managers and technicians, he enrolled a large number of artists like writers and architects, following his deep interest in design and urban and building planning that were closely linked with his personal utopian vision.", "The Olivetti empire had been begun by his father, Camillo.", "Initially, the \"factory\", consisting of 30 workers, concentrated on electric measurement devices.", "By 1908, 25 years after Remington in the United States, Olivetti started to produce typewriters.", "Biography \n\nAdriano's father Camillo, who was Jewish, believed that his children could get a better education at home.", "Adriano's formative years were spent under the tutelage of his mother, daughter of the local Waldensian pastor, an educated and sober woman.", "Also, as a socialist, Camillo emphasized the non-differentiation between manual and intellectual work.", "His children, during their time away from study, worked with and under the same conditions as his workers.", "The discipline and sobriety Camillo imposed on his family induced rebellion in Adriano's adolescence manifested by a dislike of \"his father's\" workplace and by his studying at a polytechnic school of subjects other than the mechanical engineering his father wanted.", "Nevertheless, after graduation in chemical engineering at the Polytechnic University of Turin in 1924 he joined the company for a short while.", "When he became undesirable to Mussolini's Fascist regime, his father sent him to the United States to learn the roots of American industrial power.", "For the same reasons he later went to England.", "Upon his return he married Paola Levi, a daughter of Giuseppe Levi and a sister of his good friend Natalia Ginzburg; a marriage that produced three children, but did not last long.", "His visit to various plants in the United States, and especially Remington, convinced Adriano that productivity is a function of the organizational system.", "With the approval of father, Camillo, he organized the production system at Olivetti on a quasi-Taylorian model and transformed the shop into a factory with departments and divisions.", "Possibly as a result of this reorganization, output per man-hour doubled within five years.", "Olivetti for the first time sold half of the typewriters used in Italy in 1933.", "Adriano Olivetti shared with his workers the productivity gains by increasing salaries, fringe benefits, and services.", "In 1931 he visited the USSR and created an Advertising Department at Olivetti that worked with artists and designers.", "The creation of an Organization Office followed one year later, when he became general manager, and the project for the first portable typewriter started.", "His success in business did not diminish his idealism.", "In the 1930s he developed an interest in architecture, as well as urban and community planning.", "He supervised a housing plan for the workers at Ivrea (a small city near Turin, where the Olivetti plant is still located) and a zoning proposal for the adjacent Aosta Valley.", "Under Fascism, patronizing workers at work and at home was in line with the corporative design of the regime.", "While Adriano showed distaste for the regime, he joined the Fascist Party and became a Catholic.", "Yet, during World War II, he participated in the underground antifascist movement, was jailed, and at the end sought refuge in Switzerland.", "There he was in close contact with the intellectual emigrees and he was able to further develop his socio-philosophy of the Community Movement.", "He also had contacts with representatives of the British Special Operations Executive.", "With these he tried to avoid the Allied invasion of Italy and to obtain a negotiated Italian retreat from the war assuming a mediation of the Holy See and making strong the support that he enjoyed with influential Italian political circles.", "During the immediate post-war years the Olivetti empire expanded rapidly, only to be briefly on the verge of bankruptcy after the acquisition of Underwood Typewriter Company in the late 1950s.", "During this period, first calculators and then computers replaced the typewriter as a prime production focus.", "Adriano shared his time between business pursuits and attempts to practice and spread the utopian ideal of community life.", "His belief was that people who respect each other and their environment can avoid war and poverty.", "His utopian idea was similar to that preached by Charles Fourier and Robert Owen during the previous century.", "Death \nOn the 27th of February 1960, Adriano Olivetti took a train from Arona, in the north of Italy, towards Lausanne (Switzerland).", "A few kilometres after the border between the two countries, he had a neuronal bleeding that led him to dead.", "An autopsy hasn’t been delivered, leaving various hypothesis opened, including the one that sees the participation of some US based lobbies in Olivetti’s death.", "After the declassification of documents elaborated by the CIA, has been find out that the Italian entrepreneur has been object of investigations from the Agency for several years.", "In his enterprises, Adriano Olivetti's attempts at utopia may be translated in practice as actions of an enlightened boss or a form of corporatism.", "He decreased the hours of work and increased salaries and fringe benefits.", "By 1957 Olivetti workers were the best paid of all in the metallurgical industry and Olivetti workers showed the highest productivity.", "His corporatism also succeeded in having his workers accept a company union not tied to the powerful national metallurgical trade unions.", "During the 1950s, in a limited way, the community movement succeeded politically in Ivrea.", "(Adriano was even elected mayor of Ivrea in 1956.)", "But the utopia at the factory and in Italy at large began withering away even before Adriano's death in 1960.", "Adriano Olivetti's era saw great changes in Italian business and in industrial relations.", "New organizational methods were sought and humanistic idealism spread during the cruel time of World War II as well as during the difficult post-war years.", "The utopia of Olivetti could not have easily survived, but it helped induce the rapid reconversion of Italy's industry from war to peacetime production.", "Further reading\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nAdriano Olivetti Foundation\nAdriano Olivetti biography\nAdriano Olivetti short biography on \"History Computer\" by IEEE\n a film by Emanuele Piccardo on Adriano Olivetti\n\n1901 births\n1960 deaths\nPeople from Ivrea\nItalian Waldensians\n20th-century Italian businesspeople\nOlivetti people\nItalian chemical engineers\nL'Espresso founders\nItalian magazine founders\nDeputies of Legislature III of Italy\nPolytechnic University of Turin alumni" ]

[ "Adriano Olivetti was an Italian engineer, politician and industrialist whose entrepreneurial activity thrived on the idea that profit should be reinvested for the benefit of the whole society.", "He was the son of the founder of Olivetti and the daughter of a pastor and scholar.", "Adriano Olivetti was an Italian manufacturer of computers and typewriters.", "Olivetti transformed shop-like operations into a modern factory.", "He preached the utopian system of \"the community movement\" in and out of the factory, but he never managed to build a mass following.", "In his company, apart from managers and technicians, he enrolls a large number of artists like writers and architects, following his deep interest in design and urban and building planning that were closely linked with his personal utopian vision.", "The Olivetti empire was started by his father.", "The \"factory\" consisted of 30 workers and was focused on electric measurement devices.", "After the United States, Olivetti began to produce typewriters.", "Adriano's father believed that his children could get a better education at home.", "Adriano's mother was an educated and sober woman and was the daughter of a local pastor.", "The non-differentiation between manual and intellectual work was emphasized by Camillo as a socialist.", "During their time away from school, his children worked under the same conditions as his workers.", "Adriano's rebellion was caused by his dislike of his father's workplace and his studying at a polytechnic school of subjects other than the mechanical engineering his father wanted.", "He joined the company after graduating from the Polytechnic University of Torino with a degree in chemical engineering.", "His father sent him to the United States to learn about American industrial power after he became undesirable to Mussolini's Fascist regime.", "He went to England for the same reasons.", "He married a daughter of Giuseppe Levi and a sister of his friend Natalia Ginzburg, but their marriage did not last long.", "Adriano was convinced that productivity is a function of the organizational system after visiting various plants in the United States.", "The shop at Olivetti was transformed into a factory with departments and divisions, thanks to his father's approval.", "Within five years, output doubled.", "Half of the typewriters used in Italy in 1933 were sold by Olivetti.", "Adriano Olivetti shared his productivity gains with his workers.", "During his visit to the USSR in 1931, he created an Advertising Department that worked with artists and designers.", "The project for the first portable typewriter started when he became general manager after the creation of an Organization Office.", "His success in business did not diminish his dedication.", "He was interested in architecture and urban and community planning in the 1930s.", "He was in charge of a housing plan for the workers at Ivrea, a small city near Turin where the Olivetti plant is still located.", "The design of the regime made patronizing workers at work and at home possible.", "Adriano became a Catholic after joining the Fascist Party.", "During World War II, he participated in the underground antifascist movement, was jailed, and at the end sought refuge in Switzerland.", "He was able to further develop his socio-philosophy because he was in close contact with the intellectual emigrees.", "The British Special Operations Executive had contacts with him.", "He tried to avoid the Allied invasion of Italy and to get a negotiated Italian retreat from the war through a mediation of the Holy See and strong support from influential Italian political circles.", "The Olivetti empire expanded quickly after the end of the war, but it was briefly on the verge of bankruptcy after the acquisition of Underwood Typewriter Company in the late 1950s.", "The typewriter was a prime production focus during this period.", "Adriano shared his time between business and attempts to spread the utopian ideal of community life.", "He believed that people can avoid war and poverty if they respect each other.", "His idea was similar to that of Robert Owen and Charles Fourier.", "On the 27th of February 1960, Adriano Olivetti took a train from Arona, in the north of Italy, towards Lausanne.", "He bled to death a few kilometres after the border between the two countries.", "An autopsy hasn't been delivered, leaving various hypothesis open, including the one that sees the participation of some US based lobbies in Olivetti's death.", "After the declassification of documents elaborated by the CIA, it has been found out that an Italian businessman has been under investigation by the Agency for several years.", "Adriano Olivetti's attempts at utopia may be seen as actions of an enlightened boss or a form of corporatism in his enterprises.", "He increased fringe benefits and hours of work.", "By 1957 Olivetti workers were the best paid in the industry and they showed the highest productivity.", "The company union that his workers accepted was not tied to the national trade unions.", "The community movement succeeded politically in Ivrea during the 1950s.", "Adriano was elected mayor of Ivrea in 1956.", "The utopia at the factory and in Italy at large began to erode before Adriano's death in 1960.", "There were changes in Italian business and industrial relations during Adriano Olivetti's era.", "The cruel time of World War II as well as the difficult post-war years saw the spread of new organizational methods.", "The utopia of Olivetti helped induce the rapid reconversion of Italy's industry from war to peacetime production.", "Adriano Olivetti Foundation Adriano Olivetti biography Adriano Olivetti short biography on History Computer" ]

[ "Adriano Olivetti", "Camillo Olivetti", "Adriano Olivetti", "Olivetti", "Adriano", "Adriano", "Adriano", "Adriano", "Olivetti", "Adriano", "Adriano", "Adriano", "Olivetti", "Adriano", "Olivetti", "Adriano", "Adriano", "Adriano", "Olivetti", "Adriano", "Olivetti", "Adriano", "Olivetti", "Adriano", "Olivetti" ]

[ "Adriano Olivetti", "Adriano Olivetti", "Adriano", "Adriano", "Adriano", "Adriano", "Adriano", "Olivetti", "Adriano", "Adriano", "Adriano", "Olivetti", "Olivetti", "Adriano", "Olivetti", "Adriano", "Adriano", "Adriano", "Olivetti", "Adriano", "Olivetti", "Adriano", "Olivetti" ]

[ "Morten Harket (born 14 September 1959) is a Norwegian vocalist and musician, best known as the lead singer of the synthpop/rock band A-ha.", "A-ha has released 10 studio albums to date, and topped the charts internationally after their breakthrough hit \"Take On Me\" in 1985.", "Harket has also released six solo albums.", "Before joining a-ha in 1982, Harket had appeared on the Oslo club scene as the singer for blues outfit Souldier Blue.", "Harket was named a Knight First Class of the Order of St. Olav by King Harald for his services to Norwegian music and his international success.", "Early life \nThe son of Reidar, a chief physician at a hospital, and Henny, an economics teacher and brother to Gunvald, Håkon, Ingunn and Kjetil, Morten grew up in Asker in southern Norway.", "His early musical influences included Uriah Heep, Jimi Hendrix, Queen, Johnny Cash, Simon and Garfunkel, David Bowie, and James Brown.", "Morten's father had contemplated becoming a classical pianist; Morten also took piano lessons for a while but lacked the discipline to practice.", "At the age of four he started writing music and playing piano.", "Music career\n\nA-ha\nThe trio, comprising lead vocalist Harket, guitarist Paul Waaktaar-Savoy (Pål Waaktaar until his marriage in 1994), and keyboardist Magne Furuholmen, formed on 14 September 1982, and left Norway for London to make a career in the music business.", "They chose the studio of musician, producer, and soon-to-be-manager John Ratcliff, because it had a Space Invaders machine.", "Ratcliff introduced the band to his manager, Terry Slater, and, after a few meetings, a-ha had two managers.", "Slater and Ratcliff together formed T.J. Management.", "Ratcliff dealt with all the technical and musical aspects; Slater was the international business manager and liaison to Warner Brothers' head office.", "The band says the name a-ha comes from a title Paul contemplated giving to a song; he was dithering between the titles \"a-ha\" and \"a-hem\".", "Morten was looking through Paul's notebook, and came across the name, which he liked, and immediately decided that it was the right name.", "In 1984, A-ha released their first single, \"Take On Me\", which became a hit only on the third attempt in 1985, after it had been re-recorded and accompanied by a music video directed by Steve Barron.", "The single's international success helped a-ha's debut album Hunting High and Low to sell over 10 million copies worldwide.", "Their second studio album was Scoundrel Days, followed by Stay on These Roads and East of the Sun, West of the Moon.", "The band then issued the commercially disappointing Memorial Beach, after which the band went on hiatus.", "Harket re-joined his colleagues in a-ha in 1998 to perform at the Nobel Peace Prize concert.", "Since 1998, a-ha has released four studio albums and several compilations.", "Their eighth studio album Analogue was released in 2005, and became a big hit worldwide, achieving Platinum certification in the UK.", "The band's last studio album before their split, Foot of the Mountain, was released in the spring of 2009.", "Harket held a note for 20.2 seconds in A-ha's 2000 song \"Summer Moved On\", believed to be the longest note in UK chart history.", "The note held exceeds the chest voice note in Bill Withers' famous song Lovely Day by 2.2 seconds.", "In October 2009, A-ha announced that they would disband after a farewell tour in 2010.", "Tickets for A-ha's final concert at the Oslo Spektrum on 4 December 2010 sold out within 2 hours.", "On 27 September 2015, a-ha reunited for a huge crowd assembled at Rock in Rio 2015 festival in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which led to a reunion tour and the Cast in Steel album.", "In June 2017 the band performed for MTV Unplugged in their homeland.", "The performance was released as a live album that September, and the acoustic version of \"Take On Me\" was made part of the soundtrack of the Hollywood movie Deadpool 2.", "As a band member\n\nPaul Waaktaar-Savoy describes Harket as being \"totally different from me.\"", "He recalls the band's first visit to London together, during which Harket burned all his clothes and re-fashioned his wardrobe.", "\"He has given me self-confidence, encourages me to talk to people, not to be afraid and to use the abilities I have.", "Morten is actually the only one in Norway who had as much ambition as I did.", "I guess we both have big egos.", "In a way, we're each sitting in our own little world, while Mags is more down to earth.", "Mags often has to mediate between Morten and me...", "It's good that we're so different and still respect each other.", "The tension between us is creative.\"", "Magne Furuholmen describes Harket as \"together\".", "Furuholmen says Harket \"believes strongly in everything he does.", "This goes for the band too, and it rubs off on us.", "He has the courage of his own convictions and cannot be shaken.", "He's an expert at always getting the last word, whether he's right or not.", "Morten is very loyal and he's fair when it comes to giving people a chance, letting them show who they are and what they're worth before judging them.\"", "Order of St. Olav\nThe three members of A-ha, Morten Harket, Magne Furuholmen and Paul Waaktaar-Savoy, were appointed Knights of the First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav for their contribution to Norwegian music.", "The Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav is granted as a reward for distinguished services to the country and humankind.", "The official ceremony took place on 6 November 2012.", "Outside a-ha\n\nBefore Morten joined Pål and Magne, he was the lead singer of a soul band called \"Souldier Blue\".", "In 1993, Harket performed a cover of \"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\" by Crewe/Gaudio on the Coneheads movie soundtrack in 1993.", "After A-ha went on a hiatus in 1994, Harket pursued a solo career, and has so far released six studio albums.", "Harket has collaborated in live performances and in studio recordings with several artists, among them Pakistani rock band Junoon, on the songs \"Piya\" and \"Pyar Hai Zindagi\"; and Hayley Westenra, on \"Children First\".", "He has also performed and worked with many other Scandinavian artists, such as Bjørn Eidsvåg, Silje Nergaard, Oslo Gospel Choir, Espen Lind, Elizabeth Norberg-Schulz and Carola Häggkvist.", "On a-ha recordings, Morten has sung with Graham Nash, Lissie, Alison Moyet, Ian McCulloch, Ingrid Helene Håvik and Anneli Drecker.", "Harket released another solo album, Letter from Egypt, on 28 May 2008 via Universal Records Germany.", "In 2009 Harket created and performed the main theme of A Name is a Name, a film about Macedonia by Sigurjon Einarsson.", "In April 2012 Harket released his new solo album, Out of My Hands, in both Norway and Germany, and on 14 May in the UK..", "In April 2014, Harket released his sixth album, titled \"Brother\".", "He also composed a song with his cousin's son, Blade Whitehead, for an annual music night.", "Other appearances\nIn addition to numerous A-ha and solo concerts, Harket has also performed on various other shows and concerts both as a solo artist and with a-ha.", "Some notable ones:\n\n Harket and Klaus Meine of the German band Scorpions performed a duet version of the Scorpions' hit song Wind of Change at a Scorpions concert in Athens, Greece, on 11 September 2013 for an MTV Unplugged album.", "Christina Aguilera and Pitbull performed the song \"Feel This Moment\", which contains sampling of a-ha's \"Take On Me\", live at the MGM Grand during the 2013 Billboard Music Awards with a surprise appearance from Morten Harket.", "UNICEF Benefit Concert (2005) – Sang the official UNICEF song \"Children First\" at the H.C. Andersen jubilee in Copenhagen, Denmark, 2005.", "The song is a duet and was sung with Hayley Westenra.", "He provided vocals to the Jan Bang single \"Merciful Waters\" which appears on the group's debut 1989 album Frozen Feelings.", "In January 2021, Harket appeared on the second series of the British version of The Masked Singer, masked as the Viking.", "He became the first contestant on the franchise to perform their own song, when he sang \"Take on Me\" in episode five.", "He finished in seventh place.", "Vocal range and style\nMorten Harket is known for his vocal range, which some sources have claimed spans five octaves, although Harket himself said in 2009, \"I've never counted, quite honestly\".", "His voice is capable of \"the greatest falsetto in the history of pop music EVER...\", according to [[New Musical Express|NME'''s]] Sylvia Patterson, and of an \"unyielding groan\" as described in Entertainment Weekly.", "Sound engineer Gerry Kitchingham, who worked with a-ha on \"Take On Me\", described Harket as \"an excellent singer\" with \"this incredibly strong falsetto and almost choir-boyish clarity\".", "Personal life\n\nHarket has three children with his ex-wife Camilla Malmquist Harket, to whom he was married between 11 February 1989 and 1998: Jakob Oscar Martinus Malmquist Harket (b.", "14 May 1989), Jonathan Henning Adler Malmquist Harket (b.", "30 December 1990), and Anna Katharina Tomine Malmquist Harket (b.", "14 April 1993; she uses Tomine as her first name).", "Harket also has a daughter, Henny (born 2 February 2003), with then-girlfriend Anne Mette Undlien.", "Harket has another daughter, Karmen Poppy (born 7 September 2008), with Inez Andersson.", "Tomine sings in Alan Walker's song \"Darkside\".", "Discography\n\nAlbums\n\nSingles\n\nFilmography\n1988 Kamilla og tyven (en.", "Kamilla and the Thief) as Christoffer\n1989 Kamilla og tyven II as Christoffer\n1996 Eurovision Song Contest - Co-Host\n2009 Yohan: The Child Wanderer as Yussuf\n2010 The Armstrong & Miller Show – cameo as himself.", "2021 The Masked Singer'' – as \"Viking”\n\nAwards\n\nSee also\n List of Eurovision Song Contest presenters\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nFan site\nMorten's official Myspace\nSite from Universal Germany\nA-ha's official site\nEnglish/French site dedicated to Morten Harket\n\n1959 births\nLiving people\nA-ha members\nNorwegian expatriates in the United Kingdom\nNorwegian male singers\nNorwegian pop singers\nMusicians from Kongsberg\nMusicians from Asker\nNorwegian multi-instrumentalists\nEnglish-language singers from Norway\nSpellemannprisen winners\nNorwegian new wave musicians\nSynth-pop new wave musicians\nMale new wave singers" ]

[ "The lead singer of the band A-ha is a Norwegian man named Morten Harket.", "After their breakthrough hit \"Take On Me\" in 1985, A-ha released 10 studio albums.", "Six solo albums have been released by Harket.", "Before joining a-ha in 1982, Harket was the singer for a blues outfit.", "Harket was named a Knight First Class of the Order of St. Olav for his services to Norwegian music and his international success.", "Born in Asker in southern Norway, the son of a chief physician at a hospital and an economics teacher is related to Gunvald, Hkon, Ingunn and Kjetil.", "His early musical influences included Jimi Hendrix, Queen, Johnny Cash, Simon and Garfunkel, David Bowie, and James Brown.", "Morten's father contemplated becoming a classical pianist and also took piano lessons, but lacked the discipline to practice.", "He started playing the piano when he was four.", "The trio, consisting of lead vocalist Harket, guitarist Paul Waaktaar-Savoy, and keyboardist Magne Furuholmen, formed in London in 1982.", "The studio they chose had a Space Invaders machine.", "A-ha had two managers after Ratcliff introduced the band to his manager.", "The two formed T.J. Management.", "The international business manager and liaison to Warner Brothers' head office were both dealt with by Ratcliff.", "The band says the name a-ha comes from a title Paul contemplated giving to a song.", "After looking through Paul's notebook, Morten came across a name he liked and immediately decided that it was the right name.", "A-ha's first single, \"Take On Me\", became a hit after being re- recorded and accompanied by a music video.", "Hunting High and Low, a-ha's debut album, sold over 10 million copies worldwide.", "Their second studio album was Scoundrel Days, followed by Stay on These Roads and East of the Sun, West of the Moon.", "The band went on hiatus after issuing Memorial Beach.", "In 1998 Harket joined his colleagues to perform at the peace prize concert.", "A-ha has released several albums.", "Their eighth studio album, Analogue, achieved Platinum certification in the UK, making it a big hit worldwide.", "In the spring of 2009, the band's last studio album, Foot of the Mountain, was released.", "Harket held a note for 20.2 seconds in A-ha's 2000 song \"Summer Moved On\", which is believed to be the longest note in UK chart history.", "By 2.2 seconds, the note held surpasses the chest voice note in Bill Withers' famous song.", "After a farewell tour in 2010, A-ha will no longer exist.", "The tickets for A-ha's final concert sold out in 2 hours.", "A reunion tour and the Cast in Steel album followed after a huge crowd gathered at the Rock in Rio 2015 festival in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.", "The band performed for MTV in their homeland.", "The acoustic version of \"Take On Me\" was used in the soundtrack of the movie \"Deadpool 2\".", "Band member Paul Waaktaar-Savoy describes Harket as different from him.", "Harket burned his clothes and re-fashioned his wardrobe during the band's first visit to London.", "He has encouraged me to use my abilities, not to be afraid, and has given me self-confidence.", "Only one person in Norway has as much ambition as I did.", "I think we both have big egos.", "While Mags is more down to earth, we are sitting in our own little world.", "Mags often has to talk to me.", "We respect each other because we're so different.", "There is tension between us.", "Harket is described as \"together\" by Magne Furuholmen.", "Harket believes in everything he does.", "It rubs off on us and goes for the band as well.", "He has the courage of his convictions.", "Whether he's right or not, he always gets the last word.", "When it comes to giving people a chance, Morten is fair, letting them show who they are and what they're worth before judging them.", "The three members of A-ha, Morten Harket, Magne Furuholmen and Paul Waaktaar-Savoy were appointed Knights of the First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav for their contribution to Norwegian music.", "The Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav is a reward for distinguished services.", "The ceremony took place in November.", "Before joining Pl and Magne, he was the lead singer of a soul band.", "In 1993 Harket performed a cover of \"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\" on the Coneheads soundtrack.", "After A-ha went on a hiatus in 1994, Harket pursued a solo career and has released six studio albums.", "Harket has collaborated in live performances and in studio recordings with several artists, among them Pakistani rock band Junoon, on the songs \"Piya\" and \"Pyar Hai Zindagi\".", "He has worked with many other artists, such as Espen Lind, Elizabeth Norberg-Schulz and Carola Hggkvist.", "On a-ha recordings, he has sung with many people.", "Letter from Egypt was released on May 28, 2008.", "The main theme of A Name is a Name was created and performed by Harket.", "In April 2012 Harket released his new solo album, Out of My Hands, in both Norway and Germany, as well as on 14 May in the UK.", "\"Brother\" was Harket's sixth album.", "He and his cousin's son wrote a song for an annual music night.", "Harket has performed on various other shows and concerts both as a solo artist and with a-ha.", "A duet version of the hit song Wind of Change by the German band Scorpions was performed by Harket and Klaus Meine at a concert in Athens, Greece, on September 11, 2013).", "The song \"Feel This Moment\", which contains sampling of a-ha's \"Take On Me\", was performed live at the MGM Grand by Christina Aguilera and Pitbull.", "At the H.C. Andersen jubilee in 2005, the official UNICEF song was \" Children First\".", "The song was sung with Westenra.", "He provided vocals for the song \"Merciful Waters\" on the group's debut album.", "The second series of the British version of The Masked Singer featured Harket as the Viking.", "He was the first contestant on the franchise to perform their own song.", "He finished in the top seven.", "Some sources claim that Harket's vocal range spans five octaves, although Harket himself said in 2009, \"I've never counted, quite honestly\".", "His voice is capable of being the greatest in the history of pop music, according to Sylvia Patterson of New Musical Express.", "Harket, who worked with a-ha on \"Take On Me\", was described as \"an excellent singer with this incredibly strong falsetto and almost choir-boyish clarity\".", "There are three children with Harket's ex- wife, who he was married to between February 1989 and February 1998.", "Jonathan Henning Adler Malmquist Harket was born on May 14, 1989.", "Anna Katharina Tomine Malmquist Harket was born on December 30, 1990.", "She uses Tomine as her first name.", "Henny was born on February 2, 2003 and is the daughter of Harket and Anne Mette Undlien.", "Inez and Harket have a daughter, Karmen Poppy, who was born on September 7, 2008.", "Alan Walker's song \"Darkside\" has Tomine singing.", "Discography Singles Filmography 1988 Kamilla.", "Kamilla and the Thief as Christoffer as well as Yohan: The Child Wanderer as Yussuf appeared on the show.", "A-ha's official site is English/ French and dedicated to Morten Harket 1959 births." ]

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[ "Morten Harket", "Harket", "Harket", "Morten", "Harket", "Morten", "Harket", "Harket", "Harket", "Harket", "Morten", "Morten", "Harket", "Harket", "Harket", "Harket", "Harket", "Harket", "Harket", "Harket", "Harket", "Harket", "Harket", "Harket", "Harket", "Harket", "Harket", "Harket", "Harket", "Harket", "Morten" ]

[ "Jeremy \"Jaz\" Coleman (born 26 February 1960) is an English singer, musician, songwriter and record producer.", "He came to prominence in the early 1980s as the lead vocalist and keyboardist of post-punk group Killing Joke.", "Coleman was known for his unique raspy voice and intense stage presence (occasionally appearing wearing face makeup).", "Bill Janovitz, writer for the website Allmusic, described Coleman's stage presence and voice as \"almost always full-on in his approach, with a terrifying growl of a voice that is similar to that of Tears for fears's Curt Smith\".", "In the first part of their career, Coleman also played synth while singing, adding electronic atonal sounds to create a disturbing atmosphere to their music.", "In addition, Coleman has composed orchestral and soundtrack pieces.", "Killing Joke have influenced numerous bands such as Nirvana, Foo Fighters, Jane's Addiction, My Bloody Valentine, Faith No More, Nine Inch Nails, Tool, Godflesh, Soundgarden, Metallica and Marilyn Manson.", "James Hetfield picked Coleman as one of his favourite singers.", "In November 2010, the band received the \"Innovator Award\" at the 2010 Classic Rock Roll of Honour; the award was presented to Killing Joke by admirer and friend Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin, who stated, \"I go back a long way with Jaz Coleman and the band.", "I used to go and see the band, and it was a band that really impressed me.\"", "Early life \nColeman was born in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England, to Ronald A. and Gloria H. (née Pandy) Coleman: an English father and an Anglo-Indian mother of half-Bengali descent, both of whom were school teachers.", "He studied piano and violin under Eric Coleridge, head of music for Cheltenham College, until the age of 17, and was a member of several cathedral choirs in England.", "He later moved to and became a citizen of New Zealand.", "Coleman studied in Leipzig, East Germany, in 1978, and Cairo Conservatoire in 1979, completing an extensive study of Arabic quarter tones at the latter institution.", "According to his own account, Coleman also studied international banking for three years in Switzerland and is an ordained priest with a church in New Zealand.", "Music\n\nKilling Joke\n\nIn 1978, Coleman founded Killing Joke with drummer Paul Ferguson in Notting Hill, England.", "The pair then recruited guitarist Geordie Walker and bassist Martin Glover (aka Youth).", "The group released their first single in October 1979 and their first eponymous album was released in 1980.", "Coleman told biographer Jyrki \"Spider\" Hämäläinen that forming the band felt \"it was the destiny\".", "Coleman contributed lead vocals and keyboards to the band's songs, which are categorised as post-punk, and the music later inspired the industrial rock and metal genres.", "Solo composition and recordings\n\nColeman once quit Killing Joke temporarily following a gig in 1982; the day after, he travelled to Iceland and announced his intention to become a classical composer.", "Ten years of studying and ongoing Killing Joke involvement later, he commenced conducting and worked with some of the world's leading orchestras.", "Conductor Klaus Tennstedt described him as a \"new Mahler\".", "In 1990, in collaboration with Anne Dudley, Coleman released his first purely instrumental album entitled Songs from the Victorious City, which is formally classified as \"World Music\", but is primarily composed of a mixture of middle eastern folk themes mixed with western pop-oriented themes.", "In 1995, Coleman released his first of three albums of symphonic rock music: Us and Them: Symphonic Pink Floyd, which peaked at number one in the Billboard Magazine Top Classical Crossover Albums chart, and Kashmir: Symphonic Led Zeppelin were both written and produced by Coleman with Peter Scholes conducting the London Philharmonic Orchestra.", "In June 2007, Coleman collaborated with over 150 youth musicians in the Contemporary Youth Orchestra, based in Cleveland, Ohio, to perform the entirety of Kashmir: Symphonic Led Zeppelin along with additional orchestrations of Led Zeppelin's music.", "In 1999, he produced and arranged an album of Doors material for orchestra, performed by classical musicians including Nigel Kennedy and the Prague Symphony Orchestra, called Riders on the Storm: The Doors Concerto (CD released in 2000).", "He has worked with the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, who have issued a CD of his Symphony No.", "1 \"Idavoll\" with the Auckland Philharmonia Orchestra, and as composer-in-residence to the Prague Symphony Orchestra.", "In 1996, he released Pacifica: Ambient Sketches, recorded with the New Zealand String Quartet.", "In 1999, Coleman and Maori singer Hinewehi Mohi formed Oceania (with Hirini Melbourne and many others) which recorded the album Oceania.", "The record went double platinum in New Zealand.", "The song \"Pukaea\" appeared in the film Year of the Devil (2002).", "Oceania II appeared in 2002.", "In 2001, Coleman was commissioned by the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden London for his first large scale opera entitled The Marriage at Cana.", "Also commissioned by the Royal Opera House was Coleman's Unwanted, a concerto grosso for violin, viola and string orchestra whose theme portrays the plight of the Romany people of central Europe.", "This work was in collaboration with Czech photographer Jana Tržilová, whose portraits of the Roma taken within her own country moved the composer with their deep compassion and humanity.", "On 22 March 2003, Coleman was commissioned by the Institute for Complex Adaptive Matter (ICAM) to compose a three-part concerto Music of the Quantum, expressing the ideas of the quantum and emergence in musical form, which he co-produced with his elder brother, Piers Coleman (born 13 February 1958), who is a condensed matter physicist at Rutgers University.", "On 22 March, Sir Laurence Gardner's book Secrets of the Lost Ark, which expounds on anti-gravity and prehistory, was published.", "Coleman and Gardner publicly exchanged their work (book and scores) at the Occulture Lectures in Brighton on 20 July 2003, a gesture appropriate to Coleman's interest in themes of renaissance, collaboration, and working in parallels.", "Also in 2003, Coleman completed a second work with Nigel Kennedy and the Kroke Trio in the role of friend and producer of their album, East Meets East, released through EMI Classics.", "In 2004 and 2005, Coleman arranged the Sarah Brightman album Harem and wrote a further 12 Arias to be recorded with her.", "He also continues with his work as composer in residence of the Prague Symphony Orchestra.", "In early 2006 Joseph McManners performed Coleman's Daughter of England at the Royal Albert Hall with the Royal Philharmonic to standing ovation.", "In 2009, Coleman recorded the Nirvana Suite with the Czech National Symphony Orchestra, and played summer festivals across Europe with Killing Joke.", "Coleman travelled from Japan to South India with former bandmate Paul Raven's ashes and participated in Pradakshina.", "In December, Coleman's Us and Them: Symphonic Pink Floyd was performed at the Berlin Konzerthaus for the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Wall.", "In 2010, Coleman completed his Magna Suscitatio for solo violin, chorus and full orchestra, which illustrates the process of transformation and illumination of the human condition \"from our current barbaric state\".", "Coleman also began work with the Prague Chamber Orchestra and was in discussion about a series of concerts.", "Coleman's second symphony, recorded by the Auckland Philharmonic Orchestra, was due for release with the Nirvana Suite.", "In 2014, Coleman began the year by conducting the NSO Symphony Orchestra (UAE) for the opening ceremony of the Dubai World Cup, which was broadcast to 160 countries.", "Later that year, Coleman recorded with the Moscow State Film Orchestra and performed his Zep Symphony some 30 kilometres outside St Petersburg at Gatchina Palace for the White Night gala with the Minsk Philharmonic.", "One month later, Coleman recorded The Nirvana Dialogues with the St Petersburg State Symphony Orchestra for Universal records.", "Due to the success of this recording, Coleman has entered into a two-year contract as composer-in-residence with the St Petersburg State Symphony Orchestra.", "Also in 2014, Us and Them: Symphonic Pink Floyd was performed by the Melbourne Ballet Orchestra on 22 October and 1 November.", "2015 saw the release of Tambours du Bronx's album Corros, featuring a collaboration with Coleman on the track \"Human Smile\".", "On 28 February 2016, Coleman gave a spoken word performance in Auckland, titled Going Over to the Dark Side', A light hearted look at the state of world affairs by the Dark Lord\".", "Later in the year, his Doors Concerto was performed at the White Nights Festival in Saint Petersburg, Russia.", "2016 also saw the release of the Levee Walkers, a collaboration between Coleman, Duff McKagan and Pearl Jam guitarist Mike McCready.", "McKagan stipulated who and what a Levee Walker is: \"To become a Levee Walker you must have at least 25 years of musical experience, survived battles with the forces of darkness, and perhaps even kissed death on the cheek.", "More importantly, there must exist a deep reverence for the music of your comrades, and the commitment they made to this hardest of paths.\"", "In September 2016, Coleman was invited by the Etrange festival in Paris for a \"carte blanche\" programme of six films and a spoken word performance.", "Films and soundtracks\nIn 2002, Coleman starred (as himself) in a Czech film by Petr Zelenka Rok ďábla (Year of the Devil).", "The film was awarded the Crystal Globe at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival.", "He also co-produced a documentary-style music film with Filmmaker Shaun Pettigrew called \"The Death And Resurrection Show\", named after a song on Killing Joke's 2003 album.", "The film was premiered at the British Film Institute on 19 February 2015.", "Production\nTogether with Martin Williams and Malcolm Welsford, Coleman founded the York Street Studio in New Zealand.", "The studio was closed after Coleman produced the ninth album of New Zealand band Shihad, FVEY, which was released in the second half of 2014.", "Coleman produced Shihad's debut album, Churn—also recorded at York Street—but a disagreement with the band occurred after the release of the album.", "Following a 15-year period in which Coleman and Shihad did not communicate, Coleman made amends with the band members at a London, UK awards ceremony.", "Shihad's lead singer and guitarist Jon Toogood explained in June 2014:\n\nWe'd had a falling out, I just didn't have time for him [Coleman] ...", "I was like, \"Fuck that guy\".", "But he was softer—he doesn't drink alcohol anymore.", "He's still gnarly and idealistic and brutal but minus the alcohol that makes him this focused machine.", "It was just the perfect meeting of what we wanted to do and having the right guy to do it with.", "Prior to the recording of FVEY, Coleman informed the band, \"I'm going to work you until you've made a great record\" and, after the completion of a two-month recording period, Toogood referred to the band's time with Coleman as a \"bootcamp\"; however, Toogood further explained that the band \"needed someone to crack the whip\" and he felt \"purged\" afterward.", "Books\nIn 2006, Coleman wrote a book about permaculture, free energy, freedom and freedom-loving individuals.", "Titled Letters from Cythera, it was released in early 2014 and was described by Coleman as an overview of \"how the occult sciences have shaped my philosophical outlook expounding on my preferred system for a personalized renaissance (the supersynthesis)\"—Coleman stated that the book was written between 2007 and 2008.", "When asked to expound upon his \"supersynthesis\" concept, Coleman explained:\n\n[Supersynthesis is] the idea that we can stretch ourselves in 12 different directions all at once, and I put myself out as a guinea-pig and put myself through the paces and I’m in the process of sharing my results with people, to show how far I got.", "The thing about the super-synthesis is you choose one opus magnum, a huge work to do, then you chose 12 other non related projects that you’re meant to take to mastery and so I’ve finished pretty much everything and now is the execution of all of these – some of which I’ve done …\n\nIn the wake of the book's publishing, Coleman did a spoken word performance at London's St Pancras Old Church on 17 June 2015.", "Awards and accolades\nIn 2001, Coleman recorded the multi-platinum album Proměny with Czech band Čechomor, which won three Anděl (Angel) awards.", "Coleman was made Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres by the French Minister of Culture for his contribution to contemporary music, and was decorated by the French government on 27 September 2010, while Killing Joke were in concert at the Bataclan theatre in Paris.", "On 24th November 2021, Coleman’s contribution to both contemporary and classical music was recognised by the University of Gloucestershire by awarding him an Honorary Doctorate of Music.", "Personal life\nColeman is a supporter of the concept of environmental sustainability and has invested in the creation of two ecovillages in the South Pacific and in Chile.", "Coleman does not support any particular political party and is politically non-partisan.", "He has three daughters.", "The eldest lives in Switzerland and the two younger ones live in New Zealand.", "When asked about his perspective on the United States in a May 2013 interview, Coleman explained:\n\nIt's different from 30 years ago.", "There's no rebellion left.", "Everyone is just a passive zombie.", "Food supply has something to do with it – it's dumbed down everyone to obese, lethargic corpses ... People are worn down ...", "It's a fragmented society.", "People have access now to amazing amounts of information, but their attention spans are getting shorter, their focus is gone.", "Instant gratification.", "Instant knowledge orgasm!", "I think that a lot of the great thinkers couldn't achieve what they did through a computer.", "References\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n \n AudioCulture NZ profile\n Jaz Coleman: Life on the Wild Side.", "Interview with NZ Herald.", "21 April 2012.", "1960 births\nLiving people\nTVT Records artists\nGothic rock musicians\nPeople from Cheltenham\nEnglish people of Bengali descent\nMusic in Gloucestershire\nNew Zealand musicians\nKilling Joke members\nChevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres\nEnglish industrial musicians\nEnglish composers\nEnglish heavy metal singers\nBritish post-punk musicians\nEnglish keyboardists\nEnglish heavy metal keyboardists\nMusicians from Gloucestershire\nSymphonic rock musicians\nIndustrial metal musicians" ]

[ "Jeremy \"Jaz\" Coleman was born on February 26, 1960 in England.", "He was the lead vocalist and keyboardist of Killing Joke.", "Coleman was known for his raspy voice and intense stage presence.", "Bill Janovitz, writer for the website Allmusic, described Coleman's stage presence and voice as \"almost always full-on in his approach, with a terrifying growl of a voice that is similar to that of Tears for fears's Curt Smith\".", "Coleman added electronic atonal sounds to create a disturbing atmosphere to their music.", "Coleman has composed music.", "Many bands have been influenced by Killing Joke, including Foo Fighters, Jane's Addiction, Faith No More, Nine Inch Nails, Godflesh, Soundgarden, and Marilyn Manson.", "Coleman was one of James Hetfield's favourite singers.", "Killing Joke received the \"Innovator Award\" at the 2010 Classic Rock Roll of Honour, which was presented to the band by Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin.", "It was a band that impressed me when I used to go to see them.", "Coleman was born in England to Ronald A. and Gloria H.", "He was a member of several cathedral choirs in England and studied piano and violin at the age of 17.", "He became a citizen of New Zealand.", "Coleman studied Arabic quarter tones at Cairo Conservatoire in 1979 and studied in East Germany in 1978.", "Coleman studied international banking for three years in Switzerland and is an ordination priest with a church in New Zealand, according to his own account.", "Killing Joke was founded in 1978 by Coleman and Paul Ferguson.", "The guitarist and bassist were recruited by the pair.", "Their first single was released in October 1979 and their first album was released in 1980.", "Jyrki \"Spider\" Hmlinen was told by Coleman that forming the band felt \"it was the destiny\".", "Coleman contributed lead vocals and keyboards to the band's songs, which are categorized as post-punk, and the music later inspired the industrial rock and metal genres.", "Coleman quit Killing Joke after a gig in 1982 and went on to become a classical composer.", "He began conducting and working with some of the world's leading orchestras after 10 years of studying and Killing Joke involvement.", "He was described as a \"new Mahler\" by the conductor.", "Coleman's first instrumental album, Songs from the Victorious City, was released in 1990 and was primarily composed of a mixture of middle eastern folk themes and western pop-oriented themes.", "Coleman's first two albums of rock music, Us and Them: Symphonic Pink Floyd and Kashmir: Symphonic Led Zeppelin, were both written and produced by Coleman.", "In June 2007, Coleman collaborated with over 150 youth musicians in the Contemporary Youth Orchestra, based in Cleveland, Ohio, to perform the entirety of Kashmir: Symphonic Led Zeppelin.", "In 1999 he produced and arranged an album of Doors material for an orchestra, which was performed by classical musicians including Nigel Kennedy.", "He has worked with the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra.", "Idavoll is a composer-in-residence to the Prague Symphony Orchestra.", "In 1996, he released Pacifica: Ambient Sketches.", "The album Oceania was recorded in 1999 by Coleman and other people.", "In New Zealand, the record went double Platinum.", "The song \"Pukaea\" was used in the film Year of the Devil.", "The second edition of Oceania appeared in 2002.", "Coleman's first large scale opera was commissioned by the Royal Opera House in 2001.", "Coleman's Unwanted was commissioned by the Royal Opera House and depicts the plight of the Romany people of central Europe.", "The work was done in collaboration with a Czech photographer who took portraits of the Roma in her own country, which moved the composer with their deep compassion and humanity.", "Coleman was commissioned by the Institute for Complex adaptive Matter (ICAM) to compose a three-part concerto Music of the Quantum, expressing the ideas of the quantum and emergence in musical form, which he co-produced with his elder brother, Piers Coleman.", "Secrets of the Lost Ark was published on 22 March.", "Coleman's interest in themes of renaissance, collaboration, and working in parallels is what inspired him to publicly exchange his work with Gardner.", "Coleman and Kennedy collaborated on a second album, East Meets East, in 2003 as a friend and producer.", "Coleman arranged the release of Sarah Brightman's album Harem in 2004 and 2005 and wrote a further 12 Arias to be recorded with her.", "He is the composer in residence of the Prague Symphony Orchestra.", "Joseph McManners performed Coleman's Daughter of England at the Royal Albert Hall with the Royal Philharmonic in attendance.", "Coleman played summer festivals across Europe with Killing Joke and recorded the Nirvana Suite with the Czech National Symphony Orchestra.", "Coleman traveled from Japan to South India with the ashes of a band mate.", "Coleman's Us and Them: Symphonic Pink Floyd was performed in Berlin for the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Wall.", "Coleman's work shows the process of transformation and illumination of the human condition from our current barbaric state.", "Coleman was talking about a series of concerts when he began work with the Prague Chamber Orchestra.", "Coleman's second symphony was due for release.", "Coleman began the year by conducting the NSO symphony orchestra for the opening ceremony of the Dubai World Cup, which was broadcasted to 160 countries.", "Coleman recorded with the Moscow State Film Orchestra and 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "Coleman recorded The Nirvana Dialogues with the St Petersburg State Symphony Orchestra.", "Coleman has entered into a two-year contract as composer-in-residence with the St Petersburg State Symphony Orchestra due to the success of this recording.", "The Melbourne Ballet Orchestra performed Us and Them: Symphonic Pink Floyd in October and November.", "Coleman and Tambours du Bronx collaborated on a song on the album Corros.", "Coleman gave a spoken word performance titled Going Over to the Dark Side, a light hearted look at the state of world affairs by the Dark Lord.", "The Doors Concerto was performed at the White Nights Festival.", "The release of the Levee Walkers was a collaboration between Coleman, Duff and Mike.", "To become a Levee Walker, you must have at least 25 years of musical experience, have survived battles with the forces of darkness, and kissed death on the cheek.", "There must be a deep reverence for the music of your comrades, and the commitment they made to this hardest of paths.", "Coleman was invited by the Etrange festival in Paris for a \"carte blanche\" programme of six films and a spoken word performance.", "Coleman starred in a Czech film called \"Year of the Devil\" in 2002.", "The film won the Crystal Globe at the festival.", "The film was named after a song on Killing Joke's 2003 album.", "The film was shown at the British Film Institute.", "Coleman founded the York Street Studio with Martin Williams and Malcolm Welsford.", "Coleman produced the ninth album of New Zealand band Shihad, FVEY, which was released in the second half of the year.", "Coleman produced Shihad's debut album, Churn, but a disagreement with the band occurred after the album's release.", "Coleman and Shihad did not communicate for 15 years, but at an awards ceremony in London, Coleman made up with the band members.", "Jon Toogood said in June that he didn't have time forColeman after they had a falling out.", "I said, \"Fuck that guy\".", "He doesn't drink alcohol anymore.", "He's still brutal but without the alcohol that makes him focused.", "It was the perfect meeting of what we wanted to do and the right person to do it with.", "Coleman told the band \"I'm going to work you until you've made a great record\" and Toogood referred to the band's time with Coleman as a \"boot\".", "Coleman wrote a book about free energy, freedom and freedom-loving individuals.", "Coleman stated that the book was written between 2007 and was titled \"Letters from Cythera.\"", "Coleman said that \"supersynthesis\" is the idea that we can stretch ourselves in 12 different directions all at once, and that he was in the process of doing it.", "The thing about the super-synthesis is that you have to do a huge work to get to the point where you can do 12 other things.", "Coleman recorded a multi-Platinum album with the Czech band echomor, which won three Andl (Angel) awards.", "Coleman was decorated by the French government for his contribution to contemporary music while Killing Joke were in concert at the Bataclan theatre in Paris.", "Coleman was recognised for his contribution to both classical and contemporary music by the University of Gloucestershire.", "Coleman has invested in the creation of two ecovillages in the South Pacific and is a supporter of the concept of environmental sustainable living.", "Coleman is politically non-partisan and does not support any particular political party.", "He has three children.", "The two younger ones are in New Zealand.", "Coleman said in a May 2013 interview that his perspective on the United States is different than it was 30 years ago.", "There is no rebellion left.", "Everyone is a zombie.", "The food supply has something to do with it.", "A fragmented society is what it is.", "People have access to a lot of information, but their attention spans are getting shorter.", "Immediate satisfaction.", "It's instant knowledge that makes you orgasm.", "A lot of the great thinkers couldn't do what they did with a computer.", "AudioCulture New Zealand has a profile of Jaz Coleman: Life on the Wild Side.", "Interview with the New Zealand Herald.", "The year began on 21 April.", "1960 births Living people TVT Records artists Gothic rock musicians People from Cheltenham English people of Bengali descent" ]

[ "Jaz", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Jaz", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Jaz", "Coleman" ]

[ "Jaz", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Coleman", "Jaz", "Coleman" ]

[ "Beatrix Amelie Ehrengard Eilika von Storch (née Duchess of Oldenburg; 27 May 1971) is a German politician who has been Deputy Leader of the Alternative for Germany since July 2015 and Member of the Bundestag since September 2017.", "She previously was Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Germany.", "She belongs ancestrally to the royal House of Oldenburg which reigned over the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg until 1918.", "Family background\nIn accordance with the traditions of the House of Oldenburg, her dynastic style from birth was Her Highness Duchess Beatrix Amelie Ehrengard Eilika of Oldenburg.", "She is the elder daughter of Duke Huno of Oldenburg and Countess Felicitas-Anita \"Fenita\" Schwerin von Krosigk.", "Her father is a younger son of Nikolaus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Oldenburg (1897–1970), erstwhile head of the former ruling family of Oldenburg that lost its throne in 1918.", "She belongs to the same male-line as the royal houses of Denmark and Norway, the deposed royal house of Greece and imperial Russia, and Charles, Prince of Wales, heir to the thrones of the Commonwealth realms, to which last crown she is also distantly in line in accordance with the Act of Settlement 1701.", "Her maternal grandfather was Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk, who served as finance minister since 1932 in the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich in Germany.", "After the death of Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels he additionally served as the Leading Minister and foreign minister of the short-lived Flensburg Government of Karl Dönitz – and as the so de facto last head of government of the Third Reich announced on May 7, 1945, via radio Reichssender Flensburg the unconditional surrender of the German Wehrmacht, thus ending the war in Europe.", "Her cousin, Eilika of Oldenburg, is married to Georg von Habsburg, a son of Otto, the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary.", "Personal life\nIn 2010 she married nobleman Sven von Storch (born 1970).", "He is the son of businessman Berndt Detlev von Storch (1930–2004) and Antje Krüger.", "Education and early career\nVon Storch was a banker before she studied law in Heidelberg and Lausanne.", "She worked as a lawyer in Berlin when she began her political career.", "She has also been a member of the Friedrich A. von Hayek Society.", "Political career\nTogether with her husband, she founded several conservative associations.", "On several occasions, the tax authorities have investigated the couple, accused in particular of having misappropriated donations intended for their associations.", "Von Storch was a co-founder of the Göttinger Kreis - Students for the Rule of Law Association - an organization which sought to campaign for reparation for the expulsions and nationalization of land in the Soviet occupied zones of Germany and the former East Germany.", "The organization calls for appropriated land to be returned to their original owners.", "The association organized various events with Mikhail Gorbachev, among others.", "Von Storch was a member of the Free Democratic Party and in 2013, became a founding member of Election Alternative 13 set up by Bernd Lucke as the precursor to Alternative for Germany.", "In 2014, Beatrix von Storch was elected a Member of European Parliament representing Alternative for Germany.", "Initially a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists group, she left the group in April 2016, forestalling her imminent expulsion, and immediately joined the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy (EFDD) group.", "In the 2017 German federal election, she was elected to the Bundestag and presently serves as deputy chairwoman of the AfD's parliamentary faction.", "Following her election to the Bundenstag, she resigned her seat in the European parliament and was replaced by Jörg Meuthen.", "Von Storch has been described as a social conservative.", "She has expressed opposition to same-sex marriage and abortion.", "She has accused school gay youth networks of using \"forced sexualization\" on their students.", "Von Storch also supported the United Kingdom's vote for Brexit and is a friend of British eurosceptic politician Nigel Farage.", "In parliament, she regularly shows her support for Israel which she regards as an ally in the fight against Islamism and in 2017 created the pro-Israel \"Friends of Judea-Samaria\" group in the European Parliament.", "Asked in 2016 about the ideological proximity between the AfD and the Front national, she believes that on economic issues, Marine Le Pen is too far to the left, stating that she does not agree with Le Pen's ideas on protectionism and state interventionism.", "Controversies\n\nLegal battle with the Berliner Schaubühne\nIn November 2015, a leading Berlin theatre, the Schaubühne, was brought into legal conflict with Beatrix von Storch over a play, Falk Richter's FEAR, that parodied AfD leaders as zombies and mass murderers.", "Beatrix von Storch is depicted facing retribution for her grandfather's role as a minister in Hitler's government.", "AfD Spokesperson Christian Lüth responded by interrupting a performance and filming it.", "Beatrix von Storch and the conservative activist Hedwig von Beverfoerde then requested and obtained a preliminary injunction against the theatre, prohibiting it from using images of them in the production.", "They charged that the use of the images violated their human dignity protected under the Constitution.", "On 15 December 2015, the court ruled against the complainants in favour of the theatre's freedom of expression and lifted the injunctions against using the images.", "The judges commented that 'any audience member can recognize that this is just a play'.", "Remarks about use of deadly force against refugees\nIn late February 2016, von Storch was \"pied\" by members of the German left-wing group Peng Collective at a party meeting in Kassel.", "The activists, dressed as clowns, protested against her assertion that German border control personnel had the right to shoot at incoming illegal immigrants.", "A YouTube video of the assault gained wide attention in social media.", "\"Rapist hordes\" tweet\nVon Storch's Twitter account was blocked for twelve hours after she posted a criticism of the Cologne Police Department for publishing a New Years greeting in Arabic as well as in German, French and English.", "She had written: \"What the hell is wrong with this country?", "Why is the official page of the police in NRW tweeting in Arabic?", "Are they seeking to appease the barbaric, Muslim, rapist hordes of men?\"", "Cologne was the location of multiple sexual assaults and robbery on New Year's Eve, December 2015 (see New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany).", "Other prominent members of the AfD quickly sprang to von Storch's defense, including Alice Weidel.", "Ancestry\n\nSee also\n\n 2014 European Parliament election in Germany\n Counts, dukes and grand dukes of Oldenburg\n List of people who have been pied\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n\n1971 births\nLiving people\nPoliticians from Lübeck\nDuchesses of Oldenburg\nFree Democratic Party (Germany) politicians\nAlternative for Germany politicians\nMembers of the Bundestag for Berlin\nMembers of the Bundestag 2021–2025\nMembers of the Bundestag 2017–2021\nAlternative for Germany MEPs\nMEPs for Germany 2014–2019\n21st-century women MEPs for Germany\nJurists from Schleswig-Holstein\nFemale members of the Bundestag\nMembers of the Bundestag for the Alternative for Germany\nWomen opposition leaders" ]

[ "Since July 2015, Beatrix Amelie Ehrengard Eilika von Storch has been the deputy leader of the Alternative for Germany.", "She was a Member of the European Parliament.", "She is related to the royal House of Oldenburg, which ruled over the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg until 1918.", "Her family background is in line with the traditions of the House of Oldenburg.", "She is the daughter of Duke Huno of Oldenburg.", "Her father is the younger son of the Hereditary Grand Duke of Oldenburg, who lost his throne in 1918.", "She is distantly in line to the thrones of the Commonwealth and the deposed royal houses of Greece and Russia, as well as the Prince of Wales, heir to the thrones of the Commonwealth.", "Her maternal grandfather was a finance minister in the Third Reich.", "He served as the Leading Minister and foreign minister of the short-lived Flensburg Government of Karl Dnitz after the death of Hitler.", "Eilika is married to the son of Otto von Habsburg, the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary.", "In 2010 she married a nobleman.", "He is the son of a businessman.", "Von Storch was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She began her political career as a lawyer.", "She is a member of the Friedrich A. von Hayek Society.", "She and her husband founded several conservative associations.", "The couple has been accused of having misappropriated donations intended for their associations.", "The expulsions and nationalization of land in the Soviet occupied zones of Germany and the former East Germany was the subject of a campaign by Von Storch and others.", "The organization wants the land to be returned to their original owners.", "The association hosted various events with Gorbachev.", "A founding member of Election Alternative 13 was Von Storch, who was a member of the Free Democratic Party.", "Beatrix von Storch was elected a Member of the European Parliament.", "She joined the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group after leaving the European Conservatives and Reformists group.", "She was elected to the German parliament in the federal election.", "She left her seat in the European parliament and was replaced by Jrg Meuthen.", "Von Storch is a social conservative.", "She is against same-sex marriage and abortion.", "She accused the school gay youth networks of using forced sexualization on their students.", "Von Storch was a supporter of the United Kingdom's vote to leave the European Union.", "She created the pro-Israel \"Friends of Judea-Samaria\" group in the European Parliament in order to show her support for Israel in the fight against Islamism.", "She believes that Marine Le Pen is too far to the left when it comes to economic issues.", "In November 2015, a leading Berlin theatre, the Schaubhne, was brought into legal conflict with Beatrix von Storch over a play that parodied AfD leaders as murderers and mass zombies.", "Beatrix von Storch's grandfather was a minister in Hitler's government.", "Christian Lth interrupted a performance and filmed it.", "The theatre was forbidden from using images of Beatrix von Storch and Hedwig von Beverfoerde in the production.", "They said the use of the images violated their human dignity.", "The injunctions against using the images were lifted after the court ruled in favour of the theatre's freedom of expression.", "The judges said that anyone in the audience can see that this is a play.", "von Storch made comments about the use of deadly force against refugees at a party meeting.", "Activists dressed as clowns protested against her claim that German border control personnel had the right to shoot at illegal immigrants.", "A video of the assault gained a lot of attention.", "Von Storch's account was blocked for twelve hours after she criticized the Cologne Police Department for publishing a New Years greeting in Arabic as well as in German, French and English.", "She wrote, \"What the hell is wrong with this country?\"", "The official page of the police in NRW is in Arabic.", "Are they trying to appease the Muslim rapist of the men?", "Cologne was the location of multiple sexual assaults and robbery on New Year's Eve, December 2015.", "von Storch's defense was supported by other prominent members of the AfD.", "List of people who have been pied include the dukes and grand dukes of Oldenburg." ]

[ "Beatrix Amelie Ehrengard Eilika von Storch", "Beatrix Amelie Ehrengard Eka", "Schwerin von Kig", "von Krosigk", "Georg von", "Sven von", "Storch", "von Storch", "Von Storch", "Von Storch", "Von Storch", "Beatrix", "von Storch", "Von Storch", "Von Storch", "Beatrix", "von Storch", "Beatrix", "von Storch", "Beatrix", "von Storch", "von Beverfoerd", "von Storch", "Von Storch", "von Storch" ]

[ "Beatrix Amelie Ehrengard Eilika von Storch", "Otto von", "Von Storch", "Von Storch", "Beatrix", "von Storch", "Von Storch", "Von Storch", "Beatrix", "von Stor", "Beatrix", "von Storch", "Beatrix", "von Storch", "von Befo", "von Storch", "Von Storch", "von Storch" ]

[ "George Darell Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys, (8 March 1878 – 19 December 1960) was a British military commander and Conservative Member of Parliament.", "Jeffreys attended Eton and Sandhurst before being commissioned into the Grenadier Guards.", "He saw action in Africa and in the Second Boer War as a young officer, and went to France with his battalion at the start of the First World War.", "He served on the Western Front throughout the war, rising to command the 2nd Grenadier Guards, then a series of infantry brigades, before being promoted to command the 19th (Western) Division from September 1917 until the end of the war.", "Following the armistice, he commanded a division in the forces occupying Germany, and then held various commands until he retired from the army in 1938.", "From 1925 onwards he served as a magistrate and county councillor in Hampshire, and after retirement increased his involvement with local administration.", "He chaired a series of local bodies, and in 1941 was elected to the House of Commons for the constituency of Petersfield.", "He retired from Parliament at the 1951 election, and was created a peer the following year, as Baron Jeffreys.", "He continued to sit in the House of Lords until his death in 1960.", "Early life and family\nGeorge Darrell Jeffreys was born on 8 March 1878.", "His father, Arthur Frederick Jeffreys, was a rural landowner, with an estate at Burkham, near Alton, Hampshire; he was later elected to Parliament, as a Conservative, and held the seat for almost thirty years.", "He married Amy Fenwick in 1877; they had four children, George and his three younger sisters.", "Jeffreys was educated at Eton College before entering the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.", "He passed out of Sandhurst in 1897, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Grenadier Guards on 3 May 1897.", "In 1905, he married Dorothy, Viscountess Cantelupe.", "She was the widow of Lionel Sackville, Viscount Cantelupe, the eldest son of the Earl De La Warr, an officer in the Royal West Kent Regiment, who had died a few months after their marriage in 1890.", "The two had one son, Christopher, a captain in the Grenadier Guards, who died in the Battle of France in 1940.", "Military career\nWith his regiment, Jeffreys took part in the Sudan expedition of 1898, and saw action at the Battle of Omdurman.", "He was promoted to lieutenant later that year, on 28 November 1898, and later served two stints in the Second Boer War, in 1900–1901, and again from April 1902.", "Following the end of the war two months later, he returned with most of the men of the guards regiments on board the SS Lake Michigan, which arrived in Southampton in October 1902.", "He remained on regimental service, promoted to captain in October 1903 and major in October 1910, until he was promoted to command the Guards Depot in June 1911.", "On the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, Jeffreys rejoined his regiment, and went overseas with the British Expeditionary Force.", "He saw service at the Battle of Mons with the 2nd Battalion, and was promoted to command it in June 1915, with the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel.", "He remained with the battalion until January 1916, when he was promoted to command the 58th Infantry Brigade in the 19th (Western) Division, with the temporary rank of brigadier general.", "He relinquished command of the brigade on 3 May, but was re-appointed to command the 57th Infantry Brigade, in the same division, on 21 July, in the middle of the Battle of the Somme.", "On 30 December he again was transferred to command the 1st Guards Brigade, holding command through most of 1917 until he returned to the 19th Division as its new commander in September, with a corresponding promotion to temporary major general.", "He commanded the division until the end of the war, during which time it fought at the Third Battle of Ypres, in the German spring offensive, and during the final Hundred Days Offensive.", "During the war, Jeffreys was severely wounded, mentioned in despatches nine times, and appointed a Companion of St. Michael and St. George (in 1916) and a Companion of the Bath (in 1918).", "He was also awarded a series of foreign decorations; the Order of St Stanislaus (2nd Class) from Russia; a Commander of the Order of the Crown, Grand Officer Order of Leopold, and Croix de Guerre from the Belgian government; a Commander of the Legion of Honour and Croix de Guerre from the French; a Knight of the Norwegian Order of St. Olav; the Japanese Order of the Rising Sun (2nd Class); and a Grand Cross of the Romanian Order of the Crown.", "After the armistice in November 1918, the division received orders to demobilise in December, and in February 1919 Jeffreys was transferred to 30th Division.", "The 30th Division was assigned to the rear area ports, and was correspondingly later to demobilise.", "He was then transferred to command the Light Division in the British Army of the Rhine, the occupation forces in Germany, and in 1920 returned to England as Major-General commanding the Brigade of Guards and General Officer Commanding London District.", "He relinquished command of London District in 1924, and spent two years on half pay until appointed to the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division in the Territorial Army in 1926.", "He was promoted to lieutenant general in 1930, and again placed on half-pay, but was appointed to the Southern Command in India in 1932.", "This was his final active role and he held it until 1936, having been promoted to full general in 1935.", "From 1936 to 1938 he held the ceremonial position of ADC to the King, and finally retired from the Army in 1938.", "In retirement, he was the honorary colonel of 48th Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery (later 583rd (Hampshire) Heavy AA Regiment) from 1938 to 1948, the Colonel of the Royal Hampshire Regiment from 1945 to 1948, and of the Grenadier Guards from 1952 to his death.", "Political career\nJeffreys' political career began in 1926, when he was elected as a councillor to Hampshire County Council.", "He left the council in 1932, during his posting to India, but was re-elected following his return in 1937; in 1941, he was appointed as an alderman.", "From 1938 he was appointed chair of the Hampshire Territorial Army Association and the County Civil Defence Committee, and in 1940, on the formation of the Home Guard, became its County Organizer.", "He also worked as a magistrate, becoming Chair of the Basingstoke County Bench in 1925, and continuing to sit until 1952, with the exception of a four-year gap during his Indian posting.", "In a 1941 wartime by-election, he was elected as a Conservative to the House of Commons for Petersfield in Hampshire; he held the seat until his retirement in 1951.", "The following year he was raised to the peerage as Baron Jeffreys, of Burkham in the County of Southampton.", "In December 1960, he died aged 82, and was succeeded in the barony by his grandson Mark, his son Christopher having been killed in action in May 1940.", "Arms\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\"JEFFREYS, 1st Baron\".", "(2007).", "In Who Was Who.", "Online edition\n\nExternal links\n \n\n \n\n|-\n\n|-\n \n\n|-\n\n1878 births\n1960 deaths\nPeople educated at Eton College\nJeffreys, George\nConservative Party (UK) hereditary peers\nBarons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom\nBritish Army personnel of the Mahdist War\nBritish Army personnel of the Second Boer War\nBritish Army generals of World War I\nJeffreys, George\nJeffreys, George\nJeffreys, George\nPeople from Petersfield\nGrenadier Guards officers\nDeputy Lieutenants of Hampshire\nCommandeurs of the Légion d'honneur\nMembers of Hampshire County Council\nKnights Commander of the Order of the Bath\nKnights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order\nCompanions of the Order of St Michael and St George\nPeers created by Elizabeth II" ]

[ "George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys, was a British military commander and a Conservative Member of Parliament.", "Jeffreys was commissioned into the Grenadier Guards after attending Sandhurst.", "He saw action in Africa as a young officer and went to France with his battalion at the start of the First World War.", "He was promoted to command the 19th (Western) Division from September 1917 until the end of the war after serving on the Western Front.", "After the armistice, he commanded a division in the forces occupying Germany and held various commands until he retired from the army.", "After retiring, he increased his involvement with local administration.", "He was elected to the House of Commons in 1941 for the constituency of Petersfield.", "Baron Jeffreys was created a peer the year after he retired from Parliament.", "He was a member of the House of Lords until 1960.", "George Darrell Jeffreys was born in March of 1878.", "His father, Arthur Frederick Jeffreys, was elected to Parliament as a Conservative and held the seat for thirty years.", "He married Amy Fenwick in 1877 and they had four children.", "Jeffreys attended the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.", "He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Grenadier Guards after passing out of Sandhurst.", "He married Viscountess Cantelupe in 1905.", "She was the widow of Lionel Sackville, Viscount Cantelupe, the eldest son of the Earl De La Warr, who died a few months after their marriage in 1890.", "Christopher, the son of the two, died in the Battle of France in 1940.", "Jeffreys took part in the Sudan expedition in 1898 and saw action at the Battle of Omdurman.", "He was promoted to lieutenant on November 28, 1898, and served in the Second Boer War for two years.", "After the end of the war, he returned with most of the men of the guards to the lake Michigan.", "He was promoted to captain in October 1903 and major in October 1910 before being promoted to command the Guards depot in June 1911.", "Jeffreys went overseas with the British Expeditionary Force on the outbreak of the First World War.", "He commanded the 2nd Battalion at the Battle of Mons and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in June 1915.", "He remained with the battalion until January 1916, when he was promoted to command the 58th Infantry Brigade in the 19th (Western) Division with the temporary rank of brigadier general.", "He was re-appointed to command the 57th Infantry brigade in the middle of the Battle of the Somme on 21 July after relinquishing command of the brigade on 3 May.", "He returned to the 19th Division as its new commander in September after holding command of the 1st Guards brigade through most of 1917.", "He commanded the division until the end of the war, when it fought at the Third Battle of Ypres, in the German spring offensive, and in the final days of the war.", "Jeffreys was a Companion of St. Michael and St. George and a Companion of the Bath during the war.", "He received the Order of St Stanislaus (2nd Class) from Russia, a Commander of the Order of the Crown, a Grand Officer Order of Leopold, and a Commander of the Legion of Honour from the Belgian government.", "Jeffreys was transferred to the 30th Division in February 1919 after the division received orders to demobilise.", "The rear area ports were assigned to the 30th Division.", "He commanded the Light Division in the British Army of the Rhine, the occupation forces in Germany, and returned to England as Major-General in 1920.", "After two years on half pay, he was appointed to the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division in the Territorial Army.", "He was appointed to the Southern Command in India in 1932 after being promoted to lieutenant general in 1930.", "He was promoted to full general in 1935 and held this role until 1936.", "He retired from the Army in 1938 after holding the position ofADC to the King from 1936 to 1936.", "He was the Colonel of the Royal Hampshire Regiment from 1945 to 1948 and the Colonel of the Grenadier Guards from 1952 to his death.", "Jeffreys' political career began when he was elected to Hampshire County Council.", "He was re-elected in 1937 after returning from India, but left the council in 1932.", "He was the chair of the Hampshire Territorial Army Association and the County Civil Defence Committee from 1938 to 1940.", "In 1925, he became Chair of the Basingstoke County Bench and continued to sit until 1952, with the exception of a four-year gap during his Indian posting.", "He was elected to the House of Commons as a Conservative in 1941 and held the seat until his retirement in 1951.", "He was raised to the peerage as Baron Jeffreys in the year 2000.", "He died in December 1960 at the age of 82 and was succeeded in the barony by his grandson Mark.", "\"JEFFREYS, 1st Baron\" is a reference in the Arms Notes.", "The year 2007.", "Who was who.", "The British Army personnel of the Second Boer War were hereditary peers of the George Conservative Party." ]

[ "George Darell Jeffreys", "Jeffreys", "Jeffreys", "George Darrell", "Jeffreys", "Jeffreys", "George", "Jeffreys", "Jeffreys", "Jeffreys", "Baron Jeffreys", "George Conservative", "George Jeffreys", "George Jeffreys", "George People" ]

[ "George Jeffreys", "Jeffreys", "Jeffreys", "Baron Jeffreys", "George Darrell", "Jeffreys", "Jeffreys", "Jeffreys", "Jeffreys" ]

[ "Norman Noel Dodds (25 December 1903 – 22 August 1965) was a British co-operator and Labour Co-operative politician.", "The Labour Party campaign centre and headquarters building in Northumberland Heath is named \"Norman Dodds House\" in honour of the former MP.", "He was Member of Parliament from 1945 until his death in 1965, and is best remembered for having been Margaret Thatcher's successful opponent when she first stood for Parliament, in the 1950 and 1951 general elections.", "Early life\nDodds was born in Dunston-on-Tyne, near to Gateshead, the son of Ambrose Dodds.", "He attended Dunston-on-Tyne Council School, an elementary school, as his only education.", "From 1918 he was employed by the Co-operative Wholesale Society in Newcastle upon Tyne, and in 1925 Dodds joined the Labour Party.", "He moved to London in 1929, where he was employed by the Co-operative Wholesale Society as manager of the London branch of the CWS publicity department.", "Dodds joined the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers and the National Co-operative Managers Association.", "His main occupation was organising trade exhibitions for the CWS around England.", "In 1931 Dodds married Eva Pratt, from Catford, who also became involved in the Co-operative movement.", "Eva Dodds later became the second woman to join the CWS board.", "Norman and Eva Dodds had two sons together.", "During the Second World War, Dodds joined the Home Guard where he had commissioned rank and served in the East End of London during The Blitz.", "In 1942 he joined the Royal Air Force in which he served until 1945.", "In 1945 he became a Director of the People's Entertainment Society.", "Election to Parliament\nAs the war came to an end, the Government invited the Boundary Commission to divide the abnormally large constituencies; one of them was the Dartford division of Kent, which had a 1939 electorate of 134,935.", "The Commission recommended that two new boroughs, Bexley and Dartford be created out of the division.", "The sitting MP for Dartford was Jennie Adamson, who had won a by-election for Labour in 1938; she decided to fight in the new Bexley constituency.", "Dodds, who was living in Dartford, was selected as Labour candidate for the new Dartford borough constituency.", "When the election came he had a straight fight with the Conservative Party candidate, Captain Ralph Grubb, who had served on the staff of Field-Marshal Montgomery.", "Dodds had a well-funded campaign, outspending his opponent by £1,071 to £954, and won the seat with a majority of 19,714.", "Parliament\nDodds made his maiden speech on 26 October 1945, reporting on a recent visit he had made to occupied Berlin.", "He said that the children in Berlin were living in refugee camps and were starving, and urged the Government to provide more food for them.", "A year later, he was one of the three MPs to visit Greece as a delegation organised by the League for Democracy in Greece, a pressure group based in London.", "Apart from Dodds, the MPs Leslie Solley and Stanley Tiffany were also members of the delegation.", "The delegation received the invitation to Greece from General Othoneos, who was then the president of the Greek Union of Democratic Associations, to come as guests of his organisation.", "The Foreign Office did not sponsor the delegates' visas on the grounds that their visit was private and not official, but the Greek Embassy in London authorised the visas nonetheless.", "The delegates split up into pairs, with Dodds and the delegation's secretary Diana Pym going to Northern Greece, speaking at the 1946 May Day demonstration in Thessaloniki, and visiting the Women's Prison and surrounding villages.", "On their return, the delegates wrote a pamphlet called Tragedy in Greece relaying their experiences in the country and their worries about Greece's political future.", "Tragedy in Greece was circulated with over 40,000 copies sold in the years after it was published.", "Shortly after his return from Greece, Dodds' views on Greece were vigorously criticised in Parliament by Foreign Office Minister Hector McNeil; Dodds, complaining that he had not been able to speak in the debate and had not been told he was to be mentioned, later spoke in detail about his views on Greece in an adjournment debate on 29 October 1946.", "McNeil gave a partial apology but maintained his view of the delegation.", "While usually loyal to the Labour Party whip, Dodds broke it on two occasions during the Parliament.", "The first was in May 1946 when he joined 31 other Labour MPs in voting to delete a clause in the National Insurance Bill which limited unemployment benefit to 180 days; the second was in May 1947 when he supported an amendment to end National Service on 1 January 1951, along with 29 other Labour MPs.", "1950 election\nIn February 1949, Dartford Conservative Association selected Margaret Roberts, then a 23-year-old research chemist at BX Plastics of Manningtree, as their candidate for the forthcoming general election.", "Dodds engaged in a prolonged exchange of letters through the columns of the Dartford Chronicle through the autumn of 1949 over the Government's Control of Engagement Order, which allowed the Government to specify jobs for the unemployed in which they were required to work.", "Dodds pointed to the relatively small number of people who were directed, and invited Roberts to a public meeting at which he would tell her what had happened on Tyneside and Wearside between the wars (she declined due to prior engagements).", "They also clashed on family allowances.", "At the end of November 1949, Dodds and Roberts met in a public debate in which he concluded by pointing to rising employment figures and suggesting that Roberts would soon join the Labour Party: \"May I ask her a favour?", "When she wants to join, will she let me have the pleasure of enrolling her?\"", "When the election was called for 23 February 1950, Dodds campaigned strongly, even using a helicopter to advertise, and played on his local standing, as he was President of Dartford Football Club.", "He again outspent his opponents, both Roberts and Liberal candidate Harry Giles, winning re-election with a reduced majority of 13,638.", "Afterwards, he paid tribute to the clean fight in the constituency.", "A few weeks later Dodds invited Roberts to lunch at the House of Commons.", "First question\nDodds had the distinction of submitting the first question in the new Parliament; he asked the Prime Minister to call a conference to find ways of outlawing the hydrogen bomb and atomic weapons.", "Dodds was appointed a member of the Central Advisory Committee to the Minister of Pensions, and in May 1951 was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Alfred Robens, the Minister of Labour.", "As the Government had a small majority, MPs were pressed to attend at all times; on 19 March 1951 Dodds attracted some attention when he came to Parliament with pyjamas, a pillow and a car rug, allowing him to catch some sleep during all-night sittings.", "1951 election\nSpeaking at a summer fete in his constituency on 18 August 1951, Dodds disclosed that the Cabinet was split on the issue of whether to hold a general election that October or whether to wait until June 1952.", "He stated his prediction that the election would in fact be held on 25 October 1951.", "The fact that Ministers were divided about when to call an election was an open secret but Dodds' speech allowed it to be reported and his prediction was taken seriously.", "His prediction proved accurate.", "Dodds had a straight fight in Dartford against Margaret Roberts who was readopted as the Conservative Party candidate.", "She succeeded in reducing his majority by 1,304 to 12,334; in his victory speech Dodds congratulated Roberts on her engagement to Denis Thatcher and wished them good fortune.", "For her part Roberts said that she and Dodds had been good friends as political opponents.", "Writing in 1995, Margaret Thatcher described Dodds as \"a genuine and extremely chivalrous socialist of the old school\" whom she was lucky to have as an opponent.", "Some eight years later, Roberts, now Margaret Thatcher, joined him in the House of Commons as the member for Finchley in 1959.", "He was Member of Parliament for Dartford from 1945 to 1955, and then for Erith and Crayford from 1955 until his death in 1965, aged 61.", "References\n\nExternal links \n \n\n1903 births\n1965 deaths\nLabour Co-operative MPs for English constituencies\nRoyal Air Force personnel of World War II\nUK MPs 1945–1950\nUK MPs 1950–1951\nUK MPs 1951–1955\nUK MPs 1955–1959\nUK MPs 1959–1964\nUK MPs 1964–1966\nPeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead" ]

[ "Norman Noel Dodds was a Labour Co-operative politician.", "The headquarters building of the Labour Party is named \"Norman Dodds House\" in honor of the former MP.", "Margaret Thatcher's successful opponent when she first stood for Parliament, in the 1950 and 1951 general elections, is best remembered by him, as he was Member of Parliament from 1945 until his death in 1965,.", "Dodds was the son of Ambrose Dodds, who was born in Dunston-on-Tyne.", "He attended Dunston-on-Tyne Council School.", "Dodds joined the Labour Party in 1925 after working for the Co-operative Wholesale Society.", "He moved to London in 1929 and worked for the Co-operative Wholesale Society in the publicity department.", "Dodds became a member of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers.", "He organised trade exhibitions for the CWS.", "Dodds married Eva Pratt from Catford, who became involved in the Co-operative movement.", "The second woman to join the CWS board was Eva Dodds.", "The Dodds had two sons.", "Dodds was a member of the Home Guard during the Second World War and served in the East End of London.", "He served in the Royal Air Force from 1942 to 1945.", "He was a Director of the People's Entertainment Society.", "The Government invited the Boundary Commission to divide the large constituencies after the war ended, and one of them was the Dartford division of Kent, which had 134,935 voters in 1939.", "The commission recommended that two new boroughs be created out of the division.", "After winning a by-election for Labour in 1938, she decided to fight in the new Bexley constituency.", "Dodds was selected as the Labour candidate for the new constituency.", "He had a fight with the Conservative Party candidate, who had served on the staff of Field-Marshal Montgomery.", "Dodds had a well-funded campaign and won the seat with a majority of 19,700.", "Dodds reported on his recent visit to Berlin in his maiden speech.", "He urged the Government to provide more food for the children in Berlin who were starving.", "He was one of three MPs who went to Greece as part of a delegation organised by the League for Democracy in Greece.", "Dodds was one of the members of the delegation.", "General Othoneos was the president of the Greek Union of Democratic Associations and invited the delegation to Greece.", "The Greek Embassy in London approved the visas for the delegates despite the Foreign Office not sponsoring them.", "Dodds and Pym are going to Northern Greece with the delegates to speak at the May Day demonstration and visit the Women's Prison.", "The delegates wrote a pamphlet about their experiences in Greece and their worries about the country's political future.", "Over 40,000 copies of Tragedy in Greece were sold after it was published.", "Dodds complained that he hadn't been told he was to be mentioned in the debate and later spoke in detail about his views on Greece.", "He apologized but maintained his view of the delegation.", "Dodds broke the Labour Party whip on two occasions.", "In May 1946, he joined 31 other Labour MPs in voting to remove a clause in the National Insurance Bill that limited unemployment benefit to 180 days, and in May 1947 he supported an amendment to end National Service.", "Margaret Roberts was selected by the Dartford Conservative Association as their candidate for the general election in 1949.", "Dodds exchanged letters with each other through the columns of the Dartford Chronicle through the autumn of 1949 over the Control of Engagement Order, which allowed the Government to specify jobs for the unemployed in which they were required to work.", "Dodds pointed to the relatively small number of people who were directed, and invited Roberts to a public meeting in which he would tell her what had happened between the wars.", "They clashed on family allowances.", "At the end of November 1949, Dodds and Roberts met in a public debate in which Dodds suggested that Roberts would join the Labour Party.", "Will she allow me to enroll her when she wants to?", "Dodds was the President of the Dartford Football Club when the election was called and he used a helicopter to advertise.", "He outspent both Roberts and Giles and was re-elected with a reduced majority.", "He paid tribute to the clean fight in the constituency.", "Dodds invited Roberts to lunch a few weeks later.", "Dodds asked the Prime Minister to call a conference to find ways of outlawing the hydrogen bomb and atomic weapons after submitting the first question in the new Parliament.", "In May 1951, Dodds was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Alfred Robens, the Minister of Labour.", "Dodds got some attention when he came to Parliament with pyjamas, a pillow and a car rug, because he was able to sleep during all-night sittings.", "Dodds said at a summer fete in his constituency that the Cabinet was split on whether to hold a general election in October or wait until June 1952.", "He predicted that the election would be held on 25 October 1951.", "The fact that Ministers were divided about when to call an election was an open secret but Dodds' speech allowed it to be reported and his prediction was taken seriously.", "His prediction was correct.", "Dodds fought Margaret Roberts who was the Conservative Party candidate.", "Dodds wished Roberts and Denis Thatcher good fortune after she reduced his majority by 1, 304.", "Roberts said that she and Dodds were good friends.", "Margaret Thatcher described Dodds as a genuine and extremely chivalrous socialist of the old school, whom she was lucky to have as an opponent.", "Margaret Thatcher joined him in the House of Commons in 1959 as the member for Finchley.", "From 1945 to 1955 he was a Member of Parliament for Dartford, and from 1955 to 1955 he was a Member of Parliament for Erith and Crayford.", "Labour Co-operative MPs for English constituencies Royal Air Force personnel of World War II." ]

[ "Norman Noel Dodds", "Dodds", "Ambrose Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Eva Dodds", "Norman", "Eva Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds" ]

[ "Norman Noel Dodds", "Dodds", "Ambrose Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Eva Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds", "Dodds" ]

[ "Roy Best (March 2, 1900 – May 27, 1954) was an American prison warden, film actor, and political candidate for Governor of Colorado.", "He is best remembered for his wardenship of the Colorado Territorial Correctional Facility (CTCF), an infamous prison in Cañon City, Colorado, and for playing himself in Canon City, a 1948 film noir crime film.", "Early life\nRoy Phelix Best was born on March 2, 1900 in Sheridan Lake, Colorado to parents Boon and Carrie Blakely Best.", "In a harbinger of young Roy's career path, Colorado Governor William H. Adams appointed Roy's father Boon as warden of the Colorado Territorial Correctional Facility.", "Adams would later appoint Roy as warden of the same facility, making them the first father and son appointed warden by the same Governor.", "Wardenship\nGovernor Adams appointed Roy as Colorado Territorial Correctional Facility Warden in 1932, when Roy was coincidentally thirty-two years of age.", "This made Best the youngest warden in the history of the state and federal prison systems at that time.", "Best wasted no time earning his reputation as “the most notorious” warden in Colorado history.", "A strict disciplinarian, Best pioneered the use of painful and degrading punishments inside and outside prison walls.", "Among these was the “Old Gray Mare,” a wooden sawhorse on which inmates were bent-over, tied-down, and “flogged with a leather strap.” Although Warden Best used the “Mare” as a means of punishment and deterrence, the device would later play a central role in the controversy that led to his removal.", "Homosexual prisoners also were unspared.", "Early in Best's tenure, male prisoners caught in amorous liaisons “were forced to wear dresses and push a wheelbarrow filled with rocks as their punishment.” A 1935 photograph documents the practice.", "But Best also pioneered modern rehabilitative penological practices.", "He opened ranches, workshops, gardens, and other facilities to keep inmates busy, provide them with skills to earn a living upon release, and reduce the prison's operating costs.", "Best also separated female prisoners from dangerous males, implemented a dental care program, and took young and developmentally-disabled inmates, like Joe Arridy, under his wing.", "Roy Best's defenders preferred to focus on these rehabilitative efforts.", "“Many were led to believe that [Best] was unduly harsh and inhumane,” wrote The Steamboat Pilot upon his death, “[b]ut for those who knew him…he was an efficient operator of an institution that was difficult to handle.”\n\nFilm career\nA snowy, chaotic prison break was among the difficulties that confronted Best during his controversial tenure.", "On December 30, 1947, twelve inmates escaped Best's prison in the thick of a snowstorm just before New Year's Eve.", "Best organized a search party, and successfully captured or killed all of the escapees, “with most of the survivors suffering some degree of frostbite.” \n\nHollywood wasted no time capitalizing on the dramatic events.", "Just months later, director Crane Wilbur, actors Scott Brady, Jeff Corey, and Whit Bissell, and a film crew arrived at Best's prison gates to recreate the escape for the silver screen.", "The result was “Canon City,” a whirlwind film noir shot almost entirely on location and in the Royal Gorge area.", "True to form, Warden Roy Best secured a central role in the film: playing himself.", "Throughout Wilbur's gritty drama, Best can be seen inspecting the prison, explaining his duties, and coordinating the search efforts – all while wearing his trademark Stetson, with his two Dobermans, Chris and Ike, by his side.", "The New York Times effusively praised Best's acting skills, writing that his performance evoked “a naturalness few actors could stimulate.”\n\nPolitical career\nEven before the release of Canon City, Best was quick to capitalize on his newfound notoriety as warden of Colorado's state penitentiary.", "Best ran unopposed in the 1944 Democratic Primary for Governor of Colorado, earning over 34,000 votes.", "He proceeded to narrowly lose to Republican John Charles Vivian in the 1944 Colorado gubernatorial election.", "But Best was to have the last laugh, as the sting from his loss to this “staunch fiscal conservative” was lessened by the self-sustaining nature of Best's prison operation.", "For as most state instrumentalities struggled under the so-called “spend nothing governor,” Best's prison ranches, workshops, gardens, and other facilities helped the prison remain profitable.", "Controversy and death\nNotwithstanding Best's successes inside and outside prison walls, the “Old Gray Mare” eventually caught up with him – and proved to be his undoing.", "By the early 1950s, word of Best's floggings had reached the public and spurred significant opprobrium.", "In response, Governor Daniel I. J. Thornton launched an investigation and called for Best's removal.", "A federal indictment followed, and Best faced a trial for violating his prisoners’ constitutional rights, among other misdeeds.", "Although the jury ultimately acquitted Best, the attention spurred a separate civil service inquest, which found that Best mixed his personal financial affairs with those of the prison.", "The man who made his name doling out punishment thus faced a sanction of his own: a two-year suspension from his Wardenship of two decades.", "Best died from a heart attack on May 27, 1954, just three days short of the lifting of his suspension, and was buried at Lakeside Cemetery in Cañon City, just two miles from the prison.", "Legacy\nWarden Roy Best's life remains controversial.", "Supporters remembered him as a “kindly man” who “took charge of the penitentiary when it was in a state of chaos.” “When prisoners were whipped,” they wrote, “he did not ask someone else to do it.", "He did the job himself.”\n\nOthers point to Best's brutal floggings, humiliation of homosexuals, financial misdeeds, and relentless self-promotion as proof of the hypocrisy at the heart of the American penological model.", "Regardless, Roy Best remains inextricably linked with the culture of prisons and jails in the United States.", "Gardens and employment training remain in place to encourage good behavior and prepare inmates for the outside world.", "The film Canon City remains a cult classic.", "And each year, thousands of visitors learn from Roy Best's complicated legacy at the Colorado Prison Museum and elsewhere.", "“Because of the many attacks against him,” read Best's obituary, “many were led to believe he was unduly harsh and inhumane.” “But for those who knew him,” the obituary continued, “they had a far different opinion.”\n\nReferences \n\n1900 births\n1954 deaths\nAmerican prison wardens\nColorado Democrats\n20th-century American male actors" ]

[ "Roy Best was an American prison warden, film actor, and political candidate for Governor of Colorado.", "He is best known for being the warden of the Colorado Territorial Correctional Facility and for playing himself in a film noir crime film.", "Roy Phelix Best was born on March 2, 1900 in Colorado to parents.", "Roy's father was appointed as the warden of the Colorado Territorial Correctional Facility by Colorado Governor William H. Adams.", "The first father and son to be appointed warden by the same Governor were Roy and Adams.", "Roy was thirty-two years old when he was appointed as Colorado Territorial Correctional Facility Warden.", "Best was the youngest warden in the history of the state and federal prison systems.", "Best was the most notorious warden in Colorado history.", "The use of painful and degrading punishments inside and outside prison walls was pioneered by Best.", "The \"Old Gray Mare,\" a wooden saw horse on which inmates were tied-down and flogged with a leather strap, was one of these.", "Heterosexual prisoners were not spared.", "Men who were caught in amorous liaisons were forced to wear dresses and push a wheelbarrow filled with rocks as punishment, according to a 1935 photograph.", "Modern rehabilitative penological practices were pioneered by Best.", "He opened ranches, workshops, gardens, and other facilities to keep inmates busy, provide them with skills to earn a living upon release, and reduce the prison's operating costs.", "Best separated female prisoners from dangerous males, implemented a dental care program, and took young and developmentally-disabled inmates, like Joe Arridy, under his wing.", "These rehabilitative efforts were the focus of Roy Best's defenders.", "He was an efficient operator of an institution that was difficult to handle, according to The Steamboat Pilot.", "Twelve inmates escaped from Best's prison in the thick of a snowstorm just before New Year's Eve.", "Hollywood wasted no time in exploiting the dramatic events, as Best organized a search party, and successfully captured or killed all of the escapees.", "The escape from Best's prison gates was recreated by the director, actors, and film crew just months later.", "Canon City was a film noir that was almost entirely shot in the Royal Gorge area.", "Roy Best played himself in the film.", "Throughout the drama, Best can be seen inspecting the prison, explaining his duties, and coordinating the search efforts with his two Dobermans by his side.", "The New York Times praised Best's acting skills, writing that his performance evoked \"a naturalness few actors could stimulate.\" Political career Even before the release of Canon City, Best was quick to exploit his newfound notoriety as warden of Colorado's state penitentiary.", "In the 1944 Democratic Primary for Governor of Colorado, Best received over 34,000 votes.", "He narrowly lost the 1944 Colorado governor's race to a Republican.", "The sting from Best's loss to this fiscal conservative was lessened by the self-sustaining nature of Best's prison operation.", "As most state instrumentalities struggled under the so-called \"spend nothing governor,\" Best's prison ranches, workshops, gardens, and other facilities helped the prison remain profitable.", "Despite Best's successes inside and outside prison walls, the \"Old Gray Mare\" caught up with him and proved to be his undoing.", "The word of Best's floggings reached the public in the early 1950s and caused a lot of opprobrium.", "Governor Daniel I. J. Thornton called for Best's removal.", "Best faced a trial for violating his prisoners' constitutional rights.", "The civil service inquest found that Best mixed his personal financial affairs with those of the prison.", "The man who made his name doling out punishment was suspended from his post for two decades.", "Just three days short of his suspension being lifted, Best died of a heart attack and was buried in Caon City, two miles from the prison.", "Roy Best's life is controversial.", "He was remembered as a kind man who took charge of the penitentiary when it was in a state of chaos.", "Others point to Best's brutal floggings, humiliation of homosexuals, financial misdeeds, and relentless self-promotion as proof of the hypocrisy at the heart of the American penological model.", "Roy Best is associated with the culture of prisons and jails in the United States.", "Gardens and employment training are still in place to prepare inmates for the outside world.", "Canon City is a cult classic.", "Thousands of visitors each year learn from Roy Best's complicated legacy at the Colorado Prison Museum.", "\"Because of the many attacks against him, many were led to believe he was unfairly harsh and inhumane,\" read Best's obituary, \"but for those who knew him, they had a far different opinion.\"" ]

[ "Roy Best", "Roy Phelix Best", "Carrie Blakely Best", "Roy", "Roy", "Roy", "Roy", "Roy", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Roy Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Roy Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Roy Best", "Best", "Roy Best", "Roy Best", "Best" ]

[ "Roy Best", "Roy Phelix Best", "Roy", "Roy", "Roy", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Roy Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Roy Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Best", "Roy Best", "Best", "Roy Best", "Roy Best", "Best" ]

[ "Lipman \"Lipa\" Bers (Latvian: Lipmans Berss; May 22, 1914 – October 29, 1993) was a Latvian-American mathematician, born in Riga, who created the theory of pseudoanalytic functions and worked on Riemann surfaces and Kleinian groups.", "He was also known for his work in human rights activism.", "Biography\nBers was born in Riga, then under the rule of the Russian Czars, and spent several years as a child in Saint Petersburg; his family returned to Riga in approximately 1919, by which time it was part of independent Latvia.", "In Riga, his mother was the principal of a Jewish elementary school, and his father became the principal of a Jewish high school, both of which Bers attended, with an interlude in Berlin while his mother, by then separated from his father, attended the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute.", "After high school, Bers studied at the University of Zurich for a year, but had to return to Riga again because of the difficulty of transferring money from Latvia in the international financial crisis of the time.", "He continued his studies at the University of Riga, where he became active in socialist politics, including giving political speeches and working for an underground newspaper.", "In the aftermath of the Latvian coup in 1934 by right-wing leader Kārlis Ulmanis, Bers was targeted for arrest but fled the country, first to Estonia and then to Czechoslovakia.", "Bers received his Ph.D. in 1938 from the University of Prague.", "He had begun his studies in Prague with Rudolf Carnap, but when Carnap moved to the US he switched to Charles Loewner, who would eventually become his thesis advisor.", "In Prague, he lived with an aunt, and married his wife Mary (née Kagan) whom he had met in elementary school and who had followed him from Riga.", "Having applied for postdoctoral studies in Paris, he was given a visa to go to France soon after the Munich Agreement, in which Nazi Germany annexed Czechoslovakia.", "He and his wife Mary had a daughter in Paris.", "They were unable to obtain a visa there to emigrate to the US, as the Latvian quota had filled, so they escaped to the south of France ten days before the fall of Paris, and eventually obtained an emergency US visa in Marseilles, one of a group of 10,000 visas set aside for political refugees by Eleanor Roosevelt.", "The Bers family rejoined Bers' mother, who had by then moved to New York City and become a psychoanalyst, married to thespian Beno Tumarin.", "At this time, Bers worked for the YIVO Yiddish research agency.", "Bers spent World War II teaching mathematics as a research associate at Brown University, where he was joined by Loewner.", "After the war, Bers found an assistant professorship at Syracuse University (1945–1951), before moving to New York University (1951–1964) and then Columbia University (1964–1982), where he became the Davies Professor of Mathematics, and where he chaired the mathematics department from 1972 to 1975.", "His move to NYU coincided with a move of his family to New Rochelle, New York, where he joined a small community of émigré mathematicians.", "He was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1949–51.", "He was a Vice-President (1963–65) and a President (1975–77) of the American Mathematical Society, chaired the Division of Mathematical Sciences of the United States National Research Council from 1969 to 1971, chaired the U.S. National Committee on Mathematics from 1977 to 1981, and chaired the Mathematics Section of the National Academy of Sciences from 1967 to 1970.", "Late in his life, Bers suffered from Parkinson's disease and strokes.", "He died on October 29, 1993.", "Mathematical research\nBers' doctoral work was on the subject of potential theory.", "While in Paris, he worked on Green's function and on integral representations.", "After first moving to the US, while working for YIVO, he researched Yiddish mathematics textbooks rather than pure mathematics.", "At Brown, he began working on problems of fluid dynamics, and in particular on the two-dimensional subsonic flows associated with cross-sections of airfoils.", "At this time, he began his work with Abe Gelbart on what would eventually develop into the theory of pseudoanalytic functions.", "Through the 1940s and 1950s he continued to develop this theory, and to use it to study the planar elliptic partial differential equations associated with subsonic flows.", "Another of his major results in this time concerned the singularities of the partial differential equations defining minimal surfaces.", "Bers proved an extension of Riemann's theorem on removable singularities, showing that any isolated singularity of a pencil of minimal surfaces can be removed; he spoke on this result at the 1950 International Congress of Mathematicians and published it in Annals of Mathematics.", "Later, beginning with his visit to the Institute for Advanced Study, Bers \"began\na ten-year odyssey that took him from pseudoanalytic functions and elliptic equations to quasiconformal mappings, Teichmüller theory, and\nKleinian groups\".", "With Lars Ahlfors, he solved the \"moduli problem\", of finding a holomorphic parameterization of the Teichmüller space, each point of which represents a compact Riemann surface of a given genus.", "During this period he also coined the popular phrasing of a question on eigenvalues of planar domains, \"Can one hear the shape of a drum?", "\", used as an article title by Mark Kac in 1966 and finally answered negatively in 1992 by an academic descendant of Bers.", "In the late 1950s, by way of adding a coda to his earlier work, Bers wrote several major retrospectives of flows, pseudoanalytic functions, fixed point methods, Riemann surface theory prior to his work on moduli, and the theory of several complex variables.", "In 1958, he presented his work on Riemann surfaces in a second talk at the International Congress of Mathematicians.", "Bers' work on the parameterization of Teichmüller space led him in the 1960s to consider the boundary of the parameterized space, whose points corresponded to new types of Kleinian groups, eventually to be called singly-degenerate Kleinian groups.", "He applied Eichler cohomology, previously developed for applications in number theory and the theory of Lie groups, to Kleinian groups.", "He proved the Bers area inequality, an area bound for hyperbolic surfaces that became a two-dimensional precursor to William Thurston's work on geometrization of 3-manifolds and 3-manifold volume, and in this period Bers himself also studied the continuous symmetries of hyperbolic 3-space.", "Quasi-Fuchsian groups may be mapped to a pair of Riemann surfaces by taking the quotient by the group of one of the two connected components of the complement of the group's limit set; fixing the image of one of these two maps leads to a subset of the space of Kleinian groups called a Bers slice.", "In 1970, Bers conjectured that the singly degenerate Kleinian surface groups can be found on the boundary of a Bers slice; this statement, known as the Bers density conjecture, was finally proven by Namazi, Souto, and Ohshika in 2010 and 2011.", "The Bers compactification of Teichmüller space also dates to this period.", "Advising\nOver the course of his career, Bers advised approximately 50 doctoral students, among them Enrico Arbarello, Irwin Kra, Linda Keen, Murray H. Protter, and Lesley Sibner.", "Approximately a third of Bers' doctoral students were women, a high proportion for mathematics.", "Having felt neglected by his own advisor, Bers met regularly for meals with his students and former students, maintained a keen interest in their personal lives as well as their professional accomplishments, and kept up a friendly competition with Lars Ahlfors over who could bring to larger number of academic descendants to mathematical gatherings.", "Human rights activism\nAs a small child with his mother in Saint Petersburg, Bers had cheered the Russian Revolution and the rise of the Soviet Union, but by the late 1930s he had become disillusioned with communism after the assassination of Sergey Kirov and Stalin's ensuing purges.", "His son Victor later said that \"His experiences in Europe motivated his activism in the human rights movement,\" and Bers himself attributed his interest in human rights to the legacy of Menshevik leader Julius Martov.", "He founded the Committee on Human Rights of the National Academy of Sciences, and beginning in the 1970s worked to allow the emigration of dissident soviet mathematicians including Yuri Shikhanovich, Leonid Plyushch, Valentin Turchin, and David and Gregory Chudnovsky.", "Within the U.S., he also opposed the American involvement in the Vietnam War and southeast Asia, and the maintenance of the U.S. nuclear arsenal during the Cold War.", "Awards and honors\nIn 1961, Bers was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in 1965 he became a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.", "He joined the National Academy of Sciences in 1964.", "He was a member of the Finnish Academy of Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society.", "He received the AMS Leroy P. Steele Prize for mathematical exposition in 1975 for his paper \"Uniformization, moduli, and Kleinian groups\".", "In 1986, the New York Academy of Sciences gave him their Human Rights Award.", "In the early 1980s, the Association for Women in Mathematics held a symposium to honor Bers' accomplishments in mentoring women mathematicians.", "Publications\n\nBooks\n\nBers, Lipman (1976), Calculus, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, (in collaboration with Frank Karal)\n\nSelected articles\nwith Abe Gelbart: \n\nwith Shmuel Agmon: \n\nwith Leon Ehrenpreis:\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n20th-century American mathematicians\nLatvian mathematicians\nLatvian emigrants to the United States\nScientists from Riga\nLatvian Jews\nNew York University faculty\nColumbia University faculty\nSyracuse University faculty\nFellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences\nFellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science\nInstitute for Advanced Study visiting scholars\nMembers of the United States National Academy of Sciences\nComplex analysts\n1914 births\n1993 deaths\nPresidents of the American Mathematical Society\nPeople from New Rochelle, New York\nMathematical analysts\nMathematicians from New York (state)" ]

[ "Lipman \"Lipa\" Bers was a Latvian-American mathematician who created the theory of pseudoanalytic functions and worked on Riemann surfaces and Kleinian groups.", "He worked in human rights activism.", "When he was a child, Bers lived in Saint Petersburg under the rule of the Russian Czars, but his family returned to Riga in 1919, when it was part of independent Latvia.", "His mother was the principal of a Jewish elementary school in Riga, and his father was the principal of a Jewish high school in Berlin, where his mother attended the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute.", "The international financial crisis of the time made it difficult for Bers to transfer money from Latvia to Switzerland.", "He worked for an underground newspaper while at the University of Riga, where he was active in socialist politics.", "Bers fled the country after the right-wing leader Krlis Ulmanis led a coup in 1934.", "Bers received his PhD from the University of Prague.", "When Carnap moved to the US, he switched to Charles Loewner, who would become his thesis advisor.", "He met his wife Mary in elementary school and they were married in the Czech Republic.", "He was given a visa to go to France after applying for a degree in Paris.", "They had a daughter in Paris.", "They escaped to the south of France ten days before the fall of Paris because they couldn't get a visa to emigrate to the US because of the quota.", "Bers' mother was married to thespian Beno Tumarin and moved to New York City.", "Bers was employed by the YIVO Yiddish research agency.", "Bers was a research associate at Brown University when he was teaching mathematics.", "After the war, Bers found an assistant professorship at Syracuse University, before moving to New York University, where he became the Professor Davies of Mathematics, and then to Columbia University, where he chaired the mathematics department from 1972 to 1975.", "His family moved to New Rochelle, New York, where he joined a small community of mathematicians.", "In 1949–51, he was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study.", "He chaired the Division of Mathematical Sciences of the United States National Research Council from 1969 to 1971 and chaired the U.S. National Committee on Mathematics from 1977 to 1981.", "Bers had Parkinson's disease and strokes.", "He passed away on October 29, 1993.", "Bers worked on the subject of potential theory.", "He worked on Green's function while in Paris.", "While working for YIVO, he researched Yiddish mathematics textbooks instead of pure mathematics.", "The two-dimensional subsonic flows associated with cross-sections of airfoils are some of the fluid dynamics problems he began working on at Brown.", "He began his work with Abe Gelbart on the theory of pseudoanalytic functions.", "Through the 1940s and 1950s he continued to develop the theory and use it to study the partial differential equations associated with subsonic flows.", "One of the major results of this time was the singularities of the partial differential equations.", "At the 1950 International Congress of Mathematicians, Bers showed that a pencil of minimal surfaces can be removed from a singularity, and he published his results in the Annals of Mathematics.", "After his visit to the Institute for Advanced Study, Bers embarked on a ten-year odyssey that took him from pseudoanalytic functions and elliptic equations to quasiconformal mappings.", "The \"moduli problem\" was solved with the help of Lars Ahlfors.", "He asked, \"Can one hear the shape of a drum?\" during this period.", "\", used as an article title by Mark Kac in 1966 and finally answered negatively in 1992 by an academic descendant of Bers.", "Bers wrote several major retrospectives of flows, pseudoanalytic functions, fixed point methods, and the theory of several complex variables prior to his work on moduli.", "He presented his work on Riemann surfaces in a second talk at the International Congress of Mathematicians.", "The boundary of the parameterized space, whose points correspond to new types of Kleinian groups, was considered to be singly-degenerate by Bers in the 1960s.", "He applied Eichler cohomology to Kleinian groups.", "He proved the Bers area inequality, an area bound for hyperbolic surfaces that became a two-dimensional precursor to William Thurston's work ongeometrization of 3-manifolds and 3-manifold volume.", "Quasi-Fuchsian groups can be mapped to a pair of Riemann surfaces by taking the quotient by the group of one of the two connected components of the complement of the group's limit set.", "In 1970, Bers speculated that the singly degenerate Kleinian surface groups could be found on the boundary of a Bers slice.", "This is the time when the Bers compactification of Teichmller space took place.", "Bers advised about 50 students over the course of his career.", "More than a third of Bers' PhD students were women.", "Having felt neglected by his own advisor, Bers met regularly for meals with his students and former students, maintained a keen interest in their personal lives as well as their professional accomplishments, and kept up a friendly competition with Lars Ahlfors over who could bring to larger number of academic descendants", "Bers was a fan of the Russian Revolution and the rise of the Soviet Union as a child, but after the assassination of Sergey Kirov and Stalin's purges, he became less enamored with communism.", "Victor said that his father's experiences in Europe motivated his activism in the human rights movement.", "He founded the Committee on Human Rights of the National Academy of Sciences and worked to allow the emigration of dissident soviet mathematicians.", "He was against the American involvement in the Vietnam War and the maintenance of the U.S. nuclear arsenal during the Cold War.", "In 1961, Bers was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in 1965, he became a Fellow of the American Association for the advancement of science.", "He joined the National Academy of Sciences.", "He was a member of the American Philosophical Society.", "In 1975, he received a prize for his paper \"Uniformization, moduli, and Kleinian groups\".", "The New York Academy of Sciences gave him a Human Rights Award.", "The Association for Women in Mathematics held a symposium to honor Bers' accomplishments in mentoring women mathematicians.", "Selected articles with Abe Gelbart: with Shmuel Agmon: References External links 20th-century American mathematicians" ]

[ "Lipman", "Bers", "Lipmans Berss", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers" ]

[ "Lipman", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers", "Bers" ]

[ "Erasmus Robert Darwin (12 December 173118 April 1802) was an English physician.", "One of the key thinkers of the Midlands Enlightenment, he was also a natural philosopher, physiologist, slave-trade abolitionist, inventor, and poet.", "His poems included much natural history, including a statement of evolution and the relatedness of all forms of life.", "He was a member of the Darwin–Wedgwood family, which includes his grandsons Charles Darwin and Francis Galton.", "Darwin was a founding member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham, a discussion group of pioneering industrialists and natural philosophers.", "He turned down an invitation from George III to become Physician to the King.", "Early life and education \n\nDarwin was born in 1731 at Elston Hall, Nottinghamshire, near Newark-on-Trent, England, the youngest of seven children of Robert Darwin of Elston (1682–1754), a lawyer and physician, and his wife Elizabeth Hill (1702–97).", "The name Erasmus had been used by a number of his family and derives from his ancestor Erasmus Earle, Common Sergent of England under Oliver Cromwell.", "His siblings were:\n Robert Waring Darwin of Elston (17 October 1724 – 4 November 1816)\n Elizabeth Darwin (15 September 1725 – 8 April 1800)\n William Alvey Darwin (3 October 1726 – 7 October 1783)\n Anne Darwin (12 November 1727 – 3 August 1813)\n Susannah Darwin (10 April 1729 – 29 September 1789)\n John Darwin, rector of Elston (28 September 1730 – 24 May 1805)\n\nHe was educated at Chesterfield Grammar School, then later at St John's College, Cambridge.", "He obtained his medical education at the University of Edinburgh Medical School; whether he ever obtained the formal degree of MD is not known.", "Darwin settled in 1756 as a physician at Nottingham, but met with little success and so moved the following year to Lichfield to try to establish a practice there.", "A few weeks after his arrival, using a novel course of treatment, he restored the health of a young fisherman whose death seemed inevitable.", "This ensured his success in the new locale.", "Darwin was a highly successful physician for more than fifty years in the Midlands.", "George III invited him to be Royal Physician, but Darwin declined.", "In Lichfield, Darwin wrote \"didactic poetry, developed his system of evolution, and invented amongst other things, a carriage steering mechanism, a manuscript copier and a speaking machine.", "Personal life \nDarwin married twice and had 14 children, including two illegitimate daughters by an employee, and, possibly, at least one further illegitimate daughter.", "In 1757 he married Mary (Polly) Howard (1740–1770).", "They had four sons and one daughter, two of whom (a son and a daughter) died in infancy:\n\n Charles Darwin (1758–1778), uncle of the naturalist\n Erasmus Darwin Jr (1759–1799)\n Elizabeth Darwin (1763, survived 4 months)\n Robert Waring Darwin (1766–1848), father of the naturalist Charles Darwin\n William Alvey Darwin (1767, survived 19 days)\n\nThe first Mrs. Darwin died in 1770.", "A governess, Mary Parker, was hired to look after Robert.", "By late 1771, employer and employee had become intimately involved and together they had two illegitimate daughters:\n Susanna Parker (1772–1856)\n Mary Parker Jr (1774–1859)\n\nSusanna and Mary Jr later established a boarding school for girls.", "In 1782, Mary Sr (the governess) married Joseph Day (1745–1811), a Birmingham merchant, and moved away.", "Darwin may have fathered another child, this time with a married woman.", "A Lucy Swift gave birth in 1771 to a baby, also named Lucy, who was christened a daughter of her mother and William Swift, but there is reason to believe the father was really Darwin.", "Lucy Jr. married John Hardcastle in Derby in 1792 and their daughter, Mary, married Francis Boott, the physician.", "In 1775.", "Darwin met Elizabeth Pole, daughter of Charles Colyear, 2nd Earl of Portmore, and wife of Colonel Edward Pole (1718–1780); but as she was married, Darwin could only make his feelings known for her through poetry.", "When Edward Pole died, Darwin married Elizabeth and moved to her home, Radbourne Hall, four miles (6 km) west of Derby.", "The hall and village are these days known as Radbourne.", "In 1782, they moved to Full Street, Derby.", "They had four sons, one of whom died in infancy, and three daughters:\n Edward Darwin (1782–1829)\n Frances Ann Violetta Darwin (1783–1874), married Samuel Tertius Galton, was the mother of Francis Galton\n Emma Georgina Elizabeth Darwin (1784–1818)\n Sir Francis Sacheverel Darwin (1786–1859)\n John Darwin (1787–1818)\n Henry Darwin (1789–1790), died in infancy.", "Harriet Darwin (1790–1825), married Admiral Thomas James Maling\n\nDarwin's personal appearance is described in unflattering detail in his Biographical Memoirs, printed by the Monthly Magazine in 1802.", "Darwin, the description reads, \"was of middle stature, in person gross and corpulent; his features were coarse, and his countenance heavy; if not wholly void of animation, it certainly was by no means expressive.", "The print of him, from a painting of Mr. Wright, is a good likeness.", "In his gait and dress he was rather clumsy and slovenly, and frequently walked with his tongue hanging out of his mouth.\"", "Freemasonry \nDarwin had been a Freemason throughout his life, in the Time Immemorial Lodge of Cannongate Kilwinning, No.", "2, of Scotland.", "Later on, Sir Francis Darwin, one of his sons, was made a Mason in Tyrian Lodge, No.", "253, at Derby, in 1807 or 1808.", "His son Reginald was made a Mason in Tyrian Lodge in 1804.", "Charles Darwin's name does not appear on the rolls of the Lodge but it is very possible that he, like Francis, was a Mason, as he held many Masonic beliefs such as Deism throughout his life.", "Death \nDarwin died suddenly on 18 April 1802, weeks after having moved to Breadsall Priory, just north of Derby.", "The Monthly Magazine of 1802, in its Biographical Memoirs of the Late Dr. Darwin, reports that \"during the last few years, Dr. Darwin was much subject to inflammation in his breast and lungs; he had a very serious attack of this disease in the course of the last Spring, from which, after repeated bleedings, by himself and a surgeon, he with great difficulty recovered.\"", "Darwin's death, the Biographical Memoirs continues, \"is variously accounted for: it is supposed to have been caused by the cold fit of an inflammatory fever.", "Dr. Fox, of Derby, considers the disease which occasioned it to have been angina pectoris; but Dr. Garlicke, of the same place, thinks this opinion not sufficiently well founded.", "Whatever was the disease, it is not improbable, surely, that the fatal event was hastened by the violent fit of passion with which he was seized in the morning.\"", "His body is buried in All Saints' Church, Breadsall.", "Erasmus Darwin is commemorated on one of the Moonstones, a series of monuments in Birmingham.", "Writings\n\nBotanical works and the Lichfield Botanical Society \n\nDarwin formed 'A Botanical Society, at Lichfield' almost always incorrectly named as the Lichfield Botanical Society (despite the name, composed of only three men, Erasmus Darwin, Sir Brooke Boothby and Mr John Jackson, proctor of Lichfield Cathedral) to translate the works of the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus from Latin into English.", "This took seven years.", "The result was two publications: A System of Vegetables between 1783 and 1785, and The Families of Plants in 1787.", "In these volumes, Darwin coined many of the English names of plants that we use today.", "Darwin then wrote The Loves of the Plants, a long poem, which was a popular rendering of Linnaeus' works.", "Darwin also wrote Economy of Vegetation, and together the two were published as The Botanic Garden.", "Among other writers he influenced were Anna Seward and Maria Jacson.", "Zoonomia \nDarwin's most important scientific work, Zoonomia (1794–1796), contains a system of pathology and a chapter on 'Generation'.", "In the latter, he anticipated some of the views of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, which foreshadowed the modern theory of evolution.", "Erasmus Darwin's works were read and commented on by his grandson Charles Darwin the naturalist.", "Erasmus Darwin based his theories on David Hartley's psychological theory of associationism.", "The essence of his views is contained in the following passage, which he follows up with the conclusion that one and the same kind of living filament is and has been the cause of all organic life:\n\nWould it be too bold to imagine, that in the great length of time, since the earth began to exist, perhaps millions of ages before the commencement of the history of mankind, would it be too bold to imagine, that all warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament, which THE GREAT FIRST CAUSE endued with animality, with the power of acquiring new parts, attended with new propensities, directed by irritations, sensations, volitions, and associations; and thus possessing the faculty of continuing to improve by its own inherent activity, and of delivering down those improvements by generation to its posterity, world without end!", "Erasmus Darwin also anticipated survival of the fittest in Zoönomia mainly when writing about the \"three great objects of desire\" for every organism: \"lust, hunger, and security.\"", "A similar \"survival of the fittest\" view in Zoönomia is Erasmus' view on how a species \"should\" propagate itself.", "Erasmus' idea that \"the strongest and most active animal should propagate the species, which should thence become improved\".", "Today, this is called the theory of survival of the fittest.", "His grandson Charles Darwin, much less libidinous and who led more of an invalid life, and who is not known to have illegitimately fathered children, or fathered children he did not plan, acknowledge and raise, posited the different and fuller theory of natural selection.", "Charles' theory was that natural selection is the inheritance of changed genetic characteristics that are better adaptations to the environment; these are not necessarily based in \"strength\" and \"activity\", which themselves ironically can lead to the overpopulation that results in natural selection yielding nonsurvivors of genetic traits.", "Erasmus Darwin was familiar with the earlier proto-evolutionary thinking of James Burnett, Lord Monboddo, and cited him in his 1803 work Temple of Nature.", "Poem on evolution \nErasmus Darwin offered the first glimpse of his theory of evolution, obliquely, in a question at the end of a long footnote to his popular poem The Loves of the Plants (1789), which was republished throughout the 1790s in several editions as The Botanic Garden.", "His poetic concept was to anthropomorphise the stamen (male) and pistil (female) sexual organs, as bride and groom.", "In this stanza on the flower Curcuma (also Flax and Turmeric) the \"youths\" are infertile, and he devotes the footnote to other examples of neutered organs in flowers, insect castes, and finally associates this more broadly with many popular and well-known cases of vestigial organs (male nipples, the third and fourth wings of flies, etc.)", "Woo'd with long care, CURCUMA cold and shy\nMeets her fond husband with averted eye:\nFour beardless youths the obdurate beauty move\nWith soft attentions of Platonic love.", "Darwin's final long poem, The Temple of Nature was published posthumously in 1803.", "The poem was originally titled The Origin of Society.", "It is considered his best poetic work.", "It centres on his own conception of evolution.", "The poem traces the progression of life from micro-organisms to civilised society.", "The poem contains a passage that describes the struggle for existence.", "His poetry was admired by Wordsworth, while Coleridge was intensely critical, writing, \"I absolutely nauseate Darwin's poem\".", "It often made reference to his interests in science; for example botany and steam engines.", "Education of women \nThe last two leaves of Darwin's A plan for the conduct of female education in boarding schools (1797) contain a book list, an apology for the work, and an advert for \"Miss Parkers School\".", "The school advertised on the last page is the one he set up in Ashbourne, Derbyshire, for his two illegitimate children, Susanna and Mary.", "Darwin regretted that a good education had not been generally available to women in Britain in his time, and drew on the ideas of Locke, Rousseau, and Genlis in organising his thoughts.", "Addressing the education of middle-class girls, Darwin argued that amorous romance novels were inappropriate and that they should seek simplicity in dress.", "He contends that young women should be educated in schools, rather than privately at home, and learn appropriate subjects.", "These subjects include physiognomy, physical exercise, botany, chemistry, mineralogy, and experimental philosophy.", "They should familiarise themselves with arts and manufactures through visits to sites like Coalbrookdale, and Wedgwood's potteries; they should learn how to handle money, and study modern languages.", "Darwin's educational philosophy took the view that men and women should have different capabilities, skills, interests, and spheres of action, where the woman's education was designed to support and serve male accomplishment and financial reward, and to relieve him of daily responsibility for children and the chores of life.", "In the context of the times, this program may be read as a modernising influence in the sense that the woman was at least to learn about the \"man's world\", although not be allowed to participate in it.", "The text was written seven years after A Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft, which has the central argument that women should be educated in a rational manner to give them the opportunity to contribute to society.", "Some women of Darwin's era were receiving more substantial education and participating in the broader world.", "An example is Susanna Wright, who was raised in Lancashire and became an American colonist associated with the Midlands Enlightenment.", "It is not known whether Darwin and Wright knew each other, although they definitely knew many people in common.", "Other women who received substantial education and who participated in the broader world (albeit sometimes anonymously) whom Darwin definitely knew were Maria Jacson and Anna Seward.", "Lunar Society \nThese dates indicate the year in which Darwin became friends with these people, who, in turn, became members of the Lunar Society.", "The Lunar Society existed from 1765 to 1813.", "Before 1765:\n Matthew Boulton, originally a buckle maker in Birmingham\n John Whitehurst of Derby, maker of clocks and scientific instruments, pioneer of geology\nAfter 1765:\n Josiah Wedgwood, potter 1765\n Dr. William Small, 1765, man of science, formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy at the College of William and Mary, where Thomas Jefferson was an appreciative pupil\n Richard Lovell Edgeworth, 1766, inventor\n James Watt, 1767, improver of steam engine\n James Keir, 1767, pioneer of the chemical industry\n Thomas Day, 1768, eccentric and author\n Dr. William Withering, 1775, the death of Dr. Small left an opening for a physician in the group.", "Joseph Priestley, 1780, experimental chemist and discoverer of many substances.", "Samuel Galton, 1782, a Quaker gunmaker with a taste for science, took Darwin's place after Darwin moved to Derby.", "Darwin also established a lifelong friendship with Benjamin Franklin, who shared Darwin's support for the American and French revolutions.", "The Lunar Society was instrumental as an intellectual driving force behind England's Industrial Revolution.", "The members of the Lunar Society, and especially Darwin, opposed the slave trade.", "He attacked it in The Botanic Garden (1789–1791), and in The Loves of Plants (1789), The Economy of Vegetation (1791), and the Phytologia (1800).", "Other activities \nIn 1761, Darwin was elected a fellow of the Royal Society.", "In addition to the Lunar Society, Erasmus Darwin belonged to the influential Derby Philosophical Society, as did his brother-in-law Samuel Fox (see family tree below).", "He experimented with the use of air and gases to alleviate infections and cancers in patients.", "A Pneumatic Institution was established at Clifton in 1799 for clinically testing these ideas.", "He conducted research into the formation of clouds, on which he published in 1788.", "He also inspired Robert Weldon's Somerset Coal Canal caisson lock.", "In 1792, Darwin was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia.", "Mary Shelley in her introduction to the 1831 edition of Frankenstein notes that some unspecified \"experiments of Dr. Darwin\" were part of the evening discussion topics leading up to her inspiration and creation of her novel.", "Cosmological speculation \nContemporary literature dates the cosmological theories of the Big Bang and Big Crunch to the 19th and 20th centuries.", "However Erasmus Darwin had speculated on these sorts of events in The Botanic Garden, A Poem in Two Parts: Part 1, The Economy of Vegetation, 1791:\n\nRoll on, ye Stars!", "exult in youthful prime,Mark with bright curves the printless steps of Time;Near and more near your beamy cars approach,And lessening orbs on lessening orbs encroach; —Flowers of the sky!", "ye too to age must yield,Frail as your silken sisters of the field.Star after star from Heaven's high arch shall rush,Suns sink on suns, and systems, systems crush,Headlong, extinct, to one dark centre fall,And death and night and chaos mingle all:— Till o'er the wreck, emerging from the storm,Immortal Nature lifts her changeful form,Mounts from her funeral pyre on wings of flame,And soars and shines, another and the same!", "Inventions \nDarwin was the inventor of several devices, though he did not patent any.", "He believed this would damage his reputation as a doctor, and encouraged his friends to patent their own modifications of his designs.", "A horizontal windmill, which he designed for Josiah Wedgwood (who would be Charles Darwin's other grandfather, see family tree below).", "A carriage that would not tip over (1766).", "A steering mechanism for his carriage, known today as the Ackermann linkage, that would be adopted by cars 130 years later (1759).", "A speaking machine, which was a mechanical larynx made of wood, silk, and leather and pronounced several sounds so well 'as to deceive all who heard it unseen' (at Clifton in 1799).", "A canal lift for barges.", "A minute artificial bird.", "A copying machine (1778).", "A variety of weather monitoring machines.", "Rocket engine \nIn notes dating to 1779, Darwin made a sketch of a simple hydrogen-oxygen rocket engine, with gas tanks connected by plumbing and pumps to an elongated combustion chamber and expansion nozzle, a concept not to be seen again until one century later.", "Major publications \n Erasmus Darwin, A Botanical Society at Lichfield.", "A System of Vegetables, according to their classes, orders... translated from the 13th edition of Linnaeus' Systema Vegetabiliium.", "2 vols., 1783, Lichfield, J. Jackson, for Leigh and Sotheby, London.", "Erasmus Darwin, A Botanical Society at Lichfield.", "The Families of Plants with their natural characters...Translated from the last edition of Linnaeus' Genera Plantarum.", "1787, Lichfield, J. Jackson, for J. Johnson, London.", "Erasmus Darwin, The Botanic Garden, Part I, The Economy of Vegetation.", "1791 London, J. Johnson.", "Part II, The Loves of the Plants.", "1789, London, J. Johnson.", "Erasmus Darwin, Zoonomia; or, The Laws of Organic Life, 1794, Part I. London, J. Johnson,\n Part I–III.", "1796, London, J. Johnson.", "(last two leaves contain a book list, an apology for the work, and an advert for \"Miss Parkers School\".)", "Erasmus Darwin, Phytologia; or, The Philosophy of Agriculture and Gardening.", "1800, London, J. Johnson.", "Erasmus Darwin, The Temple of Nature; or, The Origin of Society.", "1803, London, J. Johnson.", "Family tree\n\nAppearances \n Charles Sheffield, an author noted largely for hard science fiction, wrote a number of stories featuring Darwin in a manner quite similar to Sherlock Holmes.", "These stories were collected in a book, The Amazing Dr. Darwin.", "Darwin's opposition to slavery in poetry was included by Benjamin Zephaniah in a reading.", "This inspired the establishment of the Genomic Dub Collective, whose album includes quotations from Erasmus \"Ras\" Darwin, his grandson Charles Darwin and Haile Selassie.", "The forgetting of Erasmus' designs for a rocket is a major plot point in Stephen Baxter's tale of alternate universes, Manifold: Origin.", "Phrases from Darwin's poem The Botanic Garden are used as chapter headings in The Pornographer of Vienna by Lewis Crofts.", "British poet J.H.", "Prynne took on the pseudonym Erasmus W. Darwin for his \"plant time\" bulletins in the pages of Bean News (1972).", "A building on the Nottingham Trent University Clifton Campus is named after him.", "It is the centre for science teaching, academic offices and study space.", "Erasmus Darwin appears as a character in Sergey Lukyanenko's novel New Watch as a Dark Other and a prophet living in Regent's Park Estate.", "Surviving houses \nErasmus Darwin House, his home in Lichfield, is now a museum dedicated to Erasmus Darwin and his life's work.", "A school in nearby Chasetown recently converted to Academy status and is now known as Erasmus Darwin Academy.", "Works \n Darwin, Erasmus.", "(1794–96).", "Zoonomia.", "J. Johnson (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; )\n\nSee also \n Erasmus Darwin House – The Museum of Erasmus Darwin in Lichfield, Staffordshire\n Evolutionary ideas of the renaissance and enlightenment\n History of evolutionary thought\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nBiographies and criticism \n \n \n King-Hele, Desmond.", "1963.", "Doctor Darwin.", "Scribner's, N.Y.\n King-Hele, Desmond.", "1977.", "Doctor of Revolution: the life and genius of Erasmus Darwin.", "Faber, London.", "King-Hele, Desmond.", "1999.", "Erasmus Darwin: a life of unequalled achievement Giles de la Mare Publishers.", "King-Hele, Desmond (ed) 2002.", "Charles Darwin's 'The Life of Erasmus Darwin' Cambridge University Press.", "Krause, Ernst 1879.", "Erasmus Darwin, with a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin.", "Murray, London.", "Pearson, Hesketh.", "1930.", "Doctor Darwin.", "Dent, London.", "Porter, Roy, 1989.", "'Erasmus Darwin: doctor of evolution?'", "in 'History, Humanity and Evolution: Essays for John C. Greene, ed.", "James R. Moore.", "External links \n\n Erasmus Darwin House, Lichfield\n \n \n Revolutionary Players website\n \"Preface and 'a preliminary notice'\" by Charles Darwin in Ernst Krause, Erasmus Darwin (1879)\n Letter from Erasmus Darwin to Dr. William Withering at Mount Holyoke College\n\nProto-evolutionary biologists\nPeople of the Industrial Revolution\nEnglish botanists\nEnglish entomologists\nMembers of the Lunar Society of Birmingham\nFellows of the Royal Society\nDarwin–Wedgwood family\nPeople from Lichfield\nPeople from Newark and Sherwood (district)\n1731 births\n1802 deaths\nAlumni of St John's College, Cambridge\nAlumni of the University of Edinburgh\nPaintings by Joseph Wright of Derby\n18th-century English medical doctors\nEnglish physiologists\nEnglish naturalists\nEnglish poets\nEnglish abolitionists\nEnglish inventors\nPeople from Breadsall" ]

[ "Robert Darwin was an English physician.", "He was a natural philosopher, inventor, and poet, as well as a slave-trade abolitionist.", "His poems included a statement of evolution and the relatedness of all forms of life.", "His grandsons Charles Darwin and Francis Galton are members of the Darwin–Wedgwood family.", "Darwin was a founding member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham, a discussion group of industrialists and natural philosophers.", "He turned down the opportunity to become Physician to the King.", "The youngest of seven children of Robert Darwin of Elston, a lawyer and physician, and his wife Elizabeth Hill, Darwin was born in 1731 at Elston Hall.", "The name was used by a number of his family and derives from his Common Sergent of England under Oliver Cromwell.", "His siblings were: Robert Waring Darwin of Elston, Elizabeth Darwin, William Alvey Darwin and Anne Darwin.", "He obtained his medical education at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, but it is not known if he ever obtained the formal degree of MD.", "Darwin moved the following year to try to establish a practice in Lichfield after failing to establish a practice inNottingham.", "The health of a young fisherman was restored a few weeks after he arrived, using a novel course of treatment.", "His success in the new locale was ensured by this.", "Darwin was a successful physician for more than fifty years.", "He was invited to be a Royal Physician by George III.", "Darwin wrote \"didactic poetry, developed his system of evolution, and invented amongst other things, a carriage steering mechanism, a manuscript copier, and a speaking machine.\"", "Darwin had at least one illegitimate daughter and had 14 children, including two illegitimate daughters by an employee.", "He married Mary (Polly) Howard in 1757.", "They had five children, two of which died in infancy: Charles Darwin and Elizabeth Darwin.", "Mary was hired to look after Robert.", "The two illegitimate daughters of the employer and employee were established a boarding school for girls.", "Mary Sr moved away after she married a merchant named Joseph Day.", "Darwin may have fathered a child with a married woman.", "Lucy Swift gave birth to a baby named Lucy, who was christened a daughter of her mother and William Swift, but there is reason to believe that the father was actually Darwin.", "Mary married Francis Boott, the physician, after Lucy Jr. married John Hardcastle.", "In the 18th century.", "Darwin met Elizabeth Pole, daughter of Charles Colyear, 2nd Earl of Portmore, and wife of Colonel Edward Pole, but as she was married, he could only make his feelings known for her through poetry.", "When Edward Pole died, Darwin married Elizabeth and moved to her home, four miles west of Derby.", "The village and hall are now known as Radbourne.", "They moved to Full Street in 1782.", "They had four sons, one of whom died in infancy, and three daughters.", "Darwin's personal appearance was described in unflattering detail in his memoirs.", "Darwin was of middle stature, gross and corpulent; his features were coarse, and his countenance heavy; if not wholly void of animation, it certainly was.", "A painting of him by Mr. Wright has a good likeness of him.", "He was clumsy and slovenly, and frequently walked with his tongue hanging out of his mouth.", "Darwin was a member of the Time Immemorial Lodge of Cannongate Kilwinning.", "2 of Scotland.", "One of Sir Francis Darwin's sons was made a Mason.", "In either 1807 or 1808, it was at Derby.", "His son was made a Mason.", "Charles Darwin's name does not appear on the rolls of the Lodge, but it is possible that he was a Mason, as he held many Masonic beliefs throughout his life.", "After moving to Breadsall Priory just north of Derby, Death Darwin died suddenly.", "During the last few years, Dr. Darwin was prone to inflammation in his breast and lungs, and he had a serious attack of this disease in the last spring.", "It is thought that Darwin's death was caused by a cold fit of an inflammatory fever.", "Dr. Fox thinks the disease was angina pectoris, but Dr. Garlicke thinks it was not.", "The fatal event was caused by the violent fit of passion with which he was seized in the morning.", "All Saints' Church is where his body is buried.", "The Moonstones are a series of monuments in the city.", "Writings Botanical works and the Lichfield Botanical Society formed 'A Botanical Society, at Lichfield', despite the name being composed of only three men, Darwin, Sir Brooke Boothby and Mr John Jackson.", "It took seven years.", "A System of Vegetables was published between 1783 and 1785 and The Families of Plants was published in 1787.", "The English names of plants were invented by Darwin in these volumes.", "The Loves of the Plants was a popular rendering of Linnaeus' works.", "The economy of vegetation was written by Darwin and published as The Botanic Garden.", "Anna and Maria were some of the writers he influenced.", "A system of pathology and a chapter on 'Generation' are contained in Zoonomia Darwin's most important scientific work.", "The modern theory of evolution was influenced by the views of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.", "Charles Darwin commented on his grandfather's works.", "David Hartley had a psychological theory of associationism.", "The essence of his views is contained in the following passage, which he follows up with the conclusion that one and the same kind of living filament is and has been the cause of all organic life.", "When writing aboutlust, hunger, and security in Zonomia, Darwin Erasmus anticipated survival of the fittest.", "In Zonomia, there is a view of how a species should grow.", "The strongest and most active animal should spread the species.", "The theory of survival of the fittest is what it is today.", "Charles Darwin was much less libidinous and who led more of an invalid life, and who is not known to have illegitimately fathered children, or fathered children he did not plan, acknowledge and raise.", "Natural selection is the inheritance of changed genetic characteristics that are better adapted to the environment, which are not necessarily based in strength and activity, which can lead to the overpopulation that results in natural selection yielding nonsurvivors of genetic traits.", "Lord Monboddo was cited in Darwin's work Temple of Nature.", "The poem on evolution offered the first glimpse of his theory of evolution, obliquely, in a question at the end of a long footnote to his popular poem The Loves of the Plants.", "The stamen and pistil are the sexual organs of the bride and groom.", "The \"youths\" in the flower Curcuma are infertile, and he associates this with many popular and well-known cases of vestigi.", "CURCUMA was cold and shy and met her husband with an averted eye.", "The Temple of Nature was published posthumously.", "The poem was called The Origin of Society.", "His best work is this one.", "He has a conception of evolution.", "The progression of life is traced in the poem.", "The poem describes the struggle for existence.", "His poetry was admired by Wordsworth, who wrote, \"I absolutely nauseate Darwin's poem\".", "It made reference to his interests in science.", "The last two leaves of Darwin's A plan for the conduct of female education in boarding schools contain a book list, an apology for the work, and an advert for \"Miss Parkers School\".", "The school he set up for his two illegitimate children was advertised on the last page.", "The ideas of Locke, Rousseau, and Genlis were used to organize Darwin's thoughts, as he regretted that a good education had not been available to women in Britain.", "In addressing the education of middle-class girls, Darwin argued that amorous romance novels were inappropriate and that they should seek simplicity in dress.", "He believes that young women should be educated in schools rather than at home.", "Physical exercise, chemistry, mineralogy, and experimental philosophy are included in these subjects.", "They should visit sites like Coalbrookdale and learn how to handle money, as well as study modern languages.", "The woman's education was designed to support and serve male accomplishment and financial reward, and to relieve him of daily responsibility for children and the chores of life, according to Darwin's educational philosophy.", "The program may be seen as a modernising influence because the woman was not allowed to participate in it.", "The text was written seven years after A Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft, in which she argued that women should be educated in a rational manner to give them the opportunity to contribute to society.", "The women of Darwin's era received more education and participated in the world.", "An example is Susanna Wright, who was raised in Lancashire and became an American colonist.", "It is not known if Darwin and Wright knew each other.", "Maria and Anna were two of the women who received substantial education and who participated in the broader world.", "The year in which Darwin became friends with these people led to them becoming members of the Lunar Society.", "From 1765 to 1813, the lunar society existed.", "Matthew Boulton and John Whitehurst were the pioneers of geology, while Dr. William Small was a man of science.", "Joseph Priestley was an experimental chemist and discoverer of many substances.", "After Darwin moved to Derby, Samuel Galton took his place.", "Both Darwin and Benjamin Franklin supported the American and French revolutions.", "An intellectual driving force behind England's Industrial Revolution was the Lunar Society.", "The slave trade was opposed by the members of the lunar society.", "He attacked it in The Botanic Garden and The Loves of Plants.", "Darwin was elected a fellow of the Royal Society.", "Darwin Erasmus and his brother-in-law Samuel Fox were both members of the Derby Philosophical Society.", "He used air and gases to alleviate infections in patients.", "In the 18th century, a pneumatic institution was established to clinically test these ideas.", "He published research into the formation of clouds.", "He inspired the caisson lock.", "Darwin was a member of the American Philosophical Society.", "The evening discussion topics leading up to her inspiration and creation of her novel were included in the introduction to the 1831 edition of Frankenstein.", "The theories of the Big bang and Big Crunch were written in the 19th and 20th century.", "In The Botanic Garden, A Poem in Two Parts: Part 1, The Economy of Vegetation, Darwin speculated on these sorts of events.", "Mark with bright curves the printless steps of Time, near and more near your beamy cars approach, and lessening orbs on diminishing orbs encroach.", "Suns sink on suns, and systems crush,Headlong, extinct, to one dark centre fall, and death and night and ye too to age must yield,Frail as your silken sisters of the field.", "Darwin did not patent any of the devices he was the inventor of.", "He encouraged his friends to modify his designs in order to damage his reputation as a doctor.", "He designed a windmill for another man, who would be Charles Darwin's other grandfather.", "The carriage wouldn't tip over.", "The Ackermann linkage, a steering mechanism for his carriage, would be adopted by cars 130 years later.", "The speaking machine was made of wood, silk, and leather and pronounced several sounds so well as to deceive all who heard it unseen.", "A canal lift.", "An artificial bird.", "A copying machine.", "There are weather monitoring machines.", "Darwin made a sketch of a simple hydrogen-oxygen rocket engine with gas tanks connected by plumbing and pumps to an expansion nozzle, a concept not to be seen again until one century later.", "A Botanical Society at Lichfield is one of the major publications.", "The 13th edition of Linnaeus' Systema Vegetabiliium was translated by their classes.", "The 2 vols. were written by J. Jackson for London.", "The A Botanical Society is located at Lichfield.", "The last edition of Linnaeus' Genera Plantarum translated the Families of Plants with their natural characters.", "J. Jackson was for J. Johnson.", "The economy of vegetation is the subject of The Botanic Garden.", "J. Johnson was born in London.", "The Loves of the Plants is the second part.", "J. Johnson was born in London.", "The Laws of Organic Life was written by J. Johnson.", "J. Johnson was born in London.", "An apology for the work, a book list, and an advert for a school are on the last two leaves.", "The philosophy of agriculture and gardening was written by Darwin Erasmus.", "J. Johnson was in London in 1800.", "The Temple of Nature or The Origin of Society was written by Darwin Erasmus.", "J. Johnson was born in London.", "Darwin was the subject of a number of stories written by Charles Sheffield, an author noted largely for hard science fiction.", "The stories were collected in a book.", "Benjamin Zephaniah included Darwin's opposition to slavery in poetry.", "The Genomic Dub Collective has an album with quotes from Charles Darwin and others.", "Stephen Baxter's tale of alternate universes, Manifold: Origin, has a major plot point about forgetting the designs for a rocket.", "The Pornographer of Vienna uses phrases from The Botanic Garden as chapter headings.", "J.H. is a British poet.", "Prynne was the author of the \"plant time\" bulletin in the pages of Bean News.", "The building on the Trent University campus is named after him.", "The centre is for science teaching, academic offices and study space.", "There is a prophet living in Regent's Park Estate in the novel New Watch as a Dark Other.", "The home of Erasmus Darwin is now a museum dedicated to his life's work.", "The school in Chasetown is now known as the Erasmus Darwin Academy.", "The works of Darwin and Erasmus.", "There was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a", "Zoonomia.", "Evolutionary ideas of the renaissance and enlightenment History of evolutionary thought Notes References Biographies and criticism King-Hele, Desmond can be found in J. Johnson.", "1963.", "The doctor is Darwin.", "Scribner's, N.Y. King-Hele.", "1977.", "Doctor of Revolution is the life and genius of Darwin.", "The address is London.", "King-Hele.", "1999.", "Giles de la Mare Publishers has a life of unequalled achievement.", "King-Hele was published in 2002.", "The Cambridge University Press has a book by Charles Darwin.", "Krause was born in 1879.", "Charles Darwin gave a preliminary notice to Darwin.", "Murray is in London.", "Pearson, Hesketh.", "1930.", "The doctor is Darwin.", "Dent is in London.", "Roy Porter was born in 1989.", "'Erasmus Darwin: doctor of evolution?'", "Essays for John C. Greene were published in 'History, Humanity and Evolution: Essays for John C.", "James R. Moore.", "\"Preface and 'a preliminary notice'\" is a letter from Charles Darwin to Dr. William Withering." ]

[ "Erasmus Robert Darwin", "Darwin We", "Charles Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Robert Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Elizabeth Darwin", "Darwin", "Anne Darwin", "Susannah Darwin", "John Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Charles Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin Jr", "Elizabeth Darwin", "Darwin", "Charles Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Edward Darwin", "Darwin", "Elizabeth Darwin", "Darwin", "John Darwin", "Henry Darwin", "Harriet Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Francis Darwin", "Charles Darwin", "Darwin", ". Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Charles Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Erasmus", "Erasmus", "Charles Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Charles Darwin", "Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Charles Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Erasmus", ". Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Erasmus", "Doctor Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Charles Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Charles Darwin", "Doctor Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Charles Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Darwin" ]

[ "Robert Darwin", "Charles Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Robert Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Elizabeth Darwin", "Darwin", "Anne Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Charles Darwin", "Elizabeth Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Francis Darwin", "Charles Darwin", "Death Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Charles Darwin", "Darwin Erasmus", "Charles Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin Erasmus", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Charles Darwin", "Darwin Erasmus", "Darwin Erasmus", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Charles Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Darwinsmus", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Charles Darwin", "Charles Darwin", "Darwin", "Darwin", "Erasmus", "Darwin", "Charles Darwin" ]

[ "Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke (c. 1207 - 27 June 1241) was the third son of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke and Countess Isabel, the daughter of Richard son of Gilbert, earl of Striguil.", "Early life\nBy calculating back from the date of his coming of age, Gilbert must have been the child with which his mother was pregnant during the insurrection against the Marshals in Leinster in 1207, and so was born in Ireland at the beginning of his father's political exile there..", "He would have been about twelve when his father died, and the Marshal biographer calls him then a 'clerk' which signifies he was then in minor orders.", "He was credited with the title 'magister' (master) in 1234 which he only would have acquired from a period of advanced study at a major school.", "The name of his private tutor is known to have been Master Henry of Hoo.", "In 1227 he was presented to Westminster abbey's wealthy living of Oakham in Rutland at which point he was still an acolyte one of the junior clerical orders.", "His orders did not stop him taking a sexual partner, by whom he had a daughter Isabel.", "He was destined at the time for a distinguished career in the church, and indeed was reconciled to it, as he built a large mansion for himself in Oakham.", "The cleric who composed the Welsh annals described him at this time as 'a very cultivated and capable young man'.", "Succession\nWhen Richard his elder brother rebelled against King Henry III in the summer of 1233, Gilbert was despatched by his brother to Ireland as his agent in dealing with the Anglo-Irish barons and the king's justiciar, Maurice fitz Gerald.", "At the end of 1233 Gilbert was still in Ireland when Earl Richard crossed over to counter the growing threat of the loyalists and the justiciar, during the course of which the earl was surrounded and cut down outside Kildare.", "Richard died of his injuries a fortnight later on 15 April 1234.", "Gilbert was now heir to the earldom of Pembroke and at war with the king whose co-operation was necessary to succeed to it.", "Gilbert returned to Wales with his brother and through intermediaries was reconciled with King Henry at the end of May.", "On 11 June the king - who was the same age as Gilbert - knighted him at Worcester, thus cancelling his status as a cleric.", "He was created earl of Pembroke and Marshal of England immediately afterwards.", "To consolidate his standing as a layman he negotiated a prestigious marriage with Marjorie (120017 November 1244), daughter of King William of Scotland.", "They were married on 1 August 1235 in Berwick-upon-Tweed.", "Their marriage was childless.", "Earl Gilbert and Wales\nKing Henry treated Gilbert generously, granting him at the end of 1234 the honor of Pevensey in compensation for the late Earl Richard's Norman and French lands, to which Gilbert was not allowed to succeed by Louis IX of France.", "In January 1235 the king went much further, granting Gilbert wardships and royal castles which gave him almost complete control of the southern March of Wales.", "Gilbert took the opportunity to settle scores with the rival Welsh lord of Caerleon, which led to an intervention by Prince Llywelyn ab Iorwerth of Gwynedd and a subsequent climbdown.", "On Llywelyn's death in April 1240 Gilbert launched a major campaign in West Wales, led by his younger brother Walter Marshal, which rapidly expelled Welsh troops from Cardigan castle and compelled the southern Welsh lord Maelgwyn Fychan to offer Gilbert homage.", "As part of the treaty Gilbert married his daughter Isabel to Rhys, son of Maelgwyn.", "Enmity with the Fitz Geralds and Death\n\nEarl Gilbert's tenure of the earldom is notable for the consequences of the violent death of his elder brother at Kildare.", "Gilbert was bound in honour to punish those responsible, especially so as he had to establish his credentials as a knight and the head of the powerful Marshal affinity in England, Wales and Ireland.", "Rather than single out Walter de Lacy and Richard de Burgh who were principally responsible for the death, he fixed on Maurice Fitz Gerald lord of Offaly and the king's justiciar, and solemnly swore mortal enmity against him.", "This brought the full weight of the whole Marshal clan and their powerful relatives and vassals against Fitz Gerald until he undertook to make restitution for Earl Richard's death.", "King Henry III was willing to act as an intermediary and in August 1234 Fitz Gerald made a formal admission of responsibility to the earl.", "This did not by any means end the antagonism between Gilbert and Fitz Gerald, and the murder at Westminster of Henry Clement, Fitz Gerald's agent, in 1235 was believed to have been procured by the earl.", "The feud was not settled until in 1240 the earl pardoned Fitz Gerald his mortal enmity on his promising to found an abbey for the sake of the soul of the late Earl Richard.", "Even so, the notorious antagonism between the aristocratic groups had so disturbed the political community and court that when Earl Gilbert died violently on the tournament field of Ware on 27 June 1241 it was commonly believed that agents of the Fitz Geralds had a hand in the affair.", "Gilbert's death was more likely the consequence of a need to justify the Marshal name and live up to his father's and brothers' reputations, for the St Albans chronicler Matthew Paris reported gossip that Gilbert was 'inexperienced and useless as a knight'.", "There was some truth in it, as his inability to manage the magnificent but wild Spanish stallion he had selected for the day's sport led to his being thrown from his horse and dragged for some distance on the ground.", "He died later that evening from the injuries received.", "He was buried at Temple Church next to his father.", "His title was passed to his younger brother Walter a year after his death.", "Walter was not immediately confirmed as Earl of Pembroke and Lord Marshal due to the King's anger at Walter's disobedience of royal orders, as he had also attended the tournament.", "References\n\nSources\n\n Acts and Letters of the Marshal Family 1156-1248: Earls of Pembroke and Marshals of England, ed.", "David Crouch, Camden Society 5th series, 47 (Cambridge: CUP, 2015).", "D. Crouch, 'Earl Gilbert Marshal and his mortal enemies,’ Historical Research, 87 (2014), 393-403.", "R.F.", "Walker, ‘The Earls of Pembroke, 1138-1389’ in, Pembrokeshire County History ii, Medieval Pembrokeshire, ed.", "R.F.", "Walker (Haverfordwest, 2002).", "1194 births\n1241 deaths\nEarls Marshal\nGilbert\nBurials at the Temple Church" ]

[ "The third son of William Marshall, 1st Earl of Pembroke and the daughter of Richard Marshall, earl of Striguil, was Gilbert Marshal.", "Gilbert was born in Ireland at the beginning of his father's political exile after his mother was pregnant during the insurrection against the marshals.", "When his father died, the marshal biographer calls him a 'clerk' which means he was in minor orders.", "He only received the title'master' in 1234 from a period of advanced study at a major school.", "Master Henry was his private tutor.", "He was one of the junior clerical orders when he was presented to the wealthy living of Oakham.", "His orders did not stop him from having a sexual partner.", "He was destined for a distinguished career in the church, and was reconciled to it as he built a large mansion for himself in Oakham.", "He was described as a very cultivated and capable young man by the cleric who composed the Welsh annals.", "When Richard rebelled against King Henry III in the summer of 1233, Gilbert was sent to Ireland to deal with the Anglo-Irish barons and the king's justiciar, Maurice fitz Gerald.", "Earl Richard crossed over to Ireland at the end of 1233 to counter the growing threat of the loyalists and the justiciar.", "Richard died of his injuries a fortnight later.", "Gilbert was heir to the earldom of Pembroke and at war with the king.", "Gilbert and his brother were reconciled with King Henry at the end of May.", "Gilbert lost his status as a cleric after he was knighted by the king on 11 June.", "He was made earl of Pembroke and the marshal of england.", "He married Marjorie, daughter of King William of Scotland, to consolidate his standing as a layman.", "They were married in August of 1235.", "Their marriage was not childless.", "Gilbert was granted the honor of Pevensey at the end of 1234 by Earl Gilbert and Wales King Henry, but he was not allowed to succeed by Louis IX of France.", "The king granted Gilbert wardships and royal castles in January of 1235, giving him complete control of the southern March of Wales.", "Gilbert was able to settle scores with the Welsh lord of Caerleon, which led to an intervention by Prince Llywelyn.", "After Llywelyn's death in April 1240 Gilbert launched a major campaign in West Wales, led by his younger brother Walter, which quickly expelled Welsh troops from Cardigan castle.", "Gilbert married his daughter Isabel to the son of Maelgwyn.", "Enmity with the Fitz Geralds and Death Earl Gilbert's tenure of the earldom is notable for the consequences of the violent death of his elder brother at Kildare.", "Gilbert had to establish his credentials as a knight and head of the powerful marshal affinity in England, Wales and Ireland in order to punish those responsible.", "He swore mortal enmity against Maurice Fitz Gerald, the justiciar of the king, rather than single out Walter de Lacy and Richard de Burgh who were principally responsible for the death.", "The whole marshal clan and their powerful relatives and vassals were against Fitz Gerald until he undertook to make up for Earl Richard's death.", "In August 1234 Fitz Gerald made a formal admission of responsibility to the earl, after King Henry III was willing to act as an intermediary.", "The murder of Henry Clement, Fitz Gerald's agent, in 1235 was believed to have been procured by the earl, and this did not end the antagonism between Gilbert and Fitz Gerald.", "Fitz Gerald was pardoned by the earl in 1240 after he promised to find an abbey for Earl Richard.", "It was thought that agents of the Fitz Geralds had a hand in the death of Earl Gilbert because of the animosity between the groups.", "Matthew Paris reported that Gilbert was 'inexperienced and useless as a knight' and that he died because of a need to justify the marshal name and live up to his father's and brothers' reputations.", "His inability to manage the magnificent but wild Spanish stallion he had selected for the day's sport led to him being thrown from his horse and dragged for some distance on the ground.", "He died from the injuries he received.", "He was buried next to his father.", "Walter took over his brother's title a year after his death.", "Due to the King's anger at Walter's disobedience of royal orders, Walter was not immediately confirmed as Earl of Pembroke and Lord Marshall.", "The acts and letters of the marshal family were written by the Earls of Pembroke and the marshals of England.", "David Crouch is the author of the Camden Society 5th series.", "\"Earl Gilbert marshal and his mortal enemies\" was written by D. Crouch.", "R.F.", "Walker wrote \"The Earls of Pembroke, 1138-1389\" in Pembrokeshire County History.", "R.F.", "Walker was from Haverfordwest.", "There were 1194 births and 1241 deaths at the Temple Church." ]

[ "Gilbert Marshal", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Earl Richard", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert" ]

[ "Gilbert Marshal", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Earl Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert" ]

[ "Sir Frederick Henry Royce, 1st Baronet, (27 March 1863 – 22 April 1933) was an English engineer famous for his designs of car and aeroplane engines with a reputation for reliability and longevity.", "With Charles Rolls (1877 – 1910) and Claude Johnson (1864 – 1926), he founded Rolls-Royce.", "Rolls-Royce initially focused on large 40-50 horsepower motor cars, the Silver Ghost and its successors.", "Royce produced his first aero engine shortly after the outbreak of the First World War and aircraft engines became Rolls-Royce's principal product.", "Royce's health broke down in 1911 and he was persuaded to leave his factory in the Midlands at Derby and, taking a team of designers, move to the south of England spending winters in the south of France.", "He died at his home in Sussex in the spring of 1933.", "Early life\nRoyce was born in Alwalton, Huntingdonshire, near Peterborough in 1863 to James and Mary Royce (née King).", "He was the youngest of their five children.", "His father ran a flour mill which he leased from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners but the business failed and the family moved to London.", "His father died in 1872 and Royce had to go out to work selling newspapers and delivering telegrams after only one year of formal schooling.", "In 1878 he started an apprenticeship with the Great Northern Railway company at its works in Peterborough thanks to the financial help of an aunt.", "After three years the money ran out.", "After a short time with a tool-making company in Leeds he returned to London and joined the Electric Light and Power Company.", "He moved to their Liverpool office in 1882 working on street and theatre lighting.", "In 1884, with £20 of savings, he entered a partnership with Ernest Claremont, a friend who contributed £50, and they started a business making domestic electric fittings in a workshop in Cooke Street, Hulme, Manchester, called F. H. Royce and Company.", "In 1894 they started making dynamos and electric cranes and F. H. Royce & Company was registered as a limited liability company.", "The company was re-registered in 1899 as Royce Ltd with a public share flotation and a further factory opened in Trafford Park, Manchester.", "Partnership with Rolls\n\nFollowing a decline in trade after the Second Boer War, and the arrival of increasing competition by cranes and dynamos from Germany and the United States, Royce began considering the motor car as a potential new product for the company.", "With his fascination for all things mechanical he became increasingly focused on motor cars and bought first, in 1901, a small De Dion and in 1902 or 1903 a 1901 model two cylinder Decauville.", "This did not meet his high standards and so he first improved it and then decided to manufacture a car of his own which he did in a corner of the workshop in 1904.", "Two more cars were made.", "Of the three, which were called Royce and had two cylinder engines, one was given to Ernest Claremont and the other sold to one of the other directors, Henry Edmunds.", "Edmunds was a friend of Charles Rolls who had a car showroom in London selling imported models and showed him his car and arranged the historic meeting between Rolls and Royce at the Midland Hotel, Manchester, on 4 May 1904.", "In spite of his preference for three or four cylinder cars, Rolls was impressed with the two-cylinder Royce 10 and in a subsequent agreement of 23 December 1904 agreed to take all the cars Royce could make.", "These would be of two, three, four and six cylinders and would be badged as Rolls-Royce.", "The first Rolls-Royce car, the Rolls-Royce 10 hp, was unveiled at the Paris Salon in December 1904.", "In 1906 Rolls and Royce formalised their partnership by creating Rolls-Royce Limited, with Royce appointed chief engineer and works director on a salary of £1,250 per annum plus 4% of the profits in excess of £10,000.", "Royce thus provided the technical expertise to complement Rolls' financial backing and business acumen.", "By 1907 the company was winning awards for the engineering reliability of its cars.", "The Rolls-Royce Eagle was the first aircraft engine to be developed by Rolls-Royce Limited.", "It was introduced in 1915 to meet British military requirements during the First World War and proved to be one of only two aero engines made by the Allies that was neither a production nor a technical failure.", "Royce & Company remained in business as a separate company making cranes until 1932 when it was bought by Herbert Morris of Loughborough.", "The last Royce-designed crane was built in 1964.", "The partnership ended when Rolls died in 1910 in a crash of his Wright Flyer aircraft.", "Development of Rolls-Royce\nRoyce had always worked hard and was renowned for never eating proper meals which resulted in his being taken ill first in 1902 and again in 1911.", "Ill health had forced his move away from Derby in 1912.", "In the same year, he had a major operation in London and was given only a few months to live by the doctors.", "In spite of this he returned to work but was prevented from visiting the factory, which had moved to larger premises, fitted out to detailed plans by Royce, in Derby in 1908.", "He insisted on checking all new designs and engineers and draughtsmen had to take the drawings to be personally checked by him, a daunting prospect with his well-known perfectionism.", "He had a villa built at Le Canadel in the south of France and a further home at Crowborough, East Sussex.", "In 1917, Royce moved to the village of West Wittering, West Sussex.", "In October 1928, he began design of the \"R\" engine while walking with some of his leading engineers on the beach at West Wittering, sketching ideas in the sand.", "Less than a year later, the \"R” engine, designed in his studio in the village, set a new world air speed record of 357.7 miles per hour and won the Schneider Trophy of 1929.", "When the Ramsay MacDonald government decided not to finance the next attempt in 1931, Lucy, Lady Houston, felt that Britain must not be left out of this contest and sent a telegram to the Prime Minister stating that she would guarantee £100,000, if necessary, towards the cost leading the Government to reverse their previous decision.", "The result was that Royce found that the \"R\" could be made to produce more power and the Supermarine S.6B seaplane won the Trophy at on 13 September 1931.", "Later that month on 29 September, the same aircraft with an improved engine flew at , becoming the first craft to fly at over and breaking the world's speed record.", "Bentley, shock absorber and Merlin \n\nIn 1931, Rolls-Royce Ltd. bought out their rival firm of W. O. Bentley.", "A \"20/25\" engine was put into a chassis and a Bentley radiator fitted.", "An open four-seater body completed the picture.", "The engine was \"hotted-up\" and the car was taken down to West Wittering to get Royce's approval.", "They were somewhat apprehensive of what he would say, but he gave it his blessing.", "He told them that such a fast car should have a means of varying the stiffness of the springing.", "The night before he died he sat up in bed and drew a sketch on the back of an envelope which he gave to Miss Aubin (his nurse and housekeeper) telling her to see that the \"boys\" in the factory got it safely.", "He died before it reached Derby.", "This was the adjustable shock-absorber.", "Thus, in 1933 the first Bentley made by Rolls-Royce Ltd made its appearance and another famous name carried on.", "Following the success of the \"R” engine, it was clear that they had an engine that would be of use to the Royal Air Force.", "As no Government assistance was forthcoming at first, in the national interest they went ahead with development of what was called the \"PV-12\" engine (standing for Private Venture, 12-cylinder).", "The idea was to produce an engine of about the same performance as the \"R”, albeit with a much longer life.", "Royce launched the PV-12 in October 1933 and the engine completed its first test in 1934, the year after he died.", "The PV-12 became the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine.", "Personal life \n\nHenry Royce married Minnie Punt in 1893 and they set up home together in Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester, and were joined by his mother, who lived nearby until her death in 1904, and Minnie's niece, Violet.", "The Royces moved to a newly built house in Knutsford, Cheshire in 1898.", "The couple separated in 1912.", "Royce, who lived by the motto \"Whatever is rightly done, however humble, is noble\", was appointed OBE in 1918, and was created a baronet, of Seaton in the County of Rutland, in 1930 for his services to British Aviation.", "He had no children and the baronetcy became extinct on his death.", "After he fell ill, Royce was looked after by a nurse, Miss Ethel Aubin for twenty years (after his death she married G.H.R.", "Tildesley, Royce's solicitor).", "He died at his house Elmstead in West Wittering on 22 April 1933.", "His cremated remains were initially buried under his statue at the Rolls-Royce works in Derby, but in 1937 his urn was removed to the parish church of Alwalton, his birthplace.", "In 1962, a memorial window dedicated to his memory was unveiled in Westminster Abbey.", "The window is one of a series designed by Ninian Comper dedicated to the memory of eminent engineers.", "He is also commemorated in Royce Hall, student accommodation at Loughborough University, and until 2011 at one of Peterborough's Queensgate shopping centre car parks.", "The Sir Henry Royce Suite, a business suite, is named after him at the Peterborough Marriott Hotel in the Alwalton business park.", "Cultural Depictions\nActor Michael Jayston portrayed Royce in the 1972-1973 BBC Television miniseries The Edwardians.", "References\n\nFurther reading \n (5th edition, 1st edition 1964)\n\nExternal links \n\nThe Sir Henry Royce Foundation, Australia\n (RT 11:16) Part 1 (of 3) of a video containing a visit to Royce's grave\n \"Sir Henry Royce, Bart.\"", "a 1956 Flight article\n\nBritish automotive pioneers\nBritish automobile designers\nBaronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom\nOfficers of the Order of the British Empire\nBritish automotive engineers\nBritish founders of automobile manufacturers\nRolls-Royce people\n1863 births\n1933 deaths\nBurials in Huntingdonshire\nPeople from Peterborough\nPeople from Knutsford" ]

[ "Sir Frederick Henry Royce, 1st Baronet, was an English engineer famous for his designs of car and aeroplane engines with a reputation for reliability and longevity.", "He founded Rolls-Royce with Charles Rolls and Claude Johnson.", "The Silver Ghost and its successors were the initial focus of Rolls-Royce.", "After the outbreak of the First World War, Rolls-Royce's principal product was aircraft engines.", "After Royce's health broke down, he was persuaded to leave his factory at Derby and move to the south of England, where he spent winters in the south of France.", "He died in the spring of 1933.", "James and Mary Royce were the parents of early life Royce.", "He was the youngest of their five children.", "The family moved to London after his father's flour mill failed.", "After only one year of formal school, Royce had to go to work selling newspapers and telegrams after his father's death.", "An aunt helped him start an apprenticeship with the Great Northern Railway company.", "The money ran out after three years.", "He joined the Electric Light and Power Company after a short time with a tool-making company.", "He worked on street and theatre lighting in the office.", "In 1884, with £20 of savings, he entered a partnership with Ernest Claremont, a friend who contributed £50, and they started a business making domestic electric fittings in a workshop called F. H. Royce and Company.", "F. H. Royce & Company was incorporated in 1894 as a limited liability company.", "The company was re- registered in 1899 and opened a second factory in Manchester.", "Royce began considering the motor car as a potential new product after a decline in trade after the Second Boer War.", "In 1901, a small De Dion and a 1901 model two cylinder Decauville were the first motor cars he bought.", "This did not meet his high standards and so he first improved it and then built his own car in a corner of the workshop in 1904.", "Two more cars were made.", "One of the three that were called Royce and had two cylinder engines was given to Ernest Claremont and the other was sold to one of the other directors.", "The historic meeting between Rolls and Royce was arranged by a friend of Charles Rolls who had a car showroom in London selling imported models and showed him his car.", "In spite of his preference for three or four cylinder cars, Rolls was impressed with the two cylinder Royce 10 and agreed to take all the cars Royce could make.", "The Rolls-Royces would be of two, three, four and six cylinders.", "The first Rolls-Royce car was unveiled at the Paris Salon in 1904.", "In 1906 Rolls and Royce formalised their partnership by creating Rolls-Royce, with Royce appointed chief engineer and works director on a salary of £1,250 per annum plus 4% of the profits in excess of £10,000.", "The technical expertise provided by Royce was used to complement Rolls' financial backing.", "The company won awards for its engineering reliability.", "The first aircraft engine to be developed was the Rolls-Royce Eagle.", "During the First World War, it was one of only two Aero engines made by the Allies that was neither a production nor a technical failure.", "Herbert Morris bought Royce & Company in 1932 and kept it as a separate company.", "The last Royce-designed crane was built in 1964.", "Rolls died in a crash of his Wright Flyer aircraft in 1910.", "Development of Rolls-RoyceRoyce had always worked hard and was renowned for never eating proper meals which resulted in him being taken ill first in 1901 and again in 1911.", "He moved away from Derby in 1912 due to ill health.", "He was given a few months to live after having a major operation in London.", "In spite of this he returned to work but was prevented from visiting the factory, which had moved to larger premises, fitted out to detailed plans by Royce, in Derby in 1908.", "It was difficult for him to personally check all the new designs because of his well-known perfectionism.", "He had a villa in the south of France and a home in the east of England.", "Royce moved to the village of West Wittering in 1917.", "In October 1928, he began design of the \"R\" engine while walking with some of his leading engineers on the beach at West Wittering, sketching ideas in the sand.", "The \"R\" engine, designed in his studio in the village, set a new world air speed record in 1929.", "Lucy, Lady Houston, felt that Britain should not be left out of this contest and sent a telegram to the Prime Minister stating that she would guarantee £100,000 if necessary.", "The Supermarine S.6B seaplane won the trophy on 13 September 1931 after Royce found that the \"R\" could be made to produce more power.", "The first craft to fly over and break the world's speed record was a plane with an improved engine.", "W. O. Bentley was bought out by Rolls-Royce in 1931.", "A \"20/25\" engine was put into a car.", "The picture was completed by an open four-seater body.", "The engine was \"hotted-up\" and the car was taken down to get Royce's approval.", "They were hesitant about what he would say, but he gave them his blessing.", "He told them that the springing of the fast car should be different.", "The night before he died, he sat up in bed and drew a sketch on the back of an envelope that he gave to his nurse and maid.", "He died before it got to Derby.", "This was the shock absorber.", "The first Rolls-Royce car was made in 1933 and another famous name was carried on.", "After the success of the \"R\" engine, it was clear that they had an engine that would be used by the Royal Air Force.", "In the national interest, they went ahead with the development of the \"PV-12\" engine, even though there was no Government assistance at first.", "The engine was supposed to be the same as the \"R\", but with a longer life.", "The first test of the engine took place in 1934, a year after Royce died.", "The Rolls-Royce engine was named after the PV-12.", "Henry and Minnie married in 1893 and set up home in Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester, with Henry's mother, mother-in-law, and niece.", "The Royces moved to Knutsford in 1898.", "The couple separated in 1912.", "Royce, who lived by the motto \"whatever is rightly done, however humble, is noble\", was made a baronet in 1930 for his services to British Aviation.", "The baronetcy became extinct when he died.", "Royce was looked after by a nurse for twenty years after he died.", "Tildesley is Royce's lawyer.", "On April 22, 1933, he died at his house in West Wittering.", "His urn was taken from his statue at the Rolls-Royce works in Derby and placed in the church of Alwalton, where he was born.", "The window dedicated to his memory was unveiled in 1962.", "The window is part of a series designed by Ninian Comper.", "He is remembered at one of the Queensgate shopping centre car parks until 2011.", "The Marriott Hotel in the Alwalton business park has a business suite named after Sir Henry Royce.", "Michael Jayston was the actor who portrayed Royce in The Edwardians.", "The Sir Henry Royce Foundation, Australia has a video with a visit to Royce's grave.", "British automotive pioneers Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom Officers of the Order of the British Empire British automotive engineers British founders of automobile manufacturers Rolls-Royce." ]

[ "Sir Frederick Henry Royce", "Royce", "Royce", "Royce", "Mary Royce", "Royce", "Henry Edmunds", "Royce", "Royce", "Royce", "Royce", "Henry Royce", "Royce", "Royce", "Royce", "Royce", "Henry Royce", "Royce", "Royce", "Henry Royce" ]

[ "Frederick Henry Royce", "Royce", "Mary Royce", "Royce", "Royce", "Royce", "Royce", "Royce", "Royce", "Royce", "Henry", "Henry", "Royce", "Royce", "Royce", "Henry Royce", "Royce", "Royce" ]

[ "Admiral of the Fleet Thomas Maitland, 11th Earl of Lauderdale, (3 February 1803 – 1 September 1878) was a Royal Navy officer and peer.", "As a junior officer he saw action supporting the blockade of Algiers by Greek revolutionaries in July 1824 during the Greek War of Independence and then took part in an operation to land a naval brigade in Brazil to protect Pedro I, the Emperor of Brazil, in the face of the Irish and German Mercenary Soldiers' Revolt.", "He also took part in the Battle of Luchana, an operation to defend the Port of Bilbao on the north coast of Spain, during the First Carlist War.", "Maitland also fought at various battles during the First Opium War including the Battle of Canton at which he commanded the 1st naval battalion.", "He gave evidence to the Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom and argued that building powerful ships was more important than building fortifications.", "He went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station.", "Early career\n\nBorn the only son of General the Hon.", "William Maitland (himself the fourth son of James Maitland, 7th Earl of Lauderdale) and Mary Maitland (née Orpen), Maitland joined the navy on 22 September 1816.", "Promoted to lieutenant on 16 May 1823, he was appointed to the frigate HMS Euryalus in the Mediterranean Fleet.", "In HMS Euryalus he saw action supporting the blockade of Algiers by Greek revolutionaries in July 1824 during the Greek War of Independence.", "He transferred to the guard ship HMS Superb at Portsmouth in December 1825 and to the second-rate HMS Ganges, flagship of Admiral Sir Robert Otway serving as Commander-in-Chief of the South America Station, in March 1826.", "Promoted to commander on 30 April 1827, he saw action again when HMS Ganges took part in an operation to land a naval brigade in Brazil to protect Pedro I, the Emperor of Brazil, in the face of the Irish and German Mercenary Soldiers' Revolt in June 1828.", "He returned home when HMS Ganges became the guard ship at Portsmouth in 1829.", "Maitland became commanding officer of the sloop HMS Sparrowhawk on the North America and West Indies Station in June 1832 and brought home a treasure freight of $589,405 and 42 bales of cochineal (a scale insect from which the crimson-coloured natural dye carmine is derived) when he returned in May 1833.", "He became commanding officer of the sixth-rate HMS Tweed and took part in the Battle of Luchana, an operation to defend the Port of Bilbao on the north coast of Spain, in December 1836 during the First Carlist War.", "As a result of this he was awarded the knight's cross of the Order of Charles III for his support for the liberal forces of Maria Christina, the Regent of Spain at the time of the minority of Isabella II, who had faced a revolt by Carlos, Count of Molina.", "Promoted to captain on 10 January 1837, Maitland became commanding officer of the third-rate HMS Wellesley, flagship of Rear Admiral Frederick Maitland serving as Commander-in-Chief of the East Indies and China Station, in June 1837.", "He saw action off the Persian Gulf in 1839 and then, following the death of Frederick Maitland in November 1839, served under Commodore James Bremer at the Capture of Chusan in July 1840, at the Second Battle of Chuenpi in January 1841 and at the Battle of the Bogue in February 1841 during the First Opium War.", "He also commanded the 1st naval battalion during the Battle of Canton in May 1841 for which he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the Bath on 29 June 1841.", "He remained on the station and, after taking part in the Battle of Amoy in August 1841, fought at some of the later battles under Rear Admiral Sir William Parker including the Capture of Chusan in October 1841, the Battle of Ningpo in March 1842, the Battle of Woosung in June 1842 and the Battle of Chinkiang in July 1842 which ultimately led to the Treaty of Nanking ending the war in August 1842.", "Maitland went on to be commanding officer of the third-rate HMS America off the coast of Portugal in November 1846, commanding officer of the first-rate HMS San Josef, flagship of Admiral Sir William Gage serving as Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth, in April 1848 and commanding officer of the second-rate HMS Impregnable, Gage's new flagship, in January 1849.", "After that he became commanding officer of the second-rate HMS Agamemnon in the Channel Squadron in September 1852, commanding officer of the first-rate HMS Victory, flagship of Admiral Sir Thomas Cochrane serving as Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth, in December 1853 and commanding officer of the Gunnery School HMS Excellent at Portsmouth in January 1854.", "Senior command\n\nPromoted to rear-admiral on 18 June 1857, Maitland gave evidence to the Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom in 1859 and argued that building powerful ships was more important than building fortifications.", "He became Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station, with his flag in the screw frigate HMS Bacchante, in May 1860 and stood down from that post in October 1862.", "He inherited the title of Earl of Lauderdale on the death of his cousin on 22 March 1863, was promoted to vice admiral on 30 November 1863 and was advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 28 March 1865.", "Maitland was appointed First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp to the Queen on 22 November 1866.", "Promoted to full admiral on 8 April 1868, he retired in February 1873 and was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 24 May 1873.", "He was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 27 December 1877 and died at his home, Thirlestane Castle in Berwickshire on 1 September 1878.", "Family\nOn 7 February 1828, Maitland married Amelia Young at Rio de Janeiro (whilst posted in South America) and they had one son, Thomas Mordaunt (1838–1844), and three daughters, Isabel Anne (d. 1854), Lady Alice Charlotte (d. 1883) and Lady Mary Jane (1847–1918).", "He was succeeded in the earldom by Charles Barclay-Maitland, his second cousin once removed.", "References\n\nSources\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n \n William Loney Career History\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n1803 births\n1878 deaths\nRoyal Navy personnel of the First Opium War\nEarls of Lauderdale\nKnights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath\nRoyal Navy admirals of the fleet\nScottish representative peers\nPeople from County Cork" ]

[ "The 11th Earl of Lauderdale was an officer and peer of the Royal Navy.", "The blockade of Algiers by Greek revolutionaries in July 1824 was supported by him as a junior officer as well as an operation to land a naval brigade in Brazil to protect Pedro I, the Emperor of Brazil, in the face of the Irish and German Mercenary.", "During the First Carlist War, he took part in the Battle of Luchana, an operation to defend the Port of Bilbao on the north coast of Spain.", "During the First Opium War, he commanded the 1st naval battalion at the Battle of Canton.", "He told the Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom that building powerful ships was more important than building fortifications.", "He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Station.", "The only son of a general.", "James and Mary Maitland's son, William, joined the navy on September 22, 1816.", "He was promoted to lieutenant on 16 May 1823 and was appointed to the Mediterranean Fleet.", "During the Greek War of Independence, he witnessed the blockade of Algiers by Greek revolutionaries.", "The flagship of the South America Station, the second-rateHMS Ganges, was commanded by Sir Robert Otway in March 1826.", "In the face of the Irish and German Mercenary Soldiers' Revolt in June 1828, he saw action again when the naval brigade of HMS Ganges was sent to Brazil to protect Pedro I, the Emperor of Brazil.", "He came home when the ship became a guard ship.", "When he became commanding officer of the sloop Sparrowhawk on the North America and West Indies Station in June 1832, he brought home a treasure freight of $589,405 and 42 bales of cochineal, a scale insect from which the red dye carmine is derived.", "During the First Carlist War, he took part in the Battle of Luchana, an operation to defend the Port of Bilbao on the north coast of Spain.", "He was awarded the knight's cross of the Order of Charles III for his support for the liberal forces of Maria Christina, the Regent of Spain, who had faced a revolt by Carlos, Count of Molina.", "After being promoted to captain on January 10, 1836, he became commanding officer of the third-rateHMS Wellesley, the flagship of Rear Admiral Frederick Maitland, who served as Commander-in-Chief of the East Indies and China Station.", "He served under Commodore James Bremer at the Second Battle of Chuenpi in January 1841 and at the Battle of the Bogue in February 1841, after the death of Frederick Maitland.", "He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the Bath on June 29, 1841, after he commanded the 1st naval battalion during the Battle of Canton.", "After taking part in the Battle of Amoy in August 1841, he remained on the station and fought at some of the later battles, including the Capture of Chusan in October 1841 and the Battle of Ningpo in March 1842.", "In November 1846, he became the commanding officer of the third-rateHMS America off the coast of Portugal, and in April 1848 he became the commander-in-chief of the first-rateHMS San Josef.", "He became the commanding officer of the second-rateHMS Agamemnon in the Channel Squadron in September 1852, the commanding officer of the first-rateHMS Victory in December 1854, and the commanding officer of the Gunner in December 1856.", "Senior command Promoted to rear-admiral on 18 June 1857 and gave evidence to the Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom in 1859 in which he argued that building powerful ships was more important than building fortifications.", "He became the Commander-in-Chief of Pacific Station in May 1860 and stood down in October 1862.", "He became Earl of Lauderdale on the death of his cousin on March 22, 1863, and was promoted to vice admiral on November 30, 1863, and Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on March 28, 1865.", "The Queen appointed Maitland as First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp.", "He was promoted to admiral on April 8, 1868 and was promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on May 24, 1873.", "He died at his home in Thirlestane Castle on September 1st, 1878, after being promoted to admiral of the fleet.", "A family was formed on February 7, 1828, when Maitland married Amelia Young, they had one son, Thomas Mordaunt, and three daughters, Isabel Anne, Lady Alice Charlotte, and Lady Mary.", "He was succeeded in the earldom by his second cousin.", "William Loney was the Earl of Lauderdale Knights and the Royal Navy personnel of the First Opium War." ]

[ "Thomas Maitland", "Thomas Cochrane", "Earl", "Thomas Mo" ]

[ "Lauderdale", "Thomas Mo" ]

[ "Carol Jean Vorderman, (born 24 December 1960) is a British media personality, best known for co-hosting the game show Countdown for 26 years from 1982 until 2008, as a newspaper columnist and nominal author of educational and diet books, and hosting the annual Pride of Britain awards.", "She has written books on detox diets.", "Vorderman's career began in 1982 when she joined Channel 4 game show Countdown.", "She appeared on the show with Richard Whiteley from 1982 until his death in 2005, and subsequently with Des Lynam and Des O'Connor, before leaving in 2008.", "While appearing on Countdown, Vorderman began presenting other shows for various broadcasters including Better Homes and The Pride of Britain Awards for ITV, as well as guest hosting shows such as Have I Got News for You, The Sunday Night Project and Lorraine.", "Vorderman was a presenter of ITV's Loose Women from 2011 until 2014.", "Early life and education\nVorderman was born in Bedford, Bedfordshire, the youngest of three children of Dutch father, Anton Vorderman (1920–2007), and a Welsh mother, Edwina Jean Davies (1928–2017).", "Her parents separated three weeks after her birth, and her mother took the family back to her home town of Prestatyn, Denbighshire, North Wales, where Vorderman and her siblings, Anton and Trixie, grew up in a one-parent household.", "Vorderman did not see her father again until she was 42.", "In 1970, her mother married Italian Armido Rizzi.", "The couple separated ten years later.", "Vorderman's father remarried; his wife died in the early 1990s.", "Vorderman was educated at Blessed Edward Jones Catholic High School in nearby Rhyl.", "In 1978, aged 17, she went to read engineering at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.", "Vorderman went to Cambridge as one of the youngest women ever admitted at the time.", "She left with a third-class degree, a result she has described as having been \"disappointing\".", "She is a member of the Nines Club, having achieved a third-class grade in each year of study.", "Vorderman did not trace the Dutch side of her family until 2007 (as part of the BBC genealogy programme Who Do You Think You Are?).", "It was only then that she discovered that her father had been an active member of the Dutch resistance during the Nazi occupation.", "He died while the programme was being filmed.", "Her great-grandfather Adolphe Vorderman played a key role in the discovery of vitamins.", "Early career\nVorderman initially found employment as a junior civil engineer at Dinorwig Power Station in Llanberis, Wales, and later as a graduate management trainee in Leeds.", "In her spare time, she was briefly a backing singer with friend Lindsay Forrest in the Leeds-based pop group Dawn Chorus and the Blue Tits, fronted by radio DJ Liz Kershaw during the early 1980s.", "The group recorded, among other songs, a version of The Undertones' hit Teenage Kicks (one of the tracks Vorderman had to identify during the \"intros round\" when she appeared on Never Mind the Buzzcocks in December 2009 – the series often includes questions from contestants' pasts).", "During 1984–85 she made regular appearances on the Peter Levy show on Radio Aire, appearing mid-morning to read a story for pre-school children.", "In the mid-1980s, Vorderman worked part-time in the Information Services Department of the UK Atomic Energy Authority, principally in the production of in-house video programmes.", "Television career\n\nCountdown\n\n1982–2008\nVorderman's mother noticed a newspaper advertisement asking for \"a woman with good mathematical skills\" to appear as co-host on a quiz show for the fledgling fourth terrestrial channel.", "She submitted an application on behalf of her daughter, then aged 21.", "Vorderman appeared on Countdown from the show's inception in 1982 until 2008.", "Initially, Vorderman's only contribution to the show was the numbers game, and she formed part of a five-person presentation team.", "However, over the following years, the team was pared down, and Vorderman began handling tiles for both the letters and numbers games.", "Vorderman thus became a new type of game show hostess, revealing her intellectual ability by carrying out fast and accurate arithmetic calculations during the numbers game to reach an exact solution if neither contestant was able to do so.", "Her lasting success on the show led to her becoming one of the highest-paid women in Britain, ultimately earning her an estimated £1 million per year.", "After Richard Whiteley\nIn June 2005, the producers of Countdown asked Vorderman if she wanted to fill the role of main presenter vacated by the recently deceased Richard Whiteley.", "Vorderman declined, and a search for a new presenter began while the show went into a four-month hiatus.", "In October 2005, Des Lynam replaced Whiteley and co-hosted with Vorderman.", "In January 2007 Des O'Connor replaced Lynam; Vorderman continued to co-host the show.", "On 25 July 2008, after 26 unbroken years with the show, it was announced that Vorderman was stepping down from Countdown.", "She later said she had resigned after failing to agree terms with Channel 4 for a new contract, and it was reported that she had been asked to take a cut of 90% from her previous salary, estimated as £900,000.", "She had considered leaving the show when the show's original host Richard Whiteley died in 2005, but remained on the show when Lynam took over, and until 2008 when his eventual replacement O'Connor announced he was also to step down as the show's host.", "Vorderman and O'Connor both left the show in December 2008.", "Vorderman recorded her last Countdown show on 13 November 2008 which was broadcast on 12 December 2008.", "Both of her children were in the audience, together with many of the previous guests from \"Dictionary Corner\".", "After the prizegiving at the end of the show, Des O'Connor was presented with a bouquet of flowers by the show's lexicographer Susie Dent, and Vorderman received one from Gyles Brandreth.", "She was too moved to complete her farewells.", "A special show, One Last Consonant, Please Carol, hosted by Brandreth and featuring Vorderman's highs and lows during the 26 years of the show, was also filmed and transmitted just before her final Countdown appearance.", "After leaving Countdown, Vorderman continued to contribute her column to the British magazine Reveal.", "Channel 4 admitted in 2009 that all Countdown presenters had always worn earpieces, and that producers would \"sometimes supply extra ideas as there are often multiple options to ensure viewers are given the best possible answers.\"", "A source close to Vorderman denied that she had worn an earpiece or cheated in her mental arithmetic answers.", "Loose Women\n\nIn July 2011, Vorderman and Sally Lindsay were tipped for roles on Loose Women following ITV's decision to axe Kate Thornton and Zoë Tyler from the programme.", "This was later confirmed, with Vorderman presenting her first live show on 5 September 2011.", "From September 2011 to June 2013, Vorderman and fellow Loose Women host Andrea McLean hosted two to three shows per week.", "However, after the show returned from its summer break in September 2013, she began to host one episode per week, with McLean anchoring the remaining four.", "On 3 October 2013, it was announced that former Loose Women presenter Kaye Adams would be returning to the show later in the year and Ruth Langsford would join the panel in January 2014.", "Adams, Langsford and Andrea McLean hosted the show in rotation, with Vorderman remaining as an occasional presenter on the programme, usually presenting one episode a fortnight.", "On 14 July 2014, Vorderman announced her departure as a presenter on Loose Women.", "Vorderman explained:\n\nOther television work\nVorderman is the presenter of the annual Pride of Britain Awards, which are televised by ITV.", "She began hosting the awards when they were first introduced in 1999.", "In 2004, Vorderman took part in the second series of Strictly Come Dancing, partnered with professional dancer Paul Killick.", "She was the second celebrity to be eliminated from the show.", "She guest presented Have I Got News for You in 2004 and 2006 and also presented an episode of The Sunday Night Project.", "Vorderman guest presented 15 episodes of Lorraine in 2011.", "She presented the ITV Food show Food Glorious Food in 2013.", "In March 2013, Vorderman recorded an ITV gameshow pilot called Revolution.", "On 29 June 2013, it was announced that the show had been \"scrapped\" by ITV.", "In 2016, Vorderman finished in eighth place in the sixteenth series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", "On 7 April 2020, Vorderman appeared on The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off and won.", "Broadcast on S4C on 19 April 2020, Vorderman took part in the show ('Language Road Trip') and, with the help of Owain Wyn Evans, learned Welsh and completed various challenges in the language.", "An extra episode, ('Language Road Trip: Christmas') was broadcast at the end of 2020, interviewing each of the celebrities about whether they were still making use of their Welsh and the opportunities they had had to use Welsh during lockdown.", "Filmography\n\nTelevision\n\nOutside television\n\nJournalism\nVorderman has had newspaper columns in The Daily Telegraph, and in the Daily Mirror on Internet topics.", "She has written books on Detox diets.", "Her No.", "1 bestseller was Detox For Life, produced in collaboration with Ko Chohan and Anita Bean and published by Virgin Books, which sold over a million copies.", "Many school textbooks have been published under her name, chiefly by Dorling Kindersley in series such as English Made Easy, Maths Made Easy, Science Made Easy and How to Pass National Curriculum Maths.", "Commercial ventures\nVorderman also expanded her business ventures, launching a number of Sudoku products.", "In March 2007, she launched a brain-training game called Carol Vorderman's Mind Aerobics together with BSkyB.", "Also in 2007, she released a video game for PlayStation 2 in the United States entitled Carol Vorderman's Sudoku.", "In 2007, Vorderman did TV commercials for the frozen food chain Farmfoods – advertising \"Chippy Chips for £1\" and \"Cadbury's Cones for 99p\".", "In the autumn of 2008, soon after she completed her final regular Countdown show, Vorderman announced a new commercial venture, her own property development and sales company that would specialise in overseas holiday and retirement homes in the Caribbean, the Bahamas and Spain.", "It was called Carol Vorderman's Overseas Homes Ltd. She saw the company as a natural extension of her own experiences in buying and selling properties over recent years and was aiming at a target market of \"families aged 35 plus\".", "However, because of the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the venture proved short-lived.", "During March 2009 Vorderman publicly withdrew her name from the firm, which suspended trading soon afterwards.", "On 2 March 2010, Vorderman publicly launched her new commercial venture of an online mathematics coaching system for 4- to 12-year-old children under the name of the MathsFactor.", "Endorsement controversy\nVorderman had maintained a long-standing endorsement of the debt consolidation company First Plus, an association that ceased in 2007.", "In 2006, the charity Credit Action attempted to highlight the potential dangers of debt consolidation, calling on Vorderman to stop giving First Plus credibility.", "Her agent responded that Vorderman had no intention of curtailing the contract for a service which was perfectly legal and offered by an excellent company.", "When interviewed by The Daily Telegraph in November 2008 Vorderman herself responded with:\"The secured loans market was criticised and it was pertinent to pick me out, because I was a face.", "I advertised FirstPlus for 10 years.", "We had something like £1.5billion out on loan and until a matter of months ago there were no repossessions.", "When that programme [BBC's Real Story] was made, [there were] no repossessions.", "Did they say that?", "Funnily enough, no.\"", "Other activities\n\nOn 18 September 2010, Vorderman, a Catholic, co-presented events leading up to the Papal Vigil in Hyde Park, alongside author Frank Cottrell Boyce.", "On 2 June 2012, Vorderman named a Class 91 (91110) \"Battle of Britain Memorial Flight\" at the National Railway Museum as part of the Railfest 2012 Event.", "In 2014, Vorderman qualified for a private pilot's licence and announced that she planned to fly solo around the world.", "She named her plane Mildred after Mildred, Mrs Victor Bruce, a British record-breaking racing motorist, speedboat racer and aviator in the 1920s and 1930s, who Vorderman has described as \"my heroine.", "She’s one of the most incredible women of the last century\".", "On 20 November 2014, Vorderman accepted the appointment of ambassador to the Royal Air Force Air Cadets, saying: \"I am truly honoured to be appointed as an ambassador for the RAF Air Cadets.", "I can't wait to meet the cadets, and the adult volunteer staff who give so much of their time to support them.", "The cadets themselves are a shining example of the best of British youngsters, standing with them on a parade square will be a great privilege.\"", "Vorderman assumed the rank of Honorary Group Captain for the duration of her appointment.", "She is the first female to be appointed Ambassador in the Royal Air Force Air Cadets' 75 year history after taking over from former ambassador Sir Chris Hoy.", "Vorderman has also taken up learning the Welsh language and has been using the Say Something in Welsh online course.", "In early 2020, she said \"I've been learning Welsh ... and I love it.", "It's taken me back to my roots\".", "Personal life\nVorderman is a Catholic.", "She was first married in 1985 at age 24 to Christopher Mather, a Royal Navy officer, but the marriage lasted only twelve months.", "Her second marriage was to management consultant Patrick King in 1990 at age 29.", "Vorderman had two children, Katie (b.", "1992) and Cameron (b.", "1997), with King; the couple separated in 2000.", "After meeting at a Christmas party in 1999, Vorderman and Des Kelly lived together in London from 2001, also using their other house in Glandore, West Cork, Ireland.", "After five years together, Vorderman and Kelly separated in December 2006, publicly announcing the amicable split in January 2007 and after a brief reconciliation in Bristol according to reports.", "Vorderman shares her Bristol home with her two children.", "Vorderman lived with or very near to her mother all her life, until her death in 2017.", "On 6 June 2020, she complained in a number of UK newspapers of being harassed by photographers in the road outside her home.", "Honours and awards\nVorderman was honoured as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for \"services to broadcasting\" in the Queen's Birthday Honours in June 2000.", "She has been elected as an Honorary Fellow of Bangor University in North Wales and, in 2000, received an Honorary Degree (MA) from the University of Bath.", "Vorderman was voted UK Female Rear of the Year in 2011.", "In 2014, she became the first celebrity to win the award twice.", "In November 2021, Vorderman was awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the Institution of Engineering and Technology in recognition of her outstanding contribution to the engineering profession.", "Political views\nVorderman has been critical of the Labour Party's education policies.", "In February 2009, it was announced that she was to head a task force established by the Conservative Party to look at the teaching of mathematics.", "David Cameron commented, \"Carol has got a passion for maths.", "We have all seen that on Countdown with her brilliant mental arithmetic and she is going to lead this task force so we can get the answers right.\"", "In an appearance on Question Time in March 2010, Vorderman was critical of all three major parties for hypocrisy in taking donations from non-domiciled taxpayers.", "Charity work\n\nVorderman is a patron of the Cleft Lip and Palate Association (CLAPA) (her older brother, Anton, was born with a cleft lip and palate).", "In 2005, she was the winner of Ant and Dec's Gameshow Marathon.", "As part of its 50th anniversary celebrations ITV ran a series of the nation's favourite game shows featuring celebrities competing to become Gameshow Marathon winner and raise money for the charity of their choice.", "As series winner Vorderman won £30,000 for CLAPA and £30,000 for Big Money, a grand total of £60,000 for CLAPA.", "In November 2011 Carol also appeared in the music video for New Vorder's 'Carol O Carol' (playing herself) a song written by Jim Salveson in 1999 about his love for Carol Vorderman.", "The video is directed by Tim Cocker and was released on 28 November 2011 in aid of the charity CLAPA.", "Vorderman appeared in a short film entitled 'Run for the future' which promotes prostate cancer awareness and a charity run held every year on the Bristol Downs to raise funds for the BUI prostate appeal.", "She has also taken part in the Great North Run on several occasions to raise money for Marie Curie Cancer Care.", "This was in memory of Richard Whiteley's sister Helen, who died of the disease.", "Vorderman is an active supporter and advocate of the RAF Association charity, appearing at airshows and taking part in other fundraising events.", "Videos and published writings\n Carol Vorderman's Pop Music Times Tables, 1990\n Carol Vorderman's How to Write a Perfect Letter, 1991\n How Mathematics Works, 1996\n Carol Vorderman's Guide to the Internet (written with Rob Young), 1998\n Carol Vorderman's How to Do Sudoku, 2005\n Carol Vorderman's Massive Book of Sudoku, 2005\n Eat Yourself Clever, 2008\n Carol Vorderman's Guide to Maths\n Carol Vorderman's Detox Diet\n It All Counts, 2010\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Carol Vorderman(BBC Radio Wales)\n Debrett's People of Today\n Carol Vorderman at Biogs.com\n\n1960 births\nLiving people\n20th-century Welsh writers\n21st-century Welsh writers\n20th-century Welsh women writers\n21st-century Welsh women writers\nAlumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge\nWelsh people of Dutch descent\nWelsh columnists\nWelsh television presenters\nWelsh Roman Catholics\nGMTV presenters and reporters\nPeople from Bedford\nPeople from Prestatyn\nPeople educated at Blessed Edward Jones RC High School\nMembers of the Order of the British Empire\nMensans\nRoyal Air Force officers holding honorary commissions\nCountdown (game show)\nBritish women columnists\nI'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", "(British TV series) participants\nBBC Radio Wales presenters\nThe Daily Telegraph people\nDaily Mirror people\nAlternative detoxification promoters\nBritish women pop singers\nYorkshire Television" ]

[ "Carol Jean Vorderman is a British media personality, best known for co-hosting the game show Countdown for 26 years from 1982 until 2008, as a newspaper columnist and nominal author of educational and diet books.", "She has written books.", "Vorderman began her career as a contestant on a game show.", "She appeared on the show with Richard Whiteley from 1982 until his death in 2005, before leaving in 2008.", "Vorderman began presenting other shows for various broadcasters including Better Homes and The Pride of Britain Awards for ITV, as well as guest hosting shows such as Have I Got News for You.", "Vorderman was a panelist on Loose Women.", "Vorderman was the youngest of three children of a Dutch father and a Welsh mother.", "Vorderman and her siblings grew up in a one-parent household after her parents separated three weeks after her birth.", "Vorderman didn't see her father again until she was 42.", "Her mother married an Italian in 1970.", "Ten years later, the couple separated.", "The wife of Vorderman's father died in the early 1990s.", "Vorderman attended Blessed Edward Jones Catholic High School.", "She went to Cambridge in 1978 to read engineering.", "One of the youngest women ever admitted to Cambridge was Vorderman.", "She left with a disappointing third-class degree.", "She achieved a third-class grade in each year of study and is a member of the Nines Club.", "Vorderman did not trace the Dutch side of her family until 2007.", "She discovered that her father was a member of the Dutch resistance during the Nazi occupation.", "The programme was being filmed when he died.", "The discovery of vitamins was made by her great-grandfather.", "Vorderman began his career as a junior civil engineer at the Dinorwig Power Station in Llanberis, Wales.", "During the early 1980s, she was a backing singer in the pop group Dawn Chorus and the Blue Tits with her friend Lindsay Forrest.", "One of the tracks Vorderman had to identify during the \"intros round\" when she appeared on Never Mind the Buzzcocks in December 2009, was a version of The Undertones' hit Teenage Kicks.", "She read a story to pre-school children on the Peter Levy show.", "Vorderman worked in the production of in-house video programmes in the Information Services Department of the UK Atomic Energy Authority.", "Vorderman's mother noticed a newspaper ad asking for a woman with good mathematical skills to appear on a quiz show.", "She applied on behalf of her daughter.", "Vorderman was on the show until 2008.", "Initially, Vorderman's only contribution to the show was the numbers game, and she was part of a five person presentation team.", "Vorderman began handling tiles for the letters and numbers games after the team was reduced.", "Vorderman became a new type of game show hostess, showing her intellectual ability by carrying out fast and accurate calculations during the numbers game to reach an exact solution if neither contestant was able to do so.", "She became one of the highest-paid women in Britain after her success on the show.", "Vorderman was asked if she wanted to fill the role of main presenter after Richard Whiteley died.", "The show went into a four-month hiatus after Vorderman declined.", "Whiteley and Vorderman co-hosted in October 2005.", "In January 2007, Des O'Connor took over from Vorderman.", "After 26 years with the show, Vorderman stepped down on July 25, 2008.", "She resigned after failing to agree terms with Channel 4 for a new contract, and it was reported that she had been asked to take a cut of 90% from her previous salary.", "When the show's original host Richard Whiteley died in 2005, she considered leaving the show, but stayed until 2008 when his replacement O'Connor announced he was also to step down as the show's host.", "In December 2008, Vorderman and O'Connor left the show.", "Vorderman's last show was broadcasted on 12 December 2008.", "Many of the previous guests from \"Dictionary Corner\" were in the audience with her children.", "Susie Dent, the show's lexicographer, presented a bouquet of flowers to Des O'Connor and Vorderman at the end of the show.", "She was moved to finish her farewells.", "A special show, One Last Consonant, Please Carol, hosted by Brandreth and featuring Vorderman's highs and lows during the 26 years of the show, was also filmed and transmitted just before her final Countdown appearance.", "Vorderman continued to contribute to the British magazine after leaving Countdown.", "In 2009, Channel 4 admitted that all Countdown presenters had always worn earpieces, and that producers would sometimes supply extra ideas as there are often multiple options to ensure viewers are given the best possible answers.", "A source close to Vorderman denied that she wore an earpiece.", "After Kate Thornton and Zo Tyler were axed from the show, Vorderman and Sally Lindsay were tipped for roles.", "Vorderman presented her first live show on 5 September 2011.", "Vorderman hosted two to three shows per week from September to June.", "She began to host one episode per week after the show returned from its summer break.", "Kaye Adams would be returning to the show later in the year and Ruth Langsford would join the panel in January.", "The show was hosted by Adams, Langsford, and McLean and Vorderman presented one episode a fortnight.", "On 14 July, Vorderman announced that she was leaving Loose Women.", "Vorderman is the host of the annual Pride of Britain Awards, which are televised by ITV.", "She hosted the awards when they were first introduced.", "Vorderman and Paul Killick competed in the second series of Strictly Come Dancing.", "She was the second celebrity to leave the show.", "She presented Have I Got News for You and The Sunday Night Project.", "Vorderman was a guest on the show in 2011.", "She presented the show Food Glorious Food.", "Vorderman recorded a pilot for a gameshow.", "On June 29, it was announced that the show had been scrapped.", "Vorderman finished in eighth place in the 16th series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", "Vorderman won on The Great Stand Up to Cancer bake off.", "Vorderman took part in a show on S4C called \"Language Road Trip\" in which he learned Welsh with the help of Owain Wyn Evans.", "An extra episode, 'Language Road Trip: Christmas', was broadcast at the end of 2020, interviewing each of the celebrities about whether they were still making use of their Welsh and the opportunities they had had to use Welsh during lockdown.", "Vorderman has written for The Daily Telegraph and Daily Mirror.", "She has written books.", "Her No.", "Detox For Life was published by Virgin Books and sold over a million copies.", "English Made Easy, Maths Made Easy, Science Made Easy and How to Pass National Curriculum Maths are some of the textbooks that have been published under her name.", "A number of Sudoku products were launched by Vorderman.", "Carol Vorderman's Mind Aerobics was launched in March of 2007.", "Carol Vorderman's Sudoku was a video game for the PS2 in the US.", "\"Chippy Chips for $1\" and \"Cadbury's Cones for 99p\" were some of the TV commercials Vorderman did for Farmfoods.", "In the autumn of 2008, Vorderman announced a new commercial venture, her own property development and sales company that would specialise in overseas holiday and retirement homes in the Caribbean, the Bahamas and Spain.", "Carol Vorderman saw the company as an extension of her own experiences in buying and selling properties and was aiming at a target market of \"families aged 35 plus\".", "The venture was short-lived because of the financial crisis.", "In March of 2009, Vorderman publicly withdrew her name from the firm.", "On 2 March 2010, Vorderman publicly launched her new commercial venture of an online mathematics coaching system for 4- to 12-year-old children under the name of the MathsFactor.", "Vorderman had a long-standing endorsement of the debt consolidation company First Plus.", "Credit Action called on Vorderman to stop giving First Plus credibility in 2006 after trying to highlight the dangers of debt consolidation.", "Vorderman had no intention of curtailing the contract for a service which was perfectly legal and offered by an excellent company, according to her agent.", "In an interview with The Daily Telegraph in November 2008, Vorderman said it was important to pick her out because she was a face.", "I was advertising FirstPlus for 10 years.", "Until a few months ago, there were no repossessions because we had so much money out on loan.", "There were no repossessions when the programme was made.", "Did they say that?", "Funnily enough, no.", "Vorderman, a Catholic, co-presented events leading up to the Papal Vigil in Hyde Park.", "Vorderman named a class at the National Railway Museum the \"Battle of Britain Memorial Flight\".", "Vorderman qualified for a private pilot's licence and planned to fly around the world.", "Vorderman has described Mrs. Victor Bruce, a British record-breaking racing motorist, speedboat racer and aviator in the 1920s and 1930s, as his hero.", "She is one of the most amazing women of the last century.", "Vorderman accepted the appointment of ambassador to the Royal Air Force Air Cadets, saying: \"I am truly honoured to be appointed as an ambassador for the RAF Air Cadets.\"", "I can't wait to meet the adult volunteer staff who give so much of their time to support the cadets.", "The cadets are a shining example of the best of British youngsters, standing with them on a parade square will be a great privilege.", "Vorderman was made a Group Captain for the duration of her appointment.", "She is the first female ambassador in the 75 year history of the Royal Air Force Air Cadets.", "The Say Something in Welsh online course has been used by Vorderman to learn the Welsh language.", "She said in early 2020 that she was learning Welsh.", "It has taken me back to where I came from.", "Vorderman is a catholic.", "She was married for the first time at the age of 24 to Christopher Mather, a Royal Navy officer.", "Patrick King was her second husband.", "Vorderman had two children.", "They were both born in 1992 and the same year.", "The couple separated in 2000.", "After meeting at a Christmas party in 1999, Vorderman and Des Kelly lived together in London before moving to Glandore, West Cork, Ireland.", "After five years together, Vorderman and Kelly separated in December 2006 and reconciled in January 2007, according to reports.", "Vorderman lives in Bristol with her two children.", "Vorderman was very close to her mother until her death.", "She complained in a number of UK newspapers about being harassed by photographers in the road outside her home.", "Vorderman was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire for services to broadcasting in the Queen's Birthday Honours in 2000.", "She received an MA from the University of Bath in 2000.", "The UK Female Rear of the Year was won by Vorderman.", "She was the first celebrity to win the award twice.", "Vorderman was honoured by the Institution of Engineering and Technology in recognition of her outstanding contribution to the engineering profession.", "Vorderman was critical of the Labour Party's education policies.", "In February 2009, it was announced that she was to head a task force looking at the teaching of mathematics.", "Carol has a passion for math.", "She is going to lead this task force so we can get the answers right, just like she did on Countdown.", "In an appearance on Question Time in March 2010, Vorderman was critical of all three major parties for hypocrisy in taking donations from non-domiciled taxpayers.", "Vorderman's older brother, Anton, was born with a cleft lip and palate.", "She won the Gameshow Marathon in 2005.", "As part of its 50th anniversary celebrations, ITV ran a series of the nation's favourite game shows featuring celebrities competing to become Gameshow Marathon winner and raise money for the charity of their choice.", "Vorderman won a grand total of over $60,000 for Big Money and CLAPA.", "In November of 2011, Carol appeared in the music video for New Vorder's 'Carol O Carol', a song written by Jim Salveson about his love for Carol Vorderman.", "The video was directed by Tim Cocker and was released in November of 2011.", "A charity run on the Bristol Downs is held every year to raise funds for the BUI prostate appeal after Vorderman appeared in a short film.", "She has participated in the Great North Run many times to raise money for Marie Curie Cancer Care.", "Helen, Richard Whiteley's sister, died of the disease.", "Vorderman is an advocate of the charity and has appeared at airshows.", "Carol Vorderman's Guide to the Internet was written with Rob Young.", "The Daily Telegraph, Daily Mirror, and Yorkshire Television are participants in the British TV series." ]

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[ "Carol Jean Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Carol Vorderman", "Carol Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Carol Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Carol", "Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Carol", "Carol Vorderman", "Vorderman", "Carol Vorderman" ]

[ "Kym Loren Worthy (born December 5, 1956) is the current prosecutor of Wayne County, Michigan, home to the city of Detroit.", "She is the first African-American woman to serve as a county prosecutor in Michigan.", "She became internationally recognized for prosecuting then Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick at the beginning of March 2008.", "Worthy received her undergraduate degree from the University of Michigan and her J.D.", "degree from the University of Notre Dame Law School.", "She attended high school in Alexandria, Virginia and is a 1974 graduate of T.C.", "Williams High School.", "Worthy started as an assistant prosecutor in the Wayne County Prosecutor's in 1984.", "She served in this position for ten years, becoming the first African-American special assignment prosecutor under Prosecutor John O'Hair.", "Her most notable prosecution was the trial of Walter Budzyn and Larry Nevers in the beating death of Malice Green.", "Worthy had an over 90% conviction rate.", "In 1994, Worthy was elected to the Detroit Recorder's Court (now the Wayne County Circuit Court).", "From 1994 until January 2004 Worthy was a judge on the Wayne County Circuit Court.", "In 2004, Worthy was appointed by the judges of the Wayne County Circuit Court bench to replace now Detroit Mayor Mike Duggan, who resigned to become the head of the Detroit Medical Center.", "The Wayne County Prosecutor's Office is by far the busiest in Michigan.", "There are 83 counties in Michigan yet Worthy's office handles 52% of all felony cases in Michigan and 64% of all serious felony cases that go to jury trial.", "In 2013 Worthy sued Wayne County alleging that Wayne County Executive Robert A. Ficano had provided her with an insufficient budget to fulfill her duties as outlined in the Michigan State Constitution.", "In June 2014 Worthy backed Warren Evans in his successful race to oust then Wayne Robert A. Ficano in the Democratic Primary.", "Detroit sexual assault kit backlog\n\nIn 2009 Worthy began working on resolving a massive backlog of unprocessed rape test kits in Detroit.", "Despite years of refusal to even allow assistant prosecutors to look for them for over a decade.", "; On August 17, 2009 assistant prosecutor Robert Spada discovered a massive number of kits sitting in a warehouse that the Detroit Police Department had used as an overflow storage facility for evidence.", "The 11,431 sexual assault kits languished in the DPD property warehouse from 1984 to 2009 without being submitted for testing.", "In one case, a 2002 rape was linked to a man who was incarcerated for three murders he committed in the seven years after the rape.", "From the inception of the project Worthy has been committed to ensuring that every kit is tested, every kit is investigated and that a victim-centered approach to the investigation of sexual assault is implemented.", "Because the City of Detroit was in bankruptcy and the then Wayne County Executive Robert Ficano would not provide funding for the project Worthy turned to the Detroit Crime Commission, Michigan Women's First Foundation and the African-American 490 Coalition to form a public- private partnership to raise funds to test the kits.", "; Donations also were given by citizens from all over the United States.", "The project received grants and funding from the National Institute for Justice, the State of Michigan and the New York District Attorneys Office.", "An important academic study of the project was authored by Michigan State University Professor Rebecca Campbell.", ";\n\nIn September 2016 Worthy hosted the first Detroit Sexual Assault Kit Summit that was attended by prosecutors, police, sexual assault victim service workers, academics, and journalists to share information learned from the Detroit Project.", "prosecutor-worthy-to-host-3-day-sexual-assault-kit-summit.", "In 2018 Worthy was featured in the documentary produced by Mariska Hargitay - I AM EVIDENCE.", "The documentary won a number of awards including the Emmy in 2019 for the Best Documentary in the News and Documentary category.", "The 10th Anniversary of the Detroit Rape Kit Project was marked by a commemorative ceremony celebrating the completion of the testing of all of the rape kits, state legislation that sets out time line for the submission of kits for testing and a statewide tracking system that allows victims to follow the progression of their kit for DNA testing.", "In 2020 the mission of the Detroit Sexual Assault Kit Project continues with investigations and prosecutions of rapists.", "As of June 2020 there have been 219 convictions, and 2234 cases that are actively being investigated.", "The cases tested from this project have been linked to 40 states: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.", "The Detroit Rape Kit Project has been a leader in this field establishing best practices across the county.", "Conviction integrity unit\n\nAfter wanting to have a Conviction Integrity Unit (CIU) for many years Worthy received the funding with the support of Wayne County Executive Warren C. Evans, from the Wayne County Commission in 2017.", "The Wayne County Prosecutor's Office CIU became operational in January 2018 and has received over 700 requests for investigation.", "It is headed by Director Valerie Newman.", "\"We are committed to taking these new claims of innocence seriously and we need any and all additional resources we can muster,” Worthy said.", "The Conviction Integrity Unit (the \"CIU\") investigates claims of innocence, to determine whether there is clear and convincing new evidence that the convicted defendant was not the person who committed the conviction offense.", "As stated in the American Bar Association standards, Rule 3.8(h), \"When a prosecutor knows of clear and convincing evidence establishing that a defendant in the prosecutor's jurisdiction was convicted of an offense that the defendant did not commit, the prosecutor shall seek to remedy the conviction.\"", "CIU makes recommendations to the Wayne County Prosecutor about the appropriate remedy (if any) that should result from its findings.", "The Wayne County Prosecutor makes all final decisions about whether a remedy should be provided to a person seeking review by the CIU.", "The CIU is not a court and its work is not governed by court rules of procedure.", "CIU investigates claims of actual innocence based on new evidence; it does not function as a \"13th juror\" to review factual questions that already have been decided by a jury.", "Its mission is to determine whether new evidence shows that an innocent person has been wrongfully convicted of a crime, and to recommend steps to rectify such situations.", "As of June 2020, there have been 19 prisoners who have filed claims and been released from prison.", "Prosecutor Worthy Dismisses Charges Against 10-Year-Old\n\nOn April 29, 2019 it was alleged that a 10-year-old child, struck another child in the face with a ball during a game of Tips at Ruth Eriksson Elementary, in Canton, Michigan.", "The child who was struck in the face sustained a black eye, bruised nose and later received treatment in the ER for a concussion.", "According to the injured child's mother, the boy had previous head injuries.", "The 10-year-old was charged by a Juvenile Unit assistant prosecutor with a juvenile misdemeanor, Aggravated Assault.", "The decision was not reviewed or approved by any supervisor which is required under office protocol.", "On July 31, 2019, the case was permanently dismissed by the Wayne County Prosecutor's Office.", "Prosecutor Worthy said, “The charge in this case was a mistake in judgment by this office, even though it was rectified by permanently dismissing the case on July 31, 2019, prior to the first scheduled court proceeding.", "To be clear, my office will not be refiling this petition, nor was it ever the intent of our office to do so.", "I have taken this extremely seriously, and concrete steps have already been made.", "I am currently reviewing the policies and procedures of our Juvenile Division and re-enforcing internal measures to prevent a similar matter from occurring in the future.”\n\nJuvenile mediation program\n\nWCPO Partners with the Wayne County Dispute Resolution Center on New Program\n\n\"I am pleased today to announce a partnership between the Wayne County Prosecutor's Office and the Wayne County Dispute Resolution Center.", "Together we will offer, through mediation, an alternative to charging adolescents and teens with certain offenses.", "Instead, they will meet with stakeholders, including the crime victims, to craft a solution short of formal charges.", "Wrap around services, counseling, and other options may be included in the solution.", "This program gives crime victims a voice and opportunity to impact the lives of the youth who victimized them.", "Collaboratively, it is our hope that if they successfully complete the recommended course of action, fewer juveniles will find themselves charged with a delinquency offense that may result in a delinquency record\", said Prosecutor Worthy.", "Why Talk It Out?", "Every year the Juvenile Division of the Wayne County Prosecutor's Office (WCPO) handles thousands of juvenile delinquency cases.", "While many of these matters are set on the formal court docket of the Third Circuit Family Division, there is a new alternate path available on appropriate cases.", "Prosecutor Worthy, in partnership with the Wayne County Dispute Resolution Center (WCDRC), offers select youth the option to participate in a unique juvenile mediation program called Talk It Out.", "* Although it is imperative that each juvenile who commits a delinquent act is held responsible for his or her conduct, Prosecutor Worthy recognizes the negative impact that juvenile adjudications may have on the future of young people.", "Those consequences may include: suspension or expulsion from school; the loss of college scholarships or the denial of college admission; and the required disclosure of a delinquency record on a job or military application.", "The WCPO has created a program that balances the need for delinquent youth to accept responsibility for their actions and the interests of delinquency victims seeking justice.", "With the assistance of an experienced WCDRC facilitator, Talk It Out will bring selected juvenile offenders and their victims together with a focus on repairing the harm resulting from the minor's behavior.", "The goal of Talk It Out is to provide an alternative to formal prosecution that gives delinquent youth an opportunity to take responsibility and make amends, while also giving the victims a forum to be heard and healed.", "Which juveniles are eligible to participate in Talk It Out?", "Upon successful referral by the WCPO, participants in Talk It Out are expected to take responsibility for their delinquent behavior and take reasonable steps to repair and/or alleviate harm done to the victims of their conduct.", "These juveniles must also be willing to hear from victims, including how their actions have harmed or impacted the victim.", "WCPO Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys (APAs) will evaluate new delinquency complaints to determine which cases are appropriate to recommend for Talk It Out.", "Except for a prior status or ordinance offense, only matters that constitute a juvenile's first delinquency violation will be considered.", "Examples of delinquency offenses to be considered for Talk It Out referral include minor property damage, theft, or simple assault.", "Eligible cases must have no more than one victim, and a parent/guardian of the juvenile must be willing to transport their child to all meetings scheduled as a part of the mediation process.", "Each victim will be contacted by an APA and must agree to the referral and mediation process before a case is accepted into the Talk It Out program.", "Richard Wershe, Jr. [edit]\nThe 2017 documentary White Boy detailed evidence that high-ranking Detroit officials engaged in a decades-long conspiracy to unjustly imprison Richard Wershe Jr., a former FBI informant arrested for possession of 8 kg of cocaine in 1987, when Wershe was only 17 years old.", "Despite being a non-violent offender and a juvenile at the time of his sentencing, Wershe was held in a Michigan prison for 29 years.", "In September 2015, Wayne County Circuit Judge Dana Hathaway ruled that Wershe's life sentence was unconstitutional and that he should be re-sentenced.", "Prosecutor Worthy objected to Hathaway's ruling, and Wershe lost his appeal for re-sentencing.", "[27] Worthy objected because Wershe was charged and convicted of operating a car theft ring in Florida when he was in prison there.", "One subject interviewed suggested that she was motivated by her \"personal and professional\" ties to former Detroit City Council President Gil Hill, subject of an FBI investigation for which Wershe was an informant.", "This has never been corroborated in any way and Worthy has denied this.", "In August 26, 2016, Worthy changed her posisiton and did not object to his parole from the Michigan Department of Corrections and he was released by the Michigan Parole Board in July 2017.", "See www.clickonDetroit.com kevin dietz reporter, August 26, 2016 He was then turned over to the Florida State Prison to serve time for operating a car theft ring.", "He was released from Florida State Prison on July 20, 2020.", "He will remain on parole in that case until August 22, 2021.", "Michigan Women's Hall of Fame\n\nIn 2018 after a distinguished career with many awards Worthy was inducted for her years of tireless work as the Wayne county Prosecutor and specifically for her outstanding work on resolving the Detroit Sexual Assault Kit Backlog.", "The other inductees were Dr. Mona Hanna-Attisha, Agatha Biddle and Clara Stanton Jones.", "References\n\nExternal links \n Detroit News, August 16th, 2004\n\n1957 births\nAfrican-American women lawyers\nAfrican-American lawyers\nAmerican prosecutors\nLiving people\nMichigan lawyers\nUniversity of Michigan alumni\nPlace of birth missing (living people)\nUniversity of Notre Dame alumni\nT. C. Williams High School alumni\n21st-century African-American people\n21st-century African-American women\n20th-century African-American people\n20th-century African-American women" ]

[ "Worthy is the current prosecutor of Wayne County, Michigan, which is home to the city of Detroit.", "She is the first black prosecutor in Michigan.", "At the beginning of March 2008, she became internationally recognized for prosecuting the then Detroit Mayor.", "Worthy received her undergraduate degree from the University of Michigan.", "The University of Notre Dame has a law school.", "She is a 1974 graduate of T.C. and attended high school in Alexandria, Virginia.", "Williams is a high school.", "Worthy was an assistant prosecutor in the Wayne County Prosecutor's.", "She was the first African-American special assignment prosecutor.", "Walter Budzyn and Larry Nevers were tried for the murder of Malice Green.", "Worthy had a high conviction rate.", "Worthy was elected to the Detroit Recorder's Court in 1994.", "Worthy was a judge on the Wayne County Circuit Court.", "In 2004, Worthy was appointed by the judges of the Wayne County Circuit Court bench to replace Detroit Mayor Mike Duggan, who resigned to become the head of the Detroit Medical Center.", "In Michigan, the Wayne County Prosecutor's Office is the busiest.", "More than half of all felony cases in Michigan are handled by Worthy's office and more than half of all serious felony cases go to jury trial.", "According to the Michigan State Constitution, Wayne County Executive Robert A. Ficano had provided Worthy with an insufficient budget to fulfill her duties.", "Worthy supported Warren Evans in his campaign to oust Wayne Robert A. Ficano in the Democratic Primary.", "In 2009, Worthy began to work on resolving a large number of rape test kits in Detroit.", "For over a decade, assistant prosecutors were not allowed to look for them.", "The Detroit Police Department used an overflow storage facility for evidence after Robert Spada discovered a massive number of kits sitting in a warehouse.", "The sexual assault kits were not submitted for testing from 1984 to 2009.", "In one case, a 2002 rape was linked to a man who was in prison for three murders he committed after the rape.", "Worthy has been committed to ensuring that every kit is tested, every kit is investigated and that a victim-centered approach to the investigation of sexual assault is implemented.", "The Detroit Crime Commission, Michigan Women's First Foundation and the African-American 490 Coalition formed a public-private partnership to raise funds to test the kits because the City of Detroit was in bankruptcy.", "Citizens from all over the United States gave donations.", "The project was funded by the National Institute for Justice, the State of Michigan and the New York District Attorneys Office.", "Rebecca Campbell is a professor at Michigan State University.", "The first Detroit Kit Sexual Summit was held in September 2016 and was attended by prosecutors, police, sexual assault victim service workers, academics, and journalists.", "prosecutor-worthy to host a summit.", "Worthy was featured in a documentary produced by Mariska Hargitay.", "The Best Documentary in the News and Documentary category was won by the documentary.", "The 10th anniversary of the Detroit Rape Kit Project was marked by a ceremony celebrating the completion of the testing of all of the rape kits, state legislation that sets out time line for the submission of kits for testing and a statewide tracking system that allows victims to follow the progression of their", "In 2020 there will be investigations and prosecutions of rapists.", "There have been 219 convictions as of June 2020.", "The cases have been linked to 40 states, including Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, and", "The Detroit Rape Kit Project is a leader in this field.", "Worthy received funding for a Conviction Integrity Unit from the Wayne County Commission.", "Over 700 requests for investigation have been received by the Wayne County Prosecutor's Office.", "Director Valerie Newman is in charge of it.", "\"We are committed to taking these new claims of innocence seriously and we need any and all additional resources we can muster,\" Worthy said.", "The Conviction Integrity Unit investigates claims of innocence to determine if there is clear and convincing new evidence that the convicted person was not the one who committed the crime.", "Rule 3.8(h) of the American Bar Association states that when a prosecutor knows of clear and convincing evidence that a person did not commit a crime, the prosecutor should try to get the conviction thrown out.", "The appropriate remedy should be made by CIU to the Wayne County Prosecutor.", "The Wayne County Prosecutor has final say on whether a remedy should be given to a person.", "The work of the CIU is not governed by court rules.", "CIU does not function as a 13th juror to review factual questions that have already been decided by a jury.", "If new evidence shows that an innocent person has been wrongly convicted of a crime, it's mission is to recommend steps to correct the situation.", "Nineteen prisoners have been released from prison since June 2020.", "It was alleged that a 10-year-old child struck another child in the face with a ball during a game of tips at Ruth Eriksson Elementary in Canton, Michigan.", "The child with the black eye and bruised nose 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "The boy's mother said he had previous head injuries.", "The 10-year-old was charged with a juvenile crime.", "Under office protocol, the decision was not reviewed or approved by a supervisor.", "The case was permanently dismissed by the Wayne County Prosecutor's Office.", "The charge in this case was a mistake by the office, even though the case was permanently dismissed on July 31, 2019.", "My office will not be refiling this petition, nor was the intent of our office to do so.", "concrete steps have already been made, and I have taken this very seriously.", "I am currently reviewing the policies and procedures of our juvenile division and re-enforcing internal measures to prevent a similar matter from occurring in the future.", "Through mediation, we will offer an alternative to charging adolescents and teens with certain offenses.", "They will meet with crime victims to come up with a solution that doesn't involve formal charges.", "Wrap around services, counseling, and other options may be included in the solution.", "The program gives crime victims a chance to make a difference.", "It is our hope that if they successfully complete the recommended course of action, they will not be charged with a delinquency offense that could result in a record of being delinquent.", "Why talk about it?", "The Wayne County Prosecutor's Office handles thousands of juvenile cases each year.", "Many of these matters are set on the formal court docket of the Third Circuit Family Division, but there is a new alternative path available.", "Talk It Out is a unique juvenile mediation program offered by Prosecutor Worthy and the Wayne County Dispute Resolution Center.", "It is important that each juvenile who commits a delinquent act is held responsible for his or her conduct, but Prosecutor Worthy understands the negative impact that juvenile adjudications may have on the future of young people.", "The consequences may include suspension or expulsion from school, the loss of college scholarships, or the denial of college admission.", "There is a need for delinquent youth to accept responsibility for their actions, but there is also a need for delinquency victims to get justice.", "Talk It Out will bring selected juvenile offenders and their victims together with a focus on repairing the harm caused by the minor's behavior.", "The goal of Talk It Out is to provide an alternative to formal prosecution that gives delinquent youth an opportunity to take responsibility and make amends, while also giving the victims a forum to be heard and healed.", "Which juvenile can participate in Talk It Out?", "Participants in Talk It Out are expected to take responsibility for their delinquent behavior and take reasonable steps to repair and/or alleviate harm done to the victims of their conduct.", "They need to be willing to hear from victims about how their actions have hurt them.", "The APAs will evaluate the new complaints to see which ones are appropriate for Talk It Out.", "Only matters that constitute a juvenile's first delinquency violation will be considered.", "Minor property damage, theft, and simple assault are examples of offenses that can be considered for Talk It Out referral.", "Eligible cases must have no more than one victim, and a parent/guardian of the juvenile must be willing to transport their child to all meetings scheduled as part of the mediation process.", "Each victim will be contacted by an APA and must agree to the referral and mediation process before a case is accepted into the Talk It Out program.", "The documentary White Boy detailed evidence that high-ranking Detroit officials were involved in a decades-long conspiracy to wrongly imprison Richard Wershe Jr., a former FBI confidential.", "Wershe was held in a Michigan prison for 29 years despite being a non-violent offenders and a juvenile at the time of his sentencing.", "In September 2015, the judge ruled that Wershe's life sentence was unconstitutional and that he should be re-sentenced.", "Worthy objected to the ruling and Wershe lost his appeal.", "Worthy objected because Wershe was charged and convicted of operating a car theft ring in Florida when he was in prison.", "One subject said that she was motivated by her personal and professional ties to the former Detroit City Council President Gil Hill, who was an FBI Informant.", "This has been denied by Worthy.", "He was released by the Michigan Parole Board in July of last year after Worthy changed her mind and did not object to his parole from the Michigan Department of Correction.", "He was turned over to the Florida State Prison to serve time for operating a car theft ring.", "On July 20, 2020, he was released from the Florida State Prison.", "He will remain on parole until August 22, 2021.", "After a distinguished career with many awards, Worthy was in the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame for her outstanding work on the Detroit Sexual assault Kit Backlog.", "Four other people were inducted.", "African-American women lawyers African-American lawyers American prosecutors Living people Michigan lawyers University of Michigan alumni T. C. Williams High School alumni" ]

[ "Kym Loren Worthy", "Worthy", "Worthy", "Worthy" ]

[ "Worthy", "Worthy", "Worthy", "Worthy", "Worthy" ]

[ "Johannes Stark (, 15 April 1874 – 21 June 1957) was a German physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1919 \"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields\".", "This phenomenon is known as the Stark effect.", "Stark received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Munich in 1897 under the supervision of Eugen von Lommel, and served as Lommel's assistant until his appointment as a lecturer at the University of Göttingen in 1900.", "He was an extraordinary professor at Leibniz University Hannover from 1906 until he became a professor at RWTH Aachen University in 1909.", "In 1917, he became professor at the University of Greifswald, and he also worked at the University of Würzburg from 1920 to 1922.", "A supporter of Adolf Hitler from 1924, Stark was one of the main figures, along with fellow Nobel laureate Philipp Lenard, in the anti-Semitic Deutsche Physik movement, which sought to remove Jewish scientists from German physics.", "He was appointed head of the German Research Foundation in 1933 and was president of the Reich Physical-Technical Institute from 1933 to 1939.", "In 1947 he was found guilty as a \"Major Offender\" by a denazification court.", "Biography\n\nEarly years\nBorn in Schickenhof, Kingdom of Bavaria (now Freihung), Stark was educated at Bayreuth Gymnasium (secondary school) and later in Regensburg.", "His collegiate education began at the University of Munich, where he studied physics, mathematics, chemistry, and crystallography.", "His tenure at that college began in 1894; he graduated in 1897, with his doctoral dissertation titled Untersuchung über einige physikalische, vorzüglich optische Eigenschaften des Rußes (Investigation of some physical, in particular optical properties of soot).", "Career\nStark worked in various positions at the Physics Institute of his alma mater until 1900, when he became an unsalaried lecturer at the University of Göttingen.", "An extraordinary professor at Hannover by 1906, in 1908 he became professor at RWTH Aachen University.", "He worked and researched at physics departments of several universities, including the University of Greifswald, until 1922.", "In 1919, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his \"discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields\" (the latter is known as the Stark effect).", "From 1933 until his retirement in 1939, Stark was elected President of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, while also President of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.", "It was Stark who, as the editor of the Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik, asked in 1907, then still rather unknown, Albert Einstein to write a review article on the principle of relativity.", "Stark seemed impressed by relativity and Einstein's earlier work when he quoted \"the principle of relativity formulated by H. A. Lorentz and A. Einstein\" and \"Planck's relationship M0 = E0/c2\" in his 1907 paper in Physikalische Zeitschrift, where he used the equation e0 = m0c2 to calculate an \"elementary quantum of energy\", i.e.", "the amount of energy related to the mass of an electron at rest.", "While working on his article, Einstein began a line of thought that would eventually lead to his generalized theory of relativity, which in turn became (after its confirmation) the start of Einstein's worldwide fame.", "This is ironic, given Stark's later work as an anti-Einstein and anti-relativity propagandist in the Deutsche Physik movement.", "Stark published more than 300 papers, mainly regarding electricity and other such topics.", "He received various awards, including the Nobel Prize, the Baumgartner Prize of the Vienna Academy of Sciences (1910), the Vahlbruch Prize of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences (1914), and the Matteucci Medal of the Rome Academy.", "Probably his best known contribution to the field of physics is the Stark effect, which he discovered in 1913.", "In 1970 the International Astronomical Union honored him with a crater on the far-side of the moon, without knowing about his Nazi activities.", "The name was dropped on August 12, 2020.", "He married Luise Uepler, and they had five children.", "His hobbies were the cultivation of fruit trees and forestry.", "He worked in his private laboratory, which he set up using his Nobel prize money, on his country estate in Upper Bavaria after the second world war.", "There he studied the deflection of light in an electric field.", "Affiliation with Nazism\n\nFrom 1924 onwards, Stark supported Hitler.", "During the Nazi regime, Stark attempted to become the Führer of German physics through the Deutsche Physik (\"German physics\") movement (along with fellow Nobel laureate Philipp Lenard) against the \"Jewish physics\" of Albert Einstein and Werner Heisenberg (who was not Jewish).", "After Werner Heisenberg defended Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, Stark wrote an angry article in the official SS newspaper Das Schwarze Korps, calling Heisenberg a \"White Jew\".", "On August 21, 1934, Stark wrote to physicist and fellow Nobel laureate Max von Laue, telling him to toe the party line or suffer the consequences.", "The letter was signed off with \"Heil Hitler.\"", "In his 1934 book Nationalsozialismus und Wissenschaft (English: \"National Socialism and Science\") Stark maintained that the priority of the scientist was to serve the nation—thus, the important fields of research were those that could help German arms production and industry.", "He attacked theoretical physics as \"Jewish\" and stressed that scientific positions in Nazi Germany should only be held by pure-blooded Germans.", "Writing in Das Schwarze Korps, Stark argued that even if racial antisemitism were to triumph, it would only be a 'partial victory' if 'Jewish' ideas were not similarly defeated: \"We also have to eradicate the Jewish spirit, whose blood can flow just as undisturbed today as before if its carriers hold beautiful Aryan passes\".", "In 1947, following the defeat of Germany in World War II, Stark was classified as a \"Major Offender\" and received a sentence of four years' imprisonment (later suspended) by a denazification court.", "Later life and death\n\nStark spent the last years of his life on his Gut Eppenstatt near Traunstein in Upper Bavaria, where he died in 1957 at the age of 83.", "He was buried in Schönau am Königssee in the mountain cemetery.", "See also\nStark-Einstein law\n\nPublications\n Die Entladung der Elektricität von galvanisch glühender Kohle in verdünntes Gas.", "(Sonderabdruck aus 'Annalen der Physik und Chemie', Neue Folge, Band 68).", "Leipzig, 1899\n Der elektrische Strom zwischen galvanisch glühender Kohle und einem Metall durch verdünntes Gas.", "(Sonderabdruck aus 'Annalen der Physik und Chemie', Neue Folge, Band 68).", "Leipzig, 1899\n Aenderung der Leitfähigkeit von Gasen durch einen stetigen elektrischen Strom.", "(Sonderabdruck aus 'Annalen der Physik', 4.", "Folge, Band 2).", "Leipzig, 1900\n Ueber den Einfluss der Erhitzung auf das elektrische Leuchten eines verdünnten Gases.", "(Sonderabdruck aus 'Annalen der Physik', 4.", "Folge, Band 1).", "Leipzig, 1900\n Ueber elektrostatische Wirkungen bei der Entladung der Elektricität in verdünnten Gasen.", "(Sonderabdruck aus 'Annalen der Physik', 4.", "Folge, Band 1).", "Leipzig, 1900\n Kritische Bemerkungen zu der Mitteilung der Herren Austin und Starke über Kathodenstrahlreflexion.", "Sonderabdruck aus 'Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft', Jahrgang 4, Nr.", "8).", "Braunschweig, 1902\n Prinzipien der Atomdynamik.", "1.", "Teil.", "Die elektrischen Quanten., 1910\n Schwierigkeiten für die Lichtquantenhypothese im Falle der Emission von Serienlinien.", "(Sonderabdruck aus 'Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft', Jg.", "XVI, Nr 6).", "Braunschweig, 1914\n Bemerkung zum Bogen – und Funkenspektrum des Heliums.", "(Sonderabdruck aus 'Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft.", "', Jg.", "XVI, Nr.", "10).", "Braunschweig, 1914\n Folgerungen aus einer Valenzhypothese.", "III.", "Natürliche Drehung der Schwingungsebene des Lichtes.", "(Sonderabdruck aus `Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik', Heft 2, Mai 1914), Leipzig, 1914\n Methode zur gleichzeitigen Zerlegung einer Linie durch das elektrische und das magnetische Feld.", "(Sonderabdruck aus 'Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft.", "', Jg.", "XVI, Nr.", "7).", "Braunschweig, 1914\n Die gegenwärtige Krise der deutschen Physik, (\"The Thoroughgoing Crisis in German Physics\") 1922\n Natur der chemischen Valenzkräfte, 1922\n Hitlergeist und Wissenschaft, 1924 together with Philipp Lenard\n Die Axialität der Lichtemission und Atomstruktur, Berlin 1927\n Atomstruktur und Atombindung, A. Seydel, Berlin 1928\n Atomstrukturelle Grundlagen der Stickstoffchemie., Leipzig, 1931\n Nationalsozialismus und Katholische Kirche, (\"National Socialism and the Catholic Church\") 1931\n Nationalsozialismus und Katholische Kirche.", "II.", "Teil: Antwort auf Kundgebungen der deutschen Bischöfe., 1931\n Nationale Erziehung, 1932\n Nationalsozialismus und Wissenschaft (\"National Socialism and Science\") 1934\n \n Physik der Atomoberfläche, 1940\n Jüdische und deutsche Physik, (\"Jewish and German Physics\") with Wilhelm Müller, written at the University of Munich in 1941\n Nationale Erziehung, Zentrumsherrschaft und Jesuitenpolitik, undated\n Hitlers Ziele und Persönlichkeit (\"Hitler's Aims and Personality\"), undated\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n Andreas Kleinert: \"Die Axialität der Lichtemission und Atomstruktur\".", "Johannes Starks Gegenentwurf zur Quantentheorie.", "In: Astrid Schürmann, Burghard Weiss (Eds.", "): Chemie – Kultur – Geschichte.", "Festschrift für Hans-Werner Schütt anlässlich seines 65.", "Geburtstages.", "Berlin u. Diepholz 2002, pp.", "213–222.", "External links\n\n Pictures of a Danish translation of Stark's Adolf Hitler: Aims and Personality\n Klaus Hentschel (ed.)", "Physics and National Socialism.", "An Anthology of Primary Sources., Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel, 1996; 2.", "Aufl.", "2011, .\n \n including the Nobel Lecture, June 3, 1920 Structural and Spectral Changes of Chemical Atoms\n\n1874 births\n1957 deaths\n20th-century German physicists\nGerman Nobel laureates\nLudwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni\nOptical physicists\nNazis\nNobel laureates in Physics\nPeople from Amberg-Sulzbach\nPeople from the Kingdom of Bavaria\nRelativity critics\nSpectroscopists\nUniversity of Göttingen faculty\nUniversity of Greifswald faculty\nUniversity of Hanover faculty\nUniversity of Würzburg faculty\nRecipients of the Matteucci Medal" ]

[ "The discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields was made by Johannes Stark.", "The Stark effect is a phenomenon.", "Stark was appointed a lecturer at the University of Gttingen in 1900 after serving as an assistant to Eugen von Lommel.", "From 1906 to 1909, he was a professor at RWTH Aachen University.", "From 1920 to 1922, he worked at the University of Wrzburg and the University of Greifswald.", "Stark was one of the main figures in the anti-SemiticDeutsche Physik movement, which sought to remove Jewish scientists from German physics.", "He was president of the Reich Physical-Technical Institute from 1933 to 1939 and head of the German Research Foundation from 1933 to 1933.", "He was found guilty of being a Major Offender in 1947.", "Stark was educated at Bayreuth Gymnasium and later in Regensburg.", "He studied physics, mathematics, chemistry, and crystallography at the University of Munich.", "His tenure at that college began in 1894 and ended in 1897.", "Career Stark was an unsalaried lecturer at the University of Gttingen after working in various positions at the Physics Institute of his alma mater.", "He became a professor at RWTH Aachen University in 1908.", "He worked in the University of Greifswald's physics department until 1922.", "He won the physics prize in 1919 for his discovery of the Stark effect and the Doppler effect in canal rays.", "Stark was elected President of the Reichsanstalt from 1933 until his retirement in 1939.", "Albert Einstein was asked to write a review article on the principle of relativity by Stark, the editor of the Radioaktivitt und Elektronik.", "The principle of relativity formulated by H. A.Lorentz and A. Einstein was quoted by Stark in his 1907 paper.", "The mass of an electron is related to the amount of energy.", "While working on his article, Einstein began a line of thought that would eventually lead to his generalized theory of relativity, which in turn became the start of Einstein's worldwide fame.", "Stark's later work in theDeutsche Physik movement was anti-Einstein and anti-relativity.", "Stark published more than 300 papers.", "He received a number of awards, including the Nobel Prize, the Vahlbruch Prize of the Gttingen Academy of Sciences, and the Matteucci Medal of the Rome Academy.", "The Stark effect, which he discovered in 1913, is probably his best known contribution to the field of physics.", "He was honored with a crater on the far-side of the moon without knowing about his Nazi activities.", "August 12, 2020 was when the name was dropped.", "They had five children.", "His hobbies were growing fruit trees.", "After the second world war, he used his prize money to set up a private laboratory on his country estate.", "He looked at the light's reflection in an electric field.", "Stark supported Hitler from 1924 onwards.", "Stark tried to become the Fhrer of German physics through the German physics movement, which was against the \"Jewish physics\" of Albert Einstein and Werner Heisenberg.", "Stark called Heisenberg a \"White Jew\" after he defended Einstein's theory.", "On August 21, 1934, Stark wrote to Max von Laue, telling him to toe the party line or face consequences.", "\"Heil Hitler\" was written on the letter.", "In his 1934 book Nationalsozialismus und Wissenschaft (English: \"National Socialism and Science\") Stark maintained that the priority of the scientist was to serve the nation, and that the important fields of research were those that could help German arms production and industry.", "He said that scientific positions in Nazi Germany should only be held by pure-blooded Germans.", "Stark argued that even if racial antisemitism were to triumph, it would only be a partial victory if Jewish ideas were not similarly defeated.", "After the defeat of Germany in World War II, Stark was classified as a \"Major Offender\" and sentenced to four years' imprisonment.", "The last years of Stark's life were spent on his Gut Eppenstatt near Traunstein in Upper Bavaria, where he died at the age of 83.", "He was buried in the mountain cemetery.", "Stark-Einstein law publications include Die Elektricitt von galvanisch glhender Kohle.", "Sonderabdruck aus 'Annalen der Physik und Chemie'.", "The Strom zwischen galvanisch glhender Kohle was born in 1899.", "Sonderabdruck aus 'Annalen der Physik und Chemie'.", "The Aenderung der Leitfhigkeit von Gasen was held in 1899.", "Sonderabdruck aus 'Annalen der Physik', 4.", "Band 2.", "In 1900 Ueber den Einfluss der Erhitzung.", "Sonderabdruck aus 'Annalen der Physik', 4.", "Band 1 is called Folge.", "In verdnten Gasen, 1900 Ueber elektrostatische Wirkungen bei der Elektricitt.", "Sonderabdruck aus 'Annalen der Physik', 4.", "Band 1 is called Folge.", "The Herren Austin and Starke ber Kathodenstrahlreflexion were in 1900.", "Sonderabdruck aus 'Verhandlungen derDeutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft'.", "8).", "There is a Prinzipien der Atomdynamik in Braunschweig.", "1.", "Teil.", "Schwierigkeiten fr die Lichtquantenhypothese im Falle der Emission von Serienlinien was first published in 1910.", "Sonderabdruck aus 'Verhandlungen derDeutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft'.", "Nr 6)", "Bemerkung zum Bogen was held in Braunschweig in 1914.", "Sonderabdruck aus 'Verhandlungen derDeutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft.", "', Jg.", "Nr. XVI, Nr.", "10).", "Braunschweig, 1914 was the year of the Valenzhypothese.", "I.", "Drehung der Schwingungsebene des Lichtes is called natrliche.", "(Sonderabdruck aus Jahrbuch der Radioaktivitt und Elektronik', Heft 2, Mai 1914)", "Sonderabdruck aus 'Verhandlungen derDeutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft.", "', Jg.", "Nr. XVI, Nr.", "7", "\"The Thoroughgoing Crisis in German Physics\" was written by Krise der deutschen Physik in 1914.", "I.", "1931 Nationale Erziehung, 1932 Nationalsozialismus und Wissenschaft, and 1940 Jdische und deutsche Physik are included.", "Johannes Starks is Gegenentworf.", "Burghard Weiss and Astrid Schrmann are the authors.", "Chemie is a word used in the German language.", "Festschrift fr Hans-Werner Schtt.", "Geburtstages.", "The Berlin U. Diepholz was published in 2002.", "213–222.", "There are pictures of a translation of Stark's Adolf Hitler: Aims and Personality Klaus Hentschel.", "National Socialism and physics.", "An anthology of primary sources.", "There is a word for it.", "The June 3, 1920 Structural and Spectral Changes of Chemical Atoms is included in 2011." ]

[ "Johannes Starkler", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Johannes Stark", "Stark" ]

[ "Johannes Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Stark", "Johannes Starks", "Stark" ]

[ "Lieutenant General John Huske (ca 1692 – 18 January 1761) was a British military officer, whose active service began in 1707 during the War of the Spanish Succession, and ended in 1748.", "During his early career, he was a close associate of the Earl of Cadogan and the Duke of Marlborough.", "Between 1715 and 1720, he was also employed as a British political and diplomatic agent, primarily involved in anti-Jacobite operations.", "He commanded a brigade at Dettingen; during the Jacobite rising of 1745, he fought at Falkirk Muir and Culloden.", "Promoted major-general in 1743, his active career finished when the War of the Austrian Succession ended in 1748.", "He never married and died in London on 18 January 1761.", "His brother Ellis emigrated to North America; one of his relatives, another John Huske, was a delegate to the 1789 North Carolina Constitutional Convention.", "Life\nJohn Huske was born in 1692, eldest son of John (1651–1703) and Mary Huske (1656–?", "); little is known of his family background, other than they were members of the minor gentry in Newmarket, Suffolk.", "His younger brother Ellis (1700–1755) emigrated to North America, where he worked as a journalist; Richard died in July 1760.", "He never married and when he died in January 1761, most of his estate was left to friends and servants.", "This included £5,000 (2019; £1 million) to his head groom, £3,000 to his valet, and £100 to the 'poor of Newmarket.'", "He bequeathed minor amounts to his nieces and nephews, with the notable exception of Ellis' son John (1724–1773).", "Described by historian Lewis Namier as a 'tough, unscrupulous adventurer,' he was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire and came to England in 1748.", "Elected MP for Maldon in 1763, he worked closely with Charles Townshend, author of the 1765 Stamp Act, one of the issues leading to the 1775 American Revolution.", "Accused of embezzling £30,000–£40,000, he fled to Paris in 1769, where he died in 1773.", "Another relative, John Huske (?–1792) was a representative to the 1788 Hillsborough Convention and the 1789 Fayetteville Convention in North Carolina.", "Career\n \nHuske began his military career as an ensign in Caulfield's Regiment of Foot, a unit recruited in Ireland and sent to garrison Barcelona in May 1706.", "The date of his commission is given as August, 1707, several months after the regiment and four others had been officially disbanded.", "A Parliamentary committee held in April showed it arrived in Spain significantly understrength.", "This makes Huske's early movements hard to trace, but in March 1709, he was commissioned cornet in the 5th Dragoon Guards, based in Flanders, and served at Malplaquet.", "The 5th Dragoons was commanded by William Cadogan, close aide to the Duke of Marlborough a connection of great benefit to Huske's career.", "In March 1709, he became an ensign in the Foot Guards, although this did not imply service; only 16 of its nominal 24 companies were actually formed and Huske remained with his original unit.", "Under the practice known as double-ranking, Guards officers held a second and higher army rank; a Guards ensign ranked as a regular army captain.", "A Guards commission automatically gave its holder higher precedence in determining promotions and since they were rarely disbanded, Marlborough used it to reward competent, but poor officers.", "George I succeeded Queen Anne in 1714, and in January 1715, Huske became a captain in the 15th Foot; in July, he also received a captain's commission in the Coldstream Guards.", "When the Jacobite rising of 1715 began, the Whig administration approved the detention of six Members of Parliament, including Sir William Wyndham, a Tory leader in South-West England and Jacobite sympathiser.", "Wyndham's brother-in-law was the Earl of Hertford, colonel of Huske's regiment, the 15th Foot.", "This may explain why Huske was sent to arrest Wyndham.", "When Huske arrived at his home near Minehead, Wyndham promised to accompany him after saying goodbye to his wife, before escaping through a window.", "Given the prevailing social convention that a gentleman's word was his bond, this was felt to reflect badly on Wyndham, who was recaptured soon after.", "Huske escaped blame and joined Cadogan in the Dutch Republic, where he helped arrange the transport of 6,000 Dutch troops to Scotland.", "Marlborough suffered the first of a series of strokes in May 1716; he remained Master-General of the Ordnance or army commander until his death in 1722, but Cadogan took over many of his duties.", "Huske took part in a number of anti-Jacobite intelligence operations; during the 1719 Rising, he worked with diplomat Charles Whitworth to transfer five Dutch battalions to Britain, although the revolt collapsed before this became necessary.", "Huske and the Earl of Albemarle accompanied Cadogan on his 1720 diplomatic mission to Vienna, the beginning of a long friendship between the two men.", "It was a high-profile assignment, trying to create an anti-Russian alliance, and end Swedish support for the Jacobites.", "Cadogan became Master-General when Marlborough died in 1722, before being disgraced by his involvement in the financial scandal known as the South Sea bubble.", "Huske was appointed lieutenant governor of Hurst Castle in July 1721; Cadogan's death in 1726, and the slow pace of promotion in peace time meant by 1739, he was still a major.", "When the War of the Austrian Succession began in December 1740, he became colonel of the 32nd Foot; transferred to Flanders, he was badly wounded commanding a brigade at Dettingen in June 1743.", "Now chiefly remembered as the last time a British monarch led troops in battle, Huske was promoted major general in July, appointed colonel of the 23rd Foot, and made Governor of Sheerness in 1745.", "1745 Rebellion\nThe Jacobite rising of 1745 began in August; in September, Huske landed in Newcastle with 6,000 German and Dutch troops, captured at Tournai in June and released on condition they did not fight against the French.", "After a long and distinguished career, George Wade, commander in the North, was no longer fit for service, the Dutch and Germans refused to march without being paid in advance and one observer wrote, 'I never saw so ill a conducted Machine as Our Army.'", "The Jacobites invaded England on 8 November, before turning back at Derby on 6 December; leaving a garrison at Carlisle, they re-entered Scotland on 21 December.", "Cumberland and the main field army besieged Carlisle; Henry Hawley was appointed commander in Scotland, with Huske as his deputy.", "After arriving in Edinburgh, on 13 January 1746 Huske and 4,000 men moved north to relieve Stirling Castle, then besieged by the Jacobites.", "Hawley and an additional 3,000 men met up with him at Falkirk on 16 January, where the main Jacobite force was waiting.", "Hawley overestimated both the vulnerability of Highland infantry to cavalry, and seriously underestimated their numbers and fighting qualities.", "This contributed to his defeat at Falkirk Muir on 17 January, a battle that started late in the afternoon in failing light and heavy snow and was marked by confusion on both sides.", "The government dragoons charged the Jacobite right but were repulsed in disorder, scattering their own infantry who also fled; the regiments under Huske held their ground, allowing the bulk of the army to withdraw in good order.", "They were helped by confusion among the Jacobite commanders and by the Highlanders diverting to loot the baggage train.", "Cumberland arrived in Edinburgh on 30 January and resumed the advance while the Jacobites retreated to Inverness.", "At the Battle of Culloden on 16 April, Huske commanded the reserves on the government left, which took the weight of the Jacobite charge.", "The front rank gave ground, but Huske brought his troops onto their flank, exposing the Highlanders to volleys of fire at close range from three sides.", "Unable to respond, they broke and fled, the battle lasting less than forty minutes.", "Jacobite losses were estimated as between 1,200 and 1,500 dead, many killed during the pursuit that followed; this was common, and troops that held together, such as the French regulars, were far less vulnerable than those who scattered like the Highlanders.", "The widely reported killing of Jacobite wounded after the battle, allegedly on the orders of senior government officers, was certainly unusual.", "When Huske was based at Fort Augustus as commander of 'pacification' operations, he proposed a £5 bounty for the head of every rebel brought into camp.", "While this was rejected, author and historian John Prebble refers to the killings as 'symptomatic of the army's general mood and behaviour.'", "Post-1745 Career\n\nHuske was promoted lieutenant general for his service during the Rising, and returned to Flanders, where his regiment suffered heavy casualties in the Allied defeat at Lauffeld in July 1747.", "Shortly afterwards, Cumberland sent him to inspect and report back on the Dutch town of Bergen op Zoom, then besieged by the French; it surrendered in September.", "Huske's active military career ended with the 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle; while he remained colonel, he did not accompany his regiment when it was sent to Minorca in 1755.", "Along with the rest of the garrison, in June 1756 the 23rd surrendered to the French in the opening battle of the Seven Years' War, a defeat that led to the execution of Admiral John Byng.", "A 1757 investigation noted the poor state of the island's defences, with crumbling walls and rotten gun platforms; over 35 senior officers were absent from their posts, including the colonels of all four regiments in its garrison, one being Huske.", "However, the practice of delegating was common; although appointed Governor of Jersey in 1749, Huske appears to have visited the island only once, in 1751.", "His will left £2,000 to Charles d'Auvergne, who deputised for him in Jersey.", "He purchased a small estate in Ealing, then outside London, and rented a house in Albemarle Street, London, where he died on 18 January 1761.", "As instructed in his will, he was buried without ceremony in Grosvenor Chapel, Audley Street, London; his coffin was placed next to that of Albemarle, his long-time friend and colleague who died in 1754.", "References\n\nSources\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n1692 births\n1761 deaths\nEast Yorkshire Regiment officers\n32nd Regiment of Foot officers\nBritish Army generals\nBritish Army personnel of the Jacobite rising of 1745\nBritish Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession\nBritish Army personnel of the Seven Years' War\nColdstream Guards officers\nGovernors of Jersey\nRoyal Welch Fusiliers officers\nGovernors of Hurst Castle" ]

[ "The active service of Lieutenant General John Huske began in 1707 during the War of the Spanish Succession and ended in 1748.", "He was an associate of the Earl of Cadogan and the Duke of Marlborough.", "He was employed as a British political and diplomatic agent between 1715 and 1720.", "During the Jacobite rising of 1745, he commanded a brigade at Dettingen.", "The War of the Austrian Succession ended in 1748.", "He died in London on January 18th, 1760.", "One of his relatives, John Huske, was a delegate to the 1789 North Carolina Constitutional Convention.", "John was the oldest son of John and Mary and was born in 1692.", "His family background is not known, other than they were members of the minor gentry in Suffolk.", "Ellis migrated to North America in 1755, where he worked as a journalist.", "Most of his estate was left to his friends and servants when he died.", "He gave £5,000 to his head groom, £3,000 to his valet, and £100 to the poor of Newmarket.", "Ellis' son John was the exception to the minor amounts bequeathed to his nieces and nephews.", "He was born in New Hampshire and came to England in 1748.", "One of the issues leading to the American Revolution was the 1765 Stamp Act, which was written by Charles Townshend.", "He fled to Paris in 1769 after being accused of stealing tens of thousands of dollars.", "John Huske was a delegate to the 1789 Fayetteville Convention in North Carolina.", "In May 1706 he was sent to garrison Barcelona as an ensign in the Caulfield's Regiment of Foot, a unit recruited in Ireland.", "The date of his commission was August, 1707, several months after the dissolution of the unit.", "A parliamentary committee found that it arrived in Spain under strength.", "In March 1709, Huske was commissioned as a cornet in the 5th Dragoon Guards and served at Malplaquet.", "A connection of great benefit to Huske's career was made by William Cadogan, who was an aide to the Duke of Marlborough.", "In March 1709, he became an ensign in the Foot Guards, but only 16 of its nominal 24 companies were actually formed and he remained with his original unit.", "Under double-ranking, Guards officers held a second and higher army rank, while a Guards ensign ranked as a regular army captain.", "The Guards commission gave its holder higher precedence in determining promotions and since they were rarely disbanded, it was used to reward competent, but poor officers.", "In January 1715, George I succeeded Queen Anne and in July, he received a captain's commission in the Coldstream Guards.", "When the Jacobite rising of 1715 began, the Whig administration approved the imprisonment of six Members of Parliament, including Sir William Wyndham, a Conservative leader in South-West England.", "The Earl of Hertford was the colonel of the 15th Foot.", "This could explain why Huske was sent to arrest Wyndham.", "When Huske arrived at his home near Minehead, Wyndham promised to accompany him after saying goodbye to his wife, before escaping through a window.", "Given the prevailing social convention that a gentleman's word was his bond, this was felt to reflect badly on Wyndham, who was recaptured soon after.", "In the Dutch Republic, Huske helped arrange the transport of 6,000 Dutch troops to Scotland.", "Cadogan took over many of the duties of the Master-General until his death in 1722, after he had suffered a series of strokes.", "During the 1719 Rising, he worked with a diplomat to transfer five Dutch battalions to Britain, despite the revolt collapsing before it became necessary.", "The friendship between the two men began when Huske and the Earl of Albemarle accompanied Cadogan on his diplomatic mission to Vienna.", "It was a high-profile assignment, trying to create an anti-Russian alliance and end Swedish support for the Jacobites.", "Cadogan was disgraced by his involvement in the South Sea bubble after he became Master-General.", "Cadogan's death in 1726 and the slow pace of promotion in peace time meant that he was still a major.", "The War of the Austrian Succession began in December 1740 and he was badly wounded in June 1743.", "The last time a British monarch led troops in battle was in 1745 when Huske became Governor of Sheerness.", "The Jacobite rising of 1745 began in August and ended in September, with 6,000 German and Dutch troops captured at Tournai and released on condition they did not fight against the French.", "After a long and distinguished career, George Wade, commander in the North, was no longer fit for service, the Dutch and Germans refused to march without being paid in advance, and one observer wrote, \"I never saw so ill a conducted Machine as Our Army.\"", "After invading England on 8 November, the Jacobites turned back at Derby on 6 December and then returned to Scotland on 21 December.", "Henry Hawley was appointed commander in Scotland, with Huske as his deputy.", "After arriving in Edinburgh, Huske and 4,000 men moved north to relieve Stirling Castle, which was besieged by the Jacobites.", "The main Jacobite force was waiting at Falkirk when Hawley and an additional 3,000 men met up with him.", "The vulnerability of Highland infantry to cavalry was underestimated by Hawley.", "The battle that started late in the afternoon in failing light and heavy snow and was marked by confusion on both sides contributed to his defeat.", "The government dragoons charged the Jacobite right but were repulsed in disorder, scattering their own infantry who also fled, allowing the bulk of the army to withdraw in good order.", "The confusion among the Jacobite commanders helped them loot the baggage train.", "The Jacobites retreated to Inverness after Cumberland arrived in Edinburgh.", "The reserves on the government left took the weight of the Jacobite charge at the Battle of Culloden.", "The front rank gave up, but Huske brought his troops onto their flank, exposing them to volleys of fire from three sides.", "The battle lasted less than forty minutes and they broke and fled.", "The Jacobite losses were estimated to be between 1,200 and 1,500 dead, many killed during the pursuit that followed, and troops that held together, such as the French regulars, were less vulnerable than those who scattered.", "The killing of Jacobite, who was wounded in the battle, was reported to have been ordered by senior government officers.", "Augustuse had a bounty on the head of every rebel brought into camp.", "John Prebble refers to the killings as a symptom of the army's general mood and behavior.", "After the Allied defeat at Lauffeld in July 1747, Career Huske was promoted to lieutenant general.", "Cumberland sent him to inspect and report back on the Dutch town of Bergen op Zoom, which was besieged by the French in September.", "The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended Huske's active military career, while he remained colonel.", "Along with the rest of the garrison, the 23rd surrendered to the French in the opening battle of the Seven Years' War, leading to the execution of admiral John Byng.", "The poor state of the island's defences, with crumbling walls and rotten gun platforms, was noted in a 1757 investigation and over 35 senior officers were absent from their posts.", "Although Huske was appointed Governor of Jersey in 1749, he only visited the island in 1751.", "Charles d'Auvergne was left £2,000 by his will.", "He rented a house in Albemarle Street, London, where he died, after purchasing a small estate outside London.", "He was buried without ceremony next to his friend and colleague who died in 1754.", "British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession rising of 1745 British Army personnel of the Seven Years' War Coldstream Guards officers Governors of Jersey" ]

[ "John Huske", "John Huske", "John Huske", "John", "Mary Huske", "John", "John Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "John Prebble", "Huske", "Huske", "John Byng", "Huske", "Huske" ]

[ "John Huske", "John Huske", "John", "John", "John", "John Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "Huske", "John Prebble", "Career Huske", "Huske", "John Byng", "Huske" ]

[ "Charles Joseph Angus (born November 14, 1962) is a Canadian author, journalist, broadcaster, musician and politician.", "A member of the New Democratic Party (NDP), Angus has been the federal Member of Parliament for the riding of Timmins—James Bay since winning the 2004 election.", "He is the NDP critic for Ethics, Federal Economic Development, Initiative for Northern Ontario, Indigenous Youth, Income Inequality and Affordability, and Deputy Critic for Labour.", "and ran as a candidate for leadership of the federal NDP in 2017.", "Early life, music, writing, and activism\nAngus was born in Timmins, Ontario, and moved to Toronto in 1973, where in 1980 he co-founded the punk rock band L'Étranger with childhood friend Andrew Cash.", "Angus performed bass and co-wrote many of the group's songs, which were influenced by the Clash and the group's Catholic social justice roots.", "L'Étranger is best known for their anti-apartheid single \"One People\", one of the first independent videos to play on the then-new MuchMusic.", "Angus later co-founded the alternative folk group Grievous Angels.", "He continues to perform with the group on occasion, and released a new album in 2021.", "Angus was a community activist in Toronto in the 1980s where, along with his wife Brit Griffin, he established a Catholic Worker house and a homeless shelter for men.", "He moved to Cobalt, Ontario, with his young family in 1990, and in 1995 Brit and Charlie launched HighGrader, a magazine devoted to Northern Ontario life and culture.", "In 1999, he received an award from the Northern Lights Festival Boréal in Sudbury for his outstanding contributions to Northern Ontario culture.", "He is the author of seven published books, including an admiring biography of Les Costello, the celebrated Toronto Maple Leafs player who left professional hockey to become a Catholic priest in Timmins.", "Angus's fifth book, Cage Call, a photo documentary with photographer Louie Palu, was released in 2007.", "Angus is a progressive, social justice–oriented member of the Roman Catholic Church, a supporter of the Catholic Worker Movement, and was a longtime columnist for the progressive Catholic New Times.", "He became increasingly involved in regional and then federal politics through his organizing efforts in opposition to the Adams Mine garbage proposal and the disposal of PCBs in Northern Ontario.", "From 2000 to 2004, Angus served as a trustee on the Northeastern Catholic District School Board.", "Federal politics\n\nAngus entered federal politics in the 2004 election as the successful New Democratic Party candidate in the Ontario riding of Timmins—James Bay, winning election to the House of Commons of Canada by less than 600 votes.", "He was re-elected in the 2006 federal election with an outright majority, over six thousand votes ahead of Liberal challenger Robert Riopelle.", "Angus was the NDP parliamentary critic for Canadian Heritage from 2004 to 2007, and was additionally critic for agriculture from 2004 to 2006.", "In 2005, his own priest confronted him, and threatened to deny him Holy Communion if he voted with the government and his party to legalize same-sex marriage by Act of Parliament.", "Angus stood his ground and was denied communion.", "Angus' treatment provoked widespread public reaction both from those who supported the church's stance, and those who supported Angus.", "He has worked extensively on community development projects with Canada's First Nations, working as a negotiator and consultant for the Algonquin Nation of Quebec.", "He also played a prominent role in calling national attention to the Kashechewan crisis of 2005.", "In 2007 he became the critic for Public Works and Treasury Board, as well as the NDP spokesman for digital issues such as copyright and internet neutrality.", "In 2006, after he had served just two years as a Member of Parliament, the Toronto Star selected Angus as one of the ten most effective opposition MPs.", "He also won \"Best Constituent Representative\" at the 2007 Maclean's Parliamentarian of the Year Awards.", "Angus was re-elected in the federal elections of both 2008 and the 2011.", "Angus also served as the party's spokesman on privacy, ethics and government accountability.", "Angus voted against a bill to abolish the Canadian Firearms Registry in September 2010.", "Although the registry is unpopular with many of his constituents, Angus voted against its abolition based on supportive studies provided by police.", "He subsequently introduced a private member's bill to reform the registry.", "He was named to Maclean's magazine's Power List in 2012 as one of the 25 most influential Canadians.", "Zoomer Magazine has chosen him the third most influential Canadian over the age of 45.", "In 2011, CTV News Channel's Power Play chose him in the top three MPs of the year, along with the then Conservative Prime Minister, Stephen Harper, and NDP leader Jack Layton.", "Angus has been an advocate for the rights of First Nations children and was the co-founder of the Shannen's Dream campaign – named in honour of the late Cree youth leader Shannen Koostachin.", "In early 2012, Angus' parliamentary motion \"Shannen's Dream\" calling for an end to the systemic under-funding of First Nation education passed unanimously through the House of Commons.", "After the 2015 federal election, he was appointed NDP critic for Indigenous and Northern Affairs in the 42nd Canadian Parliament and elected Caucus Chair in January 2016.", "He was also a member of the Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development committee.", "He resigned from both roles on November 23, 2016 in to prepare for the 2017 New Democratic Party leadership race.", "On February 20, 2017, Angus officially registered to run in the NDP leadership race to replace Tom Mulcair.", "He placed second with 19.4% of the vote, losing to then Ontario provincial politician Jagmeet Singh.", "Angus was re-elected in the 2019 and 2021 federal elections.", "Works\n We Lived a Life and Then Some with Brit Griffin, Sally Lawrence, and Rob Moir.", "Between the Lines Books, 1996. .\n Industrial Cathedrals of the North, with Louie Palu and Marguerite Andersen.", "Between the Lines, 1999. .\n Mirrors of Stone: Fragments from the Porcupine Frontier, with Louie Palu.", "Between the Lines, 2001. .\n Les Costello: Canada's Flying Father.", "Novalis, 2005. .\n Cage Call, with Louie Palu.", "Photolucida, 2007. .", "Unlikely Radicals.", "Between the Lines, 2013. .\n Children of the Broken Treaty: Canada's Lost Promise and One Girl's Dream.", "University of Regina Press, 2015. .\n\nHonours and Awards \nAngus was selected as \"Best Mentor\" during Macleans 12th annual Parliamentarians of the Year award and was also the 2007 winner for \"Best represents constituents\".", "He was also a finalist for \"Most knowledgeable\".", "Electoral record\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n How'd They Vote?", ": Charlie Angus's voting history and quotes\n \n\n1962 births\n21st-century Canadian politicians\nCanadian country singer-songwriters\nCanadian country rock musicians\nCanadian environmentalists\nCanadian folk rock musicians\nCanadian historians\nCanadian male non-fiction writers\nCanadian magazine editors\nCanadian Roman Catholics\nCanadian folk singer-songwriters\nCatholic Workers\nCopyright activists\nLiving people\nMembers of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario\nMusicians from Toronto\nNew Democratic Party MPs\nPeople from Cobalt, Ontario\nPoliticians from Toronto\nWriters from Timmins\nWriters from Toronto\nCanadian male singer-songwriters\nOntario school board trustees" ]

[ "He is a Canadian author, journalist, broadcaster, musician and politician.", "Since 2004, the Member of Parliament for the riding of Timmins-James Bay has been a member of the New Democratic Party.", "He is the critic for ethics, Federal Economic Development, Initiative for Northern Ontario, Indigenous Youth, Income Inequality and Affordability, and the deputy critic for Labour.", "He was a candidate for the leadership of the federalNDP.", "In 1980 he co-founded the punk rock band L'tranger with childhood friend Andrew Cash, after moving to Toronto in 1973.", "Many of the group's songs were influenced by the Clash and the group's Catholic social justice roots.", "One of the first independent videos to play on the new MuchMusic was L'tranger's anti-apartheid single \"One People\".", "Grievous Angels is an alternative folk group.", "He released a new album in 2021.", "The Catholic Worker house and homeless shelter for men were established in Toronto in the 1980s by Angus and his wife Brit.", "In 1995 Brit and Charlie launched HighGrader, a magazine devoted to Northern Ontario life and culture.", "He received an award for his contributions to Northern Ontario culture in 1999.", "He is the author of seven published books, including an admiring biography of Les Costello, the celebrated Toronto Maple Leafs player who left professional hockey to become a Catholic priest in Timmins.", "Cage Call, a photo documentary with photographer Louie Palu, was released in 2007.", "He is a member of the Roman Catholic Church and a supporter of the Catholic Worker movement.", "He became more involved in regional and federal politics through his organizing efforts in opposition to the Adams Mine garbage proposal and the disposal of PCBs in Northern Ontario.", "He was a Trustee on the Northeastern Catholic District School Board from 2000 to 2004.", "The New Democratic Party candidate in the Ontario riding of Timmins, James Bay, won the election to the House of Commons by less than 600 votes.", "He was re-elected in the 2006 federal election with a majority of six thousand votes.", "From 2004 to 2007, he was the parliamentary critic for Canadian Heritage, and from 2004 to 2006 he was the critic for agriculture.", "He was confronted by his own priest who threatened to deny him Holy Communion if he voted for same-sex marriage.", "He stood his ground and was denied communion.", "The church's stance provoked widespread public reaction from those who supported it.", "He has worked on community development projects with Canada's First Nations, as well as being a consultant for the Algonquin Nation of Quebec.", "He was involved in calling attention to the crisis in 2005.", "He became the critic for Public Works and Treasury Board in 2007, as well as the spokesman for digital issues.", "The Toronto Star named him one of the ten most effective opposition MPs after he had served just two years as a Member of Parliament.", "He won the \"Best Constituent Representative\" at the 2007 Maclean's Parliamentarian of the Year Awards.", "He was re-elected in 2008 and 2011.", "He was the party's spokesman on privacy, ethics and government accountability.", "The Canadian Firearms Registry was to be abolished in September of 2010.", "Although the registry is unpopular with many of his people, he voted against its abolition because of supportive studies provided by the police.", "He introduced a private member's bill to reform the registry.", "He was one of the 25 most influential Canadians.", "He is the third most influential Canadian over the age of 45.", "He was named one of the top three MPs of the year by Power Play in 2011.", "The co- founder of the Shannen's Dream campaign was an advocate for the rights of First Nations children.", "The House of Commons passed a motion calling for an end to the under-funding of First Nation education.", "He was elected caucus chair of the New Democrats in January 2016 after being appointed critic for Indigenous and Northern Affairs in the 42nd Canadian Parliament.", "He was a member of the committee.", "On November 23, 2016 he resigned from both roles to focus on the New Democratic Party leadership race.", "On February 20, Angus registered to run in the leadership race to replace Tom Mulcair.", "He placed second with 19.4% of the vote and lost to Jagmeet Singh.", "He was re-elected in the two federal elections.", "We lived a life and then some with Sally Lawrence and Rob Moir.", "The Industrial Cathedrals of the North were written in 1996.", "Mirrors of Stone: Fragments from the Porcupine Frontier is a work by Louie Palu.", "Les Costello: Canada's Flying Father was published in 2001.", "The movie Cage Call was directed by Novalis.", "Photolucida, 2007.", "Likely Radicals.", "Children of the Broken Treaty: Canada's Lost Promise and One Girl's Dream is a book.", "During the 12th annual Parliamentarians of the Year award, he was selected as the \"best mentor\" and the \"best represents constituents\".", "He was a finalist for \"most knowledgeable\".", "How'd they vote?", "Canadian country singer-songwriters, Canadian environmentalists, Canadian folk rock musicians, Canadian historians, Canadian male non-fiction writers, Canadian magazine editors, Canadian Roman Catholics, Canadian folk singer-songwriters, Catholic Workers." ]

[ "Charles Joseph Angus", "Angus", "Angus", "Angus", "Angus", "Angus", "Charlie", "Angus", "Angus", "Angus", "Angus", "Angus", "Angus", "Angus", "Angus", "Angus", "Angus", "Angus", "Angus", "Angus", "Angus", "Angus", "Angus", "Angus", "Angus", "Charlie Angus" ]

[ "Angus", "Charlie", "Angus" ]

[ "Francisco \"Soc\" Aldana Rodrigo (January 29, 1914 – January 4, 1998) was a Filipino playwright, lawyer, broadcaster, and a Senator of the Third Congress (1955–1957), Fourth Congress (1958–1961), Fifth Congress (1962–1965), and Sixth Congress (1966–1969) of the Republic of the Philippines.", "In honor of in the struggle against the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos, his name was inscribed on the Wall of Remembrance at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani in 1998 - the year in which he died.", "An national cultural award named in his honor, the Gawad Soc Rodrigo is given by the Philippines' Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF) and National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA).", "Personal life \n\nSoc Rodrigo was born on 29 January 1914 in Bulacan, Bulacan, to food vendor Marcela Aldana and horse-carriage driver Melecio Rodrigo.", "He was a relative to the Filipino heroes Marcelo del Pilar and Gregorio del Pilar.", "In 1937, Rodrigo married his childhood sweetheart Remedios Enriquez.", "Prior to this, he took Law at the University of the Philippines, which he finished in 1938.", "Education \nRodrigo received his elementary education from the Bulacan Elementary School, and moved on to secondary school at the University of the Philippines High School.", "He earned his Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science in Education degrees from Ateneo de Manila and University of Santo Tomas, graduating magna cum laude and valedictorian.", "He was captain of the debate team at university.", "Career\n\nLiterary works \nRodrigo was a playwright in English and Tagalog, with works described as those that distilled within the Filipino soul.", "His most celebrated play was Sa Pula, Sa Puti while his most popular Kuro – Kuro sa likod ng mga Balita had also won legions of admirers throughout the country.", "Some other famous works include Tagalog translations of works of Martyr of Golgotha and Cyrano de Bergerac.", "Rodrigo was also known for his tanaga.", "World War II \nDuring the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in World War II, Rodrigo distributed anti-Japanese propaganda materials together with Raul Manglapus and Manuel Fruto.", "In his book \"Mga Bakas ng Kahapon\", Rodrigo reflected on the fate he and his family of four may have suffered had he been implicated by Manglapus and Fruto during their capture.", "In 1945, he moved his family to the underground basement of the Philippine General Hospital in Manila, where they survived the building's destruction.", "Postwar Law and broadcasting career \nAfter the war, Rodrigo resumed his law practice by joining the law firm of Francisco Delgado and Lorenzo Tañada.", "Then, he opened the Rodrigo Law Office in 1946.", "Rodrigo authored Philippine Modern Legal Forms and Handbook on the Rules of Court.", "In 1951, Rodrigo became the president of the Ateneo Parent-Teacher Association, then became the president of the Ateneo Alumni Association in 1953.", "In 1953, Rodrigo and Bob Stewart ran an unprecedented 48-hour coverage of the entire proceedings of the 1953 Presidential Elections.", "Rodrigo was awarded by president Ramon Magsaysay a Legion of Honor due to this marathon broadcast.", "Philippine Senate service \nIn 1955, Rodrigo won a seat in the Philippine Senate under the Nacionalista Party of President Magsaysay.", "One of Rodrigo's speeches, \"Catholics in Politics,\" delivered on 7 September 1957, is included in the Anvil Press book \"20 Speeches That Moved a Nation.\"", "Awarded as one of the Ten Outstanding Senators of his time, he was a much invited guest of foreign governments such as the United States, Britain and West Germany, among others.", "Rodrigo was also awarded a U.S. Government grant under the terms of Public Law 402 (Smith - Mundt) for observation and travel under the auspices of the Governmental Affairs Institute (Nov. 20, 1959 - Jan. 20, 1960).", "For the 1959 midterm elections, Rodrigo ran an unsuccessful campaign for the “Grand Alliance” counting as candidates Emmanuel Pelaez, Raul Manglapus and Jorge Vargas, among others.", "Then in 1961, Rodrigo got the third-most votes to win a second senatorial term as a Liberal Party candidate with Diosdado Macapagal.", "He sought a third term in 1967 but lost.", "From 1970 to 1972, Rodrigo hosted the ABS-CBN program \"Mga Kuro-kuro ni Soc Rodrigo.\"", "Martial Law activism \nFor his dissent against President Ferdinand Marcos, Rodrigo, along with Ninoy Aquino and many others, was incarcerated during upon the declaration of Martial Law in 1972.", "During this time in jail, Rodrigo kept the faith of fellow detainees alive as he led nightly prayers of the rosary.", "Aquino would treasure of the crucifixes that Rodrigo gave him during this time.", "Rodrigo was released after three months but was detained two more times.", "In 1978, for writing Tagalog poems attacking the Marcos dictatorship, and in 1982, for his anti-Marcos poems in the We Forum and Philippine Star.", "In 1983, Rodrigo was one of the first people allowed to look at the newly assassinated Ninoy Aquino's body.", "Rodrigo felt distraught over this incident since he was one of those who advised Aquino to return to the Philippines from exile in the United States.", "End of the Marcos dictatorship and service in the 1986 Constitutional Commission\nAfter the People Power revolution that sent Marcos to exile, Rodrigo was chosen by President Cory Aquino to be a Commissioner of the 1986 Constitutional Commission.", "Many of Rodrigo's children were against his being a member, preferring instead to see him in the Senate one more time.", "Instead, he joined the commission as he turned his back on politics forever.", "The new Constitution was ratified by the people in February 1987.", "Retirement and Death\n\nAfter his service in the Constitutional Commission, Rodrigo largely retired from public life, preferring to spend time with his family.", "Until just before his death, though, he wrote columns for the newspapers Malaya (1980–1989) and Philippine Star (1992–1997).", "On January 4, 1998, Rodrigo died at the age of 83 due to complications from cancer.", "Legacy \nIn November 1998 - the same year in which he died, Soc Rodrigo's name was inscribed in the Wall of Remembrance at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani in Quezon City, to honor his role in the struggle against Ferdinand Marcos.", "The Gawad Soc Rodrigo is an award named after him given by the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF) and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA).", "References\n\n1914 births\n1998 deaths\nFilipino dramatists and playwrights\nTagalog-language writers\nEnglish-language writers from the Philippines\nNacionalista Party politicians\nWriters from Bulacan\nPoliticians from Bulacan\nSenators of the 6th Congress of the Philippines\nSenators of the 5th Congress of the Philippines\nSenators of the 4th Congress of the Philippines\nSenators of the 3rd Congress of the Philippines\nLiberal Party (Philippines) politicians\nFilipino journalists\n20th-century dramatists and playwrights\nAteneo de Manila University alumni\nUniversity of Santo Tomas alumni\nUniversity of the Philippines alumni\nIndividuals honored at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani\nMarcos martial law victims\n20th-century journalists" ]

[ "Francisco \"Soc\" Aldana Rodrigo was a Filipino playwright, lawyer, broadcaster, and a Senator of the Third Congress, Fourth Congress, Fifth Congress, and Sixth Congress.", "His name was engraved on the Wall of Remembrance at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani in 1998 in honor of the struggle against the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos.", "The National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) in the Philippines gives a national cultural award named in his honor.", "On January 29, 1914 in Bulacan, Bulacan, Soc Rodrigo was born to a food vendor and a horse-carriage driver.", "He was related to the Filipino heroes.", "Remedios and Rodrigo were married in 1937.", "He finished his Law degree from the University of the Philippines in 1938.", "After graduating from the Bulacan Elementary School, Rodrigo attended the University of the Philippines High School.", "He graduated magna cum laude and valedictorian from the University of Santo Tomas with his Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science in Education degrees.", "He was the captain of the debate team.", "Career literary works were written in English and Tagalog and were described as works that distilled within the Filipino soul.", "His most well-known play was Sa Pula, Sa Puti, while his most popular play was Kuro - Kuro sa likod ng mga Balita.", "Martyr of Golgotha and Cyrano de Bergerac are famous works.", "He was known for his tanaga.", "The Japanese occupation of the Philippines in World War II resulted in the distribution of anti-Japanese propaganda materials.", "The fate of the family of four may have been worse had he been implicated in the capture of the two men.", "After the Philippine General Hospital in Manila was destroyed in 1945, he moved his family to the underground basement.", "After the war, Rodrigo resumed his law practice by joining the law firm of Francisco Delgado and Lorenzo Taada.", "He opened a law office.", "The Handbook on the Rules of Court was written by Rodrigo.", "In 1951, he became the president of the Ateneo Parent-Teacher Association and later the president of the Ateneo Alumni Association.", "The entire proceedings of the Presidential Elections were covered by the Stewarts for 48 hours.", "Ramon Magsaysay awarded a Legion of Honor to Rodrigo because of the marathon broadcast.", "The Nacionalista Party of President Magsaysay gave Rodrigo a seat in the Philippine Senate.", "\"Catholics in Politics\" is part of the book \"20 Speeches That Changed a Nation\".", "He was an invited guest of many foreign governments, including the United States, Britain and West Germany.", "The Governmental Affairs Institute granted a U.S. Government grant for observation and travel under the terms of Public Law 402.", "For the 1959 midterm elections, Rodrigo ran an unsuccessful campaign as a candidate for the Grand Alliance.", "In 1961, Rodrigo got the third-most votes to win a second senatorial term as a Liberal Party candidate.", "He lost his third term in 1967.", "The program \"Mga Kuro-kuro ni Rodrigo\" was hosted by Rodrigo from 1970 to 1972.", "The declaration of Martial Law in 1972 resulted in the imprisonment of many people.", "During his time in jail, Rodrigo kept the faith of his fellow inmates by leading nightly prayers of the rosary.", "He would treasure the crucifixes that Rodrigo gave him.", "After three months, he was released.", "His anti-Marcos poems in the We Forum and Philippine Star were written in 1982.", "He was one of the first people to look at the body of the assassinated leader.", "Since he was one of the people who advised Aquino to return to the Philippines from exile in the United States, he was distraught.", "The 1986 Constitutional Commission was formed after the People Power revolution that sent Marcos to exile.", "Many of Rodrigo's children preferred to see him in the Senate instead of being a member.", "He joined the commission as he turned his back on politics.", "The new Constitution was approved by the people.", "After his service in the Constitutional Commission, Rodrigo retired from public life, preferring to spend time with his family.", "He wrote columns for the newspapers Malaya and Philippine Star before he died.", "On January 4, 1998, Rodrigo died of cancer at the age of 83.", "In honor of his role in the struggle against Ferdinand Marcos, his name was engraved in the Wall of Remembrance at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani.", "The National Commission for Culture and the Arts named the award after him.", "There are dramatists and playwrights from the Philippines and writers from Bulacan." ]

[ "Soc", "\" Aldana Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Soc Rodrigo", "Melecio Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Soc", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo" ]

[ "Soc", "\" Aldana Rodrigo", "Soc Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo", "Rodrigo" ]

[ "Cha Bum-kun (; or ; born 22 May 1953) is a South Korean former football manager and player, nicknamed Tscha Bum or \"Cha Boom\" in Germany because of his power to kick the ball.", "He showed explosive pace and powerful shots with his thick thighs.", "He is widely regarded as one of the greatest Asian footballers of all time.", "In 1972, Cha had been capped for the South Korea national team as the youngest player of the time at the age of 18.", "He is the youngest player to ever reach 100 caps in the world at 24 years and 35 days, and the all-time leading goalscorer of the South Korean national team with 58 goals.", "After dominating Asian competitions including the 1978 Asian Games, he left for West Germany and played for Eintracht Frankfurt and Bayer Leverkusen.", "He scored a total of 121 goals in two Bundesliga clubs, and won the UEFA Cup with each team.", "After his retirement, he opened a football academy to develop youth players in South Korea, and managed the national team for the 1998 FIFA World Cup.", "Early life\nCha was born in Hwaseong, Gyeonggi.", "He originally joined Yeongdo Middle School to learn football, but the school's football club was dissolved as soon as he joined there.", "He started his football career by transferring to Kyungshin Middle School after playing field hockey for Yeongdo for one and a half years.", "In his high school days, he tried to leave school due to older students' violence, but continued to play football with the manager Chang Woon-soo's help.", "He became a notable player of Kyungshin High School, and was selected for the South Korean under-20 team in 1970.", "Club career\n\nCareer in South Korea \nCha entered Korea University in 1972, and won the Korean National Championship in 1974, the predecessor of the Korean FA Cup.", "After his graduation, he started his senior career with Korea Trust Bank FC in 1976.", "He led his team to the title and was named the best player in the spring season of the Korean Semi-professional League.", "In October 1976, he joined Air Force FC to serve his mandatory military service.", "Cha originally had a plan to enlist in the Navy FC, but the ROK Air Force persuaded him that it would move his discharge up by six months.", "Darmstadt 98 \nWhile playing for the national team in the 1978 Korea Cup, Cha attracted the attention of an Eintracht Frankfurt coach , who had received an invitation to serve as an scout/observer at that tournament.", "In November 1978, Schulte sent a letter to the KFA (Korea Football Association), suggesting Cha's tryout in West Germany, who would be discharged from the ROK Air Force in January 1979.", "Cha had taken time off to leave for Frankfurt after the 1978 Asian Games in December and succeeded to contract with another Bundesliga club Darmstadt 98 by signing a six-month deal.", "However, he spent just less than a month in Darmstadt.", "The ROK Air Force didn't follow the contract with Cha, and ordered his return.", "After his debut match against VfL Bochum on 30 December, Cha returned to South Korea due to his complicated issue about military service on 5 January.", "He eventually spent the remainder of the duration of his military service until 31 May, and so could not play for Darmstadt.", "Eintracht Frankfurt \nAfter being discharged from the military service completely, Cha still wanted to play in Bundesliga, and joined Eintracht Frankfurt at age 26 in July 1979.", "He scored in three consecutive games from third to fifth matchday of the Bundesliga, making an immediate impact early in his new club.", "After the first half of his first season in Germany, he was classified as world class in the of kicker, a notable German football magazine.", "He was also acclaimed by showing great performances helping Frankfurt to win its first-ever UEFA Cup title.", "He was evaluated as the \"unstoppable player\" by Sir Alex Ferguson, (Aberdeen's manager at the time) and \"one of the best attackers in the world\" by Lothar Matthäus.", "(an opponent player at the UEFA Cup Final and the Bundesliga) In addition to a UEFA Cup title, he was named along with Karl-Heinz Rummenigge and Kevin Keegan in the Bundesliga Team of the Season by kicker.", "On 23 August 1980, Cha's spine had been cracked by Jürgen Gelsdorf, who had tackled behind him, but came back to the stadium after a month.", "Afterwards, he scored six goals in six matches of the 1980–81 DFB-Pokal, leading Frankfurt to the title.", "He became Frankfurt's top goalscorer for three consecutive seasons.", "Bayer Leverkusen \nHowever, Cha transferred to Bayer Leverkusen due to a financial difficulty of Frankfurt in 1983.", "In the 1985–86 Bundesliga, he scored his most goals in a single Bundesliga season with 17 goals, and Leverkusen qualified for the UEFA Cup for the first time as the sixth-placed team.", "The magazine kicker once again selected him for the Team of the Season.", "In the 1988 UEFA Cup Final, he scored a dramatic equaliser against Espanyol to tie the game 3–3.", "Leverkusen eventually went on to win the game on penalties, holding its first European title.", "Cha retired in 1989 after playing 308 Bundesliga games as a fair player.", "During his Bundesliga career, he scored 98 goals without a penalty, and received only one yellow card.", "On 31 October 1987, he scored his 93rd Bundesliga goal, becoming the top foreign goalscorer by surpassing Willi Lippens.", "His scoring record wasn't broken for eleven years until Stéphane Chapuisat scored more goals than him.", "As of 2018, Cha is ranked seventh along with Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang in the Bundesliga's foreign goalscorer standings.", "International career \nCha generally played the Bundesliga games as a striker, but he had originally been a winger in South Korea.", "He became a South Korean under-20 international in 1970, and took part in the AFC Youth Championship in 1971 and 1972.", "In the 1972 AFC Asian Cup, he made his senior international debut against Iraq, and scored his first international goal against Khmer Republic.", "He was named in the Korean FA Best XI for seven consecutive years, and was selected as the Korean FA Player of the Year in 1973.", "Cha usually played for the national team in the Korea Cup, Pestabola Merdeka and King's Cup, which were annually contested between Asian nations and the invited clubs at the time.", "He won a total of ten trophies and also left memorable games in three competitions.", "In the 1975 Pestabola Merdeka, he scored his first international hat-trick against Japan.", "In the 1976 Korea Cup, he scored a hat-trick against Malaysia during five minutes from 83rd to 88th minute, leading South Korea to a dramatic 4–4 draw.", "In the 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification, he played all of South Korea's twelve matches, and recorded five goals and two assists, although his knee got a boil during the competition.", "However, South Korea failed to qualify for the World Cup by finishing the qualification as runners-up despite his struggle.", "In the 1978 Asian Games, he scored two goals and provided two assists, contributing to team's gold medal.", "However, he showed lethargic plays to prepare tryouts for Bundesliga clubs, and received criticisms.", "After the 1978 Asian Games, he left for the Bundesliga and didn't play for South Korea.", "His last international tournament was the 1986 FIFA World Cup, South Korea's first World Cup since 1954.", "He showed exemplary performance in intensive checks by opponents, but failed to prevent South Korea's elimination in the group stage.", "Managerial career \nCha moved into management with K League side Hyundai Horang-i, coaching them from 1991–94.", "His next appointment in January 1997 was Korean national team coach and he led the nation to the 1998 FIFA World Cup; however, a disastrous 5–0 defeat at the hands of the Netherlands in Korea's second group game got Cha fired.", "He later blamed the KFA for the bad performance, citing lack of bonuses and alleging pro soccer games in Korea were fixed.", "The association promptly slapped a five-year ban on him and he soon left the country with his wife.", "After an 18-month spell coaching Shenzhen Ping'an in China, Cha took up a commentator position with MBC in Korea.", "He returned to coaching in late 2003 when offered the Suwon Samsung Bluewings position.", "Cha achieved immediate success with Suwon by lifting the 2004 K League championship, an achievement he ranked as even better than the UEFA Cup he won as a player in 1988.", "He later resigned in June 2010 as Suwon manager.", "Personal life \nCha is a devout Christian and said the faith is one of his three biggest values along with family and football.", "Cha's second child, Cha Du-ri, also played for South Korean national team and Bundesliga clubs, following in his father's footsteps.", "Career statistics\n\nClub\n\nInternational \n\nThe KFA is showing the list of Cha's 136 international appearances in its official website.", "The RSSSF is also claiming 136 appearances about Cha's international career, but its details have some discrepancies.", "FIFA registered him with 130 appearances in the FIFA Century Club by excluding six matches in the Summer Olympics qualification.", "Scores list South Korea's goal tally first." ]

[ "Cha Bum-kun, also known as Tscha Bum or \"Cha Boom\" in Germany, is a South Korean former football manager and player.", "He had powerful shots with his thick thighs.", "He is considered to be one of the greatest Asian football players of all time.", "Cha was the youngest player on the South Korea national team in 1972 at the age of 18.", "He is the youngest player to reach 100 caps in the world at 24 years and 35 days, and the all-time leading scorer of the South Korean national team with 58 goals.", "After winning the 1978 Asian Games, he left for West Germany, where he played for Eintracht Frankfurt and Bayer Leverkusen.", "He scored a total of 121 goals in two clubs.", "He opened a football academy to develop youth players in South Korea, and managed the national team for the 1998 World Cup.", "Cha was born in Hwaseong.", "The football club at Yeongdo Middle School was dissolved as soon as he joined there.", "After playing field hockey for Yeongdo for one and a half years, he transferred to a middle school to play football.", "He tried to leave school due to the violence of older students, but continued to play football with Chang Woon-soo's help.", "He was selected for the South Korean under-20 team in 1970.", "Cha entered Korea University in 1972 and won the Korean National Championship in 1974, the predecessor of the Korean FA Cup.", "He began his career with Korea Trust Bank FC in 1976.", "He was the best player in the spring season of the Korean Semi-professional League.", "He joined Air Force FC to serve his military service.", "Cha's discharge was moved up by six months because the ROK Air Force persuaded him to join the Navy FC.", "While playing for the national team in the 1978 Korea Cup, Cha attracted the attention of an Eintracht Frankfurt coach who invited him to serve as an observer at the tournament.", "Cha would be discharged from the ROK Air Force in January 1979 after a tryout in West Germany.", "Cha took time off after the 1978 Asian Games to sign a six-month contract with another club, Darmstadt 98.", "He spent less than a month in Darmstadt.", "Cha was ordered to return by the ROK Air Force.", "Cha returned to South Korea due to his military service issue after his debut match.", "He couldn't play for Darmstadt because he spent the rest of his military service until May.", "Cha joined Eintracht Frankfurt at the age of 26 after being discharged from the military service.", "He scored in the first three games of his new club, making an immediate impact.", "He was a world class kicker after the first half of his first season in Germany, according to a German football magazine.", "He helped Frankfurt win its first-ever UEFA Cup title by showing great performances.", "He was considered one of the best attackers in the world by Sir Alex Ferguson and Lothar Matthus.", "He was named along with Karl-Heinz Rummenigge and Kevin Keegan in the team of the season by kicker.", "Cha's spine was cracked by Jrgen Gelsdorf, who tackled behind him, but he came back to the stadium after a month.", "He scored six goals in six matches for the title.", "He was the top scorer for three years in a row.", "Cha transferred to Bayer Leverkusen due to the financial difficulties of Frankfurt.", "He scored 17 goals in the 1985–86 season, his most in a single season, and his team qualified for the UEFA Cup for the first time.", "He was once again selected for the Team of the Season by the magazine kicker.", "He tied the game 3–3 against Espanyol in the 1988 UEFA Cup Final.", "The first European title was held by Leverkusen, who went on to win the game on penalties.", "Cha retired in 1989 after playing hundreds of games as a fair player.", "He scored 98 goals without a penalty and only received one yellow card in his career.", "He became the top foreign goal scorer in the Bundesliga when he scored his 93rd goal on October 31, 1987.", "He had a scoring record that wasn't broken for eleven years.", "Cha is ranked seventh in the league's foreign goal scorer list.", "Cha was a forward in South Korea and played in the Bundesliga as a forward.", "He played in the AFC Youth Championship in 1971 and 1972 and became a South Korean under-20 international.", "He scored his first international goal against Khmer Republic in the 1972 Asian Cup, after making his senior international debut against Iraq.", "He was selected as the Korean FA Player of the Year in 1973, after being named in the Korean FA Best XI for seven consecutive years.", "Cha played for the national team in the Korea Cup, Pestabola Merdeka and King's Cup, which were held annually between Asian nations and the invited clubs at the time.", "He won ten trophies and left three memorable games.", "Pestabola Merdeka scored his first international hat-trick against Japan.", "He scored three goals in five minutes against Malaysia in the 1976 Korea Cup, leading South Korea to a 4–4 draw.", "In the 1978 World Cup qualification, he played all twelve of South Korea's matches and recorded five goals and two assists.", "Despite his struggle, South Korea failed to qualify for the World Cup.", "He contributed to the team's gold medal in the 1978 Asian Games by scoring two goals and providing two assists.", "He did not play well to prepare for try outs for Bundesliga clubs.", "He didn't play for South Korea after the 1978 Asian Games.", "The 1986 World Cup was South Korea's first World Cup since 1954.", "South Korea was eliminated from the group stage despite his exemplary performance.", "Cha was a manager with the K League side Hyundai Horang-i.", "Cha was fired as Korea's national team coach after a 5–0 loss to the Netherlands in the second group game of the 1998 World Cup.", "He blamed the KFA for the bad performance because they didn't have enough bonuses.", "He left the country with his wife after the association banned him for five years.", "Cha took up a commentator position with MBC in Korea after 18 months of coaching Shenzhen Ping'an in China.", "He returned to coaching when he was offered the Suwon Bluewings position.", "Cha achieved immediate success with Suwon by lifting the 2004 K League championship, an achievement he ranked as even better than the UEFA Cup he won as a player in 1988.", "In June 2010 he resigned as Suwon manager.", "Cha said the faith is one of his three biggest values along with family and football.", "Cha's second child, Cha Du-ri, followed in his father's footsteps and played for the South Korean national team.", "The KFA has a list of Cha's 136 international appearances.", "The RSSSF claims 136 appearances about Cha's international career, but there are some discrepancies.", "He had 130 appearances in the Century Club by not playing in the Summer Olympics.", "South Korea's goal tally is listed first." ]

[ "Cha Bum k", "Cha Boom", "Cha", "Cha", "Chang Woon", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Chapuisa", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha Du", "Cha", "Cha" ]

[ "Cha Bum kun", "Cha Boom", "Cha", "Cha", "Chang Woon", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha", "Cha Du", "Cha", "Cha" ]

[ "Michael Dallas Jr. (born December 19, 1986) is an American professional boxer.", "Amateur career\nMichael had an impressive amateur record of 115-12.", "He won a gold medal at the PAL International Junior Olympics in 2000.", "In 2002 he won a bronze medal at the US National Silver Gloves championships, losing to three-time Olympian Rau'shee Warren.", "That same year he was a runner-up at the PAL Junior championships (15-16 age range) at 112 lbs.", "During the 2004 US Western Olympic trials, he lost to Diego Magdaleno.", "At the 2006 National Golden Gloves he won a silver medal, losing to Brad Solomon.", "Mike also got a gold medal at the 2006 PAL championships at 64 kg, beating Karl Dargan and Raul Tovar.", "He went to the US 2008 Olympic trials at 64 kg, where he beat Brad Solomon but lost to Daniel O'Connor and Danny Garcia.", "Sparring Partners\nSome of the boxers Michael has sparred with are 8-division world champion Manny Pacquiao and the undefeated Light Welterweight prospect Jose Benavidez.", "Professional career\nHe made his professional debut in March 2008 in the Light Welterweight weight class against Alejandro Balladares and won all four rounds of the bout for a unanimous decision victory.", "In July 2010, he made his debut on Showtime boxing against undefeated Lanard Lane.", "Despite predicting an easy knock-out, Lane found himself overwhelmed and all three judges scored the bout 78-74 in favor of Dallas.", "Professional record\n\n|- style=\"margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;\"\n|align=\"center\" colspan=8|21 Wins (10 knockouts), 3 Losses, 2 Draw\n|- style=\"margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;\"\n|align=center style=\"border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3\"|Res.", "He's a graduate of South High School in Bakersfield, where he played on both the basketball and football teams.", "His father Michael Dallas, Sr. fought professionally from 1991 to 1998.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\nLight-welterweight boxers\nSportspeople from Bakersfield, California\n1986 births\nLiving people\nBoxers from California\nAmerican male boxers" ]

[ "Michael Dallas Jr. is an American professional boxer.", "Michael had an amateur record of 115-12.", "He won a gold medal at the Junior Olympics.", "He won a bronze medal in 2002 at the US National Silver Gloves Championships.", "He was a runner-up at the PAL Junior Championships at 112 lbs.", "He Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet", "He lost to Brad Solomon in the 2006 National Golden Gloves.", "Mike won a gold medal at the 2006 PAL Championships, beating Karl Dargan and Raul Tovar.", "He beat Brad Solomon but lost to Daniel O'Connor and DannyGarcia at the US Olympic trials.", "Some of the boxers Michael has sparred with are the 8-division world champion and the Light Welterweight prospect Jose Benavidez.", "He made his professional debut in March 2008 in the Light Welterweight weight class against Alejandro Balladares and won all four rounds for a unanimous decision victory.", "He made his boxing debut against Lanard Lane.", "The judges scored the bout 78-74 in favor of Dallas despite Lane's predictions of an easy knock-out.", "There was a professional record with 10 knockouts, 3 losses and 2 draws.", "He was a basketball and football player at South High School in Bakersfield.", "His father was a professional fighter from 1991 to 1998.", "Boxers from California and living people Boxers from California and living people Boxers from California and living people Boxers from California and living people Boxers from California and living people Boxers from California and living people Boxers from California and living people Boxers from California and living people Boxers" ]

[ "Michael Dallas Jr", "Mike", "Michael Dallas" ]

[ "Michael Dallas Jr", "Mike", "Dallas" ]

[ "Erik J. Larsen (born December 8, 1962) is an American comic book artist, writer, and publisher.", "He currently acts as the chief financial officer of Image Comics.", "He gained attention in the early 1990s with his art on Spider-Man series for Marvel Comics.", "In 1992 he was one of several artists who stopped working for Marvel to found Image Comics, where he launched his superhero series Savage Dragon – one of the longest running creator-owned superhero comics series – and served for several years as the company's publisher.", "Early life\nLarsen was born on December 8, 1962, in Minneapolis, Minnesota.", "He has one older brother and two younger sisters.", "Growing up in Bellingham, Washington, he became interested in comics through his father, a professor of English who read EC Comics, and owned a large collection of Captain Marvel Adventures.", "Through him, Larsen was exposed to those books and those of Marvel Comics, and began to buy comics in earnest in the mid-1970s.", "It was Larsen's exposure to Dick Sprang's rendition of Batman that would later influence the earliest incarnations of his own creation, The Dragon, who drove a car copied from Speed Racers Mach Five, and who turned into a superhero using a magic word to trigger his powers like Captain Marvel.", "Career\nEarly career\nAbout a decade after creating the Dragon, Larsen and two friends produced a fanzine called Graphic Fantasy, which featured this character.", "For the anthology Megaton #1 (1983), Larsen co-created and illustrated a feature called \"Vanguard\" with publisher Gary Carlson.", "A revised version of the Dragon debuted in issue #2 and made a cameo appearance in the following two issues.", "The original Dragon, inspired by elements from Captain Marvel, Batman, Speed Racer and later The Incredible Hulk, differs greatly from the modern incarnation.", "Savage Dragon was first featured in two issues of Graphic Fantasy, a self-published title with a small print run, published by Larsen and two friends.", "In this incarnation, the Dragon was a widower and a retired member of a government-sponsored superhero team.", "Subsequently, the Dragon made another appearance in the third issue of Gary Carlson's Megaton anthology in its Vanguard strip, which Larsen had been drawing.", "In these appearances, the character of the Dragon remained basically the same as it had been in Graphic Fantasy, with a few details modified (such as the inclusion of his wife, who was dead in his previous incarnation).", "Both the Graphic Fantasy and Megaton issues featuring the Dragon were later reprinted in high-quality editions.", "In 1985 Larsen worked on Sentinels of Justice for AC Comics, and The DNAgents for Eclipse Comics.", "By 1986, Larsen penciled scripts for the Renegade Press book Murder, which were written by Robin Snyder and Jim Senstrum, whom Larsen met because Snyder, like Larsen, lived in Bellingham, Washington, and frequented the same comics store.", "DC Comics\nLarsen did work at DC on The Outsiders, Teen Titans, Adventures of Superman and Doom Patrol.", "His art on Doom Patrol was negatively received by readers at first, something Larsen thought was due to his style being such a drastic departure from that of his predecessor on the series, Steve Lightle.", "He remarked, \"Years later, I learned from the experience and made more of an effort to ease the transition.\"", "In 1998 he briefly wrote the series Aquaman.", "Marvel Comics\nHis first work for Marvel Comics was a fill-in on Thor that was inked by Vince Colletta.", "He later did a fill-in issue of The Amazing Spider-Man and five issues of Punisher for Marvel.", "He then pitched to editor Terry Kavanaugh a story he would write and draw for Marvel Comics Presents featuring Nova, a character that Larsen adored.", "It was initially approved, but when it was found that it did not fit with an impending storyline in New Warriors, a team book in which Nova was a member, Larsen’s series was cancelled.", "Larsen instead drew an “Excalibur” arc for Marvel Comics Presents, despite lacking interest in that group, because he needed work.", "This led to Larsen doing more Spider-Man work.", "In 1990 Erik Larsen replaced Todd McFarlane on The Amazing Spider-Man with issue #329, having previously penciled issues 287, 324 and 327.", "With writer David Michelinie, Larsen illustrated stories such as \"The Cosmic Spider-Man\", \"The Return of the Sinister Six\" (#334–339) and \"The Powerless Spider-Man\" (#341–343).", "He left the title with #350, was succeeded by Mark Bagley with #351.", "Larsen again succeeded McFarlane on Spider-Man, where he wrote and drew the six-issue story arc \"Revenge of the Sinister Six\" (#18–23).", "Larsen also gained critical acclaim for his work with the character Venom during his time on Amazing Spider-Man.", "His design of Venom was highlighted during the story \"Venom Returns\" (#330–#333, #344–347, Annual #25), which introduced signature visual elements to the character such as giving Venom a long reptilian tongue dripping slime.", "Though his work with Venom was widely lauded and sales were strong, Larsen has gone on record saying he did not enjoy drawing the character and that he found the origin story of both Eddie Brock and the Venom symbiote to be unlikable.", "Larsen stopped working for Marvel in 1992 (see below) but has occasionally returned to write and illustrate, on titles such as Fantastic Four, The Defenders, Wolverine and Nova.", "In 2000, he returned to pencil The Amazing Spider-Man vol.", "2, issues #19–21 with writer Howard Mackie.", "In 2019, he penciled and wrote Amazing Spider-man: Going Big, a one-shot for Marvel's 80th anniversary, along with Mark Bagley and Gerry Conway.", "Image Comics\nIn 1992, seeking greater control and profit over the work they created, Larsen and six other illustrators left Marvel to form Image Comics, where Larsen launched a series featuring a reworked version of Savage Dragon.", "This version was a massively muscled green amnesiac, who joined the Chicago police department after being discovered in a burning field.", "Initially debuting in a three-issue miniseries, the series met with enough success to justify a monthly series, launched in 1993.", "Larsen continued to write and illustrate the series entirely by himself, usually maintaining a roughly monthly schedule except during times when it was not in production.", "As an Image partner, he formed the studio Highbrow Entertainment, which publishes through Image.", "Savage Dragon is one of two original Image Comics titles still published (the other being Spawn) and the only one still written and drawn by its creator.", "The character was also adapted into a short-lived (26 episodes) USA Network animated series that started in 1995.", "In 2004, Larsen replaced Jim Valentino as publisher of Image Comics, taking responsibility for all comics produced by creators other than the Image partners and their studios.", "Larsen stepped down as publisher in July 2008 and executive director Eric Stephenson was promoted to the position:\n\nIn 2012–2013, Larsen had a run as writer and artist on a short-lived revival of Rob Liefeld's Supreme, illustrating writer Alan Moore's final unpublished script with issue #63 and writing new stories from issues #64–68.", "Also in 2012, Erik Larsen purchased Mario Gully's character Ant In 2015 Erik co-wrote and drew Spawn starting with SPAWN #258 and ending with Spawn #266, this run was notable for having included a crossover with Savage Dragon and for featuring Mario Gully's creation Ant.", "In 2021 Larsen concluded the first volume of Mario Gully's Ant.", "In August, 2021, Larsen will launch a new Ant series, starting with a new first issue.", "Personal life\nLarsen and his wife Jannie live in San Francisco, California, with their two sons, Christopher and Joseph.", "Awards\nIn 2012, Larsen received an Inkpot Award from Comic-Con International.", "Larsen was nominated for the 2016 Inkwell Awards All-in-One Award, for \"Favorite artist known for inking his/ her own pencil work in award year interior, cover-dated, American comic book material.\"", "In 2017, he was again nominated and received the 2017 All-in-One Award for his work on Savage Dragon.", "Bibliography\n\nDCArtAdventures of Superman #431\nAquaman #50–52\nAquaman Secret Files #1\nDC Secret Origins #13\nDoom Patrol #6–16\nDoom Patrol Annual #1\nDoom Patrol & Suicide Squad Special\nLegion of Superheroes #55\nLobo's Greatest Hits\nOrion #6\nOutsiders vol.", "2 #24, 27, 28\nTeen Titans #33\nTeen Titans Spotlight #10, 15ScriptAquaman #50–62\nAquaman Secret Files #1\n\nMarvelArtThe Amazing Spider-Man vol.", "1 #287, 324, 327, 329–350, vol.", "2 #19–21\nAmazing Spider-Man Annual #25\nThe Defenders vol.", "2 #1–12\nDoctor Strange Sorcerer Supreme #4\nExcalibur: Air Apparent\nFantastic Four: The World's Greatest Comics Magazine #1, 5, 9, 12\nGuardians of the Galaxy vol.", "1 #13\nIncredible Hulk #346\nMarvel Comics Presents #31–38, 43, 48–50, 82–83, 138–142\nMarvel Super-Heroes vol.", "2 #8\nNamor the Sub-Mariner Annual #1\nNova vol.", "3 #1–7\nPeter Parker: Spider-Man vol.", "2 #19\nPunisher #21–25\nSpider-man #15, 18–23\nSpectacular Spider-Man Annual #11\nSpider-Woman #10\nThor #385 vol.", "2 #26–28\nX-51 #12\nX-Force #2–3ScriptThe Defenders vol.", "2 #1–12\nFantastic Four: The World's Greatest Comics Magazine #1–12\nThe Hulk #8\nNova vol.", "3 #1–7\nSpider-man #15, 18–23\nWolverine #133–149\n\nImageArt10th Muse #5\nAnt #12\nDesperate Times #1–4\nImage Illustrated #1\nImage United #1–3\nNegative Burn Anthology\nSavage Dragon vol.", "1 #1–3, vol.", "2 #1–present\nSavage Dragon vs Savage Megaton Man\nSavage Dragon Companion\nSavage Dragon/Destroyer Duck\nShadowhawk #4\nSpawn #199, 258–266\nSplitting Image #1\nSupreme #63–68\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #1–23\nWildC.A.T.s vol.", "1 #14\nYoungblood #1ScriptAnt #12\nDeadly Duo vol.", "1 #1–3\nFreak Force vol.", "2 #1–3\nNegative Burn Anthology\nSavage Dragon vol.", "1 #1–3 v2 #1–present\nSavage Dragon vs Savage Megaton Man\nSavage Dragon: Sex & Violence #1–2\nSpawn #259–266\nSupreme #64–68\nSuperPatriot #1–4\nWildC.A.T.s vol.", "1 #14Editor'''Deadly Duo vol.", "2 #1–4Freak Force vol.", "1 #1–18Savage Dragon: Red Horizon #1–3Savage Dragon/Destroyer DuckStar #1–4SuperPatriot: Liberty & Justice #1–4Vanguard #1–6Vanguard: Strange Visitors #1–4\n\nPublisherDart (1996)Deadly Duo (1994–1995)Deadly Duo vol.", "2 (1995)Freak Force (1993–1995)Freak Force vol.", "2 (1997)Dragon: Blood & Guts (1995)Savage Dragon (1992)Savage Dragon vol.", "2 (1993–ongoing)Savage Dragon/Marshal Law (1997)Savage Dragon: Red Horizon (1997)Savage Dragon: Sex and Violence (1997)Savage Dragon: God War (2004–2005)Star (1995)SuperPatriot (1993)SuperPatriot: Liberty & Justice (1995)SuperPatriot: America's Fighting Force (2002)SuperPatriot: War on Terror (2004–2005)The Dragon (1996)Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1996–1999)Vanguard (1993–1994)Vanguard: Strange Visitors'' (1996–1997)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official site\n \n One Fan's Opinion, Larsen's column at Comic Book Resources\n Erik Larsen at Lambiek's Comiclopedia\n Comic Geek Speak Podcast Interview, October 2005\n Where Monsters Dwell Interview , Larsen's interview on Where Monsters Dwell podcast\n Erik Larsen Interview with Super Hero Speak\n Fukunaga, Kevin (May 6, 2012).", "\"Podcast #3: Erik Larsen\".", "Scripts & Scribes.", "1962 births\nLiving people\nAmerican comics artists\nAmerican comics writers\nPeople from Mendocino County, California\nWriters from Bellingham, Washington\nWriters from Minneapolis\nImage Comics\nArtists from Minneapolis\nMarvel Comics people" ]

[ "He is an American comic book artist, writer, and publisher.", "He is the chief financial officer of Image Comics.", "He gained attention in the early 1990s with his art on Spider-Man.", "In 1992 he was one of several artists who stopped working for Marvel to found Image Comics, where he launched his superhero series, and served for several years as the company's publisher.", "Larsen was born on December 8, 1962, in Minneapolis, Minnesota.", "He has three siblings, one older brother and two younger sisters.", "Growing up in Bellingham, Washington, he became interested in comics through his father, a professor of English who read EC Comics and owned a large collection.", "In the mid-1970s, he began to buy comics after being exposed to them through him.", "The earliest incarnation of his own creation, The Dragon, who drove a car copied from Speed Racers Mach Five, and who turned into a superhero using a magic word, was influenced by the exposure to Dick Sprang's rendition of Batman.", "A decade after creating the Dragon, Larsen and two friends produced a fanzine called Graphic Fantasy, which featured this character.", "Gary Carlson published a feature called \"Vanguard\" in the anthology Megaton #1.", "A revised version of the Dragon appeared in the first two issues.", "The modern version of the Dragon is very different from the original one.", "Two issues of Graphic Fantasy, a self-published title with a small print run, featured Savage Dragon.", "The Dragon was a widower and a member of a government-sponsored superhero team.", "In the third issue of Gary Carlson's Megaton anthology, the Dragon was drawing again.", "The character of the Dragon remained the same as it had been in Graphic Fantasy, with a few details modified, such as the inclusion of his wife, who was dead in his previous incarnation.", "The Dragon was featured in both the Graphic Fantasy and Megaton issues.", "In 1985 he worked on The DNAgents for Eclipse Comics.", "Robin Snyder and Jim Senstrum were the authors of the book Murder, which was written by Robin and Jim, and was based on a comic book store in Bellingham, Washington.", "DC did work on The Outsiders, TeenTitans, and the Adventures of Superman.", "His style was a departure from that of his predecessor on the series, Steve Lightle, which caused his art to be negatively received by readers.", "He said, \"Years later, I learned from the experience and made more of an effort to ease the transition.\"", "He wrote a series in 1998.", "Vince Colletta was the artist for the fill-in work on THOR that was written by him.", "The fill-in issue of The Amazing Spider-Man was done by him.", "He pitched a story that he would draw and write about Nova, a character that he loved.", "When it was found that it did not fit with an upcoming storyline in New Warriors, the series was canceled.", "He needed work so he drew an \"Excalibur\" arc for the comic book company.", "Larsen did more Spider-Man work.", "The Amazing Spider-Man issue #329 was written in 1990 and was the last one written by Todd McFarlane.", "\"The Cosmic Spider-Man\", \"The Return of the Sinister Six\" and \"The Powerless Spider-Man\" were illustrated by Larsen.", "He left the title with #350.", "The Spider-Man story \"Revenge of the Sinister Six\" was written and drawn by Larsen.", "During his time on the show, he gained critical praise for his work with Venom.", "His design of Venom was highlighted during the story \"Venom Returns\", which introduced signature visual elements to the character such as giving Venom a long reptilian tongue dripping slime.", "Though his work with Venom was well received, he has gone on record saying that he did not enjoy drawing the character and that the origin story of Eddie Brock and the Venom symbiote to be unlikable.", "In 1992 he stopped working for Marvel but has occasionally returned to write and illustrate on titles such as Fantastic Four and The Defenders.", "He penciled The Amazing Spider-Man vol. in 2000.", "2nd issue with writer Howard Mackie.", "He wrote a one-shot for the 80th anniversary of the comic book company.", "In 1992, when they were looking for greater control and profit over the work they created, Larsen and six other illustrators left Marvel to form Image Comics, where they launched a series featuring a reworked version of Savage Dragon.", "The green amnesiac joined the Chicago police department after being found in a burning field.", "The series met with enough success to justify a monthly series in 1993.", "During times when the series was not in production, Larsen kept a roughly monthly schedule.", "Highbrow Entertainment was formed by him as an Image partner.", "Spawn is one of two original Image Comics titles still published, and the only one still written and drawn by its creator.", "The character was adapted into an animated series on the USA Network.", "In 2004, he took responsibility for all comics produced by creators other than the Image partners and their studios.", "Eric Stephenson was promoted to the position of executive director after the publisher stepped down in July 2008.", "The Spawn run that was co-written and drawn by Erik was notable for having included a crossover with Savage Dragon and for featuring Mario Gully's creation Ant.", "The first volume of Mario Gully's ants was finished in 2021.", "The first issue of the new series will be published in August of 2021.", "His wife Jannie and their two sons, Christopher and Joseph, live in San Francisco, California.", "The Inkpot Award was given to him by Comic-Con International.", "\"Favorite artist known for inking his/ her own pencil work in award year interior, cover-dated, American comic book material was nominated for the 2016 Inkwell Awards All-in-One Award.\"", "He received the All-in-One Award for his work on Savage Dragon.", "DC ArtAdventures of Superman #431, 50–52, Aquaman Secret Files, DC Secret Origins, Doom Patrol, Annual #1, Doom Patrol, and Suicide Squad Special Legion of Superheroes are included.", "2 #24, 27, 28 TeenTitans #33 TeenTitans Spotlight #10, 15ScriptAquaman #50–62.", "347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347, 347,", "The Defenders vol. 2 is from the annual Spider-Man Annual.", "The world's greatest comic book magazine #1, 5, 9, and 12 were published.", "The Incredible Hulk is one of the characters in the Marvel Super-Heroes vol.", "The Sub-Mariner Annual #1 Nova vol. was published.", "The Spider-Man vol. was written by Peter Parker.", "The Spectacular Spider-Man Annual #11 Spider-Woman is vol.", "The Defenders vol. 2 #26–28 X-51 #12 X-Force.", "Fantastic Four: The World's Greatest Comics Magazine is a magazine.", "Spider-man #15, 18–23 Wolverine #133–149, Desperate Times #1–4, and Negative Burn anthology Dragon vol.", "The first volume of 1 #1–3.", "Splitting Image #1 Supreme #63–68 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #1–23 WildC.A.T.s vol.", "The Deadly Duo vol. 1 is Youngblood.", "The first volume of Freak Force.", "Negative Burn anthology.", "Spawn #259–266 Supreme #64–68 SuperPatriot #1–4 WildC.A.T.s vol.", "The Deadly Duo vol. 1 is an editor's edition.", "Freak Force vol. 2 is #1–4.", "\"Deadly Duo vol.\" was published in 1994.", "Freak Force vol. 2 was published in 1995.", "Dragon: Blood & Guts was released in 1997.Savage Dragon was released in 1992.", "Savage Dragon: Sex and Violence was released in 1997.Savage Dragon: God War was released in 2004.", "The third episode of the \"Podcast #3\" was about the man.", "There are script and scribes.", "People from Mendocino County, California, Writers from Bellingham, Washington, and Image Comics Artists from Minneapolis were born in 1962." ]

[ "Erik J", ". Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Erik Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Erik Larsen", "Erik", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Erik Larsen", "Larsen", "Erik Larsen", "Erik Larsen" ]

[ "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Erik" ]

[ "Benjamin \"Ben\" Schlesinger was a Lithuanian-born American trade union official and newspaper office manager.", "Schlesinger is best remembered as the nine-time President of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU), serving from 1903–1907, again from 1914–1923, and finally from 1928 until his death in 1932.", "He was also the managing editor of The Jewish Daily Forward from 1907-1912 and the resident manager of the Chicago edition of that publication beginning in 1923.", "Biography\n\nEarly years\n\nBenjamin Schlesinger was born December 25, 1876, in Kaidan, Lithuania, which was then part of the Russian empire.", "He was the son of Nechemiah Ariowitz and Judith Schlesinger, and attended the local Cheder.", "His grandfather, Simcha, was Rabbi in Racinn, Lithuania.", "His father died when he was four and his mother some years later in 1909.", "He emigrated with an older brother to this country in 1891, settling in Chicago.", "Schlesinger's first job after his arrival in Chicago was peddling matches but, a few weeks later, he was employed as a \"floor boy\" in a cloak shop.", "Two years later, when he was 17, and a sewing machine operator on ladies cloaks and suits, he led his first strike, a successful one, in his shop.", "He was a delegate from Chicago to the convention which founded the International Cloak Makers Union of America on May 1, 1892.", "Schlesinger, then only 16 years old, was elected treasurer.", "In 1895 he was elected recording secretary of the Chicago Cloak Makers Union, a post he held for at least three years.", "He became business manager and organizer of Local 5 of the Chicago Cloakmakers' Union in 1902 and, when the five Chicago locals united under a Joint Executive Board, he became manager of that organization.", "Political activity\n\nSchlesinger joined the Socialist Labor Party of America in 1895, remaining in that organization until the party split of 1899.", "Schlesinger later joined the Socialist Party of America, of which he remained a member until the time of his death.", "Schlesinger was also an active member of the Workmen's Circle, a Jewish mutual aid and social benefit society.", "Trade union career\n\nSchlesinger's first position as a trade union functionary came when he was elected business manager of the Chicago Cloakmakers' Union in 1902, aged just 17.", "In May 1903, Schlesinger was elected president of the ILGWU and, after only a brief term, became organizer for the New York locals in January 1904, in which post he stayed until 1907.", "From 1909 to 1912, Schlesinger served as business manager of the Yiddish language Jewish Daily Forward.", "While still in that position, he served as a member of the Strike Committee in the 1910 strike.", "In June 1914, Schlesinger was once more elected president of the ILGWU and served until January 1923.", "During this period, other offices he held included the following: manager of the New York Joint Board, \"without pay, temporarily,\" (1914); president, Needle Trades Workers Alliance (1920); member, general executive board, International Clothing Workers' Federation, Amsterdam (1919–23); delegate, American Federation of Labor, to British Trades Union Congress (1922); and member, People's Relief Committee (1917–22).", "Schlesinger served (1923–28) as manager of the Chicago office of the Jewish Daily Forward and was elected, for the last time, as president of the ILGWU in October 1928, serving until his death in June 1932.", "Benjamin Schlesinger was, at various times, a member of the Workmen's Circle, Forward Association, Socialist Labor Party and Socialist Party.", "Among the proposals which Benjamin Schlesinger initiated and which were then or later adopted as policy by the Union, were the following: he introduced at the convention of 1902 a resolution urging locals to arrange bimonthly or at least monthly lectures and discussions on all educational subjects.", "At the 1903 convention, he introduced a resolution urging locals to establish sick-benefit funds.", "In 1914, he proposed special training of active workers for the Union and the International entered into an arrangement with the Rand School of Social Science for a course of studies for members of the New York locals.", "The program lasted for one year.", "The following year, June 28, 1915, in the midst of demonstrations and strike demands on the question of \"hiring and firing,\" Schlesinger asked the Protective Association to submit the dispute to a committee of unbiased persons.", "As a result, a Council of Conciliation was appointed by Mayor Mitchel and the strike was avoided.", "Another strike in Chicago that same summer was similarly avoided.", "In 1918, he successfully proposed that business agents be considered \"experts\" and appointed by the elected officers.", "He was also successful, in the period 1920-21, in dividing Local 25 into two groups of waistmakers and dressmakers, to accommodate the growing dressmaking section of the industry, resulting in the establishment of the New York Dress Makers' Union, Local 22, then the largest local union in the International.", "On July 1, 1920, Schlesinger addressed a letter to the Neckwear Workers' Union of New York, the International Journeymen Tailors' Union of America, the International Fur Workers' Union, the United Garment Workers of America, the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, and the United Cloth Hat, Cap Makers and Millinery Workers' Union of America, proposing an alliance of all garment workers unions.", "Discussions dragged on for several years but with only limited success.", "Schlesinger was the author of several pamphlets on the garment industry.", "In 1923 Schlesinger returned to the Jewish Daily Forward, working as the resident manager of the Chicago edition of that publication.", "Personal life\n\nSchlesinger became an American citizen in that city on March 19, 1898.", "He was married to Rae Schenhause on August 27, 1899 in Chicago.", "At the time of his death he was survived by his widow, Ray, and three children, two boys and a girl.", "Death and legacy\n\nSchlestinger died on June 6, 1932 in a sanitarium in Denver, Colorado, where he had been undergoing treatment for tuberculosis.", "His body was immediately taken east by his son.", "Great masses of workers turned out for memorial services held in Schlesinger's honor in Chicago and New York City, with more than 10,000 people surrounding ILGWU headquarters at 3 West 16th Street, the crowd flowing into nearby Fifth Avenue.", "In 1967, the junior high school on New York Blvd., Jamaica, Queens, was named the Benjamin Schlesinger Junior High School in his honor.", "In 1982, Benjamin Schlesinger Junior High School was renamed the Catherine and Count Basie Middle School 72.", "Footnotes\n\nFurther reading\n\n Melech Epstein, Profiles of Eleven: Profiles of Eleven Men Who Guided the Destiny of an Immigrant Society and Stimulated Social Consciousness Among the American People.", "Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1965.", "External links\nGuide to the ILGWU.", "Benjamin Schlesinger, President.", "Records, 1914-1923, Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library, Ithaca, NY.", "Guide to the ILGWU.", "Benjamin Schlesinger, President.", "Records, 1928-1932, Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library, Ithaca, NY.", "1876 births\n1932 deaths\nActivists from New York City\nPeople from Chicago\nLeaders of American trade unions\nEmigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States\nInternational Ladies Garment Workers Union leaders\nJewish socialists\nJewish American trade unionists" ]

[ "Benjamin \"Ben\" Schlesinger was an American trade union official and newspaper office manager.", "The nine-time President of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union, who died in 1932, is best remembered for serving from 1903–1907, again from 1914–1923, and finally from 1928.", "He was the resident manager of the Chicago edition of The Jewish Daily Forward from 1923 to 1923.", "Benjamin was born in Kaidan,Lithuania, in 1876, which was part of the Russian empire.", "He attended the local Cheder and was the son of Nechemiah Ariowitz.", "His grandfather was a Rabbi.", "He was four years old when his father and mother died.", "He moved to Chicago with his older brother in 1891.", "After arriving in Chicago, he was employed as a \"floor boy\" in a cloak shop.", "He led his first strike when he was 17 and a sewing machine operator on ladies cloaks and suits.", "The International Cloak Makers Union of America was founded by a delegate from Chicago.", "He was 16 years old when he was elected.", "He held the post of recording secretary of the Chicago Cloak Makers Union for at least three years.", "When the five Chicago locals united under a Joint Executive Board, he became manager of that organization.", "He was a member of the Socialist Labor Party of America until 1899, when the party split.", "He was a member of the Socialist Party of America until his death.", "The Workmen's Circle is a Jewish mutual aid and social benefit society.", "He was elected business manager of the Chicago Cloakmakers' Union at the age of 17 and went on to become a trade union functionary.", "In 1903, he was elected president of the ILGWU, and in January 1904 he became the New York locals' organizer.", "He was the business manager of the Jewish Daily Forward from 1909 to 1912.", "He was a member of the Strike Committee in the 1910 strike.", "He served as president of the ILGWU from January 1923 to June 1914.", "The manager of the New York Joint Board, \"without pay, temporarily,\" was one of the offices he held during this period.", "As manager of the Chicago office of the Jewish Daily Forward, he was elected for the last time as president of the ILGWU in October 1928, serving until his death in June 1932.", "At various times, Benjamin was a member of the Workmen's Circle, the Forward Association, the Socialist Labor Party and the Socialist Party.", "At the 1904 convention of the Union, Benjamin Schlesinger introduced a resolution urging locals to arrange bimonthly or at least monthly lectures and discussions on all educational subjects.", "He introduced a resolution at the 1903 convention urging locals to establish sick-benefit funds.", "In 1914, he proposed special training of active workers for the Union and the International entered into an arrangement with the Rand School of Social Science for a course of studies for members of the New York locals.", "One year was the length of the program.", "On June 28, 1915, in the midst of demonstrations and strike demands, the Protective Association was asked to submit the dispute to a committee of impartial persons.", "The strike was avoided after Mayor Mitchel appointed a Council of Conciliation.", "There was a strike in Chicago during the summer.", "He proposed in 1918 that business agents be appointed by the elected officers.", "The New York Dress Makers' Union, Local 22, became the largest local union in the International after Local 25 was divided into two groups of waistmakers and dressmakers.", "The letter was addressed to the Neckwear Workers' Union of New York, the International Journeymen Tailors' Union of America, the International Fur Workers' Union, the United Garment Workers of America, and the United Cloth Hat.", "It took several years for the discussions to succeed.", "The pamphlets were written about the garment industry.", "He was the resident manager of the Chicago edition of the Jewish Daily Forward in 1923.", "On March 19, 1898, Schlesinger became an American citizen in that city.", "He was married to Rae Schenhause in 1899.", "He was survived by his wife, Ray, and three children, two boys and a girl.", "On June 6, 1932, Schlestinger died in a sanitarium in Denver, Colorado, where he had been undergoing treatment for Tuberculosis.", "His son took his body to the east.", "More than 10,000 people turned out for memorial services in Chicago and New York City, and the crowd flowed into nearby Fifth Avenue.", "In 1967, the junior high school on New York Blvd., Jamaica, Queens, was renamed in his honor.", "The Catherine and Count Basie Middle School 72 was renamed in 1982.", "Profiles of Eleven: Profiles of Eleven Men Who Guided the Destiny of an Immigrant Society and Stimulated Social Consciousness Among the American People was written by Melech Epstein.", "The Wayne State University Press was published in Detroit.", "There are external links to the ILGWU.", "Benjamin is the President.", "The Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives is located at the Cornell University Library in Ithaca, NY.", "There is a guide to the ILGWU.", "Benjamin is the President.", "The Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives is located at the Cornell University Library in Ithaca, NY.", "The leaders of American trade unions came from New York City and the International Ladies Garment Workers Union came from the Russian Empire." ]

[ "Benjamin", "\" Schlesinger", "Benjamin Schlesinger", "Judith Schlesinger", "Schlesinger", "Schlesinger", "Benjamin Schlesinger", "Benjamin Schlesinger", "Schlesinger", "Benjamin Schlesinger", "Benjamin Schlesinger", "Benjamin Schlesinger", "Benjamin Schlesinger" ]

[ "Benjamin", "\" Schlesinger", "Benjamin", "Benjamin", "Benjamin Schlesinger", "Schlesinger", "Benjamin", "Benjamin" ]

[ "Air Chief Marshal Sir Allan Grant \"Angus\" Houston, (born 9 June 1947) is a retired senior officer of the Royal Australian Air Force.", "He served as Chief of Air Force from 20 June 2001 and then as the Chief of the Defence Force from 4 July 2005.", "He retired from the military on 3 July 2011.", "Since then Houston has been appointed to a number of positions, including chairman of Airservices Australia.", "In March 2014 he was appointed to head the Joint Agency Coordination Centre during the search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, and in the Australia Day Honours of 2015, he was knighted for this service.", "Early life\nHouston was born on 9 June 1947 in Ayrshire, Scotland and educated at Strathallan School in Forgandenny, Perthshire.", "He emigrated to Australia in 1968 to work as a jackaroo on a sheep and wheat farm near the town of Mukinbudin in the North Eastern Wheatbelt region of Western Australia.", "Service career\n\nEarly career\nHouston joined the RAAF as a cadet pilot in 1970 and was soon given the nickname \"Angus\".", "On 20 March 1971, he was granted an eight-year short-service commission with the rank of pilot officer, and was promoted to flying officer on 20 March 1973.", "He spent the early part of his career flying UH-1 Iroquois helicopters in various parts of Australia, Papua New Guinea and Indonesia.", "On 10 March 1975, he received a permanent commission, with a promotion to flight lieutenant on 20 September.", "After graduation from Flying Instructors Course in 1975, Houston completed several instructional tours on Macchi MB-326H, British Aircraft Corporation Strikemaster and Iroquois aircraft.", "A posting to the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) from 1976 to 1978 was followed by two years at No.", "9 Squadron at RAAF Base Amberley.", "In late 1979, Houston was posted to Hill Air Force Base, Utah U.S.A. for exchange flying duties with a United States Air Force helicopter unit.", "In 1980 he was awarded the Air Force Cross for an open sea rescue in gale-force winds off the coast of New South Wales in 1979.", "He was promoted to squadron leader on 1 January 1982.", "After a further posting to No.", "9 Squadron as the Executive Officer, and staff training at RAAF Staff College, Houston was posted to the Department of Air (Development Division) where he was involved in the Black Hawk helicopter Project.", "In 1987, Houston assumed command of No.", "9 Squadron to introduce the Black Hawk helicopter, to relocate the unit from Amberley to Townsville, Queensland, and to transfer the capability to the Australian Army.", "In 1989 he served one year in command of the 5th Aviation Regiment.", "Houston was admitted as a Member of the Order of Australia in 1990 for his work in the transfer of responsibility for Blackhawk operations.", "Following graduation from Joint Services Staff College, Houston was posted to the Joint Operations staff at Headquarters Australian Defence Force and was involved in strategic planning during the Persian Gulf War of 1990–1991.", "On promotion to group captain in July 1992, he assumed the post of Director Air Force Policy and negotiated the establishment of the RSAF Flying School at RAAF Base Pearce.", "After completing a C-130H Hercules conversion in 1993, Houston commanded No.", "86 Wing from 1994 to 1995.", "Houston attended the Royal College of Defence Studies in London in 1996.", "He was Chief of Staff, Headquarters Australian Theatre from 1997 to 1999, Commander Integrated Air Defence System from 1999 to 2000 and Head Strategic Command from 17 August 2000.", "Senior command\nHouston was appointed as Chief of Air Force (CAF) on 20 June 2001 and, in the 2003 Australia Day Honours, advanced to Officer of the Order of Australia.", "As acting Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) in 2001, Houston played a central role in the Children Overboard Affair.", "At a Senate inquiry in February 2002, Houston challenged the then government's claim made during the 2001 election campaign, that seafaring asylum seekers had thrown children overboard in a presumed ploy to secure rescue and passage to Australia.", "On 4 July 2005, he was promoted to air chief marshal and appointed Chief of the Defence Force.", "In the Australia Day Honours of 26 January 2008, he was advanced to a Companion of the Order of Australia.", "In March 2008, Houston's appointment was extended to 3 July 2011.", "Later life\nAfter his retirement from the CDF position, the Australian Government appointed Houston as Chair of the Anzac Centenary Advisory Board on 6 July 2011, with the remit to \"provide strategic advice and recommendations on the planning and implementation of Anzac Centenary events\".", "On 6 December 2011, it was announced that the Australian Government had appointed Houston as the next chairman of Airservices Australia on the grounds of his aviation, governance and leadership experience.", "In June 2012, Prime Minister Julia Gillard announced that Houston would chair an expert group that would examine asylum seeker policy and prepare a report recommending a solution for the Government's consideration.", "In February 2014, Houston was appointed chair of the Defence SA Advisory Board.", "The position was previously held by General Peter Cosgrove.", "On 30 March 2014, Prime Minister Tony Abbott announced that Houston will head the Joint Agency Coordination Centre (JACC), based in Perth, formed to oversee the efforts to find Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.", "At that time, the plane had been missing for just over three weeks since its disappearance on about Saturday, 8 March 2014.", "On 26 January 2015, Houston was appointed a Knight of the Order of Australia (AK) for his service to Australia and commitment to the MH17 and MH 370 disasters.", "Saying he was \"surprised and deeply humbled,\" he said he would prefer to be called by his name instead of \"Sir Angus.\"", "\"It's a great honour to be recognised in this way.", "But I'd like people to still call me Angus.", "That's probably the way I am,\" he said.", "The ceremony in which he was officially knighted was held on 17 April 2015 at Government House, Canberra by the Governor-General of Australia, General Sir Peter Cosgrove.", "On 1 June 2015, Houston was announced as the new special envoy for South Australia.", "According to Premier Jay Weatherill, Houston is tasked with supporting trade missions, providing advice on international engagement strategies and providing important introductions in key markets.", "Weatherill also noted Houston's strong relationships with military leaders across Asia being potentially advantageous to the state.", "Houston was elected to the role of chancellor of the University of the Sunshine Coast and took office from 1 April 2017.", "Houston was appointed to the board of Virgin Australia in December 2018, replacing Mark Vaile.", "Houston is an Honorary Patron of the ACT Veterans Rugby Club, the Bomber Command Association in Australia, Sunnyfield Disability Services and the Australian American Association Canberra Division.", "He is the chair of the Canberra Symphony Orchestra.", "Houston is a member of the senior advisory group of the Indonesia-Australia Defence Alumni Association (IKAHAN).", "Personal life\nHouston and his wife Liz, who is a teacher, have three sons.", "In July 2010, while CDF, Houston took medical leave to deal with prostate issues.", "Honours and awards\n\nScholastic\n\n Chancellor, visitor, governor, rector and fellowships\n\nHonorary degrees\n\nReferences\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n1947 births\nAlumni of the Royal College of Defence Studies\nAustralian aviators\nAustralian recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)\nChiefs of the Defence Force (Australia)\nCommanders of the Legion of Merit\nCommanders of the Order of Orange-Nassau\nCommandeurs of the Légion d'honneur\nKnights of the Order of Australia\nForeign recipients of the Legion of Merit\nLiving people\nRoyal Australian Air Force air marshals\nPeople educated at Strathallan School\nPeople from Ayrshire\nRecipients of the Centenary Medal\nRecipients of the Darjah Utama Bakti Cemerlang (Tentera)\nRecipients of the Order of Timor-Leste\nRecipients of the Pingat Jasa Gemilang (Tentera)\nScottish airmen\nScottish emigrants to Australia\nChancellors by university in Australia" ]

[ "Sir Allan Grant \"Angus\" Houston is a retired senior officer of the Royal Australian Air Force.", "He was the Chief of the Defence Force from July 2005 to June 2001 and the Chief of the Air Force from June 2001 to June 2001.", "He retired from the military on July 3, 2011.", "Houston has been appointed to a number of positions.", "In the Australia Day Honours of 2015, he was knighted for his service as head of the Joint Agency Coordination Centre during the search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.", "Houston was born in Scotland in 1947 and went to school in Forgandenny.", "He moved to Australia in 1968 to work on a sheep and wheat farm in the North Eastern Wheatbelt region of Western Australia.", "Houston joined the RAAF as a cadet pilot in 1970 and was given the nickname \"Angus\".", "He was promoted to flying officer on March 20, 1973, after being granted an eight-year short-service commission with the rank of pilot officer.", "In the early years of his career, he flew UH-1 Iroquois in various parts of Australia, New Zealand and Indonesia.", "On 10 March 1975, he was promoted to flight lieutenant.", "Houston completed several tours on Macchi MB-326H and the British Aircraft Corporation Strikemaster after graduating from the Flying Instructors Course.", "Two years at No followed a posting to the Republic of Singapore Air Force from 1976 to 1978.", "The 9 squadron is at the base.", "Houston was posted to Hill Air Force Base in Utah in 1979.", "He was awarded the Air Force Cross for an open sea rescue off the coast of New South Wales in 1979.", "He was promoted to squadron leader in 1982.", "There was a further posting to No.", "He was posted to the Department of Air (Development Division) where he was involved in the Black Hawk helicopter project.", "Houston took command of No. in 1987.", "To introduce the Black Hawk helicopter, to relocate the unit from Amberley to a new location, and to transfer the capability to the Australian Army.", "He was in charge of the 5th Aviation Regiment for a year in 1989.", "Houston was admitted to the Order of Australia in 1990 for his work in the transfer of responsibility for Blackhawk operations.", "Houston was posted to the Joint Operations staff at Headquarters Australian Defence Force after graduating from Joint Services Staff College and was involved in strategic planning during the Persian Gulf War.", "He assumed the post of Director Air Force Policy and negotiated the establishment of the RSAF Flying School after being promoted to group captain.", "Houston commanded No after completing a C-130H Hercules conversion.", "The 86 Wing was in existence from 1994 to 1995.", "Houston attended the Royal College of Defence Studies in London.", "He was the Chief of Staff, Headquarters Australian Theatre from 1997 to 1999 and the Commander Integrated Air Defence System from 1999 to 2000.", "Houston was promoted to Officer of the Order of Australia after being appointed Chief of Air Force in 2001.", "Houston was the acting Chief of the Defence Force in 2001.", "Houston challenged the government's claim that asylum seekers threw children off their boat in order to get to Australia during a Senate inquiry in 2002.", "He became the Chief of the Defence Force on July 4, 2005.", "He was made a Companion of the Order of Australia in the Australia Day honours.", "Houston's appointment was extended in March of 2008.", "After his retirement from the CDF position, the Australian Government appointed Houston as Chair of the Anzac Centenary Advisory Board, with the purpose of providing strategic advice and recommendations on the planning and implementation of the events.", "The Australian Government appointed Houston as the next chairman of Airservices Australia on the basis of his aviation, governance and leadership experience.", "The Prime Minister announced in June 2012 that Houston would chair an expert group that would examine asylum seekers policy and recommend a solution for the Government's consideration.", "Houston was appointed chair of the Defence SA Advisory Board.", "General Peter Cosgrove held the position.", "Houston will head the Joint Agency Coordination Centre, based in Perth, which was formed to oversee the efforts to find Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.", "The plane had been missing for three weeks before it was found.", "Houston was appointed a Knight of the Order of Australia (AK) for his service to Australia and his commitment to the disasters.", "He said he would prefer to be called by his name.", "It's a great honor to be recognized this way.", "I'd like people to still call me that.", "\"That's probably the way I am,\" he said.", "The ceremony in which he was knighted was held on 17 April 2015 at Government House, Canberra by the Governor-General of Australia, General Sir Peter Cosgrove.", "Houston was named the new special envoy for South Australia.", "According to Jay Weatherill, Houston is tasked with supporting trade missions, providing advice on international engagement strategies and providing important introductions to key markets.", "Houston's strong relationships with military leaders in Asia could be beneficial to the state.", "Houston took office as chancellor of the University of the Sunshine Coast on 1 April.", "Houston was appointed to the board of Virgin Australia in December.", "The Bomber Command Association in Australia and the Australian American Association Canberra Division are all supported by Houston.", "He is in charge of the symphony orchestra.", "Houston is a member of the senior advisory group of the Indonesia-Australia Defence Alumni Association.", "Houston and his wife Liz have three sons.", "Houston took medical leave in July of 2010 to deal with prostrate issues.", "Alumni of the Royal College of Defence Studies are recipients of the Air Force Cross." ]

[ "Angus", "\" Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Angus", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Sir Angus", "Angus", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston" ]

[ "Angus", "\" Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Angus", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston", "Houston" ]

[ "Jesus C. Gonzalez (born December 16, 1986) is an American man from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, known for a gun rights civil lawsuit, as well as being convicted of a reckless homicide shooting.", "Open carry lawsuits \nUntil November 2011, Wisconsin was an open carry state for the purposes of gun control.", "Under state law it was legal to carry a loaded, visible handgun, but concealing that gun (even by a jacket covering the hip) was illegal.", "In May 2008, Gonzalez entered a Menards store with a pistol openly displayed in a thigh holster.", "An employee called the police to report a man with a gun in the store; meanwhile a different employee asked Gonzalez to leave.", "Gonzalez left without incident, but was confronted by police outside the store.", "He was arrested for disorderly conduct, as was a common practice in many Wisconsin jurisdictions that did not approve of the practice of open carry by civilians.", "In April 2009, Gonzalez entered a Chilton Walmart while openly carrying a gun, and attempted to buy ammunition for a different weapon.", "The store manager called 911, and Gonzalez was again arrested for disorderly conduct.", "Eventually charges were dropped in both cases, but Gonzalez sued in federal court, claiming that his Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights had been violated due to the arrests.", "In this case Gonzales was represented by John Monroe, a noted Georgia gun rights lawyer.", "Federal judge Lynn Adelman, of the U.S. District Court of the Eastern District of Wisconsin, ultimately dismissed the lawsuit, arguing that officers had probable cause for the arrests.", "This ruling however caused a Circuit split as it conflicted with an earlier ruling from a district court in Georgia.", "This split has not yet been resolved by the Supreme Court.", "In September 2010, Gonzalez appealed against the dismissal of his civil rights case.", "Meanwhile, the Wisconsin attorney general has issued guidance to district attorneys and law enforcement stating that under Wisconsin law, and Wisconsin interpretation of federal law, open carry in and of itself does not create an arrestable offense.", "Additionally, Wisconsin has passed a concealed carry law which took effect in November 2011.", "In February 2012, the appeals were dismissed, with U.S.", "Circuit Judge Diane Sykes ruling that the officers involved had qualified immunity, as it was reasonable for the officers to believe they had probable cause for disorderly conduct, as well as possible confusion regarding the legality of open carry at the time.", "2010 shooting\nOn May 9, 2010, Danny John and Jered Corn were at Mamie's Tavern in Milwaukee.", "According to a police report, they were asked to leave the bar for being \"loud and profane\"; a bartender claims that they were being loud, but that she did not ask them to leave.", "According to the police report, before leaving the two men were seen burning money at the end of the bar.", "After they left, the men decided to go to a nearby friend's house, and debated if they should walk or drive.", "Corn claims John decided to drive because he did not want to leave the car in the tavern's parking lot, but Corn decided to walk.", "In his opening statement, Assistant District Attorney Grant Huebner said Corn and John had \"more than a few drinks.\"", "During the trial, the medical examiner reported John's blood alcohol level at 0.19.", "The legal limit in Wisconsin is 0.08.", "Gonzalez's home was two doors down from the tavern.", "While the exact circumstances are under debate, the core facts are uncontested: Gonzalez shot John and Corn.", "John managed to drive around the corner where he was later found still alive by police.", "Gonzalez then called 911 and reported the shooting, and unloaded his gun.", "In his 911 call, Gonzalez reported \"I just had two individuals try to assault me when I was going outside to move my car.\"", "When police arrived, Gonzalez was waiting for them with his arms in the air, and the gun inside his home.", "He surrendered peacefully.", "Corn and John did not have any weapons on them, and in the 911 call Gonzalez stated, \"I don't know what they had, but they must have thought that I was not armed.\"", "When police arrived, John was still alive and said that he was shot by an unknown Hispanic male.", "He died of his injuries at the hospital.", "Corn was found on the ground near where he was shot, unable to move his legs.", "Charges\nGonzalez was charged with first degree intentional homicide and attempted first degree intentional homicide as a result of the shooting.", "Under Wisconsin law, self-defense is a mitigating circumstance to these charges, and once claimed the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the mitigating circumstance does not exist.", "Actual self-defense is an absolute defense to the charges.", "Unnecessary self-defense (the accused believed self-defense was needed, but such belief was unreasonable) reduces the charges.", "If the prosecution cannot prove the accused did not have a valid self-defense motive (even an unreasonable one), the charges are automatically reduced.", "Under most of the reduced charges, unreasonable self-defense is no longer an affirmative defense.", "Actual (reasonable) self-defense is a valid defense for the reduced charges.", "Trial\nGonzales pleaded not guilty to the charges, and was released on $100,000 bail.", "Gonzalez was originally allowed to keep a weapon while on bail, but a restriction prohibiting firearms was later added as a bail condition.", "While the case was pending, Gonzalez's bail conditions were modified several times to allow him to travel to California for a wedding and family holidays.", "Jury selection\nOf the 34 potential jurors in the case, only two owned handguns.", "They were not selected for the jury.", "Also not selected were two people who knew homicide victims, one whose relative is charged with a shooting of his girlfriend, a man who said a friend had been hit with a police officer's car in Los Angeles, and a woman who was a prior juror that acquitted the defendant in an attempted homicide case.", "None of the potential jurors said they had strong feelings about current gun rights debates or belonged to any gun rights or gun control advocacy groups.", "In total, seven men and five women served on the jury.", "Testimony of Jared Corn \nJared Corn testified that as he was walking towards his friend's house Gonzalez confronted Corn, telling him to \"back the 'f' up.\"", "Corn asserts that he raised his hands into the air and proceeded to back up, while Gonzalez continued to advance towards him.", "Corn told police that Gonzalez fired, and the next thing he remembers was waking up on his back.", "Testimony of police \nPolice testimony largely centered around positively identifying the victims and Gonzalez, as well as identification of the gun and bullets.", "One significant piece of testimony was that Gonzalez's car was in the opposite direction from the tavern, 144 feet from the shooting.", "Due to the type of bore on Gonzalez's gun, ballistics testing was not able to positively identify the bullets as having been fired from Gonzalez's gun.", "However police testified that it was likely based on the 911 call, proximity of the shooting, and the caliber of the weapon.", "Defense \nGonzalez's attorney, Nelida Cortes, said in her opening statement, \"There isn't always just one way to see things,\" and asked them to consider the character and motives of witnesses.", "Corn had previously been convicted of multiple disorderly conduct violations, as well as marijuana convictions.", "John had previously been convicted of battery.", "The defense called one witness, a police officer that testified about the behavior of the victims - as reported by the bartender.", "Gonzalez pleaded the Fifth Amendment and did not testify.", "The defense made a motion for a directed verdict and a motion to dismiss, both which were denied.", "Although Gonzalez did not testify, the judge instructed the court on the criteria for self-defense, and said that the burden was on the state to show that Gonzalez did not reasonably believe he faced a threat of death or great bodily harm, or didn't believe deadly force was necessary to prevent it.", "In her closing arguments, Gonzalez's attorney argued that Gonzalez was attacked with a deadly weapon, namely a drunk driver necessitating the use of deadly force in self-defense.", "The assistant district attorney reminded the jury that in his 911 call, Gonzalez did not mention a drunk driver, but claimed two men had tried to assault him.", "Verdict \nAfter slightly more than four hours of deliberation, the jury returned a verdict of guilty of the lesser charges of first degree reckless homicide, and first degree reckless injury.", "Gonzalez's bail was revoked after the verdict while awaiting sentencing, even though his bail had been lenient during the trial.", "The judge said the conviction changed the equation.", "Vacated judgement and new charges \nImmediately prior to the sentencing, the reckless injury conviction was vacated, and Gonzalez pleaded no contest to a charge of second degree reckless endangerment.", "The judge found him guilty of this charge.", "Sentence \nOn November 18, 2011, Gonzales was sentenced to 20 years in prison for the shootings.", "Due to Wisconsin's truth in sentencing laws, Gonzalez is expected to serve his full term, and is not eligible for any of Wisconsin's early release programs.", "Gonzalez was also ordered to pay restitution of $379.93 to Jared Corn, and $15,000 to EPIC life insurance.", "His previous bail was used for this purpose.", "The judge informed Gonzalez that his voting rights are suspended, and additionally as a convicted felon, he is no longer allowed to possess firearms.", "References\n\n1986 births\nLiving people\nAmerican gun rights activists\nCriminals from Wisconsin\nDeaths by firearm in Wisconsin\nManslaughter trials\nAmerican people convicted of manslaughter\nPrisoners and detainees of Wisconsin" ]

[ "Jesus C. Gonzalez (born December 16, 1986) is an American man from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, known for a gun rights civil lawsuit, as well as being convicted of a reckless homicide shooting.", "Wisconsin was an open carry state until November 2011.", "Under state law, it was legal to carry a loaded, visible handgun, but not to hide it.", "Gonzalez entered a Menards store with a pistol in a thigh holster.", "An employee called the police to report a man with a gun in the store, while another asked Gonzalez to leave.", "Gonzalez was confronted by police outside the store.", "He was arrested for disorderly conduct, a common practice in many Wisconsin jurisdictions that did not approve of the practice of open carry by civilians.", "Gonzalez entered a Walmart in April of 2009, openly carrying a gun, and attempting to buy a different weapon.", "Gonzalez was arrested again for disorderly conduct after the store manager called the police.", "Gonzalez sued in federal court, claiming that his Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights were violated when he was arrested.", "John Monroe is a noted Georgia gun rights lawyer.", "Lynn Adelman of the U.S. District Court of the Eastern District of Wisconsin argued that the officers had probable cause to make the arrests.", "The Circuit split due to the conflicting ruling from a district court in Georgia.", "The Supreme Court has yet to resolve this split.", "Gonzalez appealed against the dismissal of his case.", "According to the guidance issued by the Wisconsin attorney general, open carry in and of itself does not create an arrestable offense.", "The concealed carry law in Wisconsin took effect in November 2011.", "In February of 2012 the appeals were dismissed.", "It was reasonable for the officers to believe they had probable cause for disorderly conduct, as well as possible confusion regarding the legality of open carry at the time, as the officers had qualified immunity.", "Danny John and Jered Corn were at a bar.", "According to a police report, they were asked to leave the bar because they were loud, but that the bartender did not ask them to leave.", "Two men were seen burning money at the end of the bar before they left.", "The men went to a friend's house and debated if they should walk or drive.", "John decided to drive because he didn't want to leave the car in the parking lot, but Corn decided to walk.", "Grant said Corn and John had more than a few drinks.", "John's blood alcohol level was reported by the medical examiner during the trial.", "The legal limit in Wisconsin is 0.08.", "The home of Gonzalez was two doors down from the tavern.", "The core facts are that Gonzalez shot John and Corn.", "John was found alive by police after driving around the corner.", "Gonzalez reported the shooting and then put his gun down.", "Gonzalez reported that he had two people try to assault him while he was moving his car.", "Gonzalez waited for police with his arms in the air and a gun in his home.", "He surrendered peacefully.", "Corn and John did not have any weapons on them, and in the call Gonzalez stated, \"I don't know what they had, but they must have thought that I was not armed.\"", "John told police that he was shot by a Hispanic male.", "He died of his injuries.", "Corn was unable to move his legs after he was shot.", "Gonzalez was charged with murder and attempted murder as a result of the shooting.", "The prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the self-defense circumstance does not exist in order for the charges to be dropped.", "Self-defense is an absolute defense to the charges.", "Unnecessary self-defense reduces the charges.", "The charges are reduced if the prosecution can't prove the accused had a valid self-defense motive.", "Unreasonable self-defense is no longer an affirmative defense under most of the reduced charges.", "Self-defense is a valid defense for reduced charges.", "Trial Gonzales was released on $100,000 bail after he pleaded not guilty to the charges.", "Gonzalez was allowed to keep a weapon while on bail, but a restriction prohibiting firearms was added as a bail condition.", "Gonzalez was allowed to travel to California for a wedding and family holidays while the case was pending.", "Only two of the 34 potential jurors owned handguns.", "They weren't selected for the jury.", "Two people who knew homicide victims, one whose relative is charged with a shooting of his girlfriend, a man who said a friend had been hit with a police officer's car and a woman who was a prior juror were not selected.", "None of the potential jurors were members of any gun rights or gun control advocacy groups.", "The jury consisted of seven men and five women.", "Corn testified that Gonzalez told him to \"back the 'f' up\" as he walked towards his friend's house.", "Corn asserts that he raised his hands into the air and proceeded to back up, while Gonzalez continued to advance towards him.", "Corn told police that after Gonzalez fired, he woke up on his back.", "Police testimony centered around positively identifying the victims and Gonzalez, as well as identification of the gun and bullets.", "The testimony shows that Gonzalez's car was in the opposite direction from the shooting.", "The bullets that were fired from Gonzalez's gun were not able to be positively identified due to the bore on the gun.", "Police testified that it was likely based on the location of the shooting, the caliber of the weapon, and the caller's location.", "In her opening statement, defense Gonzalez's attorney asked them to consider the character and motives of witnesses.", "Corn had convictions for disorderly conduct and marijuana.", "John was convicted of battery.", "The police officer was called by the defense to testify about the behavior of the victims.", "Gonzalez did not testify.", "The defense made a motion for a directed verdict and a motion to dismiss.", "Although Gonzalez did not testify, the judge instructed the court on the criteria for self-defense, and said that the burden was on the state to show that Gonzalez did not reasonably believe he faced a threat of death or great bodily harm.", "Gonzalez's attorney argued in her closing arguments that Gonzalez was attacked by a drunk driver and needed to use deadly force in self-defense.", "The assistant district attorney told the jury that Gonzalez didn't mention a drunk driver in his call, but that two men tried to assault him.", "The jury found the lesser charges of first degree reckless homicide and first degree reckless injury guilty.", "After the verdict, Gonzalez's bail was revoked even though it had been reduced during the trial.", "The judge said the conviction changed the equation.", "Prior to the sentencing, the reckless injury conviction was thrown out and Gonzalez pleaded no contest to a charge of second degree reckless endangerment.", "He was found guilty by the judge.", "He was sentenced to 20 years in prison for the shootings.", "Gonzalez is not eligible for any of Wisconsin's early release programs due to the fact that he is expected to serve his full term.", "Gonzalez was ordered to pay back the money he stole from Corn.", "His previous bail was used for this purpose.", "Gonzalez's voting rights have been suspended and he is no longer allowed to possess firearms because he is a convicted felon.", "References 1986 births Living people American gun rights activists Criminals from Wisconsin Deaths by firearm in Wisconsin manslaughter trials" ]

[ "Jesus C", ". Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Corn", "Corn", "Corn", "Corn", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Corn", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Corn", "Gonzalez", "Corn", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Jared Corn", "Jared Corn", "Gonzalez", "Corn", "Corn", "Gonzalez", "Corn", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Cortes", "Corn", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Jared Corn", "Gonzalez" ]

[ "Jesus C", ". Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Corn", "Corn", "Corn", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Corn", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Corn", "Gonzalez", "Corn", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Corn", "Gonzalez", "Corn", "Gonzalez", "Corn", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Corn", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Gonzalez", "Co", "Gonzalez" ]

[ "José Pascual Antonio Aguilar Márquez Barraza (17 May 191919 June 2007) was a Mexican singer, actor, songwriter, equestrian, film producer, and screenwriter with a dominating career in music.", "He recorded over 150 albums, which sold 25 million copies, and acted in more than 120 films.", "He was given the honorific nickname \"El Charro de México\" (Mexico's Horseman) because he is credited with popularizing the Mexican equestrian sport la charrería to international audiences.", "Aguilar began his career singing on the Mexican radio station XEW in 1950.", "That year, he signed a contract with the Mexican independent label Musart Records and became one of its best-selling artists.", "He made his acting debut with Pedro Infante in the drama Un rincón cerca del cielo (1952).", "After appearing in gentleman roles in several films, he achieved popularity as a film star with his performance as lawman Mauricio Rosales in a series of seven films in the mid-1950s.", "His success increased with his tours throughout Latin America and his studio albums, which included Mexican folk songs (rancheras) and ballads (corridos).", "In the 1960s, he focused on producing and starring in films set in the Mexican Revolution.", "In 1970, he won Latin ACE Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Emiliano Zapata in the 1970 epic film of the same name.", "He also portrayed Pancho Villa twice in film.", "In 1997, Aguilar was awarded the Golden Ariel for his \"invaluable contribution and spreading of Mexican cinema\".", "To this day, he has been the only Hispanic artist to sell out the Madison Square Garden of New York City for six consecutive nights in 1997.", "His second wife was famous singer and actress Flor Silvestre.", "They had two sons, Antonio Aguilar Hijo and Pepe Aguilar, who also became singers and actors.", "His family is known as \"La Dinastía Aguilar\" (The Aguilar Dynasty).", "Early life\nAguilar was born in Villanueva, Zacatecas, the son of Jesús Aguilar Aguilar and Ángela Márquez Barraza Valle, both of Villanueva.", "His parents had six other children: José Roque, Salvador (deceased), Guadalupe (deceased), Luis Tomás (deceased), Mariano (deceased) and Josefina.", "His cousin is Jose Rodriguez of Maravillas Villanueva Zac.", "He spent his early childhood in La Casa Grande de Tayahua, an hacienda first built in 1596 in the town of Tayahua, about 35 km from Villanueva.", "Aguilar's ancestors acquired this property in the early 19th century.", "Career\nAguilar began his recording career in 1950, eventually making over 150 albums and selling more than 25 million records.", "He was known for his corridos, with some of his best known songs including \"Gabino Barrera\", \"Caballo prieto azabache\", \"Albur de amor\", and \"Un puño de tierra\".", "He was the first Mexican performer to mix rodeos and concerts while touring his show in Latin America and the United States.", "He has been compared to American actors like Roy Rogers, Gene Autry, and Ronald Reagan.", "He began his acting career in 1952 during the Golden Age of Mexican cinema.", "In the 1950s, Aguilar was cast in aseries of films centered on rural hero \"Mauricio Rosales\" in El rayo justiciero (1955), La barranca de muerte (1955), La sierra del terror (1956), La huella del chacal (1956), La pantera negra (1957), La guarida del buitre (1958), and Los muertos no hablan (1958).", "A total of seven low-budget ranchera films produced by Rosas Films S.A. Aguilar gained cinematic notice when cast in Ismael Rodríguez's Tierra de hombres in 1956.", "Other collaborations with Rodríguez include La Cucaracha (1959) and Ánimas Trujano (1962), where he received starring roles.", "Amongst his best ranchera films are Yo... el aventurero (1959), Caballo prieto azabache (1968), El ojo de vidrio (1969), and Valente Quintero (1973).", "Aguilar appeared in American western films like 1969's The Undefeated starring John Wayne.", "He also made a memorable starring role alongside his wife Flor Silvestre in Triste recuerdo (1991).", "Aguilar was also largely responsible for the renewed popularity of the tambora music in the mid-1980s, when he single-handedly resuscitated the genre with the hit \"Triste recuerdo\".", "Family\n\nAguilar was married to dancer Otilia Larrañaga and after their divorce he married singer and actress Flor Silvestre (whose real name was Guillermina Jiménez Chabolla).", "One of their children, José \"Pepe\" Aguilar, is among Mexico's most popular modern singers.", "In addition to Pepe Aguilar, he had another child with Flor Silvestre who is the eldest, Antonio Aguilar, Jr. Aguilar's grandchildren include Emiliano, Aneliz, Leonardo, Ángela, María José and Flor Susana: Emiliano, Aneliz, Leonardo, and Ángela are Pepe Aguilar's children; María José and Flor Susana are Antonio Aguilar Jr.'s.", "children.", "Death\nOn 18 June 2007, doctors announced that Aguilar was no longer responding to treatment and was expected to pass away before the end of the night.", "On 19 June 2007, the doctor spoke out to the media that Aguilar was still alive, and his body was responding to the medication, but was still in critical condition.", "While there, the family received visits from many famous people including Vicente Fernández.", "Aguilar died on 19 June 2007 at 11:45 p.m. from pneumonia.", "His coffin was carried through the streets of Zacatecas, the state capital, and was honored at a memorial service attended by hundreds at a church there.", "His body was then taken to the hamlet of Tayahua, about to the south, where residents waited in the streets to bid Aguilar a final farewell before he was buried at his family's \"El Soyate\" ranch nearby, the government news agency Notimex reported.", "Obituaries appeared in many newspapers, including Los Angeles Times (US), The New York Times (US), The Washington Post (US), The Guardian (UK) and The Independent (UK).", "News of Antonio's death were reported in newspapers of many Spanish-speaking countries, including Guatemala (El Periódico), Honduras (La Tribuna), El Salvador (El Diario de Hoy), Nicaragua (El Nuevo Diario), Costa Rica (Diario Extra), Venezuela (Correo del Caroní), Peru (Crónica Viva), Colombia (El Tiempo), Ecuador (El Diario) and Chile (El Mercurio).", "Awards and honors\n\nIn 2000, for his contributions to the recording industry, Aguilar was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7056 Hollywood Boulevard.", "In the same year, he was the recipient of the Excellence Award at the 2000 Lo Nuestro Awards and the ASCAP Latin Heritage Award.", "In 2004, he was the presented with the Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.", "He was similarly honored with his handprints and star on the Paseo de las Luminarias in Mexico City for his work in movies and in the recording industry.", "Discography\n\nStudio albums\nÉxitos de Antonio Aguilar\nA Grito Abierto\nEl Aguijón\nCorridos: Gabino Barrera y 11 Éxitos Más\nCorridos con Antonio Aguilar\nCantos de Mi Tierra\nViva el Norte con Antonio Aguilar\nLa Voz del Pueblo\nYa Viene Amaneciendo\nPuras Buenas\nPuras Buenas Vol.", "II\nLa Mula Chula/Arriba Tayahua\n15 Éxitos 15 con Tambora\n15 Éxitos 15 Corridos Famosos\n\nEPs\n Toma esta carta (1960s)\n Antonio Aguilar Nº9 (1960)\n Cancionero Toni Aguilar en Discos \"Odeón\" (1959)\n Antonio Aguilar Nº4, Nº5, Nº6, Nº7, Nº8 (1958)\n\nTrack listings\n\nSee also\n Antonio Aguilar filmography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Antonio Aguilar's movies at TKcine\n Pepe Aguilar's website - Antonio Aguilar's son\n Obituary in the Houston Chronicle\n Val de la O interviews Antonio Aguilar\n\n1919 births\n2007 deaths\n20th-century Mexican male actors\nGolden Ariel Award winners\nPeople from Villanueva, Zacatecas\nDeaths from pneumonia in Mexico\nGolden Age of Mexican cinema\nMexican expatriates in Puerto Rico\nMexican male equestrians\nLatin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners\nLatin music songwriters\n20th-century Mexican male singers\nMale actors from Zacatecas\nSingers from Zacatecas" ]

[ "A Mexican singer, actor, producer, and screenwriter named José Pascual Antonio Mrquez Barraza was born in 1919.", "He sold 25 million copies of his albums and acted in more than 120 films.", "He was given the honorific nickname \"El Charro de México\" (Mexico's Horseman) because he is credited with popularizing the Mexican equestrian sport la charrera to international audiences.", "He began his career singing on a Mexican radio station.", "He signed a contract with the Mexican independent label Musart Records and became one of its best-selling artists.", "He made his acting debut with Pedro Infante.", "He became a film star with his performance as a lawman in a series of seven films in the mid-1950s.", "His success increased with his tours throughout Latin America and his studio albums.", "He starred in films about the Mexican Revolution in the 1960s.", "He won an award in 1970 for his performance in the film.", "He played Pancho Villa in two films.", "In 1997 he was awarded the Golden Ariel for his \"invaluable contribution and spreading of Mexican cinema\".", "In 1997, he was the only Hispanic artist to sell out the Madison Square Garden for six nights in a row.", "His second wife was a famous singer.", "Their two sons became singers and actors.", "His family is called \"La Dinasta Aguilar\".", "The son of ngela Mrquez and Jess Aguilar was born in early life.", "His parents had six other children.", "His cousin is Jose Rodriguez.", "He was born in La Casa Grande de Tayahua, a hacienda that was built in 1596 and is 35 km from Villanueva.", "The property was acquired in the early 19th century.", "Career Aguilar made over 150 albums and sold more than 25 million records.", "His best known songs were \"Albur de amor\" and \"Un puo de tierra\".", "While touring his show in Latin America and the United States, he was the first Mexican performer to mix rodeos and concerts.", "American actors like Roy Rogers, Gene Autry, and Ronald Reagan have been compared to him.", "During the Golden Age of Mexican cinema, he began his acting career.", "In the 1950s, Aguilar was cast in a series of films centered on a rural hero.", "There were seven low-budget ranchera films produced by Rosas Films.", "He received starring roles in two of his collaborations with Rodrguez.", "Yo... el aventurero is one of his best ranchera films.", "John Wayne starred in 1969's The Undefeated.", "He had a starring role in Triste recuerdo with his wife.", "The revival of tambora music in the 1980's was largely due to the work of Aguilar, who single-handedly resuscitated the genre with the hit \"Triste recuerdo\".", "A singer and actress named Guillermina Jiménez Chabolla married the husband of the family that had been married to dancer Otilia Larraaga.", "Pepe is one of Mexico's most popular modern singers.", "He had two children with one of them being Antonio Aguilar, Jr., who is the eldest.", "There are children.", "On 18 June 2007, doctors announced that Aguilar was no longer responding to treatment and was expected to pass away before the end of the night.", "On 19 June 2007, the doctor spoke to the media and said that the man was still alive and that his body was responding to the medication.", "Vicente Fernndez visited the family while there.", "There was a death on June 19th, 2007, from pneumonia.", "He was honored at a memorial service attended by hundreds at a church in the state capital, where his coffin was carried through the streets.", "His body was taken to the hamlet of Tayahua, about to the south, where residents waited in the streets to bid him farewell before he was buried at his family's ranch nearby.", "The Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Guardian, and The Independent all had obituaries.", "The news of Antonio's death was reported in newspapers in many Spanish-speaking countries.", "In 2000 he was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "He received the excellence award at the 2000 lo nuestro awards.", "He was presented with a lifetime achievement award.", "He was honored with his handprints and star on the Paseo de las Luminarias in Mexico City for his work in movies and the recording industry.", "Antonio Aguilar A Grito Abierto El Aguijn Corridos is a studio album.", "I La Mula Chula/Arriba Tayahua 15 xitos 15 con Tambora 15 xitos 15 Corridos famosos." ]

[ "José Pascual Antonio Aguilar Márquez Barraza", "Antonio Aguilar", "Aguilar", "Aguilar", "Aguilar", "\" Aguilar", "Antonio Aguilar", "Antonio Aguilar", "Antonio", "Antonio Aguila", "Antonio Aguila", "Antonio Aguila", "Antonio A", "Antonio Aguila", "Antonio Aguila", "Antonio Aguila", "Antonio Agu" ]

[ "José Pascual Antonio Mrquez Barraza", "Jess Aguilar", "Antonio Aguilar", "Antonio", "Antonio Agu" ]

[ "Maria das Graças Foster (née Silva; ; born 26 August 1953), commonly known as Graça Foster, is a Brazilian business executive and chemical engineer.", "She was the CEO of Petrobras-Petróleo Brasil, Brazil's state-controlled oil company, which is located in Rio de Janeiro.", "She was the first woman in the world to head a major oil-and-gas company.", "In April 2012, she was listed on the Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world.", "In 2014, she was recognized as the 16th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes Magazine.", "She was ranked by Fortune magazine in 2013 as the Most Powerful Woman in Business (outside the U.S.) for the second year in a row.", "Personal background \nMaria das Graças (née Silva) Foster was born on 26 August 1953, in Caratinga, Minas Gerais in southeastern Brazil.", "By the time she was two years old, Foster's family moved from Caratinga to a favela, also known as a shanty town community, outside of Rio de Janeiro.", "The area, known as Complexo do Alemão was extremely poverty stricken and ridden with crime.", "Overpopulation, drug trafficking, unsanitary conditions, malnutrition, pollution, and diseases, along with high mortality rates remain widespread in the poorer favela communities.", "The conditions in Complexo do Alemão necessitated consistent occupation and monitoring by Brazilian security forces.", "Foster credits her success and motivation to excel to the support she has received from her mother, yet characterizes her childhood as \"happy, joyful but very difficult\".", "In an interview with O Globo, she said, \"I lived in the Complexo do Alemão for 12 years, lived with domestic violence in childhood and faced difficulties in life.", "I have always worked to help support my mother and my children and pay for my studies.", "Willpower is everything for me.", "I was never afraid of work.\"", "She never knew if she would be able to continue going to school.", "In order to pay for her school books, she often collected recyclable trash that had been dumped in the streets.", "During this time, her neighbors were immigrants from Portugal, who would occasionally call on Foster for assistance.", "In exchange for extra money, she would often help them with reading and writing letters and acclimating to the Brazilian culture.", "Despite her national prominence and wealth, Foster continues to live in an apartment in Rio de Janeiro's Copacabana neighborhood, with her husband, British-born, Colin Foster, and her two adult children.", "Foster's home apartment is boxed in by large seemingly ominous apartment buildings, and surrounded by the hillside favelas.", "In spite of her ability to afford luxuries that would reflect her standing in the country's social, political, and professional circles, she chooses to travel by taxi, rather than own a car.", "She is easily recognized and popular with local drivers, who always greet her with a smile, in an effort to get her business.", "She has been at the center of corruption accusations at Petrobras.", "Petrobras said in a statement on its website that Foster was out as CEO.", "Educational background \nShe attended the Fluminense Federal University, graduating in 1978 with a Bachelor's degree in chemical engineering.", "In 1979, she began postgraduate studies, earning a master's degree in nuclear engineering from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.", "In 1999, she earned her MBA from the Getulio Vargas Foundation.", "Professional background \nFoster joined Petrobras as an intern in 1978, utilizing her master's degree in chemical engineering.", "She was hired as a chemical engineer in 1981 and went on to serve in managerial roles in the Gas and Energy Business Unit and at the Leopoldo Miguez de Mello Research and Development Center, as well as the Transportadora Brasileira do Gasoduto Bolivia-Brasil.", "In 1998, Foster was working for a Petrobras unit that was involved importing natural gas from Bolivia.", "During this time, she met Dilma Rousseff, who in October 2010, would be elected to serve as the first female President of Brazil.", "In 1998, Rousseff was a relatively unknown energy official, serving in Rio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil.", "Foster and Rousseff developed a lifelong professional relationship, based in their mutual support of the leftist Workers Party, which rose to power in 2002, resulting in the election of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva as the President of Brazil.", "At this time, Rousseff was named the head of the board of directors of Petrobras, serving for seven years during the administration of da Silva.", "When da Silva appointed Rousseff to serve as Brazil's energy minister, Rousseff appointed Foster as one of her top aides in the national capital of Brasília.", "In this capacity, Foster functioned as both the Executive Secretary of the Federal Government Program for Mobilizing Brazil's Oil and Gas Industry (PROMINP), and the Interministerial Coordinator for the National Program for Biodiesel Production and Use.", "She continued serving in these roles for two years, after which she return to Petrobras.", "As colleagues, Foster and Rousseff continued to research, network with individuals and organizations, and cultivate international partnerships in an effort to develop foreign investment opportunities to increase and enhance the profitability of Brazil's oil industry and Petrobras, as the country's state-controlled oil company.", "In January 2003, Foster was appointed to serve as the Secretary of Oil, Natural Gas, and Renewable Fuels at the Brazilian Ministry of Mines and Energy.", "During this time, she also began serving as the President of Petrobras Química SA (Petroquisa), a role which accompanied her appointment as the Director of Investor Relations.", "She simultaneously served as the Executive Manager of Petrochemicals and Fertilizers, which was affiliated with the Downstream Management of Petrobras.", "In May 2006, Foster began serving as the President of Petrobras Distribuidora SA, with responsibilities as the Financial Director of the company.", "In September 2007, she was named as a member and officer of the Executive Board and Gas and Energy.", "In 2010, she became the first woman to serve in a management role in the company, when she was elected to the executive board of gas and energy.", "On February 9, 2012, Foster was elected to serve as a member of the Petrobras Board of Directors and after a nomination by Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff, she was chosen to take over the helm of the company as the Chief Executive Officer, replacing , who had served as the head of the company for seven years.", "She was also named a Member of the Executive Board and Member of the Board of Directors of Petroleo Brasileiro SA Petrobras.", "Challenges \nOn the day that Foster was named as the new head of Petrobras in January 2012, stockholder shares in the company spiked, gaining nearly four percent.", "By April 2012, Foster's personal and professional integrity came under fire, when the Brazilian press began aggressively questioning business transactions that had taken place between Foster's husband and Petrobras.", "In 2010, the newspaper, Folha de S.Paulo, reported that a company controlled by Foster's husband, over a time span of three years, successfully negotiated business contracts to supply Petrobras with electronic equipment, resulting in financial gains in excess of hundreds of thousands of dollars.", "In response to the scrutiny, Petrobras representatives denied any wrongdoing.", "None of the transactions involving Foster's husband took place before she had been appointed as CEO of the company.", "Additionally, none of the contracts involved the oversight of Foster in her leadership capacity with the company, previous to replacing José Sérgio Gabrielli as CEO.", "Petrobras also denied the claims that the company led by Foster's husband entered into transactions worth several hundred thousand dollars, but stated that only small purchases were made, worth considerably less.", "Despite the deflection and discrediting of scrutiny by the media, public confidence in the company have waned, resulting in a loss in shares of over 30 percent in 2012.", "Concerns with the company's viability continue, focusing on a wide range of issues including delivery and procurement delays in offshore operations, maintaining profitability, while balancing costs with a low price point of domestic sales, and importing refined products from overseas.", "Additional concerns center around meeting demands, while not only meeting expectations, but increasing supply to an estimated 4.5 million barrels a day, from 2.3 million.", "Successfully meeting these goals require leadership to address any possible equipment bottlenecks, resulting in decreased cycle time and deliver.", "Challenges also include the development of new cutting-edge drilling technologies, while maintaining corporate environmental regulatory standards, which safeguard against spills at offshore fields.", "In responding to public and shareholder concerns, Foster has acknowledged the challenges that accompany a female executive in a company with over 82,000 employees, in an industry dominated by men.", "As the first woman in the world to head a major oil-and-gas company, she doesn't shy away from a challenge, but even welcomes it to a certain degree.", "Speaking in an interview with the Brazilian financial newspaper, Valor Econômico, Foster said, \"[Women] have to be prepared to go to work in these companies, [we] have to enter into the market.", "The market is ready ... for talent, competence and education.\"", "Board memberships \n BR Distribuidora – President of the Board of Directors\n IBP (Brazilian Oil, Natural Gas and Biofuels Institute) – President of the Board of Directors\n Petrobras Transporte SA (TRANSPETRO) – President of the Board of Directors\n Petrobras Gás SA (GASPETRO) – President of the Board of Directors \n Companhia Brasileira de Petroleo Ipiranga – Vice President of the Board of Directors\n Petrobras Biocombustível SA (PBIO) – Member of the Board of Directors \n Braskem SA – Former Board Member and Member of Compensation Committee\n\nHonors and awards \nIn April 2007, Foster was honored by the Order of Rio Branco with the merit rank of Commander, presented by the Ministry of Foreign Relations of Brazil.", "The following year, she was named Executive of the Year by the Institute of Brazilian Finance Executives.", "In 2009, she was the recipient of the Tiradentes Medal, presented by the Legislative Assembly of the State of Rio de Janeiro.", "In 2011, she was made a Knight Commander of the Admiralty Order of Merit, and in 2012, she received the Inconfidência Medal, the highest decoration conferred by the Government of the State of Minas Gerais, in recognition of her outstanding contributions to the social, cultural and economic development of Minas Gerais and Brazil.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n1953 births\nLiving people\nBrazilian chemical engineers\nBrazilian women chemists\nPeople from Minas Gerais\nPetrobras" ]

[ "Maria das Graas Foster, also known as Graa Foster, is a Brazilian business executive and chemical engineer.", "She was the CEO of Petrobras-Petrleo Brasil, the state-controlled oil company in Brazil.", "She was the first woman to head a major oil-and-gas company.", "She was listed on the Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world.", "Forbes Magazine named her the 16th most powerful woman in the world.", "She was ranked as the Most Powerful Woman in Business for the second year in a row by Fortune magazine.", "Maria das Graas Foster was born in Caratinga, Minas Gerais in southeastern Brazil.", "By the time she was two years old, Foster's family moved from Caratinga to a favela, also known as a shanty town community.", "The area was ridden with crime and poverty.", "Drug traffickers, overpopulation, unsanitary conditions, malnutrition, pollution, and diseases, along with high mortality rates, remain widespread in the poorer favela communities.", "The conditions in Complexo do Alemo necessitated constant monitoring by the Brazilian security forces.", "Foster credits her success and motivation to excel to the support she has received from her mother, yet characterizes her childhood as \"happy, joyful but very difficult\".", "She said in an interview with O Globo that she was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "I've always worked to pay for my studies and support my family.", "It's all about power for me.", "I was not afraid of work.", "She didn't know if she would be able to continue going to school.", "She would collect the trash that had been dumped in the streets to pay for her school books.", "Immigrants from Portugal would occasionally call Foster for help.", "She would help them with reading and writing letters in exchange for more money.", "Foster and her husband, British-born Colin Foster, and her two adult children live in an apartment in Rio de Janeiro's Copacabana neighborhood.", "The hillside favelas surround Foster's home apartment, which is surrounded by large apartment buildings.", "She chooses to travel by taxi rather than own a car because of her status in the country's social, political, and professional circles.", "She is popular with local drivers who greet her with a smile in an effort to get her business.", "She has been accused of corruption at Petrobras.", "Foster was no longer the CEO of Petrobras according to a statement on the company's website.", "She graduated from the Fluminense Federal University in 1978 with a Bachelor's degree in chemical engineering.", "She earned a master's degree in nuclear engineering from the Federal University of Rio de Brazil in 1979.", "She earned her master's degree in 1999 from the Getulio Vargas Foundation.", "Foster used her master's degree in chemical engineering to join Petrobras as an intern in 1978.", "She was hired as a chemical engineer in 1981 and went on to serve in managerial roles in the Gas and Energy Business Unit and the Leopoldo Miguez de Mello Research and Development Center.", "Foster worked for a Petrobras unit in 1998 that imported natural gas from Bolivia.", "She met Dilma Rousseff, the first female President of Brazil, during this time.", "In 1998, Rousseff was an energy official in southern Brazil.", "The election of Luiz Incio Lula da Silva as the President of Brazil was the result of Foster and Rousseff's mutual support of the Workers Party.", "Rousseff served for seven years as the head of the board of directors of Petrobras.", "Foster was appointed one of Rousseff's top aides in Braslia when she was appointed as Brazil's energy minister.", "Foster was the Executive Secretary of the Federal Government Program for Mobilizing Brazil's Oil and Gas Industry.", "She returned to Petrobras after two years in these roles.", "Foster and Rousseff continued to research, network with individuals and organizations, and cultivate international partnerships in an effort to develop foreign investment opportunities to increase and enhance the profitability of Brazil's oil industry and Petrobras, as the country's state-controlled oil company.", "Foster was appointed as the Secretary of Oil, Natural Gas, and Renewable Fuels at the Brazilian Ministry of Mines and Energy.", "She was appointed as the Director of Investor Relations after she became the President of Petrobras Qumica SA.", "She was associated with the Downstream Management of Petrobras and served as the Executive Manager of Petrochemicals and Fertilizers.", "Foster began working for Petrobras in May of 2006 as the Financial Director of the company.", "She joined the Executive Board and Gas and Energy in September of 2007.", "She became the first woman to serve in a management role in the company when she was elected to the executive board of gas and energy.", "On February 9, 2012 Foster was elected to serve as a member of the Petrobras Board of Directors and after a nomination by Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff, she was chosen to take over the helm of the company as the Chief Executive Officer.", "She was a member of both the Executive Board and the Board of Directors of Petrobras.", "The day that Foster was named as the new head of Petrobras, stockholder shares in the company spiked, gaining nearly four percent.", "When the Brazilian press began questioning business transactions that had taken place between Foster's husband and Petrobras, Foster's personal and professional integrity came under fire.", "The newspaper reported in 2010 that a company controlled by Foster's husband was able to negotiate business contracts to supply Petrobras with electronic equipment, resulting in financial gains in excess of hundreds of thousands of dollars.", "Representatives from Petrobras denied any wrongdoing.", "Foster's husband had no transactions before she became CEO of the company.", "Prior to replacing José Sérgio Gabrielli as CEO, no contracts involved the oversight of Foster in her leadership capacity with the company.", "Petrobras denied the claims that the company led by Foster's husband entered into transactions worth several hundred thousand dollars, but stated that only small purchases were made, worth considerably less.", "In 2012 public confidence in the company waned, leading to a loss in shares of over 30 percent.", "Concerns with the company's viability continue, focusing on a wide range of issues including delivery and procurement delays in offshore operations, maintaining profitability, while balancing costs with a low price point of domestic sales, and imported refined products from overseas.", "Increasing supply to an estimated 4.5 million barrels a day from 2.3 million is one of the concerns.", "In order to meet these goals, leadership is required to address any possible equipment problems.", "Maintaining corporate environmental regulatory standards, which safeguard against spills at offshore fields, is one of the challenges.", "In response to public and shareholder concerns, Foster acknowledged the challenges that accompany a female executive in a company with over 82,000 employees.", "As the first woman in the world to head a major oil-and-gas company, she doesn't shy away from a challenge.", "Foster said in an interview with the Brazilian financial newspaper that women have to be prepared to work in the market.", "For talent, competence and education, the market is ready.", "The President of the Board of Directors is BR Distribuidora, the President of the Board of Directors is Petrobras Transporte SA, and the President of the Board of Directors is Petrobras Gs SA.", "She was named the Executive of the Year by the Institute of Brazilian Finance Executives.", "The Legislative Assembly of the State of Rio de Janeiro presented her with a medal in 2009.", "She was made a Knight Commander of the Admiralty Order of Merit in 2011.", "There are links to 1953 births Living people Brazilian chemical engineers Brazilian women chemists" ]

[ "Maria das Graças Foster", "Graça Foster", "Maria das Graças", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Colin Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Fosterranga", "Foster" ]

[ "Maria das Graas Foster", "Graa Foster", "Maria das Graas Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Colin Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster", "Foster" ]

[ "Gareth John Pritchard Roberts (born 5 June 1968) is a British television screenwriter and novelist, best known for his work related to the science-fiction television series Doctor Who.", "He has also worked on various comedy series and soap operas.", "Early life\nRoberts studied drama at King Alfred's College (now the University of Winchester) and Liverpool Polytechnic (now Liverpool John Moores University).", "He has also worked as a clerk at the Court of Appeal.", "Career\nRoberts has worked on some of the most popular British soap operas, including Channel 4's now-defunct Brookside as a scriptwriter (1999–2003), and as a story associate on ITV's Coronation Street in 1997.", "In 1998 he worked as a script editor on ITV's other long-running soap, Emmerdale, moving across to write several episodes himself the following year.", "Doctor Who and others\nDuring the 1990s, Roberts was associated with the range of Doctor Who spin-off novels published by Virgin Books.", "He contributed several novels to both their New Adventures and Missing Adventures ranges of Doctor Who fiction.", "He also wrote some Cracker novelisations for Virgin, and a gay erotic novel named The Velvet Web under the pseudonym Christopher Summerisle, the title of which also happened to be an episode of the Doctor Who serial The Keys of Marinus.", "He continued his association with Doctor Who in the 2000s, penning several feature articles and comic strips for Doctor Who Magazine, co-writing audio plays and short stories based on the series with Clayton Hickman for Big Finish Productions, and in 2005 writing another Doctor Who novel, Only Human, based on the characters from the new series launched that year, for BBC Books' New Series Adventures range.", "A further novel, I am a Dalek, was released in 2006 and featured the Tenth Doctor.", "I am a Dalek is part of a Government \"Quick Reads initiative\".", "He also co-wrote The New Gods with Rebecca Levene, the first Tomorrow People audio drama for Big Finish.", "Roberts appeared as a contributor to the documentary Serial Thrillers, exploring the popular Philip Hinchcliffe era of Doctor Who between 1975 and 1977, which featured as an extra on the 2004 DVD release of the serial Pyramids of Mars.", "On 25 December 2005 a special 'interactive' mini-episode of Doctor Who written by Roberts, Attack of the Graske, was broadcast, and can now be accessed on the BBC website (only available to UK Broadband Users).", "Roberts also wrote a series of \"TARDISODEs\", short videos available online and via mobile phones promoting the 2006 series of Doctor Who.", "He has written four full episodes of Doctor Who, \"The Shakespeare Code\" in 2007, \"The Unicorn and the Wasp\" in 2008, \"The Lodger\" in 2010 and \"Closing Time\" in 2011.", "He co-wrote 2014's \"The Caretaker\" with show runner Steven Moffat.", "Roberts also co-wrote, with Russell T Davies, \"Invasion of the Bane\", the pilot episode of the Doctor Who spin-off series The Sarah Jane Adventures.", "He wrote two two-part stories for the full series of The Sarah Jane Adventures, which began broadcasting in the autumn of 2007, and another two two-part stories for the 2008 series.", "Roberts co-wrote with Davies again for the second of the 2009 specials of Doctor Who, \"Planet of the Dead\".", "Gareth Roberts has also written a novelisation of Shada, the uncompleted Tom Baker (Fourth Doctor) story written by Douglas Adams, that was due to be the finale of season seventeen of Doctor Who in 1979 before it was abandoned due to industrial action.", "The book was published by BBC Books on 15 March 2012.", "Other work\nIn comedy, Roberts has worked in collaboration with The Fast Show writer and performer Charlie Higson on the sitcom Swiss Toni, a spin-off from The Fast Show.", "He also collaborated with Higson on scripts for the second series of Randall and Hopkirk for BBC One in 2001.", "He would reteam with Higson for the superhero-style series Jekyll & Hyde, based on the novel.", "It was not renewed for a second series.", "Roberts has also contributed sketches to the Channel Five sketch show Swinging, and wrote for the fantasy series The Librarians.", "Roberts and Gary Russell wrote Virgin Books' episode guide to The Simpsons, I Can't Believe It's an Unofficial Simpsons Guide (1997), under the pseudonyms Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood.", "Text from the book's expanded edition, I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide (2000), was subsequently published on the BBC website's Cult TV section.", "Transgender controversy\n\nOn 3 September 2017, Roberts posted on his Twitter account, \"I [love] how trannies choose names like Munroe, Paris and Chelsea.", "It's never Julie or Bev is it?\"", "Later that same day he wrote \"It's almost like a clueless gayboy's idea of a glamorous lady.", "But of course it's definitely not that.\"", "These comments were condemned by some Twitter users.", "In June 2019, it was leaked that Roberts' contribution for a Doctor Who short story collection had been dropped due to his previous tweets, as well as the threat from other writers to withdraw their contributions.", "Roberts responded with a blog post on Medium in which he stated: \"I don’t believe in gender identity.", "It is impossible for a person to change their biological sex.\"", "Personal life \nRoberts is gay.", "Bibliography\n\nBooks\n The Highest Science (Doctor Who New Adventure, 1993)\n Tragedy Day (Doctor Who New Adventure, 1994)\n Zamper (Doctor Who New Adventure, 1995)\n The Romance of Crime (Doctor Who Missing Adventure, 1995)\n To be a Somebody (Cracker novelisation, 1996)\n Best Boys (Cracker novelisation, 1996)\n The English Way of Death (Doctor Who Missing Adventure, 1996)\n The Plotters (Doctor Who Missing Adventure, 1996)\n The Well-Mannered War (Doctor Who Missing Adventure, 1997)\n Only Human (Doctor Who New Series Adventure, 2005)\n I am a Dalek (Doctor Who New Series Adventure, 2006)\n Shada: The Lost Adventure by Douglas Adams (Doctor Who Novelisation.", "2012)\n\nShort stories\nShort stories in:\n Decalog 2: Lost Property (1995)\n Decalog 3: Consequences (1996)\n More Short Trips (1999)\n Short Trips and Sidesteps (2000)\n Short Trips: The Muses (2003)\n Doctor Who Annual 2006 (2005)\n The Doctor Who Storybook 2007 (2006)\n\nTelevision scripts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Disposable Media Issue 9 Interview\n BBC Books to publish novelisation of Douglas Adams' Shada\n SFX interview about adapting \"Shada\"\n\n1968 births\nLiving people\nAlumni of Liverpool John Moores University\nAlumni of the University of Winchester\nBritish soap opera writers\nBritish television writers\nBritish male screenwriters\nBritish science fiction writers\nEnglish television writers\nEnglish screenwriters\nEnglish male screenwriters\nEnglish soap opera writers\nBritish gay writers\nLGBT screenwriters\nLGBT writers from England\nWriters of Doctor Who novels\n20th-century British novelists\n21st-century British novelists\nBritish male television writers" ]

[ "A British television screenwriter and novelist, best known for his work related to the science-fiction television series Doctor Who, was born on June 5, 1968.", "He has worked on soap operas.", "Roberts studied drama at both King Alfred's College and John Moores University.", "He was a clerk at the Court of Appeal.", "Roberts has worked on some of the most popular British soap operas, including Channel 4's now-defunct Brookside as a scriptwriter, and as a story associate on ITV'sCoronation Street in 1997.", "After working as a script editor on Emmerdale, he moved to write his own episodes the following year.", "Roberts was associated with the Doctor Who spin-off novels published by Virgin Books.", "He contributed several novels to the Doctor Who fiction.", "He wrote a gay erotic novel called The Velvet Web under the name Christopher Summerisle and also wrote an episode of Doctor Who called The Keys of Marinus.", "He continued his association with Doctor Who in the 2000s, writing several feature articles and comic strips for Doctor Who Magazine, co-writing audio plays and short stories based on the series, and writing another Doctor Who novel, Only Human.", "I am a Dalek was released in 2006 and featured the Tenth Doctor.", "I am a Dalek and part of a government initiative.", "The New Gods was the first Tomorrow People audio drama.", "An extra on the 2004 DVD release of the serial Pyramids of Mars featured as a contributor to the documentary Serial Thrillers, which explored the popular Philip Hinchcliffe era of Doctor Who between 1975 and 1977.", "Attack of the Graske, an interactive mini-episode of Doctor Who written by Roberts, was broadcast on 25 December 2005 and can be accessed on the BBC website only for UK broadband users.", "The 2006 series of Doctor Who was the subject of a series of short videos written by Roberts.", "He has written four episodes of Doctor Who, \"The Shakespeare Code\" in 2007, \"The Unicorn and the Wasp\" in 2008, \"The Lodger\" in 2010 and \"Closing Time\" in 2011.", "He co-authored \"The Caretaker\" with Steven Moffat.", "The pilot episode of the Doctor Who spin-off series The Sarah Jane Adventures was co-written by Roberts and Russell T Davies.", "He wrote two two-part stories for the full series of The Sarah Jane Adventures, which began broadcasting in the autumn of 2007, and another two two-part stories for the 2008 series.", "The second of Doctor Who's specials in 2009, \"Planet of the Dead\", was co-written by Roberts and Davies.", "The finale of season seventeen of Doctor Who was due to be written by Douglas Adams but was abandoned due to industrial action.", "The book was published in March.", "The Fast Show writer and performer Charlie Higson collaborated with Roberts on a spin-off of the show.", "The second series of Randall and Hopkirk was written by him and Higson.", "He and Higson would work on a series based on the novel.", "It wasn't renewed for a second series.", "Roberts wrote for the fantasy series The Librarians, as well as contributing sketches to the Channel Five sketch show Swinging.", "The episode guide to The Simpsons, I Can't Believe It's an Unofficial Simpsons Guide, was written by Roberts and Gary Russell.", "The text from the book's expanded edition, I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide (2000), was published on the Cult TV section.", "Roberts posted on his account that he loved how trannies chose their names.", "Is it ever Julie or Bev?", "He wrote that it was almost like a gayboy's idea of a glamorous lady.", "It's definitely not that.", "These comments were condemned by some people.", "Roberts' contribution for a Doctor Who short story collection was dropped due to his previous statements, as well as the threat from other writers to withdraw their contributions.", "Roberts wrote on Medium that he doesn't believe in gender identity.", "It is not possible for a person to change their sex.", "Roberts is gay.", "The Highest Science is a book by Doctor Who New Adventure.", "The Doctor Who Storybook, Short Trips: The Muses, and More Short Trips are short stories." ]

[ "Gareth John Pritchard Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Gareth Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts" ]

[ "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts" ]

[ "J. Shawn Landres (born 1972 in Los Angeles, California) is a social entrepreneur and independent scholar, and local civic leader, known for applied research related to charitable giving and faith-based social innovation and community development, as well as for innovation in government and civic engagement.", "The Jewish Daily Forward named Landres to its annual list of the 50 most influential American Jews in 2009.", "He is the co-founder of Jumpstart, a nonprofit philanthropic research organization,.", "A co-founder (with Rabbi Lawrence A. Hoffman) of Synagogue 3000's Synagogue Studies Institute, Landres is credited with creating the term \"Jewish Emergent,\" which describes new spiritual Jewish communities that have an institutional dynamic in which \"relationship, not contract or program, is the driving metaphor;” the term “Jewish Emergent” reflects similarities in organizing philosophy with a parallel movement in the Christian church.", "A 2007 report Landres co-authored with sociologist Steven M. Cohen and others linked Jewish Emergent communities to social networking rather than institutional structures.", "They argued that \"Jewish Emergent\" encompasses both the independent minyan movement (which was supported by Synagogue 3000) and so-called \"rabbi-led emergent\" communities such as IKAR and Kavana Cooperative.", "In 2006, Landres co-convened the first gathering of Emergent church and \"Jewish Emergent\" leaders in a meeting co-led by theologian Tony Jones, who recounted the episode in one of his books.", "In 2016, a network of rabbi-led emergent communities established the Jewish Emergent Network, crediting Landres for coining the concept behind its name.", "Landres worked with the White House during the Presidency of Barack Obama on Jewish affairs and issues related to faith-based social enterprise.", "In July 2012, the Obama White House invited Landres, representing Jumpstart, to speak as a \"spotlight innovator\" at its Faith-Based Social Innovators Conference.", "In 2013 Landres was awarded the Liberty Hill Foundation’s NextGen Leadership Award.", "[31] The Southern California Leadership Network (a program of the Los Angeles Area Chamber of Commerce) named him as one of its 30th anniversary “30-in-30” alumni honorees in 2017.", "In 2013-14, Landres chaired the research team and co-authored five of Jumpstart’s six Connected to Give reports, which “map[ped] the landscape of charitable giving by Americans of different faith traditions.” Connected to Give was credited by Indiana University as a “breakthrough finding” distinguishing giving to religious congregations and giving to “religiously identified organizations.” and has continued to be cited in research reports on philanthropy..", "In 2016 Landres co-authored “The Generosity Gap: Donating Less in Post-Recession Los Angeles County” for the California Community Foundation and the UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs, described as a model for research on locally focused giving \n\nLandres chaired the Los Angeles County Quality and Productivity Commission from 2017 to 2019[35].", "In 2018, Landres was appointed to the City of Santa Monica Planning Commission and chaired it in 2020-2021.", "He has stated his opposition to medium-term housing for non-residents.", "However, as a commissioner and as chair while the City of Santa Monica was updating its required Housing Element in response to its Regional Housing Needs Assessment allocation, Landres took positions generally favoring increasing residential density, including in single-family neighborhoods Prior to his planning commission appointment, Landres had chaired the City of Santa Monica’s Social Services Commission,[32] where he focused on homelessness and on accounting for social services in land-use planning.", "He is a member of the Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District Financial Oversight Committee.", "and co-chaired a 2018 bond measure campaign for SMMUSD facilities, which passed despite opposition from homeowners and renters concerned about increased taxes and fees.", "Previously he chaired the Santa Monica Public Library’s Innovation Technology Task Force.", "UCLA’s Luskin School of Public Affairs appointed him as a Civil Society Fellow in 2015 and as a Senior Fellow in 2016.", "He serves on the board of directors of the Santa Monica Bay Area Human Relations Council and was a founding organizing committee member of Jews United for Democracy and Justice, formed in response to \"rising threats to religious tolerance, equal rights, a free and fair press, human dignity, and long-held norms of decency and civil society.\"", "In 2019 Landres initiated the idea for CIVruta, a Los Angeles-based training initiative aimed at “encouraging and equipping [community leaders from different backgrounds] to bring the Jewishly informed democratic values of diversity, inclusion, and dignity to service on local boards and commissions.” It was awarded the Lippman Kanfer Prize for Applied Jewish Wisdom funded by the Lippman Kanfer Foundation for Living Torah (created by the founders of Gojo Industries) and the Democracy Fund.", "During the COVID pandemic, Landres has served on the County of Los Angeles Prosper LA Working Group, helping oversee a National Association of Counties Achievement Award-winning initiative to “streamline the County’s contracting process, assist businesses, and identify potential cost-savings to County operations.”.", "Landres also serves on the City of Santa Monica Economic Recovery Task Force.", "In November 2020 and April 2021 Landres published two syndicated op-eds calling for reform of California’s Brown Act to enable remote participation by the public in local government.", "He has advocated for public participation reform and for increased public access to government decision-making.", "Landres graduated from Columbia University in 1994 and received a master's degrees from Oxford in Social Anthropology and the University of California, Santa Barbara, in Religious Studies, as well as a Doctorate in Religious Studies from the University of California, Santa Barbara.", "Landres' work on ethnographic methodology has been cited in handbooks for the study of the sociology of religion.", "In 2004, Landres took a public role in shaping the interreligious response to the film The Passion of the Christ.", "Bill Clinton has identified him as the \"young man\" who suggested \"Don't Stop\" as the future president's 1992 campaign theme song.", "Books\nLandres's books include:\nPersonal Knowledge and Beyond: Reshaping the Ethnography of Religion (edited with James Spickard and Meredith Mcguire, New York University Press, 2002)\nAfter the Passion is Gone: American Religious Consequences (edited with Michael Berenbaum, AltaMira Press, 2004)\nReligion, Violence, Memory and Place (edited with Oren Baruch Stier, Indiana University Press, 2006)\n\nSee also \n Emerging church\n Independent minyan\n Jumpstart (Jewish)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Jumpstart website\n\nAmerican social sciences writers\nAmerican religious writers\nJewish American writers\nUniversity of California, Santa Barbara alumni\nAlumni of Lincoln College, Oxford\nColumbia College (New York) alumni\n1972 births\nLiving people\nWriters from Santa Monica, California\nPeople from Los Angeles\n21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "Landres was named to the Jewish Daily Forward's list of the 50 most influential American Jews in 2009.", "He is the co- founder of Jumpstart.", "The term \"Jewish Emergent\" was created by Landres and Rabbi Lawrence A. Hoffman of Synagogue 3000's Synagogue Studies Institute.", "Landres and Cohen co-authored a report linking Jewish Emergent communities to social networking.", "Synagogue 3000 supported the independent minyan movement and so-called \"rabbi-led emergent\" communities such as IKAR and Kavana Cooperative.", "The first gathering of Emergent church and \"Jewish Emergent\" leaders was co-convened by Landres and Tony Jones.", "Landres was credited with coining the idea of the Jewish Emergent Network.", "During the Presidency of Barack Obama, Landres worked with the White House on Jewish affairs and issues related to faith-based social enterprise.", "Landres, representing Jumpstart, was invited by the Obama White House to speak as a \"spotlight innovator\" at its Faith-Based Social Innovators Conference.", "Landres received the Liberty Hill Foundation's leadership award.", "The Los Angeles Area Chamber of Commerce's Southern California Leadership Network named him as one of their 30th anniversary alumni.", "Landres chaired the research team and co-authored five of Jumpstart's six Connected to Give reports, which mapped the landscape of charitable giving by Americans of different faith traditions.", "Landres co-authored \"The Generosity Gap: Donating Less in Post-Recession Los Angeles County\" for the California Community Foundation and the UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs.", "Landres chaired the Santa Monica Planning Commission from 2020 to 2021.", "He is against medium-term housing for non-residents.", "Landres was the chair of the planning commission when the City of Santa Monica was updating its required Housing Element in response to its Regional Housing Needs Assessment allocation.", "He is on the Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District Financial Oversight Committee.", "The bond measure campaign for SMMUSD facilities passed despite opposition from homeowners and renters who were concerned about increased taxes and fees.", "The Santa Monica Public Library has an innovation technology task force.", "He was appointed as a Civil Society Fellow at UCLA in 2015, and as a Senior Fellow in the same year.", "He is a member of the board of directors of the Santa Monica Bay Area Human Relations Council and was a founding member of Jews United for Democracy and Justice, formed in response to \"rising threats to religious tolerance, equal rights, a free and fair press, human dignity, and long-held", "Landres started the idea for CIVruta, a Los Angeles-based training initiative to encourage and equip community leaders from different backgrounds to bring the Jewishly informed democratic values of diversity, inclusion, and dignity to service on local boards and commissions.", "Landres has served on the County of Los Angeles Prosper LA Working Group, helping oversee a National Association of Counties Achievement Award-winning initiative to \"streamline the County's contracting process, assist businesses, and identify potential cost-savings to County operations.\"", "The City of Santa Monica has an Economic Recovery Task Force.", "In November 2020 and April 2021 Landres published two syndicated op-eds calling for reform of California's Brown Act to enable remote participation by the public in local government.", "Increased public access to government decision-making and public participation reform have been advocated by him.", "Landres received a degree in Religious Studies from the University of California, Santa Barbara, as well as a degree in Social Anthropology from Oxford in 1994.", "Handbooks for the study of the sociology of religion have cited Landres' work.", "Landres was involved in shaping the response to the film The Passion of the Christ.", "\"Don't Stop\" was the future president's 1992 campaign theme song, according to Bill Clinton.", "Landres's books include Personal Knowledge and Beyond: Reshaping the Ethnography of Religion and After the Passion is Gone: American Religious Consequences." ]

[ ". Shawn Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres" ]

[ "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres", "Landres" ]

[ "Martin O'Donnell (born May 1, 1955) is an American composer known for his work on video game developer Bungie's series, such as Myth, Oni, Halo, and Destiny.", "O'Donnell collaborated with his musical colleague Michael Salvatori for many of the scores; he has also directed voice talent and sound design for the Halo trilogy.", "O'Donnell was Bungie's audio lead until April 11, 2014.", "O'Donnell began his career in music writing television and radio jingles such as the Flintstones Vitamins jingle and scoring for radio stations and films.", "O'Donnell moved to composing video game music when his company, TotalAudio, did the sound design for the 1997 title Riven.", "After producing the music for Myth II, Bungie contracted O'Donnell to work on their other projects, including Oni and the project that would become Halo: Combat Evolved.", "O'Donnell ended up joining the Bungie staff only ten days before the studio was bought by Microsoft, and would be the audio director for all Bungie projects until he was fired.", "O'Donnell's score to the Halo trilogy has received critical acclaim, earning him several awards, and the commercial soundtrack release of the music to Halo 2 was the best-selling video game soundtrack of all time in the United States.", "He went on to compose the scores for Halo 3 (2007), Halo 3: ODST (2009), and Halo: Reach (2010).", "His final work for Bungie was composing music for the 2014 video game Destiny that went unused.", "He successfully sued Bungie for firing him from the company due to unpaid wages.", "Subsequently, he co-founded Highwire Games and composed the score for their debut virtual reality game Golem, which was released in late 2019.", "Early life and career\n\nO'Donnell describes his upbringing as \"typical\"; he received piano lessons and wanted to start a rock band when he reached junior high school.", "His father made films while his mother taught piano.", "Despite his interest in progressive and fusion rock, O'Donnell studied the classical component of music and composition at Wheaton College Conservatory of Music and received his Masters of Music Degree in composition with honors from the University of Southern California in the early 1980s.", "After getting his degree, O'Donnell moved to Chicago, where he expected that he would teach at the American Conservatory of Music.", "The job fell through, and instead he worked as a grip in the film and television business.", "O'Donnell began his musical career in the field after one of his colleagues who knew of his music background approached him to write for his film.", "O'Donnell talked to his friend Michael Salvatori, who had his own recording studio, and offered to split the profits from the job with him; the two became constant partners.", "After completing a film score and a few commercials, the two decided to quit their day jobs and produce music in Chicago; they founded a production company, TotalAudio.", "O'Donnell composed the music for jingles for Mr. Clean and Flintstones Vitamins.", "After fifteen years of composing for TV and radio commercials, he decided that he wanted to work on game soundtracks and move on from commercial-sounding music.", "\"I was hoping to find some other medium that would be new and cutting-edge and sort of the Wild West,\" he recalled.", "Video games\n\nIn 1993, Dick Staub, a Chicago radio personality and friend of O'Donnell's, asked if his eighteen-year-old son Josh could visit O'Donnell's studio, as he was interested in computer games and audio.", "O'Donnell agreed, and in talking with Josh learned that he had friends in Spokane, Washington who were making a game O'Donnell had never heard of called Myst.", "In hearing the theme music to the game, O'Donnell realized that the game industry was making great strides in creating \"legitimate music\" that contained dramatic elements.", "O'Donnell became acquainted with the game's developers, including brothers Rand and Robyn Miller, and was hired four years later as a sound designer for Mysts sequel, Riven.", "Among the games Rivens developers would play in their downtime was a title called Marathon, created by Chicago-based Bungie.", "On returning to Chicago O'Donnell emailed a Bungie staffer and pursued them for a job.", "TotalAudio produced the music for Bungie's Myth: The Fallen Lords the same year.", "The company later composed the music for Valkyrie Studio's Septerra Core: Legacy of the Creator, during which O'Donnell met Steve Downes, whom he would later recommend as the voice actor for the Master Chief.", "O'Donnell described the work for Septerra Core as his most difficult assignment; during the production the TotalAudio studio burned to the ground and O'Donnell had to be hoisted through a window in order to save some 20 hours of recordings.", "Soon after producing the music for Myth II, Bungie contracted O'Donnell for several of Bungie's other projects, including the third-person game Oni.", "In 1999, Bungie wanted to re-negotiate the contracts for Oni, and the negotiations resulted in O'Donnell joining the Bungie team, only ten days before the company was bought by Microsoft.", "O'Donnell was one of only a handful of Bungie employees who remained working at the company since then, until his termination as of April 2014.", "While O'Donnell worked at Bungie, Salvatori handled the business side of TotalAudio.", "Halo series\n\nAfter producing the music for Oni, O'Donnell was tasked with composing the music for Bungie's next project, which would be unveiled at E3 2000.", "After talking with Joseph Staten, O'Donnell decided the music needed to be \"big, exciting, and unusual with a classical orchestra touch to give it some weight and stature.", "We also wanted it to have some sort of 'ancient' feel to it.\"", "O'Donnell came up with the idea of opening the piece with gregorian chant and jotted down the melody in his car.", "Because he did not know how long the presentation would be, O'Donnell created \"smushy\" opening and closing sections that could be expanded or cut as time required to back up a rhythmic middle section.", "The music was recorded and sent to New York the same night the piece was finished; the resulting music became the basis for the Halo series' \"highly recognizable\" signature sound, and what has been called one of the best-known video game themes.", "The use of the chant in the main theme has been credited with contributing to popular interest in the genre.", "Halos music used an interactive engine to change music in response to player's actions; this non-linear method has since become widespread.", "The scores for Halo and its sequel Halo 2 garnered awards such as The Game Developers Choice Award and Best Original Video Game Soundtrack from Rolling Stone.", "The music for Halo 3 contained refinements and revisions to previous themes heard in the series, as O'Donnell stressed the importance of using previous motifs in the final installment of the trilogy; the composer wanted to \"blow out\" the epic sounds from the first game.", "O'Donnell also introduced a distinctive piano theme which had never been heard before, and first made its appearance in the Halo 3 announcement teaser.", "In an interview, O'Donnell stated that he has always approached music from the keyboard, and that at the Electronic Entertainment Expo—where the trailer would first be shown—he had a feeling that, \"no [other announcement] would start with a piano.\"", "O'Donnell planned on composing the music \"at the last minute\", saying he had no intention of producing a large amount of music that would never be used.", "\"It drives everyone crazy but it worked for me in the past and it works for the game in the best way.", "Writing music before the end just doesn't work for me,\" he said.", "For Halo 3: ODST, a planned expansion to Halo 3 that became a full game, O'Donnell and Salvatori abandoned all previous Halo themes and started anew.", "Due to ODST'''s shift to a new protagonist, O'Donnell created new music that was evocative of past Halo but branched in a different direction.", "Since Bungie was aiming for a smaller, detective story feel, O'Donnell felt that a jazz-influenced approach worked best in echoing the film noir atmosphere.", "In creating music for Halo: Reach, a prequel to Combat Evolved, O'Donnell wanted to create music with a \"grittier\" feel because of the dark nature of the story.", "Reach was Bungie's last Halo project.", "O'Donnell called the prospect of writing new music both a challenge and a relief to step away from the iconic themes of Halo.", "In 2015, music from the Halo series was voted by listeners into the Classic FM Hall of Fame for the first time, reaching position 244.", "Destiny and post-Bungie\n\nIn 2013, O'Donnell began composition of an eight-movement symphonic suite entitled Music of the Spheres.", "Collaborating with Paul McCartney as well as Michael Salvatori and C. Paul Johnson, the symphony contained music to be implemented in the 2014 video game, Destiny, as well as any future installments of the franchise.", "On April 11, 2014, O'Donnell announced via Twitter he had been fired from Bungie \"without cause\".", "In June 2014, he filed a lawsuit against Bungie president Harold Ryan, claiming he was terminated without cause and that Ryan withheld pay for vacation and sabbatical time.", "In a response filed in Washington's Superior Court, Ryan denied wrongdoing.", "The suit was settled in June 2014, with a final arbitration ruling decided September 4, 2015, in which the court stated that \"[...]Bungie breached the duty of good faith and fair dealing when it caused the closure of O'Donnell's stock and denied him any participation in the Profit Participation Plan\".", "At the 2015 D.I.C.E.", "awards, Destiny was awarded Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composition and Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design.", "In 2015, O'Donnell founded video game development studio Highwire Games.", "He worked on the soundtrack to their debut game Golem, a VR game which was released on November 15, 2019.", "A musical prequel album to the game, Echoes of the First Dreamer (The Musical Prequel to Golem) was released by video game music label Materia Collective.", "Selected music projects for video games\n\nCollections\nO'Donnell's music has been packaged into several soundtrack collections.", "For Halos music, O'Donnell created \"frozen\" arrangements that represented an approximation of a play-through of the games.", "The Halo Original Soundtrack sold over 40,000 copies, and was followed by two different releases of the music to Halo 2.", "The two volumes of the Halo 2 Original Soundtrack were produced by Nile Rodgers, with the first album being released in sync with the video game in 2004 and became the best-selling game soundtrack of all time in the United States.", "The second album was released more than a year after the soundtrack had been mixed and mastered.", "The Halo 3 Original Soundtrack was released in November 2007, and featured a fan contribution that was the select winner from a pool of entries judged by O'Donnell, Rodgers, and others.", "All of O'Donnell's work on the series was repackaged as Halo Trilogy—The Complete Original Soundtracks in December 2008, alongside preview tracks written by Halo Wars composer Stephen Rippy.", "The music to Halo 3: ODST was released as a two-disc set to coincide with the game's release on September 22, 2009.", "Reachs soundtrack was available in digital formats the same day as the game's release on September 14, 2010; the physical two-disc soundtrack was released September 28, 2010.", "On September 26, 2014 O'Donnell's soundtrack to Bungie's first installment of the Destiny franchise was released, shortly before his termination from the company.", "Composition\n\nO'Donnell has used an Apple Macintosh computer for composition.", "In an interview O'Donnell wished that his software would easily upgrade to newer revisions; \"for the last twenty years of technology, every time a 'new' version of something comes out, the old version gets trashed and I find myself unable to do something that I used to depend on,\" he said.", "O'Donnell was involved in the implementation of his music as well as the composition, and was Bungie's Audio lead.", "He composed at Bungie from a sound-proofed room in the corner of Bungie's office, dubbed the \"Ivory Tower\".", "O'Donnell said in an interview that he feels that one problem with games is those that play music non-stop, which he feels detracts from the overall impact.", "Composers are forced to either write ambient music, he says, or very light music that is not emotionally driven, which he said is a detriment.", "O'Donnell prefers to write music towards the end of the development cycle, because he would rather score the final timing for things like cinematics and gameplay changes.", "O'Donnell credits part of the success of the Halo theme to his background writing jingles.", "For that music, O'Donnell had to make sure he could write music that would \"get in people's heads\" after 15 to 30 seconds.", "O'Donnell pushed Bungie to spend money on hiring singers and musicians to record the theme before Macworld as a way to present a strong showing.", "Among the video game composers O'Donnell admires are Jeremy Soule, Jason Hayes, Koji Kondo, and Nobuo Uematsu, but he notes that he is older than most fellow game composers and that he was not directly influenced by them.", "Instead classical music by Beethoven, Brahms, and Barber and progressive rock groups like Jethro Tull and Genesis informed O'Donnell's taste and works.", "In addition to composition, O'Donnell also arranges his work.", "He created a special arrangement that was used for a Halo 3 segment of Video Games Live in London, after which O'Donnell appeared.", "He has also appeared with and without Salvatori at other shows featuring his music, including later Video Games Live tours and Play!", "A Video Game Symphony.", "Personal life\nO'Donnell has been married for more than 30 years to his wife, Marcie, and has two daughters, Alison and Christine.", "His children were part of a singing choir for the Flintstones Chewable Vitamins commercial jingle O'Donnell composed.", "His father did voice work for Myth as the \"Surly Dwarf\", as well as \"The Prophet of Objection\" in Halo 2''.", "O'Donnell is a self-described political conservative, and Bungie coworkers described him as the most right-leaning employee at the company.", "Despite his extensive work with Bungie, O'Donnell remained co-owner and president of TotalAudio.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n1955 births\nBungie\nHalo (franchise) music\nLiving people\nPlace of birth missing (living people)\nSound designers\nThornton School of Music alumni\nVideo game composers\nAmerican voice directors\nWheaton College (Illinois) alumni" ]

[ "The American composer Martin O'Donnell was born on May 1, 1955 and is known for his work on video game developer Bungie's series.", "O'Donnell collaborated with his musical colleague Michael Salvatori for many of the scores, and he has also directed voice talent and sound design for the Halo trilogy.", "O'Donnell was the leader of the audio team.", "The Flintstones Vitamins jingle was written by O'Donnell and he scored it for radio stations and films.", "When his company, TotalAudio, did the sound design for the 1997 title, O'Donnell moved to compose video game music.", "O'Donnell was hired by Bungie to work on their other projects, including Oni and the project that would become Halo: Combat Evolved.", "After the studio was bought by Microsoft, O'Donnell was fired as the audio director for all of the projects.", "The commercial soundtrack release of the music to Halo 2 was the best-selling video game soundtrack of all time in the United States, earning O'Donnell several awards.", "He composed the scores for the three previous games in the series, Halo 3, ODST, and Reach.", "The music for the video game that went unused was composed by him.", "He was fired from the company for not paying his wages.", "He co-founded Highwire Games and composed the score for their first virtual reality game.", "O'Donnell's upbringing was typical, he received piano lessons and wanted to start a rock band when he was in junior high school.", "His mother taught piano while his father made films.", "O'Donnell received his Masters of Music Degree in Composition from the University of Southern California in the early 1980s despite his interest in progressive and fusion rock.", "O'Donnell moved to Chicago expecting to teach at the American Conservatory of Music.", "He worked as a grip in the film and television business after the job fell through.", "O'Donnell began his musical career in the field after one of his colleagues approached him to write for his film.", "O'Donnell talked to his friend Michael, who had a recording studio, and offered to split the profits from the job with him.", "After completing a film score and a few commercials, the two decided to quit their day jobs and start a production company.", "The music for jingles was composed by O'Donnell.", "After fifteen years of writing music for commercials, he decided that he wanted to work on game soundtracks.", "He wanted to find a medium that was new and cutting-edge.", "In 1993, Dick Staub, a Chicago radio personality and friend of O'Donnell's, asked if his eighteen-year-old son Josh could visit O'Donnell's studio, as he was interested in computer games and audio.", "Josh told O'Donnell that he had friends in Washington who were making a game called Myst and that O'Donnell had never heard of it.", "In hearing the theme music to the game, O'Donnell realized that the game industry was making great strides in creating \"legitimate music\" that contained dramatic elements.", "O'Donnell was hired as a sound designer for the sequel four years after he became acquainted with the game's developers.", "Marathon was a game created by Chicago-based Bungie.", "O'Donnell pursued a staffer for a job after he returned to Chicago.", "The music for the movie was produced by TotalAudio.", "O'Donnell met Steve Downes, who he would later recommend as the voice actor for the Master Chief, while the company was composed the music for Septerra Core: Legacy of the Creator.", "During the production of Septerra Core, the TotalAudio studio burned to the ground and O'Donnell had to be hoisted through a window in order to save 20 hours of recordings.", "O'Donnell was contracted by Bungie after producing the music for Myth II.", "O'Donnell joined the team at Bungie ten days before Microsoft bought the company.", "O'Donnell was one of the few employees who remained at the company after he was terminated.", "The business side of TotalAudio was handled by Salvatori.", "After producing the music for Oni, O'Donnell was asked to compose the music for Bungie's next project, which would be unveiled at E3 2000.", "O'Donnell decided the music needed to be big, exciting, and unusual with a classical orchestra touch to give it some weight and stature.", "We wanted it to have an ancient feel to it.", "The idea of opening the piece with greg chantorian came from O'Donnell.", "O'Donnell created \"smushy\" opening and closing sections because he didn't know how long the presentation would be.", "The music was recorded and sent to New York the same night the piece was finished, and the resulting music became the basis for the Halo series' signature sound and one of the best-known video game themes.", "The use of the chant in the main theme contributed to popular interest in the genre.", "The non- linear method has become widespread since the use of an interactive engine to change music in response to player's actions was used in halos music.", "The Game Developers Choice Award and the Best Original Video Game Soundtrack from Rolling Stone were both given to the scores for the games.", "As O'Donnell stressed the importance of using previous themes in the final game of the trilogy, the composer wanted to blow out the epic sounds from the first game.", "O'Donnell introduced a distinctive piano theme which had never been heard before, and first appeared in the Halo 3 announcement.", "In an interview, O'Donnell stated that he has always approached music from the keyboard, and that he had a feeling that no other announcement would start with a piano.", "O'Donnell said he had no intention of producing a large amount of music that would never be used.", "It works for the game in the best way because it drives everyone crazy but it worked for me in the past.", "He said that writing music before the end doesn't work for him.", "The planned expansion to the game, called ODST, was abandoned because it became a full game.", "O'Donnell created new music that was reminiscent of past Halo but branched out in a different direction due to ODST''s shift to a new main character.", "O'Donnell felt that a jazz-influenced approach was the best way to evoke the film noir atmosphere of the game.", "O'Donnell wanted to create music with a \"grittier\" feel because of the dark nature of the story.", "Reach was Bungie's last project.", "The prospect of writing new music is both a challenge and a relief, O'Donnell said.", "In 2015, music from the Halo series was voted into the Classic FM Hall of Fame for the first time.", "Music of the Spheres is an eight-movement suite composed by O'Donnell.", "The symphony contained music to be used in the upcoming video game, \"Destiny\", as well as any future installments of the franchise.", "O'Donnell announced on April 11th that he had been fired from Bungie.", "In June of 2014, he filed a lawsuit against Harold Ryan, claiming he was terminated without cause and that he was not paid for vacation and sabbatical time.", "Ryan denied wrongdoing in his response.", "The case was settled in June of 2014, with the final ruling in September of 2015, in which the court stated that \"Bungie breached the duty of good faith and fair dealing when it caused the closing of O'Donnell's stock and denied him any participation in the Profit Participation Plan\".", "The D.I.C.E. was held in 2015.", "There was an award for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design.", "Highwire Games was founded by O'Donnell in 2015.", "The soundtrack to the game was written by him.", "The Musical Prequel to Golem was released by video game music label Materia Collective.", "O'Donnell's music has been included in several soundtrack collections.", "O'Donnell created \"frozen\" arrangements that were an approximation of the games.", "The original soundtrack sold over 40,000 copies and was followed by two different releases of the music.", "The best-selling game soundtrack of all time in the United States was created by Nile Rodgers, who produced the two volumes of the halo 2 original soundtrack.", "The second album was released more than a year after the soundtrack was mixed and mastered.", "The fan contribution that was the select winner from a pool of entries judged by O'Donnell, Rodgers, and others was featured in the original soundtrack of the game.", "All of O'Donnell's work on the series was re-released in December 2008, along with preview tracks written by Stephen Rippy.", "The music was released as a two-disc set to coincide with the game's release.", "The soundtrack was available in both digital and physical formats the day after the game's release.", "Shortly before he was terminated from the company, O'Donnell's soundtrack was released.", "Composition O'Donnell uses an Apple Macintosh computer.", "\"For the last twenty years of technology, every time a 'new' version of something comes out, the old version gets trashed and I find myself unable to do something that I used to depend on,\" said O'Donnell in an interview.", "O'Donnell was involved in the implementation of his music as well as the composition.", "The \"Ivory Tower\" is a soundproofed room in the corner of Bungie's office.", "According to O'Donnell, one problem with games is those that play music non-stop, which he feels detracts from the overall impact.", "He said that composers are forced to either write ambient music or very light music that is not emotionally driven.", "O'Donnell likes to write music at the end of the development cycle because he likes to score the final timing for things like cinematics and changes to the game.", "O'Donnell said that part of the success of the theme was due to his background writing jingles.", "O'Donnell had to make sure his music got in people's heads after 15 to 30 seconds.", "O'Donnell wanted Bungie to spend money on hiring singers and musicians to record the theme for Macworld in order to present a strong showing.", "Among the video game composers O'Donnell admires are Jeremy Soule, but he notes that he is older than most fellow game composers and that he was not directly influenced by them.", "O'Donnell's tastes and works were influenced by classical music and progressive rock groups.", "O'Donnell arranges his work as well.", "After O'Donnell appeared, he created a special arrangement for a segment of Video Games Live in London.", "He has appeared with and without Salvatori at other shows.", "A video game symphony.", "O'Donnell has been married to his wife for more than 30 years and has two daughters.", "His children were a part of the singing choir for the commercial jingle.", "His father did voice work for both Myth and The Prophet of Objection.", "O'Donnell is the most right-leaning employee at the company, according to his coworkers.", "O'Donnell was the co-owner and president of TotalAudio.", "There are links to 1955 births, living people, sound designers and video game composers." ]

[ "Martin O" ]

[ "Martin O" ]

[ "Friedrich Wehmer (born Plate 25 December 1885: died Schwerin 7 February 1964) was a regional politician in Germany during the Weimar period and a national politician in the German Democratic Republic after the war.", "Life\n\nEarly years\nFriedrich Wehmer was born during the closing years of the Bismarck era, near Schwerin, in the coastal region of central northern Germany.", "His father worked in forestry and in brick making.", "Wehmer was schooled locally between 1892 and 1900, and then trained for farm work till 1903.", "From then on he was employed intermittently by the Buchholz Forestry Office till 1941.", "In parallel to that, between 1912 and 1955 he worked a small holding on his own account as a tenant farmer.", "Military service and politics\nFrom 1905 till 1907 he undertook his military service, and was then called up in 1914 when the war began, serving in the army till 1918.", "After the war he began to take an interest in politics.", "In the revolutionary year of 1918 he joined a Workers' and Soldiers' Council.", "He returned to Plate and became chairman of his Forestry Office.", "In February 1919 he joined the Social Democratic Party (SPD / Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands).", "Later that year he also joined the Agricultural Workers' Union.", "In October 1919 Wehmer was elected mayor of Plate.", "He would retain that position till 1933.", "In 1920 he also became a member of the SPD group in the regional assembly (Landtag) for the Mecklenburg-Schwerin district.", "Again, he retained the position till 1933, becoming in 1923 the leader of the SPD group in the chamber.", "In connection with his political work Wehmer also served as Chairman of the regional \"Krankenkasse\" (state mandated health insurance provider).", "He was a member of the Mecklenburg-Schwein region Agriculture Chamber of Commerce and for the Agricultural Tribunal.", "Nazi Germany and the aftermath\nIn January 1933 the NSDAP (Nazi party) seized power and moved fast to create a one-party state.", "As a member of the SPD Friedrich Wehmer was, from the government's point of view, a member of the wrong party and he was relieved of all his official functions later in the year.", "He concentrated on forestry work, at least till 1941.", "After that, now aged 56, he took charge of the \"Raifessen\" (agricultural produce) cooperative in Plate, remaining in post till 1944.", "In July 1944 there was a serious (though unsuccessful) assassination attempt against Reichs Chancellor Hitler.", "One of the government's responses was \"Operation Grill\" (\"Aktion Gitter\") which involved rounding up and interning large numbers of suspected dissidents.", "Wehmer was taken into \"protective custody\" (\"Schutzhaft\") and held, locally.", "in the prison at Dreibergen (Bützow) till 1945.", "At the start of 1945 the population of Plate had stood at around 800.", "By August 1945 the figure had been swollen to as much as 2,400 by refugees streaming through, as part of the enforced relocation of millions of ethic Germans from parts of what had been Germany that were now controlled by the Soviet army and being integrated into Poland and the Soviet Union.", "Many of those passing through were sick and had lost children and parents.", "There was a desperate shortage of food and shelter.", "In political terms, although the entire region would end up in the Soviet occupation zone, when the fighting stopped in May 1945 Plate found itself at the meeting point of the American and Soviet forces.", "In the summer of 1945 typhoid was rife.", "Into all this, on 16 August 1945, Friedrich Wehmer, recently released from prison, was returned by the occupation forces to the position of mayor from which he had been removed by the Nazis twelve years earlier.", "In October 1945 the local school was reopened, with just one classroom for 223 pupils and hardly any books: teaching took place in shifts.", "Postwar local politics\nAs soon as it became legal to do so, Wehmer had also rejoined the SPD, re-establishing a party committee in the village of Plate and becoming its chairman.", "He remained mayor, this time, only till April 1946.", "It was probably on account of his extensive experience with agriculture and the politics of land holding, and also because of his work as a regional deputy during the Weimar years that in September 1945 he was called upon to join the newly formed national Land Commission for the roll-out of land reform across the Soviet occupation zone, which was now in the process of mutating into the German Democratic Republic, under Walter Ulbricht with the backing of the Soviet military.", "At the same time, now no longer being the local mayor, he involved himself in the newly formed Peasants Mutual Aid Association (VdgB / Vereinigung der gegenseitigen Bauernhilfe).", "In April 1946, following the forced merger in East Germany of the SPD (party) with the old KPD (Communist party), Wehmer became a member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED / Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands).", "Wehmer acted as the regional secretary of the VdgB from May 1946.", "In October 1946 he was elected to the regional assembly (Landtag) as a member of the VdgB.", "The VdgB was not, and never became, a conventional political party, but under the political system unfolding in the Soviet occupation zone it was one of the mass movements entitled to have members elected (or, later, nominated) to sit in regional and national assemblies.", "By this time he was already an executive committee member of the Landtag's Advisory Assembly.", "He continued as a member of the regional assembly till 1950.", "The Assembly itself limped on for only another two years before being abolished under a sweeping downgrade of local government institutions in 1952.", "From 1947 till 1950, along with his work in the regional assembly, he was the Chairman of the regional Ececutive of the VdgB in Mecklenburg.", "In November 1947 he was also voted on to the VdgB Central (i.e.", "national) Committee as a deputy Chairman.", "National politics\nWehmer was part of the German People's Council (Volksrat) and the People's Chamber (National Assembly / Volkskammer) which succeeded it in 1949, and from October 1950 till 1963 he was the Section leader of the VdgB group and comrade organisations.", "The National assembly was controlled (and its membership dominated) by the ruling SED party, but the presence in the National Assembly of members representing officially sanctioned mass organisations, including the VdgB, gave the assembly a greater measure of plurality.", "Between 1950 and 1958 he was also deputy chairman of the Volkskammer's Clemency Committee (Gnadenausschuss).", "In November 1950 he was elected to the chairmanship of the VdgB Central committee, a position he retained till his death in 1964.", "He was also, between June 1954 and his death, a member of the Central Committee of the ruling SED (party).", "Awards and honours\n Master Builder (1951)\n Patriotic Order of Merit in Silver (1954)\n Medal for Fighters Against Fascism (1958)\n Order of Karl Marx (1960)\nA street has been named after him in his birth town.", "Reading list\n Martin Broszat and others (edited): SBZ-Handbuch: Staatliche Verwaltungen, Parteien, gesellschaftliche Organisationen und ihre Führungskräfte in der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone Deutschlands 1945–1949.", "Oldenbourg, Munich 1993, page 1053.", "Klaus Schwabe: Zwischen Krone und Hakenkreuz.", "Die Tätigkeit der sozialdemokratischen Fraktion im Mecklenburg-Schwerinschen Landtag 1919–1932.", "Verlag A. Tykve, Böblingen 1994, page 199.", "Martin Schumacher: M.d.L.", "Das Ende der Parlamente 1933 und die Abgeordneten der Landtage und Bürgerschaften der Weimarer Republik in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus.", "Politische Verfolgung, Emigration und Ausbürgerung 1933–1945.", "Droste, Düsseldorf 1995, page 172.", "Friederike Sattler: Wirtschaftsordnung im Übergang.", "Politik, Organisation und Funktion der KPD/SED im Land Brandenburg bei der Etablierung der zentralen Planwirtschaft in der SBZ/DDR 1945–52.", "Lit, Münster 2002, page 969.", "Berit Olschewski: „Freunde“ im Feindesland.", "Rote Armee und deutsche Nachkriegsgesellschaft im ehemaligen Großherzogtum Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1945–1953.", "BWV Verlag, Berlin 2008, page 528.", "Handbuch der Volkskammer der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, 3.", "Wahlperiode, Kongress-Verlag Berlin, 1959\n\nReferences\n\n1885 births\n1964 deaths\nPeople from Ludwigslust-Parchim\nPeople from the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin\nSocial Democratic Party of Germany politicians\nMembers of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany\nMembers of the Provisional Volkskammer\nMembers of the 1st Volkskammer\nMembers of the 2nd Volkskammer\nMembers of the 3rd Volkskammer\nPeasants Mutual Aid Association members\nMembers of the Landtag of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania\nGerman military personnel of World War I\nGerman anti-fascists\nRecipients of the Order of Karl Marx\nRecipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in silver" ]

[ "Friedrich Wehmer was a regional politician in Germany during the Weimar period and a national politician in the German Democratic Republic after the war.", "Friedrich Wehmer was born in the coastal region of central northern Germany during the closing years of the Bismarck era.", "His father worked in brick making.", "Wehmer was trained for farm work until 1903.", "He was employed intermittently by the office.", "Between 1912 and 1955, he worked a small holding on his own account as a tenant farmer.", "He served in the army from 1914 to 1918 after completing his military service from 1905 to 1907.", "He became interested in politics after the war.", "He was a member of the Workers' and Soldiers' Council in the revolutionary year of 1918.", "He became chairman of his office after returning to Plate.", "He joined the Social Democratic Party in 1919.", "He joined the Agricultural Workers' Union later that year.", "Wehmer was elected mayor of Plate in 1919.", "He would remain in that position until 1933.", "He became a member of the Landtag for the Mecklenburg-Schwerin district in 1920.", "He became the leader of the group in the chamber in 1923.", "Wehmer was the Chairman of the regional \"Krankenkasse\", a state mandated health insurance provider.", "He was a member of the Mecklenburg-Schwein region Agriculture Chamber of Commerce.", "The Nazi party created a one-party state in January 1933.", "From the government's point of view, Friedrich Wehmer was a member of the wrong party and was relieved of his official functions later in the year.", "He worked on the forest until 1941.", "He was in charge of the \"Raifessen\" cooperative in Plate until 1944.", "There was an assassination attempt against Hitler in July 1944.", "\"Aktion Gitter\" was one of the government's responses and involved rounding up many suspected dissidents.", "Wehmer was held locally after being taken into protective custody.", "In the prison at Btzow until 1945.", "The population of Plate was around 800 at the start of 1945.", "As a result of the forced relocation of millions of ethic Germans from parts of Germany that were now controlled by the Soviet army and being integrated into Poland and the Soviet Union, the figure was swollen to as many as 2,400 by August 1945.", "Many of the people passing through were sick and had lost a parent.", "There was a lack of food and shelter.", "Although the entire region would end up in the Soviet occupation zone, the meeting point of the American and Soviet forces was Plate.", "In the summer of 1945, there was a lot of disease.", "On August 16, 1945, Friedrich Wehmer, who had been removed from the position of mayor by the Nazis twelve years earlier, was returned to it by the occupation forces.", "The local school was reopened in October 1945 with just one classroom and no books.", "As soon as it became legal to do so, Wehmer re-established the party committee in the village of Plate and became its chairman.", "He was the mayor until April 1946.", "It was probably because of his experience with agriculture and the politics of land holding that he was called upon to join the national Land Commission for the roll-out of land reform across the Soviet Union.", "He was involved in the newly formed Peasants Mutual Aid Association at the same time he was no longer the local mayor.", "The Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED / Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands) was formed in April 1946, following the forced merger in East Germany of the SPD and the old KPD.", "Wehmer was the regional secretary of the VdgB.", "He was elected to the regional assembly as a member of the VdgB.", "Under the political system unfolding in the Soviet occupation zone, the VdgB was one of the mass movements that could have members elected to sit in regional and national assembly.", "He was an executive committee member of the Landtag's Advisory Assembly by this time.", "He was a member of the regional assembly.", "After only two years, the Assembly was abolished under a sweeping downgrade of local government institutions.", "He was the Chairman of the regional Ececutive of the VdgB from 1947 to 1950.", "He was voted on to the VdgB Central in 1947.", "The committee is a deputy Chairman.", "He was the Section leader of the VdgB group and comrade organisation from October 1950 to October 1963.", "The National assembly was dominated by the SED party, but the presence of members from the VdgB gave the assembly a greater measure of plurality.", "He was also the deputy chairman of the committee.", "He held the chairmanship of the VdgB Central committee until his death in 1964.", "He was a member of the Central Committee of the SED when he died.", "A street in his hometown has been named after him.", "Reading list Martin Broszat and others.", "Oldenbourg, page 1053.", "Klaus Schwabe: Hakenkreuz.", "The sozialdemokratischen Fraktion was in the Mecklenburg-Schwerinschen Landtag 1919–1932.", "Bblingen 1994, page 199, was published by Verlag A. Tykve.", "M.d.L. is a degree earned by Martin Schumacher.", "The Ende der Parlamente 1933 ist die Abgeordneten der Landtage und Brgerschaften.", "Emigration und Ausbrgerung 1933–1945 was a Politische Verfolgung.", "Dsseldorf 1995, page 172, was written by Droste.", "Friederike Sattler is from bergang.", "The Zentralen Planwirtschaft in der SBZ/DDR 1945–52 bei der KPD/SED.", "There was a page in Mnster in 2002.", "Berit Olschewski is from Feindesland.", "The Groherzogtum Mecklenburg-Strelitz was founded in 1945.", "BWV Verlag is based in Berlin.", "There is a handbuch of the Volkskammer derDeutschen Demokratischen Republik.", "There were 1885 births and 1964 deaths of people from the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin." ]

[ "Friedrich Wehmer", "Friedrich Wehmer", "Wehmer", "Friedrich Wehm", "Friedrich Wehmer", "Wehmer" ]

[ "Friedrich Wehmer", "Friedrich Wehmer", "Wehmer", "Friedrich Wehmer", "Wehmer", "Friedrich Wehmer" ]

[ "Roger Carel (born Roger Bancharel; 14 August 1927 – 11 September 2020) was a French actor and voice talent, known for his recurring film roles as Asterix, the French voice of Star Wars' C-3PO, and the French voice of Winnie-the-Pooh, Piglet, and Rabbit in Winnie the Pooh.", "He has also dubbed David Suchet as Hercule Poirot in Agatha Christie's Poirot.", "He also voiced Wally Gator, Mickey Mouse, Yogi Bear, Fred Flintstone, Kermit the Frog, Heathcliff, Danger Mouse, Foghorn Leghorn, ALF and many other famous characters in French.", "He was born in Paris, France.", "Carel died in Aigre, Charante at 93.", "Filmography\n\nVoice animation\n\n The Benny Hill Show (1951–1991, TV Series) as Benny Hill (French dubbing)\n Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks (1958-1961) as Pixie / Dixie (French dubbing)\n The Flintstones (1960–1966) (TV series) as Fred Flintstone (French dubbing)\n One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961) as Pongo (French dubbing)\n The Yogi Bear Show (1961-1962) as Yogi Bear (2nd French dubbing)\n Hey There, It's Yogi Bear!", "(1983) as Olivier (French dubbing)\n Lucky Luke (1984) as Jolly Jumper\n Welcome to Pooh Corner (1983–1987, TV Series) as Pooh / Piglet / Rabbit (French dubbing)\n Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi (1983) as C-3PO (French dubbing)\n The Right Stuff (1983) as Narrator (french dubbing)\n Heathcliff and The Catillac Cats (1984–1988, TV Series) as Heathcliff (French dubbing)\n Dumbo (1984) as Timothy Q.", "(1968) as Camberlin\n A Flea in Her Ear (1968) as M. Plommard\n Béru et ces dames (1968) as Maximilien Bernal dit 'Max'\n Clérambard (1969) as Le curé\n The Brain (1969) as Frankie Scannapieco (voice, uncredited)\n A Golden Widow (1969) as Aristophane Percankas – un riche armateur grec\n Et qu'ça saute!", "(1970) as Fedorovitch\n On est toujours trop bon avec les femmes (1971) as Frank Dillon\n Delusions of Grandeur (1971) (uncredited)\n Le Viager (1972) as La voix du speaker des actualités (voice)\n Églantine (1972) as Ernest\n Elle cause plus, elle flingue (1972) as Sammy\n Le petit poucet (1972) as Récitant / Narrator (voice)\n Les Charlots font l'Espagne (1972) as Le capitaine du grand voilier (voice, uncredited)\n Joë petit boum-boum (1973) as Bzz\n L'Heptaméron (Joyeux compères) (1973) as Maître Bornet\n The Big Store (1973) as Le commissaire priseur\n The Holes (1974) as Alberto Sopranelli, le ténor\n Le plumard en folie (1974) as La voix du lit (voice)\n Q (1974) as Récitant / Narrator (uncredited)\n Soldat Duroc, ça va être ta fête!", "(1975) as Oberst Strumpf\n Les grands moyens (1976) as Commissaire Honoré Compana\n La grande récré (1976) as Le pharmacien\n La grande frime (1977) as Chomer\n Dis bonjour à la dame!..", "(1977) as L'inspecteur des PTT\n La Gueule de l'autre (1979) as Roland Favereau\n Les phallocrates (1980) as Le directeur de l'asile\n Jupiter's Thigh (1980) as Sacharias, le conservateur\n The Umbrella Coup (1980) as Salvatore Bozzoni\n Signé Furax (1981) as Grigor Sokolodovenko\n Le retour des bidasses en folie (1983) as Kolonel von Berg\n One Deadly Summer (1983) as Henri dit 'Henri IV'\n Le jeune marié (1983) as M. Santoni, Nina's father\n Les malheurs d'Octavie (1983) as André Perlin\n L'émir préfère les blondes (1983) as Sam Moreau\n Y a-t-il un pirate sur l'antenne?", "(1983) as Le commissaire Keller\n Le diable rose (1988) as General Von Goteborg\n Les Gauloises blondes (1988) as Cuchulain\n La folle journée ou Le mariage de Figaro (1989) as Don Guzman Brid'Oison\n Comédie d'amour (1989) as Le docteur\n 1001 Nights (1990) as The Great Vizier\n My Man (1996) as Passerby In Hat\n\nBibliography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1927 births\n2020 deaths\n20th-century French male actors\n21st-century French male actors\nFrench male film actors\nFrench male television actors\nFrench male voice actors\nMale actors from Paris" ]

[ "Roger Carel (born Roger Bancharel; 14 August 1927 - 11 September 2020) was a French actor and voice talent, known for his recurring film roles as Asterix, the French voice of Star Wars' C-3PO, and the French voice of Winnie-the-Pooh", "David Suchet was dubbed Hercule Poirot in Agatha Christie's Poirot.", "He voiced a lot of famous characters in French.", "He was born in Paris.", "Carel passed away in Aigre, Charante at 93.", "The Benny Hill Show was a TV series that was voiced by Mr. Jinks, as well as The Flintstones, which was a TV series that was also voiced by Mr. Jinks.", "Welcome to Pooh Corner was a TV Series and Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi was a movie.", "The Flea in Her Ear was released in 1968.", "As Fedorovitch On as well as Frank Dillon Delusions of Grandeur and Le Viager as La voix du speaker des actualités.", "As Oberst Strumpf Les grands moyens (1976) and Le pharmacien La grande frime (1977).", "As Le directeur de l'asile Jupiter's Thigh, as well as the L'inspecteur des PTT La Gueule de l'autre.", "As Le commissaire Keller Le rose (1988), as General Von Goteborg Les Gauloises blondes (1988), as Cuchulain La folle journée ou Le mariage de Figaro (1989), as Don Guzman Brid'Oison Comédie d'amour (1989), as" ]

[ "Roger Carel", "Roger Bancharel" ]

[ "Roger Carel", "Roger Bancharel", "Carel" ]

[ "Anthony Louis \"Tony\" DiPreta (July 9, 1921 – June 2, 2010) was an American comic book and comic strip artist active from the 1940s Golden Age of comic books.", "He was the longtime successor artist of the comic strip Joe Palooka (1959–84) and drew the Rex Morgan, M.D.", "daily strip from 1983 until DiPreta's retirement in 2000.", "Early life and career\nBorn July 9, 1921, in Stamford, Connecticut, to a family that included brothers Joe and Leonard, Tony DiPreta grew up during the Great Depression, during which his father had little or no work and his mother sewed in a sweat shop for $7 a week.", "He decided while in junior high school that he would pursue an art career after reading in the local newspaper that cartoonist H. T. Webster made $50,000 a year.", "\"I thought, 'Boy, that's a lot.'", "I went down and saw him, and he talked to me.", "Then I started drawing for my junior high school.", "It made me feel like I could really draw.\"", "DiPreta took art classes when he attended Stamford High School.", "After graduating, DiPreta and fellow future professionals Red Wexler and Bob Fujitani took classes at the Silvermine Guild, where the trio drew from live models.", "DiPreta had worked for a local advertising agency while attending high school, and after a year doing that, he obtained a union job at McCalls Photo Engraving, also in Stamford.", "During his subsequent year at McCalls, DiPreta began coloring comic books for company client Quality Comics, located a half-mile away.", "Separately, DiPreta freelanced as a fill-in letterer for Lyman Young's newspaper comic strip Tim Tyler's Luck.", "DiPreta recalled, \"My brother Joe used to caddy [at the old Greenwich golf course].", "... Lyman Young, who did Tim Tyler's Luck, used to play there, and my brother was once lucky enough to caddy for Lyman Young.", "He told Lyman Young that I wanted to be a cartoonist, and Young said, 'Well, bring him down.'", "...", "I went to see him and he said, 'Why don't you letter my strip?'", "But this wasn't a permanent job.", "He'd call me on a Saturday afternoon — when he wanted to play golf — and I'd come over and letter his strips.\"", "After seeing the portfolio samples that DiPreta brought to him during a lunch hour in 1940, Quality publisher Everett M. \"Busy\" Arnold hired DiPreta as a staff letterer for $25 per week, a wage equal to that of his now-working father's well-paying job as a defense industry worker.", "Under editor Ed Cronin and Cronin's assistant Gill Fox, DiPreta was sent to Quality artist Lou Fine's Tudor City studio in Manhattan to observe and learn from Fine's highly regarded draftsmanship.", "Shortly afterward, Arnold was concerned over what he saw as Fine's undynamic storytelling, and had Fujitani and DiPreta do pencil-breakdowns for a story each that Fine would finish penciling and inking; DiPreta's starred the character Uncle Sam.", "At some point, he studied at Columbia University and the University of Connecticut.", "DiPreta's first generally accepted solo art credit in comics is a one-page humor filler in publisher Quality's National Comics #8 (Feb. 1941).", "His first confirmable credit is a similar filler in the company's Doll Man #2 (Spring 1942).", "Golden Age of Comics\nIn 1941, DiPreta visited New York City's Timely Comics, the 1940s predecessor of Marvel Comics.", "Going on a Saturday, DiPreta recalled, he nonetheless met editor-in-chief Stan Lee, who had DiPreta ink a story for the humor feature \"Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal\".", "DiPreta recalled, \"I was paid either seven bucks or eight bucks a page.", "The story was seven or eight pages long.", "However, it all worked out, I was going to get $57 for this job\", which he delivered to Lee the following Saturday.", "\"I thought, 'Hey, 25 bucks a week from Arnold is pretty good, but 57 bucks a week is better'.", "I decided to go freelance\", and did so beginning April 1, 1941.", "Following that initial Timely story, DiPreta drew only sporadically for the company during the 1940s due to steady work from former Quality editor Cronin, who by then was at Hillman Periodicals.", "DiPreta drew such Hillman humor features as \"Buttons the Rabbit\", \"Captain Codfish\", \"Earl the Rich Rabbit\", \"Fatsy McPig\", \"One Wing Spin\", \"Skinny McGinty\" (in Air Fighters Comics) and \"Stupid Manny\" (in Clue Comics).", "DiPreta concurrently drew Quality humor features, including \"Blimpy\" (in Feature Comics), \"Windy Breeze\", and \"Mayor Midge\" for Quality.", "DiPreta did his first dramatic work, a war story, for editor Vin Sullivan's Columbia Comics.", "He also drew the lead feature, \"Airboy\", in at Air Fighters Comics #7-9 (April–June 1943).", "Also, DiPreta occasionally drew the superheroes \"Boy King\" and \"Zippo\" — no relation to the popular brand of cigarette lighter — for Hillman's Clue Comics and \"Magno\" for Ace Magazines' Super-Mystery Comics, as well as a small amount of comics work for Et-Es-Go Magazines, Lev Gleason Publications, and editor Leonard B. Cole at Holyoke Publishing.", "DiPreta also drew public service announcement one-pagers with Airboy and Iron Ace.", "Afflicted by a heart murmur since age 13, DiPreta was rejected for World War II military service as 4F.", "As the war progressed, DiPreta read a newspaper article saying anyone not doing war-related work would be drafted no matter their physical condition, and at least work stateside.", "DiPreta recalled he was re-designated 4C, although 4C is the designation for an alien or dual national.", "In any event, DiPreta was never called into service.", "Post-war career\n\nComic books\nDuring the 1950s, DiPreta drew comic books primarily for Lev Gleason's \"Little Wise Guys\" kid-gang feature in that company's Daredevil (no relation to Marvel Comics'), and for anthological horror titles from Atlas Comics, Marvel's 1950s iteration.", "His Atlas work, the first known credit of which is also included a Western story in Texas Kid #5 (Sept. 1951), includes work in Journey into Mystery #1 (June 1952), and issues of Adventures into Terror, Adventures Into Weird Worlds, Astonishing, Marvel Tales, Menace, Mystery Tales, Strange Tales, Strange Tales of the Unusual, Uncanny Tales, and World of Fantasy.", "He also drew occasional stories for such Atlas crime fiction titles as Tales of Justice, war comics such as Battlefront, and, returning to humor, the sole two issues of the Casper the Friendly Ghost-like Adventures of Homer Ghost.", "DiPreta gained some recognition in comics during the 1970s, long after he'd left the field to concentrate on comic strips, when some of his Atlas work was reprinted in the Marvel comics Beware, Chamber of Chills, Creatures on the Loose, Vault of Evil, Weird Wonder Tales, Where Monsters Dwell, and even in an issue each of the superhero series Marvel Feature and the supernatural-hero series Giant-Size Werewolf.", "DiPreta's 1950s horror work was also considered mature enough to appear in Marvel's black-and-white, non-Comics Code horror-comics magazines Dracula Lives, Monsters Unleashed, Tales of the Zombie, and Vampire Tales.", "Most reprints were faithful, though DiPreta's \"Escape From Nowhere\", from World of Suspense #7 (April 1957), was reprinted in Amazing Adventures #28 (Jan. 1975) minus one of its original three pages.", "Comic strips\nIn 1945, DiPreta broke into the field of syndicated newspaper comic strip art as an assistant to cartoonist Frank E. \"Lank\" Leonard's popular strip about a suburban beat cop, Mickey Finn.", "DiPreta continued in that position, while concurrently drawing freelance for comic books, through 1955.", "In 1959, DiPreta succeeded creator Ham Fisher and first successor artist Moe Leff on the long-running boxing strip Joe Palooka.", "He continued on that strip, written by Jim Lawrence, Bob Gustafson, Ken Fitch, Morris Weiss, and Ed Moore, through its end in 1984.", "In 1983, he became the latest successor, following artists Marvin Bradley, Frank Springer, and Fernando Da Silva, of Rex Morgan, M.D., working with writer-creator Nicholas P. Dallis, also known as Dal Curtis, and Dallis' assistant, writer Woody Wilson.", "The strip continued after DiPreta's 2000 retirement.", "Fellow Stamford cartoonist Mort Walker said in 2010 that DiPreta did an unspecified amount of work at some point on Walker's strip Beetle Bailey.", "Later career\nDiPreta's last known comics credit is A.C.E.", "Comics' Fantastic Adventures #3 (Oct. 1987), for which he penciled and inked the cover, the four-page humor story \"The Score Board Kid\" (by writer Jerry DeFuccio), and \"The Motor-Man On Wheels!", "\", a six-page DeFuccio profile of DiPreta and the artist's Golden Age character Zippo.", "Personal life\nIn November 1960, DiPreta married Frances, who died September 26, 2009.", "The couple had two sons, Richard and Edward, and a daughter, Janet.", "DiPreta died of respiratory and cardiac arrest in Greenwich, Connecticut on June 2, 2010, aged 88.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n1921 births\n2010 deaths\nAmerican comic strip cartoonists\nAtlas Comics\nArtists from Stamford, Connecticut\nDeaths from respiratory failure\nMarvel Comics people\nAmerican people of Italian descent\nStamford High School (Stamford, Connecticut) alumni" ]

[ "Tony DiPreta was an American comic book and comic strip artist who was active from the 1940s Golden Age of comic books.", "He was the successor artist of the comic strip Joe Palooka.", "From 1983 until DiPreta's retirement in 2000.", "During the Great Depression, Tony DiPreta's mother sewed in a sweat shop for $7 a week and his father had little or no work.", "He decided to pursue an art career after reading in the local newspaper that a cartoonist made a lot of money.", "I thought it was a lot.", "He talked to me after I saw him.", "I began drawing for my junior high school.", "I felt like I could really draw.", "When he was in high school, DiPreta took art classes.", "The Silvermine Guild was where DiPreta and fellow future professionals Red Wexler and Bob Fujitani took classes.", "After working for a local advertising agency while in high school, DiPreta got a union job at a photo engraving business.", "Quality Comics is a half-mile away from where DiPreta began coloring comic books.", "DiPreta was a fill-in letterer for Tim Tyler's Luck.", "DiPreta's brother used to caddy at the old golf course.", "My brother was once lucky enough to caddy for Lyman Young, who did Tim Tyler's Luck.", "Young said to bring him down after he told him that he wanted to be a cartoonist.", "...", "I went to see him and he asked why I didn't letter his strip.", "This was not a permanent job.", "When he wanted to play golf, I would come over and letter his strips.", "After seeing the portfolio samples that DiPreta brought to him during a lunch hour in 1940, Quality publisher Everett M. \"Busy\" Arnold hired DiPreta as a staff letterer for $25 per week, a wage equal to that of his now-working father's well-paying", "DiPreta was sent to Lou Fine's studio in Manhattan to observe and learn from Fine's highly regarded draftsmanship.", "Arnold was concerned about Fine's undynamic storytelling and had Fujitani and DiPreta do pencil-breakdown for a story each that Fine would finish penciling and inking; DiPreta's starred the character Uncle Sam.", "He studied at Columbia University and the University of Connecticut.", "DiPreta's first solo art credit in comics was in Quality's National Comics #8.", "The Doll Man #2 is his first confirmable credit.", "In 1941, DiPreta visited New York City's Timely Comics, which was the predecessor of Marvel Comics.", "On a Saturday, DiPreta met Stan Lee, the editor-in-chief of the humor feature \"Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal\".", "DiPreta was paid either seven bucks or eight bucks a page.", "The story was long.", "He said he was going to get $57 for the job and delivered it to Lee the next day.", "25 bucks a week from Arnold is good, but 57 bucks a week is better.", "I left my job on April 1, 1941.", "After the initial Timely story, DiPreta drew only occasionally for the company due to steady work from former Quality editor Cronin.", "\"Buttons the Rabbit\", \"Captain Codfish\", \"Earl the Rich Rabbit\", \"Fatsy McPig\", \"One Wing Spin\", and \"Skinny McGinty\" were some of the humor features drawn by DiPreta.", "Quality humor features included \"Blimpy\", \"Windy Breeze\", and \"Mayor Midge\".", "A war story was written by DiPreta for Columbia Comics.", "The lead feature of Air Fighters Comics #7-9 was drawn by him.", "There was a small amount of comics work done by DiPreta, as well as the superhero \"Zippo\" and the superhero \"Boy King\", neither of which is related to the popular brand of cigarette lighter.", "The one-pagers with Airboy and Iron Ace were drawn by DiPreta.", "DiPreta was rejected for World War II military service because of a heart murmur.", "DiPreta read a newspaper article that said anyone who wasn't doing war-related work would be drafted.", "DiPreta was re-designated 4C, although it was a designation for an alien or dual national.", "DiPreta was never called into service.", "During the 1950s, DiPreta drew comic books primarily for Lev Gleason's \"Little Wise Guys\" kid-gang feature in that company's Daredevil, and for anthological horror titles from Atlas Comics.", "His Atlas work is the first known credit of which is a Western story in Texas Kid 5.", "Tales of Justice, war comics, Battlefront, and the only two issues of the Casper the Friendly Ghost-like Adventures of Homer Ghost are some of the stories he drew for Atlas crime fiction titles.", "When DiPreta left the field to concentrate on comic strips, some of his Atlas work was reprinted in the comic books Beware of Evil and Weird Wonder Tales.", "The 1950s horror work of DiPreta was considered mature enough for publication in non-Comics Code horror-comics magazines.", "The original three pages of DiPreta's \"Escape From Nowhere\" were not used in the re-release of the book.", "In 1945, DiPreta broke into the field of syndicated newspaper comic strip art as an assistant to Frank E. \"Lank\" Leonard.", "DiPreta was drawing for comic books through 1955.", "The boxing strip Joe Palooka was created in 1959 by DiPreta.", "The strip was written by Jim Lawrence, Bob Gustafson, Ken Fitch, Morris Weiss, and Ed Moore.", "After artists Marvin Bradley, Frank Springer, and Fernando Da Silva, of Rex Morgan, M.D., he became the latest successor.", "The strip continued after DiPreta's retirement.", "In 2010, Walker said that DiPreta did a lot of work on his strip Beetle Bailey.", "DiPreta's last known comics credit is A.C.E.", "The cover and four-page humor story \"The Score Board Kid\" were written by Jerry DeFuccio.", "There is a six-page DeFuccio profile of DiPreta and the artist's Golden Age character.", "In 1960, DiPreta married Frances, who died in 2009.", "The couple had four children, two sons and a daughter.", "On June 2, 2010, DiPreta died of respiratory and cardiac arrest.", "There are links to births and deaths of comic strip artists and people of Italian descent." ]

[ "Tony", "\" DiPreta", "DiPreta", "Tony DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta" ]

[ "Tony DiPreta", "DiPreta", "Tony DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta", "DiPreta" ]

[ "Florentino López Alonso-Cuevillas (November 14, 1886 – July 30, 1958) was a Spanish anthropologist and prehistorian, although in the course of his life he also became involved in writing, primarily essays and fiction.", "Like several other Galician intellectuals of his generation, he was a member of Xeración Nós, of the Seminar of Galician Studies and the Irmandades da Fala, combining the cultural and linguistic activities he carried out in those institutions with a discrete participation in pro-Galician politics.", "However, his social and political activities were profoundly disrupted by the victory of nationalists in the Spanish Civil War, although in the 1940s he returned to his commitment to the spread of Galician culture as a full member of the Royal Galician Academy, and of the Instituto de Estudios Gallegos Padre Sarmiento.", "Like the other members of his generation, he contributed to the maturation of Galician literature, but he was renown as a result of his efforts in the field of science.", "Galvanized by Hugo Obermaier's book (Impresiones de un viaje prehistórico por Galicia), Cuevillas undertook the complicated task of developing the field of archeology in Galicia with the aim of reconstructing and studying a period of history that had been hitherto forgotten.", "His field research, mostly directed at the study of megalithic art and the Celtic Castro culture, as well as his systematization of Galician prehistory, lead him to be crowned as the most important figure in Galicia in the field of prehistory.", "Indirectly, his scientific work contributed to the normalization of the Galician language.", "Biography \nFlorentino López Alonso-Cuevillas was born on November 14, 1886 at 77 Progress Street, Ourense.", "He was the only son of don Florentino López Barbán, an agent of the tax office who practiced his profession in Ourense as well as Lugo, and doña Vicenta Alonso-Cuevillas Álvarez, daughter of a famous brigadier who carried out many important military duties in Ourense and who belonged to the prestigious Seara family.", "Cuevillas's father's death in Lugo before his birth quickly caused his mother to move in with her family in Ourense.", "From that moment on, Florentino Cuevillas was raised and educated by his maternal family, receiving an education few people would have been able to afford at that time.", "As a preschooler he attended a girls' school, which accepted very young children, and later attended the Colegio León XIII.", "It was at this time that he began to develop an interest in music, and he went on to learn the violin in his youth.", "Between 1896 and 1901 he studied at the Instituto de Orense where he was taught by teachers of great renown, such as the professor of rhetoric and poetry, Marcelo Macías.", "After five years of study he completed his baccalaureate studies (at the time still regulated by the Ley Moyano), and subsequently attended the University of Santiago de Compostela to study pharmacology, although he never went on to practice that profession.", "During the course of his college years, he displayed a great interest in literature and during this time he attended literary outings of the Ateneo León XIII as well as conferences organized by the alumni of the medical and legal departments.", "He was licensed in June 1906, and five years later he moved to Madrid to take classes in the social sciences.", "In the capital he came into contact with Otero Pedrayo, Primitivo Rodríguez Sanjurjo and Urbano Feijoo de Sotomayor, attended meetings in the Ateneo, theatrical and opera performances, and frequented social gatherings of the most famous Madrilenians of the era.", "In Madrid he worked as a functionary of the government, returning for brief spells to Galicia.", "Feeling lost in Madrid, he returned to Ourense.", "Upon his return to the city of his birth, he abandoned the field of pharmacology to work as a tax official.", "Afterwards he wed Milagros Rodríguez, which whom he had three daughters.", "Cuevillas's first writings were political articles and articles of literary criticism that were published in the newspaper El Miño, a newspaper which Risco also frequently contributed to.", "Cuevillas also contributed to other publications like La Zarpa, El Pueblo Gallego, Diario de Orense, El Heraldo, , Faro de Vigo, La Noche and La Región.", "In 1917, members of a theosophical church called Roso de Luna (Rodríguez Sanjurjo, Vicente Risco y Cuevillas) decided to found the magazine La Centuria.", "Cuevillas was a contributor to this new literary project, with a sociopolitical slant manifesting itself more and more in his lectures and works.", "In the same year, and due to the influence of Antón Losada Diéguez, Cuevillas got involved in Galicianism.", "In addition he joined las Irmandades da Fala, and was involved in the founding of the magazine Nós as well as the Republican Nationalist Party of Ourense and he was appointed minister of the Irmandade Nazonalista Galega.", "In 1922 he published his first work of archeology in Nós, the article Dos nosos tempos which forms along with the works of Otero Pedrayo and Vicente Risco a generational manifesto of the Ourensian group.", "After the end of the Spanish Civil War, like many other Galician nationalists, he was forced to abandon his political activities.", "In 1939 he continued his archeological studies, but later as a result of worsening of rheumatism in his joints he had to abandon fieldwork and dedicated himself to the systematization of Galician prehistory.", "On July 7, 1941, Cuevillas was admitted as a full member of the Royal Galician Academy at the proposition of Ramón Otero Pedrayo, Ángel del Castillo López y Alejandro Barreiro Noya.", "Three years later, in 1944, he was admitted to the Instituto de Estudios Padre Sarmiento.", "That same year he wrote Prehistoria which would become the third volume of Historia de Galiza, edited by Otero Pedrayo.", "On July 30, 1958 he died in his house on Santo Domingo in Ourense, as a result of a worsening of the rheumatism from which he suffered.", "He was interred at the Cementerio de San Francisco de Orense.", "At the moment of his interment, Requiem a Cuevillas, written for him by Fermín Bouza Brey, was sung.", "The sixth celebration of Galician Literature Day, in 1968, was dedicated to his memory.", "Archeological and Historical Work \n\nCuevillas's archeological work, which grew with the assistance of the people associated with the Museo da Comisión de Monumentos, is reflected in the study A mansión de Aquis Querquernis (1921) contained a vast amount of work on pre-Roman Galicia.", "In fact, it was him and his group of collaborators that began a brief excavation in the early 1920s on the site of the Roman encampment of Aquis Querquennis, discovering the wall of the encampment, although they didn't this short wall as the principle wall of the complex, and other walls of small size related to habitable structures.", "Cuevillas was a great scholar of the Castro culture, with his initial work on that topic appearing in the magazine Nós.", "The first Castro site he studied was located in the parish of San Cibrao de Las (Orense), consisting of a fortress nine hectares in area, and one of the largest sites in Galicia.", "The excavations, overseen at all times by Cuevillas, began in 1922 and continuing until 1925, when they came to a halt.", "Although the investigation lasted only three years, (in the 1940s he would resume the excavation), it served as a source of data for his works, published in Nós (which also published his Catálogo dos Castros Galegos) under the title A Edade de Ferro no Galiza.", "After being founded in 1923, López Cuevillas joined the Seminario de Estudos Galegos and began to collaborate closely with Fermín Bouza Brey.", "Out of this professional relationship came the study and excavation of the Castro de O Neixón in 1925, the site where Cuevillas discovered the remains of a Punic aryballos that was produced in Carthaginian workshops in the Mediterranean, consequently bringing to light the existence of commercial relationships between the ancient settlers of Galicia and merchants on the edges of the Mediterranean.", "His work on this site formed a major part of the work (1929).", "In 1927 he undertook the first archaeological journey across all of Galicia, along with Fermín Bouza Brey, through the financial support of the Comisión de Estudios de Galicia.", "The journey resulted in the study of archaeological sites in Sobroso and Briteiros.", "In 1929 Cuevillas worked with the archeologist Lluís Pericot on the excavation of the Castro de Troña, removing numerous pieces of handicrafts and coins of both Celtic and Roman origin from the complex.", "Furthermore, in their initial work in the area they discovered around 30 circular structures, the moat and defensive walls on the eastern side.", "On some occasions, Cuevillas limited himself to only the search and exploration of the Castro culture without doing any excavation in the areas in which they had settled.", "This is what happened in el Outeiro do Castro, a diminutive site in the parish of Canda.", "He, along with Otero Pedrayo and Vicente Risco, argued against the theory that held that there was a possibility that the ruins of the Castro culture and the dolmens were contemporaneous structures, thinking the prior were produced by a Celtic culture, and had no relation to the Stone Age.", "Historical study of the birth of Ourense in the Roman period \nIn 1934, Cuevillas carried out a historical study regarding the possible origin of Ourense, in which he considered the transportation infrastructure as a determining factor in the birth of the city.", "During the Roman period an imperial road of notable importance passed through the city, as well as a confluence of various secondary roads and natural passageways like the Miño, Loña and Barbaña-Barbadás rivers.", "The main defining idea of Cuevillas's theory was the belief that the original population nucleus in the region developed nearby As Burgas and not along the path of the Miño river, to argue for an indigenous foundation tied to the thermal springs and not to the Romans.", "The existence of these hot springs made Cuevillas think of them as a possible site of pilgrimage for the nearby members of the Castro culture before the Roman conquest, which lead to the appearance of small markets and other structures of a commercial nature.", "Therefore, upon Roman arrival they would have discovered a limited existing community, to which they would have added a certain degree of development.", "Works\n\nProsas Galegas, 1920 - 1958 \nProsas Galegas, 1920 – 1958, a posthumous collection of 32 essays, was published in 1962, and is not strictly about science, but also literature.", "Although some of these essays had already come to light earlier, for example Como nasceu a cidade de Ourense, and O Trasno na vila, these essays reveal an unpublished Cuevillas, a creator who coexisted with the investigator.", "Beginning even in the prologue of the collection, written by Marino Dónega, critics increasingly came to appreciate his magnificent and serene prose, even though in his time it hadn't gained much attention.", "The book is divided into four untitled sections.", "The first two sections contain the prose that most praises the nature and values of Galicia, introducing the countryside, the cities and traditions, while others serve as critical commentary on current society (such as Dos nosos tempos, in which the intellectual evolution of society is reflected in the same way as it occurred to the other members of his generation).", "The third group, characterized by its short length, contains three biographical sketches of Galician writers (specifically Curros Enríquez, Valentín Lamas Carvajal and Otero Pedrayo)and a commentary on the work of Castelao As cruces de pedra na Galiza.", "All of the essays were written in the period after the Spanish Civil War.", "Finally, the fourth group of essays deals more with his work in the study and exploration of Galician pre-history, featuring works with significant names such as Relaciós prehistóricas entre Galicia e as Illas Británicas.", "In this last block, the prose usually has an informative value typical of essays (some of the pieces can be considered studies, like Paleopaisaxe and Mitoloxía e historia da paisaxe de Trasalba).", "Characterization of Prosas galegas \nIn the words of Ricardo Carballo Calero, Prosas galegas is characterized by its conviction and rhetorical harmony, evident sincerity and idealism.", "Miscelánea \nVarious investigative works Cuevilla produced over the course of his life that were published in Nós, Boletín de la Real Academia Gallega, the Arquivos do Seminario de Estudos Galegos, the Boletín da Comisión Provincial de Monumentos de Ourense, the Cuadernos de Estudios Gallegos as well as other publications, were partially compiled in the volume Miscelánea (1987).", "See also \n Castro de San Cibrao de Las\n List of castros in Galicia\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links \n Biografía de Florentino López Cuevillas en lengua gallega.", "People from Galicia (Spain)\nGalician nationalists\nWriters from Galicia (Spain)\nRoyal Galician Academy\nPeople from Ourense\nGalician-language writers\nPoliticians from Galicia (Spain)\nPartido Galeguista (1931) politicians\nPrehistorians\nSpanish archaeologists" ]

[ "Florentino Lpez Alonso-Cuevillas was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was a member of Xeracin Ns, of the Seminar of Galician Studies and the Irmandades da Fala, combining the cultural and linguistic activities he carried out in those institutions.", "His social and political activities were disrupted by the victory of nationalists in the Spanish Civil War, but he returned to his commitment to the spread of Galician culture in the 1940s.", "He was renown as a result of his efforts in the field of science, but like the other members of his generation, he contributed to the maturation of Galician literature.", "The field of archeology in Galicia was developed thanks to Hugo Obermaier's book, Impresiones de un viaje prehistrico por Galicia.", "The study of megalithic art and the Celtic Castro culture, as well as his systematization of Galician prehistory made him the most important figure in the field of prehistory.", "His scientific work contributed to the improvement of the language.", "Florentino Lpez Alonso-Cuevillas was born in Ourense on November 14, 1886.", "He was the only son of Florentino Lpez Barbn, an agent of the tax office who practiced his profession in Ourense as well as Lugo, and the daughter of a famous brigadier.", "The death of his father caused his mother to move in with her family in Ourense.", "Few people would have been able to afford an education like Florentino's at that time.", "He attended a girls' school as a child and later attended the Colegio Len XIII.", "He went on to learn the violin in his youth after he began to develop an interest in music.", "The professor of rhetoric and poetry, Marcelo Macas, taught him at the Instituto de Orense between 1896 and 1901.", "Although he never went on to practice that profession, after five years of study he completed his bachelor's degree and went to the University of Santiago de Compostela to study pharmacology.", "During his college years, he was interested in literature and attended literary outings of the Ateneo Len XIII as well as conferences organized by the alumni of the medical and legal departments.", "He moved to Madrid five years after he was licensed to take classes in the social sciences.", "He frequented social gatherings of the most famous Madrilenians in the capital, as well as attending meetings in the Ateneo.", "He worked in Madrid as a functionary of the government.", "He returned to Ourense because he was lost in Madrid.", "He left the field of pharmacology to work as a tax official after returning to the city of his birth.", "He married Milagros Rodrguez, whom he had three daughters with.", "The first writings of Cuevillas were political and literary criticism that were published in the newspaper El Mio.", "Other publications that they contributed to were La Zarpa, El Pueblo Gallego, Diario de Orense, El Heraldo, and La Noche.", "The magazine La Centuria was started in 1917 by members of the theosophical church called Roso de Luna.", "A socio political slant was present more and more in his lectures and works as a contributor to this new literary project.", "Due to the influence of Losada Diguez, Cuevillas got involved in Galicianism.", "He was involved in the founding of the magazine Ns as well as the Republican Nationalist Party of Ourense and was appointed minister of the Irmandade Nazonalista Galega.", "In 1922 he published his first work of archeology in Ns, the article Dos nosos tempos which forms along with the works of Otero Pedrayo and Vicente Risco.", "He abandoned his political activities after the end of the Spanish Civil War.", "As a result of rheumatism in his joints, he had to abandon fieldwork in 1939 and devote himself to the systematization of Galician prehistory.", "On July 7, 1941, Ramn Otero Pedrayo, ngel del Castillo Lpez y Alejandro Barreiro Noya presented a proposal to admit Cuevillas as a full member of the Royal Galician Academy.", "He was admitted to the institute three years later.", "Prehistoria was the third volume of Historia de Galiza and was edited by Otero Pedrayo.", "He died of rheumatism at his house on Santo Domingo in Ourense on July 30, 1958.", "He was buried at the Cementerio de San Francisco de Orense.", "A song written for him by Fermn Bouza Brey was sung at his interment.", "In 1968, the sixth celebration of Galician Literature Day was dedicated to him.", "A mansin de Aquis Querquernis contained a vast amount of work, which grew with the assistance of the people associated with the Museo da Comisin de Monumentos.", "The wall of the Roman encampment of Aquis Querquennis was discovered by him and his group of collaborators in the early 1920s.", "His initial work on the Castro culture appeared in the magazine Ns.", "One of the largest Castro sites was located in the parish of San Cibrao de Las, a fortress nine hectares in size.", "The excavations began in 1922 and continued until 1925, when they came to a halt.", "Although the investigation lasted only three years, it served as a source of data for his works, which were published in Ns.", "Lpez Cuevillas collaborated with Fermn Bouza Brey after joining the Seminario de Estudos Galegos.", "The discovery of the remains of a Punic aryballos that was produced in Carthaginian workshops in the Mediterranean brought to light the existence of commercial.", "A major part of the work was done on this site.", "Through the financial support of the Comisin de Estudios de Galicia, he undertook the first archaeological journey across all of Galicia in 1927.", "The study of archaeological sites in Sobroso and Briteiros was a result of the journey.", "The Castro de Troa was excavated in 1929 and many Celtic and Roman artifacts were removed.", "In their initial work in the area, they discovered a number of circular structures and defensive walls on the eastern side.", "On some occasions, Cuevillas limited himself to only the search and exploration of the Castro culture, without doing any excavation in the areas in which they had settled.", "El Outeiro do Castro is a small site in the parish of Canda.", "He, along with Otero Pedrayo and Vicente Risco, argued against the theory that the ruins of the Castro culture and the dolmens were not related to the Stone Age.", "The transportation infrastructure was considered to be a factor in the birth of the city in a historical study carried out in 1934.", "During the Roman period, there was an imperial road that passed through the city, as well as a confluence of various secondary roads and natural passageways.", "The idea of an indigenous foundation tied to the thermal springs and not the Romans was the main idea of the theory.", "The existence of these hot springs made Cuevillas think of them as a possible site of pilgrimage for members of the Castro culture, which led to the appearance of small markets and other structures of a commercial nature.", "They would have added a certain degree of development after discovering a limited existing community.", "Prosas Galegas, 1920 - 1958, a posthumous collection of 32 essays, was published in 1962, and is not strictly about science, but also literature.", "The author of O Trasno na vila and Como nasceu a cidade de Ourense had previously come to light.", "Critics began to appreciate Marino Dnega's prose even though it hadn't gained much attention in his time.", "There are four sections in the book.", "The first two sections contain prose that most praises the nature and values of Galicia, introducing the countryside, the cities and traditions, while others serve as critical commentary on current society.", "A commentary on the work of Otero Pedrayo is included in the third group, which is characterized by its short length.", "The essays were written after the Spanish Civil War.", "The fourth group of essays deals with his work in the study and exploration of Galician pre-history, featuring works with significant names such as Illas Britnicas.", "Some of the pieces can be considered studies, like Mitoloxa e historia da paisaxe de Trasalba.", "Prosas galegas is characterized by its conviction and rhetorical harmony.", "The Boletn da Comisi, Boletn de la Real Academia Gallega, and the Arquivos do Seminario de Estudos Galegos are some of the places where investigative works were published over the course of his life.", "There are External links to the Castro de San Cibrao de Las List of castros.", "People from Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and Spain and" ]

[ "Florentino López Alonso Cuevillas", "Florentino", "López Alonso", "Florentino", "López Barbán", "Florentino", "Cuevillas", "Cuevillas", "Castillo López", "López Cuevillas" ]

[ "Florentino Lpez Alonso", "Florentino", "Alonso Cuevillas", "Florentino", "Florentino" ]

[ "Leo A. Seltzer (April 5, 1903 – January 30, 1978) is generally credited as the creator of the sport of roller derby, and was the founder and head of the original Roller Derby league from 1935 until his son Jerry Seltzer took over the business in 1958.", "Early life\nSeltzer was born in Helena, Montana on April 5, 1903.", "Seltzer attended Lincoln High School in Portland, Oregon where he was a member of the school's basketball team.", "He competed in the amateur and semi-pro basketball circuits in Portland after high school.", "As a young adult, Seltzer was in the motion picture distributing field with the Universal film company.", "This eventually led him to own a chain of struggling movie theaters in Oregon.", "In 1929, after observing the popularity of cash prize-awarding dance marathons among out-of-work contestants and spectators, Seltzer sought ways to capitalize on the trend.", "In 1931, he helped organize and promote \"walkathon\"s, which at that time was another name for dance marathons, since most dancers ended up merely shuffling around for the duration of the contests, which could run as long as 40 days.", "His first commercial walkathon was held in Denver, Colorado, with twenty-two more to follow, including events at the Lotus Isle amusement park in Portland, Oregon.", "He grossed $2 million before retiring, citing that the events had become \"vulgar.\"", "Seltzer moved his family to Chicago in 1933, and began booking events into the Chicago Coliseum, a fortress-like structure at 15th & Wabash.", "Transcontinental Roller Derby\nSometime in early 1935, Leo read an article in Literary Digest magazine that said ninety-three percent of Americans roller skated at one time or another during their lives.", "Discussing the article with some of the regulars at Ricketts, a restaurant in Chicago's Near North Side, Seltzer was challenged to come up with a sport utilizing roller skating participants.", "Bicycle races and dance marathons were very popular at the time, and in previous decades there had been successful 24-hour and multi-day roller skating races, at least one of which was called a \"roller derby\" in the press.", "Seltzer began jotting ideas onto the tablecloth, incorporating these popular entertainment forms with a roller skating theme.", "The name Roller Derby was trademarked on July 14, 1935 (No.", "336652), and on August 13, 1935, twenty thousand spectators filled the Chicago Coliseum to see 'Colonel' Leo Seltzer's Transcontinental Roller Derby, a mythical marathon race from one end of the country to the other which incorporated both male and female participants on a banked track.", "Seltzer's decision to use women was a double-edged sword for the sport, since it guaranteed a large female audience at a sporting event, but the presence of women athletes made the mainstream press view Roller Derby as a sideshow, not a legitimate sport.", "The premier race in Chicago was a tremendous success, but subsequent engagements throughout the country were not as successful, and Seltzer's entire enterprise almost ended with a tragic bus crash in 1937 when nineteen members of a touring group of Roller Derby skaters and support personnel were killed.", "The number 1 was never worn again in Roller Derby, as a tribute to Joe Kleats and the other skaters who died in the crash.", "In December 1937, sportswriter Damon Runyon saw the game in Coral Gables Florida, became enthralled, and with Leo Seltzer created a more structured game with more contact between the skaters and a new version of Roller Derby was created.", "Seltzer's game and traveling troupe of skaters evolved and continued to have moderate growth, but it was not until November 29, 1948, when Roller Derby, broadcast on television from New York City's 69th Regiment Armory, captivated the nation.", "Roller Derby was finally the smash hit Leo Seltzer had always envisioned, although within a few years, the sport was overexposed on TV, the brand new medium that had catapulted it to prominence.", "Roller Derby's fluctuating popularity\n\nWith dwindling attendance, Roller Derby left America to tour Europe in 1953, but returned the following year.", "Seltzer moved the headquarters to the West Coast, a few years before major league baseball would make the same move.", "Leo never lost his vision that the game would once again be embraced by the country, but by 1958, it was time for son Jerry to take over day-to-day operation of the family business.", "Jerry Seltzer (born June 3, 1932), once again took the sport to great heights by syndicating Roller Derby telecasts, featuring the San Francisco Bay Bombers, which were shown on a network of 120 TV stations across the country.", "Roller Derby broadcasts beat all competition in most markets.", "Derby's national tour became so successful that by 1969, the Bay Bombers were broken up into a San Francisco and Oakland team.", "These two units filled arenas across the country from 1969 through 1971, when a third unit was added.", "Leo Seltzer lived to see his game once again break attendance records all over the country and become the darling of the mainstream press under Jerry's guardianship.", "However, the original Roller Derby skated its last game on December 8, 1973, when Jerry closed the family business.", "Leo was married to Rose Weinstein Seltzer from 1926 to 1942 when she died from breast cancer.", "Their two children were Gloria (born May 23, 1929) and Jerry.", "From April 19, 1942 to December 11, 1944, Seltzer was married to Lois Reynolds Atkins.", "Atkins had been employed by Seltzer as the manager of his Arcadia Roller Rink in Chicago.", "When she married, Atkins turned over management of the rink to a relative named Phil Hayes, but she continued to draw income from a concession business she operated there.", "One month after their marriage, Seltzer turned over operation of the rink to Atkins and a partner, Fred Morelli.", "In late 1943, Seltzer asked Atkins to transfer her half of the partnership to him, but she refused.", "In January 1944, Seltzer colluded with Hayes to overdraw the Atkins-Morelli partnership's account.", "The partnership was then replaced by one in which Atkins, Morelli, Seltzer and Sol Morelli had equal interests.", "Atkins claimed, in a 1950 lawsuit disputing her income taxes, that Seltzer, seeking to evade taxes, only allowed her into the new partnership after she agreed, in writing, to deposit her earnings into a joint bank account the two of them shared for payment of living expenses.", "She filed for divorce two months after the partnership was formed, and the divorce was granted that December.", "Death, honors, and hope\nLeo Seltzer died January 30, 1978.", "In 2005, during the 70th anniversary celebration of the first Transcontinental Roller Derby, Seltzer posthumously became the first inductee into the Executive Wing of the National Roller Derby Hall of Fame in Chicago.", "His son Jerry, was inducted at the same celebration.", "Leo Seltzer had always wanted roller derby to be a legitimate sport and to be in the Olympics.", "His son Jerry said that with the recent grassroots movement of roller derby, including the advent of WFTDA, he thinks roller derby can now be an Olympic sport.", "See also\n History of roller derby\n\nReferences\n\nRoller derby\nSportspeople from Helena, Montana\n1903 births\n1978 deaths\nLincoln High School (Portland, Oregon) alumni\nJewish American sportspeople\n20th-century American Jews" ]

[ "The founder and head of the original Roller Derby league from 1935 until his son Jerry took over the business in 1958, is generally credited as the creator of the sport of roller derby.", "On April 5, 1903, Seltzer was born in Montana.", "Seltzer was a member of the basketball team at Lincoln High School.", "He played basketball in Portland after high school.", "Seltzer worked for the Universal film company as a young adult.", "He owned a chain of movie theaters in Oregon.", "Seltzer sought ways to exploit the trend after observing the popularity of cash prize-awarding dance marathons among out-of-work contestants and spectators.", "In 1931, he helped organize and promote \"walkathon\"s, which at that time was another name for dance marathons, since most dancers ended up simply shuffling around for the duration of the contests, which could run as long as 40 days.", "His first commercial walkathon was held in Denver, Colorado, with twenty-two more to follow, including events at the Lotus Isle amusement park in Portland, Oregon.", "The events made $2 million before he retired.", "Seltzer moved his family to Chicago in 1933 and began booking events at the Chicago Coliseum.", "According to an article in Literary Digest magazine, ninety-three percent of Americans roller skate at one time or another during their lives.", "Seltzer was challenged to come up with a sport using roller skating participants after discussing the article with some of the regulars at the restaurant.", "Bicycle races and dance marathons were very popular at the time, and in previous decades there had been successful roller skating races, at least one of which was called a \"roller derby\" in the press.", "Seltzer incorporated popular entertainment forms with a roller skating theme.", "On July 14, 1935, the name Roller Derby was trademarked.", "On August 13, 1935, twenty thousand spectators filled the Chicago Coliseum to watch the Transcontinental Roller Derby, a mythical marathon race from one end of the country to the other which incorporated both male and female participants on a banked track.", "Seltzer's decision to use women was a double-edged sword for the sport, since it guaranteed a large female audience at a sporting event, but the presence of women athletes made the mainstream press view Roller Derby as a sideshow, not a legitimate sport.", "Seltzer's entire enterprise almost ended in 1937 when nineteen members of a touring group of Roller Derby skaters and support personnel were killed in a bus crash after the premier race in Chicago.", "The number 1 was never worn again in Roller Derby, as a tribute to Joe Kleats and the other skaters who died in the crash.", "A new version of Roller Derby was created in 1937 after a sports writer saw the game in Coral Gables Florida and became enamored with it.", "Seltzer's game and traveling troupe of skaters evolved and continued to have moderate growth, but it was not until November 29, 1948, when Roller Derby, broadcast on television from New York City's 69th Regiment Armory, enthralled the nation.", "Within a few years, the sport was overexposed on TV, a new medium that had catapulted it to prominence.", "In 1953, Roller Derby left America to tour Europe, but came back the following year.", "Major league baseball moved their headquarters to the West Coast a few years before Seltzer did.", "It was time for Jerry to take over the day-to-day operation of the business when his father died.", "Jerry Seltzer (born June 3, 1932), once again took the sport to great heights by syndicating Roller Derby broadcasts, featuring the San Francisco Bay Bombers, which were shown on a network of 120 TV stations across the country.", "Most markets have Roller Derby broadcasts.", "The Bay Bombers were broken up into San Francisco and Oakland teams by 1969 after Derby's national tour became so successful.", "When a third unit was added, these two units filled arenas across the country.", "He lived to see his game break attendance records all over the country and become the darling of the mainstream press.", "The original Roller Derby played its last game in December of 1973.", "Rose Weinstein Seltzer died from breast cancer in 1942.", "Their two children were Gloria and Jerry.", "Seltzer was married to Lois Reynolds Atkins from December 11, 1944 to April 19, 1942.", "The manager of the roller rink in Chicago was employed by Seltzer.", "When she married, she turned over management of the rink to a relative, but she continued to make money from the concession business she operated there.", "Seltzer turned over the operation of the rink to Fred Morelli one month after their marriage.", "Seltzer asked Atkins to transfer her half of the partnership to him, but she refused.", "Seltzer and Hayes colluded to overdraw the partnership's account.", "The partnership was replaced by one in which the four of them had the same interests.", "In a 1950 lawsuit, she claimed that Seltzer wanted to evade taxes and only allowed her into the new partnership after she agreed to deposit her earnings into a joint bank account.", "She filed for divorce two months after the partnership was formed.", "Death, honor, and hope that the man was dead on January 30, 1978.", "In 2005, during the 70th anniversary celebration of the first Transcontinental Roller Derby, Seltzer posthumously became the first member of the Executive Wing of the National Roller Derby Hall of Fame.", "Jerry was inducted at the same event.", "Roller derby is a legitimate sport and should be in the Olympics.", "Jerry believes that roller derby can now be an Olympic sport because of the recent grassroots movement.", "The history of roller derby includes births and deaths of Jewish people." ]

[ "Leo A", ". Seltzer", "Jerry Seltzer", "Seltzer", "Leo", "Leo Seltz", "Leo Seltz", "Leo Seltzer", "Leo", "Jerry Seltzer", "Leo Seltzer", "Leo", "Seltzer", "Seltzer", "Seltzer", "Seltzer", "Leo Seltz", "Leo Seltzer" ]

[ "Seltzer", "Jerry Seltzer", "Seltzer", "Seltzer" ]

[ "Charles Rogers (1825–1890) was a 19th-century Scottish minister and prolific author.", "In the second half of his life, he repeatedly ran into trouble for setting up publication societies from which he gained financial benefit.", "Life\n\nThe only son of James Roger(s) (1767–1849), minister of Dunino in Fife, he was born in the manse there on 18 April 1825; His mother, who died at his birth, was Jane, second daughter of William Haldane, minister successively at Glenisla and Kingoldrum.", "After attending the parish school at Denino for seven years, he matriculated at the University of St Andrews in 1839, and spent seven years there.", "Licensed by the presbytery of St Andrews in June 1846, he was employed in the capacity of assistant minister at Western Anstruther, Kinglassie, Abbotshall, Dunfermline, Ballingry, and Carnoustie.", "He then opened a preaching station at the Bridge of Allan, and from January 1855 until 11 August 1863 was chaplain of the garrison at Stirling Castle.", "During his time in Stirling, Rogers was elected in 1861 as a member of the town council, and took part in the erection of the Wallace Monument.", "In 1855 he inaugurated at Stirling a short-lived Scottish Literary Institute.", "In 1862 he opened the British Christian Institute, for the dissemination of religious tracts and issued a weekly paper, The Workman's Friend, and then monthly serials, The Briton and The Recorder.", "The scheme ended in 1863, when he founded and edited The Stirling Gazette, but its career was brief.", "In the aftermath of acrimony he resigned his chaplaincy, went to England, and became a writer.", "Rogers went into journalism.", "In November 1865 set up London a short-lived Naval and Military Tract Society, and he edited a quarterly periodical, The British Bulwark.", "It was followed by The London Book and Tract Depository, which he carried on until 1874.", "The Grampian Club, for Scottish literature, history, and antiquities, was inaugurated in London on 2 November 1868, and he was secretary and chief editor until his death.", "The Royal Historical Society was established in London on 23 November 1868.", "Rogers did much to promote it, but ran into the same issues with his financial interests as had occurred in Stirling.", "He was secretary and \"historiographer\" to the society until 1880, when he was called to account for running it for his personal benefit.", "In 1873 a number of his friends presented Rogers with a house in London, which he called Grampian Lodge.", "He returned to Scotland some years before his death, which took place at his house in Edinburgh on 18 September 1890, at the age of 65.", "He is buried in Grange Cemetery in south Edinburgh.", "The grave lies in the north-east section not far from the main entrance.", "Awards and honours\nIn 1854 Columbia College, New York, awarded Rogers the degree of LLD and in 1881 the University of St Andrews awarded him a DD.", "He was a member, fellow, or correspondent of numerous learned societies, British, foreign, and colonial, and an associate of the Imperial Archæological Society of Russia.", "Works\nRogers' major original writings, classified below as listed in the Dictionary of National Biography, fall under a number of headings: Scottish history, literature, and genealogy.", "He defended himself against detractors in a pamphlet, Parting Words to the Members, 1881, and reviewed his past life in The Serpent's Track: a Narrative of twenty-two years' Persecution (1880).", "He edited eight volumes of the Historical Society's Transactions, in which he published much himself.", "Historical and biographical\nNotes in the History of Sir Jerome Alexander, 1872.", "Three Scots Reformers, 1874.", "Life of George Wishart, 1875.", "Memorials of the Scottish House of Gourlay, 1888.", "Memorials of the Earls of Stirling and House of Alexander, 2 vols.", "1877.", "The Book of Wallace, 2 vols.", "1889.", "The Book of Burns, 3 vols.", "1889–91.", "Topographical\nHistory of St. Andrews, 1849.", "A Week at the Bridge of Allan, 1851; 10th edit.", "1865.", "The Beauties of Upper Strathearn, 1854.", "Ettrick Forest and the Ettrick Shepherd, 1860.", "Genealogical\nGenealogical Chart of the Family of Bain, 1871.", "The House of Roger, 1872.", "Memorials of the Strachans of Thornton and Family of Wise of Hillbank, 1873.", "Robert Burns and the Scottish House of Burnes, 1877.", "Sir Walter Scott and Memorials of the Haliburtons, 1877.", "The Scottish House of Christie, 1878.", "The Family of Colt and Coutts, 1879.", "The Family of John Knox, 1879.", "The Scottish Family of Glen, 1888.", "Ecclesiastical\nHistorical Notices of St. Anthony's Monastery, Leith, 1849.", "History of the Chapel Royal of Scotland, 1882.", "Social\nFamiliar Illustrations of Scottish Life, 1861; 2nd edit.", "1862.", "Traits and Stories of the Scottish People, 1867.", "Scotland, Social and Domestic, 1869.", "A Century of Scottish Life, 1871.", "Monuments and Monumental Inscriptions in Scotland, 2 vols.", "1871–2.", "Social Life in Scotland, 3 vols.", "1884–6.", "Religious\nChristian Heroes in the Army and Navy, 1867.", "Our Eternal Destiny, 1868.", "Poetical\nThe Modern Scottish Minstrel, 6 vols.", "1855–7.", "The Sacred Minstrel, 1859.", "The Golden Sheaf, 1867.", "Lyra Britannica, 1867.", "Life and Songs of the Baroness Nairne, 1869.", "Autobiographical and general\nIssues of Religious Rivalry, 1866.", "Leaves from my Autobiography, 1876.", "The Serpent's Track, 1880.", "Parting Words to the Members of the Royal Historical Society, 1881.", "Threads of Thought, 1888.", "The Oak, 1868.", "Editions\nRogers also edited:\n\nAytoun's Poems, 1844.", "Campbell's Poems, 1870.", "Sir John Scot's Staggering State of Scottish Statesmen, 1872.", "Poetical Remains of King James, 1873.", "Hay's Estimate of the Scottish Nobility.", "Glen's Poems, 1874.", "Diocesan Registers of Glasgow, 2 vols.", "1875 (with Joseph Bain).", "Boswelliana, 1874.", "Register of the Church of Crail, 1877.", "Events in the North of Scotland, 1635 to 1645, 1877.", "Chartulary of the Cistercian Priory of Coldstream, 1879.", "Rental-book of the Cistercian Abbey of Cupar-Angus, 1880.", "The Earl of Stirling's Register of Royal Letters, 2 vols.", "1884–5.", "Family\nOn 14 December 1854, Rogers married Isabella Bain (d. 1880), the eldest daughter of John Bain of St Andrews.", "Notes\n\nExternal links\nAttribution\n\n1825 births\n1890 deaths\n19th-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland\nScottish writers\nScottish newspaper editors\nPeople from Fife\nScottish clergy" ]

[ "Charles Rogers was a 19th-century Scottish minister and prolific author.", "He ran into trouble for setting up publication societies in the second half of his life.", "His mother, who died at his birth, was the second daughter of William Haldane, minister successively at Glenis.", "He went to the parish school at Denino for seven years and then went to the University of St Andrews for seven years.", "He was an assistant minister at Western Anstruther, Kinglassie, Abbotshall, Dunfermline, Ballingry, and Carnoustie.", "He preached at the Bridge of Allan from January to August 1863.", "Rogers took part in the erection of the Wallace Monument while he was a member of the town council.", "A short-lived Scottish Literary Institute was inaugurated in 1854.", "The British Christian Institute published a weekly paper, The Workman's Friend, and monthly serials, The Briton and The Recorder.", "The career of the scheme ended in 1863 when he founded and edited The Stirling Gazette.", "He went to England after acrimony and became a writer.", "Rogers became a journalist.", "He set up London a short-lived Naval and Military Tract Society and edited a quarterly periodical.", "He carried on with The London Book and Tract Depository until 1874.", "He was secretary and chief editor of the Grampian Club until his death.", "The Royal Historical Society was founded in 1868.", "Rogers ran into the same issues with his financial interests as had happened in Stirling, but he did much to promote it.", "He was called to account for running the society for his own benefit when he was secretary.", "Rogers received a house in London from a group of his friends.", "His death took place at his house in Edinburgh at the age of 65, after he returned to Scotland.", "Grange Cemetery is in south Edinburgh.", "The main entrance is close to the north-eastern section of the grave.", "Rogers was awarded a degree from Columbia College, New York, in 1854, and a degree from the University of St Andrews in 1884.", "He was an associate of the Imperial Archological Society of Russia.", "Rogers' major original writings are listed in the Dictionary of National Biography as Scottish history, literature, and genealogy.", "He reviewed his past life in The Serpent's Track: a Narrative of twenty-two years' persecution and defended himself against detractors in a pamphlet.", "He published a lot of himself in the Historical Society's Transactions.", "There are historical and biographical notes in the history of Sir Jerome Alexander.", "Three Scots Reformers in 1874.", "George Wishart died in 1875.", "There are memorial to the Scottish House of Gourlay.", "The House of Alexander and the Earls of Stirling have memorial plaques.", "The year 1877.", "There are two volumes of the Book of Wallace.", "1889.", "The Book of Burns is three volumes.", "The year 1889.", "The topographical history of St. Andrews was published in 1849.", "The 10th edit of A Week at the Bridge of Allan.", "The year 1865.", "The Beauties of Upper Strathearn were published in 1854.", "There is a forest and a Shepherd.", "The family of Bain has a genealogy chart.", "The House of Roger was built in 1872.", "The Family of Wise of Hillbank had a memorial.", "The Scottish House of Burnes was founded by Robert Burns.", "Memorials of the Haliburtons were created by Sir Walter Scott.", "The Scottish House of Christie was built in the 19th century.", "The family of Colt and Coutts.", "The family of John Knox was founded in 1879.", "The Scottish Family of Glen.", "The historical notices of St. Anthony's Monastery were published in 1849.", "The Chapel Royal of Scotland has a history.", "The second edit of Social Familiar Illustrations of Scottish Life.", "The year 1862.", "The stories of the Scottish people were told in 1867.", "Scotland, social and domestic in the 19th century.", "A century of Scottish life.", "There are monuments and inscriptions in Scotland.", "186–.", "3 volumes on social life in Scotland.", "1884–6.", "The Army and Navy had religious Christian heroes.", "Our eternal goal, 1868.", "6 volumes of Poetical The Modern Scottish Minstrel.", "There was a time when the word \"fowl\" was used.", "The Sacred Minstrel was published in 1859.", "The Golden Sheaf was published in 1867.", "Lyra Britannica was published in 1867.", "The Baroness Nairne had a life and songs.", "Issues of Religious Rivalry are autobiographical.", "There are leaves from my memoir.", "The Serpent's Track was built in the late 19th century.", "Parting words to the members of the Royal Historical Society.", "The Threads of Thought was published in 1888.", "The Oak was built in 1868.", "Aytoun's Poems was edited by Rogers.", "Campbell's Poems was published in 1870.", "The State of Scottish Statesmen was written by Sir John Scot.", "The Poetical Remains of King James.", "The Estimate of the Scottish Nobility was written by Hay.", "Glen's Poems was published in 1874.", "There are two volumes of the Diocesan Registers of Glasgow.", "It was with Joseph Bain.", "Boswelliana was born in 1874.", "The Church of Crail had a register.", "There were events in the North of Scotland.", "The Cistercian Priory of Coldstream was founded in 1879.", "The Cistercian Abbey of Cupar-Angus had a rental book.", "The Register of Royal Letters was written by the Earl of Stirling.", "There was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a", "Rogers married the daughter of John Bain on December 14, 1854.", "Scottish writers and newspaper editors were Attribution of the Church of Scotland." ]

[ "Charles Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers" ]

[ "Charles Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers" ]

[ "Henrik Svensmark (born 1958) is a physicist and professor in the Division of Solar System Physics at the Danish National Space Institute (DTU Space) in Copenhagen.", "He is known for his work on the hypothesis that cosmic rays are an indirect cause of global warming via cloud formation.", "Early life and education \nHenrik Svensmark obtained a Master of Science in Engineering (Cand.", "Polyt) in 1985 and a Ph.D. in 1987 from the Physics Laboratory I at the Technical University of Denmark.", "Career\n\nHenrik Svensmark is director of the Center for Sun-Climate Research at the Danish Space Research Institute (DSRI), a part of the Danish National Space Center.", "He previously headed the sun-climate group at DSRI.", "He held postdoctoral positions in physics at three other organizations: University of California, Berkeley, Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics, and the Niels Bohr Institute.", "In 1997, Svensmark and Eigil Friis-Christensen popularised a theory that linked galactic cosmic rays and global climate change mediated primarily by variations in the intensity of the solar wind, which they have termed cosmoclimatology.", "This theory had earlier been reviewed by Dickinson.", "One of the small-scale processes related to this link was studied in a laboratory experiment performed at the Danish National Space Center (paper published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society A, February 8, 2007).", "Svensmark's conclusions from his research downplay the significance of the effects of man-made increases in atmospheric CO2 on recent and historical global warming, with him arguing that while the climate change role of greenhouse gases is considerable, solar variations play a larger role.", "Cosmoclimatology theory of climate change\nSvensmark detailed his theory of cosmoclimatology in a paper published in 2007.", "The Center for Sun-Climate Research at the Danish National Space Institute \"investigates the connection between solar activity and climatic changes on Earth\".", "Its homepage lists several publications earlier works related to cosmoclimatology.", "Svensmark and Nigel Calder published a book The Chilling Stars: A New Theory of Climate Change (2007) describing the Cosmoclimatology theory that cosmic rays \"have more effect on the climate than manmade CO2\":\n\"During the last 100 years cosmic rays became scarcer because unusually vigorous action by the Sun batted away many of them.", "Fewer cosmic rays meant fewer clouds—and a warmer world.\"", "A documentary film on Svensmark's theory, The Cloud Mystery, was produced by Lars Oxfeldt Mortensen and premiered in January 2008 on Danish TV 2.", "In April 2012, Svensmark published an expansion of his theory in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society\n\nIn the new work he claims that the diversity of life on Earth over the last 500 million years might be explained by tectonics affecting the sea-level together with variations in the local supernova rate, and virtually nothing else.", "This suggests that the progress of evolution is affected by climate variation depending on the Galactic Cosmic Ray flux.", "The director of DTU Space, Prof. Eigil Friis-Christensen, commented: \"When this enquiry into effects of cosmic rays from supernova remnants began 16 years ago, we never imagined that it would lead us so deep into time, or into so many aspects of the Earth's history.", "The connection to evolution is a culmination of this work.\"", "Hypothesis tests\nPreliminary experimental tests have been conducted in the SKY Experiment at the Danish National Space Science Center.", "CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research in Geneva, is preparing comprehensive verification in the CLOUD Project.", "SKY Experiment\nSvensmark conducted proof of concept experiments in the SKY Experiment at the Danish National Space Institute.", "To investigate the role of cosmic rays in cloud formation low in the Earth's atmosphere, the SKY experiment used natural muons (heavy electrons) that can penetrate even to the basement of the National Space Institute in Copenhagen.", "The hypothesis, verified by the experiment, is that electrons released in the air by the passing muons promote the formation of molecular clusters that are building blocks for cloud condensation nuclei.", "Critics of the hypothesis claimed that particle clusters produced measured just a few nanometres across, whereas aerosols typically need to have a diameter of at least 50 nm in order to serve as so-called cloud condensation nuclei.", "Further experiments by Svensmark and collaborators published in 2013 that showed that aerosols with diameter larger than 50 nm are produced by ultraviolet light (from trace amounts of ozone, sulfur dioxide, and water vapor), large enough to serve as cloud condensation nuclei.", "CLOUD Project Experiments\n\nScientists are preparing detailed atmospheric physics experiments to test Svensmark's thesis, building on the Danish findings.", "CERN started a multi-phase project in 2006, including rerunning the Danish experiment.", "CERN plans to use an accelerator rather than rely on natural cosmic rays.", "CERN's multinational project will give scientists a permanent facility where they can study the effects of both cosmic rays and charged particles in the Earth's atmosphere.", "CERN's project is named CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets).", "Dunne et al.", "(2016) have presented the main outcomes of 10 years of results obtained at the CLOUD experiment performed at CERN.", "They have studied in detail the physico-chemical mechanisms and the kinetics of aerosols formation.", "The nucleation process of water droplets/ice micro-crystals from water vapor reproduced in the CLOUD experiment and also directly observed in the Earth atmosphere do not only involve ions formation due to cosmic rays but also a range of complex chemical reactions with sulfuric acid, ammonia and organic compounds emitted in the air by human activities and by organisms living on land or in the oceans (plankton).", "Although they observe that a fraction of cloud nuclei is effectively produced by ionisation due to the interaction of cosmic rays with the constituents of Earth atmosphere, this process is insufficient to attribute the present climate modifications to the fluctuations of the cosmic rays intensity modulated by changes in the solar activity and Earth magnetosphere.", "Debate and controversy\n\nGalactic Cosmic Rays vs Global Temperature\n\nOceanographer Paul Farrar (2000) \nargued that, based on the spatial distribution of the cloud variation during Svensmark's study period, the variation was due to an El Niño which was synchronized with the cosmic ray signal used by Svensmark during the data period of his study.", "A (2003) critique by physicist Peter Laut of Svensmark's theory reanalyzed Svensmark's data and suggested that it does not support a correlation between cosmic rays and global temperature changes; it also disputes some of the theoretical bases for the theory.", "Svensmark replied to the paper, stating that \"...nowhere in Peter Laut’s (PL) paper has he been able to explain, where physical data have been handled incorrectly, how the character of my papers are misleading, or where my work does not live up to scientific standards\" \n\nMike Lockwood of the UK's Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and Claus Froehlich of the World Radiation Center in Switzerland published a paper in 2007 which concluded that the increase in mean global temperature observed since 1985 correlates so poorly with solar variability that no type of causal mechanism may be ascribed to it, although they accept that there is \"considerable evidence\" for solar influence on Earth's pre-industrial climate and to some degree also for climate changes in the first half of the 20th century.", "Svensmark's coauthor Calder responded to the study in an interview with LondonBookReview.com, where he put forth the counterclaim that global temperature has not risen since 1999.", "Later in 2007, Svensmark and Friis-Christensen brought out a Reply to Lockwood and Fröhlich which concludes that surface air temperature records used by Lockwood and Fröhlich apparently are a poor guide to Sun-driven physical processes, but tropospheric air temperature records do show an impressive negative correlation between cosmic-ray flux and air temperatures up to 2006 if a warming trend, oceanic oscillations and volcanism are removed from the temperature data.", "They also point out that Lockwood and Fröhlich present their data by using running means of around 10 years, which creates the illusion of a continued temperature rise, whereas all unsmoothed data point to a flattening of the temperature, coincident with the present maxing out of the magnetic activity of the Sun, and which the continued rapid increase in CO2 concentrations seemingly has been unable to overrule.", "Galactic Cosmic Rays vs Cloud Cover\nIn April 2008, Professor Terry Sloan of Lancaster University published a paper in the journal Environmental Research Letters titled \"Testing the proposed causal link between cosmic rays and cloud cover\", which found no significant link between cloud cover and cosmic ray intensity in the last 20 years.", "Svensmark responded by saying \"Terry Sloan has simply failed to understand how cosmic rays work on clouds\".", "Dr. Giles Harrison of Reading University, describes the work as important \"as it provides an upper limit on the cosmic ray-cloud effect in global satellite cloud data\".", "Harrison studied the effect of cosmic rays in the UK.", "He states: \"Although the statistically significant non-linear cosmic ray effect is small, it will have a considerably larger aggregate effect on longer timescale (e.g.", "century) climate variations when day-to-day variability averages out\".", "Brian H. Brown (2008) of Sheffield University further found a statistically significant (p<0.05) short term 3% association between Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) and low level clouds over 22 years with a 15-hour delay.", "Long-term changes in cloud cover (> 3 months) and GCR gave correlations of p=0.06.", "Debate updates\nMore recently, Laken et al.", "(2012) found that new high quality satellite data show that the El Niño Southern Oscillation is responsible for most changes in cloud cover at the global and regional levels.", "They also found that galactic cosmic rays, and total solar irradiance did not have any statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover.", "Lockwood (2012) conducted a thorough review of the scientific literature on the \"solar influence\" on climate.", "It was found that when this influence is included appropriately into climate models causal climate change claims such as those made by Svensmark are shown to have been exaggerated.", "Lockwood's review also highlighted the strength of evidence in favor of the solar influence on regional climates.", "Sloan and Wolfendale (2013) demonstrated that while temperature models showed a small correlation every 22 years, less than 14 percent of global warming since the 1950s could be attributed to cosmic ray rate.", "The study concluded that the cosmic ray rate did not match the changes in temperature, indicating that it was not a causal relationship.", "Another 2013 study found, contrary to Svensmark's claims, \"no statistically significant correlations between cosmic rays and global albedo or globally averaged cloud height.\"", "In 2013, a laboratory study by Svensmark, Pepke and Pedersen published in Physics Letters A showed, that there is in fact a correlation between cosmic rays and the formation of aerosols of the type that seed clouds.", "Extrapolating from the laboratory to the actual atmosphere, the authors asserted that solar activity is responsible for ca.", "50 percent of temperature variation.", "In a detailed 2013 post on the scientists' blog RealClimate, Rasmus E. Benestad presented arguments for considering Svensmark's claims to be \"wildly exaggerated\".", "(Time magazine has characterized the main purpose of this blog as a \"straightforward presentation of the physical evidence for global warming\".)", "Selected publications\n\nBooks\n\n Contribution in Die kalte Sonne.", "Warum die Klimakatastrophe nicht stattfindet (The Cold Sun), by Fritz Vahrenholt and Sebastian Lüning (edrs)\n\nFilm\nThe Cloud Mystery\n\nAwards\n2001, the Energy-E2 Research Prize\n1997, Knud Hojgaard Anniversary Research Prize\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nCalder, Nigel, An experiment that hints we are wrong on climate change Nigel Calder, former editor of New Scientist, says the orthodoxy must be challenged, TimesOnline, February 11, 2007\nDISCOVER Interview with Henrik Svensmark, by Marion Long.", "Sun's shift may cause global warming - June 2007\nLondonBookReview.com - Book review of The Chilling Stars\n\nThe CLOUD project\n\nDanish climatologists\nDanish physicists\nDanish nuclear physicists\n1958 births\nEnvironmental scientists\nLiving people" ]

[ "A physicist and professor in the Division of Solar System Physics at the DTU Space is born in 1958.", "He is known for his work on the hypothesis that cloud formation is a cause of global warming.", "He obtained a Master of Science in Engineering.", "In 1985 he received a Polyt and a PhD from the Technical University of Denmark.", "The Center for Sun-Climate Research is part of the Danish National Space Center.", "He was the leader of the sun-climate group.", "He worked at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics.", "Cosmic rays and global climate change are linked by variations in the intensity of the solar wind, according to a 1997 theory popularised by Svensmark and Eigil Friis-Christensen.", "Dickinson had reviewed this theory before.", "One of the small-scale processes related to this link was studied in a laboratory experiment.", "While the effects of man-made increases in atmospheric CO2 on recent and historical global warming are downplayed by his research, he argues that solar variations play a larger role.", "The theory of climate change was detailed in a paper published in 2007.", "The connection between solar activity and climatic changes on Earth is investigated by the Center for Sun-Climate Research.", "The works on the homepage are related to cosmoclimatology.", "The Chilling Stars: A New Theory of Climate Change was published in 2007.", "There were fewer clouds and a warmer world.", "The Cloud Mystery, a documentary film about the theory of the Cloud, was aired on Danish TV 2 in January 2008.", "In April 2012 he published an expansion of his theory in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.", "The progress of evolution is affected by climate variation.", "Prof. Eigil Friis-Christensen said that they never imagined that it would lead to so many aspects of the Earth.", "This work leads to the connection to evolution.", "The SKY experiment was conducted at the National Space Science Center.", "The CLOUD Project is being prepared by the European Organization for Nuclear Research.", "There were proof of concept experiments conducted in the SKY experiment.", "Natural muons that can penetrate to the basement of the National Space Institute were used to investigate the role of Cosmic rays in cloud formation.", "The hypothesis is that electrons released in the air by the passing muons promote the formation of molecular clusters that are building blocks for cloud condensation.", "Critics of the hypothesis claimed that aerosols need to have a diameter of at least 50 nm in order to serve as cloud condensation nuclei.", "Aerosols with diameter greater than 50 nm can be produced by ultraviolet light from trace amounts of ozone, sulfur dioxide, and water vapor, large enough to serve as cloud condensation nuclei.", "The CLOUD Project Experiments Scientists are preparing detailed atmospheric physics experiments to test the thesis.", "The project started in 2006 and included rerunning the Danes experiment.", "Natural cosmic rays will not be relied on by CERN.", "The permanent facility will allow scientists to study the effects of both charged particles and Cosmic rays in the Earth's atmosphere.", "The project is called CLOUD.", "Dunne et al.", "The main outcomes of the CLOUD experiment have been presented.", "They have studied aerosols formation in detail.", "The nucleation process of water droplets/ice micro-crystals from water vapor reproduced in the CLOUD experiment and also directly observed in the Earth atmosphere involve a range of complex chemical reactions with sulfuric acid, ammonia and organic compounds.", "Although they observe that a fraction of cloud nuclei is effectively produced by ionisation due to the interaction of cosmic rays with the Earth atmosphere, this process is insufficient to attribute the present climate modifications to the fluctuations of the Cosmic rays intensity.", "The argument was made that the cloud variation was due to an El Nio which was synchronized with the Cosmic Ray signal used by Svensmark.", "A 2003 critique by physicist Peter Laut of Svensmark's theory suggested that it does not support a correlation between cosmic rays and global temperature changes.", "Peter Laut has not been able to explain where physical data have been handled incorrect, how the character of my papers are misleading, or where my work does not live up to scientific standards.", "In an interview with LondonBookReview.com, Calder said that global temperature has not risen since 1999.", "The Reply to Lockwood and Frhlich brought out by Friis-Christensen and Svensmark concluded that surface air temperature records are a poor guide to Sun-driven physical processes, but tropospheric air temperature records do.", "The illusion of a continued temperature rise is created by using running means of around 10 years, whereas all unsmoothed data point to a flattening of the temperature.", "In April 2008, Professor Terry Sloan of Lancaster University published a paper in the journal Environmental Research Letters titled \"Testing the proposed causality link between Cosmic rays and cloud cover\", which found no significant link between cloud cover and intensity of Cosmic rays in the last 20 years.", "Terry Sloan has failed to understand how Cosmic rays work on clouds, said Svensmark.", "The work provides an upper limit on the Cosmic Ray-cloud effect in global satellite cloud data, according to Dr. Giles Harrison of Reading University.", "Harrison studied the effects of rays in the UK.", "He states that the non- linear cosmic ray effect will have a larger effect on longer timescale.", "Climate variations when day-to-day variability averages out.", "Brian H. Brown found a 3% association between the GCR and low level clouds over 22 years with a 15-hour delay.", "The correlations were given by long-term changes in cloud cover.", "Laken et al. have debate updates recently.", "The El Nio Southern Oscillation is responsible for most changes in cloud cover at the global and regional levels according to new high quality satellite data.", "There was no statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover from total solar irradiance and galactic Cosmic rays.", "A review of the scientific literature on the \"solar influence\" on climate was conducted by Lockwood.", "It was found that when this influence is included into climate models, the claims of climate change are overstated.", "The strength of evidence in favor of the solar influence on regional climates was highlighted in the review.", "While temperature models show a small correlation every 22 years, less than 14 percent of global warming since the 1950s could be attributed to the Cosmic Ray Rate.", "The study concluded that the cosmic ray rate did not match the changes in temperature.", "The study found no correlation between global albedo or cloud height.", "There is a correlation between the formation of aerosols of the type that seed clouds and the amount of Cosmic rays.", "The authors said that solar activity is to blame for the situation.", "50 percent of the temperature variation.", "In a post on the scientists' website, Benestad argued that the claims of Svensmark were \"wildly exaggerated\".", "According to Time magazine, the main purpose of this blog is to present a straight forward presentation of the physical evidence for global warming.", "There are publications in Die kalte Sonne.", "The Cloud Mystery Awards 2001, the Energy-E2 Research Prize 1997, and Warum die Klimakatastrophe can be found here.", "Sun's shift may cause global warming according to a book review." ]

[ "Henrik Svensmark", "Henrik Svensmark", "Henrik Svensmark", "Svensmark", "Henrik Svensmark" ]

[ "Svensmark" ]

[ "Paul Joseph Goebbels (; 29 October 1897 – 1 May 1945) was a German Nazi politician who was the Gauleiter (district leader) of Berlin, chief propagandist for the Nazi Party, and then Reich Minister of Propaganda from 1933 to 1945.", "He was one of Adolf Hitler's closest and most devoted acolytes, known for his skills in public speaking and his deeply virulent antisemitism, which was evident in his publicly voiced views.", "He advocated progressively harsher discrimination, including the extermination of the Jews in the Holocaust.", "Goebbels, who aspired to be an author, obtained a Doctor of Philology degree from the University of Heidelberg in 1921.", "He joined the Nazi Party in 1924, and worked with Gregor Strasser in its northern branch.", "He was appointed Gauleiter of Berlin in 1926, where he began to take an interest in the use of propaganda to promote the party and its programme.", "After the Nazis came to power in 1933, Goebbels's Propaganda Ministry quickly gained and exerted control over the news media, arts, and information in Germany.", "He was particularly adept at using the relatively new media of radio and film for propaganda purposes.", "Topics for party propaganda included antisemitism, attacks on the Christian churches, and (after the start of the Second World War) attempting to shape morale.", "In 1943, Goebbels began to pressure Hitler to introduce measures that would produce \"total war\", including closing businesses not essential to the war effort, conscripting women into the labour force, and enlisting men in previously exempt occupations into the Wehrmacht.", "Hitler finally appointed him as Reich Plenipotentiary for Total War on 23 July 1944, whereby Goebbels undertook largely unsuccessful measures to increase the number of people available for armaments manufacture and the Wehrmacht.", "As the war drew to a close and Nazi Germany faced defeat, Magda Goebbels and the Goebbels children joined him in Berlin.", "They moved into the underground Vorbunker, part of Hitler's underground bunker complex, on 22 April 1945.", "Hitler committed suicide on 30 April.", "In accordance with Hitler's will, Goebbels succeeded him as Chancellor of Germany; he served one day in this post.", "The following day, Goebbels and his wife committed suicide, after poisoning their six children with cyanide.", "Early life\nPaul Joseph Goebbels was born on 29 October 1897 in Rheydt, an industrial town south of Mönchengladbach near Düsseldorf, Germany.", "Both of his parents were Roman Catholics with modest family backgrounds.", "His father Fritz was a German factory clerk; his mother Katharina Maria (née Odenhausen) was born to Dutch and German parents in the Netherlands.", "Goebbels had five siblings: Konrad (1893–1949), Hans (1895–1947), Maria (1896–1896), Elisabeth (1901–1915), and Maria (1910–1949), who married the German filmmaker Max W. Kimmich in 1938.", "In 1932, Goebbels commissioned the publication of a pamphlet of his family tree to refute the rumours that his maternal grandmother was of Jewish ancestry.", "During childhood, Goebbels suffered from ill health, which included a long bout of inflammation of the lungs.", "He had a deformed right foot that turned inwards, due to a congenital deformity.", "It was thicker and shorter than his left foot.", "He underwent a failed operation to correct it just prior to starting grammar school.", "Goebbels wore a metal brace and special shoe because of his shortened leg and walked with a limp.", "He was rejected for military service in World War I because of this deformity.", "Goebbels was educated at a Gymnasium, where he completed his Abitur (university entrance examination) in 1917.", "He was the top student of his class and was given the traditional honour to speak at the awards ceremony.", "His parents initially hoped that he would become a Catholic priest, which Goebbels seriously considered.", "He studied literature and history at the universities of Bonn, Würzburg, Freiburg, and Munich, aided by a scholarship from the Albertus Magnus Society.", "By this time Goebbels had begun to distance himself from the church.", "Historians, including Richard J. Evans and Roger Manvell, speculate that Goebbels' lifelong pursuit of women may have been in compensation for his physical disability.", "At Freiburg, he met and fell in love with Anka Stalherm, who was three years his senior.", "She went on to Würzburg to continue school, as did Goebbels.", "In 1921, he wrote a semi-autobiographical novel, Michael, a three-part work of which only Parts I and III have survived.", "Goebbels felt he was writing his \"own story\".", "Antisemitic content and material about a charismatic leader may have been added by Goebbels shortly before the book was published in 1929 by Eher-Verlag, the publishing house of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers' Party; NSDAP).", "By 1920, the relationship with Anka was over.", "The break-up filled Goebbels with thoughts of suicide.", "At the University of Heidelberg, Goebbels wrote his doctoral thesis on Wilhelm von Schütz, a minor 19th-century romantic dramatist.", "He had hoped to write his thesis under the supervision of Friedrich Gundolf, a literary historian.", "It did not seem to bother Goebbels that Gundolf was Jewish.", "Gundolf was no longer teaching, so directed Goebbels to associate professor Max Freiherr von Waldberg.", "Waldberg, also Jewish, recommended Goebbels write his thesis on Wilhelm von Schütz.", "After submitting the thesis and passing his oral examination, Goebbels earned his PhD in 1921.", "By 1940, he had written 14 books.", "Goebbels returned home and worked as a private tutor.", "He also found work as a journalist and was published in the local newspaper.", "His writing during that time reflected his growing antisemitism and dislike for modern culture.", "In the summer of 1922, he met and began a love affair with Else Janke, a schoolteacher.", "After she revealed to him that she was half-Jewish, Goebbels stated the \"enchantment [was] ruined.\"", "Nevertheless, he continued to see her on and off until 1927.", "He continued for several years to try to become a published author.", "His diaries, which he began in 1923 and continued for the rest of his life, provided an outlet for his desire to write.", "The lack of income from his literary works (he wrote two plays in 1923, neither of which sold) forced him to take employment as a caller on the stock exchange and as a bank clerk in Cologne, a job he detested.", "He was dismissed from the bank in August 1923 and returned to Rheydt.", "During this period, he read avidly and was influenced by the works of Oswald Spengler, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and Houston Stewart Chamberlain, the British-born German writer whose book The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1899) was one of the standard works of the extreme right in Germany.", "He also began to study the \"social question\" and read the works of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Rosa Luxemburg, August Bebel and Gustav Noske.", "According to German historian Peter Longerich, Goebbels's diary entries from late 1923 to early 1924 reflected the writings of a man who was isolated, preoccupied with \"religious-philosophical\" issues, and lacked a sense of direction.", "Diary entries of mid-December 1923 forward show Goebbels was moving towards the Völkisch nationalist movement.", "Nazi activist\nGoebbels first took an interest in Adolf Hitler and Nazism in 1924.", "In February 1924, Hitler's trial for treason began in the wake of his failed attempt to seize power in the Beer Hall Putsch of 8–9 November 1923.", "The trial attracted widespread press coverage and gave Hitler a platform for propaganda.", "Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison, but was released on 20 December 1924, after serving just over a year.", "Goebbels was drawn to the Nazi Party mostly because of Hitler's charisma and commitment to his beliefs.", "He joined the Nazi Party around this time, becoming member number 8762.", "In late 1924, Goebbels offered his services to Karl Kaufmann, who was Gauleiter (Nazi Party district leader) for the Rhine-Ruhr District.", "Kaufmann put him in touch with Gregor Strasser, a leading Nazi organiser in northern Germany, who hired him to work on their weekly newspaper and undertake secretarial work for the regional party offices.", "He was also put to work as party speaker and representative for Rhineland-Westphalia.", "Members of Strasser's northern branch of the Nazi Party, including Goebbels, had a more socialist outlook than the rival Hitler group in Munich.", "Strasser disagreed with Hitler on many parts of the party platform, and in November 1926 began working on a revision.", "Hitler viewed Strasser's actions as a threat to his authority, and summoned 60 Gauleiters and party leaders, including Goebbels, to a special conference in Bamberg, in Streicher's Gau of Franconia, where he gave a two-hour speech repudiating Strasser's new political programme.", "Hitler was opposed to the socialist leanings of the northern wing, stating it would mean \"political bolshevization of Germany.\"", "Further, there would be \"no princes, only Germans,\" and a legal system with no \"Jewish system of exploitation ... for plundering of our people.\"", "The future would be secured by acquiring land, not through expropriation of the estates of the former nobility, but through colonising territories to the east.", "Goebbels was horrified by Hitler's characterisation of socialism as \"a Jewish creation\" and his assertion that a Nazi government would not expropriate private property.", "He wrote in his diary: \"I no longer fully believe in Hitler.", "That's the terrible thing: my inner support has been taken away.\"", "After reading Hitler's book Mein Kampf, Goebbels found himself agreeing with Hitler's assertion of a \"Jewish doctrine of Marxism\".", "In February 1926, Goebbels gave a speech titled \"Lenin or Hitler?\"", "in which he asserted that communism or Marxism could not save the German people, but he believed it would cause a \"socialist nationalist state\" to arise in Russia.", "In 1926, Goebbels published a pamphlet titled Nazi-Sozi which attempted to explain how National Socialism differed from Marxism.", "In hopes of winning over the opposition, Hitler arranged meetings in Munich with the three Greater Ruhr Gau leaders, including Goebbels.", "Goebbels was impressed when Hitler sent his own car to meet them at the railway station.", "That evening, Hitler and Goebbels both gave speeches at a beer hall rally.", "The following day, Hitler offered his hand in reconciliation to the three men, encouraging them to put their differences behind them.", "Goebbels capitulated completely, offering Hitler his total loyalty.", "He wrote in his diary: \"I love him ...", "He has thought through everything,\" \"Such a sparkling mind can be my leader.", "I bow to the greater one, the political genius.\"", "He later wrote: \"Adolf Hitler, I love you because you are both great and simple at the same time.", "What one calls a genius.\"", "As a result of the Bamberg and Munich meetings, Strasser's new draft of the party programme was discarded.", "The original National Socialist Program of 1920 was retained unchanged, and Hitler's position as party leader was greatly strengthened.", "Propagandist in Berlin\nAt Hitler's invitation, Goebbels spoke at party meetings in Munich and at the annual Party Congress, held in Weimar in 1926.", "For the following year's event, Goebbels was involved in the planning for the first time.", "He and Hitler arranged for the rally to be filmed.", "Receiving praise for doing well at these events led Goebbels to shape his political ideas to match Hitler's, and to admire and idolise him even more.", "Gauleiter\nGoebbels was first offered the position of party Gauleiter for the Berlin section in August 1926.", "He travelled to Berlin in mid-September and by the middle of October accepted the position.", "Thus Hitler's plan to divide and dissolve the northwestern Gauleiters group that Goebbels had served in under Strasser was successful.", "Hitler gave Goebbels great authority over the area, allowing him to determine the course for organisation and leadership for the Gau.", "Goebbels was given control over the local Sturmabteilung (SA) and Schutzstaffel (SS) and answered only to Hitler.", "The party membership numbered about 1,000 when Goebbels arrived, and he reduced it to a core of 600 of the most active and promising members.", "To raise money, he instituted membership fees and began charging admission to party meetings.", "Aware of the value of publicity (both positive and negative), he deliberately provoked beer-hall battles and street brawls, including violent attacks on the Communist Party of Germany.", "Goebbels adapted recent developments in commercial advertising to the political sphere, including the use of catchy slogans and subliminal cues.", "His new ideas for poster design included using large type, red ink, and cryptic headers that encouraged the reader to examine the fine print to determine the meaning.", "Like Hitler, Goebbels practised his public speaking skills in front of a mirror.", "Meetings were preceded by ceremonial marches and singing, and the venues were decorated with party banners.", "His entrance (almost always late) was timed for maximum emotional impact.", "Goebbels usually meticulously planned his speeches ahead of time, using pre-planned and choreographed inflection and gestures, but he was also able to improvise and adapt his presentation to make a good connection with his audience.", "He used loudspeakers, decorative flames, uniforms, and marches to attract attention to speeches.", "Goebbels' tactic of using provocation to bring attention to the Nazi Party, along with violence at the public party meetings and demonstrations, led the Berlin police to ban the Nazi Party from the city on 5 May 1927.", "Violent incidents continued, including young Nazis randomly attacking Jews in the streets.", "Goebbels was subjected to a public speaking ban until the end of October.", "During this period, he founded the newspaper Der Angriff (The Attack) as a propaganda vehicle for the Berlin area, where few supported the party.", "It was a modern-style newspaper with an aggressive tone; 126 libel suits were pending against Goebbels at one point.", "To his disappointment, circulation was initially only 2,000.", "Material in the paper was highly anti-communist and antisemitic.", "Among the paper's favourite targets was the Jewish Deputy Chief of the Berlin Police Bernhard Weiß.", "Goebbels gave him the derogatory nickname \"Isidore\" and subjected him to a relentless campaign of Jew-baiting in the hope of provoking a crackdown he could then exploit.", "Goebbels continued to try to break into the literary world, with a revised version of his book Michael finally being published, and the unsuccessful production of two of his plays (Der Wanderer and Die Saat (The Seed)).", "The latter was his final attempt at playwriting.", "During this period in Berlin he had relationships with many women, including his old flame Anka Stalherm, who was now married and had a small child.", "He was quick to fall in love, but easily tired of a relationship and moved on to someone new.", "He worried too about how a committed personal relationship might interfere with his career.", "1928 election\nThe ban on the Nazi Party was lifted before the Reichstag elections on 20 May 1928.", "The Nazi Party lost nearly 100,000 voters and earned only 2.6 per cent of the vote nationwide.", "Results in Berlin were even worse, where they attained only 1.4 per cent of the vote.", "Goebbels was one of the first 12 Nazi Party members to gain election to the Reichstag.", "This gave him immunity from prosecution for a long list of outstanding charges, including a three-week jail sentence he received in April for insulting the deputy police chief Weiß.", "The Reichstag changed the immunity regulations in February 1931, and Goebbels was forced to pay fines for libellous material he had placed in Der Angriff over the course of the previous year.", "Goebbels continued to be elected to the Reichstag at every subsequent election during the Weimar and Nazi regimes.", "In his newspaper Berliner Arbeiterzeitung (Berlin Workers Newspaper), Gregor Strasser was highly critical of Goebbels' failure to attract the urban vote.", "However, the party as a whole did much better in rural areas, attracting as much as 18 per cent of the vote in some regions.", "This was partly because Hitler had publicly stated just prior to the election that Point 17 of the party programme, which mandated the expropriation of land without compensation, would apply only to Jewish speculators and not private landholders.", "After the election, the party refocused their efforts to try to attract still more votes in the agricultural sector.", "In May, shortly after the election, Hitler considered appointing Goebbels as party propaganda chief.", "But he hesitated, as he worried that the removal of Gregor Strasser from the post would lead to a split in the party.", "Goebbels considered himself well suited to the position, and began to formulate ideas about how propaganda could be used in schools and the media.", "By 1930 Berlin was the party's second-strongest base of support after Munich.", "That year the violence between the Nazis and communists led to local SA troop leader Horst Wessel being shot by two members of the Communist Party of Germany.", "He later died in hospital.", "Exploiting Wessel's death, Goebbels turned him into a martyr for the Nazi movement.", "He officially declared Wessel's march Die Fahne hoch (Raise the flag), renamed as the Horst-Wessel-Lied, to be the Nazi Party anthem.", "Great Depression\nThe Great Depression greatly impacted Germany and by 1930 there was a dramatic increase in unemployment.", "During this time, the Strasser brothers started publishing a new daily newspaper in Berlin, the Nationaler Sozialist.", "Like their other publications, it conveyed the brothers' own brand of Nazism, including nationalism, anti-capitalism, social reform, and anti-Westernism.", "Goebbels complained vehemently about the rival Strasser newspapers to Hitler, and admitted that their success was causing his own Berlin newspapers to be \"pushed to the wall\".", "In late April 1930, Hitler publicly and firmly announced his opposition to Gregor Strasser and appointed Goebbels to replace him as Reich leader of Nazi Party propaganda.", "One of Goebbels' first acts was to ban the evening edition of the Nationaler Sozialist.", "Goebbels was also given control of other Nazi papers across the country, including the party's national newspaper, the Völkischer Beobachter (People's Observer).", "He still had to wait until 3 July for Otto Strasser and his supporters to announce they were leaving the Nazi Party.", "Upon receiving the news, Goebbels was relieved the \"crisis\" with the Strassers was finally over and glad that Otto Strasser had lost all power.", "The rapid deterioration of the economy led to the resignation on 27 March 1930 of the coalition government that had been elected in 1928.", "A new cabinet was formed, and Paul von Hindenburg used his power as president to govern via emergency decrees.", "He appointed Heinrich Brüning as chancellor.", "Goebbels took charge of the Nazi Party's national campaign for Reichstag elections called for 14 September 1930.", "Campaigning was undertaken on a huge scale, with thousands of meetings and speeches held all over the country.", "Hitler's speeches focused on blaming the country's economic woes on the Weimar Republic, particularly its adherence to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which required war reparations that had proven devastating to the German economy.", "He proposed a new German society based on race and national unity.", "The resulting success took even Hitler and Goebbels by surprise: the party received 6.5 million votes nationwide and took 107 seats in the Reichstag, making it the second largest party in the country.", "In late 1930 Goebbels met Magda Quandt, a divorcée who had joined the party a few months earlier.", "She worked as a volunteer in the party offices in Berlin, helping Goebbels organise his private papers.", "Her flat on the Reichskanzlerplatz soon became a favourite meeting place for Hitler and other Nazi Party officials.", "Goebbels and Quandt married on 19 December 1931.", "Hitler was his best man.", "For two further elections held in 1932, Goebbels organised massive campaigns that included rallies, parades, speeches, and Hitler travelling around the country by aeroplane with the slogan \"the Führer over Germany\".", "Goebbels wrote in his diary that the Nazis must gain power and exterminate Marxism.", "He undertook numerous speaking tours during these election campaigns and had some of their speeches published on gramophone records and as pamphlets.", "Goebbels was also involved in the production of a small collection of silent films that could be shown at party meetings, though they did not yet have enough equipment to widely use this medium.", "Many of Goebbels' campaign posters used violent imagery such as a giant half-clad male destroying political opponents or other perceived enemies such as \"International High Finance\".", "His propaganda characterised the opposition as \"November criminals\", \"Jewish wire-pullers\", or a communist threat.", "Support for the party continued to grow, but neither of these elections led to a majority government.", "In an effort to stabilise the country and improve economic conditions, Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Reich chancellor on 30 January 1933.", "To celebrate Hitler's appointment as chancellor, Goebbels organised a torchlight parade in Berlin on the night of 30 January of an estimated 60,000 men, many in the uniforms of the SA and SS.", "The spectacle was covered by a live state radio broadcast, with commentary by longtime party member and future Minister of Aviation Hermann Göring.", "Goebbels was disappointed not to be given a post in Hitler's new cabinet.", "Bernhard Rust was appointed as Minister of Culture, the post that Goebbels was expecting to receive.", "Like other Nazi Party officials, Goebbels had to deal with Hitler's leadership style of giving contradictory orders to his subordinates, while placing them into positions where their duties and responsibilities overlapped.", "In this way, Hitler fostered distrust, competition, and infighting among his subordinates to consolidate and maximise his own power.", "The Nazi Party took advantage of the Reichstag fire of 27 February 1933, with Hindenburg passing the Reichstag Fire Decree the following day at Hitler's urging.", "This was the first of several pieces of legislation that dismantled democracy in Germany and put a totalitarian dictatorship—headed by Hitler—in its place.", "On 5 March, yet another Reichstag election took place, the last to be held before the defeat of the Nazis at the end of the Second World War.", "While the Nazi Party increased their number of seats and percentage of the vote, it was not the landslide expected by the party leadership.", "Goebbels finally received Hitler's appointment to the cabinet, officially becoming head of the newly created Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda on 14 March.", "The role of the new ministry, which set up its offices in the 18th-century Ordenspalais across from the Reich Chancellery, was to centralise Nazi control of all aspects of German cultural and intellectual life.", "Goebbels hoped to increase popular support of the party from the 37 per cent achieved at the last free election held in Germany on 25 March 1933 to 100 per cent support.", "An unstated goal was to present to other nations the impression that the Nazi Party had the full and enthusiastic backing of the entire population.", "One of Goebbels' first productions was staging the Day of Potsdam, a ceremonial passing of power from Hindenburg to Hitler, held in Potsdam on 21 March.", "He composed the text of Hitler's decree authorising the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses, held on 1 April.", "Later that month, Goebbels travelled back to Rheydt, where he was given a triumphal reception.", "The townsfolk lined the main street, which had been renamed in his honour.", "On the following day, Goebbels was declared a local hero.", "Goebbels converted the 1 May holiday from a celebration of workers' rights (observed as such especially by the communists) into a day celebrating the Nazi Party.", "In place of the usual ad hoc labour celebrations, he organised a huge party rally held at Tempelhof Field in Berlin.", "The following day, all trade union offices in the country were forcibly disbanded by the SA and SS, and the Nazi-run German Labour Front was created to take their place.", "\"We are the masters of Germany,\" he commented in his diary entry of 3 May.", "Less than two weeks later, he gave a speech at the Nazi book burning in Berlin on 10 May, a ceremony he suggested.", "Meanwhile, the Nazi Party began passing laws to marginalise Jews and remove them from German society.", "The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, passed on 7 April 1933, forced all non-Aryans to retire from the legal profession and civil service.", "Similar legislation soon deprived Jewish members of other professions of their right to practise.", "The first Nazi concentration camps (initially created to house political dissenters) were founded shortly after Hitler seized power.", "In a process termed Gleichschaltung (co-ordination), the Nazi Party proceeded to rapidly bring all aspects of life under control of the party.", "All civilian organisations, including agricultural groups, volunteer organisations, and sports clubs, had their leadership replaced with Nazi sympathisers or party members.", "By June 1933, virtually the only organisations not in the control of the Nazi Party were the army and the churches.", "On 2 June 1933, Hitler appointed Goebbels a Reichsleiter, the second highest political rank in the Nazi Party.", "On 3 October 1933, on the formation of the Academy for German Law, Goebbels was made a member and given a seat on its executive committee.", "In a move to manipulate Germany's middle class and shape popular opinion, the regime passed on 4 October 1933 the Schriftleitergesetz (Editor's Law), which became the cornerstone of the Nazi Party's control of the popular press.", "Modelled to some extent on the system in Benito Mussolini's Italy, the law defined a Schriftleiter as anyone who wrote, edited, or selected texts and/or illustrated material for serial publication.", "Individuals selected for this position were chosen based on experiential, educational, and racial criteria.", "The law required journalists to \"regulate their work in accordance with National Socialism as a philosophy of life and as a conception of government.\"", "At the end of June 1934, top officials of the SA and opponents of the regime, including Gregor Strasser, were arrested and killed in a purge later called the Night of Long Knives.", "Goebbels was present at the arrest of SA leader Ernst Röhm in Munich.", "On 2 August 1934, President von Hindenburg died.", "In a radio broadcast, Goebbels announced that the offices of president and chancellor had been combined, and Hitler had been formally named as Führer und Reichskanzler (leader and chancellor).", "Workings of the Ministry\nThe propaganda ministry was organised into seven departments: administration and legal; mass rallies, public health, youth, and race; radio; national and foreign press; films and film censorship; art, music, and theatre; and protection against counter-propaganda, both foreign and domestic.", "Goebbels's style of leadership was tempestuous and unpredictable.", "He would suddenly change direction and shift his support between senior associates; he was a difficult boss and liked to berate his staff in public.", "Goebbels was successful at his job, however; Life wrote in 1938 that \"[p]ersonally he likes nobody, is liked by nobody, and runs the most efficient Nazi department.\"", "John Gunther wrote in 1940 that Goebbels \"is the cleverest of all the Nazis\", but could not succeed Hitler because \"everybody hates him\".", "The Reich Film Chamber, which all members of the film industry were required to join, was created in June 1933.", "Goebbels promoted the development of films with a Nazi slant, and ones that contained subliminal or overt propaganda messages.", "Under the auspices of the Reichskulturkammer (Reich Chamber of Culture), created in September, Goebbels added additional sub-chambers for the fields of broadcasting, fine arts, literature, music, the press, and the theatre.", "As in the film industry, anyone wishing to pursue a career in these fields had to be a member of the corresponding chamber.", "In this way anyone whose views were contrary to the regime could be excluded from working in their chosen field and thus silenced.", "In addition, journalists (now considered employees of the state) were required to prove Aryan descent back to the year 1800, and if married, the same requirement applied to the spouse.", "Members of any chamber were not allowed to leave the country for their work without prior permission of their chamber.", "A committee was established to censor books, and works could not be re-published unless they were on the list of approved works.", "Similar regulations applied to other fine arts and entertainment; even cabaret performances were censored.", "Many German artists and intellectuals left Germany in the pre-war years rather than work under these restrictions.", "Goebbels was particularly interested in controlling the radio, which was then still a fairly new mass medium.", "Sometimes under protest from individual states (particularly Prussia, headed by Göring), Goebbels gained control of radio stations nationwide, and placed them under the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft (German National Broadcasting Corporation) in July 1934.", "Manufacturers were urged by Goebbels to produce inexpensive home receivers, called Volksempfänger (people's receiver), and by 1938 nearly ten million sets had been sold.", "Loudspeakers were placed in public areas, factories, and schools, so that important party broadcasts would be heard live by nearly all Germans.", "On 2 September 1939 (the day after the start of the war), Goebbels and the Council of Ministers proclaimed it illegal to listen to foreign radio stations.", "Disseminating news from foreign broadcasts could result in the death penalty.", "Albert Speer, Hitler's architect and later Minister for Armaments and War Production, later said the regime \"made the complete use of all technical means for domination of its own country.", "Through technical devices like the radio and loudspeaker, 80 million people were deprived of independent thought.\"", "A major focus of Nazi propaganda was Hitler himself, who was glorified as a heroic and infallible leader and became the focus of a cult of personality.", "Much of this was spontaneous, but some was stage-managed as part of Goebbels' propaganda work.", "Adulation of Hitler was the focus of the 1934 Nuremberg Rally, where his moves were carefully choreographed.", "The rally was the subject of the film Triumph of the Will, one of several Nazi propaganda films directed by Leni Riefenstahl.", "It won the gold medal at the 1935 Venice Film Festival.", "At the 1935 Nazi party congress rally at Nuremberg, Goebbels declared that \"Bolshevism is the declaration of war by Jewish-led international subhumans against culture itself.\"", "Goebbels was involved in planning the staging of the 1936 Summer Olympics, held in Berlin.", "It was around this time that he met and started having an affair with the actress Lída Baarová, whom he continued to see until 1938.", "A major project in 1937 was the Degenerate Art Exhibition, organised by Goebbels, which ran in Munich from July to November.", "The exhibition proved wildly popular, attracting over two million visitors.", "A degenerate music exhibition took place the following year.", "Meanwhile, Goebbels was disappointed by the lack of quality in the National Socialist artwork, films, and literature.", "Church struggle\n\nIn 1933, Hitler signed the Reichskonkordat (Reich Concordat), a treaty with the Vatican that required the regime to honour the independence of Catholic institutions and prohibited clergy from involvement in politics.", "However, the regime continued to target the Christian churches to weaken their influence.", "Throughout 1935 and 1936, hundreds of clergy and nuns were arrested, often on trumped up charges of currency smuggling or sexual offences.", "Goebbels widely publicised the trials in his propaganda campaigns, showing the cases in the worst possible light.", "Restrictions were placed on public meetings, and Catholic publications faced censorship.", "Catholic schools were required to reduce religious instruction and crucifixes were removed from state buildings.", "Hitler often vacillated on whether or not the Kirchenkampf (church struggle) should be a priority, but his frequent inflammatory comments on the issue were enough to convince Goebbels to intensify his work on the issue; in February 1937 he stated he wanted to eliminate the Protestant church.", "In response to the persecution, Pope Pius XI had the \"Mit brennender Sorge\" (\"With Burning Concern\") Encyclical smuggled into Germany for Passion Sunday 1937 and read from every pulpit.", "It denounced the systematic hostility of the regime toward the church.", "In response, Goebbels renewed the regime's crackdown and propaganda against Catholics.", "His speech of 28 May in Berlin in front of 20,000 party members, which was also broadcast on the radio, attacked the Catholic church as morally corrupt.", "As a result of the propaganda campaign, enrolment in denominational schools dropped sharply, and by 1939 all such schools were disbanded or converted to public facilities.", "Harassment and threats of imprisonment led the clergy to be much more cautious in their criticism of the regime.", "Partly out of foreign policy concerns, Hitler ordered a scaling back of the church struggle by the end of July 1937.", "Antisemitism and the Holocaust\n\nGoebbels was antisemitic from a young age.", "After joining the Nazi Party and meeting Hitler, his antisemitism grew and became more radical.", "He began to see the Jews as a destructive force with a negative impact on German society.", "After the Nazis seized control, he repeatedly urged Hitler to take action against the Jews.", "Despite his extreme antisemitism, Goebbels spoke of the \"rubbish of race-materialism\" and of the unnecessity of biological racism for the Nazi ideology.", "He also described Himmler's ideology as \"in many regards, mad\" and thought Alfred Rosenberg's theories were ridiculous.", "The Nazi Party's goal was to remove Jews from German cultural and economic life, and eventually to remove them from the country altogether.", "In addition to his propaganda efforts, Goebbels actively promoted the persecution of the Jews through pogroms, legislation, and other actions.", "Discriminatory measures he instituted in Berlin in the early years of the regime included bans against their using public transport and requiring that Jewish shops be marked as such.", "In November 1938, the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath was killed in Paris by the young Jewish man Herschel Grynszpan.", "In response, Goebbels arranged for inflammatory antisemitic material to be released by the press, and the result was the start of a pogrom.", "Jews were attacked and synagogues destroyed all over Germany.", "The situation was further inflamed by a speech Goebbels gave at a party meeting on the night of 8 November, where he obliquely called for party members to incite further violence against Jews while making it appear to be a spontaneous series of acts by the German people.", "At least a hundred Jews were killed, several hundred synagogues were damaged or destroyed, and thousands of Jewish shops were vandalised in an event called Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass).", "Around 30,000 Jewish men were sent to concentration camps.", "The destruction stopped after a conference held on 12 November, where Göring pointed out that the destruction of Jewish property was in effect the destruction of German property since the intention was that it would all eventually be confiscated.", "Goebbels continued his intensive antisemitic propaganda campaign that culminated in Hitler's 30 January 1939 Reichstag speech, which Goebbels helped to write:\n\nWhile Goebbels had been pressing for expulsion of the Berlin Jews since 1935, there were still 62,000 living in the city in 1940.", "Part of the delay in their deportation was that they were needed as workers in the armaments industry.", "Deportations of German Jews began in October 1941, with the first transport from Berlin leaving on 18 October.", "Some Jews were shot immediately on arrival in destinations such as Riga and Kaunas.", "In preparation for the deportations, Goebbels ordered that all German Jews wear an identifying yellow badge as of 5 September 1941.", "On 6 March 1942, Goebbels received a copy of the minutes of the Wannsee Conference, which indicated indirectly that the Jewish population of Europe was to be sent to extermination camps in occupied areas of Poland and killed.", "His diary entries of the period show that he was well aware of the fate of the Jews.", "\"In general, it can probably be established that 60 per cent of them will have to be liquidated, while only 40 per cent can be put to work.", "... A judgment is being carried out on the Jews which is barbaric but thoroughly deserved,\" he wrote on 27 March 1942.", "Goebbels had frequent discussions with Hitler about the fate of the Jews, a subject they discussed almost every time they met.", "He was aware throughout that the Jews were being exterminated, and completely supported this decision.", "He was one of the few top Nazi officials to do so publicly.", "World War II\nAs early as February 1933, Hitler announced that rearmament must be undertaken, albeit clandestinely at first, as to do so was in violation of the Versailles Treaty.", "A year later he told his military leaders that 1942 was the target date for going to war in the east.", "Goebbels was one of the most enthusiastic supporters of Hitler aggressively pursuing Germany's expansionist policies sooner rather than later.", "At the time of the Reoccupation of the Rhineland in 1936, Goebbels summed up his general attitude in his diary: \"[N]ow is the time for action.", "Fortune favors the brave!", "He who dares nothing wins nothing.\"", "In the lead-up to the Sudetenland crisis in 1938, Goebbels took the initiative time and again to use propaganda to whip up sympathy for the Sudeten Germans while campaigning against the Czech government.", "Still, Goebbels was well aware there was a growing \"war panic\" in Germany and so by July had the press conduct propaganda efforts at a lower level of intensity.", "After the western powers acceded to Hitler's demands concerning Czechoslovakia in 1938, Goebbels soon redirected his propaganda machine against Poland.", "From May onwards, he orchestrated a campaign against Poland, fabricating stories about atrocities against ethnic Germans in Danzig and other cities.", "Even so, he was unable to persuade the majority of Germans to welcome the prospect of war.", "He privately held doubts about the wisdom of risking a protracted war against Britain and France by attacking Poland.", "After the Invasion of Poland in September 1939, Goebbels used his propaganda ministry and the Reich chambers to control access to information domestically.", "To his chagrin, his rival Joachim von Ribbentrop, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, continually challenged Goebbels' jurisdiction over the dissemination of international propaganda.", "Hitler declined to make a firm ruling on the subject, so the two men remained rivals for the remainder of the Nazi era.", "Goebbels did not participate in the military decision-making process, nor was he made privy to diplomatic negotiations until after the fact.", "The Propaganda Ministry took over the broadcasting facilities of conquered countries immediately after surrender, and began broadcasting prepared material using the existing announcers as a way to gain the trust of the citizens.", "Most aspects of the media, both domestically and in the conquered countries, were controlled by Goebbels and his department.", "The German Home Service, the Armed Forces Programme, and the German European Service were all rigorously controlled in everything from the information they were permitted to disseminate to the music they were allowed to play.", "Party rallies, speeches, and demonstrations continued; speeches were broadcast on the radio and short propaganda films were exhibited using 1,500 mobile film vans.", "Hitler made fewer public appearances and broadcasts as the war progressed, so Goebbels increasingly became the voice of the Nazi regime for the German people.", "From May 1940 he wrote frequent editorials that were published in Das Reich which were later read aloud over the radio.", "He found films to be his most effective propaganda medium, after radio.", "At his insistence, initially half the films made in wartime Germany were propaganda films (particularly on antisemitism) and war propaganda films (recounting both historical wars and current exploits of the Wehrmacht).", "Goebbels became preoccupied with morale and the efforts of the people on the home front.", "He believed that the more the people at home were involved in the war effort, the better their morale would be.", "For example, he initiated a programme for the collection of winter clothing and ski equipment for troops on the eastern front.", "At the same time, Goebbels implemented changes to have more \"entertaining material\" in radio and film produced for the public, decreeing in late 1942 that 20 per cent of the films should be propaganda and 80 per cent light entertainment.", "As Gauleiter of Berlin, Goebbels dealt with increasingly serious shortages of necessities such as food and clothing, as well as the need to ration beer and tobacco, which were important for morale.", "Hitler suggested watering the beer and degrading the quality of the cigarettes so that more could be produced, but Goebbels refused, saying the cigarettes were already of such low quality that it was impossible to make them any worse.", "Through his propaganda campaigns, he worked hard to maintain an appropriate level of morale among the public about the military situation, neither too optimistic nor too grim.", "The series of military setbacks the Germans suffered in this period – the thousand-bomber raid on Cologne (May 1942), the Allied victory at the Second Battle of El Alamein (November 1942), and especially the catastrophic defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad (February 1943) – were difficult matters to present to the German public, who were increasingly weary of the war and sceptical that it could be won.", "On 16 November 1942 Goebbels, like all Gauleiters, was appointed the Reich Defense Commissioner for his Gau.", "This enabled him to issue direct instructions to authorities within his jurisdiction in matters concerning the civilian war effort.", "On 15 January 1943, Hitler appointed Goebbels as head of the newly created Air Raid Damage committee, which meant Goebbels was nominally in charge of nationwide civil air defences and shelters as well as the assessment and repair of damaged buildings.", "In actuality, the defence of areas other than Berlin remained in the hands of the local Gauleiters, and his main tasks were limited to providing immediate aid to the affected civilians and using propaganda to improve their morale.", "By early 1943, the war produced a labour crisis for the regime.", "Hitler created a three-man committee with representatives of the State, the army, and the Party in an attempt to centralise control of the war economy.", "The committee members were Hans Lammers (head of the Reich Chancellery), Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, chief of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (Armed Forces High Command; OKW), and Martin Bormann, who controlled the Party.", "The committee was intended to independently propose measures regardless of the wishes of various ministries, with Hitler reserving most final decisions to himself.", "The committee, soon known as the Dreierausschuß (Committee of Three), met eleven times between January and August 1943.", "However, they ran up against resistance from Hitler's cabinet ministers, who headed deeply entrenched spheres of influence and were excluded from the committee.", "Seeing it as a threat to their power, Goebbels, Göring, and Speer worked together to bring it down.", "The result was that nothing changed, and the Committee of Three declined into irrelevance by September 1943.", "Partly in response to being excluded from the Committee of Three, Goebbels pressured Hitler to introduce measures that would produce \"total war\", including closing businesses not essential to the war effort, conscripting women into the labour force, and enlisting men in previously exempt occupations into the Wehrmacht.", "Some of these measures were implemented in an edict of 13 January, but to Goebbels' dismay, Göring demanded that his favourite restaurants in Berlin should remain open, and Lammers successfully lobbied Hitler to have women with children exempted from conscription, even if they had child care available.", "After receiving an enthusiastic response to his speech of 30 January 1943 on the topic, Goebbels believed he had the support of the German people in his call for total war.", "His next speech, the Sportpalast speech of 18 February 1943, was a passionate demand for his audience to commit to total war, which he presented as the only way to stop the Bolshevik onslaught and save the German people from destruction.", "The speech also had a strong antisemitic element and hinted at the extermination of the Jewish people that was already underway.", "The speech was presented live on radio and was filmed as well.", "During the live version of the speech, Goebbels accidentally begins to mention the \"extermination\" of the Jews; this is omitted in the published text of the speech.", "Goebbels' efforts had little impact for the time being, because Hitler, who in principle was in favour of total war, was not prepared to implement changes over the objections of his ministers.", "The discovery around this time of a mass grave of Polish officers that had been killed by the Red Army in the 1940 Katyn massacre was made use of by Goebbels in his propaganda in an attempt to drive a wedge between the Soviets and the other western allies.", "Plenipotentiary for total war\n\nOn 1 April 1943, Goebbels was named Stadtpräsident of Berlin, thus uniting under his control the city's highest party and governmental offices.", "After the Allied invasion of Sicily (July 1943) and the strategic Soviet victory in the Battle of Kursk (July–August 1943), Goebbels began to recognise that the war could no longer be won.", "Following the Allied invasion of Italy and the fall of Mussolini in September, he raised with Hitler the possibility of a separate peace, either with the Soviets or with Britain.", "Hitler rejected both of these proposals.", "As Germany's military and economic situation grew steadily worse, on 25 August 1943 Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler took over the post of interior minister, replacing Wilhelm Frick.", "Intensive air raids on Berlin and other cities took the lives of thousands of people.", "Göring's Luftwaffe attempted to retaliate with air raids on London in early 1944, but they no longer had sufficient aircraft to make much of an impact.", "While Goebbels' propaganda in this period indicated that a huge retaliation was in the offing, the V-1 flying bombs, launched on British targets beginning in mid-June 1944, had little effect, with only around 20 per cent reaching their intended targets.", "To boost morale, Goebbels continued to publish propaganda to the effect that further improvements to these weapons would have a decisive impact on the outcome of the war.", "Meanwhile, in the Normandy landings of 6 June 1944, the Allies successfully gained a foothold in France.", "Throughout July 1944, Goebbels and Speer continued to press Hitler to bring the economy to a total war footing.", "The 20 July plot, where Hitler was almost killed by a bomb at his field headquarters in East Prussia, played into the hands of those who had been pushing for change: Bormann, Goebbels, Himmler, and Speer.", "Over the objections of Göring, Goebbels was appointed on 23 July as Reich Plenipotentiary for Total War, charged with maximising the manpower for the Wehrmacht and the armaments industry at the expense of sectors of the economy not critical to the war effort.", "Through these efforts, he was able to free up an additional half a million men for military service.", "However, as many of these new recruits came from the armaments industry, the move put him in conflict with armaments minister Speer.", "Untrained workers from elsewhere were not readily absorbed into the armaments industry, and likewise, the new Wehrmacht recruits waited in barracks for their turn to be trained.", "At Hitler's behest, the Volkssturm (People's Storm) – a nationwide militia of men previously considered unsuitable for military service – was formed on 18 October 1944.", "Goebbels recorded in his diary that 100,000 recruits were sworn in from his Gau alone.", "However, the men, mostly age 45 to 60, received only rudimentary training and many were not properly armed.", "Goebbels' notion that these men could effectively serve on the front lines against Soviet tanks and artillery was unrealistic at best.", "The programme was deeply unpopular.", "Goebbels realised that his influence would diminish in wartime.", "He suffered a series of setbacks as propaganda became less important compared to warfare, the war economy, and the Allied bombing of German cities.", "Historian Michael Balfour states that from 1942 onward, Goebbels, \"lost control over Nazi policy toward the press and over the handling of news in general.\"", "Rival agencies expanded.", "The foreign ministry took charge of propaganda outside Germany.", "The military set up its own propaganda division, providing daily reports on the progress of the war and the conditions of the armed forces.", "The Nazi Party also generated and distributed its own propaganda during the war.", "Goebbels was still influential when he had the opportunity to meet with Hitler, who became less available as he moved his headquarters closer to the military front lines.", "They were together perhaps one day a month.", "Furthermore, Hitler rarely gave speeches or rallies of the sort that had dominated propaganda in the 1930s.", "After Hitler returned to Berlin in 1945, Goebbels' ministry was destroyed by an Allied air raid on 13 March, and Goebbels had great difficulty disseminating propaganda.", "In April 1945, he finally bested the rival agencies and took full charge of propaganda, but by then the Soviet Red Army had already entered Berlin.", "Goebbels was an astute observer of the war, and historians have exhaustively mined his diary for insights on how the Nazi leadership tried to maintain public morale.", "Defeat and death\nIn the last months of the war, Goebbels's speeches and articles took on an increasingly apocalyptic tone.", "By the beginning of 1945, with the Soviets on the Oder River and the Western Allies preparing to cross the Rhine River, he could no longer disguise the inevitability of German defeat.", "Berlin had little in the way of fortifications or artillery, and even Volkssturm units were in short supply, as almost everything and everyone had been sent to the front.", "Goebbels noted in his diary on 21 January that millions of Germans were fleeing westward.", "He tentatively discussed with Hitler the issue of making peace overtures to the western allies, but Hitler again refused.", "Privately, Goebbels was conflicted at pushing the case with Hitler since he did not want to lose Hitler's confidence.", "When other Nazi leaders urged Hitler to leave Berlin and establish a new centre of resistance in the National Redoubt in Bavaria, Goebbels opposed this, arguing for a heroic last stand in Berlin.", "His family (except for Magda's son Harald, who had served in the Luftwaffe and been captured by the Allies) moved into their house in Berlin to await the end.", "He and Magda may have discussed suicide and the fate of their young children in a long meeting on the night of 27 January.", "He knew how the outside world would view the criminal acts committed by the regime and had no desire to subject himself to the \"debacle\" of a trial.", "He burned his private papers on the night of 18 April.", "Goebbels knew how to play on Hitler's fantasies, encouraging him to see the hand of providence in the death of United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on 12 April.", "Whether Hitler really saw this event as a turning point as Goebbels proclaimed is not known.", "By this time, Goebbels had gained the position he had wanted so long—at Hitler's side.", "Göring was utterly discredited, although he was not stripped of his offices until 23 April.", "Himmler, whose appointment as commander of Army Group Vistula had led to disaster on the Oder, was also in disgrace with Hitler.", "Most of Hitler's inner circle, including Göring, Himmler, Ribbentrop, and Speer, prepared to leave Berlin immediately after Hitler's birthday celebration on 20 April.", "Even Bormann was \"not anxious\" to meet his end at Hitler's side.", "On 22 April, Hitler announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself.", "Goebbels moved with his family into the Vorbunker, connected to the lower Führerbunker under the Reich Chancellery garden in central Berlin, that same day.", "He told Vice-Admiral Hans-Erich Voss that he would not entertain the idea of either surrender or escape.", "On 23 April, Goebbels made the following proclamation to the people of Berlin:\n\nAfter midnight on 29 April, with the Soviets advancing ever closer to the bunker complex, Hitler married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony in the Führerbunker.", "Afterward, he hosted a modest wedding breakfast.", "Hitler then took secretary Traudl Junge to another room and dictated his last will and testament.", "Goebbels and Bormann were two of the witnesses.", "In his last will and testament, Hitler named no successor as Führer or leader of the Nazi Party.", "Instead, he appointed Goebbels as Reich Chancellor; Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz, who was at Flensburg near the Danish border, as Reich President; and Bormann as Party Minister.", "Goebbels wrote a postscript to the will stating that he would \"categorically refuse\" to obey Hitler's order to leave Berlin—as he put it, \"the first time in my life\" that he had not complied with Hitler's orders.", "He felt compelled to remain with Hitler \"for reasons of humanity and personal loyalty\".", "His wife and children would stay as well.", "They would end their lives \"side by side with the Führer\".", "In the mid-afternoon of 30 April, Hitler shot himself.", "Goebbels was depressed, and said he would walk around the Chancellery garden until he was killed by the Russian shelling.", "Voss later recounted Goebbels as saying: \"It is a great pity that such a man [Hitler] is not with us any longer.", "But there is nothing to be done.", "For us, everything is lost now and the only way out left for us is the one Hitler chose.", "I shall follow his example.\"", "On 1 May, Goebbels carried out his sole official act as Chancellor: he dictated a letter to General Vasily Chuikov and ordered German General Hans Krebs to deliver it under a white flag.", "Chuikov, as commander of the Soviet 8th Guards Army, commanded the Soviet forces in central Berlin.", "Goebbels's letter informed Chuikov of Hitler's death and requested a ceasefire.", "After this was rejected, Goebbels decided that further efforts were futile.", "Later on 1 May, Voss saw Goebbels for the last time: \"While saying goodbye I asked Goebbels to join us.", "But he replied: 'The captain must not leave his sinking ship.", "I have thought about it all and decided to stay here.", "I have nowhere to go because with little children I will not be able to make it, especially with a leg like mine'.\"", "On the evening of 1 May, Goebbels arranged for an SS dentist, Helmut Kunz, to inject his six children with morphine so that when they were unconscious, an ampule of cyanide could be then crushed in each of their mouths.", "According to Kunz's later testimony, he gave the children morphine injections but Magda Goebbels and SS-Obersturmbannführer Ludwig Stumpfegger, Hitler's personal doctor, administered the cyanide.", "At around 20:30, Goebbels and Magda left the bunker and walked up to the garden of the Chancellery, where they killed themselves.", "There are several different accounts of this event.", "One is that they each bit on a cyanide ampule near where Hitler had been buried and were given a coup de grâce immediately afterward.", "Goebbels's SS adjutant Günther Schwägermann testified in 1948 that they walked ahead of him up the stairs and out into the Chancellery garden.", "He waited in the stairwell and heard shots.", "Schwägermann then walked up the remaining stairs and, once outside, saw their lifeless bodies.", "Following Goebbels's prior order, Schwägermann had an SS soldier fire several shots into Goebbels's body, which did not move.", "The corpses were then doused with petrol, but they were only partially burned and not buried.", "A few days later, the Soviets brought Voss back to the bunker to identify the Goebbelses' partly burned bodies.", "The remains of the Goebbels family, Krebs, and Hitler's dogs were repeatedly buried and exhumed.", "The last burial was at the SMERSH facility in Magdeburg on 21 February 1946.", "In 1970, KGB director Yuri Andropov authorised an operation to destroy the remains.", "On 4 April 1970, a Soviet KGB team used detailed burial charts to exhume five wooden boxes at the Magdeburg SMERSH facility.", "They were burned, crushed, and scattered into the Biederitz river, a tributary of the nearby Elbe.", "Family life\n\nHitler was very fond of Magda and the children.", "He enjoyed staying at the Goebbelses' Berlin apartment, where he could relax.", "Magda had a close relationship with Hitler, and became a member of his small coterie of female friends.", "She also became an unofficial representative of the regime, receiving letters from all over Germany from women with questions about domestic matters or child custody issues.", "In 1936, Goebbels met the Czech actress Lída Baarová and by the winter of 1937 began an intense affair with her.", "Magda had a long conversation with Hitler about it on 15 August 1938.", "Unwilling to put up with a scandal involving one of his top ministers, Hitler demanded that Goebbels break off the relationship.", "Thereafter, Joseph and Magda seemed to reach a truce until the end of September.", "The couple had another falling out at that point, and again Hitler became involved, insisting the couple stay together.", "He arranged for publicity photos to be taken of himself with the reconciled couple in October.", "Goebbels also had short-term affairs and relationships with numerous other women.", "Magda too had affairs, including a relationship with Kurt Ludecke in 1933 and Karl Hanke in 1938.", "The Goebbels family included Harald Quandt (Magda's son from her first marriage; born 1921), plus Helga (1932), Hilde (1934), Helmuth (1935), Holde (1937), Hedda (1938), and Heide (1940).", "Harald was the only member of the family to survive the war.", "He died in an airplane crash in 1967." ]

[ "The Reich Minister of Propaganda from 1933 to 1945, Paul Joseph Goebbels, was a German Nazi politician who was the Gauleiter (district leader) of Berlin.", "He was one of Hitler's closest and most devoted followers and was known for his skills in public speaking and his anti-Semitic views.", "The elimination of the Jews in the Holocaust was advocated by him.", "Goebbels obtained a Doctor of Philology degree from the University of Heidelberg in 1921.", "He worked in the northern branch of the Nazi Party.", "He became interested in the use of propaganda to promote the party after he was appointed Gauleiter of Berlin.", "The news media, arts, and information in Germany were under the control of the Propaganda Ministry after the Nazis came to power.", "He used radio and film for propaganda.", "After the start of the Second World War, party propaganda included attacks on the Christian churches, as well as antisemitism.", "In 1943, Goebbels began to pressure Hitler to introduce measures that would produce \"total war\", including closing businesses not essential to the war effort, conscripting women into the labour force, and recruiting men in previously exempt occupations into the Wehrmacht.", "He became Reich Plenipotentiary for Total War on July 23, 1944, after Hitler appointed him.", "As the war came to a close, Goebbels and his family joined him in Berlin.", "On April 22, 1945, they moved into the underground Vorbunker.", "Hitler took his own life on 30 April.", "Goebbels served one day as Chancellor of Germany in accordance with Hitler's will.", "Goebbels and his wife committed suicide after poisoning their children.", "On October 29, 1897, Paul Joseph Goebbels was born in an industrial town south of Mnchengladbach in Germany.", "His parents were Roman Catholics.", "His father was a German factory clerk and his mother was Dutch.", "Konrad, Hans, Maria, and Elisabeth were all married to Max W. Kimmich.", "A pamphlet of his family tree was published to clear up rumors that his maternal grandmother was Jewish.", "Goebbels had a long bout of inflammation of the lungs when he was a child.", "He had a congenital foot condition that made it turn inwards.", "It was shorter than his left foot.", "He had an operation to correct it before he started school.", "Goebbels had a metal brace and a special shoe on because of his shortened leg.", "He was rejected for military service because of this.", "He completed his university entrance examination in 1917 at the Gymnasium where he was educated.", "He was the top student in his class and was given the traditional honor to speak at the awards ceremony.", "His parents were hoping that he would become a Catholic priest.", "He was aided in his studies by a scholarship from the Albertus Magnus Society.", "Goebbels began to distance himself from the church.", "Richard J. Evans and Roger Manvell think that Goebbels' pursuit of women may have been compensation for his physical disability.", "He fell in love with Anka at three years his senior.", "They both went to Wrzburg to continue school.", "The first two parts of Michael, a three-part novel, were written in 1921.", "He felt like he was writing his own story.", "The antisemitic content and material about a charismatic leader may have been added shortly before the book was published in 1929.", "The relationship with Anka ended by 1920.", "Goebbels had thoughts of suicide after the break-up.", "Goebbels wrote a thesis about a minor 19th-century romantic dramatist.", "He wanted to write his thesis under the supervision of Friedrich Gundolf.", "Goebbels didn't seem to care that Gundolf was Jewish.", "Goebbels was directed to associate professor Max Freiherr von Waldberg by Gundolf.", "Goebbels was recommended to write his thesis by Waldberg.", "Goebbels earned his PhD in 1921 after completing his thesis and passing his oral examination.", "He had written 14 books by 1940.", "Goebbels worked as a private tutor.", "He was published in the local newspaper as a journalist.", "His writing reflected his dislike for modern culture.", "He began a love affair with a teacher in the summer of 1922.", "The \"enchantment\" was ruined after she told him that she was half-Jewish.", "He continued to see her until 1927.", "He was trying to become a published author.", "His diaries gave him an outlet for his desire to write.", "He was forced to take jobs as a bank clerk in Cologne and a caller on the stock exchange because of the lack of income from his literary works.", "He was dismissed from the bank in 1923.", "Oswald Spengler's book The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century was one of the standard works of the extreme right.", "He began to read the works of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, August Bebel and Gustav Noske.", "The diary entries from late 1923 to early 1924 reflect the writings of a man who was isolated, preoccupied with religious-philosophical issues, and lacked a sense of direction.", "Goebbels was moving towards the Vlkisch nationalist movement in December 1923.", "In 1924, Goebbels took an interest in Hitler and the Nazis.", "Hitler's trial for treason began after he failed in his attempt to seize power in the Beer Hall Putsch.", "The trial gave Hitler a platform for his propaganda.", "After serving just over a year in prison, Hitler was released on December 20, 1924.", "Hitler's charisma and commitment to his beliefs drew Goebbels to the Nazi Party.", "He joined the Nazi Party around this time.", "Goebbels offered his services to Karl Kaufmann, who was Gauleiter for the Rhine-Ruhr District.", "He was hired by Strasser to work on their weekly newspaper and to work for the regional party offices.", "He was put to work as a party speaker.", "The northern branch of the Nazi Party had a more socialist outlook than the Hitler group.", "Strasser worked on a revision of the party platform after disagreeing with Hitler.", "Hitler summoned 60 Gauleiters and party leaders, including Goebbels, to a special conference in Streicher's Gau of Franconia, where he gave a two-hour speech repudiating Strasser.", "The socialist leanings of the northern wing would mean political bolshevization of Germany according to Hitler.", "There would be no princes, only Germans, and a legal system with no Jewish system of exploitation.", "The future would be secured by colonising territories to the east, not by expropriating the estates of the former nobility.", "Hitler said socialism was a Jewish creation and that a Nazi government would not expropriate private property.", "He wrote in his diary that he no longer believed in Hitler.", "My inner support has been taken away.", "Goebbels found himself agreeing with Hitler's assertion of a \"Jewish doctrine of Marxism\" after reading his book.", "The February 1926 speech was titled \"Lenin or Hitler?\".", "He believed that communism or Marxism would cause a \"socialist nationalist state\" to arise in Russia and that it would not save the German people.", "The pamphlet titled Nazi-Sozi attempted to explain how National Socialism differed from Marxism.", "Hitler arranged meetings with the Greater Ruhr Gau leaders in order to win over the opposition.", "Hitler sent his own car to meet them at the railway station.", "At the beer hall rally, Hitler and Goebbels both gave speeches.", "The three men were encouraged by Hitler to put their differences behind them.", "Hitler was offered his total loyalty by Goebbels.", "He wrote in his diary that he loved him.", "He has thought through everything and can be my leader.", "I bow to the political genius.", "He wrote that he loved Hitler because he was both great and simple at the same time.", "What is a genius?", "Strasser's new draft of the party programme was discarded as a result of the meetings.", "Hitler's position as party leader was greatly strengthened after the National Socialist Program of 1920 was retained.", "At Hitler's invitation, Goebbels spoke at party meetings in Germany and at the Party Congress in Weimar.", "Goebbels was involved in the planning for the first time.", "They arranged for the rally to be filmed.", "Being praised for doing well at these events led Goebbels to shape his political ideas to match Hitler's, and to admire and idolise him even more.", "The position of party Gauleiter for the Berlin section was first offered in August of 1926.", "He accepted the position in the middle of October after travelling to Berlin.", "Hitler's plan to split the northwestern Gauleiters group that he had served in under Strasser was a success.", "Hitler was able to determine the course for organisation and leadership for the Gau because of his authority over the area.", "The local Sturmabteilung and Schutzstaffel were given control over by Goebbels.", "600 of the most active and promising members were reduced to a core of 1,000 when Goebbels arrived.", "Membership fees and admission to party meetings were instituted to raise money.", "He deliberately provoked beer-hall battles and street brawls, including violent attacks on the Communist Party of Germany, because he was aware of the value of publicity.", "Goebbels adapted recent developments in commercial advertising to the political sphere.", "His new ideas for poster design included using large type, red ink, and cryptic headers that encouraged the reader to look at the fine print to determine the meaning.", "In front of a mirror, Hitler practised his public speaking skills.", "The venues were decorated with party banners and meetings were preceded by ceremonial marches and singing.", "His entrance was always late.", "Goebbels usually meticulously planned his speeches ahead of time, using pre-planned and choreographed inflection and gestures, but he was also able to adapt his presentation to make a good connection with his audience.", "He used a lot of different things to draw attention to his speeches.", "The Berlin police banned the Nazi Party from the city on May 5, 1927, due to violence at the public party meetings and demonstrations.", "Young Nazis attacked Jews in the streets.", "The public speaking ban was in effect until the end of October.", "The newspaper was founded as a propaganda vehicle for the Berlin area, where few supported the party.", "At one point, 126 libel suits were pending against Goebbels, and it was a modern-style newspaper with an aggressive tone.", "Circulation was initially only 2,000.", "The material in the paper was antisemitic.", "The deputy chief of the Berlin Police was one of the paper's favorites.", "He was subjected to a campaign of Jew-baiting and given the nickname \"Isidore\" in order to get the attention of the authorities.", "A revised version of his book Michael was finally published, as well as the unsuccessful production of two of his plays.", "His last attempt at playwriting was the latter.", "He had relationships with many women, including his former flame Anka Stalherm, who is now married and has a small child.", "He quickly fell in love, but was tired of a relationship and moved on.", "He was worried about how his personal relationship would affect his career.", "The ban on the Nazi Party was lifted before the Reichstag elections.", "The Nazi Party lost over 100,000 voters and only got 2.6 per cent of the vote.", "The results in Berlin were worse, with only a small percentage of the vote.", "The first 12 Nazi Party members were elected to the Reichstag.", "This gave him immunity from prosecution for a long list of outstanding charges, including a three-week jail sentence he received in April for insulting the deputy police chief.", "In February 1931, the immunity regulations were changed by the Reichstag, and Goebbels had to pay fines for placing libellous material in the magazine.", "Goebbels was elected to the Reichstag at every subsequent election.", "In his newspaper, Strasser was critical of Goebbels' failure to get the urban vote.", "The party did well in rural areas, with as much as 18 per cent of the vote in some regions.", "Hitler publicly stated before the election that Point 17 of the party programme, which mandated the expropriation of land without compensation, would only apply to Jewish speculators and not private landholders.", "The party tried to get more votes in the agricultural sector after the election.", "Shortly after the election, Hitler considered appointing Goebbels as propaganda chief.", "He was worried that the removal of Strasser from the post would cause a split in the party.", "He began to think about how propaganda could be used in schools and the media.", "Berlin was the second-strongest base of support.", "The local troop leader was shot by two members of the Communist Party of Germany because of the violence between the Nazis and communists.", "He died in the hospital.", "Exploiting Wessel's death, Goebbels turned him into a martyr.", "He renamed Wessel's march to be the Nazi Party's anthem.", "Germany was impacted by the Great Depression and saw an increase in unemployment.", "The Nationaler Sozialist was published by the Strasser brothers.", "The brothers' brand of Nazism included nationalism, anti-capitalism, social reform, and anti-Westernism.", "The Berlin newspapers were pushed to the wall by the success of the Strasser newspapers.", "In late April 1930, Hitler publicly and firmly announced his opposition to Strasser and appointed Goebbels to replace him as Reich leader of Nazi Party propaganda.", "The evening edition of the Nationaler Sozialist was banned.", "The Vlkischer Beobachter, the party's national newspaper, was given control of by Goebbels.", "Otto Strasser and his supporters decided to leave the Nazi Party on 3 July.", "The news that Otto Strasser had lost all power was a relief to Goebbels.", "The resignation of the coalition government on 27 March 1930 was due to the rapid decline in the economy.", "A new cabinet was formed and the president used his power to govern.", "The chancellor was appointed by him.", "The Nazi Party's national campaign for Reichstag elections was led by Goebbels.", "Thousands of meetings and speeches were held all over the country during the campaign.", "The Treaty of Versailles, which required war compensation for Germany, was blamed by Hitler for the country's economic troubles.", "A new society based on race and national unity was proposed by him.", "The party received over 6 million votes nationwide and took over 100 seats in the Reichstag, making it the second largest party in the country.", "The divorcée who joined the party a few months earlier was met by Goebbels.", "She was a volunteer in the Berlin office of the party.", "Hitler and other Nazi Party officials used to meet at her flat.", "Their marriage took place on 19 December 1931.", "He was the best man.", "Hitler travelled around the country in an airplane with the slogan \"the Fhrer over Germany\" as part of his campaign for two more elections in 1932.", "In his diary, Goebbels wrote that the Nazis needed to gain power and destroy Marxism.", "Some of his speeches were published on gramophone records and as pamphlets.", "The production of a small collection of silent films that could be shown at party meetings, though they did not yet have enough equipment to widely use this medium, was done by Goebbels.", "A giant half-clad male destroying political opponents or other perceived enemies was one of the violent imagery used in Goebbels' campaign posters.", "The opposition was described as \"November criminals\", \"Jewish wire-pullers\", or a communist threat.", "The elections did not lead to a majority government.", "Hitler was appointed Reich chancellor on January 30, 1933, in order to improve the country's economic condition.", "The torchlight parade in Berlin on the night of January 30th was organised to celebrate Hitler's appointment as chancellor.", "The spectacle was covered by a live state radio broadcast.", "He wasn't given a post in Hitler's new cabinet.", "Goebbels was expecting to get the post of Minister of Culture when he was appointed.", "Like other Nazi Party officials, Goebbels had to deal with Hitler's leadership style of giving conflicting orders to his subordinates, while placing them into positions where their duties and responsibilities overlap.", "Hitler fostered distrust, competition, and infighting among his subordinates to consolidate and maximize his own power.", "The Reichstag fire of February 27 1933 was taken advantage of by the Nazi Party, with Hitler's encouragement.", "This was the first piece of legislation that dismantled democracy in Germany and put a dictatorship in its place.", "The last Reichstag election before the end of the Second World War took place on 5 March.", "The Nazi Party increased their number of seats and percentage of the vote, but not by as much as they would have liked.", "The Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda was created after Hitler's appointment to the cabinet.", "Nazi control of all aspects of German cultural and intellectual life was central to the role of the new ministry.", "At the last free election in Germany on 25 March 1933, the party achieved 37 per cent of the vote, but Goebbels wanted to increase that to 100 per cent.", "The goal was to convince other nations that the Nazi Party had the full and enthusiastic support of the entire population.", "The Day of Potsdam, a ceremonial passing of power from Hindenburg to Hitler, was staged by Goebbels.", "Hitler's decree authorising the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses was composed by him.", "Goebbels was given a triumphal reception when he returned to Rheydt.", "The main street was renamed in his honor.", "Goebbels was declared a hero the next day.", "The 1 May holiday was converted from a celebration of workers' rights to a celebration of the Nazi Party.", "He organised a huge party rally in Berlin in place of the usual ad hoc labour celebrations.", "The Nazis created the German Labour Front to take over the trade union offices that were dissolved the next day.", "\"We are the masters of Germany,\" he commented in his diary entry.", "He gave a speech at the Nazi book burning in Berlin less than two weeks later.", "The Nazi Party passed laws to remove Jews from German society.", "Non-Aryans were forced to retire from the civil service because of the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service.", "Jewish members of other professions were denied their right to practise.", "Shortly after Hitler seized power, the first Nazi concentration camps were founded.", "The Nazi Party quickly brought all aspects of life under their control.", "Nazi sympathizers or party members replaced the leadership of all civilian groups.", "The army and the churches were not in the control of the Nazi Party by June 1933.", "Hitler appointed Goebbels a Reichsleiter, the second highest political rank in the Nazi Party, on June 2, 1933.", "Goebbels was given a seat on the executive committee of the Academy for German Law on October 3, 1933.", "The editor's law was passed on October 4, 1933, in order to manipulate Germany's middle class and shape popular opinion.", "The law defined a Schriftleiter as anyone who wrote, edited, or selected texts or illustrations for serial publication.", "Experiential, educational, and racial criteria were used to pick individuals for this position.", "Journalists were required to \"regulate their work in accordance with National Socialism as a philosophy of life and as a conception of government,\" according to the law.", "At the end of June 1934, top officials of the SA and opponents of the regime were killed in a purge called the Night of Long Knives.", "He was present at the arrest of Rhm.", "President von Hindenburg died on August 2, 1934.", "The offices of president and chancellor had been combined, and Hitler had been formally named as Fhrer und Reichskanzler.", "The ministry has seven departments: administration and legal; mass rallies, public health, youth, and race; radio; national and foreign press; films and film censorship; art, music, and theatre; and protection against counter-propaganda.", "Goebbels's style of leadership was unpredictable and tempestuous.", "He was a difficult boss and liked to berate his staff in public.", "Life wrote in 1938 that Goebbels was successful at his job because he likes nobody and runs the most efficient Nazi department.", "\"Goebbels is the smartest of all the Nazis, but could not succeed Hitler because everybody hates him,\" wrote John Gunther in 1940.", "All members of the film industry were required to join the Reich Film Chamber.", "The development of films with a Nazi slant was promoted by Goebbels.", "The Reichskulturkammer (Reich Chamber of Culture), created in September, added additional sub-chambers for the fields of broadcasting, fine arts, literature, music, the press, and the theatre.", "In order to pursue a career in these fields, you had to be a member of the corresponding chamber.", "Anyone who had views that were contrary to the regime could not work in their field.", "To be considered an employee of the state, journalists were required to prove Aryan descent back to the year 1800, and if married, the same requirement applied to the spouse.", "Members of the chamber were not allowed to leave the country without their permission.", "The works couldn't be re-published unless they were on the approved works list.", "Cabaret performances were not allowed under the same regulations as other fine arts and entertainment.", "The pre-war years were a time when many German artists and intellectuals left the country.", "The radio was still a new medium and Goebbels was interested in controlling it.", "The Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft (German National Broadcasting Corporation) took control of radio stations nationwide in July 1934, sometimes under protest from individual states.", "By the year 1938, nearly ten million sets of inexpensive home receivers had been sold.", "Loudspeakers were placed in public areas, factories, and schools so that important party broadcasts would be heard.", "It was against the law to listen to foreign radio stations after the start of the war.", "The death penalty can be used if news from foreign broadcasts is disseminated.", "The regime made the complete use of all technical means for domination of its own country, according to Albert Speer, Hitler's architect and later Minister for War Production.", "80 million people were deprived of independent thought through technical devices.", "The focus of Nazi propaganda was on Hitler, who became the focus of a cult of personality.", "Some of this was stage-managed as part of Goebbels' propaganda work.", "At the 1934 Nuremberg Rally, Hitler's moves were carefully choreographed.", "The film Triumph of the Will was directed by Leni Riefenstahl and was about the rally.", "At the 1935 Venice Film Festival, it won a gold medal.", "\"Bolshevism is the declaration of war by Jewish-led international subhumans against culture itself,\" said Goebbels at the 1935 Nazi party congress rally.", "The 1936 Summer Olympics were held in Berlin.", "He started having an affair with the actress Lda Baarov around this time.", "The Degenerate Art Exhibition was organised in July and November of 1937.", "The exhibition attracted over two million visitors.", "There was a music exhibition the following year.", "The lack of quality in the artwork, films, and literature of the National Socialist was a disappointment to Goebbels.", "In 1933, Hitler signed the Reichskonkordat, a treaty with the Vatican that required the regime to honor the independence of Catholic institutions and prevent clergy from involvement in politics.", "The Christian churches were targeted by the regime to weaken their influence.", "Hundreds of clergy and nuns were arrested in 1935 and 1936 on trumped up charges.", "The cases in the propaganda campaigns were shown to be in the worst possible light.", "There were restrictions on public meetings.", "crucifixes were removed from state buildings and Catholic schools were required to reduce religious instruction.", "In February 1937, Hitler stated that he wanted to eliminate the Protestant church in order to intensify his work on the issue.", "The \"Mit brennender Sorge\" was smuggled into Germany forPassion Sunday 1937 and was read from every pulpit.", "The regime's hostility toward the church was denounced.", "The regime's propaganda against Catholics was renewed.", "The speech of 28 May in Berlin was broadcast on the radio and 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "By 1939 all denominational schools were converted to public facilities as a result of the propaganda campaign.", "Clergy were more cautious in their criticism of the regime due to threats of imprisonment.", "The church struggle was scaled back by the end of July 1937 because of Hitler's foreign policy concerns.", "From a young age, the Holocaust and antisemitism were antisemitic.", "After meeting Hitler, his antisemitism became more radical.", "The Jews had a negative impact on German society.", "He urged Hitler to take action against the Jews after the Nazis took control.", "Goebbels spoke of the \"rubbish of race-materialism\" and the \"unnecessity of biological racism\" despite his extreme antisemitism.", "Himmler's ideology was described as \"in many regards, mad\" and he thought Alfred Rosenberg's theories were ridiculous.", "The goal of the Nazi Party was to remove Jews from German cultural and economic life.", "Goebbels promoted the persecution of the Jews through pogroms, legislation, and other actions.", "Discriminatory measures he instituted in Berlin in the early years of the regime included banning the use of public transport and requiring that Jewish shops be marked.", "The German diplomat was killed in Paris by a young Jewish man.", "The start of a pogrom was caused by inflammatory antisemitic material being released by the press.", "Synagogues were destroyed in Germany.", "The situation was further worsened by a speech Goebbels gave at a party meeting on the night of 8 November, where he obliquely called for party members to inciting further violence against Jews while making it appear to be a series of acts by the German people.", "At least a hundred Jews were killed, several hundred synagogues were damaged or destroyed, and thousands of Jewish shops were vandalised in an event called Kristallnacht.", "Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps.", "The destruction stopped after a conference held on 12 November where Gring pointed out that the destruction of Jewish property was in effect the destruction of German property.", "Hitler's 30 January 1939 Reichstag speech, which Goebbels helped to write, was the culmination of his antisemitic propaganda campaign.", "They were needed as workers in the armaments industry, which delayed their deportation.", "German Jews were deported from Berlin on 18 October 1941.", "Some Jews were shot on their way to destinations.", "German Jews were ordered to wear yellow badges as of September 5, 1941 in preparation for the deportations.", "According to the minutes of the Wannsee Conference, the Jewish population of Europe was to be sent to extermination camps in occupied areas of Poland and killed.", "His diary entries show that he was aware of the fate of the Jews.", "60 percent of them will have to be liquidated, while only 40 percent can be put to work.", "He wrote on 27 March 1942 that a judgement was being carried out on the Jews.", "The fate of the Jews was a constant topic of discussion between Goebbels and Hitler.", "He completely supported the decision to kill the Jews.", "He was a top Nazi official.", "Hitler announced that rearmament must be done in violation of the Versailles Treaty as early as February 1933.", "He told his military leaders that 1942 was the target date for the war in the east.", "One of the most enthusiastic supporters of Hitler was Goebbels.", "At the time of the Reoccupation of the Rhineland in 1936, Goebbels summed up his general attitude in his diary.", "Fortune favors the brave.", "He who dares nothing doesn't win anything.", "In the lead-up to the Sudetenland crisis in 1938, Goebbels used propaganda to get sympathy for the Sudeten Germans while campaigning against the Czech government.", "The press had to conduct propaganda efforts at a lower level because of the war panic in Germany.", "After the western powers acquiesced to Hitler's demands, Goebbels began his propaganda against Poland.", "He fabricated stories about atrocities against ethnic Germans in Danzig and other cities as part of a campaign against Poland.", "He was unable to convince the majority of Germans that war was a good idea.", "He had doubts about the wisdom of attacking Poland.", "The propaganda ministry and Reich chambers were used to control access to information after the invasion of Poland.", "Goebbels' jurisdiction over the dissemination of international propaganda was challenged by his rival, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Joachim von Ribbentrop.", "The two men were rivals for the rest of the Nazi era because Hitler refused to make a firm ruling on the subject.", "He wasn't involved in the military decision-making process or in diplomatic negotiations until after the fact.", "The Propaganda Ministry took over the broadcasting facilities of conquered countries and began broadcasting prepared material in order to gain the trust of the citizens.", "Goebbels and his department controlled most aspects of the media in the conquered countries.", "The German Home Service, the armed forces programme, and the german european service were all tightly controlled, from the information they were allowed to distribute to the music they were allowed to play.", "Party rallies, speeches, and demonstrations continued, speeches were broadcast on the radio, and short propaganda films were exhibited using 1,500 mobile film vans.", "As the war progressed, Hitler made fewer public appearances and broadcasts, so Goebbels became the voice of the Nazi regime for the German people.", "He wrote editorials in Das Reich that were read aloud on the radio.", "After radio, he found films to be the most effective propaganda medium.", "Half of the films made in Germany during the war were propaganda films and the other half were war propaganda films.", "The efforts of the people on the home front became a preoccupation of Goebbels.", "He believed that the more people at home were involved in the war effort, the better they would be.", "He started a programme for the collection of winter clothing and ski equipment for troops on the eastern front.", "20 per cent of the films should be propaganda and 80 per cent of the films should be light entertainment, according to a decree by Goebbels in late 1942.", "As the Gauleiter of Berlin, Goebbels had to deal with a lot of shortages of necessities, such as food and clothing, as well as the need to ration beer and tobacco, which was important for the good of the city.", "The cigarettes were already of such low quality that it was impossible for Hitler to make them any worse, so he suggested watering the beer and degrading the cigarettes.", "He worked hard to maintain a good level of public opinion about the military situation.", "The Allied victory at the Second Battle of El Alamein and the thousand-bomber raid on Cologne were difficult setbacks for the Germans.", "The Reich Defense Commissioner was appointed on 16 November 1942 by Goebbels.", "He was able to issue instructions to authorities within his jurisdiction.", "On 15 January 1943, Hitler appointed Goebbels as head of the newly created Air Raid Damage committee, which meant he was in charge of civil air defences and shelters as well as the assessment and repair of damaged buildings.", "The defence of areas other than Berlin remained in the hands of the local Gauleiters, and his main tasks were limited to providing immediate aid to the affected civilians and using propaganda to improve their spirits.", "The labour crisis was caused by the war.", "Hitler created a three-man committee with representatives of the State, the army, and the Party in an attempt to centralise control of the war economy.", "Hans Lammers, the head of the Reich Chancellery, was one of the members of the committee.", "Hitler reserved most final decisions to himself and the committee was intended to independently propose measures.", "Between January and August 1943, the committee met eleven times.", "They ran up against resistance from Hitler's cabinet ministers, who were excluded from the committee.", "Seeing it as a threat to their power, Goebbels, Gring, and Speer worked together to bring it down.", "The Committee of Three declined into irrelevance by September 1943.", "Hitler was pressured to introduce measures that would produce \"total war\" due to being excluded from the Committee of Three.", "Gring demanded that his favourite restaurants in Berlin remain open, and Lammers succeeded in persuading Hitler to exempt women with children from being drafted, even if they had child care available.", "Goebbels believed he had the support of the German people after receiving an enthusiastic response to his speech.", "The Sportpalast speech of 18 February 1943 was a passionate demand for his audience to commit to total war, which he presented as the only way to stop the Bolshevik onslaught and save the German people from destruction.", "There was a strong antisemitic element to the speech and it implied that the Jewish people were going to be killed.", "The speech was filmed and presented on radio.", "The \"extermination\" of the Jews is not mentioned in the published text of the speech.", "Hitler, who in principle was in favor of total war, was not prepared to implement changes over the objections of his ministers.", "The discovery of a mass grave of Polish officers that had been killed by the Red Army in the 1940Katyn massacre was used to drive a wedge between the Soviets and the other western allies.", "On 1 April 1943, Goebbels became the leader of the city's highest party and governmental offices.", "The war could no longer be won after the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943 and the Soviet victory in the Battle of Kursk in August 1943.", "After the Allied invasion of Italy and the fall of Mussolini, Hitler raised the possibility of a separate peace with either the Soviets or Britain.", "Both of the proposals were rejected by Hitler.", "Reichsfhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler took over the post of interior minister in 1943 as Germany's military and economic situation deteriorated.", "Thousands of people were killed in air raids on Berlin.", "Gring's Luftwaffe tried to retaliate with air raids on London, but they didn't have enough aircraft to make much of a difference.", "The V-1 flying bombs, launched on British targets in mid-June 1944, had little effect, with only 20% of them reaching their intended targets.", "Further improvements to these weapons would have a decisive impact on the outcome of the war, which is why Goebbels continued to publish propaganda.", "The Allies gained a foothold in France after the Normandy landings.", "Goebbels and Speer continued to press Hitler to bring the economy to a total war footing.", "The 20 July plot, where Hitler was almost killed by a bomb at his field headquarters in East Prussia, played into the hands of those who had been pushing for change.", "Gring objected to the appointment of Goebbels as Reich Plenipotentiary for Total War, charged with maximizing manpower for the Wehrmacht and the armaments industry at the expense of sectors of the economy not critical to the war effort.", "He was able to free up half a million men for military service.", "The conflict was caused by the fact that many of the new recruits came from the armaments industry.", "New Wehrmacht recruits waited in barracks for their turn to be trained because untrained workers from elsewhere were not readily absorbed into the industry.", "The Volkssturm (People's Storm), a nationwide militia of men previously considered unsuitable for military service, was formed on 18 October 1944.", "100,000 recruits were sworn in from the Gau alone.", "Many of the men were not properly armed and only rudimentary training was given to them.", "The idea that these men could effectively serve on the front lines against Soviet tanks was not realistic.", "The programme was unpopular.", "His influence would diminish during the war.", "propaganda became less important compared to warfare, the war economy, and the Allied bombing of German cities.", "From 1942 onward, Goebbels lost control over Nazi policy toward the press and over the handling of news in general.", "Rival agencies expanded.", "Outside of Germany, the foreign ministry was in charge of propaganda.", "Daily reports on the progress of the war and the conditions of the armed forces are provided by the military's propaganda division.", "During the war, the Nazi Party produced and distributed its own propaganda.", "When Hitler moved his headquarters closer to the military front lines, he became less available to meet with Goebbels, who was still influential.", "One day a month, they were together.", "In the 1930s, Hitler gave speeches and rallies that dominated propaganda.", "The ministry of Goebbels was destroyed by an Allied air raid on 13 March 1945, after Hitler returned to Berlin.", "The Soviet Red Army had already entered Berlin by the time he took charge of propaganda.", "Goebbels was an astute observer of the war, and historians have mined his diary for insights on how the Nazi leadership tried to keep the public happy.", "Goebbels's speeches and articles took on an apocalyptic tone in the last months of the war.", "By the beginning of 1945, with the Soviets on the Oder River and the Western Allies preparing to cross the Rhine River, he could no longer disguise the inevitability of German defeat.", "Even the Volkssturm units were in short supply, as almost everything had been sent to the front, and Berlin had little in the way of fortifications.", "Millions of Germans fled to the west in January according to Goebbels in his diary.", "He talked to Hitler about making peace overtures to the western allies, but he refused.", "Since he didn't want to lose Hitler's confidence, Goebbels was reluctant to push the case with Hitler.", "When other Nazi leaders urged Hitler to leave Berlin and establish a new centre of resistance in the National Redoubt in Bavaria, Goebbels opposed this, arguing for a heroic last stand in Berlin.", "His family moved to Berlin to wait for the end after his son was captured by the Allies.", "He and Magda may have discussed suicide and the fate of their young children in a long meeting on the night of 27 January.", "He knew how the outside world would view the criminal acts committed by the regime and didn't want to be a part of the trial.", "On the night of 18 April, he burned his papers.", "Hitler was encouraged to see the hand of the Almighty in the death of FDR.", "It is not known if Hitler saw this event as a turning point.", "By this time, Goebbels was at Hitler's side.", "Gring wasn't stripped of his offices until April.", "Himmler was in disgrace with Hitler because of his appointment as commander of Army Group Vistula.", "After Hitler's birthday celebration on 20 April, most of his inner circle, including Gring, Himmler, Ribbentrop, and Speer, were going to leave Berlin.", "Bormann was not anxious to meet his end at Hitler's side.", "Hitler said he would stay in Berlin until the end and then kill himself.", "The lower Fhrerbunker under the Reich Chancellery garden in central Berlin was where Goebbels and his family moved.", "He told the Vice-Admiral that he wouldn't entertain the idea of either surrender or escape.", "Hitler married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony in the Fhrerbunker after midnight on 29 April, after the Soviets advanced ever closer to the Bunker complex.", "He hosted a wedding breakfast.", "Hitler took Junge to another room and dictated his last will and testament.", "Two of the witnesses were Goebbels and Bormann.", "Hitler did not name a successor or leader of the Nazi Party in his will.", "Instead, he appointed Gobbels as Reich Chancellor, Dnitz as Reich President, and Bormann as Party Minister.", "He wrote a postscript to his will that said he wouldn't obey Hitler's order to leave Berlin.", "He was compelled to remain with Hitler for reasons of humanity and personal loyalty.", "His family would stay as well.", "They would end their lives together.", "Hitler shot himself in the afternoon of 30 April.", "He said he would walk around the garden until he was killed by the Russians.", "It is a pity that Hitler is no longer with us.", "There isn't anything to be done.", "The only thing left for us is the one Hitler chose, and that's all.", "I will follow his example.", "On 1 May, Goebbels carried out his only official act as Chancellor: he dictated a letter to General Vasily Chuikov and ordered German General Hans Krebs to deliver it under a white flag.", "The Soviet 8th Guards Army commanded the Soviet forces in Berlin.", "Goebbels requested a ceasefire after learning of Hitler's death.", "Goebbels decided that further efforts were futile after this was rejected.", "After saying goodbye, Voss asked Goebbels to join him.", "He said that the captain must not leave his sinking ship.", "I decided to stay and think about it.", "With little children, I will not be able to make it, especially with a leg like mine.", "On the evening of 1 May, Goebbels arranged for a dentist to inject his six children with morphine so that when they were unconscious, anampule of cyanide could be crushed in their mouths.", "According to Kunz's testimony, Hitler's personal doctor administered the poison to the children.", "Goebbels and Magda walked up to the garden of the Chancellery, where they killed themselves.", "There are many different accounts of this event.", "They were given a coup de grce after they bit on a cyanide Ampule near where Hitler was buried.", "In 1948, Gnther Schwgermann testified that they walked ahead of him up the stairs and into the garden.", "He heard shots in the stairwell.", "After walking up the remaining stairs, Schwgermann saw their lifeless bodies outside.", "Schwgermann had a soldier fire shots into Goebbels's body, which did not move.", "The corpses were partially burned and not buried after being doused with petrol.", "The Goebbelses' partly burned bodies were identified by the Soviets a few days later.", "The remains of Hitler's dogs were exhumed multiple times.", "The last interment took place at the SMERSH facility in Magdeburg.", "The remains were to be destroyed in 1970.", "On April 4, 1970, a Soviet KGB team exhumed five wooden boxes at the SMERSH facility.", "They were scattered into the Biederitz river.", "Hitler was fond of the children and their mother.", "He was able to relax at the Goebbelses' Berlin apartment.", "Magda was a member of Hitler's small coterie of female friends.", "She received letters from all over Germany from women with questions about domestic matters or child custody issues, as an unofficial representative of the regime.", "After meeting the Czech actress Lda Baarov, Goebbels began an affair with her.", "On August 15, 1938, Magda had a long conversation with Hitler.", "Hitler demanded that Goebbels break off their relationship because he was unwilling to put up with a scandal involving one of his top ministers.", "The truce seemed to last until the end of September.", "Hitler insisted the couple stay together after the couple had another falling out.", "He arranged for publicity photos to be taken of himself with the reconciled couple.", "There were short-term affairs and relationships with many other women.", "There were affairs with Kurt Ludecke and Karl Hanke.", "Helga, Hilde, Holde, Hedda, and Heide were members of the Goebbels family.", "Only one member of the family survived the war.", "He died in an airplane crash." ]

[ "Paul Joseph Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Paul Joseph", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Joseph" ]

[ "Paul Joseph Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Paul Joseph", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels", "Goebbels" ]

[ "Jimmy Brohan (born 18 June 1935 in Ballintemple, Cork, Ireland) is an Irish retired sportsperson.", "He played hurling with his local club Blackrock and was a member of the Cork senior inter-county team from 1954 until 1963.", "Biography\nJimmy Brohan was born in Ballintemple, County Cork in 1935.", "James Brohan Snr, his father, was a native of Fethard, County Tipperary who moved to Cork to work in the Metropole Hotel.", "His mother, Mary Murphy, hailed from Ballintemple and also worked in the Metropole.", "Brohan was the middle child in a family of seven and was educated at Sullivan's Quay CBS.", "It was here that his hurling skills were first exploited.", "Brohan played on the school hurling team in the Dr. Harty Cup for five consecutive years, the first two as goalkeeper and the last three as a corner-back.", "In 1951 Brohan was at full-forward when Sullivan's Quay defeated the famous North Monastery in the Harty Cup, before later being defeated themselves by Thurles CBS.", "In 1952 and 1953 he was chosen on the Munster Colleges hurling team which played in the inter-provincial competition.", "He enjoyed much success and won two All-Ireland colleges' medals in both those years.", "After leaving Sullivan's Quay in 1953 Brohan worked at the Dunlop's tyre centre in Cork until its closure in 1983.", "Other Cork greats who also worked there included Johnny Clifford and Willie Murphy.", "Brohan later worked with the Customs Service until his retirement in 2000.", "Two of Brohan's brothers also had sporting success playing soccer in the League of Ireland.", "Playing career\n\nClub\nBrohan played his club hurling with the famous Blackrock club in Cork and enjoyed much success.", "In 1956 the club, with Brohan playing a key role, won the senior county championship for the first time in twenty-five years.", "Another county title followed five years later in 1961.", "Brohan also played Gaelic football with Blackrock's sister club called St Michael's and experienced some success.", "He won a county junior football championship title with the club in 1956.", "Inter-county\nBrohan first came to prominence on the inter-county scene in the early 1950s as a member of the Cork minor hurling team.", "He was eligible to play for the team in both 1952 and 1953, however, Tipperary defeated Cork in the early rounds of the championship in both years.", "At the end of 1953 Brohan made his senior debut for Cork in the National Hurling League.", "He duly impressed the selectors and was subsequently called up to play in the All-Ireland semi-final against Galway.", "Brohan was replacing the injured Tony O'Shaughnessy and had a good game, however, O'Shaughnessy returned for the All-Ireland final and Brohan was left on the bench as Cork claimed victory over Wexford.", "In 1955 Brohan suffered a major setback when was suspended from all GAA activity for the year, due to his failure to turn up for a club game with St. Michael's.", "Clare defeated Cork in the opening round of the championship as Brohan watched on from the stand.", "In 1956 Brohan was back with Cork and was installed at corner-back.", "That year Cork reached the Munster final once again.", "Limerick provided the opposition on that occasion; however, Cork recorded a 5–5 o 3–5 victory thanks to three goals by Christy Ring.", "It was Brohan's first Munster winners' medal on the field of play.", "Cork later lined out in the All-Ireland final with Wexford providing the opposition.", "The game has gone down in history as one of the all-time classic games as Christy Ring was bidding for a record ninth All-Ireland medal.", "The game turned on one important incident as the Wexford goalkeeper, Art Foley, made a miraculous save from a Ring shot and cleared the sliotar up the field to set up another attack.", "Wexford went on to win the game on a score line of 2–14 to 2–8 and Brohan was left with an All-Ireland runners-up medal.", "Brohan added to his medal collection when he won a Munster junior football medal in 1957.", "Once again Cork's hurlers reached the Munster final, however, they were defeated by Waterford on a score line of 1–11 to 1–6.", "In spite of a lack of success in 1958 Brohan was still included on a Sunday Review best hurling team of the year selection.", "Brohan's side contested three consecutive provincial finals in 1959, 1960 and 1961, however, he ended up on the losing side on every occasion.", "In a Gael-Linn sponsored poll in the Irish Independent in 1961, Brohan was named in the right corner-back position on a hurling team considered to be the best ever.", "He retired from inter-county hurling in the early 1960s.", "Inter-provincial\nBrohan also lined out with Munster in the inter-provincial hurling competition and enjoyed much success.", "He first lined out with his province in 1957 and helped Munster to a 5–7 to 2–5 victory over Leinster.", "This was the first of five consecutive Railway Cup victories for Brohan as part of the Munster team.", "He won a sixth and final Railway Cup winners' medal in 1963 as Munster accounted for Leinster by just a single point.", "Unique style of play\nBrohan had a unique style of play, often described as tidy and economical.", "This was best illustrated by his defensive strategy which made him one of the most famous exponents of the batting skill in hurling and he often delighted the legions of Cork supporters in the 1950s and 1960s by batting away the ball to great distances out of defence to the frustration of opposing forwards.", "This was a tactic which was not very well developed or used to effect by his contemporaries and he duly deserved his reputation of being master of this particular skill which was best employed in a tight entanglement which did not allow room for the full natural hurley swing more conducive to loose marking and open play.", "Retirement\nFollowing his retirement as a player Brohan became involved as a selector with the county hurling team.", "He was involved with the teams that won the All-Ireland titles in 1976, 1977, 1978 and 1986.", "In the latter year Brohan had the pleasure of seeing his nephew, Tom Cashman, captain Cork to victory.", "References\n\n1935 births\nLiving people\nDual players\nBlackrock hurlers\nCork inter-county hurlers\nMunster inter-provincial hurlers\nSt Michael's (Cork) Gaelic footballers\nCork inter-county Gaelic footballers\nHurling selectors" ]

[ "Jimmy is an Irish retired sportsperson.", "He was a member of the Cork senior inter-county team from 1954 until 1963.", "Jimmy was born in Ballintemple in 1935.", "His father was a native of Fethard, County Tipperary and worked in the Metropole Hotel.", "Mary Murphy was from Ballintemple and worked in the Metropole.", "The middle child in a family of seven was educated at Sullivan's Quay CBS.", "The first time his skills were used was here.", "The first two years were as a goalkeeper and the last three as a corner-back for the school team in the Dr. Harty Cup.", "In 1951, Sullivan's Quay defeated the North Monastery in the Harty Cup before being defeated by Thurles CBS.", "He played on the inter-provincial team in 1952 and 1953.", "He won two All-Ireland colleges' medals in those two years.", "After leaving Sullivan's Quay in 1953, he worked at the Dunlop's tyre centre in Cork.", "Johnny and Willie Murphy worked there as well.", "He worked for the Customs Service until 2000.", "Two of the brothers played soccer in the League of Ireland.", "Club brohan played club hurdling with the famous Blackrock club in Cork and enjoyed a lot of success.", "The club won the senior county championship for the first time in 25 years in 1956, thanks to a key role played by Brohan.", "Five years later, there was another title.", "St Michael's is Blackrock's sister club and has some success.", "He won a junior football title with the club.", "A member of the Cork minor Hurling team in the early 1950s, Brohan became well-known on the inter-county scene.", "He was eligible to play for the team in both 1952 and 1953, but they lost to Cork in the early rounds of the championship.", "He made his senior debut in the National Hurling League at the end of 1953.", "He was called up to play in the All-Ireland semi-finals after impressing the selectors.", "When Tony O'Shaughnessy came back for the All-Ireland final, he was left on the bench as Cork claimed victory over Wexford.", "When he failed to turn up for a club game in 1955, he was suspended from all GAA activity for the year.", "The opening round of the championship was watched on from the stand by Brohan.", "He was installed at corner-back in the mid-sixties.", "It was the second year in a row that Cork reached the final.", "Cork recorded a 5–5 o 3–5 victory thanks to three goals by Christy Ring.", "On the field of play, it was Brohan's first winners' medal.", "The All-Ireland final was lined out with Wexford.", "The game has gone down in history as one of the all-time classic games, as Christy Ring was bidding for a record ninth All-Ireland medal.", "The game turned on one important incident as the Wexford goalkeeper, Art Foley, made a miraculous save from a Ring shot and cleared the sliotar up the field to set up another attack.", "There was an All-Ireland runners-up medalNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominationsNominations", "He won a junior football medal in 1957.", "Cork's hurlers were defeated by Waterford on a score line of 1–11 to 1–6.", "The Sunday Review had a best Hurling team of the year selection in spite of a lack of success.", "He ended up on the losing side on every occasion his side went to the provincial finals.", "The Irish Independent ran a poll in 1961, in which the right corner-back position on the best Hurling team of all time was held by Brohan.", "He retired from inter-county hurly in the 1960's.", "In the inter-provincial Hurling competition, the inter-provincial team enjoyed great success.", "In 1957, he helped his province to a 5–7 to 2–5 victory over Leinster.", "This was the first victory in the Railway Cup for the Munster team.", "He won a sixth and final Railway Cup winners' medal in 1963.", "There was a unique style of play that was described as tidy and economical.", "In the 1950s and 1960s, he delighted the legions of Cork supporters by batting away the ball to great distances out of defence to the frustration of opposing forwards, a technique that made him one of the most famous exponents of the batting skill in hurley.", "He deserved his reputation of being the master of this particular skill due to the fact that it was not well developed or used to effect by his peers.", "After his retirement as a player, he became involved with the county Hurling team.", "The teams that won the All-Ireland titles were involved with him.", "Tom Cashman, the nephew of Brohan, captained Cork to victory in the last year.", "Blackrock hurlers and St Michael's (Cork) Gaelic footballers are dual players." ]

[ "Jimmy Brohan", "Jimmy Brohan", "James Brohan", "Brohan", "Brohan", "Brohan", "Brohan", "Brohan", "Brohan", "Brohan", "Brohan", "Brohan", "Brohan", "Brohan", "Brohan", "Brohan", "Brohan", "Brohan", "Brohan", "Brohan", "Brohan", "Brohan", "Brohan", "Brohan" ]

[ "Jimmy", "Jimmy", "Brohan", "Brohan", "Brohan", "Brohan" ]

[ "Dame Edith Ngaio Marsh (; 23 April 1895 – 18 February 1982) was a New Zealand crime writer and theatre director.", "She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1966.", "Marsh is known as one of the \"Queens of Crime\", along with Agatha Christie, Dorothy L. Sayers, and Margery Allingham.", "She is known primarily for her character Inspector Roderick Alleyn, a gentleman detective who works for the Metropolitan Police (London).", "The Ngaio Marsh Award is awarded annually for the best New Zealand mystery, crime and thriller fiction writing.", "Youth\n\nMarsh was born in the city of Christchurch, New Zealand, where she also died.", "In the Introduction to The Collected Short Fiction of Ngaio Marsh, Douglas G. Greene writes: \"Marsh explained to an interviewer... that in New Zealand European children often receive native names, and Ngaio... can mean either 'light on the water' or 'little tree bug' in the Maori language.", "Other sources say that it is the name of a native flowering tree.\"", "Her father neglected to register her birth until 1900 and there is some uncertainty about the date.", "She was the only child of Rose and bank clerk Henry Marsh, described by Marsh as \"have-nots\".", "Her mother's sister Ruth married the geologist, lecturer, and curator Robert Speight.", "Ngaio Marsh was educated at St Margaret's College in Christchurch, where she was one of the first pupils when the school was founded.", "She studied painting at the Canterbury College (NZ) School of Art before joining the Allan Wilkie company as an actress in 1916 and touring New Zealand.", "For a short time in 1921 she was a member of the Rosemary Rees English Comedy Company, a touring company formed by actor-manager Rosemary Rees.", "In 1928 she went to London with friends (on whom she would base the Lamprey family [Surfeit of Lampreys]).", "From then on she divided her time between living in New Zealand and the United Kingdom.", "In London she began writing syndicated articles, which were published in New Zealand.", "In addition she and one of the friends with whom she had come to London opened Touch and Go, a handicraft shop that sold items such as decorated trays, bowls and lampshades.", "From 1928 to 1932 she ran the shop in Knightsbridge, London.", "During that time she wrote her first book, A Man Lay Dead.", "She wrote about the process of writing her first book in an essay, \"Roderick Alleyn\".", "Marsh was a member of The Group, an art association based in Christchurch, New Zealand.", "She exhibited with them in 1927, 1928, 1935, 1936, 1938, 1940 and 1947.", "Career\n\nInternationally she is best known for her 32 detective novels published between 1934 and 1982.", "Along with Dorothy L. Sayers, Margery Allingham and Agatha Christie, she has been classed as one of the four original \"Queens of Crime\" — female writers who dominated the genre of crime fiction in the Golden Age of the 1920s and 1930s.", "All her novels feature British CID detective Roderick Alleyn.", "Several novels feature Marsh's other loves, the theatre and painting.", "A number are set around theatrical productions (Enter a Murderer, Vintage Murder, Overture to Death, Opening Night, Death at the Dolphin, and Light Thickens), and three others are about actors off stage (Colour Scheme, False Scent and Final Curtain).", "Her short story \"'I Can Find My Way Out\" is also set around a theatrical production and is the earlier \"Jupiter case\" referred to in Opening Night; the short story won third prize in 1946 in the inaugural short story contest of Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine.", "Alleyn marries a painter, Agatha Troy, whom he meets during an investigation (Artists in Crime), and who features in three later novels.", "Most of the novels are set in England, but four are set in New Zealand, with Alleyn either on secondment to the New Zealand police (Colour Scheme and Died in the Wool) or on holiday (Vintage Murder and Photo Finish); Surfeit of Lampreys begins in New Zealand but continues in London.", "Notably, Colour Scheme includes Māori people among its cast of characters, unusual for novels of the British mystery genre.", "This novel is said to further subvert the genre by incorporating elements of spy fiction and providing a veiled critique of the British Empire.", "In 2018, HarperCollins Publishers released Money in the Morgue by Ngaio Marsh and Stella Duffy.", "The book was started by Marsh during World War II but abandoned.", "Working with just the book's title, first three chapters and some notes—but no idea of the plot or motive of the villain—Duffy completed the novel.", "Theatre\nMarsh's great passion was the theatre.", "In 1942 she produced a modern-dress Hamlet for the Canterbury University College Drama Society (now University of Canterbury Dramatic Society Incorporated or Dramasoc), the first of many Shakespearean productions with the society until 1969.", "In 1944, Hamlet and a production of Othello toured a theatre-starved New Zealand to rapturous acclaim.", "In 1949, assisted by entrepreneur Dan O'Connor, her student players toured Australia with a new version of Othello and Pirandello's Six Characters in Search of an Author.", "In the 1950s she was involved with the New Zealand Players, a relatively short-lived national professional touring repertory company.", "In 1972 she was invited by the Christchurch City Council to direct Shakespeare's Henry V, the inaugural production for the opening of the newly constructed James Hay Theatre in Christchurch; she made the unusual choice of casting two male leads, who alternated on different nights.", "She lived to see New Zealand set up with a viable professional theatre industry with realistic Arts Council support, with many of her protégés to the forefront.", "The 430-seat Ngaio Marsh Theatre at the University of Canterbury is named in her honour.", "Museum\n\nHer home, now known as Ngaio Marsh House, in Cashmere, a suburb of Christchurch, on the northern slopes of the Port Hills is preserved as a museum.", "Awards and honours\n 1948 – Appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, for services in connexion with drama and literature in New Zealand, in the 1948 King's Birthday Honours\n 1962 – Conferred an honorary doctorate by the University of Canterbury\n 1966 – Appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire, for services in the arts, especially writing and theatre production, in the 1966 Queen's Birthday Honours\n 1974 – Inducted into the Detection Club\n 1978 – Received the Grand Master Award for lifetime achievement as a detective novelist from the Mystery Writers of America\n 1989 – Honored with a stamp by New Zealand Post as part of a New Zealand authors series\n 2015 – Honoured on 23 April 2015 with a Google Doodle\n\nPersonal life\nMarsh was unofficially engaged to Edward Bristed, who died in action in December 1917.", "She never married and had no children.", "She enjoyed close companionships with women, including her lifelong friend Sylvia Fox, but denied being lesbian, according to biographer Joanne Drayton.", "\"I think Ngaio Marsh wanted the freedom of being who she was in a world, especially in a New Zealand that was still very conformist in its judgments of what constituted 'decent jokers, good Sheilas, and 'weirdos'\", Roy Vaughan wrote after meeting her on a P&O Liner.", "In 1965 she published an autobiography, Black Beech and Honeydew.", "British author and publisher Margaret Lewis wrote an authorized biography, Ngaio Marsh, A Life in 1991.", "New Zealand art historian Joanne Drayton's biography, Ngaio Marsh: Her Life in Crime was published in 2008.", "Towards the end of her life she systematically destroyed many of her papers, letters, documents and handwritten manuscripts.", "Marsh died in Christchurch and was buried at the Church of the Holy Innocents, Mount Peel.", "Bibliography\n\nDetective novels\nAll 33 novels, including one finished after Marsh's death, feature Chief Inspector Alleyn (later Chief Superintendent) of the Criminal Investigation Department, Metropolitan Police (London).", "The series is chronological: published and probably written in order of the fictional history.", "List (with the exception of Money in the Morgue) is from a list in The Collected Short Fiction of Ngaio Marsh ed.", "Douglas G. Greene (see below under Short Fiction).", "A Man Lay Dead (1934)\n Enter a Murderer (1935)\n The Nursing Home Murder (1935)\n Death in Ecstasy (1936)\n Vintage Murder (1937).", "Marsh's working title was The Case of the Greenstone Tiki (Otago Daily Times, 13 March 1937)\n Artists in Crime (1938)\n Death in a White Tie (1938)\n Overture to Death (1939)\n Death at the Bar (1940)\n Surfeit of Lampreys (1941); Death of a Peer in the U.S.\n Death and the Dancing Footman (1941)\n Colour Scheme (1943)\n Died in the Wool (1945).", "Serialised: Wagga Wagga Daily Advertiser (1946)\n Money in the Morgue (2018) (unfinished – completed by Stella Duffy)\n Final Curtain (1947)\n Swing Brother Swing (1949); A Wreath for Rivera in the U.S.. Serialised: Home Magazine (1949)\n Opening Night (1951); Night at the Vulcan in the U.S. Serialised in the US, Woman's Day (1951).", "Serialised in abridged form in the UK, Woman's Journal, March to May 1951\n Spinsters in Jeopardy (1953); abridged later in the U.S. as The Bride of Death (1955).", "Serialised in abridged form in the UK, Woman's Journal, October 1953 to January 1954\n Scales of Justice (1955).", "Serialised: Australian Women's Weekly (1956).", "Serialised in abridged form in the UK, Woman's Journal, May to August 1955\n Off With His Head (1956); Death of a Fool in the U.S.\n Singing in the Shrouds (1958).", "Serialised: Australian Women's Weekly (1959).", "Serialised in abridged form in the UK, Woman's Journal, June to September 1958\n False Scent (1959).", "Serialised: Australian Women's Weekly (1960).", "Serialised in abridged form in the UK, Woman's Journal, February to May 1960\n Hand in Glove (1962).", "Serialised in abridged form in the UK, Woman's Journal, April to July 1962\n Dead Water (1963)\n Death at the Dolphin (1966); Killer Dolphin in the U.S.", "Clutch of Constables (1968)\n When in Rome (1970)\n Tied Up in Tinsel (1972)\n Black As He's Painted (1974)\n Last Ditch (1977)\n Grave Mistake (1978)\n Photo Finish (1980)\n Light Thickens (1982)\n\nShort fiction\nThe Collected Short Fiction of Ngaio Marsh, ed.", "Douglas G. Greene, 1989 and 1991 editions (UK title Death on the Air and Other Stories, 1995).", "Includes:\nTwo essays:\n\"Roderick Alleyn\"\n\"Portrait of Troy\"\nThree short stories featuring Alleyn:\nDeath on the Air.", "The Grand Magazine, February 1937.", "Co-authored with A Drummond Sharpe.", "(in both the 1989 and 1991 editions)\nI Can Find My Way Out (1946—USA).", "(in both the 1989 and 1991 editions)\nChapter and Verse: The Little Copplestone Mystery (1974—USA).", "Republished 1936—NZ,2009).", "(in both the 1989 and 1991 editions).", "Marsh's original title was 'Chapter and Verse'\nOther short stories:\nThe Hand in the Sand.", "American Weekly, 15 March 1953.", "(in both the 1989 and 1991 editions)\nThe Cupid Mirror (1972).", "(in both the 1989 and 1991 editions)\nA Fool about Money (1973—USA).", "Australian Women's Weekly, 19 February 1975.", "(in both the 1989 and 1991 editions)\nMorepork (1979—USA).", "(in both the 1989 and 1991 editions)\nThe Figure Quoted.", "(Christchurch) Sun, Christmas 1927.", "Reprinted New Zealand Short Stories (1930,l ed.", "O N Gillespie).", "(only in the 1991 edition)\nA television script:\nEvil Liver, with an ending to be supplied by a jury chosen from the audience; Greene suggests 5 possible solutions.", "Uncollected short stories\nMoonshine.", "(Christchurch) Sun, date unknown.", "Reprinted Yours and Mine: Stories by Young New Zealanders (1936: ed.", "Warwick Lawrence)\nMy Poor Boy (1959)\n\nStage plays\nNoel.", "First performed at St Margaret's College (1912)\nThe Moon Princess.", "First performed at St Michael's Day School (1913)\nMrs 'obson.", "First performed at St Michael's Day School (1914)\nSo Much for Nothing.", "First performed at the Military Sanatorium (1921)\nLittle House Bound.", "First performed at Leeston Town Hall (1924)\n\nLetters\nSpeech of New Zealanders.", "Press, 1 July 1939\n\nReviews\nMarie Tempest by Hector Bolitho.", "Press, 9 January 1937\n\nAdapted works\nExit Sir Derek by Henry Jellett, adapted from The Nursing Home Murder, unpublished at the time.", "First performed at the Little Theatre, Canterbury (1935)\n\nSongs\nColumbine and Pantaloon.", "First performed at Choral Hall, Christchurch (1919)\nThe Hawthorn Gate.", "First performed at Choral Hall, Christchurch (1920)\nThe Gift.", "First performed at Choral Hall, Christchurch (1920)\n\nTelevision plays\nSlipknot (1967) (Alleyn).", "Anthologised under Marsh's original title, 'A Knotty Problem', in Bodies from the Library: Volume 3, ed.", "Tony Medawar (HarperCollins, 2020)\nEvil Liver (script of an episode of the series Crown Court by Granada Television Ltd; recorded in England in 1975).", "Broadcast ITV, 23 August 1975.", "Collected in The Collected Short Fiction of Ngaio Marsh\n\nNon-fiction books\n New Zealand (1942).", "Coauthored with RM Burdon\n A Play Toward (1946)\n Black Beech and Honeydew (1965, autobiography; revised 1981)\n Singing Land (1974)\n\nShort non-fiction articles\n The Night Train from Grey (published under the pseudonym Kowhai).", "Sun, 7 June 1919.", "The Novelist's Problem.", "Press, 22 December 1934\n Theatre: A Note on the Status Quo.", "Landfall, March 1947\n A National Theatre.", "Landfall, March 1949 (Co-authored with George Swan and Arnold F Goodwin)\n An Author's Defence of the Hackneyed Classics.", "ABC Weekly, 2 April 1949\n The Development of the Arts in New Zealand.", "Journal of the Royal Society of the Arts, 9 February 1951\n Theatre in a Young Country.", "Sydney Morning Herald, 29 April 1951\n New Zealand: Welfare Paradise.", "Holiday, November 1960\n The Quick Forge.", "Article within Shakespeare’s Quatercentenary.", "Landfall, March 1964 (Coauthored with James Bertram, DF McKenzie, and Frank Sargeson)\n Stratford-upon-Avon.", "Atlantic Monthly, February 1967\n\nAdaptations\nTwo novels were adapted as television episodes in the 1960s; Death in Ecstasy in 1964 with Geoffrey Keen as Alleyn, and Artists in Crime in 1968 with Michael Allinson as Alleyn.", "Four of the Alleyn novels were adapted for television in New Zealand and aired there in 1977 under the title Ngaio Marsh Theatre, with George Baker as Alleyn.", "Marsh appears in a cameo in the episode \"Vintage Murder.\"", "Nine were adapted as The Inspector Alleyn Mysteries and aired by the BBC in 1993 and 1994 (the pilot originally in 1990), with Simon Williams (pilot) and then Patrick Malahide as Alleyn.", "In the 1990s the BBC made radio adaptations of Surfeit of Lampreys, A Man Lay Dead, Opening Night, and When in Rome starring Jeremy Clyde as Inspector Alleyn, and in 2010 Death and the Dancing Footman featuring Nigel Graham.", "Ngaio Marsh co-wrote the 1951 episode Night at the Vulcan of the Philco Television Playhouse; and appeared as herself in the sixth episode The Central Problem in a television series of the unfinished Charles Dickens mystery novel The Mystery of Edwin Drood.", "References\n\nFurther reading\n\n Kirker, Anne (1986).", "New Zealand Women Artists: A Survey of 150 Years.", "Craftsman House.", "External links \n\n Image of Ngaio Marsh as Hamlet\n Images of Ngaio Marsh\n Dame Ngaio Marsh's Christchurch Home, open to visit\n Ngaio Marsh at Timaru (from NZBC Sound Archives)\n \n\n1895 births\n1982 deaths\nNew Zealand Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire\nEdgar Award winners\nMembers of the Detection Club\nNew Zealand crime fiction writers\nNew Zealand mystery writers\nNew Zealand theatre directors\nNew Zealand women novelists\nPeople educated at St Margaret's College\nUniversity of Canterbury alumni\n20th-century New Zealand novelists\nWomen mystery writers\nWomen autobiographers\nNew Zealand autobiographers\nPeople from Christchurch\n20th-century New Zealand women writers\n20th-century British women writers\n20th-century British novelists" ]

[ "Dame Edith Ngaio Marsh was a New Zealand crime writer and theatre director.", "She was appointed a Dame Commander of the British Empire in 1966.", "Margery Allingham is one of the \"Queens of Crime\" along with Agatha Christie.", "She is best known for her character Inspector Roderick Alleyn, a gentleman detective who works for the Metropolitan Police.", "The best mystery, crime and thriller fiction writing in New Zealand is eligible for the award.", "She died in New Zealand where she was born.", "In the introduction to the collection of short fiction, the author states that the author states that the author states that the author states that the author states that the author states that the author states that the author states that the author states that the author states that the author states that the author states that", "Other sources say it's the name of a native tree.", "Her father did not register her birth until 1900.", "She was the only child of Henry and Rose.", "Ruth was the sister of her mother's friend Robert Speight.", "When St Margaret's College was founded, she was one of the first students.", "She joined the Allan Wilkie company as an actress in 1916 and toured New Zealand.", "She was a member of the Rosemary Rees English Comedy Company for a short time in 1921.", "She went to London with her friends in the 1920s.", "She divided her time between New Zealand and the United Kingdom.", "She began writing syndicated articles in New Zealand.", "Touch and Go, a handicraft shop, was opened by her and one of her friends in London.", "She ran the shop in London from 1928 to 1932.", "A Man Lay Dead was her first book.", "She wrote about the process of writing her first book.", "The Group is an art association based in New Zealand.", "In 1927, 1928, 1935, 1936, 1938, 1940 and 1947, she exhibited with them.", "Her detective novels were published between 1934 and 1982.", "She is one of the four original \"Queens of Crime\", female writers who dominated the genre of crime fiction in the Golden Age of the 1920s and 1930s.", "Her novels feature a British detective.", "The theatre and painting are features in several novels.", "Enter a Murderer, Vintage Murder, Overture to Death, Opening Night, Death at the Dolphin, and Light Thickens are some of the theatrical productions that are set around a number of actors off stage.", "The short story \"I Can Find My Way Out\" was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "Agatha Troy is a painter who is married to Alleyn and features in three later novels.", "Four of the novels are set in New Zealand, with Alleyn either on secondment to the New Zealand police or on holiday, and Surfeit of Lampreys begins in New Zealand.", "Unusual for novels of the British mystery genre, Colour Scheme includes Mori people.", "The novel is said to further subvert the genre by incorporating elements of spy fiction and providing a veiled critique of the British Empire.", "Money in the Morgue was released byHarperCollins Publishers.", "During World War II, the book was abandoned.", "Duffy worked with just the book's title, first three chapters and some notes, but no idea of the plot or motive of the villain, to finish the novel.", "The theatre was Theatre Marsh's passion.", "In 1942 she produced a modern-dress Hamlet for the Canterbury University College Drama Society, the first of many Shakespearean productions with the society.", "In 1944, a production of Hamlet toured New Zealand and received rapturous praise.", "In 1949, Dan O'Connor helped her student players tour Australia with a new version of Six Characters in Search of an Author.", "She was a member of the New Zealand Players, a touring repertory company.", "In 1972 she was invited to direct Shakespeare's Henry V, the inaugural production for the opening of the newly constructed James Hay Theatre, and she made the unusual choice of casting two male leads, who alternated on different nights.", "She lived to see New Zealand set up a professional theatre industry with realistic Arts Council support.", "The theatre is named after her.", "The home of Her on the northern slopes of the Port Hills is now a museum.", "Appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, for services in New Zealand, in the 1948 King's Birthday Honours.", "She had no children.", "She was close with many women, including her lifelong friend Sylvia Fox, but denied being lesbian according to her biographer.", "\"I think she wanted the freedom of being who she was in a world that was still very conformist in its judgments of what constituted good and bad people\", Roy Vaughan wrote after meeting her.", "In 1965, she published an autobiography.", "Margaret Lewis wrote an authorized biography in 1991.", "The biography of a New Zealand art historian was published in 2008.", "She destroyed many of her papers at the end of her life.", "The Church of the Holy Innocents, Mount Peel is where Marsh was buried.", "After Marsh's death, one of the 33 detective novels was finished and features Chief Inspector Alleyn of the Criminal Investigation Department.", "The series was probably written in order of the fictional history.", "Money in the Morgue is from a list in a book.", "There is a short fiction by Douglas G. Greene.", "A man is dead in a nursing home.", "Artists in Crime, Death in a White Tie, and Death at the Bar were all written by Marsh.", "Money in the Morgue, Final Curtain, Swing Brother Swing, and A wreath for Rivera in the U.S. were serialised.", "The Bride of Death was published in the U.S. in 1955 and in the UK in 1951.", "Scales of Justice was serialised in the UK in October and January of 1955.", "Australian Women's Weekly was serialised.", "Off With His Head was serialised in the UK in May to August 1955.", "Australian Women's Weekly was serialised.", "The June to September 1959 edition of Woman's Journal was serialised in the UK.", "Australian Women's Weekly was serialised.", "The February to May 1960 edition of Woman's Journal was serialised in the UK.", "Dead Water and Death at the Dolphin were serialised in the UK in the April to July 1962 edition of Woman's Journal.", "The Collected Short Fiction of Ngaio Marsh is a collection of short fiction.", "Death on the Air and Other Stories was published in the UK in 1989 and 1991.", "Two essays, \"Portrait of Troy\" and \"Death on the Air\" are included.", "February 1937 edition of The Grand Magazine.", "Co-authored by two people.", "I can find my way out in both the 1989 and 1991 editions.", "The Little Copplestone Mystery is in both the 1989 and 1991 editions.", "In 1936, it was re published in New Zealand.", "In the 1989 and 1991 editions.", "The Hand in the Sand is a short story by Marsh.", "The American Weekly was published in March of 1953.", "In both the 1989 and 1991 editions, there is a novel.", "A Fool about Money was in the 1989 and 1991 editions.", "Australian Women's Weekly was published in 1975.", "Morepork was in the 1989 and 1991 editions.", "The Figure Quoted was in the 1989 and 1991 editions.", "Christmas 1927.", "New Zealand Short Stories were published in 1930.", "O N Gillespie.", "In the 1991 edition, there is a television script with an ending to be supplied by a jury chosen from the audience.", "There are uncollected short stories.", "The date is unknown.", "Yours and mine were stories by young New Zealanders.", "My Poor Boy plays Noel.", "The Moon Princess was performed at St Margaret's College.", "The first performance was at St Michael's Day School.", "So Much for Nothing was performed at St Michael's Day School.", "The Little House Bound was first performed at the Military Sanatorium.", "The letters speech of New Zealanders was first performed at Leeston Town Hall.", "The reviews of Marie Tempest were published on 1 July 1939.", "The Nursing Home Murder, adapted from by Henry Jellett, was unpublished at the time.", "Songs Columbine and Pantaloon were first performed at the Little Theatre.", "The first performance was at The Hawthorn Gate.", "The Gift was first performed at Choral Hall.", "Television plays Slipknot on Alleyn.", "In Bodies from the Library: Volume 3, Marsh's original title was 'A Knotty Problem'.", "The script of an episode of the series Crown Court was written by Tony Medawar.", "The broadcast was on August 23, 1975.", "The Collected Short Fiction of Ngaio Marsh was published in New Zealand in 1942.", "The Night Train from Grey is a short non-fiction article written by Kowhai.", "The sun came up on 7 June 1919.", "The novelist has a problem.", "The Theatre: A Note on the Status Quo was published in December 1934.", "March 1947 A National Theatre.", "Landfall was co-authored with George Swan and Arnold F Goodwin.", "The Development of the Arts in New Zealand was published in 1949.", "Theatre in a Young Country was published in the Journal of the Royal Society of the Arts.", "New Zealand: Welfare Paradise was published in the Morning Herald.", "The Quick Forge had a holiday in November 1960.", "There is an article within Shakespeare's Quatercentenary.", "Landfall, March 1964 is a novel by Frank Sargeson.", "In the 1960s, two novels were adapted as television episodes, Death in Ecstasy and Artists in Crime.", "Four of the Alleyn novels were adapted for television in New Zealand and aired there in 1977.", "Marsh is in an episode of \"Vintage Murder.\"", "Nine were adapted as The Inspector Alleyn Mysteries and 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "A Man Lay Dead, Surfeit of Lampreys, When in Rome, and Death and the Dancing Footman were all made into radio shows.", "She appeared in the sixth episode of The Central Problem in a television series of the unfinished Charles Dickens mystery novel The Mystery of Edwin Drood, as well as co-writing the 1951 episode Night at the Vulcan of the Philco Television Playhouse.", "Kirker, Anne was read further.", "A survey of New Zealand women artists.", "The house is Craftsman.", "The New Zealand Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire is open to visit." ]

[ "Edith Ngaio Marsh", "Marsh", "Marsh", "Ngo Marsh", "Marsh", "Henry Marsh", "Marsh", "Marsh", "Marsh", "Marsh", "Marsh", "Marsh", "Marsh", "Marsh", "Ngaio", "Marsh", "Ngaio", "Marsh", "Marsh", "Marsh", "Marsh", "Marsh", "Marsh", "Marsh", "Marsh", "MarshM", "Marsh", "Ngaio", "Marsh", "Ngaio", "Marsh", "Ngaio", "Marsh", "Ngaio", "Marsh", "Ngaio", "Marsh" ]

[ "Edith Ngaio Marsh", "Marsh", "Marsh", "Marsh", "Ngaio", "Marsh", "Marsh", "Marsh", "Ngaio", "Marsh", "Marsh" ]

[ "Henry Masauko Blasius Chipembere (5 August 1930 – 24 September 1975) was a Malawian nationalist politician who played a significant role in bringing independence from colonial rule to his native country, formerly known as Nyasaland.", "From an early age Chipembere was a strong believer in natural justice and, on his return in 1954 from university in South Africa, he joined his country's independence struggle as a nationalist strategist and spokesman.", "In 1957, considering that the independence movement need such a strong leader similar to Kwame Nkrumah, and considering himself too young for this task, he joined with other young nationalists in inviting Hastings Kamuzu Banda to return to Nyasaland as the movement's leader.", "From 1958, Chipembere orchestrated a campaign of civil disobedience against the colonial authorities that Banda insisted should be non-violent, but which the younger leaders allowed to become more violent, and which eventually led the governor of Nyasaland to declare a State of emergency over the whole protectorate in March 1959.", "This led to the arrest of Chipembere, Banda and other leaders of the Nyasaland African Congress and the deportation 72 of them to Southern Rhodesia, to the banning of the Congress party and to at least 51 African civilian deaths.", "Chipembere was regarded as a dangerous militant and imprisoned until late 1960: shortly after his release, he was prosecuted for sedition and imprisoned again until early 1963.", "Despite policy disagreements with Banda, on his second release Chipembere became a minister in Banda's cabinet in the run up to independence in July 1964.", "Barely a month later, Banda's autocratic style led to the Cabinet Crisis of 1964 in Malawi, when a majority of ministers who had voiced opposition to his style of government and several of his policies were sacked or resigned.", "Chipembere was not initially involved in this dispute and, although he did resign in sympathy with his colleagues, he attempted reconciliation during September 1964, until he and other ex-ministers were forced to leave the capital, Zomba, because of the hostility of Banda's supporters.", "After several months in Fort Johnston district, he and a few hundred supporters attempted an armed revolt in February 1965, which soon failed.", "Chipembere was ill with diabetes and, with British government support and Banda's consent, he was taken to California to study and for treatment.", "He then taught in Tanzania before returning to California in 1969 to complete his doctorate and for further diabetes treatment, and he later taught at California State University.", "He died in exile in Southern California, of complications arising from diabetes.", "Early life and career\nChipembere's father, Habil Matthew Chipembere, was a teacher from a prosperous Nyanja family, who was studying for the priesthood in the Church of the Province of Central Africa, a part of the Anglican Communion at the time of Henry's birth.", "Henry Chipembere was born in Kayoyo, then in Kota kota district, now Ntchisi district, in the Central Region of Nyasaland (now Malawi).", "His mother gave him the name \"Masauko\", which means \"suffering\" or \"troubles\", because it had been a difficult pregnancy.", "He was educated at Blantyre Secondary School, which also produced his later ministerial colleagues Augustine Bwanausi and Willie Chokani, up to School Certificate level.", "As university entrance generally required the Higher School Certificate, which was not offered at any school in Nyasaland at that time, around ten students from Nyasaland were sent each year to schools in Southern Rhodesia to complete their education, and Chipembere spent 1950 and 1951 under this scheme at Goromonzi secondary school in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), before proceeding to Fort Hare college in South Africa in 1952, from which he graduated in late 1954.", "For a little more than a year after returning, he worked in the colonial civil service as one of the first two African Assistant District Commissioners, and he served under local District Commissioners, first at Domasi and then at Fort Johnston (now Mangochi), both in the Southern Province, and finally at Dedza in the Central Province.", "On 30 December 1954, soon after his return from Fort Hare, he attended an informal meeting in Blantyre, with like-minded young Nyasaland Africans, including Kanyama Chiume, many of whom decided to ally themselves with the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC).", "This was a gradualist political organisation at that time, that had become almost moribund by 1950 but had revived under the vice-presidency and later presidency of James Frederick Sangala.", "It was, however, dominated by an earlier generation of politicians who had been with Congress since the 1940s and were demoralized by the party's failure to prevent the federation, in 1953, of Nyasaland with Southern and Northern Rhodesia.", "After his election as president in 1954, Sangala had angered some NAC members by allowing two NAC candidates to be elected to the Federal Parliament, and a number of them tried to unseat him.", "In 1955, the governor considered that it was necessary to convince the African population the Federation was in their best interests and allay their fears.", "Accordingly, the Nyasaland government, with Colonial Office approval, increased the number of seats reserved for Africans on the Legislative Council from three to five.", "These African members would be nominated by Provincial Councils: although the Provincial Councils were largely composed of chiefs, their members were receptive to popular wishes, and they nominated Congress members or its supporters to the Legislative Council.", "In March 1956, aged only 25, Henry Chipembere resigned his civil service post in order to stand for election.", "He was elected by an overwhelming majority to represent the Southern Province, along with Chiume for the Northern Province, Ralph Chinyama, N D Kwenje and Dunstan Chijozi (who was a sympathizer, but not a member of, the NAC).", "The council also included eleven official government members, headed by the Governor, and six non-official European members (so-called unofficials).", "Chipembere and Chiume seized the initiative in the Legislative Council with their outspoken and aggressive participation in its proceedings.", "The existing members, mostly European, had conducted proceedings with traditional British decorum and restraint, and presumably expected the new members to behave similarly; but these two asked awkward questions and made radical proposals which unsettled and embarrassed the existing membership.", "Their assault on colonial policies and condemnation of Federation turned the transcripts of the council's proceedings in Hansard, into a bestseller, particularly among young Africans, who were totally unaccustomed to seeing other Africans challenging the colonial authority so openly.", "Chipembere later said that his behaviour here was inspired by Hastings Kamuzu Banda, whose speeches in London five years earlier against the Federation of Nyasaland with Southern and Northern Rhodesia had been similarly daring and inflammatory.", "In April 1955, at the 11th annual conference of the NAC, Chipembere and Chiume proposed secession from the Federation as official policy.", "In November 1956, Chipembere wrote to Dr Banda, then in semi-retirement in the Gold Coast (later Ghana), asking for his support in getting two African MPs, Manoah Chirwa and Clement Kumbikano, to resign from the Federal Assembly in Rhodesia, something which they had allegedly undertaken to do once they had officially protested against Federation in the assembly on Congress's behalf.", "Chipembere felt that their participation in the Federal Assembly weakened the Nyasaland African case for seceding from the Federation, which they had been adamantly and overwhelmingly opposed to in the first place.", "Banda, who had always regarded participation in the Federal Assembly as a betrayal, temporized and counselled patience, but Chipembere and Chiume nevertheless, on December 31, 1956, put a motion before Congress proposing that Chirwa and Kumbikano should be ordered to step down.", "In an eleven-hour debate, however, their motion was defeated, in part it is thought, because of the opposition of older members of Congress who regarded Chipembere and Chiume as too young and inexperienced to be taken seriously.", "It was probably this that determined the younger element to ask Banda, an older and highly respected man who had spent his entire adult life away from his native Nyasaland, to return and lead the campaign for secession (and ultimately independence).", "In January 1957, Sangala was persuaded to resign, and was replaced as President of Congress by Thamar Dillon Thomas Banda, known as T D T Banda, who was initially supported by Chipembere, Chiume and other young NAC members, and a youth movement called \"the Kwaca Boys\", which was later transformed into the Congress Youth League.", "In March 1957, T D T Banda went to the Gold Coast to participate in that country's independence celebrations, and while he was there, he visited Hastings Banda in order to try to persuade him to return.", "Banda was still reluctant, and two weeks later Chipembere wrote him a letter repeating the request.", "Later that year, partly in response to further moves by Sir Roy Welensky, the Prime Minister of the Federation, towards attaining dominion status for the Federation (which would make secession by Nyasaland very much harder to achieve), Banda finally agreed to return, but only on conditions which essentially gave him autocratic powers in Congress.", "Banda also threw his weight behind the demand for the resignation of the two Federal MPs, which happened shortly thereafter.", "One of Hastings Banda's preconditions was that he would become President of Congress, and the way for this was cleared when, in March 1958, T D T Banda was suspended over financial irregularities, a move orchestrated by Chipembere and Chiume, and was later removed from office.", "In June 1958, Chipembere, Dunduzu Chisiza and Chief Kutanja joined Banda in meeting the Colonial Secretary, Lennox-Boyd, in London to discuss a new constitution for Nyasaland (one which had already been roundly rejected by Nyasaland's governor, Robert Armitage).", "Lennox-Boyd ‘took note’ of their views but said he did not think Congress represented Nyasaland African opinion.", "The following month, on 6 July 1958, Banda returned to Nyasaland after an absence of 42 years.", "At the Congress Annual General Meeting at Nkhata Bay on 1 August 1958, Banda was named President of the Congress, and he nominated Chipembere as Treasurer General.", "The campaign for independence began in earnest.", "Chipembere and most other leading Congress activists were in their late 20s or early 30s, but Banda was over 60.", "As well as the age difference, there was disagreement about Banda's role: the activists saw him as a figurehead, but he saw himself as the leader of Congress and expected their obedience.", "At that meeting, Banda also demanded and was given the power to appoint and dismiss all other party officers and members of its executive.", "Banda also appointed Chiume as Publicity Secretary, Dunduzu Chisiza as Secretary-general and four other young radicals to the party's executive committee, ignoring older moderates.", "However, he made it clear that he regarded his appointees as subordinates, not colleagues.", "Fight for independence\nChipembere, Chiume and the two Chisiza brothers (Dunduzu and Yatuta) played a critical role in organizing Congress as a mass political party and creating support for Banda.", "Banda hitherto had been known mostly only by the educated minority in the country, although there was some awareness of his story among many of the people.", "They toured the country speaking to crowds assembled by the newly energized Congress.", "In quite a few cases, this resulted in unrest, intimidation of opponents and rioting.", "In the latter part of 1958, Banda presented Congress proposals for an African majority in the Legislative Council to the governor, Sir Robert Armitage.", "As this would have led to a demand for withdrawal from the Federation, Armitage rejected them, although Banda continued to confer with the governor and leading officials on proposed constitutional changes.", "A final round of talks in the first days of January 1959 was abortive, and this impasse led to demands from Congress activists for more violent anti-government action, with their leaders including Chipembere making increasingly inflammatory statements, urging direct and potentially violent action.", "On 24 and 25 January 1959, there was a clandestine outdoor meeting of Congress held in Banda's absence at Limbe near Blantyre, which became known as the \"bush meeting\".", "In a letter sent to Chiume in the following week, Chipembere wrote that \"for the first time, Congress adopted 'action' as the official policy – and 'action' in the real sense of action\".", "This letter was published as an appendix to the report of the Devlin Commission investigating disturbances in Nyasaland, and it clearly suggested action to defy the colonial authorities.", "It was alleged that the Congress members present had discussed using violence and intimidation of opponents as a means of furthering their push for independence.", "The Governor also received reports from police informers, only one of which attended the meeting, which claimed that Congress planned the indiscriminate killing of Europeans, Asians and its African opponents, the so-called \"murder plot\".", "There is no credible evidence that a murder plot as suggested by the police ever existed, but the refusal of Banda or other Congress leaders to condemn the violent actions of Congress members gave some plausibility to the allegation.", "Chipembere later admitted he had misled the Devlin Commission as to the level of violence he was prepared to sanction, and it is possible that he, Chisiza and a few extremists had discussed killing the governor and leading civil servants.", "However, such a proposal was not put to or approved by the meeting in general, so the majority of attendees examined by the commission could truthfully report that they heard no suggestion made there such as Armitage reported to British ministers.", "Armitage decided to suspend negotiations without making any concessions and prepared for mass arrests, and on 20 February, troops from Rhodesia were flown to Nyasaland to assist in the planned detentions without trial.", "On February 20 and in the days following, both Chipembere and Yatuta Chisiza made a number of provocative speeches and on 20 February 1959 itself, Chipembere addressed a crowd at Ndirande near Blantyre, following which the crowd threw stones at passing motorists.", "Other disturbances followed, and the police or troops fired on some of these, leading to four deaths.", "Finally, on 3 March 1959, Armitage declared a State of Emergency over the whole of the protectorate and arrested Banda, other members of the Congress executive committee and over a hundred local party officials.", "The Nyasaland African Congress was banned the next day and Chipembere and Chiume were later removed from the Legislative Council.", "Rather than calming the situation immediately, fifty-one Africans were recorded as killed and many more were wounded, some of whom died later, in the days immediately following the declaration of the emergency.", "Many of the arrests were made early in the morning of 3 March 1959, and the sweep was known as Operation Sunrise; by the end of the day most principal Congress leaders had been arrested and detained.", "Some were released very quickly, but 72 prominent detainees, including Banda, were flown to be detained in Southern Rhodesia.", "Chipembere, together with Banda and the Chisiza brothers, was imprisoned in Gwelo (now Gweru), in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).", "These senior members of Congress were housed in the European wing of the jail, separate from the lower-level detainees.", "There, Chipembere studied history, politics, and philosophy, and he and the other Congress inmates, including Dr Banda, discussed their plans for an independent Nyasaland.", "However, there were some tensions: Banda became concerned with Chipembere's volatile temper, and Banda's increasingly authoritarian attitudes alarmed his three fellow prisoners.", "The mood in Britain, meanwhile, had been moving toward relinquishing the colonies.", "Banda was released from prison in April 1960 and was almost immediately invited to London for talks at Lancaster House aimed at bringing about constitutional changes.", "Chipembere remained in prison, though he, along with others, was moved from Gwelo to Kanjedza near Blantyre in Nyasaland.", "In August 1960, while governor Robert Armitage was on leave and the more sympathetic Glyn Jones was Acting Governor, Banda began pressing for the release of Chipembere and the Chisiza brothers.", "There was some resistance; many Europeans including Iain Macleod, the Colonial Secretary, regarded these three as violent extremists, and the month of August had seen further violent incidents.", "On 27 September, however, they were grudgingly freed, being among the last detainees to be released.", "They went immediately to Kota Kota, where the annual Malawi Congress Party (the new name of the Nyasaland African Congress) conference was being held.", "There, Banda produced them to the assembled but unsuspecting conference, wearing the red gowns of the ‘prison graduate’ and ‘camp finalist’.", "Chipembere was reinstated as Treasurer General of the party, and Banda was made Life President of the party.", "Despite Banda's release, tension in Nyasaland remained at a high level throughout 1960.", "Although the new Governor, Glyn Smallwood Jones regarded Banda as non-violent, he considered many of his lieutenants, including Chipembere to be men of violence.", "In a directive to Provincial Commissioners of September 1960, Jones urged government officials to work with Congress and ignore minor infractions of the law, while not tolerating major breaches of the peace, a proviso interpreted as allowing the prosecution of those openly promoting violence.", "Chipembere, and Chiume who was also released in September 1960, made a number of intemperate speeches against African opponents, calling at a 4 December 196o public meeting near Blantyre for Congress members to kill enemies of the party, which was followed by the burning of a leading opponent's house.", "Later in December, Chipembere delivered a speech in Rumphi in which he said (according to the Nyasaland Times of 3 February 1961), with reference to a European member of the Legislative Council, \"Give me the living body of Blackwood to tear to pieces.", "I'll do the job in two minutes\".", "He was tried for sedition as a result of this speech and sentenced to three years in prison, and served two years in Zomba jail before his release in January 1963.", "While he was imprisoned, his father, by now Archdeacon in the Malawi Anglican church, assumed the seat that Chipembere had recently regained on the Legislative Council.", "Because he was in prison, Chipembere was unable to participate in the constitutional talks which brought about a general election, with full adult suffrage, in August 1961.", "Although several elected Congress members had agitated for Chipembere's early release, and the Governor, Glyn Jones, was willing to discuss this, according to some reports had Banda deliberately avoided acting on an alleged undertaking to do so, despite Dunduzu Chisiza urging him to, because he feared the young activist would disrupt progress towards full independence.", "Banda was not forceful in pressing Jones to release Chipembere, and he only did so after the latter had served much of his sentence, although Banda later claimed credit for securing his early release.", "The Governor wanted to ensure that Chipembere was released before February 1963, otherwise he would have been ineligible to become a minister when Banda's cabinet was sworn in.", "On 1 February 1963, Banda and his cabinet were sworn in, and the recently released Chipembere was given the post of Minister of Local Government: he later became Minister for Education.", "Shortly afterwards, Banda sent Chipembere, together with Chiume, on a two-month course of study in America, partly, it is thought, to allow the excitement generated by his release to die down, and partly to avoid the risk of further disturbances during the run-up to full independence.", "This did not stop him for long, however.", "By June, he was making speeches at Port Herald (now Nsanje) and Chikwawa inciting more violence against \"capricorns\" and \"stooges\".", "Malawi achieved independence finally on 6 July 1964.", "The Cabinet crisis\nThe first policy issue that divided Banda from Chipembere and his ministerial colleagues was Banda's insistence on continuing diplomatic relations with South Africa and Portugal, contrasted with a refusal to recognise the People's Republic of China or East Germany, despite most ministers' ideological opposition to his pragmatism, and his contemptuously rejection of attempts by Chiume and Yatuta Chisiza to form closer ties with Zambia and Tanganyika.", "Next was the slow pace of Africanization in the Civil Service and the freezing of Civil Service salaries.", "Although most ministers agitated for the wholesale replacement of expatriate civil servants by Malawians, Banda insisted on the retention of the former until suitably-qualified Malawians were available and he supported the commission of inquiry recommendation freezing or reduction of many Civil Service salaries, the eliminating or reducing a number of their allowances and introducing a compulsory pension scheme in line with the commission's Skinner Report.", "Finally, Banda insisted on the introduction of a charge for outpatients at state hospitals, against strong ministerial opposition.", "Within a few weeks of independence, Banda also demoted one minister, John Msonthi, from membership of the cabinet and, on 29 July, proposed the reintroduction of detention without trial, which the ministers feared might be used against them.", "Shortly after these initial tensions, on 19 August 1964, Chipembere left Malawi for a conference in Canada.", "Meanwhile, back in Malawi, cabinet members including Orton Chirwa, Chiume, Yatuta Chisiza and others (with some limited support from John Tembo, Minister of Finance), were growing restive under Banda's autocratic leadership style.", "They had several grievances against him, including that he had too much power (he was in charge of six different ministries) and that he treated his cabinet with too little respect, even in public.", "Matters came to a head on 24 August, when those ministers presented him with what they called the Kuchawe Manifesto (because it had been written at the Kuchawe Hotel (now renamed the Ku Chawe Inn) on Zomba plateau), which was a letter containing a list of their demands.", "On 7 September, Banda dismissed three of the protesting cabinet members (Orton Chirwa, Kanyama Chiume, and Augustine Bwanausi) and also Rose Chibambo, a Parliamentary Secretary, who was the only female minister.", "Three other cabinet members, (Yatuta Chisiza, Willie Chokani and John Msonthi who had only recently been reinstated), resigned on the same day, causing the Cabinet Crisis of 1964.", "On September 8, parliament began to debate a motion of confidence in Dr Banda and his policies.", "Chipembere arrived back from Canada that evening, having been joined at Dar es Salaam by Qabaniso Chibambo, the Regional Minister for northern Malawi, who urged him to make a last attempt at reconciling Banda and the ministers.", "As soon as he reached Zomba, he contacted Glyn Jones to assist him in persuading Banda to delay the second stage of the parliamentary debate and to meet the ministers who had been sacked or resigned to discuss a reconciliation.", "After failing to persuade Banda to postpone the start of the debate's second day, Chipembere resigned his cabinet position in sympathy with his colleagues on the morning of 9 September, and retired to the back benches.", "His speech on the second day of the debate was delivered with restraint and expressed regret that the dispute could not be settled by discussion in cabinet, adding that it was absurd of certain MPs to describe the ex-ministers, most of whom had suffered detention to secure independence, as traitors.", "His speech failed to sway Banda's supporters in parliament who, jealous of the rapid rise of the young graduate ministers or moved by Banda's oratory, gave him a unanimous vote of confidence.", "Banda used his power as MCP President to remove the ex-ministers first from the MCP executive and on 15 September to suspend them from the party altogether.", "Although some ex-ministers acted with caution, Chipembere made a defiant speech following his resignation at Fort Johnston (now Mangochi), where he had a considerable support, complaining about the slow pace of Africanisation, and held a celebration of his suspension from the MCP on 19 September in Blantyre, where he criticised Banda's policies.", "Efforts to reinstate some of the ministers with Glyn Jones' help between 16 and 18 September failed, as did a lat-ditch attempt on 26 September, when a meeting planned by Chipembere in Blantyre on that day and the next was banned, ostensibly because he had not obtained police permission.", "There were clashes with Malawi Youth League members in Blantyre and in Zomba on 25 and 26 September, the second after Chipembere had addressed his supporters on Zomba.", "After these disturbances, he left for Fort Johnston District, where popular support for him was strong.", "The following week was tense throughout the country, and Zomba became a centre of support for the ex-ministers with many African government employees there going on strike, and senior civil servants (almost all Europeans) staying at home, fearing violence.", "To counter this, supporters of Banda were transported to Zomba on the night of 27/28 September, and they tried to close Zomba market and force the striking civil servants back to work.", "However, many African civil servants armed themselves with sticks, attacked and drove out the outnumbered MCP supporters, burned down the party's headquarters and assaulted two newly appointed ministers.", "By 30 September every minister that supported Banda had left Zomba and supporters of the dismissed ministers remained in control of the town until troops and police moved in to restore calm a few days later.", "Although Chipembere later claimed that expatriate civil servants and security officers had turned Banda against him and his colleagues, and used their control of the army and police to defeat them, there is no evidence that expatriate officials submitted misleading reports to Banda or gave him biased advice, and Glyn Jones, other senior officials and the British High Commissioner worked toward a compromise were Banda retained most of his powers but respected his ministers and gave them more responsibility.", "However, if it had come to a choice between Banda, who had played a central role in Malawi gaining independence and appeared to be a pragmatic moderate, and the ex-ministers including Chipembere and Chiume, who the British government regarded as men of violence and likely to destabilise Malawi, Banda would have been preferred.", "The ministers who had resigned or were dismissed disagreed about what should happen after Banda's powers were reduced and had no clear strategy for resisting him when he refused to give up power.", "On the other hand, Banda had, in the six years since he had returned to Malawi, gained control of the MCP where his supporters controlled its three region organisations and those of many districts; he had personally chosen many of its MPs.", "In addition, the security forces and police remained loyal, so Banda would have been difficult to dislodge once he refused to surrender any of his power.", "On 30 September, Banda signed an order restricting Chipembere to within four miles of his home in Malindi in Fort Johnston District, although Chipembere's supporters in the district ensured that he could move about the district freely.", "On 25 October, Banda claimed at an MPC meeting that the ex-ministers were plotting to overthrow him by force.", "Chipembere left his house on 28 October to go into hiding, following which Banda claimed he had run away and ordered his arrest, \"…alive if possible, but if not alive then any other way.\"", "By his own later account, Chipembere claimed his original intention was to organise a campaign of civil disobedience and, up to late October 1964, his supporters kept most pro-Banda loyalists out of Fort Johnston District.", "However, when Chipembere went into hiding in a remote forest area north of Malindi, he created a training camp to prepare his followers for an armed insurrection.", "His actual intentions were unclear, but he may have hoped that African members of the police and army would mutiny against their expatriate commanders and that there would be an almost bloodless coup.", "On the night of 12 February 1965, Chipembere together with about 200 local supporters moved into Fort Johnston.", "According to Banda's speech of 6 April 1965 in Hansard (a government publication and possibly not an unbiased source), they attacked the police station, killing the wife and child of the unpopular head of Special Branch there, destroyed telephone installations, both there and at the post office, and removed guns and ammunition from the police armoury.", "They then moved in the direction of the capital, Zomba, but found that the ferry vessel at Liwonde Ferry was secured on the farther side of the Shire River.", "With no prospect of reaching Zomba before government forces were alerted, they retreated to Fort Johnston, where a detachment of the Malawi army caught up with them at noon the next day, killing or capturing several of Chipembere's men, although the majority escaped into the bush.", "Subsequently, the army pushed on to the training camp where they discovered a list of 300 Chipembere supporters, 50 of whom were soon captured by the security forces.", "This ended Chipembere's attempt at a coup d'état.", "Many of Chipembere supporters were Yao, and Banda promoted the recruitment of members of the rival Lomwe group as paramilitary police to contain them, stirring up ethnic tensions\n\nFor the next two months, despite the offer of a large reward for his arrest, Chipembere moved freely around Fort Johnston District, however, he was ill with untreated diabetes.", "In March 1965, Chipembere, acting through the good offices of Governor General, Glyn Jones, made overtures to Banda to proclaim an amnesty for his supporters, including those already in prison, in exchange for his agreement to leave the country and not to conspire against Banda in the future.", "However, Banda was adamant that no such amnesty should be given, and moved to enact retrospective changes to the law on treason, including imposing a mandatory death sentence.", "Chipembere also approached the US ambassador to Malawi, Sam Gilstrap, asking him to arrange a university place for him in the US.", "On 26 April, with the help of both Glyn Jones and US interests, the loan of an aircraft from the British South Africa Police, and with Banda's knowledge and acquiescence, he was secretly moved to Zomba, and from there to Salisbury (in Southern Rhodesia), London, New York and finally California.", "Banda announced that Chipembere had run away to the US in a nationwide radio broadcast on 21 May.", "Chipembere later claimed that an amnesty had been promised for his followers.", "However, the British and US officials involved recorded that the agreement made related solely to Chipembere's evacuation, although Chipembere was not made aware of Banda's refusal of an full amnesty.", "Many of his followers were detained without trial after his departure and a few continued raids on government targets for some time, leading to retaliatory burning of local villages and the hanging of one of the leaders, Medson Silombela, in January 1966 before an invited audience, rather than in public as Banda originally proposed, as Glyn Jones declined to sign the bill authorising this.", "Exile\nChipembere spent the rest of his life in exile.", "He remained in California until August 1966 when he considered the possibilities of remaining in the United States, moving to Britain or to Zambia or Tanzania.", "Because of his diabetes, Chipembere wanted to live in a country with better medical facilities than Tanzania or Zambia.", "However, the British government, wary of offending Banda, was allegedly not receptive of his proposal to live there, and Zambia would only accept him if he lived in a rural area, so this left Tanzania as the most welcoming option, then ruled by Julius Nyerere and his African-Socialist Tanzanian African National Union (TANU) party.", "After his move to Dar es Salaam, Chipembere taught at Kivukoni College and set up a new political party, the Panafrican Democratic Party of Malawi.", "In early 1968, he attempted reconciliation with Banda through Lady Listowel and, through her, Glyn Jones.", "\"I am finished and useless\", he told Listowel.", "\"I can accomplish nothing, am unemployed, receiving a small pittance from the Tanzanian government...", "I do not wish to crawl back to Dr Banda but I am desperate\".", "(From a letter by Glyn Jones).", "Although Banda reportedly expressed interest in allowing Chipembere back in exchange for his thorough recantation and support, this never came to anything.", "In 1969, Chipembere returned to the US, where he taught at California State University.", "He died in on 24 September 1975 of diabetes and a liver disease, aged 45, survived by his wife, Catherine, and seven children.", "In the early 1990s, after Banda had been ousted, Catherine Chipembere returned to Malawi and was the first woman elected to Parliament.", "She also served in the Ministry of Culture and Education before retiring to Mangochi, where she works with AIDS orphans and a women's knitting cooperative.", "Their son Masauko Chipembere Jr is an internationally known jazz artist.", "References\n\nSources\n Colin Baker, (2000).", "Sir Glyn Jones, A Proconsul in Africa, I.B.", "Tauris, London.", "Colin Baker, (2001).", "Revolt of the Ministers: The Malawi Cabinet Crisis 1964-1965, I.", "B. Tauris. .\n Colin Baker, (2006).", "Chipembere: The Missing Years, Kachere, Zomba, 2006. .\n Patrick Devlin et al., (1959) Report of the Nyasaland Commission of Inquiry, Cmnd.", "814, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, July 1959.", "Owen.", "J. M. Kalinga, (2012).", "Historical Dictionary of Malawi, 4th edition.", "Lanham, Scarecrow Press.", "John McCracken, (2002).", "The Ambiguities of Nationalism: Flax Musopole and the Northern Factor in Malawian Politics, c. 1956–1966, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol.", "28, No.", "1.", "John McCracken, (2012).", "A History of Malawi, 1859–1966, Woodbridge, James Currey. .\n Joey Power, (2010).", "Political Culture and Nationalism in Malawi: Building Kwacha.", "University of Rochester Press. .\n Robert I. Rotberg, (1965).", "The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "Robert I. Rotberg, (2002) Hero of the Nation: Chipembere of Malawi, an Autobiography.", "Blantyre, Christian Literature Association of Malawi.", "Robert I. Rotberg, (2010) Masauko Chipembere: Brief life of a pioneering African nationalist: 1930-1975, Harvard Review, May/June 2010, 99 42–3.", "Philip Short, (1974) Banda'', Routledge & Kegan Paul, London and Boston.", "External links\n Malawi Factfile\n Democracy Factfile\n Habil Matthew Chipembere\n Account by Chipembere's son.", "1930 births\n1974 deaths\nMalawian historians\nUniversity of California, Los Angeles alumni\nUniversity of California, Los Angeles faculty\nGovernment ministers of Malawi\n20th-century historians\n20th-century Malawian writers" ]

[ "Henry Masauko Blasius Chipembere was a nationalist politician who played a significant role in bringing independence from colonial rule to his native country.", "After graduating from university in South Africa, Chipembere joined his country's independence struggle as a nationalist strategist and spokesman.", "He joined with other young nationalists in inviting Hastings Kamuzu Banda to return to Nyasaland as the movement's leader because he thought he was too young for the job.", "The governor of Nyasaland declared a State of Emergency in March of this year after a campaign of civil disobedience led to the downfall of the colonial authorities.", "The deportation of 72 leaders of the Nyasaland African Congress to Southern Rhodesia and the banning of the Congress party resulted in at least 51 African civilian deaths.", "After his release from prison in the late 1960s, he was arrested for sedition and imprisoned again until 1963.", "In the run up to independence, Chipembere became a minister in the cabinet despite policy disagreements.", "The Cabinet Crisis of 1964 in Malawi occurred when a majority of ministers who had voiced opposition to his style of government were sacked or resigned.", "Although he resigned in sympathy with his colleagues, Chipembere was forced to leave the capital, Zomba, because of the hostility of Banda's supporters.", "He and a few hundred supporters attempted an armed revolt in February 1965, which failed.", "The British government supported Chipembere in his battle with diabetes and he was taken to California for treatment.", "He returned to California in 1969 to complete his PhD and teach at California State University.", "He died of diabetes-related problems in Southern California.", "At the time of Henry's birth, Habil Matthew Chipembere was studying for the priesthood in the Church of the Province of Central Africa, a part of the Anglican Communion.", "In the Central Region of Nyasaland, Henry was born in Kayoyo, then in Kota kota district, now Ntchisi district.", "His mother gave him the name \"Masauko\" because it had been a difficult pregnancy.", "He was educated at Blantyre Secondary School, which produced his later ministerial colleagues.", "Around ten students from Nyasaland were sent each year to schools in Southern Rhodesia to complete their education, and Chipembere spent 1950 and 1951 under this scheme.", "After returning, he worked in the colonial civil service as one of the first two African Assistant District Commissioners, first at Domasi and then at Fort Johnston, both in the Southern Province, and finally at Mangochi.", "After returning from Fort Hare, he attended an informal meeting in Blantyre with like-minded young Nyasaland Africans, including Kanyama Chiume, who decided to ally themselves with the NAC.", "The gradualist political organisation that had become almost moribund by 1950 had revived under the presidency of James Frederick Sangala.", "It was dominated by an earlier generation of politicians who had been with Congress since the 1940s and were demoralized by the party's failure to prevent the federation of Nyasaland with Southern and Northern Rhodesia.", "Sangala angered some NAC members by allowing two NAC candidates to be elected to the Federal Parliament, and a number of them tried to oust him.", "In 1955, the governor considered that it was necessary to convince the African population that the Federation was in their best interests.", "The number of seats for Africans on the Legislative Council was increased from three to five.", "Although the Provincial Councils were largely composed of chiefs, their members were receptive to popular wishes, and they nominated Congress members or its supporters to the Legislative Council.", "Henry Chipembere resigned his civil service post in order to stand for election.", "He was elected by an overwhelming majority to represent the Southern Province, along with Chiume, N D Kwenje, and Dunstan Chijozi, who were sympathizers but not members of the NAC.", "The council included 11 official government members, headed by the Governor, and six non- official European members.", "The Legislative Council was taken over by Chipembere and Chiume.", "The existing members, mostly European, had conducted proceedings with traditional British decorum and restraint, and presumably expected the new members to behave similarly; but these two asked awkward questions and made radical proposals which embarrassed the existing membership.", "Their attack on colonial policies and condemnation of Federation made the transcripts of the council's proceedings in Hansard a bestseller among young Africans, who were totally unaccustomed to seeing other Africans challenging the colonial authority so openly.", "Hastings Kamuzu Banda's speeches in London five years earlier against the Federation of Nyasaland with Southern and Northern Rhodesia had been similarly daring and inflammatory.", "At the 11th annual conference of the NAC in April 1955, Chipembere and Chiume proposed to leave the Federation.", "In November 1956, Chipembere wrote to Dr Banda, asking for his support in getting two African MPs to resign from the Federal Assembly in Rhodesia.", "The Nyasaland African case for seceding from the Federation was weakened by their participation in the Federal Assembly.", "On December 31, 1956, Congress was asked to order Kumbikano and Chirwa to step down, despite the fact that they had always regarded participation in the Federal Assembly as a betrayal.", "The motion was defeated in an eleven-hour debate because of the opposition of older members of Congress who thought Chipembere and Chiume were too young and inexperienced to be taken seriously.", "The younger part of the group decided to ask the older part of the group to return and lead the campaign for independence from Nyasaland.", "In January 1957, Sangala was persuaded to resign, and was replaced as President of Congress by T D T Banda, who was initially supported by the young NAC members.", "In 1957, T D T Banda went to the Gold Coast to participate in the country's independence celebrations, and while he was there, he visited Hastings Banda to try to convince him to return.", "Two weeks later, Chipembere wrote a letter repeating the request after Banda was still reluctant.", "In response to further moves by Sir Roy Welensky, the Prime Minister of the Federation, to attain dominion status for the Federation, Banda agreed to return, but only on certain conditions.", "He threw his weight behind the demand for the resignation of the two Federal MPs.", "One of Hastings Banda's preconditions was that he would become President of Congress, and the way for this was cleared when T D T Banda was suspended over financial irregularity, a move orchestrated by Chipembere and Chiume, and was later removed from office.", "In June 1958, Chief Kutanja, Dunduzu Chisiza, and Chipembere went to London to discuss a new constitution for Nyasaland, which had already been rejected by the governor.", "He didn't think Congress represented Nyasaland African opinion, but he took note of their views.", "After an absence of 42 years, Banda returned to Nyasaland on July 6, 1958.", "At the Congress Annual General Meeting at Nkhata Bay on 1 August 1958, the President of the Congress was named, and he nominated the Treasurer General.", "The campaign for independence began.", "Most of the leading Congress activists were in their late 20s or early 30s, but Banda was over 60.", "The activists saw him as a figurehead, but he saw himself as the leader of Congress and expected them to obey.", "All other party officers and members of the executive were given the power to be dismissed at that meeting.", "Chiume, Dunduzu Chisiza, and four other young radicals were appointed to the executive committee ignoring older moderates.", "He made it clear that his appointees were subordinates.", "The fight for independence led to the creation of Congress as a mass political party.", "There was some awareness of his story among many of the people, but he was only known by the educated minority in the country.", "They spoke to crowds assembled by Congress.", "In a number of cases, this resulted in unrest, intimidation, and rioting.", "In the late 50's, Banda presented Congress proposals for an African majority in the Legislative Council to the governor.", "As this would have led to a demand for withdrawal from the Federation, Armitage rejected them.", "The first days of January 1959 saw the end of the final round of talks, which led to demands from Congress activists for more violent anti-government action, with their leaders including Chipembere making increasingly inflammatory statements, urging direct and potentially violent action.", "The \"bush meeting\" was an outdoor meeting of Congress held in the absence of Banda on 24 and 25 January 1959 near Blantyre.", "\"For the first time, Congress adopted 'action' as the official policy, and 'action' in the real sense of action,'\" Chipembere wrote in a letter to Chiume.", "The letter was published as an appendix to the report of the Devlin Commission and suggested action to defy the colonial authorities.", "The congress members were said to have discussed using violence and intimidation to push for independence.", "The Governor received reports from police informers who claimed that Congress planned to kill Europeans, Asians, and its African opponents in a murder plot.", "There is no credible evidence that a murder plot was ever hatched, but the refusal of Congress leaders to condemn the violent actions of their members gave some plausibility to the allegation.", "It is possible that he, Chisiza and a few extremists had discussed killing the governor and leading civil servants, as he admitted he had misled the commission as to the level of violence he was prepared to sanction.", "The proposal was not put to or approved by the meeting in general, so the majority of attendees examined by the commission could report that they heard no suggestion made there.", "On 20 February, troops from Rhodesia were flown to Nyasaland to assist in the planned mass arrests, after Armitage decided to suspend negotiations without making any concessions.", "On February 20 and in the days that followed, both Chipembere and Yatuta Chisiza made provocative speeches and the crowd threw stones at passing motorists.", "Four people were killed when the police or troops fired on some of the protests.", "On 3 March 1959 a State of Emergency was declared over the whole of the protectorate and over a hundred local party officials were arrested.", "The Nyasaland African Congress was banned the next day and later removed from the Legislative Council.", "Rather than calming the situation immediately, fifty-one Africans were killed and many more were wounded, some of whom died in the days immediately following the declaration of the emergency.", "Many of the arrests were made early in the morning of 3 March 1959 and the sweep was known as Operation Sunrise; by the end of the day most principal Congress leaders had been arrested.", "72 prominent prisoners, including Banda, were flown to Southern Rhodesia after being released quickly.", "The Chisiza brothers, along with Chipembere, were imprisoned in Southern Rhodesia.", "The European wing of the jail housed the senior members of Congress.", "There, Chipembere studied history, politics, and philosophy, and he and the other Congress inmates discussed their plans for an independent Nyasaland.", "Banda became concerned with Chipembere's volatile temper, and his authoritarian attitudes alarmed his three fellow prisoners.", "Britain was moving toward relinquishing the colonies.", "When he was released from prison in April 1960, he was invited to London for talks about bringing about changes to the constitution.", "Chipembere was moved from Gwelo to Kanjedza near Blantyre in Nyasaland.", "In August 1960, while the governor was on leave and the acting governor was sympathetic, Banda began pressing for the release of the Chisiza brothers.", "Iain Macleod, the Colonial Secretary, regarded these three as violent extremists, and the month of August had seen more violent incidents.", "They were among the last to be freed.", "The Nyasaland African Congress conference was being held in Kota Kota, where they went immediately.", "They were brought to the conference wearing the red gowns of the prison graduate and camp finalist.", "The life president of the party was made by Chipembere.", "Tension in Nyasaland remained high despite the release of Banda.", "Many of his lieutenants, including Chipembere, were considered to be men of violence by the new Governor.", "In a directive to the Provincial Commissioners of September 1960, Jones urged them to ignore minor violations of the law and not tolerate major breeches of the peace, as well as allowing the prosecution of those openly promoting violence.", "After being released in September 1960, Chiume made a number of intemperate speeches against African opponents, calling at a public meeting near Blantyre for Congress members to kill enemies of the party.", "According to the Nyasaland Times of 3 February 1961, Chipembere made a reference to a European member of the Legislative Council in his speech in December.", "I will do the job in two minutes.", "He was sentenced to three years in prison for sedition and served two years in Zomba jail before he was released in 1963.", "While his father was Archdeacon, he assumed the seat that Chipembere had recently regained on the Legislative Council.", "In August 1961, a general election with full adult speach was held because Chipembere was in prison.", "Although several elected Congress members had agitated for Chipembere's early release, and the Governor, Glyn Jones, was willing to discuss this, some reports had Banda deliberately avoided acting on an alleged undertaking to do so, despite Dunduzu Chisiza urging him to.", "After Jones had served most of his sentence, Banda did not push for his release, although he later claimed credit for securing his early release.", "If the Governor had not ensured that Chipembere was released before February 1963, he would have been ineligible to become a minister.", "The Minister of Local Government was given the post of Minister for Education after the swearing in of the new cabinet.", "It is thought that Chipembere and Chiume were sent on a two-month course of study in America to allow the excitement generated by his release to die down, and to avoid the risk of further unrest.", "For a while, this did not stop him.", "He was inciting violence against \"Capricorns\" and \"Stooges\" by June.", "The country achieved independence on 6 July 1964.", "Banda's insistence on continuing diplomatic relations with South Africa and Portugal contrasted with his refusal to recognize the People's Republic of China or East Germany caused the Cabinet crisis.", "The freezing of Civil Service salaries followed the slow pace of Africanization in the Civil Service.", "The commission of inquiry recommendation freezing or reduction of many Civil Service salaries, eliminating or reducing a number of their allowances and the retention of expatriate civil servants was supported by the minister.", "The introduction of a charge for outpatients at state hospitals was demanded by Banda.", "Within a few weeks of independence, Banda demoted one minister, John Msonthi, from membership of the cabinet, and on 29 July he proposed the reintroduction of detention without trial, which the ministers feared might be used against them.", "After the initial tensions, Chipembere left for a conference in Canada.", "The cabinet members with limited support from John Tembo, Minister of Finance, were growing restless under Banda's leadership style.", "They had a number of grievances against him, including that he had too much power and that he treated his cabinet with little respect.", "On August 24th, the ministers presented him with a letter containing a list of their demands, which had been written at the Kuchawe Hotel.", "On 7 September, Banda dismissed three of the protesting cabinet members and also Rose Chibambo, a Parliamentary Secretary, who was the only female minister.", "The Cabinet Crisis of 1964 was caused by the resignation of three other cabinet members.", "On September 8, parliament debated a motion of confidence in Dr Banda.", "Qabaniso Chibambo, the Regional Minister for northern Malawi, urged Chipembere to make a last attempt at reconciliation after he returned from Canada.", "As soon as he reached Zomba, he contacted Glyn Jones to assist him in persuading Banda to delay the second stage of the parliamentary debate and to meet the ministers who had been sacked or resigned to discuss a reconciliation.", "After failing to persuade Banda to delay the start of the debate's second day, Chipembere resigned his cabinet position in sympathy with his colleagues on the morning of 9 September, and retired to the back benches.", "His speech on the second day of the debate was delivered with restraint and expressed regret that the dispute could not be settled by discussion in the cabinet.", "Banda's supporters in parliament gave him a unanimous vote of confidence because they were jealous of the rapid rise of the young graduate ministers or moved by his oratory.", "The ex-ministers were suspended from the party on 15 September after being removed from the executive.", "Although some ex-ministers acted with caution, Chipembere made a defiant speech following his resignation at Fort Johnston (now Mangochi), where he had a considerable support, complaining about the slow pace of Africanisation, and held a celebration of his suspension from the MCP on 19 September in", "Efforts to reinstate some of the ministers with the help of Glyn Jones between 16 and 18 September failed, as did a lat-ditch attempt on 26 September, when a meeting planned by Chipembere in Blantyre was banned because he had not obtained police.", "In Blantyre and Zomba there were fights between members of the Youth League and their supporters.", "The popular support for him was strong after he left for Fort Johnston District.", "Zomba became a center of support for the ex-ministers with many African government employees there going on strike, and senior civil servants staying at home, fearing violence.", "The supporters of Banda tried to close the Zomba market and force the striking civil servants back to work in order to counter this.", "African civil servants armed with sticks attacked and drove out the outnumbered MCP supporters, burned down the party's headquarters and attacked two newly appointed ministers.", "The town of Zomba was under control of supporters of the dismissed ministers until troops and police moved in to restore order a few days later.", "There is no evidence that expatriate officials submitted misleading reports to Banda or gave him biased advice, and there is no evidence that they used their control of the army and police to defeat Chipembere and his colleagues.", "If it had come to a decision between the two, it would have been a choice between the two ex-ministers, who the British government regarded as men of violence and likely to destabilise.", "When Banda refused to give up power, the ministers who resigned or were dismissed disagreed about what to do.", "In the six years since he returned to Malawi, he gained control of the MCP where his supporters controlled its three region organisation and those of many districts, and he personally chose many of its MPs.", "The security forces and police were loyal, so it would have been difficult to oust him.", "Chipembere's supporters in the district ensured that he could move about the district without being restricted by the order that was signed on 30 September.", "The ex-ministers were planning to overthrow him by force, according to Banda.", "On October 28th, after leaving his house to go into hiding, Chipembere was ordered to be arrested, but if not alive, then any other way.", "Up to late October 1964, his supporters kept most pro-Banda loyalists out of the Fort Johnston District, according to his own later account.", "When Chipembere went into hiding, he created a training camp to prepare his followers for an armed insurrection.", "He may have hoped that African police and army members would revolt against their expatriate commanders and that there would be a bloodless coup.", "On the night of 12 February 1965, Chipembere and about 200 local supporters moved into Fort Johnston.", "They attacked the police station, killing the wife and child of the head of Special Branch there, destroyed telephone installations, and removed guns, according to a speech by Banda in Hansard.", "The ferry vessel at Liwonde Ferry was secured on the other side of the river.", "Several of Chipembere's men were killed or captured by the Malawi army at noon the next day, when they retreated to Fort Johnston, because they had no chance of reaching Zomba before government forces were alert.", "The army discovered a list of 300 Chipembere supporters at the training camp and 50 of them were captured by the security forces.", "The attempt at a coup d'état was ended by this.", "The recruitment of members of the rival lomwe group as paramilitary police to contain them, stirred up ethnic tensions for the next two months, despite the offer of a large reward for his arrest.", "In March 1965, Chipembere, acting through the good offices of Governor General, Glyn Jones, made overtures to Banda to proclaim an amnesty for his supporters, including those already in prison, in exchange for his agreement to leave the country and not to plot against him in the future.", "A mandatory death sentence, as well as retrospective changes to the law on treason, were enacted by Banda.", "Sam Gilstrap was asked to arrange a university place for him in the US by Chipembere.", "The loan of an aircraft from the British South Africa Police, and with the help of both Glyn Jones and US interests, he was secretly moved to Zomba and Salisbury in Southern Rhodesia.", "In a nationwide radio broadcast on 21 May, Banda announced that Chipembere had fled to the US.", "The leader of the group claimed that he had promised to give up his weapons.", "According to the British and US officials involved, the agreement was made to evacuate Chipembere, but he wasn't made aware of Banda's refusal of a full pardon.", "After his departure, many of his followers were arrested without trial, leading to the burning of local villages and the hanging of one of the leaders, Medson Silombela, in January 1966 before an invited audience.", "He spent the rest of his life in exile.", "He stayed in California until August 1966 when he considered moving to Britain or to Africa.", "He wanted to live in a country with better medical facilities because of his diabetes.", "The British government was wary of offending Banda, so they didn't accept him if he lived in a rural area, so they left him in Tanzania, which was ruled by Julius Nyerere and his African-Socialist.", "A new political party was set up by Chipembere after he moved to Dar es Salaam.", "In early 1968, he tried to reconcile with Banda through two women.", "He said that he was finished and useless.", "I am unemployed and have received a small pittance from the Tanzanian government.", "I don't want to go back to Dr. Banda, but I am desperate.", "A letter from a person.", "In exchange for his thorough recantation and support, this never came to anything.", "He taught at California State University in 1969 after returning to the US.", "His wife, Catherine, and seven children are the only survivors of his death.", "Catherine Chipembere was the first woman to be elected to Parliament after Banda was ousted.", "She worked with AIDS orphans and a women's knitting cooperative after retiring from the Ministry of Culture and Education.", "Their son is a jazz artist.", "Colin Baker, 2000.", "A Proconsul in Africa was written by Sir Glyn Jones.", "Tauris is in London.", "Colin Baker was born in 2001.", "The Cabinet Crisis of 1964-1965 was the cause of the Revolt of the Ministers.", "B. Tauris was written by Colin Baker.", "The report of the Nyasaland Commission of Inquiry was published in 1959.", "The Her Majesty's Stationery Office is located in London.", "Owen.", "J. M. Kalinga is a writer.", "The 4th edition of the Historical Dictionary of Malawi.", "The Scarecrow Press was written by Lanham.", "John McCracken was published in 2002.", "The Northern Factor in Malawian Politics was covered in the Journal of Southern African Studies.", "28, No.", "1.", "The man is John McCracken.", "James Currey wrote a history of Malawi.", "There is political culture and nationalism in Malawi.", "The University of Rochester Press.", "The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa was published by Harvard University Press.", "The Hero of the Nation was written by Robert I. Rotberg.", "The association of Christian literature in Blantyre.", "The Brief life of a pioneer African nationalist: 1930-1975, Harvard Review, was written by Robert I. Rotberg.", "Philip Short is from London and Boston.", "There are external links to the Democracy Factfile Habil Matthew Chipembere Account.", "The University of California, Los Angeles alumni and government ministers of the 20th century." ]

[ "Henry Masauko Blasius Chipembere", "Chipembere", "Henry", "Henry Chipeme", "Henry Chipember", "Chipembere", "Chipembere", "Chipembere", "Chipembere", "Chipembere", "Chipembere", "Chipembere", "Chipembere", "Chipembere", "Chipembere", "Chipembere", "Chipembere", "Chipembere", "Masauko", "Chipembere", "Masauko" ]

[ "Henry Masauko Blasius Chipembere", "Henry", "Henry", "Masauko", "Henry Chipembere", "Chipembere", "Chipembere", "Chipembere", "Chipembere", "Catherine Chipembere" ]

[ "Roman Herzog (; 5 April 1934 – 10 January 2017) was a German politician, judge and legal scholar, who served as the president of Germany from 1994 to 1999.", "A member of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), he was the first president to be elected after the reunification of Germany.", "He previously served as a judge of the Federal Constitutional Court, and he was the President of the court 1987–1994.", "Before his appointment as a judge he was a professor of law.", "He received the 1997 Charlemagne Prize.", "Early life and academic career\nRoman Herzog was born in Landshut, Bavaria, Germany, in 1934 to a Protestant family.", "His father was an archivist.", "He studied law in Munich and passed his state law examination.", "He completed his doctoral studies in 1958 with a dissertation on Basic Law and the European Convention on Human Rights.", "He worked as an assistant at the University of Munich until 1964, where he also passed his second juristic state exam.", "For his paper Die Wesensmerkmale der Staatsorganisation in rechtlicher und entwicklungsgeschichtlicher Sicht (\"Characteristics of state organization from a juristic and developmental-historical viewpoint\"), he was awarded the title of professor in 1964, and taught at the University of Munich until 1966.", "He then taught constitutional law and political science as a full professor at the Free University of Berlin.", "It was during this period that he coedited a commentary of the Basic Law.", "In 1969, he accepted a chair of public law at the German University of Administrative Sciences in Speyer, serving as university president in 1971–72.", "Political career\n\nHerzog's political career began in 1973, as a representative of the state (Land) of Rhineland-Palatinate in the Federal government in Bonn.", "He served as State Minister for Culture and Sports in the Baden-Württemberg State Government led by Minister-President Lothar Späth from 1978.", "In 1980 he was elected to the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg and took over the State Ministry of the Interior.", "As the regional interior minister, he attracted attention when he imposed a levy on nonapproved demonstrations and his proposal for the police to be equipped with rubber-bullet guns.", "Herzog was long active in the Evangelical Church in Germany.", "Until 1980, he was head of the Chamber for Public Responsibility of this church, and, beginning in 1982, he was a member of the synod.", "In 1983 Herzog was elected a judge at the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany (Bundesverfassungsgericht) in Karlsruhe, replacing Ernst Benda.", "From 1987 until 1994, he also served as the president of the Court, this time replacing Wolfgang Zeidler.", "In September 1994, he was succeeded in that office by Jutta Limbach.", "President of Germany, 1994–1999\nAlready in 1993, Chancellor Helmut Kohl had selected Herzog as candidate for the 1994 presidential election, after his previous choice, the Saxon State Minister of Justice, Steffen Heitmann, had to withdraw because of an uproar about statements he made on the German past, ethnic conflict and the role of women.", "By early 1994, however, leaders of the Free Democrats, the junior members of Kohl's coalition government, expressed support for Johannes Rau, the candidate whom the opposition Social Democrats nominated.", "German media also speculated that other potential candidates included Kurt Masur and Walther Leisler Kiep.", "The former Foreign Minister, Hans Dietrich Genscher refused to run.", "Herzog was elected President of Germany by the Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) on 23 May 1994.", "In the decisive third round of voting, he won the support of the Free Democrats.", "Their decision was taken as a sign that the coalition remained firm.", "Herzog took office as Federal President on 1 July 1994.", "He participated in the commemorations of the 50th anniversary of the Warsaw Uprising during the Nazi occupation of Poland in 1994.", "In a widely commended speech, he paid tribute to the Polish fighters and people and asked Poles for \"forgiveness for what has been done to you by the Germans\".", "In the speech, he strongly emphasized the enormity of anguish the Polish people suffered through Nazi Germany but he also made an indirect reference to the sufferings that the Germans experienced in World War II.", "In 1995, Herzog was one of the few foreign dignitaries taking part in the observances on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the Auschwitz concentration camp who chose to attend a Jewish service at the site of the camp rather than the official opening ceremony in Cracow sponsored by the Polish Government.", "In January 1996, Herzog declared 27 January, the anniversary of the 1945 liberation of the Auschwitz concentration camp, as Germany's official day of remembrance for the victims of Hitler's regime.", "in late 1997, in a major step for Germany officially recognizing the murder and suffering of the Roma and Sinti under the Nazis, he said that the persecution of the Roma and Sinti was the same as the terror against the Jews.", "In April 1997, Herzog caused a nationwide controversy when, in a speech given at the Hotel Adlon in Berlin, he portrayed Germany as dangerously delaying social and economic changes.", "In the speech, he rebuked leaders for legislative gridlock and decried a sense of national \"dejection,\" a \"feeling of paralysis\" and even an \"unbelievable mental depression.\"", "Compared with what he called the more innovative economies of Asia and America, he said that Germany was \"threatened with falling behind.\"", "In November 1998, Herzog's office formally moved to Berlin, becoming the first federal agency to shift from Bonn to the redesignated capital city.", "He retained his position until 30 June 1999 and did not seek reelection.", "At the end of his five-year term as head of state, he was succeeded by Johannes Rau.", "Post-presidency\nFrom December 1999 to October 2000, Herzog chaired the European Convention which drafted the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.", "In January–March 2000, with former central bank President Hans Tietmeyer and former federal judge Paul Kirchhof, Herzog led an independent commission to investigate a financing scandal affecting the CDU.", "Amid a German debate over the ethics of research in biotechnology and in particular the use of embryos for genetic inquiry and diagnosis, Herzog argued in 2001 that an absolute ban on research on embryonic stem cells – which have the ability to develop into the body's different tissues – would be excessive, stating: \"I am not prepared to explain to a child sick with cystic fibrosis, facing death and fighting for breath, the ethical grounds that hinder the science which could save him\".", "In response to Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's \"Agenda 2010\" presented in 2003, the then-opposition leader and CDU chair Angela Merkel assigned the task of drafting alternative proposals for social welfare reform to a commission led by Herzog.", "The party later approved the Herzog Commission's package of reform proposals, whose recommendations included decoupling health and nursing care premiums from people's earnings and levying a lump monthly sum across the board instead.", "Herzog died in the early hours of 10 January 2017 at the age of 82.", "In 2001, he married Alexandra Freifrau von Berlichingen.", "He was a member of the Evangelical Church in Germany.", "He died on 10 January 2017 at the age of 82.", "References\n\nLiterature \nKai Diekmann, Ulrich Reitz, Wolfgang Stock: Roman Herzog – Der neue Bundespräsident im Gespräch.", "Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 1994, .", "Manfred Bissinger, Hans-Ulrich Jörges: Der unbequeme Präsident.", "Roman Herzog im Gespräch mit Manfred Bissinger und Hans-Ulrich Jörges.", "Hoffman und Campe, Hamburg 1995, .", "Stefan Reker: Roman Herzog.", "Edition q, Berlin 1995, .", "Werner Filmer, Heribert Schwan: Roman Herzog – Die Biographie.", "Goldmann, Munich 1996, .", "External links\n\n \n1934 births\n2017 deaths\n20th-century presidents of Germany\nPeople from Landshut\nGerman Lutherans\nChristian Democratic Union of Germany politicians\nPresidents of Germany\nLudwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni\nFree University of Berlin faculty\nJudges of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany\nHonorary members of the Romanian Academy\nForeign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences\nGerman scholars of constitutional law\n\nRecipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class\nRecipients of the Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria\nHonorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath\nGrand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany\nRecipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg" ]

[ "The president of Germany from 1994 to 1999 was a German politician, judge and legal scholar.", "The first president to be elected after the reunification of Germany was a member of the Christian Democratic Union.", "He was the President of the Federal Constitutional Court from 1987 to 1994.", "He was a professor of law before he became a judge.", "The 1997 Charlemagne Prize was given to him.", "Roman Herzog was born to a Protestant family in Landshut, Germany, in 1934.", "His father worked in the archives.", "He passed his state law exam after studying law.", "He obtained a PhD in Basic Law and the European Convention on Human Rights.", "He passed his second juristic state exam after working as an assistant at the University of Munich.", "He was awarded the title of professor in 1964 for his paper \"Characteristics of state organization from a juristic and developmental-historical viewpoint\".", "He taught political science and constitutional law at the Free University of Berlin.", "He coedited a commentary of the Basic Law.", "In 1969 he accepted a chair of public law at the German University of Administrative Sciences in Speyer.", "As a representative of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate in the Federal government in Bonn, he began his political career in 1973.", "He was the State Minister for Culture and Sports in the Baden-Wrttemberg State Government from 1978 to 1978.", "He took over the State Ministry of the Interior after being elected to the Landtag.", "His proposal for the police to be equipped with rubber-bullet guns attracted attention when he was the regional interior minister.", "He was a member of the Evangelical Church in Germany.", "He was a member of the synod and head of the Chamber for Public Responsibility until 1980.", "In 1983 Herzog was elected a judge at the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany.", "He was the president of the Court from 1987 until 1994.", "He was succeeded in that office by another person.", "The Saxon State Minister of Justice had to withdraw from the 1994 presidential election because of an uproar about statements he made about the German past.", "The leaders of the Free Democrats, the junior members of the coalition government, supported Johannes Rau, the candidate nominated by the Social Democrats.", "German media speculated that Kurt Masur was a potential candidate.", "The former Foreign Minister refused to run.", "The President of Germany is elected by the Federal Assembly.", "He won the support of the Free Democrats in the third round of voting.", "The coalition remained firm as a result of their decision.", "The Federal President on 1 July 1994 was Herzog.", "The commemorations of the 50th anniversary of the Warsaw Uprising took place in 1994.", "He paid tribute to the Polish fighters and people and asked Poles for forgiveness for what the Germans had done to them.", "He made an indirect reference to the sufferings that the Germans experienced in World War II, but he emphasized the enormity of the anguish the Polish people suffered through Nazi Germany.", "On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the Auschwitz concentration camp, Herzog chose to attend a Jewish service at the site of the camp rather than the official opening ceremony sponsored by the Polish Government.", "The anniversary of the liberation of the Auschwitz concentration camp was declared as Germany's official day of remembrance for the victims of Hitler's regime by Herzog in 1996.", "He said that the persecution of the Roma and Sinti was the same as the persecution of the Jews.", "In 1997 he caused a nationwide controversy when he said that Germany was delaying social and economic changes.", "He decried a sense of national \"dejection,\" a \"feeling of paralysis\" and even an \"unbelievable mental depression\" in his speech.", "He said that Germany was threatened with falling behind because of the more innovative economies of Asia and America.", "Berlin became the first federal agency to shift from Bonn to the redesignated capital city in 1998.", "He did not seek reelection.", "He was succeeded by Johannes Rau at the end of his five-year term as head of state.", "He chaired the European Convention which drafted the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.", "In January–March 2000, with former central bank President Hans Tietmeyer and a federal judge, Herzog led an independent commission to investigate a financing scandal.", "In 2001 Herzog argued that an absolute ban on research on embryonic stem cells, which have the ability to develop into the body's different tissues, would be excessive.", "The task of drafting alternative proposals for social welfare reform was assigned to a commission by the then-opposition leader.", "The package of reform proposals was approved by the party, which included the removal of health and nursing care premiums from people's earnings and a lump monthly sum across the board.", "The death of Herzog took place in the early hours of 10 January.", "He married a woman namedAlexandra Freifrau in 2001.", "He was a member of the church.", "He died on January 10, 2017.", "Literature Kai Diekmann, Ulrich Reitz, Wolfgang Stock, and Roman Herzog.", "Lbbe, Bergisch Gladbach was published in 1994.", "Hans-Ulrich Jrges is the unbequeme prsident.", "Roman Herzog is in the Gesprch with Hans-Ulrich Jrges.", "HOFFMANN AND CAMPE, HAMBURG 1995,", "Roman Herzog was said to be by Stefan Reker.", "Berlin 1995, edition q.", "Roman Herzog is the filmer, Heribert Schwan.", "Goldmann was in Munich in 1996.", "There are links to births and deaths of 20th-century presidents of Germany." ]

[ "Roman Herzog", "Roman Herzog", "Herzog", "Herzog", "Herzog", "Herzog", "Herzog", "Herzog", "Roman Her", "Roman Her", "Roman Herzo", "Roman Herzog" ]

[ "Roman Herzog", "Herzog", "Herzog", "Roman Herzo", "Roman Herzog", "Roman Herzog", "Roman Herzog" ]

[ "Kristian Matsson (born 30 April 1983) is a Swedish singer-songwriter who performs under the stage name The Tallest Man on Earth.", "Matsson grew up in Leksand, and began his solo career in 2006, having previously been the lead singer of the indie band Montezumas.", "His music has often drawn comparisons to the music of Bob Dylan.", "Since 2006, Matsson has released five full-length albums and two EPs.", "He records and produces these in his home, and usually records his voice and guitar together on one track.", "He is known for his charismatic stage presence.", "He was previously married to Amanda Bergman, also known by the stage name Idiot Wind.", "Together, they wrote the music for the Swedish drama film Once a Year.", "Musical career\nBefore Kristian Matsson began his solo career, he was the lead singer of the indie band Montezumas.", "Matsson's first solo release, The Tallest Man on Earth, was released in 2006.", "The EP received positive reviews.", "At the start of his solo career, Matsson didn't plan to make music full-time, and he released his music without providing personal information or photographs of himself to journalists.", "To celebrate the 10-year anniversary of The Wild Hunt, Matsson released a cover of Graceland by Paul Simon through Dead Oceans.", "Shallow Grave (2008–2009)\nIn 2008, Matsson released an album, Shallow Grave, which was praised by the music site Pitchfork and was listed #47 on Pitchfork's list of the 50 Best Albums of 2008.", "The album received generally favorable reviews.", "Following Shallow Grave's release, Matsson was chosen as the opening act for the American indie folk band Bon Iver.", "The resulting publicity led to a solo tour throughout the United States, Australia and Europe, where he attracted large crowds, in spite of the lack of a record deal or distribution in the United States.", "The song \"Pistol Dreams\", also released as a single, appeared in the Swedish television serial How Soon Is Now?", "(Swedish: Upp till kamp).", "On 9 October 2009, Matsson visited the Daytrotter studio, where he recorded four songs, including a cover of Bob Dylan's \"I Want You.\"", "At that time, Matsson cited Roscoe Holcomb as an influence for his singing style and later included Emmylou Harris, Feist and Cat Power as influences.", "The Wild Hunt (2010–2012)\n\nMattson signed with the American label Dead Oceans, and in April 2010 released his second album, The Wild Hunt.", "The album was well received.", "The single \"King of Spain\" contains, besides the title track, a cover of Paul Simon's \"Graceland\" and the previously unreleased track \"Where I Thought I Met the Angels\"; it was sold exclusively at the subsequent European tour.", "During the late summer and autumn of 2010 Matsson went on tour in North America and Europe.", "The album was followed that same year by an EP, Sometimes the Blues Is Just a Passing Bird, which also got good reviews.", "The EP was released through the iTunes Store in September, and in November was published on CD, LP and MP3.", "The album consists of five songs, all written for The Wild Hunt; \"Like the Wheel\" the conclusion of many of Matsson's gigs, and \"The Dreamer\", was the first recording on which he plays electric guitar.", "The Wild Hunt garnered Matsson several award nominations.", "In 2011, he was nominated in the category \"Best Male Artist\" in the Grammis Awards, the Swedish equivalent of the American Grammy Awards, but lost to Håkan Hellström.", "Matsson was also nominated in the category \"pop\" in the 2011 P3 Gold Awards, but lost to Malmö indie pop band This Is Head.", "In February 2011, Matsson won the Manifest Award in the \"singer/songwriter\" category; he was also nominated in the \"live\" category, lost to Robyn.", "On 5 April 2011, Matsson participated in the BBC's program, Later... with Jools Holland, where he performed the songs \"King of Spain\" and \"Love Is All\".", "In June of the same year, Matsson's debut EP, The Tallest Man on Earth, was reissued with the previously unreleased track \"In the Pockets\" exclusive to the vinyl edition of the reissue.", "In July, he released the single \"Weather of a Killing Kind\" as part of the 2011 Adult Swim Singles program.", "In August 2011, Matsson had contributed to the soundtrack of the Swedish drama film En gång om året (English: Once a Year), along with the Idiot Wind.", "The film premiered at the Gothenburg Film Festival on 29 January 2012 and had a theatrical release on 17 May 2013.", "On 27 January 2012, Matsson took part in the Swedish TV game show, På spåret where he, backed by a studio band, performed two cover songs: Thin Lizzy's \"Dancing in the Moonlight\" and Cornelis Vreeswijk's \"En Fattig Trubadur\" (English: A Poor Troubadour).", "In February of that year, he re-released \"King of Spain\" as 12\" vinyl for the event Record Store Day.", "the album was limited to 2000 copies.", "There's No Leaving Now (2012–2013)\n\nOn 12 June 2012 (June 11 in the UK), Matsson released his third studio album as The Tallest Man on Earth, There's No Leaving Now, on Dead Oceans.", "The album was recorded by Matsson himself in his home studio in Dalarna during the latter part of 2011 and early 2012.", "The album was streamed on Dead Oceans' website a week before its official release.", "At the same time, Matsson released 1904 b/w Cycles, a 7\" LP of his song \"1904\" as well his cover of the song \"Cycles,\" written by Gayle Caldwell and made famous by Frank Sinatra.", "He has also covered this song in live performances.", "Along with the album, Matsson announced a summer tour throughout Europe and the United States including two gigs in Sweden (at the Södra Teatern (English: Southern Theatre) in Stockholm) and a performance at the Newport Folk Festival in Newport, Rhode Island.", "Matsson also toured in Europe in October 2012.", "On 28 January 2013, Matsson took part in a benefit concert for the American musician Jason Molina, who did not have health insurance and, consequently, was in debt after a hospital stay.", "The concert took place at the Södra Teatern (English: Southern Theatre) in Stockholm, where Matsson played alongside, among others, I'm Kingfisher and Idiot Wind.", "Molina died on 16 March 2013.", "Dark Bird Is Home (2015)\nMatsson's fourth studio album as The Tallest Man on Earth, Dark Bird Is Home, was released on 12 May 2015 on Dead Oceans.", "The album was largely inspired by Matsson's divorce from Amanda Bergman as well as the death of a close family member, and its more elaborate instrumentation represented a musical shift from previous albums.", "Following its release, Matsson performed—with a full band—at several festivals, including the Roskilde Festival in 2015 and the Edmonton Folk Music Festival in 2016.", "I Love You.", "It's a Fever Dream.", "(2019)\nOn 4 February 2019, Matsson revealed that a new album would be released in 2019.", "In late February 2019, he revealed that his new album, now titled I Love You.", "It's a Fever Dream., would be released sometime in April.", "He also released the first single, \"The Running Styles of New York\" the same day.", "The second single, \"I'm a Stranger Now\" was released on 27 March.", "The album was released on April 19 2019.", "Matsson's song It Will Follow the Rain from his eponymous EP was featured in a 2019 commercial for the Infiniti Q50 automobile.", "Musical style\nCritics have compared The Tallest Man on Earth to Bob Dylan both in terms of songwriting ability and vocal style.", "When asked about his lyrical style, Matsson explains that he began listening to Bob Dylan at fifteen, and upon hearing Dylan's cover material, he \"tried to figure out where those songs came from\" and became slowly exposed to early American folk, such as Pete Seeger and Woody Guthrie.", "But he is careful to qualify this, saying \"I don't consider my work to be a part of any tradition.", "This is how I play.", "This is how I write songs.\"", "With regard to his guitar technique, Matsson uses a variety of open tunings, and standard tuning to a lesser degree.", "He had classical guitar training in his youth, but says he \"never really focused on it\" and that by the end of high school he \"got bored playing guitar because it was like math\", until he then discovered open tunings while listening to Nick Drake in his early twenties.", "He was drawn to this style of playing because it allowed him to focus on singing while still performing intricate music.", "Discography\n\nStudio albums\n\nEPs\n The Tallest Man on Earth (2006)\n Sometimes the Blues Is Just a Passing Bird (2010)\n A Collaborative EP with yMusic (2017)\n When the Bird Sees the Solid Ground (2018)\n\nSingles\n\nMusic videos\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n Artist page for The Tallest Man on Earth at NPR Music.", "Review: The Tallest Man on Earth\n\nSwedish folk singers\nSwedish folk musicians\nSwedish songwriters\nEnglish-language singers from Sweden\nPeople from Leksand Municipality\n1983 births\nLiving people\n21st-century Swedish singers\n21st-century Swedish male singers\nDead Oceans artists" ]

[ "The Tallest Man on Earth is a Swedish singer-songwriter who performs under the name Kristian Matsson.", "A native of Leksand, Matsson began his solo career in 2006 after previously singing in a band.", "His music is often compared to that of Bob Dylan.", "Matsson has released five full-length albums.", "He usually records his voice and guitar on a single track in his home.", "He has a charisma on stage.", "He was previously married to a person named Idiot Wind.", "They wrote the music for the film.", "Before he began his solo career, he was the lead singer of a band.", "The Tallest Man on Earth was released in 2006 by Matsson.", "The reviews were positive.", "At the start of his solo career, Matsson didn't plan to make music full-time, and he released his music without providing personal information or photographs of himself to journalists.", "The 10-year anniversary of The Wild Hunt was celebrated by the release of a cover by Paul Simon.", "Shallow Grave was one of the best albums of 2008 and was listed on the 50 Best Albums of 2008.", "The reviews were generally favorable.", "The opening act for the American folk band Bon Iver was Matsson.", "In spite of the lack of a record deal or distribution in the United States, he attracted large crowds on his solo tour throughout the United States, Australia and Europe.", "\"Pistol Dreams\" was a song that was released as a single.", "Upp till kamp in Swedish.", "He recorded four songs at the Daytrotter studio, including a cover of Bob Dylan's \"I Want You.\"", "At that time, Roscoe Holcomb was an influence for his singing style, as was Feist and Cat Power.", "Mattson's second album, The Wild Hunt, was released in April 2010.", "The album was well received.", "The single \"King of Spain\" contains a cover of Paul Simon's \"Graceland\" and a previously undiscovered track called \"Where I Thought I Met the Angels.\" It was sold exclusively at the European tour.", "The late summer and autumn of 2010 saw Matsson on tour in North America and Europe.", "Sometimes the Blues Is Just a Passing Bird was the follow up to the album and got good reviews.", "The album was published on CD,LP and mp3 in November after being released through the iTunes Store in September.", "\"Like the Wheel\" and \"The Dreamer\" are the first recordings on which he plays electric guitar, and were written for The Wild Hunt.", "The Wild Hunt was nominated for several awards.", "He was nominated in the category \"Best Male Artist\" in the Grammis Awards, but lost to Hkan Hellstrm.", "The band This Is Head won the \"pop\" category in the P3 Gold Awards.", "The Manifest Award was won by Matsson in February 2011; he was also nominated in the \"live\" category.", "He performed the songs \"King of Spain\" and \"Love Is All\" on Jools Holland's show.", "The Tallest Man on Earth was re-released in June of the same year with the previously undiscovered track \"In the Pockets\" exclusive to the vinyl edition.", "The single \"Weather of a Killing Kind\" was released in July as part of the Adult Swim Singles program.", "The Idiot Wind was a part of the soundtrack of the Swedish drama film En gng om ret.", "The film had a theatrical release in May of 2013).", "On January 27th, 2012 the Swedish TV game show, P spret, where he was, backed by a studio band, 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "He re-released \"King of Spain\" as a 12\" vinyl for the event Record Store Day.", "The album only had 2000 copies.", "The Tallest Man on Earth, There's No Leaving Now, was released on June 11, 2012 in the UK.", "The album was recorded by Matsson in his home studio in Dalarna.", "Dead Oceans' website streamed the album a week before its official release.", "1904 b/w Cycles, a 7\"LP of his song \"1904\" as well as his cover of the song \"Cycles\" were released at the same time.", "In live performances, he has covered this song.", "The summer tour will include two performances in Sweden at the Sdra Teatern, as well as a performance at the Newport Folk Festival in Rhode Island.", "In October 2012 he toured in Europe.", "The American musician, who did not have health insurance and was in debt after a hospital stay, was the beneficiary of a benefit concert.", "The concert was held at the Sdra Teatern in Stockholm, where I'm Kingfisher and Idiot Wind were played by Matsson.", "There was a death on 16 March, savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay", "The Tallest Man on Earth, Dark Bird Is Home, was released in May of 2015.", "The album was inspired by Matsson's divorce from Bergman as well as the death of a close family member, and its more elaborate instruments represented a musical shift from previous albums.", "After its release, Matsson performed at several festivals with a full band.", "I love you.", "It's a dream.", "A new album would be released in 2019.", "He revealed his new album in February.", "It would be released in April.", "The first single was \"The Running Styles of New York\".", "The second single was released on 27 March.", "The album was released in April.", "The song It Will Follow the Rain was featured in a commercial for the Q50 automobile.", "Critics have compared The Tallest Man on Earth to Bob Dylan because of their musical styles.", "When asked about his style, Matsson said that he began listening to Bob Dylan at fifteen and that he tried to figure out where those songs came from.", "He is careful to say that he doesn't consider his work to be part of any tradition.", "This is how I play.", "This is how I write.", "Matsson uses a variety of open tunings and standard tunings for his guitar technique.", "He had classical guitar training in his youth, but says he \"never really focused on it\" and that by the end of high school he \"got bored playing guitar because it was like math\".", "He was drawn to this style of playing because it allowed him to focus on singing.", "The Tallest Man on Earth, Sometimes the Blues Is Just a passing Bird, and When the Bird Sees the Solid Ground are studio albums.", "The Tallest Man on Earth is a Swedish folk singer." ]

[ "Kristian Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Paul Simon", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Mattson", "Paul Simon", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Jason Molina", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson" ]

[ "Earth", "Kristian Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Paul Simon", "Bon I", "Matsson", "Mattson", "Paul Simon", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson", "Matsson" ]

[ "Peter Richardson (born 15 October 1951) is an English director, screenwriter, actor and comedian.", "He founded the Comic Strip troupe of performers, which showcased his double act with Nigel Planer and launched the careers of French and Saunders, Rik Mayall and Adrian Edmondson, and Alexei Sayle.", "Richardson approached Channel 4 to make a series of short, self-contained one-off comedy films with this group, which led to The Comic Strip Presents..., many of which were written, directed by and featured him in acting roles.", "Richardson began his career as a teenager acting in Alan Bennett's Forty Years On.", "Trained at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School 1971–73.", "He later created his own experimental theatre shows with Nigel Planer amongst others, mixing comedy and improvisation with rock music.", "Two of these shows, Rank and The Wild Boys toured nationally.", "Although he did not reach the same level of public recognition as some of his contemporaries, Richardson was influential on British television comedy throughout the 1980s as the driving force behind The Comic Strip Presents... films, one of the first examples of alternative comedy to appear on British television.", "Richardson has been involved in the production of over 40 Comic Strip films and has directed 17 of them.", "The series won a Rose D'Or for The Strike in 1988.", "He developed the series into feature films; The Supergrass, Eat the Rich, The Pope Must Die, and Churchill: The Hollywood Years, none of which achieved great box office success.", "In the 1990s, Richardson introduced a new generation of performers, Doon Mackichan, Mark Caven, Phil Cornwell, Sara Stockbridge, George Yiasoumi and Gary Beadle, who appeared in his productions.", "He co-wrote and also directed the 1990s cult mockumentary comedy series Stella Street with Phil Cornwell and John Sessions.", "In 2004, Richardson co-founded the production company Great Western Features with Nick Smith, which is based in Totnes, Devon.", "In 2005, he directed the Comic Strip film Sex Actually.", "In the 2010s, Richardson wrote and directed three more Comic Strip films, 2011's The Hunt for Tony Blair, 2012's Five Go To Rehab and 2016's Red Top.", "In a July 2021 interview, Richardson said he is putting together a book on The Comic Strip due to come out in 2022.", "Early life \nRichardson was born in Newton Abbot, Devon, England and lived in a house near Denbury.", "His parents ran a children's summer camp school.", "The family moved to Dartmoor when Richardson was ten.", "The family did not have a television, but his father had a cine camera with which they would make films.", "Richardson credits this as the beginning of his interest in filmmaking.", "He moved to London when he was seventeen, having decided he wanted to be an actor.", "At one point he was a lifeguard at a swimming pool.", "Career\n\nEarly career \nRichardson appeared as one of the schoolboys in Alan Bennett's Forty Years On.", "This work led to him getting an agent and performing in TV plays as an extra.", "He then attended the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School.", "It was here in the second year he became reacquainted with Nigel Planer, who had worked at Richardson's parents' summer camp.", "The pair shared an interest in rock music, and wanted to mix music with a comedy show; in Richardson's words \"we felt we'd like to try something like what Frank Zappa was doing on records, which was being funny but using music as well.\".", "Around this time Richardson and Planer were heavily influenced by U.S. comedians Sal's Meat Market, an early duo of John Ratzenberger and Ray Hassett, as well as the group Alberto y Lost Trios Paranoias.", "With the assistance of Caroline Jay, they produced a show called \"Rank\", inspired by the police raid of the 1974 Windsor Free Festival, which premiered at the Roundhouse Downstairs in August 1976.", "Planer and Richardson played all the characters in the play, which numbered around forty.", "The play was well received and enabled the pair to get an Arts Council grant to take it on tour.", "Despite the critical acclaim, at the end of the tour Richardson and Planer found themselves with no money and had to pursue other work, with Richardson squatting in London.", "After Rank, Richardson toured with a band in Italy and also helped run drama courses for children at his parents' house in Devon.", "One of the dramas produced from these courses became a show called The Wild Boys, based on the book by William Burroughs.", "Richardson performed this show at the ICA in London as well as touring the show with the group Furious Pig.", "Through this, Richardson first met Michael White, with whom he planned to take the show into the West End, although this came to nothing.", "He worked as an extra on Michael Palin's Ripping Yarns' second series in 1979, appearing as a German spy pretending to be a Cornish fisherman, in Whinfrey's Last Case.", "\"The Outer Limits\" \nRichardson and Planer started performing at London's Comedy Store in 1979, calling themselves \"The Outer Limits\".", "They performed short sketches parodying different television styles, for example sitcom and American police drama.", "They used visual comedy and often mimed over-the-top scenes of cartoon violence.", "At this point, various television companies were taking note of the rapidly growing \"alternative comedy\" scene, BBC producer Paul Jackson being the first to commission a programme from regular performers at the Comedy Store.", "This became 1980's Boom Boom...Out Go The Lights.", "However, Jackson's decision to only showcase solo performers, featuring Planer's Neil character instead of The Outer Limits as a duo angered Richardson, who began a long-standing feud with Jackson.", "Mike in BBC comedy The Young Ones was originally written with Richardson in mind; however, he did not take part for reasons partly connected to his earlier disagreement with Paul Jackson and due his commitments with The Comic Strip.", "Richardson was replaced by Christopher Ryan.", "The Outer Limits were hired by Kevin Rowland as an opening act for Dexy's Midnight Runners on their tour of The Projected Passion Revue in 1981.", "The Comic Strip Presents... \n\nAs a result of searching for a West End venue to stage The Wild Boys, Richardson and Michael White sourced a new possible venue for his own comedy club, the Boulevard Theatre in the Raymond Revue Bar, run by Paul Raymond.", "Richardson called it The Comic Strip, taking with him a core group from the Comedy Store.", "It opened in October 1980 and ran until 1981, when the troupe went on a national tour.", "Richardson approached producer Mike Bolland, the newly appointed Channel Four youth and entertainment commissioning editor to propose a series of Comic Strip films for the channel.", "Bolland agreed to his proposal, his first commission for the station and Jeremy Isaacs quickly approved the budget.", "The series opener, Five Go Mad in Dorset was the first comedy shown on the new channel on its opening night in November 1982.", "The Comic Strip Presents... ran from 1982 to 1988 on Channel 4, and then continued from 1990 to 1993 on the BBC.", "Richardson wrote more than half of the shows together with his longtime writing partner Pete Richens, and he also directed most of the BBC series.", "In 1998 Richardson, Planer, Mayall and Edmondson reunited to appear in new film Four Men in a Car, about four obnoxious sales representatives.", "This was followed up by 2000s Four Men in a Plane.", "Richardson returned to Channel 4 with the Comic Strip film, Sex Actually in 2005.", "In 2011, he wrote and directed The Hunt for Tony Blair.", "In 2012, he wrote and directed, Five Go To Rehab which premiered on Gold.", "Feature film work \nRichardson's success on the small screen has not always translated well to cinematic releases.", "1985's The Supergrass, was the first feature length theatrical release for a Comic Strip film and was funded through Film4 Productions.", "Reviews were mixed but mostly favourable and the film has a cult following.", "Richardson himself expressed the opinion in retrospect that maybe it was too gentle for a Comic Strip film.", "Richardson followed this up with the 1987 film Eat the Rich, written by himself and Pete Richens, about a waiter at an exclusive restaurant called Bastard's, who stages a rebellion against the government.", "Critics were mixed in their opinions on the film.", "Hal Hinson writing in the Washington Post gave the film a lukewarm review and said \"The punk jaggedness they bring to their derivations is the only hint of originality, but this, too, seems a little staid.", "It feels like punk on the downward swing, after most of its rude energy has dissipated.\"", "Vincent Canby in the New York Times was more favourable and drew comparisons to \"an upscale John Waters satire\" and \"Jean-Luc Godard's pre-Maoist period\" In January 1988 the film was one of several attacked in the Sunday Times by Oxford University historian Norman Stone for their critique of Thatcherite society and values, Stone describing them as \"worthless and insulting\" and \"riddled with left wing bias\".", "Richardson ran into controversy with a proposed three part papal satire which he pitched to Channel 4 in 1988.", "Several British newspapers picked up on the fact the script was being considered, generating anger amongst the Catholic establishment and after some unfavourable press attention Channel 4 scrapped the project.", "Shortly after this Richardson moved The Comic Strip Presents... to the BBC and produced two episodes based on the original trilogy screenplay, although they were heavily changed.", "He reworked the remainder of the story and again with backing from Film4 used elements of it to write the 1991 film The Pope Must Die, starring Comic Strip regulars Robbie Coltrane and Adrian Edmondson along with Herbert Lom and Paul Bartel.", "Richardson again directed.", "The film experienced problems placing advertising in several countries, particularly the US due to its controversial title, received mixed reviews from critics and struggled to make back its £2.5 million budget, grossing $2,544,770 overall (approximately £1.7 million).", "Richardson appeared in the 1992 revival of the Carry On franchise, Carry On Columbus, alongside other Comic Strip members Rik Mayall, Alexei Sayle and Nigel Planer.", "The film was badly received, with Time Out London saying \"None of the new crew of Sayle, Richardson, Mayall and Planer is remotely endearing in their awfulness\"\n\nIn 2003 Richardson began filming on his return to the big screen, directing Christian Slater and Neve Campbell in Churchill: The Hollywood Years, which was released in December 2004.", "The film was a return to the universe of Comic Strip films The Strike and GLC, where Hollywood remakes and distorts events from British historical events and portrayed Winston Churchill as a gun toting U.S. G.I.", "similar to Bruce Willis.", "Phillip French writing in the Observer called it \"a hit and miss affair\" Peter Bradshaw in the Guardian gave it three stars and said \"It's wildly uneven and very broad, but there are some laughs in Peter Richardson's Comic Strip fantasy of Churchill's real life as a kickass action hero.\"", "However Nev Peirce on the BBC's website panned the film, saying \"Sadly, Peter Richardson suffers the fate of many satirists; in trying to mock bad films, he's simply made a bad film\" The film grossed £148,326 on its opening weekend across 170 screens in the UK\nThe same year Richardson released a feature-length film of Stella Street through his new production company.", "Richardson co-wrote and directed the film.", "It received unfavourable reviews, Anita Gates in the New York Times writing \"the concept doesn't translate well to the longer form.", "The sense of the absurd is watered down.\"", "while Michael Rechtshaffen in the Hollywood Reporter said \"What might have achieved a degree of cult status across the pond when it was aired in 10-minute installments, struggles to pass big-screen scrutiny in a feature-length treatment that hinges on the flimsiest of plot lines.\"", "However Derek Elley in Variety thought it \"Manages to sustain its single-joke premise...over feature length.\"", "The film opened in 10 screens in the USA and took $2,574 on the opening weekend.", "Other television work \nDuring the last series of Comic Strip films, Peter introduced a new group of performers, Doon Mackichan, Mark Caven, Phil Cornwell, Sara Stockbridge, George Yiasoumi and Gary Beadle, and went on to star them in \"The Glam Metal Detectives\".", "The series was a hit with critics, and did well enough in the ratings, but spiralling production costs and internal wranglings at the BBC meant it only ran for one series.", "Apart from the Comic Strip, Richardson's best-known work is the sitcom Stella Street, which he directs and co-writes with impressionists John Sessions and Phil Cornwell.", "A Stella Street feature film was released in 2004.", "He also directed the mock documentary Lust for Glorious about comedian Eddie Izzard with Mark Caven and Phil Kay.", "Production work \nIn 2004, Richardson co-founded the production company Great Western Features with Nick Smith, which is based in Totnes, Devon.", "The company produced Churchill: The Hollywood Years, feature film The Golden Road and the Comic Strip production Sex Actually.", "They also produced a feature-length film of Stella Street, which Richardson also directed.", "They currently are due to start filming a new Comic Strip entitled 'It Ends Badly' in August 2013.", "They have also produced commercials for recycling, Flybe, Harris Tweed and the Devon Tourist Board.", "Filmography\n\nFilms \nThe Supergrass (1985)\nEat the Rich (1987)\nThe Pope Must Die (1991)\nCarry On Columbus (1992)\n\nTV series \nThe Comic Strip Presents... (42 episodes) (1982–2016)\n\nDirector \nThe Supergrass (1985)\nEat the Rich (1987)\nThe Comic Strip Presents (20 episodes) (1988–2016)\nThe Pope Must Die (1991)\nThe Glam Metal Detectives (1995)\nEddie Izzard: Glorious (1997)\nStella Street (TV series) (1997)\nStella Street (film) (2004)\nChurchill: The Hollywood Years (2004)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Peter Richardson profile on BFI with full filmography.", "1951 births\nLiving people\nAlumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art\nEnglish comedy writers\nEnglish film directors\nEnglish male film actors\nEnglish male television actors\nEnglish screenwriters\nEnglish male screenwriters\nEnglish stand-up comedians\nEnglish television directors\nEnglish television writers\nMale actors from Devon\nThe Comic Strip\nBritish male television writers" ]

[ "Peter Richardson is an English director, screenwriter, actor and comedian.", "He founded the Comic Strip troupe of performers, which showcased his double act with Nigel Planer, and launched the careers of French and Saunders, Rik Mayall and Adrian Edmondson.", "Richardson approached Channel 4 to make a series of short, self-contained one-off comedy films with this group, which led to The Comic Strip... Presents, many of which were written, directed by and featured him in acting roles.", "Richardson acted in Alan Bennett's Forty Years On when he was a teenager.", "Trained at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School.", "He mixed comedy and rock music in his experimental theatre shows.", "The Wild Boys and Rank toured the country.", "Richardson was influential on British television comedy throughout the 1980s as the driving force behind The Comic Strip... Presents films, one of the first examples of alternative comedy to appear on British television.", "Richardson has directed 17 of the 40 Comic Strip films that he has been involved in.", "The Strike won a Rose D'Or in 1988.", "None of the films in the series achieved great box office success.", "Richardson introduced a new generation of performers in the 1990s, including Doon Mackichan, Mark Caven, Phil Cornwell, Sara Stockbridge, George Yiasoumi and Gary Beadle.", "He was a co-writer and director of the 1990s cult mockumentary series Stella Street.", "The production company Great Western Features was founded in 2004 by Richardson and Nick Smith.", "Sex Actually was directed by him in 2005.", "The Hunt for Tony Blair, Five Go To Rehab, and Red Top were written and directed by Richardson.", "Richardson said in a July 2021 interview that he is writing a book on The Comic Strip.", "Richardson lived in a house near Denbury when he was a child.", "His parents ran a summer camp.", "Richardson's family moved to Dartmoor when he was ten.", "His father had a cine camera that they would use to make films.", "Richardson believes this was the beginning of his interest in film.", "He moved to London because he wanted to be an actor.", "He was a lifeguard at the swimming pool.", "Richardson was one of the schoolboys in Alan Bennett's Forty Years On.", "He was able to get an agent and perform in TV plays as an extra.", "He attended a theatre school.", "In the second year he became acquainted with Planer, who had worked at Richardson's parents' summer camp.", "Richardson said that the pair shared an interest in rock music, and wanted to mix music with a comedy show, which was being funny but using music as well.", "Richardson and Planer were influenced by comedians from the U.S. such as John Ratzenberger and Ray Hassett.", "The police raid of the 1974 Windsor Free Festival inspired the creation of a show called \"Rank\", which was performed at the Roundhouse Downstairs in August 1976.", "The characters in the play were played by Planer and Richardson.", "The play was well received and enabled the pair to get an Arts Council grant to take it on tour.", "Richardson and Planer were homeless at the end of the tour, with Richardson squatting in London.", "Richardson toured with a band in Italy and helped run drama courses for children at his parents' house.", "The Wild Boys, a show based on the book by William Burroughs, was one of the dramas produced from these courses.", "Richardson toured the show with the group Furious Pig.", "Richardson met Michael White, who was supposed to take the show to the West End, but this didn't happen.", "He worked as an extra on the second series of \"Ripping Yarns\" in 1979 as a German spy pretending to be a Cornish fisherman.", "Richardson and Planer started performing at London's Comedy Store in 1979.", "They spoofed different television styles, for example sitcom and American police drama.", "They used visual comedy and violence in their cartoons.", "The Comedy Store was the first to commission a programme from regular performers, and at this point, various television companies were taking note of the rapidly growing \"alternative comedy\" scene.", "This became 1980's boom boom...out go the lights.", "Richardson was angered by Jackson's decision to only showcase solo performers, including Planer's Neil character, instead of The Outer Limits as a duo.", "The Young Ones was written with Richardson in mind, but Mike didn't take part due to his commitments with The Comic Strip.", "Christopher Ryan replaced Richardson.", "Kevin Rowland hired The Outer Limits as an opening act for the tour of The Projected Passion Revue.", "As a result of searching for a West End venue to stage The Wild Boys, Richardson and Michael White found a new possible venue for their own comedy club, the Boulevard Theatre in the Raymond Revue Bar, run by Paul Raymond.", "Richardson took with him a core group from the Comedy Store.", "The troupe went on a national tour after it opened.", "Richardson wanted to make a series of Comic Strip films for Channel Four.", "Jeremy Isaacs quickly approved the budget after Bolland agreed to his proposal.", "The first comedy to be shown on the new channel was Five Go Mad in Dorset.", "The Comic Strip Presents... ran on Channel 4 from 1982 to 1988 and on the BBC from 1990 to 1993.", "Richardson and Pete Richens wrote more than half of the shows and Richardson directed most of them.", "Richardson, Planer, Mayall, and Edmondson reprise their roles in the new film Four Men in a Car.", "This was followed by Four Men in a Plane in 2000.", "Sex Actually was a film on the Comic Strip.", "He directed The Hunt for Tony Blair.", "He wrote and directed Five Go To Rehab.", "Richardson's success on the small screen has not always translated to cinematic releases.", "The first feature length theatrical release for a Comic Strip film was The Supergrass in 1985.", "The film has a cult following and the reviews were mostly positive.", "Richardson thought it was too gentle for a Comic Strip film.", "Richardson and Pete Richens wrote the 1987 film Eat the Rich, about a waiter at an exclusive restaurant who stages a rebellion against the government.", "Critics had differing opinions on the film.", "The Washington Post's Hal Hinson gave the film a mediocre review, saying that the punkness they bring to their derivations is the only hint of originality.", "After most of its rude energy has dissipated, it feels like punk on the downward swing.", "In January 1988 the film was one of several attacked in the Sunday Times by an Oxford University historian for their critique,Vincent Canby in the New York Times was more favourable and drew comparisons to \"an upscale John Waters satire\" and \"Jean-Luc Godard's pre-Maoist period", "Richardson pitched a three part papal satire to Channel 4 in 1988.", "Channel 4 scrapped the project after several British newspapers picked up on the fact that the script was being considered.", "Richardson moved The Strip Comic Presents... to the BBC and produced two episodes based on the original trilogy screenplay.", "He reworked the rest of the story and used elements of it to write the film The Pope Must Die, which starred Comic Strip regulars Adrian Edmondson, Herbert Lom, and Paul Bartel.", "Richardson directed again.", "Due to its controversial title, the film experienced problems placing advertising in several countries, particularly the US, and struggled to make back its 2.5 million budget, grossing over $2 million.", "Richardson was one of the Comic Strip members who appeared in the 1992 revival of Carry On Columbus.", "Time Out London said \"None of the new crew of Sayle, Richardson, Mayall and Planer is remotely endearing in their awfulness\" after seeing the film.", "The film was a return to the universe of Comic Strip films, where Hollywood remakes and distorts historical events in order to make them look better.", "Similar to Bruce.", "Peter Bradshaw in the Guardian gave it three stars and said it was a hit and miss affair, but there were some laughs.", "\"Unfortunately, Peter Richardson suffers the fate of many satirists; in trying to mock bad films, he's simply made a bad film,\" said Nev Peirce.", "The film was co-written and directed by Richardson.", "The concept doesn't translate well to the longer form according to the New York Times.", "The sense of absurdity has been watered down.", "\"What might have achieved a degree of cult status across the pond when it was aired in 10-minute installments, struggles to pass big-screen scrutiny in a feature-length treatment that hinges on the flimsiest of plot lines,\" said Michael Rechtshaffen in the Hollywood Reporter.", "It manages to sustain its single-joke premise over feature length.", "The film opened in 10 screens in the US and took $2,574 on its opening weekend.", "During the last series of Comic Strip films, Peter introduced a new group of performers, Doon Mackichan, Mark Caven, Phil Cornwell, Sara Stockbridge, George Yiasoumi and Gary Beadle.", "The series was a hit with critics, and did well in the ratings, but it only ran for one series because of spiralling production costs.", "Richardson is best known for his work on the Comic Strip, but he is also known for his work on the sitcom Stella Street.", "The film was released in 2004.", "Lust for Glorious was a mock documentary about Eddie Izzard with Mark Caven and Phil Kay.", "The production company Great Western Features was founded in 2004 by Richardson and Nick Smith.", "The Golden Road and Sex Actually were produced by the company.", "Richardson also directed the feature-length film, which was produced by them.", "They are going to start filming a new Comic Strip in August.", "They produced commercials for recycling, Flybe and Harris Tweed.", "The Pope Must Die is a film by The Supergrass and The Comic Strip Presents.", "English comedy writers, English film directors, English male film actors, English male television actors, English male screenwriters, English stand-up comedians, English television directors, and British male television writers were born in 1951." ]

[ "Peter Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Peter Bradshaw", "Peter Richardson", "Peter Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Peter", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Peter Richardson" ]

[ "Peter Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Peter Bradshaw", "Peter Richardson", "Richardson", "Peter", "Richardson", "Richardson", "Richardson" ]

[ "Swami Maheshwarananda, born Mangilal Garg, known as Swamiji (born 15 August 1945 in Rupawas, Pali district, Rajasthan, India), is a yogi, guru ''.", "Youth \nHis parents were pandit Krishna Ramji Garg and Phul Devi Garg.", "His father was an astrologist.", "Inspired by his parents, he started to learn to meditate when he was 3 years old.", "He grew up with two brothers and three sisters and soon spent most of his time in prayer and meditation.", "His father died when he was twelve and his mother sent him to meet his uncle, Swami Madhavananda, at the age of 13 in Nipal.", "Mangilal showed little interest in schoolwork, but constantly asked his uncle to make him a sannyasi.", "After some years Madhavananda granted his wish.", "Mangilal was prescribed strict yogic exercises and after six months of fasting and meditation he attained the state of self-realization (1962).", "He was initiated in the order of swamis in 1967.", "In 1972 he went to Europe and founded the Austrian-Indian Yoga-Vedanta fellowship in Vienna and the first Sri Deep Madhavananda Ashram.", "Guru lineage \nThe guru lineage begins with Sri Alakh Puriji.", "He was the Guru of Sri Devpuriji.", "Sri Devpuriji was believed to be an incarnation of Shiva, by his disciples.", "He lived sometime in the 19-20th century in ashram in a village Kailash in Rajasthan, India.", "His spiritual successor was named Sri Mahaprabhuji.", "Sri Mahaprabhuji was born in 1828 and died in 1963 and was therefore believed to be 135 years old at that time.", "As Sri Devpuriji, he also announced his departure and died in meditation posture after singing OM in the presence of his disciples.", "Sri Mahaprabhuji was believed to be an incarnation of Vishnu by his disciples and was thought to possess all 24 siddhis.", "He spent a lot of his life in an ashram built close to Bari Kathu in Rajasthan.", "Sri Mahaprabhuji received the title of Paramhansa from Sri Shankaracharya of Shringhari Matha in Pushkar in the presence of Sri Shankaracharya of Puri.", "Paramhans Swami Madhavananda spent on the side of Mahaprabhuji more than 20 years and with his permission wrote a book titled \"Lila Amrit\" about the lives of Sri Mahaprabhuji and Sri Devpuriji describing the many miracles they performed.", "Swami Madhavananda named Paramhans Swami Maheshwarananda as his spiritual successor and died in 2003.", "Teachings\nThe main points of Maheshwarananda's teachings are physical, mental, social and spiritual health; respect for life; tolerance for all religions, cultures and nationalities; world peace; protection of human rights and values; protection of the environment and preservation of nature; selfless service, and care and love for all living things.", "According to his teachings, the realisation of these fundamental principles of life will lead man to spiritual development, self-realization, and realisation of God.", "Yoga is not a part of any religion, but all religions are part of Yoga, because Yoga is universal.", "Yoga is a religion in terms of relation between individual and cosmic self, that is God.", "It is not a religion in terms of today's understanding of the word religion.", "Yoga is a Universal principle which balances entire Universe, the space and the consciousness.", "There is only one religion, humanity.", "One should not change religion, but become a better Christian, a better Muslim.... a better human according to their religion.", "Helping hands are worth more than praying hands.", "We can help the world peace by limiting our needs, reduce the use of plastics, become vegetarians and avoid drugs, especially alcohol, which can be considered as a devil in the form of liquid.", "Peace begins within one's own heart and charity within one's own home.", "\"Yoga in Daily Life, the System\" is a holistic and comprehensive system concerning body, mind, consciousness and soul.", "The system can't be described only as a religion or only as exercise.", "Yogic exercises are so called psychosomatic movements which can be adapted to any individual.", "The exercises have very old origin coming from ancient yogic scriptures.", "The system was developed with doctors, therapists and psychologists and is designed as a complete system in the yoga tradition, including all the main yoga paths:\n\n the path of the selfless way of acting (Karma Yoga)\n the path of discipline and meditation (Raja Yoga)\n the path of devotion (Bhakti Yoga)\n the path of realisation and knowledge (Jnana Yoga)\n purification techniques (Hatha Yoga)\n\nThe system was developed and organised into 8 levels by Swami Maheshwarananda.", "The goal of \"Yoga in Daily Life, the System\" is to create a program in which people can learn human responsibility towards the world and environment in which we are living; foster our compassion for all living beings; develop dormant hidden forces, and learn how to use them for the benefit of the world.", "The system can be lived and practised independently of age, social status, nationality and denomination.", "The system is an acknowledged diplomatic course in overseas (European) universities, and is taught in schools and hospitals for physical rehabilitation.", "Swamiji's books are published in 11 languages and thousands of non-profit centres of Yoga in Daily life are present in all five continents.", "Organization of work \nThe International Sri Deep Madhavananda Ashram Fellowship is a non-profit and non-denominational organisation seated in Vienna/Austria, at Schikanedergasse 12/13 (A-1040 Vienna).", "It was founded in 1990 by Paramhans Swami Maheshwarananda to unite, under one organisation, the various associations of \"Yoga in daily life\" that are scattered across the world.", "The fellowship has a member association in Roster Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC).", "In 1990 Paramhans Swami Maheshwarananda also laid the foundation stone of a project referred to as \"Om Ashram\" with the full name Om Vishwa Deep Gurukul, Swami Maheshwarananda Education & Research Center.", "The center is located on in the Jadan district of Rajasthan in the form of ancient symbol OM.", "Once completed, it would be the largest man-made symbol of OM in the world.", "Since 2003, the Om Ashram is also the Mahasamadhi Shrine (tomb) of his guru Dharmasamrat Paramhans Swami Madhavananda.", "Another his initiative is the Sri Swami Madhavananda World Peace Council which has been established as a non-governmental, humanitarian and charitable society.", "The feature event of the Sri Madhavananda World Peace Council is the \"World Peace Summit\" (WPS) which met for several years in different countries with the aim to discuss a special topic (religious dialogue, humanitarian projects,... ) to support world peace.", "The events brought together a large gathering of politicians, scientists and general public.", "Latest initiative by Swami Maheshwaranandaji \"Save the Birds\" would like to bring broader attention to the problem of birds live being endangered.", "Humanitarian projects \n In 2002 the Shree Vishwa Deep Gurukul Prathmik Vidyalaya, Yoga in Daily Life's primary school in Rajasthan, India, was founded.", "To address the major water crisis in the desert state of Rajasthan, India, the International Sri Deep Madhavananda Ashram Fellowship, has launched a Desert Rainwater Harvesting initiative.", "Healthcare.", "The \"Sri Swami Madhavananda Hospital\" at Jadan Ashram in the Pali district of Rajasthan, India, serves as a naturopathic and allopathic hospital since there is no other professional hospital in the 30 km area of the Ashram.", "This will provide residential health care to neighbouring districts.", "Recognitions and awards \n Representative at the Millennium World Peace Conference of Religious and Spiritual Leaders at the UN-Headquarter, New York, 2000.", "Award with the Danica Order, the highest decoration for humanitarian merits, by the President of the Republic Croatia, Stjepan Mesic, Oct. 2002\n Bharat Guaurav, Lifetime achievement Award in 2014.", "One of the Highest Awards in India.", "Bibliography \n Yoga in Daily Life – The System, Publ.", "by Iberia/European University Press, Austria, 2000.", "Available in 12 languages (English (), Spanish (), German (), French (), Hungarian (), Slovakian (), Czech (), Croatian (), Serbian (), Slovenian (), Katalan, Hindi)\n The Hidden Power in Humans – Chakras and Kundalini, Publ.", "by Iberia/European University Press, Austria, 2002.", "1st edition available in 10 languages 2nd edition publ.", "by Ibera.", "European University Press – Austria.", "Available in 4 languages.", "English (), German, Czech, Russian (978-5399001449)\n A Bright future through yoga – Promoted by the Ministry of Health of Rajasthan, India\n Meetings with a Yogi, Publ.", "by B. R. Publishing Corporation, India, Delhi, 1994, \n Diabetes, Help through Yoga in Daily Life, Publ.", "by Iberia/European University Press, Austria, 2007, \n Healthy Heart through Yoga in Daily Life, Publ.", "by Iberia/European University Press, Austria, 2004, \n High Blood-Pressure, Help through Yoga in Daily Life, Publ.", "by Iberia/European University Press, Austria, 2000, \n Yoga Against Backache, Publ.", "by Maudrich, Germany, 1998, \n Yoga for Joints, Publ.", "by Ehrenwirth, Germany, 1993, \n Yoga with Children, Publ.", "by Hugendubel, Germany, 1990, \n Patanjali's Yoga Sutras – Samadhi Path, Publ.", "by Int.Sri Deep Madhavananda Ashram Fellowship.", "Available in 6 languages.", "Selected Pearls.", "Publ.", "by Int.Sri Deep Madhavananda Ashram Fellowship\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official International homepage of Yoga In Daily Life\n\nIndian Hindu monks\nPeople from Rajasthan\nIndian yoga teachers\nIndian spiritual writers\nSpiritual teachers\n1945 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Pali district" ]

[ "Mangilal Garg, known as Swamiji, was born on August 15, 1945 in Rupawas, Pali district, Rajasthan, India.", "His parents were both pandits.", "His father was an astronomer.", "He began to meditate when he was 3 years old.", "He spent most of his time in prayer and meditation when he was a child.", "His mother sent him to meet his uncle at the age of 13 after his father died.", "Mangilal asked his uncle to make him a sannyasi, but he showed little interest in schoolwork.", "After a while, Madhavananda granted his wish.", "Mangilal attained the state of self-realization after six months of fasting and meditation.", "He was initiated in 1967.", "In 1972 he founded the Austrian-Indian Yoga-Vedanta fellowship in Vienna and the first Sri Deep Madhavananda Ashram.", "Sri Alakh Puriji is the first guru.", "He was the leader of the group.", "His disciples believed that he was an incarnation of Shiva.", "He lived in a village in India in the 19th century.", "Sri Mahaprabhuji was his spiritual successor.", "Sri Mahaprabhuji was thought to be 135 years old when he died in 1963.", "He died in meditation after singing in the presence of his disciples.", "The disciples of Sri Mahaprabhuji thought he was an incarnation of Vishnu and had all the siddhis.", "He lived in an ashram close to Bari Kathu in Rajasthan.", "The title of Paramhansa was given to Sri Mahaprabhuji by the Sri Shankaracharya of Shringhari Matha.", "A book was written about the lives of Sri Mahaprabhuji and Sri Devpuriji by a man who spent more than 20 years on their side.", "The spiritual successor to Swami Madhavananda was named by him.", "The main points of Maheshwarananda's teachings are physical, mental, social and spiritual health; respect for life; tolerance for all religions, cultures and nationalities; world peace; protection of human rights and values; and protection of the environment and preservation of nature.", "The realization of these fundamental principles of life will lead to spiritual development, self-realization, and realization of God according to his teachings.", "All religions are part of yoga because it is universal.", "There is a relation between individual and God in yoga.", "Today's understanding of the word religion is that it is not a religion.", "The universe, space and consciousness are all balanced by yoga.", "There is only one religion.", "A better human is a better Christian, a better Muslim.", "Helping hands are more valuable than praying hands.", "We can help the world peace by limiting our needs, reducing the use of plastic, and avoiding drugs, which can be considered as a devil in the form of liquid.", "Peace begins within one's own heart and home.", "\"Yoga in Daily Life, the System\" is a comprehensive system that deals with body, mind, consciousness and soul.", "The system doesn't have to be described as a religion or an exercise system.", "Psychosomatic movements can be adapted to any individual.", "The exercises are from ancient yogic scriptures.", "The system was developed with doctors, therapists and psychologists and is designed as a complete system in the yoga tradition, including all the main yoga paths.", "The goal of \"Yoga in Daily Life, the System\" is to create a program in which people can learn human responsibility towards the world and environment in which we are living, foster our compassion for all living beings, develop dormant hidden forces, and learn how to use them for the benefit", "The system can be practiced independently of age, social status, nationality and denominations.", "The system is taught in schools and hospitals for physical rehabilitation, and is an acknowledged diplomatic course in overseas universities.", "Thousands of non-profit centers of yoga are present in all five continents and Swamiji's books are published in 11 languages.", "The International Sri Deep Madhavananda Ashram Fellowship is a non-profit and non-denominational organisation located in Vienna/Austria.", "It was founded in 1990 to unify the various associations of \"Yoga in daily life\" that are scattered across the world.", "The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations is a member association of the fellowship.", "In 1990 the foundation stone was laid for a project called \"Om Ashram\", which is the name of the Education and Research Center.", "The center is located in the Jadan district of Rajasthan.", "It would be the largest man-made symbol in the world.", "The Mahasamadhi Shrine (tomb) of his guru is located at the Om Ashram.", "The Sri Swami Madhavananda World Peace Council is a non-governmental, humanitarian and charitable society.", "The aim of the World Peace Summit is to support world peace.", "There was a large gathering of politicians, scientists and the general public.", "The \"Save the Birds\" initiative would like to bring more attention to the problem of birds being threatened.", "The Yoga in Daily Life's primary school in Rajasthan, India, was founded in 2002 as a humanitarian project.", "The International Sri Deep Madhavananda Ashram fellowship launched a Desert Rainwater Harvesting initiative to address the major water crisis in the desert state of Rajasthan, India.", "There is healthcare.", "There is no other professional hospital in the 30 km area of the Jadan Ashram, so the \"Sri Swami Madhavananda Hospital\" is a naturopathic and allopathic hospital.", "Residential health care will be provided to other districts.", "The Millennium World Peace Conference of Religious and Spiritual Leaders was held in New York in 2000.", "The President of the Republic Croatia, Stjepan Mesic, awarded the highest decoration for humanitarian merits, the Danica Order.", "One of the highest awards in India.", "The system of yoga in daily life.", "European University Press, Austria, 2000.", "The Hidden Power in Humans is available in 12 languages.", "European University Press, Austria, 2002.", "The first edition is available in 10 languages.", "Ibera.", "The European University Press is in Austria.", "You can find it in 4 languages.", "A bright future through yoga was promoted by the Ministry of Health of Rajasthan.", "Diabetes, Help through Yoga in Daily Life was written by B. R. Publishing Corporation.", "European University Press, Austria, 2007, Healthy Heart through Yoga in Daily Life, Publ.", "Help through yoga in daily life was published by the European University Press.", "Yoga Against Backache was published in Austria in 2000.", "Yoga for Joints was published in 1998.", "Yoga with Children was written by Ehrenwirth.", "by Hugendubel, Germany, 1990", "There is a fellowship for Int.Sri Deep Madhavananda.", "There are 6 languages available.", "There are selected pearls.", "Publ.", "External links to the official website of yoga in daily life are listed below." ]

[ "Swami Maheshwarananda", "Swamiji", "Swami Madhavananda", "Swami Madhavananda", "Maheshwarananda", "Maheshwarananda", "Swamiji", "Swami Maheshwanda" ]

[ "Swamiji", "Swamiji", "Swami Madhavana" ]

[ "Renee Cox (born October 16, 1960) is a Jamaican-American artist, photographer, lecturer, political activist and curator.", "Her work is considered part of the feminist art movement in the United States.", "Among the best known of her provocative works are Queen Nanny of the Maroons, Raje and Yo Mama's Last Supper, which exemplify her Black Feminist politic.", "In addition, her work has provoked conversations at the intersections of cultural work, activism, gender, and African Studies.", "As a specialist in film and digital portraiture, Cox uses light, form, digital technology, and her own signature style to capture the identities and beauty within her subjects and herself.", "Background \nCox has \"dedicated her career to deconstructing stereotypes and to reconfiguring the black woman's body, using her nude form as a subject.\"", "She uses herself as a primary model in order to promote an idea of \"self-love\" as articulated by bell hooks in her book Sisters of the Yam, because as Cox writes in an artist's statement, \"slavery stripped black men and women of their dignity and identity and that history continues to have an adverse affect [sic] on the African American psyche.\"", "One of Cox's main motivations has always been to create new, positive visual representations of African Americans.", "In her article, \"A Gynocentric Aesthetic\", Cox argues that a shift to matriarchal art will transform aesthetic expressions to interact with daily life and society, rather than compartmentalized artistic discussions that emphasize beauty over process and expression.", "Greg Tate, writer for The Village Voice, wrote: \"(Renee's) her own heroine.", "She's very much about using the work as a platform for self-love.", "And she's clearly having fun in her role playing.", "It's a very New York attitude: 'Yeah, so what?", "I'm Jesus.", "I'm Wonder Woman.\"", "In addition to making art, Cox has curated and acted.", "She has done projects for Rush Art Gallery from its inception.", "In 1996 she curated an exhibition entitled No Doubt at the Aldrich Museum of Art in Ridgefield, Connecticut and she co-starred in Bridgett Davis' independent film Naked Acts, where she portrayed a photographer.", "Career\n\nEditorial career \nAs a student at Syracuse University, Cox majored in film studies.", "After graduating, she decided to devote her energy to the realm of still photography.", "She began as an assistant fashion editor at Glamour Magazine and then moved to Paris to pursue a career as a fashion photographer.", "She spent three years working in Paris, shooting for magazines including Votre Beaute and Vogue Homme and for designers Issey Miyake and Claude Montana, among others.", "Cox then returned to New York City, where she continued to work as a fashion photographer for ten years.", "Among her clients were editorial magazines such as Essence, Cosmopolitan, Mademoiselle, and Seventeen.", "She also worked with Spike Lee, producing the poster for his 1988 film School Daze.", "In the early 1990s, inspired by the birth of her first son, Cox decided to focus primarily on fine art photography.", "She received her Master of Fine Arts at the School of Visual Arts in New York and subsequently spent a year working with Mary Kelly and Ron Clark in the Whitney Independent Study Program.", "Fine arts career \nIn 1994, Cox exhibited her piece It Shall Be Named in the show Black Male: Representations of Masculinity in Contemporary American Art, curated by Thelma Golden at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City.", "A review of the show published in Art in America described the work as referring \"back to traditional art forms—in this case, the shaped crucifixes of 13th and 14th century Italy—with deep solemnity.", "The modern \"distortions\" and elisions of Cox's representation interact with the reference to iconic martyrdom to evoke the terrible history of lynchings, beatings and emasculation visited on the bodies of black men in this country.\"", "That same year, Cox's seven-foot nude self-portrait Yo Mama was included in the Bad Girls show curated by Marcia Tucker at the New Museum.", "Cox was the first woman ever to be pregnant during the Whitney Independent Study Program, pregnant at the time with her second son, which motivated her to create the Yo Mama character and series of photographs.", "In the photograph Cox stands nude, wearing black high heels, brandishing her older son as if he were a weapon.", "In Yo Mama and the Statue, Cox critiques race and gender issues, whilst attempting to \"reconcile her persona as a pregnant black woman artist with the white male convention of museum study and classical statuary.\"", "In 1995, Cox, Fo Wilson, and Tony Cokes created the Negro Art Collective (NAC) to fight cultural misrepresentations about Black Americans.", "The collective, working with Creative Time and Gee Street Records, created a poster campaign to challenge and provoke preconceived notions about race, crime and poverty.", "\"As far as representation, we have to take it back,\" Cox explained to the Daily News.", "The NAC appropriated a quote from scholar Charles Murray and added their commentary so as to appropriate the quote for their purposes.", "The idea was to present viewers with real information, which flies in the face of what Americans are taught to believe.", "The 24 by 36 inch posters read: \"Surprise, Surprise, 'in raw numbers, European-American whites are the ethnic group with the most people in poverty, most illegitimate children, most people on welfare, most unemployed men, and most arrests for serious crimes.'", "Surprised.\"", "The posters ran in Manhattan, Brooklyn and Los Angeles.", "The project was originally inspired by Cox's five-year-old son who had asked her one day: \"Why are all black people bad?\"", "Soon after, Cox created her Raje alter-ego, a superhero who fights racism and teaches children African-American history.", "In 1998 the body of work was featured in a Fin de Siècle art festival in Nantes, France.", "Nantes was historically the last stop on the slave trade, before the ships were to return to Africa to pick up their human cargo.", "The photographs were installed on billboards all over the city.", "In 1999, Cox's work was shown in the Venice Biennale, in the Oratorio di S. Ludovico, a 17th-century Catholic church, where her piece Yo Mama's Last Supper a contemporary re-imagining of Leonardo da Vinci's classic, was first shown.", "In Cox's reimagining of this historically iconic scene, she stood nude in the place of Jesus Christ and is surrounded by all black apostles, except for Judas, who is white.", "In 2001, the piece was included in a Brooklyn Museum of Art exhibition Committed to the Image: Contemporary Black Photographers, curated by Barbara Millstein.", "In 2001, Cox opened a show at the Robert Miller Gallery called American Family.", "The series featured family snapshots, as well as older family photographs juxtaposed with erotic self-portraits, and new re-creations of art historical classics.", "\"Olympia's Boyz\" is featured in this show, which first appeared at the Brooklyn Museum in 2001.", "Cox has written: \"The body of work was a rebellion against all of the pre-ordained roles I am supposed to embrace as a woman: dutiful daughter, diminutive wife, and doting mother.\"", "Later that year Cox undertook another series of photographs, this one named for the Jamaican national heroine, Queen Nanny of the Maroons.", "In the series, Cox took on the persona of Queen Nanny, who led the Maroons to victory in the First Maroon War.", "Queen Nanny of the Maroons was originally shown at the Robert Miller Gallery in 2005.", "Cox then exhibited the body of work in the Jamaican Biennial in 2007 where it won the Aaron Matalon Award.", "Cox continues to show her work as well as develop new projects as she is inspired.", "Her present work explores sacred geometry and the use of fractals to create sculptural kaleidoscopes.", "Soul Culture for Cox has marked her embrace of the digital world and her continued exploration of the human body as a site to engage viewers and evoke the practice of healthy and intersectional discourse.", "Critical assessment \nWriting for Vogue magazine, art critic Roberta Smith described Yo Mama as \"one of the most striking images in the East Coast portion of the Bad Girls exhibition…A towering self-portrait, it showed the artist, naked except for a pair of black high heels, holding her two-year-old son…The image presents a woman, both regal and erotic, who seems singularly disinclined to take guff from anyone and whose son will undoubtedly grow up to respect her gender.\"", "In 2001, Yo Mama's Last Supper sparked an enormous controversy when Rudy Giuliani, then mayor of New York City, saw the work and proceeded to accuse Cox of being anti-Catholic.", "Giuliani gained national attention when he subsequently called for the creation of a panel to create decency standards for all art shown in publicly funded museums in the city.", "Giuliani told the Daily News that he did \"not believe that it is right for public money to be used to desecrate religion, to attack people's ethnicity.\"", "Cox's Yo Mama is one of the focuses of writer Sheila F. Winborne's chapter, \"Images of Jesus in Advancing Great Commission\", in the book Teaching All Nations: Interrogating the Matthean Great Commission.", "Winborne describes Cox's Yo Mama as \"fine\", relating the piece to \"The perpetuation of the myth that the realistically rendered white Christ is superior to all other representational approaches supports the perception that the main issue is about appearances as signs of cultural and spiritual value, whereas in reality the main concern is the power to control outcomes in one's own favor.\"", "Winborne further compares Cox's Yo Mama to popular representations of Christ by adding: \"Ideas of white Christ as necessarily the most 'holy' of images reinforces the power of this myth's creators and supporters, along with the continued unequal treatment of others.\"", "Cox publicly responded to Giuliani's accusations by defending her first amendment right to portray herself as Christ.", "As Cox explained, her Catholic school education taught her that all human beings were created in the likeness of God.", "\"It's all very hypocritical,\" she was quoted as saying in the Daily News, \"now that he has been busted with the other woman, I wouldn't be talking about moral issues.\"", "At the time, Giuliani had recently admitted his affair with long-time friend Judy Nathan and proceeded to divorce his wife, Donna Hanover.", "Cox states that her reasoning for her Yo Mama's Last Supper piece was because \"Christianity is big in the African-American community, but there are no presentations of us,\" Cox added, \"I took it upon myself to include people of color in these classic scenarios.\"", "This was the second time during Giuliani's tenure that he attempted to censor art shown in New York City's museums and it sparked a national controversy about artists' first amendment rights.", "Exhibition history\n\nPublication list\n\nBooks\nBonazzoli, Francesca; Robecchi, Michele.", "Mona Lisa to Marge: How the World's Greatest Artworks Entered Popular Culture.", "Cassel, Valerie; Sabin, Roger; Weldt, Bernard; Mayo, Marti.", "Splat Boom Pow!", "The Influence of Cartoons in Contemporary Art.", "Copeland, Cynthia R.; Hulser, Kathleen; Stokes Sims, Lowery, Legacies: Contemporary Artists Reflect on Slavery\nCoq, Christian.", "Kreyol Factory\nCox, Renee; Isaak, Jo Anna.", "Renee Cox: American family.", "Cullen, Deborah; Fuentes, Elvis.", "Caribbean: Art at the Crossroads of the World.", "Dunye, Cheryl; Goode Bryant, Linda; Tanner, Marcia; Tucker, Marcia.", "Bad Girls\nFarrington, Lisa.", "Art & identity: the African-American aesthetic at the New School\nFoner, Eric.", "Give Me Liberty!", ": An American History (Fourth Edition) (Vol.", "1).", "Heartney, Eleanor; Posner, Helaine; Princenthal, Nancy, Scott, Sue.", "The Reckoning: Women Artists of the New Millennium.", "Hobson, Janell.", "Venus in the Dark: Blackness and Beauty in Popular Culture.", "Hoffmann, Nancy.", "Who More Sci-Fi Than Us?", ": Contemporary Art from the Caribbean.", "Isaac, Jo Anna.", "Looking Forward, Looking Black.", "Jay Z, Decoded\nJones, Amelia.", "Self/Image: Technology, Representation, and the Contemporary Subject\nLawrence, O'Neil.", "Pictures from Paradise: A Survey of Contemporary Caribbean Photography.", "Liss, Andrea.", "Feminist Art and the Maternal.", "Lotz, Leo.", "Bizarro World!", "The Parallel Universes of Comics & Fine Arts\nPlate, S. Brent.", "Blasphemy: Art that Offends\nReid-Pharr, Robert F.; Delany, Samuel R. Black Gay Man: Essays.", "Rosenfeld Dassel, Sara.", "Dramatis personae: a look at role-playing and narrative in contemporary photography.", "Solana, Guillermo.", "Heroinas \nStirratt, Betsy; Johnson, Catherine.", "Feminine Persuasion: Art and Essays on Sexuality.", "Szeemann, Harald.", "Venice Biennale 1999: Over All - 48th Exposition of International Art, Aperto.", "Thompson, Barbara.", "Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body.", "Willis, Deborah.", "Black Venus 2010: They Called Her \"Hottentot\".", "Willis, Deborah; Williams, Carla.", "The Black Female Body: A Photographic History\nX Ball, Barry; Steensma, Regnerus; Nieboer, Jan Willem; Blaettler, James R. The one chosen: images of Christ in recent New York art\nYee, Lydia.", "Urban Mythologies: The Bronx Represented Since 1960's\n\nMagazines and journals\nCharles, Nick.", "\"Art of fighting stereotypes.\"", "Daily News \nColangelo, Lisa and Michael R. Blood \"Rufy & 'Yo Mama,'\" Daily News\nEversley, Shelly; Morgan, Jennifer.", "The Sexual Body: WSQ: Spring / Summer 2007.", "Nochlin, Linda.", "\"Learning From 'Black Male'\" Art in America, March 1995 \nSrivastav, Vinita.", "\"The Woman Behind the Storm.\"", "Savoy Magazine, May 2001\nSmith, Roberta.", "\"Body of Evidence.\"", "Vogue, August 1994\nThe Sunday Review 10 July 2000.", "\"Pride and Prejudice\", The Independent on Sunday.", "References\n\nExternal links \n Renee Cox's Official Website\n Salon interview with Cox\n Rush Art Gallery\n Soul Culture\n Aperture interview with Cox\n\n1960 births\nAmerican women photographers\nAmerican photographers\nAmerican contemporary artists\nFeminist artists\nJamaican emigrants to the United States\nLiving people\nPeople from Queens, New York\nSyracuse University College of Visual and Performing Arts alumni\nPostmodern artists\nPeople from Scarsdale, New York\nJamaican photographers\nJamaican women artists\nJamaican artists\n21st-century American women" ]

[ "Renee Cox is a Jamaican-American artist, photographer, lecturer, political activist and curator.", "She is part of the feminist art movement in the United States.", "Her works include Queen Nanny of the Maroons, Raje and Yo Mama's Last Supper, which are Black Feminist works.", "Her work has provoked conversations at the intersection of cultural work, activism, gender, and African Studies.", "Cox uses light, form, digital technology, and her own signature style to capture the identities and beauty within her subjects and herself.", "Cox has devoted her career to deconstructing stereotypes and to reconfiguring the black woman's body, using her nude form as a subject.", "She uses herself as a primary model in order to promote an idea of \"self-love\" as articulated by bell hooks in her book Sisters of the Yam, because as Cox writes in an artist's statement, \"slavery stripped black men and women of their dignity and identity and that history", "Cox wants to create new, positive visual representations of African Americans.", "Cox argues in her article that a shift to matriarchal art will transform aesthetic expressions to interact with daily life and society, rather than emphasizing beauty over process and expression.", "Greg Tate is a writer for The Village Voice.", "She uses the work as a platform for self-love.", "She is having fun playing a role.", "It's a very New York attitude.", "I am Jesus.", "I'm Wonder Woman.", "Cox has acted and made art.", "She has worked for Rush Art Gallery.", "In 1996 shecurated an exhibition called No Doubt at the Aldrich Museum of Art in Ridgefield, Connecticut, and in 1998 she starred in a film called Naked Acts.", "Cox majored in film studies while at Syracuse University.", "She decided to get 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110", "She moved to Paris to pursue a career as a fashion photographer after working as an assistant fashion editor.", "She shot for magazines in Paris, including Votre Beaute and Vogue Homme, as well as designers Issey Miyake and Claude Montana.", "Cox worked as a fashion photographer for ten years in New York City.", "She worked with magazines such as Mademoiselle and Seventeen.", "The poster for Spike Lee's 1988 film School Daze was produced by her.", "Cox decided to focus on fine art photography in the early 1990s after the birth of her first child.", "She worked with Mary Kelly and Ron Clark in the Whitney Independent Study Program after receiving her Master of Fine Arts.", "Cox's piece It Shall Be named was part of the show Black Male: Representations of Masculinity in Contemporary American Art, which was held at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City.", "The work referred to back to traditional art forms, in this case, the shaped crucifixes of 13th and 14th century Italy, with deep solemnity.", "The terrible history of lynchings, beatings and emasculation visited on the bodies of black men in this country is evoked by the modern \"distortions\" and elisions of Cox's representation.", "Cox's nude self-portrait Yo Mama was included in the Bad Girls show at the New Museum.", "Cox created the Yo Mama character and series of photographs because she was the first woman ever to be pregnant during the Whitney Independent Study Program.", "Cox stands nude, wearing black high heels, holding her older son as if he were a weapon.", "Cox attempts to \"reconcile her persona as a pregnant black woman artist with the white male convention of museum study and classical statuary\" in Yo Mama and the Statue.", "The Negro Art Collective was created in 1995 by Cox, Fo Wilson, and Tony Cokes.", "The collective, working with Creative Time and Gee Street Records, created a poster campaign to challenge and provoke preconceived notions about race, crime and poverty.", "Cox told the Daily News that representation has to be taken back.", "The NAC appropriated a quote from scholar Charles Murray and added their commentary so that the quote was appropriate for their purposes.", "The idea was to show viewers what real information is like, which flies in the face of what they are taught to believe.", "In raw numbers, European-American whites are the ethnic group with the most people in poverty, illegitimate children, most people on welfare, most unemployed men, and most arrests for serious crimes.", "Surprised.", "There were posters in New York, Brooklyn and Los Angeles.", "Cox's five-year-old son had asked her one day, \"Why are all black people bad?\"", "Cox created Raje, a superhero who fights racism and teaches children African-American history.", "In 1998 the body of work was featured in an art festival.", "Before the ships were to return to Africa to pick up their human cargo, Nantes was the last stop on the slave trade.", "There were billboards with photographs on them.", "Cox's piece Yo Mama's Last Supper, a contemporary re-interpretation of Leonardo da Vinci's classic, was first shown in 1999.", "In Cox's version, she stood nude in the place of Jesus Christ and was surrounded by all black apostles, except for Judas, who is white.", "The piece was included in a Brooklyn Museum of Art exhibition in 2001.", "Cox opened a show called American Family at the Robert Miller Gallery in 2001.", "New re-creations of art historical classics and erotic self-portraits were included in the series.", "This show first appeared at the Brooklyn Museum in 2001.", "Cox wrote that the body of work was a rebellion against all of the pre-ordained roles she was supposed to embrace as a woman.", "Cox took another series of photographs, this one named for the Jamaican national hero, Queen Nanny of the Maroons.", "Cox wore the persona of Queen Nanny, who led the Maroons to victory in the First Maroon War.", "The Robert Miller Gallery displayed Queen Nanny of the Maroons in 2005.", "The body of work by Cox was exhibited in the Jamaican Biennial in 2007.", "As she is inspired, Cox continues to show her work as well as develop new projects.", "Her current work explores sacred geometry and how it can be used to create kaleidoscopes.", "Cox's continued exploration of the human body as a site to engage viewers and evoke the practice of healthy and intersectional discourse has marked her embrace of the digital world.", "Roberta Smith wrote for Vogue magazine that Yo Mama was one of the most striking images in the East Coast portion of the Bad Girls exhibition.", "Rudy Giuliani, the mayor of New York City at the time, accused Cox of being anti-Catholic after seeing Yo Mama's Last Supper.", "The creation of a panel to create decency standards for all art shown in museums in the city was called for by Giuliani.", "Giuliani told the Daily News that he didn't think it was right for public money to be used to attack people's religion.", "The book Teaching All Nations: Interrogating the Matthean Great Commission focuses on Cox's Yo Mama.", "The perpetuation of the myth that the realistic white Christ is superior to all other representational approaches supports the perception that the main issue is about appearances as signs of cultural and spiritual value.", "Winborne compares Cox's Yo Mama to popular representations of Christ, saying that the ideas of white Christ as necessarily the most \"holy\" of images reinforces the power of this myth's creators and supporters.", "Cox defended her first amendment right to portray herself as Christ.", "Cox was taught by her Catholic school that all humans were created in the likeness of God.", "\"Now that he has been busted with the other woman, I wouldn't be talking about moral issues,\" she was quoted as saying in the Daily News.", "Giuliani had recently admitted his affair with Judy Nathan and proceeded to divorce his wife, Donna.", "Cox states that she took it upon herself to include people of color in her Yo Mama's Last Supper piece due to the fact that Christianity is big in the African-American community.", "This was the second time during Giuliani's tenure that he tried to censor art shown in New York City's museums and it sparked a national controversy about artists' first amendment rights.", "Books Bonazzoli and Robecchi are on the exhibition history publication list.", "The world's greatest artworks entered popular culture.", "Weldt, Bernard, and Mayo, Marti, are from the same family.", "Oh, boom, boom, boom!", "The influence of cartoons on contemporary art.", "Lowery, Legacies: Contemporary Artists Reflect on Slavery Coq was written by Christian.", "Cox, Renee; Isaak, Jo Anna.", "Renee Cox is an American family.", "Deborah and Elvis.", "There is art at the crossroads of the world.", "Dunye, Cheryl; Bryant, Linda; Tucker,Marcia.", "Bad Girls Farrington, Lisa.", "The New School Foner, Eric, has an African-American aesthetic.", "Give me liberty!", "An American History is the fourth edition.", "This is the first one.", "Heartney, Eleanor; Posner, Helaine; Princenthal, Nancy; Scott, Sue.", "Women Artists of the New Millennium.", "Janell Hobson.", "Venus in the Dark is a book about blackness and beauty in popular culture.", "Nancy Hoffmann.", "Who do you think has more sci-fi than us?", "Contemporary art from the Caribbean.", "Jo Anna.", "Looking forward and looking black.", "Amelia, Decoded Jones, Jay Z.", "Technology, Representation, and the Contemporary Subject Lawrence, O'Neil.", "Pictures from Paradise is a survey of contemporary Caribbean photography.", "\"Angelos.\"", "There are feminist art and maternal art.", "Lotz, Leonardo.", "Bizarro World!", "The comic book and fine arts plate is called The Parallel Universes of Comics and Fine Arts.", "Black Gay Man: Essays was written by Samuel R. Delany.", "Sara was named after Rosenfeld Dassel.", "The look at role-playing and narrative in contemporary photography is called Dramatis personae.", "Solana and Guillermo.", "Betsy and Johnson are Heroinas Stirratt and Catherine.", "There are art and essays on sexuality.", "The person is Harald Szeemann.", "The 48th International Art, Aperto, was held in Venice in 1999.", "Barbara Thompson.", "Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body are part of Black Womanhood.", "Deborah is the name of the person.", "They called her \"Hottentot\".", "Deborah and Williams are related.", "The black female body is a photographic history.", "The Bronx has been represented in magazines and journals since the 1960's.", "The art of fighting stereotypes.", "Daily News Eversley, Morgan, and Colangelo are related to Michael R. Blood.", "The Sexual Body was in the Spring and Summer of 2007.", "Linda Nochlin.", "\"Learning from 'Black Male'\" is an art in America.", "The woman is behind the storm.", "Roberta Smith is the author of Savoy Magazine.", "The body of evidence.", "The Sunday Review 10 July 2000", "\"Pride and Prejudice\" was published by The Independent on Sunday.", "Cox Rush Art Gallery has an interview with Renee Cox on her Official Website." ]

[ "Renee Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Renee", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Renee", "Renee Cox", "Renee Cox", "Cox" ]

[ "Renee Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Cox", "Renee", "Renee Cox", "Renee Cox" ]

[ "Richard James Berry (born November 5, 1962) is an American entrepreneur and politician who served as the 29th mayor of Albuquerque, New Mexico.", "He is also a former two term member of the New Mexico House of Representatives.", "Berry was sworn into office on December 1, 2009, after defeating incumbent Democrat Martin Chávez.", "Berry became the first Republican Mayor of Albuquerque in nearly 30 years.", "Early life, education, and business career\nRichard Berry was born in Waterloo, Iowa on November 5, 1962.", "He was raised in Nebraska and graduated from Beatrice Senior High School in Beatrice, Nebraska in 1981.", "Berry moved to Albuquerque in 1982 to attend the University of New Mexico on academic and athletic scholarships (track & field, decathlon).", "While at the Anderson School of Management, he met his future wife, Maria Medina.", "Berry graduated with a Bachelor of Business Administration in 1985.", "After graduating, he became an entrepreneur in the construction industry.", "New Mexico House of Representatives\n\nElections\nIn 2006, Berry ran for the 20th district of the New Mexico House of Representatives after Republican State Representative Ted Hobbs decided to retire.", "He won the June 6 Republican primary with 52% of the vote, defeating two other candidates.", "He won the general election unopposed.", "In 2008, he won re-election to a second term unopposed.", "Tenure\nBerry was a member of the pension solvency task-force.", "Committee assignments\nAppropriations and Finance \nRules\nRural and Economic Development\nTransportation and Public Works\n\nMayor of Albuquerque\n\nElections\n\nIn 2009, Berry decided to run for Mayor of Albuquerque.", "He won the election with 44% of the popular vote.", "He defeated two Democrats: incumbent Mayor Martin Chávez (35%) and State Senator Richard Romero (21%).", "Berry ran for re-election to a second term in 2013 and won with 69% of the vote, defeating Democrat Pete Dinelli and Republican Paul Heh.", "National leadership\nBerry served as the Chairman of the US Conference of Mayors Metro Economies Committee, as well as an elected member of the Advisory Board.", "In addition, he served as the Chairman of the Community Leaders of America (CLA) from 2013–2015.", "Budgets\nAs Mayor, Berry reduced government spending by over $140 million, while keeping services to the community intact and without layoffs.", "In addition, Berry has reduced the size of city government by over 300 positions, through attrition and vacancies.", "This attrition was made up partially by the 8% reduction in the city's police force during which time the city experienced a spike in violent crimes.", "Without raising taxes, he has increased the city's operating reserve percentage.", "Berry initiated an \"Efficiency, Stewardship, and Accountability\" program that encourages city employees to report areas of inefficiency or waste in resources, offering a cash incentive to employees to encourage participation.", "By 2015, the program had saved over $20 million.", "Other innovations included switching to one provider for insurance, saving of more than $4 million.", "The city has maintained its \"AAA\" S&P bond rating.", "Education\nOne of Berry's core focus areas is augmenting the existing educational system with smart public sector investments.", "One way he is doing so is through a program called Running Start for Careers, a nationally recognized apprenticeship and education program.", "This public-private partnership allows high school students to enroll in a semester-long, dual-credit career exploration class held at industry sites for work-and-learn programs.", "Participants have higher graduation rates, and the program has served over 1000 local students and the program has maintained a 98% graduation rate.", "Running Start for Careers was named one of the Top 25 \"Innovations in Government\" by the Harvard Ash Center in May 2015.", "Berry has also committed $100,000 a year to fund six \"Homework Diner\" locations.", "Homework Diner is a grassroots, community-led program that provides after-school tutoring and meal assistance to families.", "The program addresses two common barriers to education – hunger and lack of parental involvement.", "Homework Diner provides free nutritious meals prepared by culinary students from the Central New Mexico Community College (CNM), and educators stay late to tutor children and help them with their homework.", "It brings families together around a table with a meal and involves parents in helping their children with their academics.", "The program's inter-generational approach also includes GED courses for parents who attend.", "Berry announced that the city will provide approximately $115,000 for an International Baccalaureate (IB) program at Sandia High School, the first program of its kind in the local public school district.", "The IB diploma program is a world-recognized college prep program for juniors and seniors based on rigorous academic standards.", "Qualified students from across Albuquerque will be encouraged to participate.", "APS expects IB to be offered to a junior class of 100-150 students beginning with the 2013-2014 school year.", "Another initiative Berry put into action is TalentABQ, which helps people gain the certifications they need to show prospective employers that they have the skills to do the job and improve productivity in their businesses.", "The program tests people for free at 35 locations around the City of Albuquerque.", "In the last two years 14,000 people have decided to be tested to see what job they would be best at, nearly 42,000 assessments have been taken.", "The city is working with 250 businesses to go into skills based hiring.", "The City of Albuquerque has 622 people through TalentABQ and the skills-based hiring.", "Social initiatives\nIn 2011 Berry launched a homelessness aid initiative, called Albuquerque Heading Home.", "This program provides chronically homeless, medically vulnerable individuals with housing through partnerships with local service providers.", "Since 2011, 646 individuals and families have been housed through the program.", "A study by the University of New Mexico found that it was 31% more cost-effective to house chronically homeless, medically-vulnerable individuals through the program than to let them remain on the streets.", "In August 2013, Berry announced a pay equity taskforce to address gender-based wage and salary inequality.", "As a result of task force recommendations, in May 2015 the City Council passed a bill supported by Berry that gave incentives to companies bidding for city contracts that can prove that they pay women within 10% of what they pay men in comparable jobs.", "In 2015, Berry launched the There's A Better Way campaign.", "The initiative helps to eradicate homelessness in the Albuquerque area.", "With the help of St. Martin's Hospitality Center, a van goes out in the morning picks up panhandlers and homeless people.", "They pay the individuals $9 an hour, give them lunch, and then at the end of the day go back to St. Martin's and get invited to engage into programs that may help them to end their homelessness.", "To date, about 1,200 day jobs have been provided and over 180 people have been connected with some kind of permanent employment opportunities.", "Through the program about 100,000 pounds of trash and weeds have been cleaned up from about 310 city blocks.", "Capital improvements\nBerry's administration completed the $93 million Paseo del Norte and I-25 interchange improvement project.", "This critical project is shortening commute times for over 56 million drivers a year and is estimated to bring nearly $3 billion in economic opportunity to Albuquerque in the coming decades.", "Transparency\nA leader in government transparency, Berry also launched ABQ-View.", "It allows citizens to easily access city spending data, employee salaries, vendor contracts, capital projects, audits, internal investigations, budget trending, travel expenses, and political contributions.", "This led to the City of Albuquerque to receive an A+ rating from the Sunshine Review for transparency in both 2011 and 2012.", "To encourage city employees to cut spending and waste, Berry created the Efficiency, Stewardship and Accountability Award.", "This program allows employees to submit ideas for saving the city money in their own departments.", "If the idea results in actual savings, the employee's department is eligible for an efficiency bonus.", "The citizens of Albuquerque have saved over $1.4 million, much of it recurring.", "A recent ESA example involved identifying annual savings on cell phones of $344,000.", "Recognitions\nUnder Mayor Berry, Albuquerque:\n Bloomberg Businessweek’s latest ranking has Albuquerque topping major cities like Boston and Los Angeles.", "The ranking recognized Albuquerque’s scenery and its stable economy, recreational opportunities, and quality educational system.", "Albuquerque received high marks from Business Facilities magazine’s annual ranking of metro areas’ economic strengths.", "Albuquerque was the 2nd-highest-rated area in terms of both economic growth potential and alternative energy industry leaders, 3rd for motion picture industry growth, and the 5th-highest-ranked metro area for quality of life.", "MovieMaker magazine ranks Albuquerque the #1 city to live, work, and make movies in their January 2010 issue.", "Relocate America ranked Albuquerque among the Top 10 Recovery Cities – May 2010 issue.", "Forbes ranked Albuquerque among the best retirement places in its March 2011 issue.", "The Brookings Institution ranked Albuquerque's exports 20th in the US in its July 2010 issue.", "Brookings Institution also ranked Albuquerque #7 for increase in gross metro product, in its April 2010 issue.", "William F. Dixon Award for Open Government, the Foundation for Open Government, 2012.", "City of Albuquerque received an A+ rating from the Sunshine Review for transparency in both 2011 and 2012.", "Public safety\nBerry's office claims that by stepping up community policing efforts in conjunction with smart policing technology Albuquerque has seen its crime rate drop to the lowest the city has seen in 20 years.", "Homicide totals, robberies, burglaries, auto theft, and property crime are all down since Berry took office, according to 2012 statistics from the Albuquerque Police Department.", "However, media reports contradict some of these statements, with some reports showing an overall rise in violent crime and property crime from 2010 onwards, 2014 ranking as the most violent year for the last five years.", "Berry and then-Police Chief Raymond Schultz launched a new initiative in 2012 aimed to get more recruits into the police academy.", "\"We are looking for the best and brightest,\" Berry said; \"We believe these new incentives will attract some of the best law enforcement recruits in our region.\"", "The advertising campaign was called, \"My Mommy and Daddy Are Heroes\".", "However, those recruiting efforts have largely been unsuccessful.", "APD continues to suffer from a significant shortage of new officers and difficulty attracting qualified recruits, as of 2015.", "Berry has defended APD in several shootings, causing many protests in the city.", "Berry's platform for police reform and the department's lack of transparency have been met with national scrutiny and criticism.", "2014 report on the Albuquerque Police Department\nDespite the Albuquerque Police Department's focus on the drop in crime rates, a 2014 Justice Department investigation into APD's practices resulted in a report citing numerous violations of individuals' constitutional rights and finding that the \"department engages in a pattern or practice of using excessive force during the course of arrests and other detentions in violation of the Fourth Amendment and Section 14141.\"", "The DOJ report includes specific examples of excessive and unnecessary use of force, from a random sample of 200 force reports during Mayor Berry's term between 2009–2013 and includes recommendations for revising department policies and practices The report was submitted to Mayor Berry, APD Chief Gordon Eden, and Albuquerque City Attorney David Tourek on April 10, 2014.", "The report also notes that \"Albuquerque police officers also often use less-lethal force in an unconstitutional manner\" and that \"The use of excessive force by APD officers is not isolated or sporadic.", "The pattern or practice of excessive force stems from systemic deficiencies in oversight, training, and policy.", "Chief among these deficiencies is the department’s failure to implement an objective and rigorous internal accountability system.", "Force incidents are not properly investigated, documented, or addressed with corrective measures.\"", "As of May 2015, more than a year after the DOJ report, APD's website does not outline any specific policy changes, or otherwise respond to the report, although it does provide a link.", "Personal life\nBerry is an Eagle Scout, participating with his son who is also an Eagle Scout.", "Berry received the Silver Beaver Award from the Boy Scouts of America for his work as a Scout leader who has made an impact on the lives of youth through service given to the council.", "He enjoys outdoor activities with his family including, hunting and fishing, snowboarding, water skiing, and other outdoor sports.", "Berry lettered in track & field while at the University of New Mexico.", "He participates in community and philanthropic events.", "He is a Roman Catholic.", "See also\n List of mayors of Albuquerque\n List of mayors of the largest 50 US cities\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n2009 Mayoral Election\nMayor Berry at the Albuquerque City website \nFirst Republican Candidate Jumps Into Race\nNMFOG announces 2012 Transparency Award winners\n\n1962 births\nLiving people\nMayors of Albuquerque, New Mexico\nMembers of the New Mexico House of Representatives\nNew Mexico Republicans\nPeople from Beatrice, Nebraska\nPeople from Waterloo, Iowa\nUniversity of New Mexico alumni" ]

[ "Richard James Berry was the 29th mayor of Albuquerque, New Mexico.", "He was a member of the New Mexico House of Representatives.", "Berry was sworn into office on December 1, 2009, after defeating his opponent.", "Berry is the first Republican Mayor of Albuquerque in 30 years.", "Richard Berry was born in Waterloo, Iowa in 1962.", "He graduated from a high school in Nebraska in 1981.", "Berry attended the University of New Mexico on academic and athletic scholarships after moving to Albuquerque in 1982.", "He met Maria Medina while at the Anderson School of Management.", "Berry received a Bachelor of Business Administration in 1985.", "He started his own construction company after graduating.", "Berry ran for the 20th district of the New Mexico House of Representatives after Republican State Representative Ted Hobbs decided to retire.", "He won the Republican primary with over 50% of the vote.", "He won the election.", "He was re-elected to a second term.", "The pension solvency task-force was chaired by Tenure Berry.", "In 2009, Berry decided to run for Mayor of Albuquerque.", "He got 42% of the popular vote.", "He defeated the incumbent Mayor and the State Senator.", "Berry was re-elected with a large majority of the vote, defeating Democrat Pete Dinelli and Republican Paul Heh.", "Berry was a member of the Advisory Board and Chairman of the US Conference of Mayors Metro Economies Committee.", "He was the Chairman of the Community Leaders of America from 2013 to 2015.", "Berry kept services to the community intact and without layoffs while reducing government spending.", "Berry has reduced the size of the city government through attrition and vacancies.", "The 8% reduction in the city's police force made up for the attrition.", "He has increased the city's operating reserve percentage without raising taxes.", "Berry's \"Efficiency, Stewardship, and Accountability\" program encourages city employees to report areas of inefficiency or waste in resources, offering a cash incentive to employees to encourage participation.", "The program saved over 20 million dollars.", "The switch to one provider for insurance saved more than $4 million.", "The \"AAA\" S&P bond rating is maintained by the city.", "Berry's focus is augmenting the existing educational system with smart public sector investments.", "Running Start for Careers is a nationally recognized apprenticeship and education program that he is using.", "High school students can enroll in a dual-credit career exploration class held at industry sites for work-and-Learn programs.", "Over 1000 local students have been served by the program and it has maintained a 98% graduation rate.", "The Harvard Ash Center named Running Start for Careers one of the Top 25 \"Innovations in Government\" in May 2015.", "Berry has committed $100,000 a year for six years.", "Homework Diner is a grassroots, community-led program that provides after-school tutoring and meal assistance to families.", "Hunger and lack of parental involvement are barriers to education.", "Homework Diner gives free meals to students from the Central New Mexico Community College, as well as teachers who stay late to tutor children.", "It brings families together around a table with a meal and involves parents helping their children with their academics.", "GED courses are available for parents who attend the program.", "The first IB program of its kind in the local public school district will be provided by the city.", "The IB diplomas are a world-recognized college prep program for juniors and seniors.", "Students from across Albuquerque will be encouraged to participate.", "IB is expected to be offered to a junior class of 100-150 students.", "Berry has put into action an initiative called TalentABQ, which helps people gain the certifications they need to show prospective employers that they have the skills to do the job and improve productivity in their businesses.", "People can be tested for free at 35 locations around Albuquerque.", "Over 42,000 assessments have been taken in the last two years to see what job people would be best at.", "250 businesses are being worked with by the city to go into skills based hiring.", "The skills-based hiring in the City of Albuquerque has 622 people.", "Berry launched a homelessness aid initiative in 2011.", "The program provides 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299", "646 people have been housed through the program.", "The University of New Mexico found that it was more cost-effective to house chronically homeless, medically-vulnerable individuals through the program than to let them remain on the streets.", "Berry created a pay equity taskforce to address gender-based wage and salary inequality.", "In May 2015, the City Council passed a bill supported by Berry that gave incentives to companies bidding for city contracts that can prove that they pay women within 10% of what they pay men in comparable jobs.", "The There's A Better Way campaign was launched by Berry.", "In the Albuquerque area, homelessness is eradicated by the initiative.", "A van goes out in the morning to pick up homeless people.", "They pay the individuals $9 an hour, give them lunch, and then at the end of the day go back to St. Martin's and engage in programs that may help them to end their homelessness.", "Over 180 people have been connected with permanent employment opportunities because of the 1,200 day jobs that have been provided.", "About 100,000 pounds of trash and weeds have been cleaned up by the program.", "The Paseo del Norte and I-25 interchange improvement project was completed by Berry's administration.", "This critical project is shortening commute times for over 56 million drivers a year and is estimated to bring nearly $3 billion in economic opportunity to Albuquerque in the coming decades.", "Berry is a leader in government transparency.", "It allows citizens to easily access city spending data, employee salaries, vendor contracts, capital projects, audits, internal investigations, budget, and political contributions.", "The City of Albuquerque received an A+ rating for transparency in both 2012 and 2011.", "Berry created the Efficiency, Stewardship and Accountability Award to encourage city employees to cut spending.", "Employees can submit ideas for saving the city money.", "The employee's department is eligible for an efficiency bonus if the idea results in savings.", "The citizens of Albuquerque have saved over a million dollars.", "A recent example involved saving $344,000 on cell phones.", "Albuquerque has topped major cities like Boston and Los Angeles.", "Albuquerque was recognized for its scenery, stable economy, and quality educational system.", "Business Facilities magazine gave Albuquerque high marks for its economic strengths.", "Albuquerque was the 2nd-highest-rated area in terms of both economic growth potential and alternative energy industry leaders, 3rd for motion picture industry growth, and the 5th-highest-ranked metro area for quality of life.", "In the January 2010 issue of MovieMaker magazine, Albuquerque is ranked the #1 city to live, work, and make movies.", "In the May 2010 issue of the Top 10 Recovery Cities, Relocate America Albuquerque was ranked.", "Forbes ranked Albuquerque as one of the best retirement places.", "Albuquerque's exports were ranked 20th in the US in the July 2010 issue.", "In the April 2010 issue, Albuquerque was ranked seventh for increase in gross metro product.", "The Foundation for Open Government presents the William F. Dixon Award for Open Government.", "The City of Albuquerque received an A+ rating for transparency in 2011.", "Albuquerque has seen its crime rate drop to the lowest it has seen in 20 years because of stepped up community policing and smart policing technology, according to Berry's office.", "Statistics from the Albuquerque Police Department show that property crime is down since Berry took office.", "The most violent year for the last five years was ranked by some media reports as a rise in violent crime and property crime.", "A new initiative was launched in 2012 by Berry and the police chief to get more recruits into the academy.", "Berry believes that the new incentives will attract some of the best law enforcement recruits in the region.", "The campaign was called \"My Mommy and Daddy Are Heroes\".", "The efforts to recruit have largely failed.", "As of 2015, the APD has a significant shortage of new officers and difficulty in attracting qualified recruits.", "Berry has defended the APD in the past.", "Berry's platform for police reform and the department's lack of transparency have been met with national scrutiny.", "Despite the Albuquerque Police Department's focus on the drop in crime rates, a Justice Department investigation into APD's practices resulted in a report citing numerous violations of individuals' constitutional rights and finding that the department engages in a pattern or practice of using.", "The report includes examples of excessive and unnecessary use of force, from a random sample of 200 force reports during Mayor Berry's term, as well as recommendations for revising department policies and practices.", "Albuquerque police officers often use less-lethal force in an unconstitutional manner and the use of excessive force by APD officers is not isolated or sporadic according to the report.", "There are systemic deficiencies in oversight, training, and policy that lead to excessive force.", "The department failed to implement an objective and rigorous internal accountability system.", "Force incidents aren't properly investigated, documented, or addressed with corrective measures.", "More than a year after the DOJ report, the APD's website does not have any specific policy changes or responses, although it does provide a link.", "Berry is an Eagle Scout and his son is also an Eagle Scout.", "Berry received the Silver Beaver Award from the Boy Scouts of America for his work as a Scout leader who has made an impact on the lives of youth through service given to the council.", "He enjoys hunting and fishing, snowboarding, water skiing, and other outdoor sports with his family.", "Berry was a student at the University of New Mexico.", "He is involved in community and philanthropic events.", "He's a Roman Catholic.", "First Republican Candidate Jumps Into Race NMFOG announces 2012 transparency award winners 1962 births Living people Mayors of Albuquerque, New Mexico" ]

[ "Richard James Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Richard Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Richard Romero", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Mayor Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Mayor Berry", "Mayor Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Mayor Berry" ]

[ "Richard James Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Richard Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry" ]

[ "Alla Nazimova (Russian: Алла Назимова; born Marem-Ides Leventon, Russian: Марем-Идес Левентон; June 3 [O.S.", "May 22] , 1879 – July 13, 1945) was a Russian-American actress, director, and producer.", "On Broadway, she was noted for her work in the classic plays of Ibsen, Chekhov and Turgenev.", "She later moved on to film, where she served many production roles, both writing and directing films under pseudonyms.", "Her film Salome (1923) is regarded as a cultural landmark.", "Nazimova was bisexual and openly conducted relationships with women while being married to a man.", "She created the Garden of Allah hotel, which became a retreat for many celebrities of the time.", "She is credited with having originated the phrase \"sewing circle\" as a discreet code for lesbian or bisexual actresses.", "Early life\nShe was born Marem-Ides Leventon (Russian name: Adelaida Yakovlevna Leventon) in Yalta, Crimea, Russian Empire.", "Although her accepted birth year is 1879, that is far from certain because there are different sources that indicate 1878 or even 1876.", "Her stage name Alla Nazimova was a combination of Alla (a diminutive of Adelaida) and the surname of Nadezhda Nazimova, the heroine of the Russian novel Children of the Streets.", "She was widely known as just Nazimova.", "Her name was sometimes transcribed as Alia Nasimoff.", "The youngest of three children born to Jewish parents Yakov Abramovich Leventon, a pharmacist, and Sarah Leivievna Gorowitz (later known as Sofia or Sophie Lvovna Gorovitz, Horovitz, or Herowitz), who moved to Yalta in 1870 from Kishinev, she grew up in a dysfunctional family.", "Her parents divorced when she was eight.", "After her parents separated, she was shuffled among boarding schools, foster homes and relatives.", "As a teenager she began to pursue an interest in the theatre and took acting lessons at the Academy of Acting in Moscow.", "She joined Constantin Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theatre using the name of Alla Nazimova for the first time.", "Career\n\nNazimova's theater career blossomed early, and by 1903, she was a major star in Moscow and Saint Petersburg.", "She toured Europe, including London and Berlin, with her boyfriend Pavel Orlenev, a flamboyant actor and producer.", "In 1905, they moved to New York City and founded a Russian-language theater on the Lower East Side.", "The venture was unsuccessful, and Orlenev returned to Russia while Nazimova stayed in New York.", "She was signed by the American producer Henry Miller and made her Broadway debut in New York City in 1906 to critical and popular success.", "Her English-language premiere in November 1906 was in the title role of Hedda Gabler.", "She quickly became extremely popular (Nazimova's 39th Street Theatre was named after her) and remained a major Broadway star for years, often acting in the plays of Henrik Ibsen and Anton Chekhov.", "Dorothy Parker described her as the finest Hedda Gabler she had ever seen.", "Nazimova's film career began when she was 37 years old.", "Due to her notoriety in a 35-minute 1915 play entitled War Brides, Nazimova made her silent film debut in 1916 in the filmed version of the play, which was produced by Lewis J. Selznick.", "She was paid $1,000 per day, and the film was a success.", "A young actor with a bit part in the movie was Richard Barthelmess, whose mother taught Nazimova English.", "Nazimova had encouraged him to try out for movies and he later became a star.", "In 1917, she negotiated a contract with Metro Pictures, a precursor to MGM, that included a weekly salary of $13,000.", "She moved from New York to Hollywood, where she made a number of highly successful films for Metro that earned her considerable money.", "In 1927, she became a naturalized citizen of the United States.", "Nazimova soon moved to film, where she created and worked under Nazimova Productions from 1917 to 1921.", "She filled many roles in film production, outside of acting.", "She served as a director, producer, editor, lighting designer, and received credit for costume design for the film Revelation.", "She wrote screenplays under the pseudonym Peter M. Winters, and was a director for films credited to the name of her partner Charles Bryant.", "In her film adaptations of works by such notable writers as Oscar Wilde and Ibsen, she developed filmmaking techniques that were considered daring at the time.", "Her film projects, including A Doll's House (1922), based on Ibsen, and Salomé (1923), based on Wilde's play, were critical and commercial failures.", "Salome, however, has become a cult classic, regarded as a feminist milestone in film.", "In 2000, the film was added to the National Film Registry.", "By 1925, she could no longer afford to invest in more films, and financial backers withdrew their support.", "Left with few options, she gave up on the film industry, returning to perform on Broadway, notably starring as Natalya Petrovna in Rouben Mamoulian's 1930 New York production of Turgenev's A Month in the Country and an acclaimed performance as Mrs. Alving in Ibsen's Ghosts, which critic Pauline Kael described as the greatest performance she had ever seen on the American stage.", "In the early 1940s, she returned to films, playing Robert Taylor's mother in Escape (1940) and Tyrone Power's mother in Blood and Sand (1941).", "This late return to motion pictures fortunately preserves Nazimova and her art on sound film.", "Personal life\n\nMarriages\n\nIn 1899, she married Sergei Golovin, a fellow actor.", "From 1912 to 1925, Nazimova maintained a \"lavender marriage\" with Charles Bryant (1879–1948), a British-born actor.", "To bolster this arrangement with Bryant, Nazimova kept her marriage to Golovin secret from the press, her fans, and even her friends.", "In 1923, she arranged to divorce Golovin without traveling to the Soviet Union.", "Her divorce papers, which arrived in the United States that summer, stated that on May 11, 1923, the marriage of \"citizeness Leventon Alla Alexandrovna\" and Sergius Arkadyevitch Golovin, \"consummated between them in the City Church of Boruysk June 20, 1899\", had been officially dissolved.", "A little over two years later, on November 16, 1925, Charles Bryant, then 43, surprised the press, Nazimova's fans and Nazimova herself by marrying Marjorie Gilhooley, 23, in Connecticut.", "When the press uncovered the fact that Charles had listed his current marital status as \"single\" on his marriage license, the revelation that the marriage between Alla and Charles had been a sham from the beginning embroiled Nazimova in a scandal that damaged her career.", "Relationships with women\nFrom 1917 to 1922, Nazimova wielded considerable influence and power in Hollywood.", "She helped start the careers of both of Rudolph Valentino's wives, Jean Acker and Natacha Rambova.", "Although she was involved in an affair with Acker, it is debatable as to whether her connection with Rambova ever developed into a sexual affair.", "Nevertheless, there were rumors that Nazimova and Rambova were involved in a lesbian affair (they are discussed at length in Dark Lover, Emily Leider's biography of Rudolph Valentino) but those rumors never have been confirmed.", "She was very impressed by Rambova's skills as an art director, and Rambova designed the innovative sets for Nazimova's film productions of Camille and Salomé.", "The list of those Nazimova is confirmed to have been involved with romantically includes actress Eva Le Gallienne, film director Dorothy Arzner, writer Mercedes de Acosta, and Oscar Wilde's niece Dolly Wilde.", "Bridget Bate Tichenor, a Magic Realist artist and Surrealist painter, was rumored to be one of Nazimova's favored lovers in Hollywood during 1940–1942.", "The two had been introduced by the poet and art collector Edward James, and according to Tichenor, their intimate relationship angered Nazimova's longtime companion Glesca Marshall.It is believed that Nazimova coined the phrase sewing circle as code to refer to lesbian or bisexual actresses of her day who concealed their true sexuality.", "Nazimova lived together with Glesca Marshall from 1929 until Nazimova's death in 1945.", "Friends and relations\nEdith Luckett, a stage actress and the mother of future U.S. First Lady Nancy Reagan, was a friend of Nazimova, having acted with her onstage.", "Edith married Kenneth Seymour Robbins, and following the birth of their daughter Nancy in 1921, Nazimova became her godmother.", "Nazimova continued to be friends with Edith and her second husband, neurosurgeon Loyal Davis until her death.", "She was also the aunt of American film producer Val Lewton.", "Garden of Alla\n\nNazimova's private lifestyle gave rise to widespread rumors of outlandish and allegedly debauched parties at her mansion on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, California, known as The Garden of Alla, which she leased in 1918 and bought outright the next year.", "Facing near-bankruptcy in 1926, she converted the 2.5-acre estate into a hotel by building 25 villas on the property.", "The Garden of Alla Hotel opened in January 1927.", "But Nazimova was ill-equipped to run a hotel and eventually sold it and returned to Broadway and theatrical tours.", "By 1930, the hotel had been purchased by Central Holding Corporation, which changed the name to the Garden of Allah Hotel.", "When Nazimova moved back to Hollywood in 1938, she rented Villa 24 at the hotel and lived there until she died.", "Death and memorials\nOn July 13, 1945 Nazimova died of a coronary thrombosis, age 66, in the Good Samaritan Hospital in Los Angeles.", "Her ashes were interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.", "Her contributions to the film industry have been recognized with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "Legacy\nNazimova has been depicted a number of times in film and onstage.", "The first two were biographical films about Rudolph Valentino: The Legend of Valentino (1975), in which she was portrayed by Alicia Bond; and Valentino (1977), in which she was portrayed by Leslie Caron.", "She was featured in two 2013 silent films about Hollywood's silent movie era: Return to Babylon in which she was played by Laura Harring and Silent Life (Vlad Kozlov, Isabella Rossellini et al.)", "based on the life of Rudolph Valentino, where she was played by Sherilyn Fenn.The character of Nazimova also appears in Dominick Argento's opera Dream of Valentino, in which she also played the violin.", "Nazimova was also featured in make-up artist Kevyn Aucoin's 2004 book Face Forward, in which he made up Isabella Rossellini to resemble her, particularly as posed in a certain photograph.", "Actress Romy Nordlinger first portrayed Alla Nazimova in The Society for the Preservation of Theatrical History production of Stage Struck: From Kemble to Kate staged at the Snapple Theater Center in New York City in December 2013.", "In Fall 2016, PLACES, a multimedia solo show about Alla Nazimova, supported by the League of Professional Theatre Women's Heritage Program, written and performed by Romy Nordlinger debuted at Playhouse Theatre for a limited run.", "The Garden of Allah cabaret was an influential LGBTQ+ cabaret venue in the mid-1900s that took its name and inspiration from Nazimova's original Garden of Alla.", "Nazimova also appears in Medusa's Web, a novel by fantasy-fiction writer Tim Powers.", "Filmography\n\nSee also\n\n List of American film actresses\n List of film producers\n List of Jewish actors\n List of people from California\n List of people from New York City\n List of people from Ukraine\n List of Russian people\n List of women writers\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n Golden, Eve (2001).", "Golden Images: 41 Essays on Silent Film Stars.", "Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. .\n Lewton, Lucy Olga (1988).", "Alla Nazimova, My Aunt, Tragedienne: A Personal Memoir.", "Minuteman Press.", "Smith, Frederick James (September 1918).", "\"Those Nazimova Eyes!\"", "in Picture Play." ]

[ "Alla Nazimova was born in Russia and was christened on June 3.", "Russian-American actress, director, and producer was born in 1879.", "She worked in classics like Ibsen, Chekhov and Turgenev on Broadway.", "She worked in film as a writer and director, as well as serving in many production roles.", "Her film is considered a cultural landmark.", "While being married to a man, Nazimova had bisexual relationships with women.", "The Garden of Allah hotel became a retreat for many celebrities.", "She is credited with inventing the phrase \"sewing circle\" as a discreet code for lesbian or bisexual actresses.", "She was born in Yalta in the Russian Empire.", "Her accepted birth year is 1879, but that is not certain because of different sources.", "The stage name Alla Nazimova was a combination of Alla and Nadezhda Nazimova, the hero of the Russian novel Children of the Streets.", "She was known as Nazimova.", "Her name was sometimes used to refer to her.", "The youngest of three children born to Jewish parents was the one who moved to Yalta in 1870.", "She was eight when her parents divorced.", "She was shuffled between boarding schools, foster homes and relatives after her parents separated.", "She took acting lessons at the Academy of acting in Moscow when she was a teenager.", "The Moscow Art Theatre used the name Alla Nazimova for the first time.", "Nazimova was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She toured Europe with her boyfriend, a flamboyant actor and producer.", "The Russian-language theater on the Lower East Side was founded in 1905.", "Orlenev returned to Russia while Nazimova stayed in New York.", "She made her Broadway debut in New York City in 1906 and was signed by the American producer Henry Miller.", "The title role of Hedda Gabler was played by her.", "She was a major Broadway star for many years, often acting in plays of Chekhov and Ibsen, and her 39th Street Theatre was named after her.", "She described her as the best Hedda Gabler she had ever seen.", "When she was 37 years old, Nazimova began her film career.", "Nazimova made her silent film debut in 1916 in the filmed version of the play, which was produced by Lewis J. Selznick.", "The film was a success because she was paid $1,000 per day.", "Richard Barthelmess, whose mother taught Nazimova English, was an actor in the movie.", "He became a star after Nazimova encouraged him to try out for movies.", "She negotiated a contract with Metro Pictures that paid her $13,000 a week.", "She made a number of successful films for Metro that earned her a lot of money.", "She became a citizen of the United States in 1927.", "From 1917 to 1921, Nazimova created and worked under her production company.", "Outside of acting, she worked in film production.", "She was a director, producer, editor, lighting designer, and costume designer for Revelation.", "She wrote and directed films under the names Peter M. Winters and Charles Bryant.", "She made films based on works by Oscar Wilde and Ibsen that were considered daring at the time.", "Her film projects, including A Doll's House, based on Ibsen, and Salomé, based on Wilde's play, were critical and commercial failures.", "As a feminist milestone in film, Salome has become a cult classic.", "The film was added to the national film registry in 2000.", "Financial backers stopped supporting her because she couldn't afford to invest in more films.", "After giving up on the film industry, she returned to Broadway to perform in Rouben Mamoulian's 1930 New York production of Turgenev's A Month in the Country.", "She played Robert Taylor's mother in Escape and her mother in Blood and Sand in the early 1940s.", "Nazimova's art on sound film is fortunately preserved by this late return to motion pictures.", "She married a fellow actor in 1899.", "Nazimova had a \"lavender marriage\" with Charles Bryant from 1912 to 1925.", "Nazimova hid her marriage to Golovin from her fans, the press and even her friends.", "She decided to divorce Golovin without going to the Soviet Union.", "Her divorce papers stated that on May 11, 1923, she married Sergius Arkadyevitch Golovin in the City Church of Boruy.", "On November 16, 1925, Charles Bryant, then 43, surprised the press, Nazimova's fans and Nazimova herself by marrying Marjorie Gilhooley, 23, in Connecticut.", "Nazimova's career was damaged when it was revealed that the marriage between Alla and Charles had been a sham from the beginning.", "Nazimova had relationships with women from 1917 to 1922.", "She helped start the careers of Jean Acker and Natacha Rambova.", "Although she was involved in an affair with Acker, it is questionable if her relationship with Rambova ever developed into a sexual affair.", "There were rumors that Nazimova and Rambova were involved in a lesbian affair, but they have never been confirmed.", "She was impressed by Rambova's skills as an art director and she designed the innovative sets for Nazimova's film productions.", "Oscar Wilde's niece Dolly Wilde is one of the people confirmed to have been involved with Nazimova.", "One of Nazimova's favored lovers in Hollywood was a Magic Realist artist named Bridget Bate Tichenor.", "The two had been introduced by the poet and art collector Edward James, and according to Tichenor, their intimate relationship angered Nazimova's companion.", "Nazimova and Marshall lived together until Nazimova's death in 1945.", "Edith Luckett was a friend of Nazimova and the mother of Nancy Reagan.", "Nazimova became Edith's godmother after her daughter Nancy was born in 1921.", "Edith and Loyal Davis were friends with Nazimova.", "She was Val Lewton's aunt.", "The Garden of Alla Nazimova's mansion on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, California, known as The Garden of Alla, which she leased in 1918 and bought the next year, was rumored to be a brothel.", "She built 25 villas on the property to convert the estate into a hotel.", "The Garden of Alla Hotel opened in 1927.", "Nazimova returned to Broadway and theatrical tours after selling her hotel.", "The Garden of Allah Hotel was purchased by Central Holding Corporation in 1930.", "Villa 24 was the hotel where Nazimova lived until she died.", "On July 13, 1945, Nazimova died of a heart problem at the Good Samaritan Hospital in Los Angeles.", "Her final resting place was in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery.", "She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "Legacy Nazimova has been depicted a number of times.", "The first two biographical films were about her, in which she was portrayed by two different people.", "She was featured in two silent films in which she was played by Laura Harring.", "The character of Nazimova was played by Sherilyn Fenn, who also played the violin.", "In 2004, Nazimova was featured in a make-up artist's book, Face Forward, in which he made up another woman to look like her.", "The Society for the Preservation of Theatrical History staged Stage Struck: From Kemble to Kate in New York City in December of 2013).", "The League of Professional Theatre Women's Heritage Program supported the debut of PLACES, a multimedia solo show about Alla Nazimova.", "The Garden of Allah cabaret took its name and inspiration from the original Garden of Alla.", "Nazimova is in a novel by Tim Powers.", "List of American film actresses, list of film producers, list of Jewish actors, list of people from California, list of people from New York City, list of Russian people, list of women writers.", "Essays on Silent Film Stars can be found in Golden Images.", "The company is located in Jefferson, North Carolina.", "My Aunt, Tragedienne: A Personal Memoir was written by Alla Nazimova.", "The Minuteman Press.", "Smith was born in September 1918.", "\"Nazimova eyes!\"", "There is a picture play." ]

[ "Alla Nazimo", "Alla", "Alla", "Nazimova", "Nazimova", "Nazimova", "Nazimova", "Alla", "Nazimova", "Nazimova", "Nazimova", "Nazimova", "Nazimova", "Alla", "Alla", "Alla" ]

[ "Alla Nazimo", "Alla", "Alla", "Nazimova", "Nazimova", "Nazimova", "Nazimova", "Alla", "Nazimova", "Nazimova", "Nazimova", "Nazimova", "Nazimova", "Nazimova", "Nazimova", "Nazimova", "Nazimova", "Alla", "Nazimova", "Alla" ]

[ "Aidan Walsh (born 23 January 1990) is an Irish hurler and Gaelic footballer who plays for Cork Championship club Kanturk and at inter-county level with the Cork senior hurling team.", "He usually lines out as a full-forward.", "Playing career\n\nCork Institute of Technology\n\nIn 2011, he helped the Cork Institute of Technology hurling team to their first county final where they played Carrigtwohill.", "Despite being favourites for the game Carrigtwohill ran out 0–15 to 1–11 winners.", "Then the GAA barred Walsh, as well as goalkeeper Michael Boyle, from playing for DCU in controversial circumstances.", "Kanturk\n\nWalsh joined the Kanturk club at a young age and played in all grades at juvenile and underage levels as a dual player.", "His early successes included winning Duhallow Championship titles in 2009 and 2011 after defeats of Rockchapel.", "On 11 November 2011, Walsh was at midfield for the Kanturk junior football team that faced Mitchelstown in the final of Cork Junior Championship.", "He was held scoreless in the game but collected a winners' medal after the 1-20 to 0-04 victory.", "He ended the game as man of the match.", "On 3 November 2013, Walsh was at right wing-forward when the Kanturk intermediate hurling team faced Éire Óg in the final of the Cork Intermediate Championship.", "He scored 1-01 from play in the 2-22 to 1-12 victory.", "The 2017-18 season proved to be a hugely successful one for Walsh and the Kanturk club.", "After claiming a Cork Premier Intermediate Championship medal with the hurling team following a two-point defeat of Mallow in the final, he later won a Cork Intermediate Championship medal as a footballer following a 0-14 to 0-13 defeat of Mitchelstown in the final.", "On 19 November 2017, Walsh won a Munster Championship medal with the hurlers after a 1-23 to 0-25 extra-time defeat of Kilmaley in the final.", "On 4 February 2018, he won an All-Ireland medal after scoring two points in a 1-18 to 1-17 defeat of St Patrick's Ballyragget in the final.", "Cork\n\nMinor and under-21\n\nWalsh first played for Cork as a member of the minor football team.", "He made his first appearance on 11 April 2007 and scored six points from right wing-forward in a 0-20 to 0-03 defeat of Waterford.", "On 1 July, Walsh won a Munster Championship medal after scoring three points in a 1-16 to 2-08 defeat of Kerry in the final.", "Walsh became a dual player at minor level in 2008.", "He made his first appearance for the Cork minor hurling team when he lined out at midfield in a 2-17 to 2-16 defeat by Clare on 30 April 2008.", "In spite of this defeat, Cork still reached the provincial decider via the play-off route.", "Walsh was switched to right wing-back and collected a Munster Championship medal after a 0-19 to 0-18 defeat of Tipperary.", "On 14 March 2009, Walsh made his first appearance for the Cork under-21 football team.", "He lined out at centre-back in a 1-17 to 0-09 defeat of Kerry.", "On 28 March, he won a Munster Championship medal after a 1-09 to 2-05 defeat of Tipperary in the final.", "Walsh was again at centre-back when Cork faced Down in the All-Ireland final on 4 May.", "He collected a winners' medal after a 1-13 to 2-09 victory.", "On 3 June, Walsh made his first appearance for the Cork under-21 team in a 2-22 to 0-25 defeat by Tipperary in the Munster Championship.", "On 6 April 2011, Walsh was at midfield for the under-21 footballers when Cork faced Kerry in the Munster Championship final.", "He collected a second winners' medal after the 2-24 to 0-08 victory.", "On 3 August, Walsh was at left wing-forward for the Cork under-21 hurling team that faced Limerick in the Munster Championship final.", "He scored eight points from play in the 4-20 to 1-27 defeat.", "Senior\n\nWalsh made his first appearance for the Cork senior football team on 5 July 2009.", "He was introduced as a 59th-minute substitute for Ger Spillane in Cork's 2-06 to 0-11 defeat of Limerick in the Munster Championship final.", "It was his only appearance during the championship, however, he was an unused substitute for Cork's 0-16 to 1-09 defeat by Kerry in the All-Ireland final on 20 September.", "On 25 April 2010, Walsh was at midfield for Cork's National League final against Mayo.", "He scored a point in the 1-17 to 0-12 victory.", "Walsh was also named at midfield for Cork's All-Ireland final meeting with Down on 19 September.", "He ended the game with a winners' medal after a 0-16 to 0-15 victory for Cork.", "Walsh ended the season by winning an All-Star award as well as being named Young Footballer of the Year.", "After playing in the early rounds of the National League, Walsh won a second successive winners' medal on 24 April 2011 in spite of missing Cork's 0-21 to 2-14 defeat of Dublin in the final.", "Walsh won his third National Football League medal on 29 April 2012.", "Lining out at full-forward he scored a vital goal when Cork defeated Mayo by 2-10 to 0-11 to win the title.", "On 8 July, Walsh top scored with 1-01 when Cork defeated Clare by 3-16 to 0-13 to win the Munster Championship.", "He ended the season by winning a second All-Star award.", "In November 2013, Walsh announced that he would line out for both the Cork senior hurling and football teams during the 2014 season.", "He made his first appearance for the Cork senior hurling team on 15 February 2014 when he lined out at left wing-forward in Cork's 0-17 apiece draw with Limerick in the National League.", "On 3 July, Walsh won a Munster Championship medal after scoring two points from midfield in Cork's 2-24 to 0-24 defeat of Limerick in the last final to be played at the old Páirc Uí Chaoimh.", "On 30 October 2014, Walsh ended his status as a dual player and committed to playing only inter-county hurling during the 2015 season.", "On 3 May, he was at midfield for Cork's 1-24 to 0-17 defeat by Waterford in the National League final.", "Walsh remained with the Cork senior hurling team for the 2016 season as well, however, he rejoined the Cork senior football team in July 2016.", "At the end of the season he left the Cork senior hurling team and committed to the Cork senior football team for the 2017 season.", "After leaving the Cork senior football team at the end of the 2018 season, Walsh announced his intention to make himself available to the Cork senior hurling team for 2019.", "Career statistics\n\nHonours\n\nTeam\n\nKanturk\n Cork Senior A Hurling Championship (1): 2021\nAll-Ireland Intermediate Club Hurling Championship (1): 2018\n Munster Intermediate Club Hurling Championship (1): 2017\n Cork Premier Intermediate Hurling Championship (1): 2017\n Cork Intermediate Football Championship (1): 2017\n Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship (1): 2013\n Cork Junior Football Championship (1): 2011\n\nCork\nAll-Ireland Senior Football Championship (1): 2010\nMunster Senior Football Championship (2): 2009, 2012\nMunster Senior Hurling Championship (1): 2014\nNational Football League (2): 2010, 2011, 2012\nMcGrath Cup (1): 2014\nAll-Ireland Under-21 Football Championship (1): 2009\nMunster Under-21 Football Championship (2): 2009, 2011\nMunster Minor Football Championship (1): 2007\nMunster Minor Hurling Championship (1): 2008\n\nIreland\nInternational Rules (2): 2011, 2013 (vc)\n\nIndividual\n\nAwards\nAll Stars Young Footballer of the Year (1): 2010\nAll-Star (2): 2010, 2012\n96fm/C103 Cork Sports Person of Year (1): 2009\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAidan Walsh profile at the Cork GAA website\n\nLiving people\n1990 births\nKanturk Gaelic footballers\nKanturk hurlers\nAll Stars Young Footballers of the Year\nCork inter-county Gaelic footballers\nCork inter-county hurlers\nDual players\nIrish international rules football players\nWinners of one All-Ireland medal (Gaelic football)\nDCU Gaelic footballers" ]

[ "An Irish hurler and Gaelic footballer, who plays for Kanturk and at inter-county level, is named Aidan Walsh.", "He is usually a full-forward.", "He helped the Cork Institute of Technology hurl team to their first county final in 2011.", "Carrigtwohill ran out 0–15 to 1–11 winners despite being favorites.", "Walsh was barred from playing for DCU in controversial circumstances by the GAA.", "At a young age, Kanturk Walsh joined the Kanturk club and played in all grades as a dual player.", "He won the Duhallow Championship titles after defeats of Rockchapel.", "Walsh was in the middle of the Kanturk junior football team that played in the final of the Cork Junior Championship.", "He won a winners' medal after the 1-20 to 0-04 victory.", "He was the man of the match.", "Walsh was at right wing-forward when Kanturk faced ire g in the final of the Cork Intermediate Championship.", "He scored in the 2-22 to 1-12 victory.", "Walsh and the Kanturk club had a very successful season.", "He won a medal with the hurl team after a two point defeat of Mallow in the final, and then won a medal as a footballer after a 0-14 to 0-13 defeat of Mitchelstown in the final.", "Walsh won a medal with the hurlers after a 1-23 to 0-25 defeat of Kilmaley in the final.", "He won an All-Ireland medal after scoring two points in a 1-18 to 1-17 defeat of St Patrick's Ballyragget in the final.", "Walsh was a member of the minor football team.", "He scored six points from the right wing-forward in a defeat of Waterford.", "Walsh won the medal after scoring three points in the final against Kerry.", "Walsh became a dual player in 2008.", "He made his debut for the Cork minor hurlers in a 23-17 to 2-16 defeat by Clare on April 30, 2008.", "Despite the defeat, Cork still made it to the provincial decider via the play-off route.", "After a 0-19 to 0-18 defeat of Tipperary, Walsh was switched to the right wing-back.", "Walsh made his first appearance for the under-21 football team.", "In the 1-17 to 0-09 defeat of Kerry, he lined out at centre-back.", "He won a medal after a 1-09 to 2-05 defeat of Tipperary in the final.", "Walsh was at centre-back for the All-Ireland final.", "He won a 1-13 to 2-09 match.", "On 3 June, Walsh made his first appearance for the Cork under-21 team in a 2-22 to 0-25 defeat by Tipperary.", "Walsh was in the middle for the under-21 football team when they faced Kerry in the Munster Championship final.", "He won a second medal after the victory.", "On 3 August, Walsh was at left wing-forward for the Cork under-21 hurlers, who faced Limerick in the Munster Championship final.", "He scored eight points in the defeat.", "On July 5, 2009, Senior Walsh made his first appearance for the Cork senior football team.", "He came on as a substitute for Ger Spillane in the second half of the final.", "He was an unused substitute for the All-Ireland final when Cork lost to Kerry 0-16 to 1-09.", "Walsh was in the middle of the game for the National League final.", "He scored a point in the victory.", "Walsh was in the middle for the All-Ireland final against Down.", "He won the game with a 0-16 to 0-15 victory for Cork.", "Walsh was named Young Footballer of the Year and won an All-Star award.", "Walsh won a second successive winners' medal on 24 April 2011 despite missing the final of the National League where Cork lost to Dublin.", "Walsh won his third National Football League medal.", "He scored a crucial goal in the title match when he was Lining out at full-forward.", "Walsh scored 1-01 when Cork defeated Clare to win the Munster Championship.", "He won a second All-Star award.", "Walsh announced in November of last year that he would play for both the football and hurling teams in the upcoming season.", "He made his first appearance for the Cork senior hurlers in February of last year, when he lined out at left wing-forward in a draw with Limerick in the National League.", "Walsh won a medal after scoring two points from the middle in the last game of the championship to be played at the old Pirc U Chaoimh.", "Walsh ended his status as a dual player and committed to playing only inter-county Hurling in 2015.", "In the National League final, he was in the middle of the game for Cork.", "Walsh rejoined the Cork senior football team in July 2016 after remaining with the senior hurlers for the 2016 season.", "He left the senior hurlers at the end of the season to join the senior football team.", "Walsh left the senior football team at the end of the year in order to join the senior Hurling team.", "Team Kanturk won the All-Ireland Intermediate Club Hurling Championship in 2021." ]

[ "Aidan Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Aidan Walsh" ]

[ "Aidan Walsh", "Walsh", "Kantk Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Senior Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh", "Walsh" ]

[ "Nell Shipman (born Helen Foster-Barham; October 25, 1892 – January 23, 1970) was a Canadian actress, author, screenwriter, producer, director, animal rights activist and animal trainer.", "Her works often had autobiographical elements to them and reflected her passion for nature.", "She is best known for her work in adventure films adapted from the novels of American writer, James Oliver Curwood.", "Shipman started two independent producing companies in her career: Shipman-Curwood Producing Company and Nell Shipman Productions.", "In 1919, she and her husband, Ernest Shipman, a film producer, made the most successful silent film in Canadian history, Back to God's Country.", "Personal life\nShe was born as Helen Foster-Barham in Victoria, British Columbia.", "Her parents were Arnold and Rose Barham.", "She grew up in a middle-class family.", "From an early age, she developed a respect towards animals.", "She was passionate about animal rights and advocated for them in Hollywood.", "She developed her own zoo, containing more than 200 animals.", "In 1904, her family moved to Seattle, Washington.", "A year later, she left home and joined the Paul Gilmore travelling theatrical company.", "When Helen was 18 years old, she met and married Ernest Shipman, a 39-year-old theatrical impresario.", "Their son, Barry Shipman, was born a couple year later in 1912.", "While married to Ernie Shipman, Nell engaged in a six year long affair with actor Bert Van Tuyle.", "They eventually split during the filming of The Grub Stake, because of Van Tuyle's deteriorating mental state.", "Two years later, in New York City, Shipman met and married a painter named Charles Ayers with whom she had two children named Charles and Daphne.", "They separated in 1934.", "At the end of her life, Shipman moved to Cabazon, California, where she continued writing.", "She died there in 1970 at age 77.", "Career \nAfter marrying Ernie Shipman, the couple moved to Hollywood, where the American film industry was developing.", "During this time, Nell Shipman sold the rights to her novel, Under the Crescent Moon to Universal Studios (they wanted to make a six-film serial of the book).", "Nell Shipman started acting in Universal, Selig & Vitagraph studio productions.", "Between 1915 and 1918, she played several leading roles, including her debut in God's Country and the Woman (1915), based on a short story by American writer James Oliver Curwood.", "Shipman directed, produced, and acted in this film.", "She was one of the first directors to shoot her films almost entirely on location.", "Throughout her life, Shipman wrote many scripts and short stories.", "One of her stories was adapted for the American film Wings in the Dark (1934), starring Myrna Loy and Cary Grant (1934).", "In 1925, Shipman wrote three essays called \"The Movie That Couldn't Be Screened.\"", "Additionally, she wrote a children's book titled \"Kurly Kew and the Tree-Princess: A Story of the Forest People Told For Other-People\" (1930).", "Most of Nell Shipman's work had autobiographical elements to them.", "Nell Shipman turned down a contract with Samuel and Goldwyn in favor for independent cinema.", "Her preference for independent cinema led her to starting two producing companies, Shipman-Curwood Producing Company and Nell Shipman Productions.", "Neither she nor Ernest Shipman had been able to repeat their success with Back to God's Country.", "Other directors made new versions of the film, by the same title, in 1927 and 1953.", "Shipman's last major project was her autobiography, The Silent Screen and My Talking Heart.", "It was published posthumously by Boise State University through their Hemingway Western Studies Series.", "The university also houses the Nell Shipman Collection at Albertsons Library.", "Many of her films were preserved and are available through the library.", "Shipman-Curwood Producing Company\nDuring her recovery from Spanish influenza in 1918, Shipman created a production company called “Shipman-Curwood Producing Company\", in partnership with James Curwood.", "Her husband, Ernest Shipman, convinced a consortium of Calgary businessmen to invest in Alberta, Canada.", "They incorporated a company, Canadian Photoplays Ltd., on February 7, 1919, with a $250,000 investment.", "The company produced one film, based on Curwood's short story, \"Wapi the Walrus.\"", "Shipman adapted this for the screen herself.", "The 73-minute film (at 18 frames per second) was shot in Los Angeles, San Francisco and on location near Lesser Slave Lake, Alberta, Canada by director David M. Hartford.", "It was released as Back to God's Country, to capitalize on her success in God's Country and the Woman.", "Shipman also played the lead in the film, which featured her in a very brief, but controversial nude scene.", "A promotional advertisement for the film had a line drawing of a nude Nell, shown from the back and frolicking with several animals.", "Part of the caption read: \"Don't book Back To God's Country unless you want to prove the Nude is NOT Rude.\"", "Back To God's Country was a major Canadian and international silent film hit.", "Despite the film's success, Curwood did not like the fact that Shipman changed the plot of his short story.", "She changed the protagonist of the film from Wapi the Great Dane, to Delores.", "Nell Shipman Productions \nShe created \"Nell Shipman Productions\" with Bert Van Tuyle in 1919, and established herself as an independent producer.", "She focused on the major themes she enjoyed: wild animals, nature, feminist heroes, and filming on location.", "She produced, wrote, co-directed and starred in The Girl From God’s Country (1921) and The Grub Stake (1923).", "Both films were not successful.", "She transported her zoo of animals on barges up to Priest Lake, Idaho, where she made several short films at Lion Head Lodge.", "One of the films made there was called The Grub Stake (1923).", "It cost around $180,000 to produce.", "The film was never distributed, because the American distributor went bankrupt and during the subsequent litigation, the film became tied up in the legal proceedings.", "Van Tuyle became increasingly unstable, and hostile locals killed her animals.", "Shipman and Van Tuyle got lost in the wild for two days during a violent snow storm in January 1924.", "They encountered and were saved by two brothers, Joseph and Fred Gumaer.", "In 1925, Shipman's company went bankrupt.", "In total, they produced ten films.", "Cultural legacy\nFor three years, from 1917 to 1920, Nell Shipman lived in what has been preserved as The Doctor's House Museum in Glendale, California.", "Her mother died here in 1918 during the flu epidemic.", "Shipman described the site of the house in her autobiography as on a \"tree lined dirt road, away from the hub bub of Hollywood\".", "“Nell Shipman Point” is a piece of land in Priest Lake, Idaho.", "It is named after her because The Grub Stake (1923) was filmed there.", "The Canadian playwright Sharon Pollock was commissioned to write a one-act play about Shipman's life called Moving Pictures (1999).", "All of Nell Shipman's surviving films are available on DVD from Boise State University, which holds a collection of materials about her.", "Nell Shipman is considered by Canada to be the \"First Lady of Canadian Cinema.\"", "Filmography\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nFurther reading\n\n \"Dreams Made in Canada – a history of feature film, 1913 to 1995\" – an article by Sam Kula, Archivist, Archives and Government Records The Archivist No.", "110 (1995), Magazine of the National Archives of Canada.", "External links\n\n Nell Shipman Website\n Canadian Film Encyclopedia [A publication of The Film Reference Library/a division of the Toronto International Film Festival Group]\nNell Shipman at the Women Film Pioneers Project\n Nell Shipman at Canadian Women Film Directors Database\n \n Nell Shipman Biography\n Canadian Encyclopedia Article on Nell Shipman\n The Nell Shipman Exhibit at City of Glendale, CA\n \n A Brief History of Nell Shipman by Joel Zemel ©1997 \n Silent Era Nell Shipman\n Nell Shipman Collection at Boise State University\n Famous Canadian Women\n Barry Shipman (Nell's son)\n\n1892 births\n1970 deaths\n20th-century American actresses\n20th-century American women writers\n20th-century Canadian actresses\nActresses from Seattle\nActresses from Victoria, British Columbia\nAmerican film actresses\nAmerican silent film actresses\nAmerican women film producers\nAmerican women screenwriters\nCanadian animal rights activists\nCanadian expatriate actresses in the United States\nCanadian film actresses\nCanadian film producers\nCanadian silent film actresses\nCanadian women film directors\nCanadian women film producers\nCanadian women screenwriters\nFilm producers from Washington (state)\nScreenwriters from Washington (state)\nWriters from Seattle\nWriters from Victoria, British Columbia\n20th-century Canadian screenwriters\n20th-century American screenwriters\nShipman family" ]

[ "Helen Foster-Barham (born October 25, 1892 to January 23, 1970) was a Canadian actress, author, screenwriter, producer, director, animal rights activist and animal trainer.", "Her passion for nature was reflected in her works.", "She is best known for her work on adventure films based on James Oliver Curwood's novels.", "The Shipman-Curwood Producing Company was started by her in her career.", "Back to God's Country was the most successful silent film in Canadian history.", "Helen Foster-Barham was born in Victoria, British Columbia.", "Arnold and Rose Barham were her parents.", "She was raised in a middle-class family.", "She developed a respect for animals from an early age.", "She advocated for animal rights in Hollywood.", "She had a zoo with more than 200 animals.", "Her family moved to Seattle in 1904.", "She joined the Paul Gilmore travelling theatrical company a year later.", "Helen met and married Ernest Shipman when she was 18 years old.", "Barry Shipman was born in 1912.", "While married to a man, she had an affair with another man.", "They split because of Van Tuyle's mental state.", "In New York City, Shipman met and married a painter named Charles, who she had two children with.", "They separated in 1934.", "At the end of her life, Shipman moved to Cabazon, California, where she continued to write.", "She died there at the age of 77.", "The American film industry was developing when the couple moved to Hollywood.", "The rights to her novel, Under the Crescent Moon, were sold to Universal Studios, who wanted to make a six-film serial of the book.", "The actress started acting in studio productions.", "Her debut in God's Country and the Woman was based on a short story by American writer James Oliver Curwood.", "This film was directed, produced, and acted by Shipman.", "She was one of the first directors to shoot most of her films on location.", "She wrote a lot of short stories and scripts.", "The American film Wings in the Dark was adapted from one of her stories.", "\"The Movie That Couldn't Be Screened\" was written by Shipman in 1925.", "She wrote a children's book called \"Kurly Kew and the Tree-Princess: A Story of the Forest People Told For Other-People\" in 1930.", "autobiographical elements were a part of most of the work done by SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA SALVAGEDATA", "The contract with Samuel and Goldwyn was turned down by the woman.", "She started two companies because of her preference for independent cinema.", "She and Ernest Shipman did not repeat their success with Back to God's Country.", "The same title was used by other directors to make new versions of the film.", "The Silent Screen and My Talking Heart were her last major projects.", "It was published posthumously in the Hemingway Western Studies Series.", "The collection is housed at the university.", "Many of her films are available through the library.", "In partnership with James Curwood, Shipman created a production company called \"Shipman-Curwood Producing Company\".", "Ernest Shipman persuaded a group of businessmen to invest in Canada.", "The company was incorporated with a $250,000 investment on February 7, 1919.", "The film was based on a short story by Curwood.", "This was adapted for the screen by Shipman.", "The film was shot in Los Angeles, San Francisco and near Lesser Slave Lake in Canada.", "Back to God's Country was released because of her success in God's Country and the Woman.", "She played the lead in a film that featured a nude scene.", "A promotional advertisement for the film had a line drawing of a nude Nell, shown from the back, playing with animals.", "\"Don't book Back To God's Country unless you want to prove the nude is not rude\" was part of the caption.", "Back To God's Country was a hit in Canada and around the world.", "Curwood didn't like the fact that Shipman changed the plot of his short story despite the film's success.", "She changed the title of the film to Delores.", "She established herself as an independent producer after founding \"Nell Shipman productions\" in 1919.", "The themes she liked the most were wild animals, nature, feminist heroes and filming on location.", "She produced, wrote, co-directed and starred in two films.", "The films weren't successful.", "She made several short films at Lion Head Lodge after transporting her zoo of animals on barges up to Priest Lake.", "The Grub Stake was a film made there.", "It cost over $200,000 to produce.", "The film became tied up in the legal proceedings after the American distributor went bankrupt.", "Locals killed Van Tuyle's animals as she became increasingly unstable.", "During a snow storm in January 1924, Shipman and Van Tuyle were lost for two days.", "They were saved by two brothers.", "The company went bankrupt in 1925.", "They produced ten films.", "The Doctor's House Museum is a cultural legacy from 1917 to 1920 and has been preserved.", "The flu epidemic claimed the life of her mother.", "The site of the house was described in her book as being on a tree lined dirt road away from the hub bub of Hollywood.", "There is a piece of land in Priest Lake.", "The Grub Stake was filmed there.", "Sharon Pollock was commissioned to write a play about Shipman's life.", "All of her films are available on DVD from the university.", "The \"First Lady of Canadian Cinema\" is considered to be Nell Shipman.", "\"Dreams Made in Canada - a history of feature film, 1913 to 1995\" is an article by Sam Kula.", "The National Archives of Canada has a magazine.", "The Canadian Film Encyclopedia is a publication of The Film Reference Library, a division of the Toronto International Film Festival Group." ]

[ "Nell Shipman", "Ernest Shipman", "Ernest Shipman", "Barry Shipman", "Ernie Shipman", "Nell", "Ernie Shipman", "Nell Shipman", "Nell Shipman", "Nell Shipman", "Nell Shipman", "Ernest Shipman", "Nell Shipman", "Shipman", "Ernest Shipman", "Shipman", "Nell", "Shipman", "Nell Shipman", "Nell", "Shipman", "Nell Shipman", "Nell Shipman", "Nell Shipman", "Nell Shipman", "Nell Shipman", "Nell Shipman", "Nell Shipman", "Nell Shipman", "Nell Ship", "Nell Shipman", "Barry Shipman", "Nell" ]

[ "Ernest Shipman", "Barry Shipman", "Shipman", "Ernest Shipman", "Shipman", "Nell", "Shipman", "Nell Shipman", "Shipman", "Shipman", "Nell Shipman" ]

[ "Claude-Émile Schuffenecker (8 December 1851 – 31 July 1934) was a French Post-Impressionist artist, painter, art teacher and art collector.", "A friend of Paul Gauguin and Odilon Redon, and one of the first collectors of works by Vincent van Gogh, Schuffenecker was instrumental in establishing The Volpini exhibition, in 1889.", "His own work, however, tends to have been neglected since his death—and even worse, recent season campaigns in the media have reactivated resentments virulent since the late 1920s, when Schuffenecker was suspected to have imitated the work of other contemporary artists, among them, Van Gogh.", "Still a contentious issue, it has not been established whether or not he produced forgeries.", "Meanwhile, serious scholarly research at least has provided the base for a sober historical approach to Schuffenecker's life and work.", "Biography \n\nClaude-Émile Schuffenecker, son of Nicolas Schuffenecker (1829–1854) and Anne Monnet (1836–1907) was born in Fresne-Saint-Mamès (Haute-Saône).", "His father, a tailor originating from Guewenheim (Alsace, today Haut-Rhin), died when Émile was little more than two years old; the same year his brother Amédée was born in Charentenay (Haut-Rhin).", "The widow with her two boys moved to Meudon, close to Paris, where part of her mother's family lived, and where she had found work at a laundry.", "In the years to follow Émile was raised by his mother's sister, Anne Fauconnet Monnet, and her husband Pierre Cornu in Paris, educated by the Frères des Ecoles chrétiennes, and started work in his uncle's business, a chocolate and coffee-roasting facility in the Les Halles quarter.", "On 28 February 1872, Schuffenecker joined the broker Bertin, where he met Paul Gauguin; they became close friends.", "Both used to study the Old Masters at the Louvre, and worked at the Académie Colarossi.", "In 1880, Schuffenecker married a cousin, Louise Lançon (1860-); their daughter Jeanne was born in 1882, their son Paul in 1884.", "In these years, however, the economic situation decreased.", "By 1880, both Schuffenecker and Gauguin evidently had gained enough money to leave Bertin - just in time before the French Panama canal project began to turn into a disaster - and to try to stand on their own feet: Both opted for a career in the arts, and probably for additional income at the stock exchange.", "Then, in January 1882, the Paris Bourse crashed, and while Gauguin chose to remain independent, Schuffenecker decided to apply for the diploma to teach.", "Two years later, he was appointed to teach drawing at the Lycée Michelet in Vanves, with the painter Louis Roy as a collegial friend.", "Much has been said about Gauguin's portrait of \"le bon Schuff\" and his family, painted early in 1889 in Schuffenecker's studio, soon after Gauguin's return from Arles: judging from Gauguin's portrait, the personal relations of the couple are widely considered to have been precarious.", "Since Gauguin's return from Denmark, in 1885, he had been welcome to stay at Schuffenecker's, but soon after his return from Brittany in 1890, Gauguin was asked to find a place elsewhere.", "Rumours (most probably initiated by Émile Bernard) spread that Schuffenecker had been betrayed by his wife, and for years, he separated himself from his family, until in 1899, his wife demanded a divorce and won the right of custody over their children.", "He left the Lycée in 1914.", "Schuffenecker died in Paris, 33 rue Olivier de Serres, and was buried at the Montparnasse cemetery on 3 August.", "Artist \n\nTogether with Gauguin, Schuffenecker was trained at the Académie Suisse, in 1872, and at the Académie Colarossi, in 1883 - but his point of depart was, in 1866, the private atelier of Paul Baudry; in 1869 he received a \"first-class mention in design\", as a pupil of Father Athanase, and from 1872 to 1881, he continued his training with Carolus-Duran, admittance to the annual Salon included.", "In 1882 and 1883, however, his paintings were refused by the Salon jury.", "So Schuffenecker, in 1884, joined the Société des Artistes Indépendants and, in 1886, the Impressionists in their 8th and final exhibition.", "Art collector \nJean de Rotonchamp, Gauguin's first biographer, described Schuffenecker's collection at 14, rue Durand-Claye, in 1906: Besides paintings by Gauguin such as The Yellow Christ and some of his ceramics, there were works by Cézanne, including a female portrait, and several works by Vincent van Gogh, a Postman, an Olive orchard in Provence, The Good Samaritan, an Arlésienne and a version of the Sunflowers.", "Ukiyo-e prints and some Redon complete Rotonchamp's survey.", "Alleged forgery \nSince the late 1920s, Schuffenecker is suspected to have imitated the work of other contemporary artists including Vincent van Gogh.", "When the Wacker scandal emerged and Schuffenecker's name was dropped, cautious voices already claimed that a young Swiss artist (!)", "inspired by Van Gogh cannot be blamed.", "Some sketches and drawings prove that Schuffenecker carefully studied works by Van Gogh in his possession.", "But there is also evidence that Schuffenecker went a step further and \"completed\" paintings he considered to be unfinished.", "In 1927, he himself frankly admitted to having \"finished\" the Large Tree at Montbriand, then in the collection of Maurice Gangnat, as well as other works by Paul Cézanne: a landscape from L'Estaque as well as a portrait of his wife, and a view of the pool at the Jas de Bouffan.", "Presumably, Schuffenecker also embellished versions of Van Gogh's Sunflowers and Daubigny's Garden slightly, both since 1894 in his possession.", "This was possibly done simply to adapt a painting to a frame he had at hand, which is the reason he mentioned to Maximilien Gauthier.", "But up to now, it has never been established that Schuffenecker indeed forged, comprising the intention to betray.", "Jill-Elyse Grossvogel stated in the preface to her catalogue raisonné: \"We can now confirm the fact, based on the most recent research, that Schuffenecker did no forgeries of Van Gogh's paintings prior to 1900.", "It is too soon to specify titles and dates of forged works post-1900 until additional evidence is carefully reviewed.\"", "Notes\n\nReferences\n Boudot-Lamotte, Maurice: Le peintre et collectionneur Claude-Emile Schuffenecker (1851-1934), L'Amour de l'Art XVII/8, October 1936, pp.", "284\n Puget, Catherine, & Grossvogel, Jill-Elyse: Emile Schuffenecker 1851-1934, Musée de Pont-Aven & (Saint-Germain-en-Laye,) Musée Maurice Denis \"Le Prieuré\", 1996 \n Grossvogel, Jill-Elyse: Claude-Emile Schuffenecker, Catalogue raisonné, volume I, Alan Wofsky Fine Arts, San Francisco, 2000 \n Grossvogel, David I.: Behind the Van Gogh Forgeries, Authors Choice Press (March 2001) /\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Sacramento Bee - Efforts to authenticate painting brushed off by museum\n Artcyclopedia List\n Man with a pipe\n\n1851 births\n1934 deaths\n19th-century French painters\nFrench male painters\n20th-century French painters\n20th-century male artists\nPost-impressionist painters\nFrench art collectors\nArt forgers\nAlsatian-German people\nPont-Aven painters\nAcadémie Colarossi alumni" ]

[ "Claude-mile Schuffenecker was an artist, painter, art teacher and art collector.", "The Volpini exhibition was the brainchild of Schuffenecker, a friend of Gauguin and Redon, and one of the first collectors of works by van Gogh.", "His own work tends to have been neglected since his death, and even worse, recent season campaigns in the media have reactivated resentments since the late 1920s, when Schuffenecker was suspected to have imitated the work of other contemporary artists, among them, Van Gogh.", "It hasn't been established whether or not he produced forgeries.", "The base for a sober historical approach to Schuffenecker's life and work has been provided by serious scholarly research.", "The son of Nicolas Schuffenecker and Anne Monnet was born in Fresne-Saint-Mams.", "His father died when mile was two years old, the same year his brother Amédée was born.", "The widow with her two boys moved to Meudon, close to Paris, where part of her mother's family lived, and where she found work at a laundry.", "mile was raised by his mother's sister, Anne Fauconnet Monnet, and her husband, Pierre Cornu, in Paris.", "Schuffenecker and Paul Gauguin became friends after Schuffenecker joined the broker.", "Both worked at the Académie Colarossi and studied the Old Masters at the Louvre.", "Their son Paul was born in 1884, while their daughter Jeanne was born in 1882.", "The economic situation decreased in these years.", "By the time the French Panama canal project began to turn into a disaster, Schuffenecker and Gauguin had enough money to leave, and both chose to work in the arts.", "When the Paris Bourse crashed in January 1882, Schuffenecker decided to apply for the diploma to teach.", "He was appointed to teach drawing at the Lycée Michelet in Vanves two years later, with the painter Louis Roy as a friend.", "Gauguin's portrait of \"le Bon Schuff\" and his family was painted early in 1889 in Schuffenecker's studio, and it has been said that the personal relations of the couple are widely known.", "After returning from Brittany in 1890, Gauguin was asked to find a new home, but he had been allowed to stay at Schuffenecker's since 1885.", "In 1899, Schuffenecker's wife demanded a divorce and won the right of custody over their children after he separated himself from his family.", "He left the Lycée in 1914.", "Schuffenecker was buried at the Montparnasse cemetery on 3 August after he died in Paris.", "Schuffenecker was trained at the Acadmie Colarossi in 1884 and at the Acadmie Suisse in 1872, but his point of departure was the private studio of Paul Baudry in 1869.", "The Salon jury refused his paintings in the late 19th and early 20th century.", "The Impressionists had an 8th and final exhibition in 1886.", "Gauguin's paintings such as The Yellow Christ and some of his ceramics were included in Schuffenecker's collection.", "Ukiyo-e prints and some Redon complete the survey.", "The forgery is said to have been done by Schuffenecker in the late 1920s.", "When Schuffenecker's name was dropped, cautious voices claimed that a young Swiss artist.", "Van Gogh can't be blamed for being inspired by him.", "Schuffenecker studied works by Van Gogh in his possession.", "There is evidence that Schuffenecker finished some of the paintings he considered to be unfinished.", "He admitted in 1927 that he had finished the Large Tree at Montbriand, as well as other works by Paul Cézanne: a landscape from L'Estaque as well as a portrait of his wife.", "Since 1894, Schuffenecker has embellished versions of Van Gogh's Sunflowers and Daubigny's Garden.", "The reason he mentioned to Gauthier was that he had a frame he could adapt the painting to.", "It has never been established that Schuffenecker intended to betray.", "According to the most recent research, Schuffenecker did not do forgeries of Van Gogh's paintings before 1900.", "It is too early to specify titles and dates of forged works.", "There are references to Maurice: Le peintre et collectionneur Claude-Emile Schuffenecker.", "The Musée de Pont-Aven and (Saint-Germain-en-Laye) have a collection of Emile Schuffenecker." ]

[ "Émile Schuffenecker", "Émile Schuffenecker", "Émile", "Émile", "Schuffenecker", "Schuffenecker" ]

[ "Nicolas Schuffenecker" ]

[ "Sultan Husayn Bayqara Mirza ( / Husayn Bāyqarā; June/July 1438 – 4 May 1506) was the Timurid ruler of Herat from 1469 until May 4, 1506, with a brief interruption in 1470.", "A skilled statesman, Sultan Husayn Bayqara was best known for his interest in the arts and was renowned as a benefactor and patron of learning in his kingdom, with his reign being heralded as the second Timurid Renaissance.", "He has been described as \"the quintessential Timurid ruler of the later period in Transoxiana\" and his sophisticated court and generous artistic patronage was a source of admiration, particularly from his cousin, the Mughal emperor Babur.", "Sultan Husayn Bayqara was the last Timurid ruler of consequence in Khorasan.", "Early life and lineage\nHusayn Bayqara was born as Sultan Husayn in Herat in June/July 1438.", "His parents were Ghiyas ud-din Mansur Mirza of the Barlas tribe and his wife, Firuza Sultan Begum.", "His parents had four other children; a son, Bayqara Mirza II, as well as three daughters, Aka Biki, Badi al-Jamal and Urun Sultan Khanum.", "His father was a great-grandson of the Central Asian conqueror Timur.", "His mother was the daughter of Sultan Husayn of the powerful Tayichiud tribe, for whom he was named.", "Firuza was also herself a great-granddaughter of Timur twice over.", "Both his parents were also descendants of the Mongol Emperor, Genghis Khan.", "In addition to this, he claimed descent in the ninth generation from Khwaja Abdullah Ansari of Herat, also known as Pir-e-Herat (Sage of Herat).", "Sultan Husayn's father died when he was seven or eight years old.", "Given that the latter was not a noteworthy personality in the Timurid family, Sultan Husayn adopted the name Bayqara after his more illustrious grandfather, Bayqara Mirza I.", "After consulting with his mother, Sultan Husayn (now Sultan Husayn Bayqara) entered the service of his older cousin, Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza, ruler of Herat in 1452.", "Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza was not the best ruler.", "He mismanaged his territory and went into battle against Abu Sa'id Mirza, the Timurid ruler of Samarkand.", "Husayn Bayqara, not happy with his employment, tried to go over to Abu Sa'id Mirza by meeting with him.", "Although Abu Sa'id was inclined to take him into his service, a rebellion on part of Husayn Bayqara's relative, Sultan Awais Mirza, son of Muhammad Mirza, son of Bayqara Mirza, induced Abu Sa'id to arrest Husayn Bayqara and other relatives as a precaution.", "Eventually on the plea of his mother, Firuza Begum, he was freed and he rejoined Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza till the latter's death two years later.", "Period of Anarchy in Khurasan\nFollowing Babur's death in 1457, a period of anarchy ensued in Khurasan.", "Economic instability and lack of central authority with frequent regime changes invited the invasion of the region by the ruler of Samarkand, Abu Sa'id Mirza who occupied Herat on July 19, 1457.", "But Abu Sa'id Mirza immediately abandoned the city in order to deal with troubles at home.", "Next came the invasion of the Kara Koyunlu leader, Jahan Shah who took Mazandaran.", "During this chaotic time Khurasan was divided into many territories;\nAsterabad to Sabzevar – Muzaffar-al-Din Jahan Shah ibn Yusuf of Kara Koyunlu\nBalkh – Abu Sa'id Mirza, ruler of Transoxiana\nAbivard – Ala al-Dawla Mirza\nHerat – Ibrahim Mirza\nTus & Imad Fortress – Shah Mahmud Mirza\nMarv – Sultan Sanjar Mirza\nSistan, Farah & Isfizar – Malik Qasim ibn Amir Iskander Turkmen, an Amir.", "In Merv and Khwarazm\nHusayn Bayqara, unable to compete with these rivals, adopted the life of a mercenary and joined Sultan Sanjar Mirza of Merv who married him to his daughter, Beqa Sultan Begum.", "To them was born Badi' al-Zaman Mirza.", "Sultan Sanjar Mirza and Husayn Bayqara got along well, but in June/July 1457 when Sanjar appointed Husayn in charge of the city while he was absent, Husayn tried to take power.", "This was due to him suspecting that the chief dignitary, Hasan Arlat was plotting to kill him.", "Amirs loyal to Sanjar revolted and the attempt failed.", "Husayn Bayqara was forced to escape with just five horsemen.", "But outside the city he was joined by the head of security of trade caravans of Iranji sector, Hasan Charkas and his 200 men.", "This would become Husayn Bayqara's first mercenary force.", "To solidify this new relationship, he married Hasan Charkas' daughter, Afāk Begum.", "He was chased by Sanjar Mirza to Karakum Desert.", "He was continuously pursued until he was forced to march towards Khwarazm, where he remained between the deserts of Marv and Khiva.", "Timurid-Kara Koyunlu Conflict\nRecognizing the weakness of Timurid authority in Herat, Jahan Shah invaded and took the city on June 28, 1458, which was now occupied by Ibrahim Mirza's father, Ala al-Dawla Mirza.", "But Abu Sa'id Mirza could not tolerate this and after negotiations, Jahan Shah decided to return territorial demarcation to Shah Rukh's times.", "Thus, Khurasan, Mazandaran and Jurjan were returned to the Timurids and Abu Sa'id Mirza returned and took Herat a second time on December 22, 1458.", "Conflict with Abu Sa'id Mirza\nHusayn Bayqara had now mustered a force of 1,000 men and took Jurjan on October 19, 1458 from the Kara Koyunlu.", "Abu Sa'id Mirza invaded Jurjan, which Husayn Bayqara hastily abandoned and fled towards Khwarazm again.", "Abu Sa'id Mirza appointed his son, Sultan Mahmud Mirza as Jurjan's governor.", "When Husayn Bayqara learned that Abu Sa'id Mirza had left Herat to crush the rebellion of his relative Muhammad Juki, he attacked Jurjan again and at the Battle of Jauzi Wali in May 1461, he defeated Sultan Mahmud Mirza and appointed Abdal-Rahman Arghun the territory's governor.", "However, he could not follow up this victory when he besieged Herat from August–October 1461.", "Abu Sa'id Mirza returned and Husayn Bayqara again fled towards Khwarazm, from where he began making pillaging raids into Khurasan; these raids were conducted in earnest starting in 1464.", "Seeking to protect himself against Abu Sa'id, he requested the help of the Uzbeks.", "But that help never came since Abul-Khayr Khan, the Uzbek leader died in 1468.", "This period of 8 to 10 years was the worst in Husayn Bayqara's life.", "He wandered from one place to the next at times in dire straits.", "Becoming ruler of Khurasan\nWhen Abu Sa'id Mirza went to war against the Aq Qoyunlu, he was defeated at the Battle of Qarabagh and captured.", "The leader of the Aq Qoyunlu, Uzun Hasan handed him over to the 19-year-old Timurid Yadgar Muhammad Mirza, who had him executed.", "Upon Abu Sa'ids death, the Timurid Empire collapsed.", "Taking advantage of Abu Sa'id Mirza's absence, Husayn Bayqara had again entered Khurasan and besieged Herat which he finally captured on March 24, 1469.", "Thus he became the ruler of Khurasan.", "The sons of the late Abu Sa'id Mirza attempted to march against him, but turned back when they learned that not only had Husayn Bayqara consolidated his control over the city, but the defeated army of their father had joined him.", "Conflict with Aq Qoyunlu and Yadgar Muhammad Mirza\nMeanwhile, Uzun Hasan sent his protege, Yadgar Muhammad Mirza, to conquer Khurasan.", "Husayn defeated Yadgar at the Battle of Chenaran on September 15, 1469, but the latter was sent reinforcements.", "Uzun Hasan demanded that Husayn hand over various Kara Koyunlu officials who had fled to him, a demand which Husayn refused.", "Yadgar therefore continued his assault, and Husayn was unable to match his forces due to mass desertions.", "He ended up fleeing Herat, which was occupied on July 7, 1470.", "Six weeks later, Husayn reoccupied the city after raising a fresh force and defeating the sons of Abu Sa'id, who were attempting to advance into the region.", "He captured Yadgar and executed him.", "Husayn's empire was now secure.", "The Aq Qoyunlu made no further attempts against him, and the Timurids in Transoxiana were too weakened by internal conflicts to advance into his territory.", "His boundary with the Aq Qoyunlu started on the southern edge of the Caspian Sea, running south, then east across the north of the Dasht-e Lut, ending at Lake Hamun.", "His border with the Timurids was the Oxus River.", "He more or less respected both borders, refusing to cross north in an attempt to capture Transoxiana from his former enemies.", "He was probably aware of the Uzbek threat to the region, and was wise enough not to pursue a border with this dangerous tribal people.", "Administration\nHusayn was viewed as \"a good king, a lover of peace and justice\", and he built numerous structures including a famous school; however, he was sick with a palsy for twenty years of his reign.", "He was forced to deal with several revolts and incursions.", "In 1490 the brother of Husayn's son Ibrahim Husain's guardian, Darvish 'Ali, conspired with Sultan Mahmud, who by that time ruled in Hisar.", "Mahmud moved against Balkh, which Ibrahim resided in, forcing Husayn to mobilize against him.", "Some years later, Husayn transferred his eldest son, Badi' al-Zaman, from Astarabad (renamed Gorgan in 1937) to Balkh, but Badi' revolted when his son Muhammed Mu'min was denied rule in Astarabad.", "Husayn defeated both Muhammed, whom he executed, and Badi', whom he reconciled with.", "The truce fell apart afterwards, however, and in 1499 Badi' besieged Herat.", "Husayn Bayqara introduced a ban on the drinking of wine and the shaving of beards.", "He said that “Although in the days of some [other rulers], the principles of the Sharia and the community of Islam were at the mercy of heretics ... (in his time) the arms of the Holy Law and the laws of the Prophet are so strong that....\" going on to boast about how his police maintained morality.", "Uzbek threat\nIn 1501 the Uzbeks conquered Transoxiana for good from the Abu Sa'id's grandson, Babur.", "Under Muhammad Shaybani, the Uzbeks could now threaten Khurasan.", "Suffering from the effects of advanced age, Husayn made no move against them, even after Babur advised him to act.", "The Uzbeks began conducting raids into his kingdom.", "Finally changing his mind, he began to march against them but died in 1506 just after beginning his advance.", "The inheritance of his empire was disputed between his sons Badi' and Muzaffar Husain.", "Babur, who had begun an expedition in support of Husayn, noted the infighting between the brothers, decided the area was impossible to defend and retreated.", "The next year, Muhammad Shaybani conquered Herat and caused Husayn's successors to flee, putting an end to Timurid rule in Khurasan.", "Culture \nHusayn Bayqara was notably a patron of arts and literature, particularly of poets, which led to the blossom of literal culture in Herat.", "The leading poets of the court were Jami (died 1492) and Ali-Shir Nava'i (died 1501).", "The former is acknowledged as the last of the great classical Persian poets, while the latter is renowned for being the founder of Chagatai Turkic literature.", "Under Husayn Bayqara, the amalgation of the cultural sphere of the Turks and Persians reached its zenith, as demonstrated by his support and involvement in the literary culture of both languages.", "Regardless, Persian remained the dominant language of realm.", "Family\nConsorts\nHusayn had twelve consorts:\nBega Sultan Begum (m. 1457 - div., died 1488), daughter of Sanjar Mirza of Merv, son of Mirak Ahmad Mirza, son of Umar Shaikh Mirza, son of Timur;\nTulak Begum known as Chuli Begum (div.", "), daughter of Husayn Sufi, a chief of the Azaks, and sister of Amir Yusuf Sufi Jandar;\nShahr Banu Begum (m. 1469 - div.", "\"The Mughal Emperors and the Islamic Dynasties of India, Iran and Central Asia\".", "Peter Jackson (1986).", "The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume Six: The Timurid and Safavid Periods.", "People from Herat\n1438 births\n1506 deaths\nTimurid monarchs\nMercenaries\nHistory of Herat\n15th-century monarchs in Asia\n16th-century monarchs in Asia" ]

[ "The Timurid ruler of Herat from 1469 until May 4, 1506 was the Sultan Husayn Bayqara Mirza.", "Sultan Husayn Bayqara was renowned as a benefactor and patron of learning in his kingdom, with his reign being heralded as the second Timurid Renaissance, because of his interest in the arts.", "He was the quintessential Timurid ruler of the later period in Transoxiana and his court and generous artistic patronage was a source of admiration for his cousin, the Mughal emperor.", "Sultan Husayn Bayqara was the ruler of consequence.", "Sultan Husayn Bayqara was born in Herat in June/July 1438.", "His parents were both from the Barlas tribe.", "He had a son, Bayqara Mirza II, as well as three daughters, Aka Biki, Badi al-Jamal and Urun Sultan Khanum.", "Timur was a great-grandson of his father.", "His mother was the daughter of Sultan Husayn of the powerful Tayichiud tribe.", "Firuza was a great-granddaughter of Timur twice.", "Both of his parents were related to Genghis Khan.", "He claimed descent from the ninth generation of the Herat family.", "Sultan Husayn's father died when he was young.", "Sultan Husayn adopted the name Bayqara after his grandfather Bayqara Mirza I, who was not a noteworthy personality in the Timurid family.", "After consulting with his mother, Sultan Husayn (now Sultan Husayn Bayqara) entered the service of his older cousin.", "The ruler was not the best.", "He was defeated by the Timurid ruler of Samarkand.", "Husayn Bayqara tried to meet with Abu Sa'id Mirza because he was not happy with his job.", "Abu Sa'id arrested Husayn Bayqara because of a rebellion on part of his family.", "After being freed, he rejoined Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza, who died two years later.", "There was a period of anarchy in the area after the death of Babur.", "The invasion of the region by the ruler of Samarkand, Abu Sa'id Mirza, was due to economic instability and lack of central authority.", "Abu Sa'id Mirza left the city to deal with his troubles at home.", "Next came the invasion of the Kara Koyunlu leader, Jahan Shah.", "The ruler of Transoxiana Abivard was Abu Sa'id Mirza, who ruled many territories during this chaotic time.", "Unable to compete with their rivals, Husayn Bayqara became a mercenary and married Sultan Sanjar Mirza of Merv.", "Badi' al-Zaman Mirza was born to them.", "When Sanjar appointed Husayn in charge of the city while he was away, Husayn tried to take power.", "He suspected that Hasan Arlat was going to kill him.", "The attempt failed because the emigres revolted.", "Husayn Bayqara had just five horsemen.", "The head of security of trade caravans of Iranji sector, Hasan Charkas, and his 200 men were outside the city.", "This would be Husayn Bayqara's first mercenary force.", "He married the daughter of Hasan Charkas.", "He was chased by a man.", "He remained between the deserts of Marv and Khiva until he was forced to march towards Khwarazm.", "The Timurid-Kara Koyunlu Conflict was caused by the weakness of the Timurid authority in Herat.", "After negotiations, Jahan Shah decided to return territorial demarcation to Shah Rukh's times.", "The Timurids took Herat a second time on December 22, 1458.", "There was a conflict between Abu Sa'id Mirza Husayn Bayqara and Jurjan and a force of 1,000 men.", "Husayn Bayqara fled towards Khwarazm after Abu Sa'id Mirza invaded Jurjan.", "Sultan Mahmud Mirza was appointed as Jurjan's governor.", "When Husayn Bayqara learned that Abu Sa'id Mirza had left Herat to destroy the rebellion of his relative Muhammad Juki, he attacked Jurjan again and defeated Sultan Mahmud Mirza at the Battle of Jauzi Wali.", "He was unable to follow up this victory when he besieged Herat.", "Husayn Bayqara fled towards Khwarazm from where he began making raids in 1464.", "He requested the help of the Uzbeks to protect himself from Abu Sa'id.", "The help never came after the death of Abul-Khayr Khan.", "The period of 8 to 10 years was the worst in Husayn Bayqara's life.", "He was wandering from one place to the next.", "Abu Sa'id Mirza was captured at the Battle of Qarabagh and became ruler of Khurasan.", "Uzun Hasan handed him over to the man who had executed him.", "The Timurid Empire collapsed after Abu Sa'ids death.", "Husayn Bayqara was able to take advantage of Abu Sa'id Mirza's absence and captured Herat on March 24, 1469.", "He became the ruler.", "After learning that Husayn Bayqara had consolidated his control over the city, the sons of the late Abu Sa'id Mirza attempted to march against him, but turned back.", "Uzun Hasan had a conflict with Aq Qoyunlu.", "On September 15, 1469, Husayn defeated Yadgar at the Battle of Chenaran, but the latter was sent reinforcements.", "Uzun Hasan demanded that Husayn hand over officials who fled to him, but Husayn refused.", "Yad Husayn was unable to match his forces due to mass desertions.", "He fled Herat on July 7, 1470.", "After defeating the sons of Abu Sa'id, Husayn reoccupied the city.", "He executed Yadgar.", "Husayn's empire was secure.", "The Timurids in Transoxiana were too weak to advance into his territory because of internal conflicts.", "The southern edge of the Caspian Sea and the north of the Dasht-e Lut were the starting points for his boundary.", "The Oxus River was near the Timurids.", "He refused to cross north in order to capture Transoxiana from his enemies.", "He was wise to avoid a border with this dangerous tribe because he was aware of the threat to the region.", "Administration Husayn was viewed as a good king, a lover of peace and justice, and he built many structures, but he was sick with a palsy for twenty years of his reign.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Sultan Mahmud ruled Hisar in 1490 and the brother of Husayn's son collaborated with him.", "Husayn was forced to mobilize against Ibrahim after Mahmud moved against him.", "When Husayn's son Muhammed Mu'min was denied rule in Astarabad, Badi' revolted.", "Muhammed and Badi' were defeated by Husayn.", "After the truce fell apart, Badi' besieged Herat.", "Husayn Bayqara banned the drinking of wine and the shaving of beards.", "In his time, the principles of the Sharia and the community of Islam were at the mercy of heretics.", "The Abu Sa'id's grandson, Babur, was the one who conquered Transoxiana in 1501.", "The Uzbeks could now threaten.", "Even though he was advised to act, Husayn didn't move against them.", "The Uzbeks were raiding his kingdom.", "He died just after beginning his advance after finally changing his mind.", "There was a dispute over the inheritance of his empire.", "The area was impossible to defend and retreated due to the infighting between the brothers.", "Timurid's successors fled after Muhammad Shaybani conquered Herat and caused Husayn's successors to flee.", "The blossom of culture in Herat can be traced back to the patronage of arts and literature by Culture Husayn Bayqara.", "The leading poets of the court were Jami and Ali-Shir Nava'i.", "The last of the great classical Persian poets, the latter is known for being the founder of Chagatai Turkic literature.", "The amalgation of the cultural sphere of the Turks and Persians reached its zenith under Husayn Bayqara.", "The dominant language of the realm was Persian.", "Bega Sultan Begum, daughter of Sanjar Mirza of Merv, was one of the twelve consorts of Husayn.", "Shahr Banu Begum is the daughter of Husayn Sufi, a chief of the Azaks.", "The Islamic Dynasties of India, Iran and Central Asia were chronicled in \"The Emperor Mughals and the Islamic Dynasties of India, Iran and Central Asia\".", "Peter Jackson was born.", "The Timurid and Safavid Periods are part of the Cambridge History of Iran.", "People from Herat 1438 births 1506 deaths Timurid monarchs Mercenaries History of Herat 15th-century monarchs in Asia 16th-century monarchs in Asia" ]

[ "Sultan Husayn Bayqara Mirza", "Sultan Husayn Bayqara", "Sultan Husayn Bayqara", "Husayn Bayqara", "Sultan Husayn", "Firuza Sultan Begum", "Bayqara Mirza", "Urun Sultan Khan", "Sultan Husayn", "Sultan Husayn", "Sultan Husay", "Bayqara", "Sultan Husayn", "Sultan Husayn", "Bayqara", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Sultan Awais", "Bayqara", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Sultan San", "Bayqara", "Sultan Sanjar", "Sultan Be", "Sultan Sanjar", "Husayn", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Husayn", "Husayn", "Sultan Mahmud", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Sultan Mahmud", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Husayn", "Sultan Mahmud", "Husayn", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Sultan Be", "Husayn" ]

[ "Husayn Bayqara Mirza", "Husayn Bayqara", "Husayn Bayqara", "Sultan Husayn Bayqara", "Bayqara Mirza", "Urun Sultan Khanum", "Sultan Husayn", "Sultan Husayn", "Sultan Husayn", "Bayqara", "Sultan Husayn", "Sultan Husayn", "Bayqara", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Husayn", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Sultan Mahmud", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Husayn", "Bayqara", "Sultan Begum", "Husayn" ]

[ "Rajeev Kumar Varshney (born 13 July 1973) is an agricultural scientist, specializing in genomics, genetics, molecular breeding and capacity building in developing countries.", "Varsheny is currently the Research Program Director- Genetic Gains that includes several units viz.", "Genomics & Trait Discovery, Forward Breeding, Pre-Breeding, Cell, Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering, Seed Systems, Biotechnology- ESA, Sequencing and Informatics Services Unit, and Genebank (until 2020); and Director, Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), a global agricultural research institute.", "He holds Adjunct/Honorary/Visiting Professor positions at 10 academic institutions in Australia, China, Ghana, Hong Kong and India, including Murdoch University, The University of Western Australia, University of Queensland, West Africa Centre for Crop Improvement (University of Ghana), University of Hyderabad, Chaudhary Charan Singh University and Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University.", "Varshney, a highly cited researcher for 7 consecutive years (2014-2020), is a highly prolific author and frequently invited speaker including TEDx speaker.", "Varshney has presented research and novel concepts related to food and nutrition security in several high-level fora such as: G8 International Conference on Open Data for Agriculture on Open Data in Genomics and Modern Breeding for Crop Improvement, organized by US and UK Governments in the World Bank (2013); Brainstorming session on Digital Revolution for Agriculture at Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in (2012); Brainstorming session on DNA Fingerprinting for Impact Assessment, BMGF, USA (2018); FAO's international conference on Agricultural Biotechnology in Developing Countries in Mexico (2010); FAO's Regional Conference on Agricultural Bio technologies in Sustainable Foods Systems and Nutrition in Asia-Pacific Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2017) etc.", "Varshney’s research and interviews have been published in many Indian/ International print and electronic media including TV channels and radio programs.", "He has been honored with elected and honorary fellowships from a dozen academies/ societies and awards from USA, Germany, China, India, Nepal, Vietnam, Philippines, UAE, including Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize and Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award, the science and agricultural sciences awards from Government of India in 2015 and 2019, respectively.", "Education and Professional career\nVarshney received his bachelor's degree (B.Sc.", "Honours) in Botany and master's degree in Botany (Genetics, Plant Breeding and Molecular Biology) from the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh in 1993 and 1995, respectively.", "He then joined the laboratory of Professor P K Gupta at Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut and earned doctoral degree (PhD) in 2001 in Agriculture (Molecular Biology) based on work done on a Wheat Biotechnology Project sponsored by Department of Biotechnology, Government of India.", "In addition, Varshney has undertaken several high-performance leadership and management courses from the leading business and management schools in Singapore, Malaysia and The Philippines.", "After receiving his PhD degree, Varshney took up an assignment of Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter (Research Scientist) in 2001 at Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics & Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany.", "He worked there for five years in the area of structural and functional genomics of barley and comparative genomics of cereals.", "He then accepted the assignment of Senior Scientist for Applied Genomics at ICRISAT in late 2005.", "While working at ICRISAT, he took up a half time appointment with Generation Challenge Programme, hosted at CGIAR CIMMYT, as SubProgramme Leader for SubProgramme 2- Genomics towards Gene Discovery in 2007.", "With an objective to accelerate genomics research in dryland crops, he as a Founding Director established Center of Excellence in Genomics in 2007, with support from Department of Biotechnology Government of India.", "Later in 2017, this center transformed into Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology.", "He was promoted to the position of Principal Scientist (Applied Genomics) at ICRISAT in 2008.", "He had a dual appointment with ICRISAT as Principal Scientist and GCP as SubProgramme Leader from 2007- 2013.", "He served as Research Program Director–\nGrain Legumes for a period of three years (2013-2016) and since 2016 is serving as Global Research Program Director– Genetic Gains, after restructuring of the Research Programs at ICRISAT in 2015.", "Fellowships\n Elected Fellow of Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore in 2019\n Elected Fellow of American Society of Agronomy (ASA) in 2018\n Elected Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS) in 2016\n Elected Fellow of The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) in 2016\n Elected Fellow of German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in 2016\n Elected Fellow of Crop Science Society of America (CSSA) in 2015.", "Elected Fellow of Indian National Science Academy (INSA) in 2013.", "Elected Fellow of The National Academy of Sciences, India (NASI) in 2015.", "Elected Fellow of National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, India (NAAS) in 2010.", "Elected Fellow of AP Akademi of Sciences (APAS) and Telangana Academy of Sciences (TAS), India in 2014.", "Elected Fellow of Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding in 2015.", "Elected Fellow of Association of Biotechnology & Pharmacy (ABAP), India in 2015\n\nNotable awards\nBased on his research contribution, he has received several awards/ fellowships such as:\n Scientific and Technological Co-operation Award by Government of Guangdong Province China, 2020\n Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award for Outstanding Research in Agricultural Science 2019\n Honorary Fellow of Indian Society of Pulses Research & Development 2019\n Professor Jayashankar (PJTSAU) Life Time Achievement Award 2019\n G. D. Birla Award for Scientific Research for 2018\nProf. Lalji Singh Achievement Award by ADNAT/ CSIR- CCMB, 2019\n JC Bose Fellowship from Science and Engineering Research Board, 2018\n Honorary Professorship of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ZAAS) in 2018\n Certificate and Honor for Outstanding Science Contribution by Uttar Pradesh Government, 2018 \n One of the “40 Most Influential Foreign Experts” by The Association for International Exchange of Talents in Shandong, China, 2018 \n Faculty research Awards 2018: Outstanding Authors 2018 for 2018.", "Doreen Margaret Mashler Award by ICRISAT for 2016.", "IPGI Award for leadership & contribution to peanut research by the International Peanut Genome Initiative for 2017.", "Qilu Friendship Award by the People’s Republic of China for 2016.", "Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize - Biological Sciences, the most coveted award from Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) on behalf of the Government of India in 2015.", "He has been a Guest Editor for Special Issue for several journals like Current Opinion in Plant Biology, Molecular Breeding, Plant Breeding, Briefing in Functional Genomics, Frontiers in Plant Sciences, Plant Genetic Resources, etc.", "Varshney has served/serving Steering Committee/ Organizing Committee/ Programme Committee for several international conferences including FAO Conference on Application of Biotechnologies in Developing Countries (ABDC-10), Plant & Animal Genome Conference Asia.", "As a Chair, Varshney organized several conferences including ICLGG, five editions of NGGIBCI and InterDrought-V\n\nVarshney has delivered invited presentations in several high-level meetings related to international agricultural research including: (i) G8 International Conference on Open Data for Agriculture on Open Data in Genomics and Modern Breeding for Crop Improvement, organized by US and UK Governments in the World Bank 29–30 April 2013], (ii) brainstorming session on Digital Revolution for Agriculture at Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in July 2012, (iii) brainstorming session on DNA Fingerprinting for Impact Assessment, BMGF, USA (2018), (iv) FAO's international conference on Agricultural Biotechnology in Developing Countries in Mexico (2010), (v) FAO's Regional Conference on Agricultural Bio technologies in Sustainable Foods Systems and Nutrition in Asia-Pacific Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2017), (vi) Scientific Advisory Committee Meeting on Article 17 (Global Information System) of International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food & Agriculture of United Nations' FAO (2016), (vii) Quality of Research Workshop organized by CGIAR (2017), (viii) Science Forum of CGIAR in Wageningen, The Netherlands (2009).", "While serving international agriculture in developing countries, Varshney had privilege to meet several high profile and influential personalities from science, society and politics that includes Noble Laureate (Late) Dr Norman Borlaug, Mr Bill Gates, Co-Chair of Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Mr Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of India.", "Research projects and grants\nVarshney's research has been funded by research grants from several international funding agencies like Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, United States Agency for International Development, Generation Challenge Programme, US National Science Foundation, Indo-German Science and Technology Centre and leading Indian funding organizations like Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Department of Biotechnology, and Department of Science and Technology (India).", "Research publications\nRajeev a prolific author and world renowned researcher have published more than 450 research papers/articles in high impact research journals.", "Some of these journals include Nature, Nature Biotechnology, Nature Genetics, PNAS-USA, Genome Biology, Trends in Plant Science, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, Trends in Biotechnology, The Plant Journal, DNA Research, Plant Biotechnology Journal, Molecular Plant, Functional & Integrative Genomics, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, Plant Breeding, etc.", "He is the youngest (47) agricultural/plant scientist and 4th Indian who have achieved an h-index of 100 as per Google Scholar.", "For more info visit his Google Scholar profile.", "List of Books\nVarshney has edited/ co-edited several books that makes significant contribution to agricultural science, plant genomics, molecular breeding etc.", "field and serves as good resource for Early Career Researchers.", "Select list of Varshney’s books are available at Amazon\n\nReferences\n\nIndian geneticists\n1973 births\nLiving people\nFellows of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences\nPeople from Moradabad district\nScientists from Uttar Pradesh\nIndian scientific authors\nAligarh Muslim University alumni\nChaudhary Charan Singh University alumni\nFellows of the Indian National Science Academy\nUniversity of Western Australia faculty\nRecipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science" ]

[ "Rajeev Kumar Varshney is an agricultural scientist specializing in genetics, genomics, and capacity building in developing countries.", "Varsheny is the Research Program Director of Genetic Gains.", "The Director of the Center ofExcellence in Genomics & Systems Biology is at the International Crops Research.", "Murdoch University, The University of Western Australia, University ofQueensland, West Africa Centre for Crop Improvement, University of Hyderabad, and Chaudhary Charan Singh University are some of the institutions where he has been anHonorary/Visiting Professor.", "Varshney, a highly cited researcher for 7 consecutive years, is a prolific author and frequently invited speaker.", "The G8 International Conference on Open Data for Agriculture on Open Data in Genomics and Modern Breeding for Crop Improvement, organized by US and UK Governments in the World Bank, is one of the research and novel concepts Varshney has presented.", "Many of Varshney's research and interviews have been published in print and electronic media.", "He has been honored with a number of awards from a number of countries including the USA, Germany, China, India, Nepal, Vietnam, Philippines, and the Government of India.", "Varshney received a degree in education and professional career.", "The master's degree in Botany was obtained from the Aligarh Muslim University in 1993 and 1995.", "He earned a PhD in 2001 in Agriculture (Molecular Biology) from Professor P K Gupta's laboratory, based on work done on a wheat Biotechnology Project sponsored by the Government of India.", "Varshney has taken courses from leading business and management schools in Singapore, Malaysia and The Philippines.", "After receiving his PhD degree, Varshney took up an assignment at the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics & Crop Plant Research in Gatersleben, Germany.", "He worked there for five years in the area of comparative genomics of cereals.", "In late 2005, he accepted the assignment of Senior Scientist for Applied Genomics at ICRISAT.", "While working at ICRISAT, he was appointed as the SubProgramme Leader for SubProgramme 2- Genomics towards Gene Discovery in 2007.", "The Center ofExcellence in Genomics was established in 2007, with support from the Department of Biotechnology Government of India.", "The center became the Center ofExcellence in Genomics & Systems Biology.", "He was promoted to the position of Principal Scientist in 2008.", "He worked for ICRISAT as a Principal Scientist and SubProgramme Leader.", "After restructuring of the Research Programs at ICRISAT in 2015, he became the Global Research Program Director– Genetic Gains.", "The Indian Academy of Sciences in Bangalore was elected a Fellow in 2019.", "The Indian National Science Academy has an elected fellow.", "The National Academy of Sciences, India elected a fellow in 2015.", "In 2010 I was elected a fellow of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences.", "A fellow of the AP Akademi of Sciences was elected in India.", "The Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding elected a fellow in 2015.", "The Scientific and Technological Co-operation Award by Government of Guangdong Province China is one of the awards he has received.", "The ICRISAT has an award called the Doreen Margaret Mashler Award.", "The International Peanut Genome Initiative has an award for leadership and contribution to peanut research.", "The Qilu Award was given by the People's Republic of China.", "The Government of India received the most coveted award from the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research in 2015.", "He has been a guest editor for several journals.", "Varshney has served on several committees for international conferences including the conference on application of biotechnologies in developing countries.", "Varshney has delivered presentations in several high-level meetings related to international agricultural research, including the G8 International Conference on Open Data for Agriculture.", "Noble Laureate Dr Norman Borlaug, Mr Bill Gates and Mr Narendra Modi are some of the high profile and influential people Varshney met while serving international agriculture in developing countries.", "Varshney's research has been funded by a number of international and Indian funding organizations.", "More than 450 research papers have been published in high impact research journals.", "Some of the journals include Nature, Nature Genetics, PNAS-USA, Genome Biology, Trends in Plant Science, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, and The Plant Journal.", "He is the youngest agricultural/plant scientist and the 4th Indian who has achieved an h-index of 100.", "His Google Scholar profile has more information.", "Several books that make significant contribution to agricultural science have been edited by Varshney.", "It is a good resource for Early Career Researchers.", "You can find a list of Varshney's books at Amazon." ]

[ "Rajeev Kumar Varshney", "Varshney", "Varshney", "Varshney", "Varshney", "Varshney", "Varshney", "Varshney", "Varshney", "Varshney", "Varshney", "Varshney" ]

[ "Rajeev Kumar Varshney", "Varshney", "Varshney", "Varshney", "Varshney", "Varshney", "Varshney", "Varshney", "Varshney", "Varshney", "Varshney", "Varshney", "Varshney" ]

[ "John Conrad Nagel (March 16, 1897 – February 24, 1970) was an American film, stage, television and radio actor.", "He was considered a famous matinée idol and leading man of the 1920s and 1930s.", "He was given an Academy Honorary Award in 1940 and three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960.", "Early life\n\nBorn in Keokuk, Iowa, into an upper-middle-class family, he was the son of a musician father, Dr. Frank L. Nagel, who was of German descent, and a mother, Frances (née Murphy), who was a locally praised singer.", "Nagel's mother died early in his life, and he always attributed his artistic inclination to growing up in a family environment that encouraged self-expression.", "When Nagel was three, his father, Frank, became dean of the music conservatory at Highland Park College in Des Moines, and the family moved there.", "After graduating from Highland Park College, Nagel left for California to pursue a career in the relatively new medium of motion pictures where he garnered instant attention from the Hollywood studio executives.", "With his frame, blue eyes, and wavy blond hair; the young, Midwestern Nagel was seen by studio executives as a potentially wholesome matinee idol whose unpretentious all-American charm would appeal to the nation's nascent film-goers.", "Film career\n\nNagel was immediately cast in film roles that cemented his unspoiled lover image.", "His first film was the 1918 retelling of Little Women, which quickly captured the public's attention and set Nagel on a path to silent film stardom.", "His breakout role came in the 1920 film, The Fighting Chance, opposite Swedish starlet Anna Q. Nilsson.", "In 1918, Nagel was elected to The Lambs, the theatrical club.", "In 1927, Nagel starred alongside Lon Chaney Sr., Marceline Day, Henry B. Walthall and Polly Moran in the now lost Tod Browning directed horror film, London After Midnight.", "Unlike many other silent films stars, Nagel had little difficulty transitioning to sound films.", "His baritone voice was judged to be perfect for sound, so he appeared in about thirty films in only two years.", "He described the time as a \"great adventure.\"", "He was working so steadily that one night when he and his wife planned to go to the movies, he was in films playing at Grauman's, Loew's, and Paramount's theaters.", "\"We couldn't find a theater where I wasn't playing.", "So we'd go back home.", "I was an epidemic.\"", "He spent the next several decades being very well received in high-profile films as a character actor.", "He was also frequently heard on radio and made many notable appearances on television.", "The Academy and SAG\nOn May 11, 1927, Nagel was among 35 other film industry insiders to found the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS); a professional honorary organization dedicated to the advancement of the arts and sciences of motion pictures.", "Fellow actors involved in the founding included: Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, Richard Barthelmess, Jack Holt, Milton Sills, and Harold Lloyd.", "He served as president of the organization from 1932 to 1933.", "He was also a founding member of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG).", "Nagel was the host of the 3rd Academy Awards ceremony held on November 5, 1930, the 5th Academy Awards on November 18, 1932, and a co-host with Bob Hope at the 25th Academy Awards ceremony on March 19, 1953.", "The 21-year gap between his appearances in 1932 and 1953 is a record for an Oscar ceremonies host.", "Radio and television\nNagel was the announcer for Alec Templeton Time, a musical variety program on NBC Radio in the summer of 1939.", "He was the host on Silver Theatre, a summer replacement program that began June 8, 1937.", "From 1937 to 1947, he hosted and directed the radio program Silver Theater.", "He then hosted the popular TV game show Celebrity Time from 1948 to 1952 and the DuMont Television Network program Broadway to Hollywood from 1953 to 1954.", "Templeton later hosted his own TV show It's Alec Templeton Time on the DuMont Television Network from June 1955 to August 1955.", "From September 14, 1955 to June 1, 1956, Nagel hosted Hollywood Preview, a 30-minute show on the DuMont Television Network which featured Hollywood stars with clips of upcoming films.", "In 1961, again on television but in an acting role, he made a guest appearance on the popular courtroom drama Perry Mason, portraying the character Nathan Claver, an art collector and murderer, in the episode \"The Case of the Torrid Tapestry\".", "In 1962 he guest starred on the TV Western Gunsmoke as the vengeful Major Emerson Owen in S7E33’s “The Prisoner”.", "Personal life\nNagel married and divorced three times.", "His first wife, actress Ruth Helms, gave birth to a daughter, Ruth Margaret.", "His second wife was actress Lynn Merrick.", "His third wife was Michael Coulson Smith, who gave birth to a son Michael.", "Nagel died in 1970 in New York City at the age of 72.", "A spokesman for the office of the Chief Medical Examiner said that Nagel's death was \"due to natural causes\", more specifically, a heart attack and emphysema.", "He added that no autopsy was planned.", "Nagel was cremated at Garden State Crematory in North Bergen, New Jersey.", "His remains are interred at the Lutheran Cemetery in Warsaw, Illinois.", "Awards and honors\n \nIn 1940, Nagel was given an Honorary Academy Award for his work with the Motion Picture Relief Fund.", "For his contributions to film, radio, and television, Nagel was given three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1719 Vine Street (motion pictures), 1752 Vine Street (radio), and 1752 Vine Street (television).", "Edward 'Ned' Benton\nOne Hour Late (1934) as Stephen Barclay\nDeath Flies East (1935) as John Robinson Gordon\nOne New York Night (1935) as Kent\nBall at Savoy (1936) as John Egan, posing as Baron Dupont\nThe Girl from Mandalay (1936) as John Foster\nWedding Present (1936) as Roger Dodacker\nYellow Cargo (1936) as Alan O'Connor\nNavy Spy (1937) as Alan O'Connor\nThe Gold Racket (1937) as Alan O'Connor\nBank Alarm (1937) as Alan O'Connor\nThe Mad Empress (1939) as Maximilian\nOne Million B.C.", "(1940) as Narrator\nI Want a Divorce (1940) as David Holland, Sr.", "Forever Yours (1945) as Dr. Randall\nThe Adventures of Rusty (1945) as Hugh Mitchell\nStage Struck (1948) as Police Lt. Williams\n The Vicious Circle (1948) as Karl Nemesch\nAll That Heaven Allows (1955) as Harvey\nHidden Fear (1957) as Arthur Miller\nA Stranger in My Arms (1959) as Harley Beasley\nThe Man Who Understood Women (1959) as G.K. Brody\n\nIn popular culture \nIn the M*A*S*H episode \"Abyssinia, Henry\" – which featured McLean Stevenson's final appearance on the show – Lt. Col. Blake finds out that his mother-in-law used his brown double-breasted suit to attend a costume party dressed as Conrad Nagel.", "Radio appearances\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n \n Silent Ladies and Gents\n Conrad Nagel on Golden Silents\n Photographs of Conrad Nagel\n\n1897 births\n1970 deaths\nAmerican people of German descent\nAcademy Honorary Award recipients\nAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences founders\nPresidents of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences\nAmerican male film actors\nAmerican male silent film actors\nAmerican male radio actors\nAmerican male television actors\nMale actors from Des Moines, Iowa\nPeople from Keokuk, Iowa\nVaudeville performers\n20th-century American male actors\nMembers of The Lambs Club" ]

[ "John Conrad Nagel was an American film, stage, television and radio actor.", "He was a leading man in the 1920s and 1930s.", "He received three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960.", "Born in Keokuk, Iowa, into an upper-middle-class family, he was the son of a musician father and a singer mother.", "He always attributed his artistic inclination to growing up in a family environment that encouraged self-expression to the death of his mother.", "Frank became the dean of the music program at Highland Park College when his son was three years old.", "After graduating from Highland Park College, Nagel left for California to pursue a career in motion pictures, where he received instant attention from the Hollywood studio executives.", "The studio executives saw the young Midwestern Nagel as a potentially wholesome matinee idol with an all-American charm who would appeal to the nation's first film-goers.", "His unspoiled lover image was solidified when he was cast in film roles.", "The 1918 remake of Little Women, which quickly captured the public's attention and set Nagel on a path to silent film stardom, was his first film.", "His breakthrough role was in the 1920 film, The Fighting Chance.", "Nagel was elected to The Lambs in 1918.", "The horror film, London After Midnight, was directed by Tod Browning.", "Nagel had little difficulty transitioning to sound films.", "He appeared in about thirty films in two years after being judged to be perfect for sound.", "He said the time was a great adventure.", "One night when he and his wife were going to the movies, he was playing in films at Grauman's, Loew's, and Paramount's theaters.", "We couldn't find a theater where I wasn't playing.", "We would go back home.", "I was an epidemic.", "He was well-received in high-profile films as a character actor.", "He made a lot of appearances on television and was frequently heard on radio.", "The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences was founded on May 11, 1927, by 35 film industry insiders, and was dedicated to the advancement of the arts and sciences of motion pictures.", "The founding actors were Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, Richard Barthelmess, Jack Holt, and Harold Lloyd.", "He was the organization's president from 1932 to 1933.", "He was a founding member of the Screen Actors Guild.", "The 3rd Academy Awards ceremony took place on November 5, 1930, the 5th Academy Awards took place on November 18, 1932, and the 25th Academy Awards ceremony took place on March 19, 1953.", "The 21-year gap between his appearances is the longest for an Oscar ceremonies host.", "Alec Templeton Time was a musical variety program on NBC Radio in the summer of 1939.", "He was the host of Silver Theatre during the summer of 1937.", "He hosted and directed the radio program Silver Theater from 1937 to 1947.", "He hosted Celebrity Time from 1948 to 1952 and the DuMont Television Network program Broadway to Hollywood from 1953 to 1954.", "The DuMont Television Network broadcasted It's Alec Templeton Time from June 1955 to August 1955.", "Hollywood Preview, a 30-minute show on the DuMont Television Network which featured Hollywood stars with clips of upcoming films, was hosted by Nagel from September 14, 1955 to June 1, 1956.", "He played the role of Nathan Claver, an art collector and murderer, in the episode \"The Case of the Torrid Tapestry\", which was a guest appearance on the popular courtroom drama.", "He guest starred on the TV Western Gunsmoke in 1962 as the avenger Major Emerson Owen.", "Married and divorced three times by Nagel.", "His first wife, actress Ruth Helms, gave birth to a daughter.", "Lynn was his second wife.", "Michael Coulson Smith was his third wife and gave birth to a son.", "At the age of 72, Nagel died in New York City.", "A spokesman for the office of the Chief Medical Examiner said that the cause of death was a heart attack and emphysema.", "He said that no autopsy was planned.", "The cremation took place at the Garden State Crematory in North Bergen, New Jersey.", "He is buried at the Lutheran Cemetery in Warsaw, Illinois.", "In 1940, the Motion Picture Relief Fund was given an award by the Academy.", "His contributions to film, radio, and television earned him three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "One Hour Late (1934) was played by Edward 'Ned' Benton, Death Flies East (1935) was played by John Robinson Gordon, One New York Night (1935) was played by Kent Ball, and John Foster Wedding Present (1936) was played by Roger.", "David Holland, Sr. was Narrator I Want a Divorce.", "The Vicious Circle (1948), Stage Struck (1948), and Harvey Hidden Fear (1957) were all directed by Arthur Miller.", "The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences was founded by the Presidents of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences." ]

[ "John Conrad Nagel", ". Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Conrad Nagel", "Conrad Nagel", "Conrad Na" ]

[ "John Conrad Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel", "Nagel" ]

[ "Ibtisam Mara'ana-Menuhin (, ) is an Israeli Arab politician, film director, and producer.", "She is currently a member of the Knesset for the Labor Party.", "Biography \nIbtisam Mara'ana was born in 1975 in Fureidis, a Muslim Arab working class village in northern Israel.", "She attended film school at Givat Haviva.", "In 2000 she initiated a film and television program at her former high school in Fureidis.", "In 2003 Mara'ana founded Ibtisam Films, to produce documentaries that investigate the borders and boundaries of Palestinian and Israeli society, with a focus on women and minorities.", "Her work explores gender, class, racism, and collective and individual identity.", "Her films show the plight of Arab-Palestinians living as a minority within Israel, while, at the same time, critique deep-rooted practices within Arab-Palestinian society.", "Her work has been screened on television and at festivals worldwide.", "Prior to the 2009 Knesset elections Mara'ana was placed twelfth on the Meretz list.", "However, she withdrew her candidacy shortly before to the elections after Meretz expressed support for Operation Cast Lead in Gaza.", "Mara'ana teaches at various educational institutions, including the Bezalel Academy of Art and Design in Jerusalem.", "She regularly speaks at universities, organizations, and conferences throughout Israel and abroad.", "She is a prominent feminist activist, and has published numerous articles in Israeli newspapers.", "In 2009, the Israeli newspaper Haaretz named Mara'ana as one of the 10 most influential women in Israel.", "In 2011 Druze-Israeli Jamila \"Maya\" Fares, the sister of Angelina Fares, the subject of Mara’ana's Lady Kul El Arab documentary, was murdered in an honour killing.", "In response to the murder, Mara'ana created a foundation to support Arab women fleeing gender-based violence in Israel.", "In June 2014, Mara'ana married Boaz Menuhin, a Jewish Israeli man.", "The couple has a daughter.", "The marriage was sealed in Tel Aviv in a non-religious ceremony, and is therefore not officially recognised in Israel, where family law is predominantly religious.", "In 2017, Mara'ana received an honorary degree from the British Open University.", "In January 2021, Mara'ana ran in the Israeli Labor Party primaries, and placed seventh on the party's list for the March 2021 elections.", "On 17 February Mara'ana was disqualified from running in the election by the Central Elections Committee by a 16–15 vote, with two abstentions, for her call to destroy a Jewish village in Northern Israel, as it had to be defended from rocket attacks; however, this was repealed by the Supreme Court.", "She was subsequently elected to the Knesset as the Labor Party won seven seats, becoming the first Knesset member in a mixed Jewish-Muslim relationship.", "Filmography \nParadise Lost (2003).", "Mara'ana traces the hidden history of her village, Fureidis, investigating issues of national identity and womanhood within traditional Arab village life.", "Al-Jiser (2004), a look into the lives of residents of the Jisr az-Zarqa village in Israel who face poverty and discrimination.", "The film focuses on the struggle of a group of young single women who are determined to bring social change to their village.", "Badal (2006).", "\"A Badal deal marriage\" usually means when a brother and sister from one family marry a sister and brother from another family – interlocking the two couples forever.", "Divorce on the part of one couple will immediately lead to the divorce of the other part of the deal.", "This is common practice in Muslim families in the Middle East.", "The film follows a family during the process of putting such a deal together.", "It portrays the lives of Palestinian women living within Israel: their struggles in being a part of their traditional society vs. the quest to maintain their full rights as women and citizens of a Jewish state.", "Three Times Divorced (2007) deals with the fate of a Palestinian woman from the Gaza Strip who marries an Arab Bedouin from Israel.", "After bearing her husband six children, he divorces her and maintains custody of the children, while the woman, whose residency status in Israel becomes uncertain, is left with nothing.", "Lady Kul El-Arab (2008).", "Angelina Fares, a young woman from the Druze village of Sajur in northern Israel and the country's first Druze model, becomes a finalist in the 2007 Miss Israel beauty pageant.", "Facing severe pressure and death threats from her village, Angelina must decide whether to go forward with her fashion world dreams, or to resign.", "The story follows Angelina's struggle to reconcile the traditions and values of her society with her bold efforts to choose her own way in life.", "77 Steps (2010) documents the personal journey of the director who leaves her Arab-Muslim village to live in Tel Aviv.", "In an attempt to find an apartment in the city, she encounters discrimination and rejection by most landlords because of her Arab origins.", "She finally finds an apartment and meets her neighbor – Jonathan, a Jewish-Canadian and recent immigrant to Israel.", "A complicated love story develops.", "Write down, I Am an Arab (2014) is a biographical documentary film about the national Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish.", "The movie covers Mahmoud Darwish's love letters to his Jewish girlfriend from the past, Tamar Ben-Ami, his marriage with Rana Kabbani, his first wife, and his part in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.", "The movie contains interviews with Ahmad Darwish (Mahmoud's brother) and with his fellow poets and writers as well as with Samih al-Qasim, who was Mahmoud Darwish's friend.", "Awards and recognition\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nWrite Down, I Am an Arab: The Film About Mahmoud Darwish\nHaaretz Article by Ibtisam Mara'ana \"I Carry the Virus\"\nHaaretz Article by Ibtisam Mara'ana \"Gender Before Nationality\"\nLady Kul-el Arab at IDFA\nNow Magazine Review\nBadal on LinkTV\nThree Times Divorced on Women Make Movies\nThree Times Divorced on Media Reviews Online\nHaaretz Article by Ibtisam Mara'ana \"I was once ashamed of my mother's power\"\nHaaretz Article by Ibtisam Mara'ana \"Yalla, intifada!\"", "Al Jazeera on Paradise Lost & Badal\nAl Jazeera \"Palestinian Filmmaker wins at HotDocs\"\nAl Jazeera on Lady Kul El-Arab\nBadal\n\n1975 births\nLiving people\nArab-Israeli film directors\nIsraeli women film directors\nIsraeli documentary film directors\nWomen documentary filmmakers\nIsraeli Labor Party politicians\nMembers of the 24th Knesset (2021–present)\nWomen members of the Knesset\nArab members of the Knesset\nArab Israeli anti-racism activists" ]

[ "Ibtisam Mara'ana-Menuhin is an Israeli Arab politician.", "She is a member of the Knesset.", "Ibtisam Mara'ana was born in 1975 in Fureidis, a Muslim Arab working class village in northern Israel.", "She attended a film school.", "She started a film and television program at her high school.", "Ibtisam Films was founded in 2003 by Mara'ana to produce films that investigate the borders and boundaries of Palestinian and Israeli society with a focus on women and minorities.", "Feminism, class, racism, and collective and individual identity are explored in her work.", "Her films show the plight of Arab-Palestinians living as a minority within Israel, while at the same time critique deep-rooted practices within Arab-Palestinian society.", "Her work has been shown on television.", "Mara'ana was placed twelfth on the Meretz list prior to the Knesset elections.", "She withdrew her candidacy after Meretz supported the operation in Gaza.", "The Bezalel Academy of Art and Design in Jerusalem is where Mara'ana teaches.", "She speaks at many conferences and universities in Israel and abroad.", "She has published articles in Israeli newspapers.", "Mara'ana was named one of the 10 most influential women in Israel in 2009.", "The sister of the subject of Mara'ana's Lady Kul El Arab documentary was murdered in 2011.", "Mara'ana created a foundation to support Arab women fleeing violence in Israel.", "In June of 2014, Mara'ana married Boaz Menuhin.", "The couple has a child.", "In Israel, the marriage is not officially recognised because it was sealed in Tel Aviv in a non- religious ceremony.", "Mara'ana received a degree from the British Open University.", "Mara'ana ran in the Israeli Labor Party primaries in January of 2021.", "On 17 February Mara'ana was disqualified from running in the election by the Central Elections Committee due to her call to destroy a Jewish village in Northern Israel as it had to be defended from rocket attacks; however, this was repealed by the Supreme.", "She became the first Knesset member in a mixed Jewish- Muslim relationship when she was elected to the Knesset.", "Paradise Lost is a film.", "Mara'ana explores issues of national identity and womanhood within traditional Arab village life.", "The lives of residents of the Jisr az-Zarqa village in Israel are profiled in Al-Jiser.", "The film focuses on a group of young single women who are determined to bring social change to their village.", "Badal was published in 2006", "A Badal deal marriage is when a brother and sister from one family marry a sister and brother from another family.", "A divorce on the part of one couple will lead to a divorce on the part of the other couple.", "In the Middle East, this is a common practice.", "The film follows a family as they put together a deal.", "The lives of Palestinian women living in Israel are depicted as they struggle to maintain their rights as citizens of a Jewish state.", "Three Times Divorced deals with the case of a Palestinian woman from the Gaza Strip who married a Bedouin from Israel.", "The woman whose residency status in Israel becomes uncertain is left with nothing after her husband divorces her and keeps custody of the children.", "Lady Kul El-Arab.", "The first Druze model in Israel is a finalist in the Miss Israel beauty contest.", "Facing severe pressure and death threats from her village, Angelina must decide whether to go forward with her fashion world dreams or resign.", "The story follows the struggle to reconcile the traditions and values of her society with her bold efforts to choose her own way in life.", "The personal journey of the director who leaves her village to live in Tel Aviv is documented in 77 Steps.", "She encounters discrimination when trying to find an apartment in the city because she is Arab.", "Jonathan, a Jewish-Canadian and recent immigrant to Israel, is her neighbor.", "A love story develops.", "I Am an Arab is a documentary film about a Palestinian poet.", "The movie covers Mahmoud Darwish's love letters to his Jewish girlfriend from the past, as well as his marriage with Rana Kabbani, his first wife, and his part in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.", "The movie has interviews with Ahmad Darwish, his fellow poets and writers, and with a friend of Mahmoud Darwish.", "External links include Write Down, I Am an Arab: The Film About Mahmoud Darwish Haaretz and \"I Carry the Virus\" by Ibtisam Mara'ana.", "Lady Kul El-Arab Badal 1975 births Living people Arab-Israeli film directors Israeli women film directors Women documentary filmmakers Israeli Labor Party politicians Members of the 24th" ]

[ "Ibtisam Mara", "Ibtisam Mara", "Ibtisam", "Ibtisam", "Ibtisam", "Ibtisam" ]

[ "Ibtisam Mara" ]

[ "William Gerald Paris (July 25, 1925 – March 31, 1986) was an American actor and director best known for playing Jerry Helper, the dentist and next-door neighbor of Rob and Laura Petrie, on The Dick Van Dyke Show, and for directing the majority of the sitcom Happy Days episodes.", "Early life\nParis was born in San Francisco, California.", "His name, as frequently reported, was indeed Paris, and not Grossman, a stepfather's surname he never adopted.", "Paris' mother's maiden name was Esther Mohr.", "After serving in the United States Navy during World War II, he attended New York University and the Actors Studio in New York City.", "After graduating, Paris moved to Los Angeles, where he attended UCLA and studied acting at the Actors Lab in Hollywood.", "Paris was Jewish.", "Career\n \nParis had roles in films such as The Caine Mutiny, The Wild One, and Marty.", "He also played Martin \"Marty\" Flaherty, one of Eliot Ness's men, in a recurring role in the first season of ABC-TV's The Untouchables, besides making guest appearances on other television series.", "(His character in The Untouchables series was based on similarly named real-life Untouchable Martin J.", "Lahart.)", "After having directed some episodes of The Dick Van Dyke Show in which he also played the recurring character of next-door neighbor and dentist Jerry Helper, Paris won an Emmy Award in the 1963-64 season for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy for the series.", "He later devoted himself to directing both in film and television, including The Partridge Family and Here's Lucy (including the famous third season opener featuring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton), but he worked most notably on Happy Days, where he directed 237 of the show's 255 episodes.", "Imitating Hitchcock, he appeared uncredited in at least one episode of every season.", "Paris also directed episodes of Laverne & Shirley, The Odd Couple, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, The Ted Knight Show, and Blansky's Beauties.", "He returned to directing feature films in 1985's Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment and 1986's Police Academy 3: Back in Training.", "In all, he is credited with directing episodes of 57 TV titles and as an actor in 105 titles.", "Personal life\nIn 1954, Paris married Ruth Benjamin.", "They had three children.", "They remained married until Ruth's death in 1980.", "On March 18, 1986, Paris was hospitalized at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, where doctors discovered he had a brain tumor.", "He underwent two surgeries, but doctors were unable to remove the tumor.", "Paris remained hospitalized until his death on March 31 at the age of 60.", "A private memorial was held at Paris' home in Pacific Palisades on April 2.", "Filmography\n\nActor\n\nThe Lady Gambles (1949) as Horse Player (uncredited)\nSword in the Desert (1949) as Levitan (uncredited)\nBattleground (1949) as German Sergeant (uncredited)\nMy Foolish Heart (1949) as Usher at Football Game\nWoman in Hiding (1950) as Customer at Newsstand (uncredited)\nDOA (1950) as Bellhop (uncredited)\nThe Reformer and the Redhead (1950) as Radio Station Call Boy (uncredited)\nOutrage (1950) as Frank Marini\nCyrano de Bergerac (1950) as Cadet\nThe Flying Missile (1950) as Crewman Andy Mason\nFrenchie (1950) as Perry (uncredited)\nCall Me Mister (1951) as Air Force Pilot in Skit (uncredited)\nHer First Romance (1951) as Camp Counsellor (uncredited)\nBright Victory (1951) as Reynolds, the Medic (uncredited)\nSubmarine Command (1951) as Sgt.", "Gentry\nMonkey Business (1952) as Scientist (uncredited)\nBonzo Goes to College (1952) as Lefty Edwards\nThe Glass Wall (1953) as Tom\nSabre Jet (1953) as Capt.", "Bert Flanagan\nFlight to Tangier (1953) as Policeman in Car (uncredited)\nThe Wild One (1953) as Dextro (uncredited)\nDrive a Crooked Road (1954) as Phil\nPrisoner of War (1954) as Axel Horstrom\nThe Caine Mutiny (1954) as Ensign Barney Harding\nAbout Mrs. Leslie (1954) as Mr. Harkness (uncredited)\nUnchained (1955) as Joe Ravens\nMarty (1955) as Tommy\nNot as a Stranger (1955) as Thompson (uncredited)\nThe Naked Street (1955) as Latzi Franks\nCrossroads in \"With All My Love\" (1955) as Corporal Reynolds\nThe View from Pompey's Head (1955) as Ian Garrick\nGood Morning, Miss Dove (1955) as Maurice Levine\nHell's Horizon (1955) as Cpl.", "Pete Kinshaw\nCrusader (CBS, 1956) as Barney\nNever Say Goodbye (1956) as Joe\nWhodunit (Alfred Hitchcock Presents) (1956) as Wally Benson\nD-Day the Sixth of June (1956) as Raymond Boyce\nI've Lived Before (1956) as Russell Smith, Copilot\nHey, Jeannie!", "(1956) as Joe Grady\nThose Whiting Girls (1957) as Artie the Accompanist / Artie\nZero Hour!", "(1957) as Tony Decker\nMan on the Prowl (1957) as Woody\nColt .45 in \"Blood Money\" (1958) as Joe Bullock\nThe Female Animal (1958) as Hank Galvez (not Lopez)\nThe Lady Takes a Flyer (1958) as Willie Ridgely\nSing, Boy, Sing (1958) as Arnold Fisher\nThe Naked and the Dead (1958) as Goldstein\nNo Name on the Bullet (1959) as Harold Miller\nSteve Canyon (1959) as Maj. 'Willie' Williston\nCareer (1959) as Allan Burke\nThe Untouchables (1959-1960) as Agent Martin Flaherty \nThe Alaskans in \"Peril at Caribou Crossing\" (1960) as Walter Collier\nThe Great Impostor (1961) as Defense Lieutenant\nMichael Shayne (1960-1961) as Tim Rourke\n77 Sunset Strip (1961) in \"Big Boy Blue\" as Tom Gardiner\nThe Dick Van Dyke Show (1961-1966) as Jerry Helper / Jack Sullivan / TV Newsman \nThe Lloyd Bridges Show (1962) in episode \"Big Man, Little Bridge\"\nThe Caretakers (1963) as Passerby Lorna Bumps on Street (uncredited)\nThe Eleventh Hour as Marty Kane in \"What Did She Mean by Good Luck?\"", "(1963)\nThe Fugitive (1963) as Jim Prestwick\nDon't Raise the Bridge, Lower the River (1968) as Baseball Umpire\nNever a Dull Moment (1968) as Police Photographer (uncredited)\nBut I Don't Want to Get Married!", "(1970) as Harry\nEvil Roy Slade (1972) as Souvenir Salesman (uncredited)\nEvery Man Needs One (1972) as Marty Ranier\nLeo and Loree (1980) as Tony\nPolice Academy 3: Back in Training (1986) as Priest in Police Line-up (uncredited) (final film role)\n\nDirector\n\nThe Silent Service, two episodes (1957)\nThe Joey Bishop Show (1961)\nThe Dick Van Dyke Show (1963–66)\nThe Farmer's Daughter (1963)\nThe Munsters (1964)\nDon't Raise the Bridge, Lower the River (1968)\nThat Girl (1966)\nHey, Landlord (1966–67) (TV series)\nSheriff Who?", "(1967) (TV pilot)\nNever a Dull Moment (1968)\nHow Sweet It Is!", "(1968)\nHere's Lucy (1968) (TV series)\nLove, American Style (1969)\nViva Max!", "(1969)\nThe Partridge Family (1970 pilot)\nThe Grasshopper (1970)\nMcCloud (1970)\nThe Mary Tyler Moore Show (1970)\nThe Odd Couple (1970–75)\nBarefoot in the Park (1970 TV series)\nBut I Don't Want to Get Married!", "(1970)\nThe Feminist and the Fuzz (1971)\nThe New Dick Van Dyke Show (1971)\nTwo on a Bench (1971) (TV)\nWhat's a Nice Girl Like You...?", "(1971)\nStar Spangled Girl (1971)\nCall Her Mom (1972)\nEvil Roy Slade (1972)\nWednesday Night Out (1972) (TV pilot)\nKeeping Up with the Joneses (1972) (TV pilot)\nThe Couple Takes a Wife (1972) (TV)\nEvery Man Needs One (1972) (TV)\nThicker Than Water (1973) (TV series)\nBreak Up (1973) (TV special)\nHappy Days (1974–84) (TV series)\nOnly with Married Men (1974)\nThe Fireman's Ball (1975) (TV pilot)\nWhen Things Were Rotten (1975) (TV series)\nGood Heavens (1976) (TV series)\nHow to Break Up a Happy Divorce (1976)\nBlansky's Beauties (1977) (TV series)\nThe Ted Knight Show (1978) (TV series)\nMake Me an Offer (1980)\nLeo and Loree (1980)\nPolice Academy 2: Their First Assignment (1985)\nPolice Academy 3: Back in Training (1986)\nYou Again?", "(1986) (TV series)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n\n1925 births\n1986 deaths\n20th-century American male actors\nActors Studio alumni\nAmerican male comedians\n20th-century American comedians\nAmerican male film actors\nAmerican male stage actors\nAmerican male television actors\nUnited States Navy personnel of World War II\nAmerican television directors\nDeaths from brain tumor\nDeaths from cancer in California\nFilm directors from California\nMale actors from San Francisco\nNew York University alumni\nPrimetime Emmy Award winners\nUniversity of California, Los Angeles alumni\nUnited States Navy officers" ]

[ "William Gerald Paris (July 25, 1925 to March 31, 1986) was an American actor and director best known for playing Jerry Helper, the dentist and next-door neighbor of Rob and Laura Petrie, on The Dick Van Dyke Show.", "Paris was born in San Francisco.", "His name was Paris and he never adopted the stepmother's name.", "Esther Mohr was Paris' mother's maiden name.", "He attended New York University and the Actors Studio after serving in the Navy.", "Paris studied acting at the Actors Lab in Hollywood after graduating from UCLA.", "Paris was Jewish.", "The Wild One was one of the films Career Paris had roles in.", "In the first season of ABC-TV's The Untouchables, he played one of the men, Martin \"Marty\" Flaherty.", "His character in The Untouchables series was named after a real-life Untouchable Martin J.", "Lahart.", "Paris won an award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy for his work on The Dick Van Dyke Show, in which he played the recurring character of next-door neighbor and dentist Jerry Helper.", "He directed many episodes of Happy Days, including the famous third season opener featuring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton, as well as The Partridge Family and Here's Lucy.", "He appeared in at least one episode of every season.", "The Odd Couple, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, and The Ted Knight Show were all directed by Paris.", "He directed feature films in 1985's Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment and 1986's Police Academy 3: Back in Training.", "He is credited with directing episodes of 57 TV titles and as an actor in 105 titles.", "Paris married Ruth Benjamin.", "They had three children.", "They were married until Ruth's death.", "On March 18, 1986, Paris was admitted to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, where he was diagnosed with a brain tumor.", "Doctors were unable to remove the tumor after he underwent two surgeries.", "Paris died on March 31, 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "A memorial was held at Paris' home.", "The Lady Gambles played the Horse Player in the Desert and Battleground in the film.", "The Glass Wall (1953) was played by Tom Sabre Jet, while Bonzo Goes to College (1952) was played by Scientist.", "As Phil Prisoner of War he played the role of Axel Horstrom in The Caine Mutiny.", "Barney Never Say Goodbye, Joe Whodunit, and Raymond Boyce I've Lived Before were all written by Pete Kinshaw Crusader.", "The girls were named Artie the Accompanist and Artie Zero Hour!", "As Tony Decker Man on the Prowl, Woody Colt.45 in \"Blood Money\", The Female Animal, Willie Ridgely Sing, Boy, and Arnold Fisher in The Naked and the Dead.", "The Fugitive as Jim Prestwick Don't Raise the Bridge, Lower the River as Baseball Umpire Never a Dull Moment and But I Don't Want to Get Married!", "Every Man Needs One, Souvenir Salesman, and Tony Police Academy 3: Back in Training are uncredited films.", "How Sweet It Is! is a TV pilot.", "Here's Lucy was a TV series.", "The Mary Tyler Moore Show, The Odd Couple, and Barefoot in the Park all aired in the 1970s.", "The Feminist and the Fuzz, Two on a Bench, and What's a Nice Girl Like You...", "The Couple Takes a Wife is a TV pilot and Thicker Than Water is a TV series.", "20th century American male actors Actors Studio alumni American male comedians American male film actors American male stage actors American male television actors United States Navy personnel of World War II" ]

[ "William Gerald Paris", "Jerry Helper", "Paris", "Paris", "Paris", "Paris", "Paris", "Jerry Helper", "Paris", "Paris", "Paris", "Paris", "Jerry Helper" ]

[ "William Gerald Paris", "Jerry Helper", "Paris", "Paris", "Paris", "Paris", "Paris", "Career Paris", "Paris", "Jerry Helper", "Paris", "Paris", "Paris" ]

[ "Francisco Gonzalez-Crussi, Professor Emeritus, is a Mexican physician and writer whose career extended along two disciplines, medicine and literature.", "(Né Francisco, his Anglicized name, Frank, has been used in his English-language productions).", "Biography \n\nBorn in a modest neighborhood of Mexico City in 1936, F. Gonzalez-Crussi was raised by his widowed mother, who owned a small drugstore.", "He studied medicine in the National Autonomous University of Mexico, and graduated in 1961.", "He migrated to the United States, where he obtained post-graduate training in the specialty of pathology, later sub-specializing in pediatric pathology.", "He began his career in 1967 in academic medicine in Canada, at Queen's University (Kingston, Ontario), and moved back to the United States in 1973, where he was a Professor of Pathology at Indiana University until 1978, when he relocated to Chicago, there to become Professor of Pathology at Northwestern University School of Medicine and Head of Laboratories of Children's Memorial Hospital until his retirement in 2001.", "His literary work first became known in 1985, with the appearance of his book Notes of an Anatomist, to considerable critical acclaim.", "He became a naturalized American citizen in 1987.", "Among the awards he has won is a Fellowship of the Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (September 2000 to February 2001), a Certificate of Achievement by the Office of the Secretary of State of Illinois (2009), a career achievement prize by the ABC Hospital of Mexico City (2009) and a Medal of Merit from the University of Veracruz, Mexico.", "Between 2005 and 2007 he was appointed as consultant in the discipline of literary essay, in the Mexican government's office in charge of promoting culture and the arts, F.O.N.C.A.", "(Fondo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes).", "In 2014 he was awarded the Merck Literary Prize in Rome, for his book Carrying the Heart (translated as Organi Vitali, Adelphi, Milan, 2014).", "On November 19, 2019 he was awarded the \"Pedro Henriquez Ureña International Prize for the Essay\" given by the Mexican Academy of Language (Academia Mexicana de la Lengua)\n\nAwards and recognition \n\n Fellowship of the Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (September 2000 to February 2001)\n Certificate of Achievement by the Office of the Secretary of State of Illinois (2009)\n Career achievement prize by the ABC Hospital of Mexico City (2009)\n Medal of Merit from the University of Veracruz, Mexico\n Consultant in the discipline of literary essay to the Mexican Government's Office of Culture and Arts - F.O.N.C.A.", "(Fondo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes) 2005 to 2007 \n Merck Prize, Science & Literature, Rome, Italy, June 10, 2014;\n Pedro Henriquez Ureña International Prize for the Essay, awarded by the Mexican Academy of Language, November 2019.", "Works \n\nIn the medical field, in addition to about 200 articles in peer-reviewed journals of his medical speciality, he wrote two books:\nExtragonadal Teratomas, a text-atlas published under the auspices of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D. C., 1982.", "Nephroblastoma (Wilms' tumor) and Related Renal Tumors of Childhood, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1984.", "In the literary field, his work has been chiefly in the essay genre, in both English and Spanish.", "Books written in English:\n\nNotes of an Anatomist (Harcourt Brace, 1985) First prize for non-fiction of the Society of Midland Authors (1985).", "Reviewed in the New York Times, 1985.", "Three Forms of Sudden Death (Harper & Row, 1986).", "On the Nature of Things Erotic (Harcourt Brace, 1988).", "An excerpt was published as first serial in The New York Times Book Review.", "The Five Senses (Harcourt Brace, 1989).", "Nominee for the Los Angeles Times Book Prize for the publishing year August 1, 1988 to July 31, 1989.", "The Day of the Dead and Other Mortal Reflections (Harcourt Brace, 1993).", "Reviewed in The New York Times, and the Chicago Reader, 1994.", "Suspended Animation (Harcourt Brace, 1995).", "Nominee in the 1966 PEN/Spielfogel-Diamonstein Award for the Art of the Essay.", "Reviewed by The New York Times, 1995.", "There is a World Elsewhere (Riverhead Books, 1998).", "Reviewed in Chicago Tribune 1998.", "On Being Born and Other Difficulties (Overlook Press, 2004).", "Reviewed in The Washington Post in 2004.", "On Seeing.", "Things Seen, Unseen and Obscene.", "(Overlook Press, New York, 2006).", "Reviewed in Nature, 2006.", "A Short History of Medicine (Random House, Modern Library Chronicles, 2007).", "Carrying the Heart (Kaplan Publishing, 2009).", "Reviewed in The New York Review of Books in 2009.", "The Body Fantastic (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2021).", "Foreword by John Banville.", "Reviewed in The Boston Globe.", "Books written and published in Spanish:\nPartir es Morir un Poco (U.N.A.M., 1996).", "Venir al Mundo (Verdehalago, 2006).", "La Fábrica del Cuerpo (Turner, Ortega & Ortiz, 2006).", "Horas Chinas (Siglo XXI, Mexico).", "Remedios de Antaño (Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, 2012).", "El Rostro y El Alma.", "Siete Ensayos Fisiognomicos (Penguin-Random House, Mexico, 2014)\nLa Enfermedad del Amor (Penguin -Random House, Mexico, 2016).", "Del Cuerpo Imponderable (Academia Mexicana de la Lengua, Mexico, 2020)\nLas Folías del Sexo (Penguin-Random House / Debate, Mexico, 2020).", "Más Allá del Cuerpo (Grano de Sal, Mexico, 2021).", "Foreign translations of Dr. Gonzalez-Crussi's books include: Dutch, French, Spanish, Italian, German, Portuguese, Slovakian, Czech, Polish, and Japanese.", "In the English language, Dr. Gonzalez-Crussi has contributed book reviews to The New York Times, The Washington Post, Nature and Commonweal.", "Excerpts of his work have appeared in The New Yorker, Harper's Magazine and The Sciences.", "In the Spanish language, his work has appeared in various periodical publications of Mexico (Letras Libres, Cambio, Tierra Adentro, Luvina) and Peru (Etiqueta Negra)\n\nTheater play: \nThe work of Dr. Gonzalez Crussi was adapted for the stage in 1995 by a theatrical company of Chicago (Live Bait Company, director Sharon Evans), under the name \"Memento Mori\".", "Reviewed in Chicago Tribune, and Chicago Sun-Times in 1995.", "This play was also presented in Seattle (November-December 1996) by the Aha!", "Theater Company.", "Reviewed in The Seattle Times in 1996.", "Television Documentary: \nThe literary work of Dr. Gonzalez Crussi was featured by the British Broadcasting Corporation.", "The BBC production (director Kevin Hull) was entitled \"Day of the Dead\", which was filed in the British Film Institute archive.", "It was part of the TV series Bookmark, and was first aired in the UK on April 27, 1992 on BBC2.", "The film was reviewed in The Daily Telegraph; in The Times; and the BMJ in 1992.", "References\n\nExternal links \n Full transcript of Interview\n Profile\n Author Profile\n Personal web site\n Report on Books on Worldcat\n Lecture in Spanish \"Images of the physician\", 2012\n Lecture Chicago Mexican Museum of Art Oct. 2015\n Fine Art Institute Bulletin.", "2019\n\n1936 births\nLiving people\nMexican non-fiction writers\nMexican pathologists" ]

[ "Francisco Gonzalez-Crussi is a Mexican physician and writer who has worked in medicine and literature.", "Frank, his Anglicized name, has been used in his English-language productions.", "F. Gonzalez-Crussi was raised by his mother in a small neighborhood of Mexico City.", "He graduated from the National Autonomous University of Mexico in 1961.", "He obtained post-graduate training in the specialty of pathology after moving to the United States.", "After graduating from Queen's University in Canada in 1967, he moved to the United States to become a Professor of Pathology at Indiana University.", "The appearance of his book Notes of an Anatomist in 1985 made him well known.", "He became an American citizen in 1987.", "He received a fellowship from the Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, a certificate of achievement from the Office of the Secretary of State of Illinois, and a career achievement prize from the ABC Hospital of Mexico City.", "The Mexican government's office in charge of promoting culture and the arts, F.O.N.C.A., appointed him as consultant in the discipline of literary essay between 2005 and 2007.", "Fondo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes.", "Carrying the Heart was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "He received the \"Pedro Henriquez Urea International Prize for the Essay\" from the Mexican Academy of Language on November 19, 2019.", "The Pedro Henriquez Urea International Prize for the Essay was awarded by the Mexican Academy of Language in November 2019.", "In addition to about 200 articles in peer-reviewed journals of his medical speciality, he wrote two books: Extragonadal Teratomas, a text-atlas published under the auspices of the armed forces institute of pathology.", "The title of the book is Nephroblastoma (Wilms' tumor) and Related Renal Tumors of Childhood.", "His work has been mostly in the essay genre in English and Spanish.", "The Notes of an Anatomist was the first prize in the non-fiction category.", "The New York Times had a review in 1985.", "There are three forms of sudden death.", "On the nature of things erotic.", "The New York Times Book Review published an excerpt.", "The Five Senses was written by Harcourt Brace.", "The publishing year for the Los Angeles Times Book Prize was August 1, 1988 to July 31, 1989.", "The Day of the Dead and Other Reflections was published in 1993.", "In The New York Times and the Chicago Reader.", "The animation was suspended.", "Nominee in the 1966 PEN/Spielfogel-Diamonstein Award for the Art of the Essay.", "The New York Times reviewed it.", "There is a World Elsewhere was published in 1998.", "There was a review in the Chicago Tribune in 1998.", "On Being Born and Other Difficulties was published in 2004.", "In 2004, it was reviewed in The Washington Post.", "On seeing.", "There are things seen, unseen and obscene.", "The Overlook Press was in New York.", "It was reviewed in Nature.", "A short history of medicine.", "Carrying the Heart was published in 2009.", "The New York Review of Books had a book review in 2009.", "The Body Fantastic was written by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.", "John Banville wrote the Foreword.", "It was reviewed in The Boston Globe.", "There are books written and published in Spanish.", "Venir al Mundo was written in 2006", "The Fbrica del Cuerpo was written byTurner,Ortiz andOrtiz.", "The Chinas are called Horas Chinas.", "Remedios de Antao is located in Mexico.", "El rostro y el alma.", "In Mexico, Siete Ensayos Fisiognomicos was published by Random House.", "The book \"Del Cuerpo Imponderable\" is available in Mexico.", "Ms All del Cuerpo is in Mexico.", "Dutch, French, Spanish, Italian, German, Portuguese, Slovakian, Czech, Polish, and Japanese are some of the foreign translations of Dr. Gonzalez-Crussi's books.", "The New York Times, The Washington Post, Nature and Commonweal have all received book reviews from Dr. Gonzalez-Crussi.", "Excerpts of his work have appeared in a number of publications.", "In Mexico, his work has appeared in various publications in the Spanish language.", "In 1995 it was reviewed in the Chicago Tribune.", "The Aha! presented this play in Seattle in 1996.", "There is a theater company.", "The Seattle Times had a review in 1996.", "The British Broadcasting Corporation featured the literary work of Dr. Gonzalez Crussi.", "The British Film Institute archive has a film titled \"Day of the Dead\".", "It was first aired in the UK in 1992 as part of the TV series Bookmark.", "The film was reviewed in a number of places.", "References External links Full transcript of Interview Profile Author Profile Personal web site Report on Books on Worldcat Lecture in Spanish \"Images of the physician\"", "Mexican non-fiction writers were born in 1936." ]

[ "Francisco Gonzalez", "Francisco" ]

[ "Francisco Gonzalez" ]

[ "Antonio Ramiro Romo (born April 21, 1980) is an analyst and former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 14 seasons with the Dallas Cowboys.", "He played college football at Eastern Illinois, where he made an Ohio Valley Conference championship appearance in 2001 and won the Walter Payton Award the following year.", "Romo signed with the Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 2003.", "Beginning his career in a backup role, Romo served as the Cowboys' primary starter from 2006 to 2015.", "He led the Cowboys to four postseason appearances during his tenure, while also receiving Pro Bowl honors amid each playoff run.", "Romo retired after the 2016 season when a preseason back injury caused him to lose his starting position to backup Dak Prescott.", "Upon retiring, he was hired by CBS Sports to become the lead color analyst for their NFL telecasts.", "Romo holds several Cowboys team records, including passing touchdowns, passing yards, most games with at least 300 passing yards, and games with three or more touchdown passes.", "He also held a higher passer rating in the fourth quarter than any other NFL quarterback from 2006 to 2013.", "However, Romo's reputation was affected by a lack of postseason success, having won only two of the six playoff games he appeared in and never advancing beyond the divisional round.", "His 97.1 passer rating is the highest among retired players who never appeared in the Super Bowl.", "Early years\nRomo was born in San Diego, California to Ramiro Romo Jr. and Joan Jakubowski.", "Romo is a \"Navy brat,\" as he was born while his father was stationed at the San Diego U.S.", "Naval Base.", "The Romos later returned to Burlington, Wisconsin, where Ramiro worked as a carpenter and construction worker and his wife, Joan, worked as a grocery store clerk.", "Romo played baseball as a child and was selected to the Little League All-Star team.", "Romo's paternal grandfather, Ramiro Romo Sr., emigrated from Múzquiz, Coahuila, Mexico to San Antonio, Texas as an adolescent.", "The elder Romo cites Tony's success as an example of the possibilities afforded to immigrants in the United States: \"I've always said this is a country of opportunities.", "If you don't get a job or an education, it's because you don't want to.\"", "Romo's mother has German and Polish ancestry.", "Romo started as quarterback for the Burlington High School Demons beginning as a junior (1996 season).", "In the 1997 season, Romo and the Demons finished with a 3–6 record, though he earned several honors, including the All-Racine County football team and Wisconsin Football Coaches Association All-State first team honors.", "Romo also was a starter on the Burlington High School varsity basketball team and also played golf and tennis.", "In 1998, he joined Caron Butler on the All-Racine County (Wisconsin) team.", "With per-game averages of 24.3 points, 8.8 rebounds and 4.7 assists, Romo was sought by some mid-major basketball schools in the NCAA such as Wisconsin-Green Bay.", "Romo graduated from Burlington High School in 1998, with his 1,080 points being the all-time scoring record for the Burlington basketball varsity.", "College career\n\nRomo attended Eastern Illinois University in Charleston, Illinois, where he played for the NCAA Division I-AA Eastern Illinois Panthers football team and was a member of Sigma Pi.", "As a sophomore in 2000, he ranked second in Division I-AA in passing efficiency, completing 164-of-278 (59%) passes for 2,583 yards and 27 touchdowns.", "After the season, he was honored as an All-America honorable mention, an All-Ohio Valley Conference member, and the OVC Player of the Year.", "As a junior, he led Division I-AA in passing efficiency, completing 138-of-207 passes for 2,068 yards and 21 touchdowns.", "Romo earned OVC Player of the Week honors on October 14, 2002 after his eight-yard scramble run on the last play of the game led Eastern Illinois to a 25–24 win over Eastern Kentucky.", "On December 19, 2002, Romo became the first player in Eastern Illinois and Ohio Valley Conference history to win the Walter Payton Award, given annually to the top Division I-AA football player.", "He finished his career holding school and conference records with 85 touchdown passes.", "He finished second in school and third in conference history with 8,212 passing yards and second in school history with 584 completions and 941 attempts.", "As a senior, he set school and conference records for completions with 258 in 407 attempts for 3,418 yards.", "This was second in conference and third in school history for a season.", "He threw for 34 touchdowns and scored one rushing touchdown.", "Romo's 3,149 yards in total offense as a senior ranked third in school and conference history.", "Along with the Walter Payton Award, Romo earned consensus All-America honors.", "In addition, he was selected All-Ohio Valley Conference and was named OVC Player of the Year for the third straight year.", "During homecoming weekend on October 17, 2009, Eastern Illinois University retired Romo's No.", "17 jersey and inducted him into EIU's Hall of Fame.", "Romo is the first Eastern Illinois player to have his number retired.", "He said about the event, \"It was such an honor to be inducted into the Hall of Fame here, and with the jersey ceremony, it holds a special place in your heart.\"", "Statistics\n\nAwards and honors\n 3× All-OVC (2000–2002)\n 3× OVC Player of the Year (2000–2002)\n 3× All-American (2000–2002)\n Walter Payton Award (2002)\n\nProfessional career\n\n2003–2005\nRomo did not initially receive an invitation to attend the 2003 NFL Combine, but received a late invitation to attend as an extra quarterback to throw passes to other prospects during drills.", "Despite intriguing some scouts, he went undrafted by any NFL team during the 2003 NFL Draft.", "Throughout the draft, Romo was assured by Dallas assistant head coach Sean Payton of the Cowboys' interest (Romo was also intensely pursued by Denver Broncos head coach Mike Shanahan), and shortly afterwards was signed as an undrafted rookie free agent by the Cowboys.", "Romo entered the 2003 training camp third on the Cowboys' depth chart behind Quincy Carter and Chad Hutchinson.", "In 2004, the Cowboys released Hutchinson and signed veteran quarterback Vinny Testaverde and traded a third-round draft pick to the Houston Texans for quarterback Drew Henson.", "Romo faced being cut from the roster until Carter was released following allegations of substance abuse.", "Throughout 2004 and 2005, Romo served as the holder for placekicks.", "After Vinny Testaverde's tenure in Dallas ended in 2005, the Cowboys signed veteran quarterback Drew Bledsoe, the team's eighth starting quarterback since 2000.", "One of Romo's early career highlights was in 2004, when (as the third-string quarterback) he rushed for the winning touchdown with six seconds left in a preseason game against the Oakland Raiders.", "Elevated to the Cowboys' second quarterback in 2005, Romo had strong showings in the 2005 and 2006 pre-seasons.", "In the 2006 off-season, Sean Payton (now head coach of the New Orleans Saints), offered a third-round draft pick for Romo, but Cowboys' owner Jerry Jones refused, asking for no less than a second-round draft pick.", "2006 season\n\nRomo began the season as a backup to starter Drew Bledsoe.", "He took his first regular season snap at quarterback in a home game against the Houston Texans on October 15.", "His first NFL pass was a 33-yard completion to wide receiver Sam Hurd.", "His only other pass of the game was a two-yard touchdown pass, his first in the NFL, to wide receiver Terrell Owens.", "One week later on October 23, 2006, Romo replaced Bledsoe for the start of the second half of a game against the New York Giants.", "His first pass was tipped and intercepted.", "His game stats in only his second NFL appearance were 14 completions on 25 attempts for 227 yards, two touchdowns, and three interceptions (one of which was returned for a touchdown).", "On October 25, Cowboys head coach Bill Parcells announced that Romo would be the Cowboys starting quarterback for the October 29 game against the Carolina Panthers on NBC Sunday Night Football, in Week 8 of the 2006 season.", "Romo led the Cowboys to victory in his first game as a starter, 35–14.", "In that game, Romo was Sunday Night Football'''s \"Rock Star of the Game.\"", "On November 19, 2006, Romo led the Cowboys past the Indianapolis Colts, the NFL's last unbeaten team.", "He completed 19 of 23 passes as the Cowboys won against the Colts 21–14.", "Four days later he helped the Cowboys win in a Thanksgiving Day game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers by the score of 38–10.", "Romo went 22–29 with 306 yards and five touchdown passes and no interceptions.", "For his performance, he was awarded FOX's Galloping Gobbler award as the Thanksgiving Day MVP.", "Romo aided the Cowboys in clinching a playoff spot, their second since Parcells became coach in 2003.", "He concluded the 2006 regular season with 220 completions on 337 pass attempts for 2,903 yards, 19 touchdowns, and 13 interceptions, with a passer rating of 95.1.", "The Cowboys played the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC Wild Card playoff round on January 6, 2007.", "With the Cowboys trailing 21–20 on fourth-and-one with 1:19 left in the game, the Cowboys attempted a 19-yard field goal.", "Romo, the holder for the kick, fumbled the snap.", "He recovered the ball and attempted to run it in, but was tackled short of the first down marker, and turned the ball over on the Seattle 2-yard line.", "The Cowboys went on to lose the game.", "Romo finished the 2006 season ranked seventh in the NFC in passing yards (2,903) and touchdown passes (19).", "Romo played in the 2007 Pro Bowl after Drew Brees went down with an elbow injury as a substitution for Marc Bulger.", "He threw one touchdown and one interception, and was the NFC's kickoff holder in the game.", "2007 season\n\nRomo began the 2007 season with four touchdown passes and an additional touchdown rush, the first of his career, defeating the New York Giants 45–35 in the Cowboys' first game of the regular season.", "His 345 passing yards in Week 1 led the NFL.", "In Week 2, he threw for 186 yards and two touchdowns beating the Miami Dolphins, ranking him seventh in passing yards and tied for second with six touchdown passes.", "Romo added 329 passing yards and two touchdown passes in the Cowboys' Week 3 34–10 win over the Chicago Bears.", "The following week, he passed for 339 yards and three touchdowns in a 35–7 win over the St. Louis Rams.", "He also ran for an additional touchdown.", "This brought his season totals to 1199 passing yards with 11 passing touchdowns and two rushing touchdowns.", "In September 2007, Romo's father was diagnosed with prostate cancer.", "Romo stated that, while upset about the family crisis, he still had to continue to focus on his career.", "In Week 5, on Monday Night Football against the Buffalo Bills, Romo threw five interceptions (four in the first half, two of which were returned for touchdowns) and lost a fumble.", "He became the second person in the history of Monday Night Football to throw five interceptions in a winning effort.", "The first person was his quarterbacks coach Wade Wilson.", "Nonetheless, he threw for 4,211 yards (third in the NFL) and 36 touchdown passes during the regular season (second only to Tom Brady).", "His 97.4 passer rating was good enough for fifth in the NFL behind Tom Brady, Ben Roethlisberger, David Garrard, and Peyton Manning.", "On October 29, Romo reached an agreement to a six-year, $67.5 million contract extension with the Cowboys.", "On November 29 against the Green Bay Packers, in a game between 10–1 teams, Romo threw four touchdown passes (bringing his season total to 33), breaking Danny White's (29) record from 1983.", "On December 22 against the Carolina Panthers, Romo became the first Cowboys' quarterback to pass for more than 4,000 yards in a season.", "Finally on December 30 against the Washington Redskins, Romo broke the Cowboys' season completions record with his 335th completion, a short pass to tight end Jason Witten.", "The Cowboys finished the season with a 13–3 record.", "In the Cowboys' January 13, 2008 divisional playoff game against the New York Giants, Romo was unable to lead his team to a come-from-behind victory.", "On fourth down with less than half a minute and no timeouts left, Romo threw the ball into the end zone, but it was intercepted by Giants cornerback R. W. McQuarters, ensuring that the Cowboys were eliminated from the playoffs with a 21–17 loss to the eventual Super Bowl XLII champions.", "2008 season\nOn September 7, 2008, Romo led the Cowboys to a 28–10 win over the Cleveland Browns in their season opener.", "Romo completed 24 of his 32 passes for a total of 320 yards and one touchdown.", "After the game, Romo required 13 stitches for a large gash on his chin that occurred during the third quarter when linebacker Willie McGinest hit him in the chin with his helmet.", "The NFL fined McGinest $7,500 for the hit.", "On September 15, Romo led the Dallas Cowboys to a 41–37 win against the Philadelphia Eagles in the second game of the 2008 season.", "Romo completed 21 of his 30 passes for a total of 312 yards and three touchdowns.", "The 54 combined points scored by the Cowboys and Eagles in the first half were the second most points scored in a half during a Monday Night Football game.", "That same month, Romo signed a 5-year, $10 million endorsement deal with apparel marketer Starter, but was not allowed to wear footwear on the field as the company did not have a contract with the NFL.", "Romo and the Cowboys won their third straight before losing to the Washington Redskins, falling to 3–1.", "Following a win against the Cincinnati Bengals, Romo was injured in a loss to the Arizona Cardinals.", "The Cowboys, under Brad Johnson, went 1–2 the next three games, losing to the St. Louis Rams, beating the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and losing to the New York Giants.", "In what became a de facto third playoff game for Romo shortly prior to its start, on December 28, Romo and the Cowboys failed to compete against the Philadelphia Eagles in a 44–6 loss.", "Romo committed three turnovers in the game and went 21/39 for 183 yards and no touchdowns.", "The loss dropped Romo's combined record in December to 5–8 and again raised questions about his performance in games of consequence.", "2009 season\n\nRomo led the Cowboys to a 34–21 win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in their season opener.", "He completed 16 of his 27 passes for a then-career-high 353 yards along with three touchdowns.", "Romo and the Cowboys were defeated in week 2 against the New York Giants in the Cowboys home opener at their new Cowboys Stadium.", "Romo completed 13 of 29 passes for 127 yards and one touchdown.", "He also threw three interceptions, one of which was returned for a touchdown for the Giants.", "Romo was quoted as saying, \"We came out stale\" against a Denver Broncos team that thoroughly shut down his teams passing and running attacks.", "He was successful in completing a 53-yard pass to Sam Hurd at the end of the second half but failed on the following three plays to get the ball in the end zone, which would have taken the game into overtime.", "He was quoted as saying, \"we need to get better.\"", "In a December road game against the division rival New York Giants, Romo passed for a career-high 392 yards, along with three touchdown passes in a losing effort.", "After several kicks were missed by kicker Nick Folk due to bad holds by punter Mat McBriar, Romo resumed holding duties for the first time since the 2006 in their 13th game of the season, versus the San Diego Chargers.", "In week 15, Romo led the Cowboys to a win against an undefeated team late in the season for the second time in his career.", "In 2006, he won against the 9–0 Indianapolis Colts, and on December 19, 2009, he defeated the 13–0 Saints at New Orleans, throwing for 312 yards, one touchdown and no interceptions.", "Romo finished the 2009 season as the first quarterback in team history to take every snap for a full season.", "He also passed his own mark for single season passing yardage, with 4,483 yards, and became the first Cowboys quarterback to throw more than 20 touchdowns and fewer than ten interceptions in a season.", "His eight 300 yard games was also a team record, surpassing his own record from 2007.", "His 1.6% interception percentage tied a team record, and his career interception percentage became the lowest in franchise history.", "The Dallas Cowboys became the NFC East division champions with their season finale shutout of the Philadelphia Eagles, the second division title in Romo's three full seasons as the starting quarterback.", "Romo had a 104.9 passer rating in a 34–14 win over the Philadelphia Eagles in the first round of the playoffs, earning the first play-off win in 13 years for the Cowboys, and his own first career post-season win.", "However, the following week in the NFC Division Round against the number two seed Minnesota Vikings, Romo had three fumbles (losing two), an interception and was sacked six times in the 34–3 loss.", "2010 season\nIn Week 5 against the Tennessee Titans, Romo threw for a career-high 406 yards and three touchdowns.", "However, he also threw two costly interceptions in the fourth quarter, resulting in 34–27 loss at Cowboys Stadium.", "Romo and the Cowboys were desperate for a win with a record of 1–3 and last in the division.", "They played against the Minnesota Vikings, who also had a 1–3 record and were in need of a win.", "Romo threw for over 200 yards and 3 touchdowns but also threw two costly interceptions.", "The Cowboys lost the game by a score of 24–21.", "During the October 25, 2010 Monday Night Football game against the New York Giants, Romo suffered a broken left clavicle.", "The injury occurred during the second quarter, when Romo was driven to the turf by Giants linebacker Michael Boley.", "He was placed on Injured Reserve on December 21, 2010, and replaced by veteran Jon Kitna.", "2011 season\n\nRomo's 102.5 quarterback rating in 2011 was fourth best in the league behind Aaron Rodgers, Drew Brees, and Tom Brady, and second highest in Cowboys history.", "Romo had four fourth-quarter comebacks in 2011 and had a would-be game-winning field goal attempt missed against the Arizona Cardinals and a would-be game-tying field goal attempt against the New York Giants blocked (the Cowboys lost both of those games).", "In Week 2 against the San Francisco 49ers, Romo suffered a broken rib and a punctured lung on a hit from Carlos Rogers in the second quarter that forced him to miss part of the game.", "Romo came back in the final seconds of the third quarter and played the fourth quarter throwing for a touchdown and driving down the field for the game-tying field goal with four seconds left in the game to force overtime.", "On the first offensive possession for the Cowboys in overtime, Romo connected with Jesse Holley for 77 yards to set up the 19 yard game-winning field goal.", "Romo finished the game with 345 yards and two touchdowns with a 116.4 rating despite the cracked rib and punctured lung.", "For his performance in this game, Romo earned the NFC's Offensive player of the Week Award.", "Romo played with a protective vest for a few games to protect his torso.", "In Week 10, Romo posted the second highest quarterback rating of his career with a rating of 148.40 (on November 23, 2006, Romo posted a rating of 148.90).", "Romo elevated his game in the last month of the season as he completed 72.1 percent of his passes for 1,158 yards with 10 touchdowns and just one interception.", "In Week 16 against the Philadelphia Eagles, Romo suffered a severely bruised hand when he smashed it against an opposing player's helmet.", "He left the game after attempting just two passes with no completions.", "The next week, in the season finale at MetLife Stadium against the Giants, the NFC East title and a playoff spot was at stake for whichever team won, with the loser eliminated from playoff contention.", "Romo started the game despite the hand injury the previous week.", "He posted 29 out of 37 passing for 289 yards, two touchdowns and one interception for a 106.0 quarterback rating and a 78% pass completion rate (second highest of the season) as the Cowboys lost the game 31–14, dropped to an 8–8 record and were eliminated from playoff contention.", "Romo accounted for 32 of the 39 total touchdowns the Cowboys scored in the 2011 NFL season (82.1%).", "No other player in the 2011 regular season contributed a higher percentage of team touchdowns (Cam Newton with 72.9% was second).", "2012 season\nDaniel Jeremiah, an NFL.com analyst, ranked Romo as the 9th best quarterback in the league heading into the 2012 season.", "The controversial 2012 NFL Top 100 ranked Romo as the 12th best quarterback in the league going into the 2012 season.", "In Week 13 against the Philadelphia Eagles, Romo threw three touchdown passes.", "The first pass, a 23-yard throw to Dez Bryant with 11:18 left in the third quarter, gave Romo 166 career touchdown passes, surpassing the previous franchise record of 165 which had been held by Troy Aikman.", "After trailing the Cincinnati Bengals 19–10 with 6:35 left, Dallas beat Cincinnati 20–19 in Week 14 (December 9).", "The fourth quarter comeback consisted of a 27-yard touchdown pass from Romo to Bryant and a last-second 40-yard field goal by Bailey.", "Romo went 25-for-43 for 268 yards, with one touchdown and one interception.", "Topping a three-game winning streak and winning its fifth out of six games, Dallas beat the Pittsburgh Steelers 27–24 in overtime in Week 15 (December 16).", "The win put Dallas in a three-way tie with New York and Washington in the NFC East.", "Romo surpassed 25,000 career passing yards in this game with 30-for-42 passing for 341 yards and two touchdowns.", "However, Dallas finished 2012 with an 8–8 record and failed to make the playoffs for the third straight season after losing the last two games.", "On Week 16 (December 23), despite Romo's four touchdown passes and 416 passing yards (on 26-for-43 passing), Dallas lost to the New Orleans Saints, 37–34, in overtime.", "Following that game, Dallas and the Washington Redskins faced off in Week 17 for the NFC East title, where Dallas lost 28–18.", "With overall 20-for-37 passing, Romo threw a total of three interceptions, including on Dallas' first two drives.", "With 5:50 left and down 21–10, Romo made a touchdown pass to Kevin Ogletree and two-point conversion pass to Dwayne Harris.", "After Dallas took over with 3:33 left down 21–18, Romo threw an interception to Redskins linebacker Rob Jackson, and Washington clinched the victory with another touchdown.", "Following the season, the future of Romo's career was called into question.", "Mac Engel of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram commented: \"Tony Romo has one year remaining on his contract, but the time has come for him to move on...He will be 33 in April of '13, and still has a few good years left but at this point he needs to go to another team that needs a quarterback.\"", "In a Fox Sports Southwest interview, Rick Gosselin of The Dallas Morning News also called Romo \"not wired to win the last game of the season\" especially \"[i]f it means extending the season.\"", "Dan Graziano of ESPNDallas.com wrote that Romo's \"record starts to become very hard to defend\" due to \"the oft-cited fact that he's got just the one playoff win in his entire career.\"", "2013 season\nThe Cowboys signed Romo to a 6-year extension worth $108 million, with $55 million guaranteed and $25 million in bonuses, thus securing him for the rest of his career and relieving the pressure from the salary cap, which was reported to have less than $25,000 space before the deal was struck.", "In the middle of April 2013, he underwent back surgery to remove a cyst.", "Although it was characterized as a minor procedure by the team, he would end up missing all of the mini-camp and organized team activities.", "Romo opened the season with a win over the New York Giants, passing for 263 yards and two touchdowns.", "He briefly left the game with a rib injury, but returned after halftime and finished the game.", "After Week 7, his 100th career start, Romo had thrown for 27,485 yards, the most by a quarterback in his first 100 starts since 1960.", "In Week 16, against the Washington Redskins, with the Cowboys trailing in the fourth quarter and needing a win to keep its playoff hopes alive, he led the team to a touchdown drive with 1:08 remaining in a 24–23 victory, with what was later diagnosed as a season-ending herniated disk injury.", "Head coach Jason Garrett would later say: \"He might have had his finest hour … We talk about mental toughness, being your best, regardless of circumstances.", "Somehow, some way, he helped us win that ballgame.\"", "Romo underwent back surgery on December 27, 2013, and was placed on the Cowboys' injured reserve list.", "Garrett announced Kyle Orton as the starting quarterback for the Week 17 game against the Philadelphia Eagles, which the team lost 24–22, to miss the playoffs for a fourth straight year.", "2014 season\nAfter a poor performance in the season opening 28–17 loss versus the San Francisco 49ers, Romo and the Cowboys won six consecutive games, including back-to-back road games against the Tennessee Titans and the St. Louis Rams.", "The Cowboys also defeated the defending champion Seattle Seahawks on the road, becoming only the second team to win a road game against the Seahawks in the three seasons.", "Through those six wins, Romo had a 13:3 touchdown:interception ratio.", "In Week 8, a Monday night game against the Washington Redskins, Romo went down with a back injury when linebacker Keenan Robinson sacked him, with his knee going into Romo's back.", "After the loss to Washington, it was revealed that Romo had two fractures in his transverse process.", "He missed the next game, a 28–17 loss to the Arizona Cardinals, but came back the next week and went on to lead the Cowboys to a 12–4 record and their first divisional title since 2009.", "On December 21, Romo set the Dallas Cowboys team record for highest completion percentage in a game with 90%, completing 18 of his 20 passes in a 42–7 blowout win over the Indianapolis Colts.", "He also set his personal best quarterback rating in a single game with 151.7.", "Romo's 133.7 passer rating in the month of December was the highest in NFL history.", "In the wild card round of the playoffs, Romo led the Cowboys to a 24–20 comeback victory over the Detroit Lions after being down 17–7 at halftime.", "Romo was 19-of-31 for 293 yards with two touchdowns and no interceptions.", "In the divisional round of the playoffs, Romo and the Cowboys were defeated by the Green Bay Packers, 26–21.", "Romo was 15-of-19 for 191 yards with two touchdowns and no interceptions.", "Romo led the NFL in completion percentage and passer rating en route to the NFC East title, and he was ranked 34th in the NFL's list of the top 100 players of 2015, the highest undrafted player on the year's list.", "2015 season\nRomo started strong in the 2015 season, throwing a game-winning pass to Jason Witten with seven seconds left in the Cowboys' season opener against the New York Giants.", "He continued to show success in a week 2 victory over the Philadelphia Eagles, but suffered a broken left collarbone in the third quarter after being sacked by linebacker Jordan Hicks.", "The injury sidelined Romo for eight weeks, during which the Cowboys failed to win a single game with Brandon Weeden and then Matt Cassel as starting quarterback.", "Romo returned to the starting lineup in a week 11 game against the Miami Dolphins.", "Despite throwing two interceptions, he completed 18 of 28 passes for 227 yards and two touchdowns in a 24–14 victory, ending the Cowboys' seven-game losing streak.", "The Cowboys then faced the 10–0 Carolina Panthers in a week 12 Thanksgiving game.", "Although up against an undefeated team and holding only a 3–7 record, the Romo-led Cowboys were favored to win and still had hopes for the playoffs in a weak NFC East division.", "However, Romo threw three interceptions in the first half, two of which were returned for touchdowns, helping the Panthers take a 23–3 lead.", "At the end of the third quarter, Romo was sacked by linebacker Thomas Davis, reinjuring his left shoulder and ending his season.", "Romo remained on the active roster until December 21 when he was placed on injured reserve after the Cowboys dropped to 4–10, officially ending their playoff hopes.", "2016 season\nRomo was unable to start in the 2016 regular season after suffering a compression fracture to the L1 vertebra in his back during the Cowboys' third preseason game against the Seattle Seahawks.", "The injury caused him to miss the first 10 games of the season, with the duties of the team's starting quarterback being assumed by rookie Dak Prescott.", "Although Cowboys owner Jerry Jones initially said Romo would remain the team's starter when he returned, Prescott's success with the team and the length of Romo's injury led to Jones reconsidering his decision.", "Amid Prescott guiding the team to an eight-game winning streak, Romo conceded his role as starting quarterback to Prescott and began serving as the Cowboys' backup when he returned to the active roster in Week 11.", "Romo made his season debut in the regular season finale on January 1, 2017 against the Philadelphia Eagles.", "In what would prove to be the final play of his career, he threw a touchdown pass to Terrance Williams before Mark Sanchez played the rest of the game.", "Retirement\nOn April 4, 2017, Romo announced his retirement from the NFL.", "After announcing his retirement, he was released by the Cowboys, per his request.", "Following his retirement, Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban announced that Romo would be a \"Maverick for a day\" for the Mavericks' final home game of their 2016–17 season.", "He warmed up with the team and sat in full uniform on the bench, but did not play in the game and was not considered an official member of the roster.", "On December 21, 2014, Romo completed a team record 90.0% of his passes (18 of 20) in a home game against the Indianapolis Colts.", "Most passing yards in a game, 506 yards against the Denver Broncos on October 6, 2013.", "Broadcasting career\nFollowing his retirement from the NFL, he was hired by CBS Sports to serve as the lead color analyst for the network's NFL telecasts, working in the booth alongside play-by-play announcer Jim Nantz, replacing Phil Simms, who was moved to the studio for The NFL Today.", "While there was no controversy of Romo deciding to retire and move on to broadcasting, some critics questioned Romo being immediately hired for the number one position ahead of broadcasting veterans Dan Fouts, Trent Green, or Rich Gannon, all of whom served in the number 2–4 positions respectively for CBS, with Fouts having once been the color commentator on Monday Night Football.", "None of the ex-players and coaches in a lead position on other networks at the time of Romo's hiring (Troy Aikman, Cris Collinsworth, and Jon Gruden) started their broadcasting career in the lead position.", "Simms jokingly asked Romo \"How does that seat feel?\"", "during Week 1 of The NFL Today.", "Once the 2017 NFL season got underway, Romo received critical praise for his work as a recent ex-player, most notably for his ability to predict offensive plays and read defensive formations from the booth, and \"adding an enthusiasm that had been lacking with Simms.\"", "Romo and Nantz received further acclaim for their broadcasting of the 2018 AFC Championship Game between the Kansas City Chiefs and the New England Patriots, as \"Nantz continually set Romo up to make his predictions and analysis prior to the snap\", and some suggested that Chiefs head coach \"Andy Reid could have used Romo on his defensive staff, because the former quarterback knew just about every play the Patriots were going to run down the stretch.\"", "According to The Guardian, the \"beauty of Romo's analysis is that it feels like he's in on the fun with you.\"", "Romo and Nantz called Super Bowl LIII in Atlanta.The New Yorker has called him a \"genius of football commentary.\"", "Romo has received praise from other prominent sports commentators, including Bob Costas and Dick Vitale.", "In February 2020, Romo renewed his contract with CBS through at least 2022, with the network reportedly paying him $17 million per year, which would make Romo one of the highest-paid personnel in sports broadcasting and \"the highest-paid NFL analyst in television history.\"", "Endorsements\nIn 2018, Romo filled the vacancy of Jon Gruden in Corona's \"Corona Hotline\" commercials.", "Romo has maintained his recurring position in the series of advertisements, and many of the television ad spots feature his fantasy football advice.", "Philanthropy\n, Romo hosted a youth football camp in Burlington, Wisconsin, annually during the summer, since 2004.", "In the Dallas area, Romo participated in community activities in collaboration with United Way, the Make-A-Wish Foundation, and the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.", "Personal life\n\nIn November 2007, Romo began dating American singer and actress Jessica Simpson.", "On December 16, 2007, Simpson attended a Dallas Cowboys–Philadelphia Eagles game at Texas Stadium, in which Romo had a bad performance in the loss to the Eagles.", "Controversy erupted before the playoff game against the New York Giants—a game the Cowboys would lose—when pictures surfaced of Romo (along with teammates Jason Witten and Bobby Carpenter) at a resort in Cabo San Lucas with Simpson.", "On July 13, 2009, People'' reported that Romo and Simpson broke up on July 9, 2009, the night before her 29th birthday.", "On May 28, 2011, Romo married Candice Crawford, the 2008 Miss Missouri USA, a former journalist for Dallas television station KDAF, and the sister of actor Chace Crawford.", "They had dated since the summer of 2009, and became engaged on December 16, 2010.", "The couple have three sons together: Hawkins Crawford Romo (born April 9, 2012), Rivers Romo (born March 18, 2014), and Jones McCoy Romo (born August 23, 2017).", "Romo is an avid amateur golfer, and attempted to qualify for the 2004 EDS Byron Nelson Championship and the 2005 U.S. Open, but failed.", "During the offseason, when not training, he plays golf around Dallas.", "He failed to make the cut in qualifying for Byron Nelson in 2008.", "In February 2018, it was announced that he had received a sponsor's exemption to play in the PGA Tour's Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship in Punta Cana, Dominican Republic from March 22–25.", "Romo missed the cut with scores of 77 and 82, dead last in the 132-man field after the second round.", "In July 2018, he won the American Century Championship, a celebrity tournament.", "Romo is a Christian and has spoken about his faith saying, \"My faith has grown and I found that always having Jesus makes things a lot easier in my life.", "Having Jesus in your life gives you everlasting peace, which never goes away.", "It helps you handle the ups and downs of professional football.\"", "See also\n List of 500-yard passing games in the National Football League\n List of most consecutive games with touchdown passes in the National Football League\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n Dallas Cowboys biography\n\n1980 births\nLiving people\nAmerican Christians\nAmerican football quarterbacks\nAmerican people of German descent\nAmerican people of Polish descent\nAmerican philanthropists\nAmerican sportspeople of Mexican descent\nAmerican television sports announcers\nDallas Cowboys players\nEastern Illinois Panthers football players\nNational Conference Pro Bowl players\nNational Football League announcers\nPeople from Burlington, Wisconsin\nPlayers of American football from Dallas\nPlayers of American football from San Diego\nPlayers of American football from Wisconsin\nSportspeople from Dallas\nSportspeople from San Diego\nSportspeople from the Milwaukee metropolitan area\nUnconferenced Pro Bowl players\nWalter Payton Award winners" ]

[ "Antonio Ramiro Romo is an analyst and former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League for 14 seasons with the Dallas Cowboys.", "At Eastern Illinois, where he played football, he made an Ohio Valley Conference championship appearance in 2001 and won the Walter Payton Award the following year.", "He signed with the Cowboys as a free agent.", "From 2006 to 2015, he was the Cowboys' primary starter.", "He led the Cowboys to four appearances in the playoffs, while also receiving Pro Bowl honors.", "When a back injury caused him to lose his starting position, he retired.", "He was hired by CBS Sports to be the lead color analyst for their football broadcasts.", "Most games with at least 300 passing yards, and games with three or more touchdown passes are all records for the Cowboys.", "He had a higher passer rating in the fourth quarter than any other quarterback.", "His reputation was affected by a lack of success in the playoffs, as he never advanced beyond the divisional round.", "He has the highest passer rating among retired players who never played in the Super Bowl.", "It was in San Diego, California that he was born.", "He was born while his father was stationed at the San Diego U.S.", "There is a naval base.", "Ramiro and his wife, Joan, worked at a grocery store in Burlington, Wisconsin.", "He was selected to the Little League All-Star team when he was a child.", "His paternal grandfather migrated from Mexico to San Antonio, Texas as an adolescent.", "Tony's success is an example of the opportunities immigrants in the United States have.", "If you don't get a job or an education, that's because you don't want to.", "His mother has German and Polish ancestry.", "The Burlington High School Demons had a quarterback who started as a junior.", "He earned several honors, including the All-Racine County football team and the Wisconsin Football Coaches Association All-State first team honors, in the 1997 season.", "He was a starter on the Burlington High School basketball team.", "He was on the All-Racine County team in 1998.", "Some mid-major basketball schools in the NCAA, such as Wisconsin-Green Bay, sought out the player with per-game averages of 24.3 points, 8.8 rebound and 4.7 assists.", "His 1,080 points were the all-time scoring record for the Burlington basketball team.", "He attended Eastern Illinois University in Charleston, Illinois, where he was a member of the football team and played in the NCAA Division I-AA.", "He was second in Division I-AA in passing efficiency as a sophomore in 2000 and had 2,583 yards and 27 touchdown.", "He was an All-America honorable mention, an All-Ohio Valley Conference member, and the OVC Player of the Year after the season.", "He led Division I-AA in passing efficiency as a junior, completing 138-of-207 passes for 2,068 yards and 21 touchdown.", "His eight-yard scramble on the last play of the game gave Eastern Illinois a 25– 24 win over Eastern Kentucky and earned him the OVC Player of the Week honor.", "The first player in Eastern Illinois and Ohio Valley Conference history to win the Walter Payton Award was Romo.", "He held school and conference records with 85 touchdown passes.", "He finished second in school and third in conference history with 8,212 passing yards and ", "He set school and conference records for completions with 258 in 407 attempts for 3,418 yards.", "This was second in the conference and third in school history.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "As a senior, he had 3,149 yards in total offense, which was third in school and conference history.", "The consensus All-America honors were earned by Romo.", "He was named OVC Player of the Year for the third year in a row.", "On October 17, 2009, Eastern Illinois University retired Romo's No.", "He was in the EIU's Hall of Fame.", "He is the first Eastern Illinois player to have his number retired.", "It was an honor to be in the Hall of Fame here, and with the jersey ceremony, it holds a special place in your heart.", "Statistics Awards and honors include All-OVC, OVC Player of the Year, and All-American.", "He wasn't drafted by an NFL team during the 2003 draft.", "After the draft, Dallas assistant head coach Sean Payton told him that the Cowboys were interested in him and he was signed as a free agent.", "Quincy Carter and Chad Hutchinson occupied the third and fourth spots on the Cowboys' depth chart.", "In 2004, the Cowboys released Hutchinson and signed veteran quarterback Vinny Testaverde and traded a third-round draft pick to the Houston Texans for quarterback Drew Henson.", "Carter was released after allegations of substance abuse.", "In 2004, and 2005, he held placekicks.", "Drew Bledsoe was signed by the Cowboys after the tenure of Vinny Testaverde ended.", "In 2004, when he was the third-string quarterback, he rushed for the winning touchdown with six seconds left in a preseason game against the Oakland Raiders.", "In the 2005 and 2006 pre-seasons, he had strong showings.", "Cowboys' owner Jerry Jones refused to give up a second-round draft pick in exchange for a third-round pick in the 2006 off-season, when Sean Payton was the head coach of the New Orleans Saints.", "Drew Bledsoe was the starter for the 2006 season.", "He took his first regular season snap at quarterback against the Houston Texans on October 15.", "His first pass was to Sam Hurd.", "He threw a two-yard touchdown pass to Owens, his first in the NFL.", "Bledsoe was replaced by Romo for the start of the second half of a game against the New York Giants.", "His first pass was thrown away.", "His game stat in his second NFL appearance were 14 completions on 25 attempts for 227 yards, two touchdown, and three picks, one of which was returned for a touchdown.", "On October 25th, Cowboys head coach Bill Parcells announced that Tony Romo would be the Cowboys starting quarterback for the October 29 game against Carolina on NBC Sunday Night Football.", "In his first game as a starter, Romo led the Cowboys to victory.", "He was the \"Rock Star of the Game\" on Sunday Night Football.", "The Cowboys defeated the Colts on November 19, 2006 to end their perfect season.", "He completed 19 of 23 passes as the Cowboys defeated the Colts.", "He helped the Cowboys win in a Thanksgiving Day game by the score of 38–10.", "The quarterback went 22–29 with over 300 yards and five touchdown passes.", "The Galloping Gobbler award was given to him for his performance.", "The Cowboys secured a playoff spot, their second since Parcells became coach.", "He finished the 2006 regular season with 220 completions on 337 pass attempts and a passer rating of 95.1.", "The Cowboys played the Seattle Seahawks in the Wild Card round of the playoffs.", "The Cowboys attempted a 19-yard field goal in the waning moments of the game.", "The holder fumbled the snap.", "He recovered the ball and tried to run it in, but was tackled short of the first down marker, and turned the ball over on the Seattle 2-yard line.", "The Cowboys lost the game.", "In the 2006 season, he had 2,903 passing yards and 19 touchdown passes.", "Drew Brees went down with an elbow injury in the Pro Bowl and was replaced by Romo.", "He was the kicker for the game and threw a touchdown.", "In the first game of the regular season in 2007, the Cowboys defeated the New York Giants 45–35 thanks to four touchdown passes and an additional touchdown rush by Tony Romo.", "He had 345 passing yards in the first week of the season.", "He threw for 186 yards and two touchdown in the second week of the season, ranking him seventh in passing yards and tied for second with six touchdown passes.", "In the Cowboys' 34–10 win over the Chicago Bears, Romo had 329 passing yards and two touchdown passes.", "He passed for 339 yards and three touchdown in a win over the Rams.", "He ran for another touchdown.", "His season totals were 1199 passing yards, 11 passing touchdown, and two rushing touchdown.", "His father was diagnosed with cancer.", "Even though he was upset about the family crisis, he still had to focus on his career.", "In Week 5, on Monday Night Football against the Buffalo Bills, he threw five picks, two of which were returned for touchdown, and lost a fumbled ball.", "He was the second person in the history of Monday Night Football to throw five picks.", "His quarterbacks coach was Wade Wilson.", "He threw for 4,211 yards and 36 touchdown passes in the regular season, which was second only to Tom Brady.", "His passer rating was good enough for fifth in the NFL behind Tom Brady, Ben Roethlisberger, and David Garrard.", "An agreement to a six-year contract extension with the Cowboys was reached on October 29.", "On November 29 against the Green Bay Packers, in a game between 10–1 teams, Romo threw four touchdown passes, breaking Danny White's 29-year-old record.", "The first Cowboys' quarterback to pass for more than 4,000 yards in a season was Tony Romo.", "On December 30 against Washington, the Cowboys' season completions record was broken by a short pass to Witten.", "The Cowboys had a 13–3 record.", "In the Cowboys' January 13, 2008 divisional playoff game against the New York Giants, he was unable to lead his team to a come-from-behind victory.", "The Cowboys were eliminated from the playoffs with a 21–17 loss to the Giants in the Super Bowl.", "The Cowboys opened the 2008 season with a 28–10 win over the Cleveland Browns.", "He completed 24 of his 32 passes for a total of 320 yards and one touchdown.", "During the third quarter, Willie McGinest hit him in the chin with his helmet, causing a large gash on his chin that required 13 stitches.", "McGinest was fined by the NFL.", "The Dallas Cowboys defeated the Philadelphia Eagles 41–37 in the second game of the 2008 season.", "He completed 21 of his 30 passes for a total of 312 yards.", "The 54 combined points scored by the Cowboys and Eagles in the first half were the second most points scored in a half during a Monday Night Football game.", "The company that Starter was associated with did not have a contract with the NFL and was not allowed to wear footwear on the field.", "The Cowboys won their third game in a row, but lost to Washington.", "Following a loss to the Arizona Cardinals, Romo was injured.", "The Cowboys lost to the St. Louis Rams and the New York Giants in the next three games.", "The Cowboys failed to compete against the Philadelphia Eagles in a 44–6 loss on December 28, becoming a defacto third playoff game for Tony.", "The quarterback went 21/39 for 183 yards and no touchdown.", "In December, the combined record dropped to 5–8 and again raised questions about his performance in games of consequence.", "The Cowboys opened the 2009 season with a 34–21 win over the Buccaneers.", "He completed 16 of his 27 passes for a career-high 353 yards.", "The Cowboys were defeated in their home opener by the New York Giants.", "The quarterback completed 13 of 29 passes for 127 yards and a touchdown.", "One of the three picks was returned for a touchdown by the Giants.", "The Denver Broncos thoroughly shut down his teams passing and running attacks, according to a report.", "He was successful in completing a 53-yard pass to Sam Hurd at the end of the second half but failed on the following three plays to get the ball in the end zone, which would have taken the game into overtime.", "\"We need to get better,\" he was quoted as saying.", "In a December road game against the New York Giants, he passed for a career-high in a losing effort.", "After several kicks were missed by kicker Nick Folk due to bad holds by punter Mat McBriar, Romo resumed holding duties for the first time since the 2006 in their 13th game of the season.", "For the second time in his career, Tony Romo led the Cowboys to a win in the final week of the season.", "He defeated the 9–0 Indianapolis Colts in 2006 and the 13–0 New Orleans Saints in 2009.", "He was the first quarterback in team history to take every snap for a full season.", "He passed his own record for single season passing yards, with 4,483, and became the first Cowboys quarterback to throw more than 20 touchdown and less than ten turnovers in a season.", "His eight 300 yard games were a team record and 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "His career intercept percentage was the lowest in franchise history, and his 1.6% intercept percentage tied a team record.", "The Dallas Cowboys won their second division title in three years when they blanked the Philadelphia Eagles.", "It was the first play-off win in 13 years for the Cowboys, and the first career post-season win for Tony Romo, who had a 104.9% passer rating in the first round of the playoffs.", "In the next game against the Minnesota Vikings, which was the number two seed, the quarterback had three turnovers and was sacked six times.", "In Week 5 of the 2010 season, he threw for a career-high 406 yards and three touchdown.", "He threw two costly picks in the fourth quarter, leading to a 34– 27 loss at Cowboys Stadium.", "The Cowboys had a record of 1–3 and were last in the division.", "The Minnesota Vikings had a 1–3 record and were in need of a win.", "The quarterback threw for over 200 yards and 3 touchdown.", "The Cowboys were defeated by a score of 24–21.", "He broke his left clavicle during the Monday Night Football game against the New York Giants.", "The injury occurred in the second quarter, when Michael Boley drove the quarterback to the turf.", "On December 21, 2010, he was placed on injured reserve and replaced by Jon Kitna.", "The highest quarterback rating in Cowboys history was achieved by Tony Romo in 2011; his 102.5 rating was fourth best in the league.", "A would-be game-winning field goal attempt against the Arizona Cardinals and a would-be game-tying field goal attempt against the New York Giants were both blocked by the New York Giants.", "In the second quarter of the Week 2 game against the San Francisco 49ers, a hit from Carlos Rogers resulted in a broken rib and a punctured lung for the Cowboys quarterback.", "After coming back in the final seconds of the third quarter, he drove the team down the field for the game-tying field goal with four seconds left in the game to force overtime.", "The game-winning field goal was set up on the first offensive possession of overtime by the Cowboys.", "Even though he had a cracked rib and a punctured lung, he still finished the game with 345 yards and two scores.", "He was the offensive player of the week.", "He wore a protective vest for a few games to protect his torso.", "In Week 10, the second highest quarterback rating of his career was posted by Romo, who had a rating of 148.90).", "In the last month of the season, he completed 72.1 percent of his passes for 1,158 yards with 10 touchdown and one interception.", "When he smashed his hand against an opposing player's helmet in Week 16 against the Philadelphia Eagles, it was severely bruised.", "He failed to complete two passes and left the game.", "The loser of the game against the Giants in the final week of the season would be eliminated from playoff contention.", "He started the game despite his hand injury.", "The Cowboys lost the game 31–14 and were eliminated from playoff contention, as he posted 29 out of 37 passing for 289 yards, two touchdown and one interception for a 106.0 quarterback rating and a 78% pass completion rate.", "The Cowboys scored 39 total touchdown in the NFL season, of which 32 were accounted for by Romo.", "In the regular season, no other player contributed a higher percentage of team touchdown.", "Heading into the 2012 season, Daniel Jeremiah, an NFL.com analyst, ranked Romo as the 9th best quarterback in the league.", "The 12th best quarterback in the league going into the 2012 season was ranked by the 2012 NFL Top 100.", "In Week 13 he threw three touchdown passes.", "The previous franchise record of 165 touchdown passes was held by Troy Aikman.", "Dallas overcame a 19–10 deficit to beat Cincinnati 20–19 in Week 14.", "The fourth quarter comeback consisted of a touchdown pass from Romo to Bryant and a last-second field goal by Bailey.", "The quarterback went 25-for-40 for 268 yards with one touchdown and one interception.", "The Dallas Cowboys won their fifth game in a row in overtime against the Pittsburgh Steelers in Week 15.", "Dallas is in a three-way tie with New York and Washington in the division.", "The quarterback surpassed 25,000 career passing yards in this game with a 30-for-42 performance that included two touchdown passes.", "After losing the last two games of the season, Dallas finished with an 8–8 record and failed to make the playoffs for the third year in a row.", "The Dallas Cowboys lost to the New Orleans Saints in overtime in Week 16.", "In Week 17 of the playoffs, Dallas and Washington faced off, with Dallas losing 28–18.", "On Dallas' first two drives, he threw a total of three picks.", "With 5:50 left in the game, he made a touchdown pass to Kevin Ogletree and a two-point conversion pass to Dwayne Harris.", "Washington scored a touchdown after Dallas took over with 3:33 left in the game.", "The future of Romo's career was called into question after the season.", "He will be 33 in April of '13, and still has a few good years left, but at this point he needs to go.\"", "Rick Gosselin of The Dallas Morning News said in a Fox Sports Southwest interview that he was not wired to win the last game of the season.", "The record starts to become very hard to defend due to the fact that he's only won one playoff game in his entire career.", "The Cowboys signed Romo to a 6-year extension worth $108 million, with $55 million guaranteed and $25 million in bonuses, thus securing him for the rest of his career and relieving the pressure from the salary cap, which was reported to have less than $25,000 space before the deal was struck.", "He had back surgery in April of last year.", "Although it was characterized as a minor procedure by the team, he would end up missing all of the mini-camp and organized team activities.", "The New York Giants were defeated by the Dallas Cowboys in the opening game of the season.", "He left the game with a rib injury, but came back and finished the game.", "After Week 7 of his 100th career start, he had thrown for 27,485 yards, the most by a quarterback in his first 100 starts.", "With the Cowboys trailing in the fourth quarter and needing a win to keep their playoff hopes alive, he led the team to a touchdown drive with 1:08 remaining in a 24–23 victory, which was later diagnosed as a season-ending back injury.", "He might have had his best hour, according to the head coach.", "He helped us win that game.", "On December 27, 2013, he had back surgery and was placed on the Cowboys' injured reserve list.", "The team lost 24–22 to the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 17 and will not make the playoffs for a fourth straight year.", "After a poor performance in the season opener against the San Francisco 49ers, the Cowboys went on to win six games in a row.", "The Cowboys defeated the defending champion Seattle Seahawks on the road, becoming the second team to win a road game against them in the last three seasons.", "Through the six wins, he had a touchdown: intercept ratio of 13:3.", "In the Monday night game against the Washington Redskins in Week 8, quarterback Tony Romo went down with a back injury when he was sacked by a teammate.", "After the loss to Washington, it was revealed that he had two broken bones.", "He missed the next game but came back the next week and led the Cowboys to a 12–4 record and their first divisional title since 2009.", "On December 21st, the Dallas Cowboys set a team record for highest completion percentage in a game with 90%, as they defeated the Indianapolis Colts 42–7.", "He set his personal best quarterback rating in a single game.", "In December, his passer rating was the highest in the history of the league.", "In the wild card round of the playoffs, Romo led the Cowboys to a 24–20 comeback victory over the Detroit Lions after being down 17–7 at halftime.", "He was 19-of-31 and had two touchdown.", "The Cowboys were defeated by the Packers in the playoffs.", "He was 15-of-19 for 191 yards with two touchdown.", "He led the league in completion percentage and passer rating, and he was ranked 34th in the league's list of the top 100 players.", "In the Cowboys' season opener against the New York Giants, with seven seconds left in the game, Romo threw a game-winning pass to Witten.", "He broke his left collarbone in the third quarter of the victory over the Philadelphia Eagles.", "The Cowboys failed to win a game with either Brandon Weeden or Matt Cassel as their starting quarterback.", "In the week 11 game against the Miami Dolphins, he was back in the starting lineup.", "He completed 18 of 28 passes for 227 yards and two touchdown as the Cowboys ended their seven-game losing streak.", "The Cowboys played the Carolinas in a Thanksgiving game.", "The Cowboys were favored to win against an 0–1 team and still have a chance to make the playoffs in a weak division.", "In the first half, Romo threw three turnovers, two of which were returned for touchdown, as the Carolinas took a 23–3 lead.", "At the end of the third quarter, Thomas Davis sacked the quarterback, reinstating his left shoulder and ending his season.", "After the Cowboys dropped to 4–10, they placed him on injured reserve, officially ending their playoff hopes.", "After suffering a compression fracture to the L1 vertebra in his back during the Cowboys' third preseason game against the Seattle Seahawks, Tony Romo was unable to start the 2016 regular season.", "The injury caused him to miss the first 10 games of the season, with the duties of the team's starting quarterback being assumed by rookies.", "Although Cowboys owner Jerry Jones initially said that Tony Romo would remain the team's starter when he returned, his success with the team and the length of his injury led to Jones reconsidering his decision.", "When the Cowboys won eight games in a row, Tony Romo conceded his role as the team's starter and began serving as the backup.", "He made his season debut against the Philadelphia Eagles in the regular season finale.", "In the final play of his career, he threw a touchdown pass to Terrance Williams, who then played the rest of the game.", "On April 4, 2017, he announced his retirement.", "He was released by the Cowboys after announcing his retirement.", "The Mavericks' final home game of the season was announced by Mark Cuban as a \"Maverick for a day\".", "He warmed up with the team and sat on the bench, but did not play in the game.", "In a home game against the Indianapolis Colts on December 21, 2014, the quarterback completed a team record 90.0% of his passes.", "It was the most passing yards in a game against the Broncos.", "He was hired by CBS Sports to be the lead color analyst for the network's football broadcasts, replacing Phil Simms, who was moved to the studio for The NFL.", "While there was no controversy of Romo deciding to retire and move on to broadcasting, some critics questioned whether he should have been immediately hired for the number one position ahead of broadcasting veterans Dan Fouts, Trent Green, or Rich Gannon, all of whom served in the number 2–4 positions respectively", "None of the ex-players or coaches who started their broadcasting careers on other networks at the time of Romo's hiring started in the lead position.", "\"How does that seat feel?\" asked Simms.", "Week 1 of The NFL Today.", "He received praise for his work as a recent ex- player, most notably for his ability to predict offensive plays and read defensive formations from the booth, and for adding an enthusiasm that had been lacking with Simms.", "As a result of their broadcasting of the Kansas City Chiefs and New England Pats game, they received further praise, as they were set up to make his predictions and analysis prior to the snap, and some suggested that the head coach of the Chiefs could have had something to do with it.", "It feels like he's in on the fun with you, according to The Guardian.", "The New Yorker has called him a genius of football commentary.", "Bob Costas and Dick Vitale are two prominent sports commentators.", "One of the highest-paid personnel in sports broadcasting and the highest-paid NFL analyst in television history is currently with CBS, with the network reportedly paying him $17 million per year, which would make him one of the highest-paid personnel in sports broadcasting and the highest-paid NFL analyst in", "Jon Gruden was replaced in the \"Corona Hotline\" commercials by Romo.", "Many of the television ad spots feature his fantasy football advice, as well as his recurring position in the series of advertisements.", "The youth football camp in Burlington, Wisconsin, has been hosted by Philanthropy since 2004.", "The Make-A-Wish Foundation, the United Way, and the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals collaborated with the Cowboys in the Dallas area.", "Jessica Simpson and Romo began dating in November of 2007.", "Simpson attended the Dallas Cowboys–Philadelphia Eagles game at Texas Stadium on December 16, 2007, in which the Cowboys lost to the Eagles.", "Before the Cowboys played the New York Giants in the playoffs, there was controversy because of pictures of the team at a resort in Cabo San Lucas with Simpson.", "The night before Simpson's 29th birthday, People reported that she and Romo broke up.", "The 2008 Miss Missouri USA, a former journalist for Dallas television station KDAF, and the sister of an actor were married to the quarterback on May 28, 2011.", "They got engaged on December 16, 2010 after dating since the summer of 2009.", "The couple have three sons together.", "He tried to qualify for the 2004 and 2005 U.S. Open but failed.", "He plays golf around Dallas during the off season.", "He didn't make the cut for Byron Nelson.", "He received a sponsor's exemption to play in the PGA Tour's Puntaes Coralcana Resort and Club Championship in the Dominican Republic from March 22–25.", "After the second round, he was dead last in the field with scores of 77 and 82.", "He won the American Century Championship.", "\"My faith has grown and I found that always having Jesus makes things a lot easier in my life.\"", "Jesus gives you peace, which never goes away.", "It helps you deal with the ups and downs of football.", "List of 500-yard passing games in the National Football League List of most consecutive games with touchdown passes in the National Football League" ]

[ "Antonio Ramiro Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Tony", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Tony Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Rivers Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo" ]

[ "Antonio Ramiro Romo", "Tony", "Romo", "Romo", "Tony Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Tony Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Tony Romo", "Romo", "Tony", "Romo", "Tony Romo", "Tony", "Tony Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Tony Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Tony Romo", "Tony Romo", "Tony Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo", "Romo" ]

[ "Ben-Zion \"Bentzi\" Gophstein (, born 10 September 1969) is a political activist affiliated with the radical right in Israel, a student of Meir Kahane, and founder and director of Lehava, an Israeli Jewish anti-assimilation organization.", "He was a member of the Council of Kiryat Arba, 2010-2013.", "In November 2019, he was indicted on charges of incitement to terrorism, violence and racism.", "Kahanism\nGopstein is a student of Meir Kahane and an adherent of Kahanism, the ideology named for and developed by him and promoted by his banned Kach party in Israel.", "Kach incited to racism and advocated the expulsion of Arabs from Israel and the Palestinian Territories, and Gopstein praised the 1994 Cave of the Patriarchs massacre committed by fellow Kach member Baruch Goldstein.", "He has participated in memorials to Kahane.", "Shortly after Kahane's 1990 assassination, Gopstein was arrested, and then released, in a case involving the unsolved murder of an Arab couple.", "In 1994, Gopstein was assigned to administrative detention as a result of his involvement with Kahane's then-banned organization.", "In 2015, in a tape-recorded talk, Gopstein justified burning down churches based on the religious teachings against idolatry by 12th-century Jewish philosopher and scholar Maimonides.", "Later that year, he advocated expelling Christians from Israel and banning celebration of Christmas there.", "Hemla\nGopstein has served as public relations director of Hemla, a publicly funded non-profit.", "Hemla for many years focused on \"saving the daughters of Israel\" from mixed marriages with Arab men, and received up to $175,000 each year from the state between 2005 and 2013.", "Part of the public funding went to Gopstein's salary.", "While some considered Hemla to be focused on keeping Jewish women from dating Arab men, Gopstein described the charter of the Hemla in an interview with Haaretz:\n\nLehava\nGopstein serves as head of Lehava, an anti-assimilation organization.", "It is dedicated to preventing personal, romantic, or business relationships between Jews and non-Jews, particularly Arabs.", "Lehava's activities are documented in a recent report titled \"Racism and Gender in Israel\" by the Israel Religious Action Center and other groups active against racism.", "In 2011, Lehava plastered posters in ultra-Orthodox neighborhoods of Jerusalem deploring a supermarket chain that employed Palestinians.", "The slogan of the fliers was, \"Do you want your grandson to be called Ahmad Ben Sarah?\"", "The group began distributing \"kosher certificates\" to businesses that did not employ Arabs to encourage discrimination against non-Jews.", "In 2012, Lehava distributed fliers warning Palestinian men not to date Jewish women.", "In addition to opposing interfaith and interethnic marriages, and promoting discrimination against Palestinians and Arabs in employment, Lehava also has encouraged Israelis to report to the organization the names of Jews who rent to Palestinians so that they can be named and publicly shamed.", "A group of anti-racist organizations petitioned Israel's Supreme Court against the state attorney, Lehava, and Gopstein.", "According to the petition, Gopstein had, in addition to promoting discrimination against Palestinians and other Arabs, praised a group of Jewish youths who attacked Palestinians in Jerusalem, leaving one victim unconscious and hospitalized.", "The court case is pending.", "In 2014, three members of Lehava were arrested, and indicted in 2014 for committing arson and spray-painting anti-Arab graffiti at the Max Rayne Hand in Hand: Center for Jewish Arab Education in Israel (Yad B'Yad) Bilingual School in Jerusalem.", "Gopstein, along with several other group members, was arrested shortly thereafter for incitement.", "In the same year, Gopstein openly criticized Yair Netanyahu, son of then prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, for dating a non-Jewish women of Nordic descent.", "In January 2015, Channel 2 reported that Defense Minister Moshe Ya'alon may be preparing to categorize Lehava as a terrorist organization.", "Ya'alon was reported to have ordered the Shin Bet and the Defense Ministry to assemble evidence required for the classification.", "The arson incident received international attention.", "Gopstein issued a statement harshly critical of Ya'alon:\n\nA journalist participated in Lehava undercover and reported on Gopstein's leadership.", "Liat Bar-Stav described a meeting that Gopstein led for his followers, in which he said to them:\n\nAs the crowd responded with booing and cheering, Gopstein continued:\n\nBefore his Facebook account was permanently disabled, it had doctored images of Arab Israeli Knesset members who appear to be hung by the neck.", "Anti-LGBT activity\nIn the past, the organization sought to disrupt and protest the Jerusalem Pride Parade in order to fight what Gopstein called \"LGBT terrorism\", stating that the LGBT and alternative community \"are bringing disaster to Israel\".", "Advocacy outside Israel\nGopstein wrote a letter to Facebook founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg protesting both Zuckerberg's marriage to a non-Jewish woman, as well as the Palestinian use of Facebook.", "He complained, \"In Israel, too, assimilation is hitting us quite a bit because of your Facebook, where every Mohammed is 'CitySlicker' and every Yusuf calls himself 'Prince Charming'\".", "In 2018, Gopstein started a fundraiser to raise money to sue Facebook for censorship.", "Attitude towards Christians\n\nGopstein has called for the incineration of Christian churches.", "The discussion centered on whether Maimonides's ruling to eliminate idol worship was valid also for modern times.", "On the Haredi website Kooker, Gopstein published an article in December 2015 calling for the suppression of Christmas celebrations in Israel and the expulsion of Christians, whom he likened to vampires.", "Calling the Christian Church \"the deadly enemy of the Jewish people for centuries\", he claimed, \"Their missionaries prowl for prey in Jerusalem.\"", "In response, Israeli groups have asked he be investigated for incitement.", "Reactions\nIn 2016, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) sent a letter to the Israeli government encouraging action to be taken to curb Gopstein.", "In the letter to Attorney General Avichai Mendelblit, the ADL said that Gopstein has referred to Christians as \"bloodsucking vampires\", condoned burning Christian churches, and that his Facebook page includes anti-LGBT posts, as well as ones the ADL calls \"extremely abusive, racist, inflammatory, and violent\".", "The Reform Center for Religion and Policy petitioned Mandelblit again in 2018.", "During a hearing however, the petition was withdrawn by suggestion of multiple Supreme Court justices.", "Election bans\nIn the run-up to the September 2019 Knesset election, Gopstein boycotted a hearing of the High Court of Justice on whether Otzma Yehudit should be allowed on the ballot.", "He claimed that \"the judges already made their decision\" and would overturn the Law of Return if given the chance.", "Indictment\nIn late November 2019, nine years after an initial complaint had been filed by the Israeli Reform movement regarding his behavior, Gopstein was indicted for incitement to violence, racism and support for terrorism on the basis of a series of statements he made over a five-year period from 2012 to 2017, such as praising the mass murderer Baruch Goldstein, defending the actions of youths involved in the Zion Square assault, calling Palestinians a cancer, and stating that there was no shortage of Arabs who deserved to be beaten up.", "The indictment was approved by the Israeli Attorney General.", "Gopstein responded by declaring he would persist in campaigning against Jewish-Arab coexistence and asserted that the indictment was tantamount to state-sponsored persecution.", "Personal life\nGopstein is married to Anat Gopstein and has eight children.", "References\n\n1969 births\nIsraeli Kahanists\nLiving people\nPeople from Bnei Brak\nIsraeli settlers\nAnti-Arabism in Israel\nOpposition to Christianity in Israel" ]

[ "Ben-Zion \"Bentzi\" Gophstein is a political activist who is affiliated with the radical right in Israel.", "He was a member of the Council.", "He was indicted on charges of inciting terrorism, violence and racism.", "The ideology named for and developed by Gopstein was promoted by his banned Kach party in Israel.", "The expulsion of Arabs from Israel and the Palestinian Territories was advocated by Kach and Gopstein.", "He has participated in memorial events.", "Gopstein was arrested and released after the unsolved murder of an Arab couple.", "Gopstein was assigned to administrative detention in 1994 because of his involvement with the banned organization.", "In 2015, Gopstein justified burning down churches based on the religious teachings against idolatry by Maimonides.", "He advocated expelling Christians from Israel and banning the celebration of Christmas there.", "Hemla Gopstein is the public relations director of Hemla.", "For many years, Hemla focused on saving the daughters of Israel from mixed marriages with Arab men and received up to $175,000 a year from the state.", "Gopstein's salary was part of the public funding.", "While some considered Hemla to be focused on keeping Jewish women from dating Arab men, Gopstein described the charter of the Hemla in an interview with Haaretz.", "It is dedicated to preventing personal, romantic, or business relationships between Jews and non-Jews.", "A recent report titled \"Racism and Gender in Israel\" by the Israel Religious Action Center documented Lehava's activities.", "Posters were put up in Jerusalem deploring a supermarket chain that employed Palestinians.", "\"Do you want your grandson to be called Ahmad Ben Sarah?\" was the slogan of the fliers.", "The group began giving \"kosher certificates\" to businesses that did not hire Arabs.", "Palestinian men were warned not to date Jewish women.", "Lehava encourages Israelis to report the names of Jews who rent to Palestinians so that they can be publicly shamed, as well as opposing interethnic marriages and promoting discrimination against Palestinians and Arabs in employment.", "The state attorney and Gopstein were petitioned by a group of anti-racist organizations.", "According to the petition, Gopstein promoted discrimination against Palestinians and other Arabs and praised a group of Jewish youths who attacked Palestinians in Jerusalem.", "There is a pending court case.", "The Max Rayne Hand in Hand: Center for Jewish Arab Education in Israel (Yad B'Yad) Bilingual School in Jerusalem had anti-Arab graffiti spray-painted on it.", "Several group members, including Gopstein, were arrested for inciting.", "Yair Netanyahu, son of Benjamin Netanyahu, was criticized by Gopstein for dating non-Jewish women.", "Defense Minister Ya'alon was reported to be preparing to categorize Lehava as a terrorist organization.", "The Shin Bet and the Defense Ministry were ordered by Ya'alon to prepare evidence for the classification.", "The incident received international attention.", "Gopstein issued a statement that was critical of Ya'alon.", "Liat Bar-Stav described a meeting that Gopstein led for his followers, in which he said to them, \"As the crowd responded with booing and cheering, Gopstein continued: Before his Facebook account was permanently disabled, it had doctored images of Arab Israeli Knesset", "In the past, the organization sought to disrupt and protest the Jerusalem Pride Parade in order to fight what they called \"LGBT terrorism\".", "Gopstein wrote a letter to the founder of Facebook protesting his marriage to a non-Jewish woman and the use of Facebook by the Palestinians.", "\"In Israel, too, assimilation is hitting us quite a bit because of your Facebook, where every Mohammed is 'CitySlicker' and every Yusuf calls himself 'Prince Charming',\" he complained.", "Gopstein started a campaign to raise money for a lawsuit against Facebook.", "Gopstein has called for the destruction of Christian churches.", "The discussion centered on whether Maimonides's ruling to eliminate idol worship was valid in modern times.", "Gopstein called for the suppression of Christmas celebrations in Israel and the expulsion of Christians in an article published on the Haredi website.", "He claimed that the Christian Church was the \"deadly enemy of the Jewish people for centuries\".", "Israeli groups want him to be investigated for inciting them.", "The Anti-Defamation League sent a letter to the Israeli government encouraging them to take action against Gopstein.", "In a letter to the Attorney General, the ADL said that Gopstein condoned burning Christian churches, that he referred to Christians as \"bloodsucking vampire\", and that his Facebook page included anti-gay posts.", "The Reform Center for Religion and Policy petitioned Mandelblit again.", "Multiple Supreme Court justices suggested that the petition be withdrawn.", "Gopstein boycotted a hearing of the High Court of Justice on whether Otzma Yehudit should be allowed on the ballot.", "If given the chance, he claimed that the judges would overturn the Law of Return.", "Nine years after an initial complaint had been filed by the Israeli Reform movement regarding his behavior, Gopstein was indicted for inciting to violence, racism and support for terrorism on the basis of a series of statements he made over a five-year period.", "The Attorney General of Israel approved the indictment.", "Gopstein claimed that the indictment was state-sponsored persecution and that he would continue campaigning against Jewish-Arab coexistence.", "Gopstein is married to Anat and has eight children.", "There are people from Bnei Brak who were born in 1969 and Anti-Arabism in Israel." ]

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[ "Bentzi", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein", "Gopstein" ]

[ "Eugene William Pallette (July 8, 1889 – September 3, 1954) was an American actor who worked in both the silent and sound eras, performing in more than 240 productions between 1913 and 1946.", "After an early career as a slender leading man, Pallette became a stout character actor.", "He had a deep voice, which some critics have likened to the sound of a croaking frog, and is probably best-remembered for comic character roles such as Alexander Bullock (Carole Lombard's character's father) in My Man Godfrey (1936), Friar Tuck in The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), and his similar role as Fray Felipe in The Mark of Zorro (1940).", "He also starred in Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) and Heaven Can Wait (1943).", "Early life \n \nHe was born in Winfield, Kansas, the son of William Baird Pallette and Elnora \"Ella\" Jackson.", "Both of his parents had been actors in their younger years, but by 1889 Pallette's father was an insurance salesman.", "His sister was Beulah L. Pallette.", "Pallette attended Culver Military Academy in Culver, Indiana.", "He also worked as a jockey, and did a stage act which included three horses.", "Career \nPallette began his acting career on the stage in stock company roles, appearing for a period of six years.", "Silent films \nPallette began his silent film career as an extra and stunt man in 1910 or 1911.", "His first credited appearance was in the one-reel short western/drama The Fugitive (1913) which was directed by Wallace Reid for Flying \"A\" Studios at Santa Barbara.", "The up-and-coming actor was also splitting an apartment with actor Wallace Reid.", "Quickly advancing to featured status, Pallette was cast in many westerns.", "He worked with D. W. Griffith on such films as The Birth of a Nation (1915), where he played two parts, one in blackface, and Intolerance (1916).", "He also played a Chinese role in Tod Browning's The Highbinders.", "At this time, Pallette had a slim, athletic figure, a far cry from his portly build later in his career.", "He starred as the slender sword-fighting swashbuckler Aramis in Douglas Fairbanks' 1921 version of The Three Musketeers, one of the great smash hits of the silent era.", "However, his girth had begun to get stockier, ending his ambitions of becoming a leading man.", "Discouraged, Pallette left Hollywood for the oil fields of Texas, where he both made and lost a sizable fortune of $140,000 () in the same year.", "Eventually he returned to film work.", "After gaining a great deal of weight, he became one of the screen's most recognizable character actors.", "In 1927, he signed as a regular for Hal Roach Studios and was a reliable comic foil in several early Laurel and Hardy movies.", "In later years, Pallette's weight may have topped out at more than 300 pounds (136 kg).", "Sound films \n\nThe advent of the talkies proved to be the second major career boost for Pallette.", "In 1929 he appeared as \"Honey\" Wiggin in the 1929 talkie The Virginian.", "His inimitable rasping gravel voice (described as \"half an octave below anyone else in the cast\") made him one of Hollywood's most sought-after character actors in the 1930s and 1940s.", "The typical Pallette role was gruff, aggravated and down to earth.", "He played the comically exasperated head of the family (e.g., My Man Godfrey, The Lady Eve, Heaven Can Wait), the cynical backroom sharpy (Mr. Smith Goes to Washington), and the gruff police sergeant in five Philo Vance films including The Kennel Murder Case.", "Pallette thus appeared in more Philo Vance films than any of the ten actors who played the aristocratic lead role of Vance.", "Pallette's best-known role may be as Friar Tuck in The Adventures of Robin Hood; he made a similar appearance as Friar Felipe two years later in The Mark of Zorro.", "BBC commentator Dana Gioia described Pallette's onscreen appeal: The mature Pallette character is a creature of provocative contradictions—tough-minded but indulgent, earthy but epicurean, relaxed but excitable.", "His grit and gravel voice sounds simultaneously tough and comic.", "... Pallette uses his girth to create a common touch.", "Stuffed into a tuxedo that seems perpetually near bursting, he seems more down-to-earth than the stylish high society types who surround him.", "Pallette was cast as the father of lead actress Jeanne Crain for the film In the Meantime, Darling (1944).", "Director Otto Preminger clashed with Pallette and claimed he was \"an admirer of Hitler and convinced that Germany would win the war\".", "Pallette refused to sit at the same table with black actor Clarence Muse in a scene set in a kitchen.", "\"You're out of your mind, I won't sit next to a nigger\", Pallette hissed at Preminger.", "Preminger furiously informed Fox studio head Darryl F. Zanuck, who fired Pallette.", "Although Pallette remains in scenes he already had filmed, the remainder of his role not yet shot was eliminated from the script.", "However, a 1953 issue of the African-American magazine Jet listed Pallette as being among the attendees of a Hollywood banquet honoring the then \"oldest Negro actress in the world,\" Madame Sul-Te-Wan.", "For his part, Pallette always maintained that a medical problem with his throat ended his career.", "In increasingly ill health by his late fifties, Pallette made fewer and fewer movies, and for lesser studios.", "His final movie, Suspense, was released in 1946.", "Later life\n\nIn 1946, convinced that there was going to be a \"world blow-up\" by atomic bombs, the hawkish Pallette received considerable publicity when he set up a \"mountain fortress\" on a ranch near Imnaha, Oregon, as a hideaway from universal catastrophe.", "The \"fortress\" reportedly was stocked with a sizable herd of prize cattle, enormous supplies of food, and had its own canning plant and lumber mill.", "When the \"blow-up\" he anticipated failed to materialize after two years, he began disposing of the Oregon ranch and returned to Los Angeles and his movie colony friends.", "He never appeared in another movie, however.", "Eugene Pallette died at age 65 in 1954 from throat cancer at his apartment, 10835 Wilshire Boulevard, in Los Angeles.", "His wife, Marjorie, and his sister, Beulah Phelps, were at his side.", "Private funeral services were conducted on Saturday, September 4, 1954, at the Armstrong Family Mortuary.", "His cremated remains are interred in an unmarked grave behind the monument of his parents at Green Lawn Cemetery in Grenola, Kansas.", "He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6702 Hollywood Boulevard for his contribution to motion pictures.", "Filmography\n\n The Fugitive (1913, Short) as The Fugitive (film debut)\n When the Light Fades (1913, Short) as John Robertson\n The Birth of a Nation (1915) as Union Soldier (uncredited)\n The Highbinders (1915, Short) as Hop Woo\n The Story of a Story (1915, Short) as John Penhallow - The Author\n The Spell of the Poppy (1915, Short) as Manfredi\n Sunshine Dad (1916) as Alfred Evergreen\n The Children in the House (1916) as Arthur Vincent\n Going Straight (1916) as Jimmy Briggs\n Hell-to-Pay Austin (1916) as Harry Tracey\n Gretchen the Greenhorn (1916) as Rodgers\n Intolerance (1916) as Prosper Latour\n Each to His Kind (1917) as Dick Larimer\n The Winning of Sally Temple (1917) as Sir John Gorham\n The Bond Between (1917) as Raoul Vaux\n The Lonesome Chap (1917) as George Rothwell\n The Marcellini Millions (1917) as Mr. Murray\n The World Apart (1917) as Clyde Holt\n The Heir of the Ages (1917) as Larry Payne\n The Ghost House (1917) as Spud Foster\n Madam Who?", "(1918) as Lieutenant Conroy\n His Robe of Honor (1918) as Clifford Nordhoff\n Tarzan of the Apes (1918)\n A Man's Man (1918) as Capt.", "(1927, Short) as Detective, Intelligence Bureau\n Enemies of Society (1927) as Barney Mulholland\n Fluttering Hearts (1927, Short) as Motorcycle Cop\n Sugar Daddies (1927, Short) as Hardy Look-alike\n The Second Hundred Years (1927, Short) as Dinner Host (uncredited)\n Chicago (1927) as Rodney Casley\n The Battle of the Century (1927, Short) as Insurance agent (uncredited)\n Lights of New York (1928) as Gene\n The Good-Bye Kiss (1928) as The Captain\n Out of the Ruins (1928) as Volange\n The Red Mark (1928) as Sergeo\n His Private Life (1928) as Henri Bérgere\n The Swell Head (1928, Short)\n The Canary Murder Case (1929) as Sgt.", "Ernest Heath\n The Dummy (1929) as Madison\n The Studio Murder Mystery (1929) as Detective Lieutenant Dirk\n The Greene Murder Case (1929) as Sgt.", "Ernest Heath\n The Virginian (1929) as 'Honey' Wiggin\n The Love Parade (1929) as War Minister\n Pointed Heels (1929) as Joe Carrington\n The Kibitzer (1930) as Klaus\n Slightly Scarlet (1930) as Sylvester Corbett\n Men Are Like That (1930) as Traffic Cop\n The Benson Murder Case (1930) as Sgt.", "Boggs\n Mr. Skitch (1933) as Cliff Merriweather\n Cross Country Cruise (1934) as Willy Bronson\n Caravan (1934) as Gypsy Chief\n I've Got Your Number (1934) as Joe Flood\n Strictly Dynamite (1934) as Sourwood\n Friends of Mr. Sweeney (1934) as Wynn Rixey\n The Dragon Murder Case (1934) as Sgt.", "Allen\n Sandy Is a Lady (1940) as P.J.", "Barnett\n He Stayed for Breakfast (1940) as Maurice Duval\n A Little Bit of Heaven (1940) as Herrington\n The Mark of Zorro (1940) as Fray Felipe\n Ride, Kelly, Ride (1941) as Duke Martin\n The Lady Eve (1941) as Mr. Pike\n The Bride Came C.O.D.", "(1941) as Lucius K. Winfield\n World Premiere (1941) as Gregory Martin\n Unfinished Business (1941) as Elmer\n Swamp Water (1941) as Sheriff Jeb McKane\n Appointment for Love (1941) as George Hastings\n The Male Animal (1942) as Ed Keller\n Almost Married (1942) as Doctor Dobson\n Are Husbands Necessary?" ]

[ "Eugene William Pallette was an American actor who worked in both the silent and sound eras.", "As a slender leading man, Pallette became a stout character actor.", "He had a deep voice, which some critics have likened to the sound of a croaking frog, and is probably best-remembered for comic character roles such as Alexander Bullock (Carole Lombard's character's father) in My Man Godfrey.", "He starred in two movies, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington and Heaven Can Wait.", "He was the son of William Baird Pallette and Elnora \"Ella\" Jackson.", "By 1889 Pallette's father was an insurance salesman, even though both of his parents had been actors.", "His sister was a woman.", "The Culver Military Academy is in Indiana.", "He did a stage act with three horses.", "In stock company roles, Career Pallette appeared for six years.", "In 1910 or 1911, Pallette began his silent film career as an extra and stunt man.", "His first credited appearance was in the one-reel short western film The Fugitive which was directed by Wallace Reid.", "The actor was sharing an apartment with another actor.", "Pallette was cast in many westerns.", "The Birth of a Nation was one of the films he worked on with D. W. Griffith.", "He played a Chinese role in the movie.", "At this time, Pallette had a slim, athletic figure, a far cry from his portly build later in his career.", "One of the great hits of the silent era was the 1921 version of The Three Musketeers, in which he starred as the slender sword-fighting swashbuckler.", "His ambitions of becoming a leading man were ended by his weight gain.", "In the same year, Pallette left Hollywood for the oil fields of Texas, where he lost a lot of money.", "He went back to film work.", "He became one of the screen's most recognizable character actors after gaining a lot of weight.", "He was a regular at Hal Roach Studios in 1927 and was a comic foil in several early movies.", "In later years, Pallette's weight may have topped out at more than 300 pounds.", "The 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was known as \"Honey\" Wiggin in The Virginian in 1929.", "His rasping gravel voice made him one of Hollywood's most sought-after character actors in the 1930s and 1940s.", "The Pallette role was down to earth.", "The head of the family, the cynical backroom sharpy, and the police sergeant were all played by him.", "The actors who played the lead roles in the films were not Pallette.", "In The Mark of Zorro and The Adventures of Robin Hood, Pallette played the roles of Friar Tuck and Felipe.", "The mature Pallette character is a creature of provocative contradictions.", "His voice is gravel and tough.", "A common touch is created by Pallette using his girth.", "He seems more down-to-earth than the stylish high society types who surround him.", "In the Meantime, Darling was a film where Pallette was cast as the father of the lead actress.", "Otto Preminger claimed that he was an admirer of Hitler and convinced that Germany would win the war.", "In a scene set in a kitchen, Clarence Muse and Pallette sat at the same table.", "\"You're out of your mind, I won't sit next to a nigger\", Pallette said.", "The studio head of Fox fired Pallette.", "Although Pallette remains in scenes he already filmed, the rest of his role was eliminated from the script.", "According to Jet, Pallette was among the attendees of a Hollywood banquet honoring the \"oldest Negro actress in the world.\"", "According to Pallette, a medical problem with his throat ended his career.", "As his health deteriorated, Pallette made fewer and fewer movies.", "His last movie was released in 1946.", "In 1946, the Pallette set up a \"mountain fortress\" on a ranch near Imnaha, Oregon, as a hideaway from universal catastrophe, after he was convinced that there was going to be a \"world blow-up\" by atomic bombs.", "Thetress had a large herd of prize cattle, a canning plant and a lumber mill.", "After two years, he decided to dispose of the Oregon ranch and return to Los Angeles and his movie colony friends.", "He did not appear in another movie.", "Eugene Pallette died from throat cancer at the age of 65.", "His wife and sister were by his side.", "Private funeral services were held on September 4, 1954.", "His remains are buried behind a monument to his parents at a cemetery in Kansas.", "He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "The Fugitive is a film debut and The Birth of a Nation is an uncredited film.", "As Lieutenant His Robe of Honor, A Man's Man, and Tarzan of the Apes.", "As Detective, Intelligence Bureau Enemies of Society, he played Barney Mulholland, and as Motorcycle Cop Sugar Daddies, he played The Second Hundred Years.", "Detective Lieutenant Dirk The Greene Murder Case was played by Ernest Heath The Dummy.", "The Virginian was named 'Honey Wiggin The Love Parade' and the war minister was named 'Pointed Heels'.", "Boggs Mr. Skitch played the character of Mr. Skitch on the Cross Country Cruise.", "Allen Sandy is a lady.", "He Stayed for Breakfast as Maurice Duval A Little Bit of Heaven, Herrington The Mark of Zorro, Fray Felipe Ride, Kelly, and Duke Martin The Lady Eve.", "As Gregory Martin Unfinished Business (1941), as Sheriff Jeb McKane Appointment for Love (1941), as Ed Keller Almost Married (1942), as Doctor Dobson Are Husbands Necessary?" ]

[ "Eugene William Pallette", "William Baird Pallette", ". Pallette", "Pallette", "Pallette", "Pallette", "Pallette", "Pallette", "Pallette", "Pallette", "Pallette", "Eugene Pallette" ]

[ "Eugene William Pallette", "William Baird Pallette", "Pallette", "Career Pallette", "Pallette", "Pallette", "Pallette", "Pallette", "Pallette", "Pallette", "Pallette", "Eugene Pallette" ]

[ "Rojda Felat (born c. 1977 or 1980) is a Syrian Kurdish senior commander of the Women's Protection Units (YPJ) and Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), who has fought in the Rojava conflict since it began in 2012, and has led several major campaigns against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).", "A revolutionary feminist, Felat's stated goal is to achieve social transformation in the Middle East through the YPJ, \"liberating the Kurdish woman and the Syrian woman in general from the ties and control of traditional society, as well as liberating the entirety of Syria from terrorism and tyranny\".", "Biography\n\nEarly life \nAs Rojda Felat has disclosed relatively little about her life, her biography before taking up arms is largely unknown; even her age and birthplace are disputed.", "Because of that, T-Online went so far as to describe her as \"mysterious\".", "According to an interview she gave The New Yorker in late 2017, Felat was born around 1977 as the child of a poor farming family near Qamishli.", "Various other claims regarding her origins have circulated on the Internet, however, with the Turkish news agency Jihan News and other SDF officials putting her birthdate at 1980 and/or her birthplace at al-Hasakah.", "Many reports by other media agencies have repeated the information of Jihan News, while others claim that Felat was born in 1962, 1966 or 1968, with one media agency even saying that she is from Batman in Turkey.", "This last claim was denied by a close associate of her, who told T-Online that she was definitely a Syrian Kurd.", "Due to her family's poverty, Felat was only able to attend a university relatively late in her life.", "By 2011, she was studying Arabic literature at Hasakah University.", "Before the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War, Felat claims that she had intended to eventually attend the national military academy and become a Syrian Army officer.", "Upon the spread of the civil uprising against Bashar al-Assad in 2011, however, she decided to leave Hasakah University and return to her hometown Qamishli, where she quickly joined the Democratic Union Party's People's Protection Units (YPG).", "Military service\n\nSiege of Kobanî and first commands \nWith the uprising escalating into a civil war, Felat received just a few days of training before she was issued a weapon.", "As part of the Rojava-Islamist conflict, she went on to fight against Islamist Syrian rebel forces in the al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–13).", "Around late 2014, however, she was in the Kobanî Canton and among the YPG/YPJ forces that ended up being besieged in the town of Kobanî by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).", "By this time a NCO in the Women's Protection Units (YPJ), Felat commanded a small, lightly armed squad of eleven other women during the siege.", "Her unit took part in the Battle for Mishtanour Hill, where she fought alongside Arin Mirkan, who became famous for her suicide attack on an ISIL tank.", "Despite the bitter resistance of the YPG/YPJ, the hill eventually fell to ISIL, whereupon Felat and her squad retreated further into Kobanî.", "By the time the siege was broken in January 2015, Felat had been wounded by shrapnel, and five of her subordinates killed while two others were also wounded.", "The rest of her squad eventually returned to civilian life, and only Felat continued to be active in the military.", "When the YPG/YPJ launched a counter-offensive to drive ISIL from the countryside surrounding Kobanî in early 2015, Felat was first given command of 45 fighters, and then 300.", "From that point on, she rose to become one of the YPG/YPJ's most important commanders.", "Operations in eastern Syria and Raqqa campaign \nFelat took part in the capture of Tell Hamis during the eastern al-Hasakah offensive, the Tell Abyad offensive, and the Al-Shaddadi offensive.", "In May 2016 she led a first offensive against the de facto capital of ISIL, Raqqa, while commanding 15,000 fighters.", "Her forces captured 23 villages, though in the end the offensive stalled, as the SDF redeployed its fighters for the more successful Manbij offensive, in which Felat also took part.", "Sometime in mid 2016, an ISIL bombing at a wedding in al-Hasakah killed 22 of her family members and relatives.", "In November 2016, the SDF launched another campaign to capture Raqqa, with Felat in overall charge of the operations in the northern Raqqa countryside.", "This time, the troops under Felat's command succeeded in capturing their objectives, whereupon the attention of the SDF shifted to the Tabqa Dam and surrounding areas.", "These were targeted in the course of the offensive's second phase, which commenced on 10 December and during which Felat served as leading commander for the YPJ units involved.", "In the subsequent phases during the campaign to capture Raqqa, Felat continued to serve as one of the most important YPJ commanders, and took part in the operations to capture the Tabqa Dam, Tabqa Airbase, and al-Thawrah city from ISIL.", "On 25 April 2017, Felat visited the site of a major Turkish airstrike against the YPG near al-Malikiyah along with YPG and US officials.", "In October 2017, Felat commanded a contingent of SDF fighters who successfully captured Raqqa.", "Felat and others were pictured waving SDF flags in the former Islamic State capital city's iconic al-Naim square after SDF forces declared victory in the Battle of Raqqa.", "At the occasion, she noted that \"her heart was jumping for joy\" as the YPG/YPJ leadership had believed that the battle for the city would be \"much more difficult\" than it had been.", "By late 2018, Felat was taking part in the Deir ez-Zor campaign which aimed at defeating the last ISIL holdouts in Syria east of the Euphrates.", "In early October 2019, Felat took part in a conference in Rome, declaring that the war against ISIL was continuing while stressing the importance of democratic confederalism.", "Personal life \nFelat is a strong adherent of the YPG/YPJ.", "She has decided to never marry or have children, and instead intends to serve in the military for the rest of her life.", "A nonpracticing Muslim, she is a follower of Abdullah Öcalan's revolutionary ideology and self-identifies as radical feminist, fighting for social reforms in Syria that would improve the rights and lives of women of all ethnicities.", "Among her personal heroes are the Polish-German radical Communist Rosa Luxemburg, PKK leader Sakine Cansız, and the Iraqi Kurdish activist Leyla Qasim.", "Felat is also critical of capitalism, saying that \"the capitalist system views us [women in general] as objects\".", "As a military leader, she is inspired by Otto von Bismarck, Napoleon, Saladin, as well as her deceased comrade Arin Mirkan.", "Felat has been described as talented military leader, though she herself has simply said that she is \"good at strategy\".", "In regard to the military capabilities of the female fighters under her command, Felat has commented that \"Often, in military matters, people look down on women with condescension, claiming we're too delicate, that we wouldn't dare carry a knife or a gun.", "But you can see for yourself that in the YPJ we can operate a dushka, we know how to use mortars and we can conduct demining operations.\"", "She also praised the suicide attack of Zuluh Hemo (a.k.a.", "\"Avesta Habur\") against the Turkish Armed Forces during the Turkish military operation in Afrin, saying that her sacrifice prevented Turkish forces from \"shelling children and civilians in Afrin\" and urged other women to follow Hemo's example.", "Felat comes from a poor farming family, and several of her relatives were victims of ISIL, further motivating her to fight against the Jihadist organization: Besides 22 of her family members who were killed in an ISIL bombing in al-Hasakah, her younger brother Mezul was killed by a roadside bomb while serving with the YPG in 2013.", "Recognition \nShe is portrayed in the documentary I am the Revolution by Benedetta Argentieri.", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nFemale army generals\nKurdish female military and paramilitary personnel\nKurdish feminists\nSyrian feminists\nLiving people\nKurdish military personnel\nKurdish women\nPeople of the Syrian civil war\nPeople from Al-Hasakah\nPeople's Protection Units\nSyrian Kurdish people\nWomen in war in the Middle East\nWomen in 21st-century warfare\n21st-century Syrian people\nYear of birth missing (living people)" ]

[ "Rojda Felat is a Syrian Kurdish senior commander of the Women's Protection Units (YPJ) and Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) who has fought in the Rojava conflict since it began in 2012.", "Felat's stated goal is to achieve social transformation in the Middle East through the YPJ, \"liberating the Kurdish woman and the Syrian woman in general from the ties and control of traditional society, as well as freeing the entirety of Syria from terrorism and tyranny\".", "Rojda Felat's biography is largely unknown, even though her age and birthplace are disputed.", "T-Online described her as \"mysterious\".", "According to an interview she gave The New Yorker in late 2017, Felat was the child of a poor farming family near Qamishli.", "Various other claims regarding her origins have been made on the internet, with the Turkish news agency Jihan News putting her birthdate at 1980 and her birthplace at al-Hasakah.", "Felat was born in 1962, 1966 or 1968, with one media agency even saying that she is from Batman in Turkey.", "A close associate of her denied that she was a SyrianKurd.", "Felat was able to attend a university late in her life due to her family's poverty.", "She was studying Arabic at Hasakah University.", "Felat claims that she intended to attend the national military academy and become a Syrian Army officer before the war broke out.", "She left Hasakah University to return to her hometown of Qamishli, where she joined the Democratic Union Party's People's Protection Units.", "Felat received just a few days of training before she was issued a weapon.", "She fought against Syrian rebel forces in the al-Hasakah Governorate campaign as part of the Rojava-Islamist conflict.", "She was in the Koban Canton during the time when the town of Koban was besieged by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.", "Felat commanded a small, lightly armed squad of eleven other women during the siege.", "Arin Mirkan became famous for her suicide attack on an ISIL tank after she fought in the Battle for Mishtanour Hill.", "Felat and her squad retreated further into Koban after the hill fell to ISIL.", "Felat was wounded and five of her subordinates were killed when the siege was broken in January 2015.", "Felat continued to be active in the military despite the rest of her squad returning to civilian life.", "Felat was given command of 45 fighters and 300 fighters after the counter-offensive to drive ISIL from the countryside surrounding Koban.", "She rose to become one of the most important commanders.", "During the eastern al-Hasakah offensive, Felat took part in the capture of Tell Hamis.", "She commanded 15,000 fighters in the first offensive against Raqqa.", "Her forces captured 23 villages, though in the end the offensive slowed as the SDF redeployed its fighters for the more successful Manbij offensive.", "The bombing at the wedding in al-Hasakah killed 22 of her family members and relatives.", "Felat was in charge of the operations in the northern Raqqa countryside during the campaign to capture Raqqa.", "The troops under Felat's command succeeded in capturing their objectives and the attention of the SDF shifted to the Tabqa Dam and surrounding areas.", "Felat was the leading commander for the YPJ units involved in the second phase of the offensive.", "During the campaign to capture Raqqa, Felat continued to serve as one of the most important commanders and took part in the operations to capture the Tabqa Dam, Tabqa Airbase, and al-Thawrah city.", "Felat went to the site of the Turkish airstrike against the Kurds along with US officials.", "In October of last year, Felat commanded a group of fighters who captured Raqqa.", "After the Battle of Raqqa, Felat and others were pictured waving the SDF flags in the al-Naim square.", "She noted that her heart was jumping for joy as she knew that the battle for the city would be more difficult than she had thought.", "Felat was involved in the Deir ez-Zor campaign which was aimed at defeating the last holdouts in Syria.", "Felat spoke at a conference in Rome in October about the importance of democratic confederalism.", "Felat is a strong adherent of the Kurds.", "She wants to serve in the military for the rest of her life and never marry or have children.", "She is a follower of Abdullah calan's revolutionary ideology and self-identifies as a radical feminist, fighting for social reforms in Syria that would improve the rights and lives of women of all ethnicities.", "The Polish-German radical Communist Rosa Luxemburg is one of her heroes.", "The capitalist system views women in general as objects, according to Felat.", "She is inspired by a number of people, including Otto von Bismarck, Napoleon, Saladin, and Arin Mirkan.", "Felat has said that she is good at strategy.", "Felat commented that \"often in military matters, people look down on women with condescension, claiming we're too delicate, that we wouldn't dare carry a knife or a gun.\"", "In the YPJ, we know how to use mortars, and we can conduct demining operations.", "She praised the suicide attack of Hemo.", "Hemo said that her sacrifice prevented Turkish forces from \"shelling children and civilians in Afrin\" and urged other women to do the same.", "Felat's family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "She is portrayed in a documentary.", "Female army generals Kurdish female military and paramilitary personnel Kurdish feminists Syrian feminists Living people Kurdish military personnel Kurdish women People from Al-Hasakah People's Protection Units Syrian Kurdish people Women in war in the Middle East" ]

[ "Rojda Felat", "Felat", "Roda Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat" ]

[ "Rojda Felat", "Felat", "Rojda Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat", "Felat" ]

[ "John Kenneth Holt CD (11 July 1947 – 19 October 2014) was a Jamaican reggae singer and songwriter who first found fame as a member of The Paragons, before establishing himself as a solo artist.", "Early life\nHolt was born in the Greenwich Farm area of Kingston, Jamaica, in 1947.", "His mother Amy was a nurse.", "By the age of 12, he was a regular entrant in talent contests run at Jamaican theatres by Vere Johns, winning 28 contests, some broadcast live on Radio Jamaica.", "Career and recognition \nHe recorded his first single in 1963 with \"Forever I'll Stay\"/\"I Cried a Tear\" for record producer Leslie Kong, and also recorded a duet with Alton Ellis, \"Rum Bumper\", for producer Vincent \"Randy\" Chin.", "In 1965 Holt joined Bob Andy, Garth \"Tyrone\" Evans, and Junior Menz in their group the Binders; Menz departed to be replaced by Howard Barrett and they changed their name to the Paragons.", "They initially recorded for Clement \"Coxsone\" Dodd's Studio One before cutting a succession of singles for Duke Reid at his Treasure Isle Studio in the rocksteady era of 1966–1968; They enjoyed a string of hits, including \"Ali Baba\", \"Tonight\", \"I See Your Face\", and the Holt-penned \"The Tide Is High\" (later made famous by Blondie and also covered by Atomic Kitten).", "\"Wear You to the Ball\" was another of his hits with the Paragons, and it made the charts again when U-Roy (whom he had introduced to Duke Reid) recorded a Deejay version over it.", "With Andy having left early on, the departures of Barrett (in 1969) and Evans (in 1970), who had both won scholarships in the US, brought the group to an end.", "During his time with the Paragons, he also recorded solo material for Bunny Lee (\"Tonight\"), and Harry J.", "He subsequently concentrated on his solo career, recording for Prince Buster (\"Oh Girl\", \"Rain From the Skies\"), Reid (\"Stealing Stealing\", \"Ali Baba\"), Dodd (including \"Fancy Make-up\", \"A Love I Can Feel\", \"Let's Build Our Dreams\" and \"OK Fred\"), Alvin Ranglin (\"Strange Things\"), and Phil Pratt (\"My Heart Is Gone\").", "By the early 1970s, he was one of the biggest stars of reggae, and his work with producer Lee was key to his success; \"Stick By Me\" was the biggest selling Jamaican record of 1972, one of a number of records recorded with Lee.", "His 1973 Harry Mudie-produced album, Time Is The Master, was successful, with orchestral arrangements recorded in London by Tony Ashfield.", "The success of the string-laden reggae led to Trojan Records issuing a series of similarly arranged albums produced by Ashfield starting with the 1,000 Volts of Holt in 1973, a compilation of Holt's reggae cover versions of popular hits (and later followed by similarly named releases up to the Lee-produced 3,000 Volts of Holt).", "1,000 Volts spawned the UK Top 10 hit \"Help Me Make It Through the Night\" (written by Kris Kristofferson), which peaked at number 6, and included covers of Billy Joel's \"Just the Way You Are\" and \"Touch Me in the Morning\" by Diana Ross.", "He had success back in Jamaica in 1976 with \"Up Park Camp\" (on a reworking of the Heptones' \"Get in the Groove\" rhythm), and his success continued into the 1980s with tracks such as \"Police in Helicopter\" and \"Fat She Fat\", recorded with producer Henry \"Junjo\" Lawes, and a standout appearance at the 1982 Reggae Sunsplash festival.", "\"Police in Helicopter\" was a condemnation of the Jamaican government's crackdown on marijuana plantations.", "The cover to the album single pictured Holt growing locks and a beard, an indication of the increasing importance of Rastafari in his life.", "He continued to tour regularly, performed several times at Sunsplash in the 1990s, and performed in the United Kingdom with the Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra, with a live album taken from these shows released in 2001.", "In 2004 he was awarded the Order of Distinction (Commander Class) by the Jamaican government for his contribution to Jamaican music.", "Holt's style, notably slower and more romantic than most of his contemporaries, is a recognisable forerunner of the lovers rock subgenre.", "His song \"Man Next Door\" has been covered by numerous other reggae artists, including Dennis Brown, UB40 and Horace Andy.", "The latter sang in a more electronic vein for the Massive Attack album Mezzanine.", "In February 2022, the 1973 compilation of Holt's recordings, 1000 Volts of Holt, received gold certification from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales in the UK.", "Personal life and death\nHaving been taken ill at the One Love Festival on 16 August, Holt died on 19 October 2014 in the Wellington Hospital in London.", "He had been diagnosed with colon cancer in June 2014.", "He is survived by his wife Valerie, 12 children, and 25 grandchildren.", "His funeral took place on 17 November at Holy Trinity Cathedral in Kingston, and featured performances by U-Roy, The Silvertones, Tinga Stewart, Boris Gardiner, George Nooks, Luciano, Carlene Davis, Ken Boothe, and members of Holt's family, backed by Lloyd Parks and the We the People Band.", "He was buried at Dovecot Memorial Park.", "DVDs\nJohn Holt in Symphony With the Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra (2003)\nJohn Holt & Freddie McGregor – Living Legends Live in Concert (2011)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nJohn Holt biography at Allmusic website\nRiddimguide information\nJohn Holt at Roots Archives\n \"Veteran reggae singer John Holt dies aged 69\", Guardian music, 20 October 2014.", "1947 births\n2014 deaths\nDeaths from colorectal cancer\nJamaican reggae musicians\nRocksteady musicians\nMusicians from Kingston, Jamaica\nIsland Records artists\nTrojan Records artists\nRecipients of the Order of Distinction\nJamaican male singers\nDeaths from cancer in England\nVP Records artists\nGreensleeves Records artists" ]

[ "John Kenneth Holt first found fame as a member of The Paragons, before establishing himself as a solo artist.", "Holt was born in Jamaica in 1947.", "His mother was a nurse.", "He was a regular entrant in talent contests at Jamaican theaters by the age of 12 and won 28 contests, some broadcast live on Radio Jamaica.", "He recorded his first single in 1963, \"Forever I'll Stay\", for record producer Leslie Kong, and also recorded a duet with Alton Ellis, \"Rum Bumper\", for producerVincent \"Randy\" Chin.", "In 1965, Holt joined Bob Andy, Garth \"Tyrone\" Evans, and Junior Menz in a group called the Binders and they changed their name to the Paragons.", "They enjoyed a string of hits, including \"Ali Baba\", \"Tonight\", and \"I See\", after recording for Clement \"Coxsone\" Dodd's Studio One.", "When U-Roy recorded a Deejay version of \"Wear You to the Ball\", it made the charts again.", "With Andy leaving early on, the departures of Barrett and Evans brought the group to an end.", "He recorded solo material for Bunny Lee and Harry J. during his time with the Paragons.", "He focused on his solo career, recording for \"Oh Girl\", \"Rain From the Skies\", \"Stealing Stealing\", \"Ali Baba\", and \"A Love I Can Feel\".", "By the early 1970s, he was one of the biggest stars of reggae, and his work with producer Lee was key to his success; \"Stick By Me\" was the biggest selling Jamaican record of 1972, one of a number of records recorded with Lee.", "Time Is The Master was produced by Harry Mudie and recorded in London by Tony Ashfield.", "The success of the string-laden reggae led to a series of similarly arranged albums being produced by Ashfield and later followed by similarly named releases up to the Lee-produced releases.", "The UK Top 10 hit \"Help Me Make It Through the Night\" (written by Kris Kristofferson), which peaked at number 6 and included covers of Billy Joel's \"Just the Way You Are\" and Diana Ross's \"Touch Me in the Morning\", was written by Kris", "He had success in Jamaica in 1976 with \"Up Park Camp\", which was a remake of the Heptones' \"Get in the Groove\", and his success continued into the 1980s with tracks such as \"Police in Helicopter\" and \"Fat She Fat\".", "The Jamaican government's cracking down on marijuana plantations was condemned by \" Police in Helicopter\".", "Holt was pictured growing his hair and beard on the cover of the album single.", "In the 1990s, he performed at Sunsplash and in the United Kingdom with the Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra, with a live album taken from these shows released in 2001.", "He was honoured by the Jamaican government in 2004 for his contribution to Jamaican music.", "Holt's style is slower and more romantic than most of his peers.", "His song \"Man Next Door\" has been covered by many other artists.", "The latter sang on the Massive Attack album.", "The British Phonographic Industry (BPI) gave gold certification to the 1973 Holt's recordings, 1000 Volts of Holt, for sales in the UK.", "Holt died in the Wellington Hospital in London after being taken ill at the One Love Festival.", "He was diagnosed with colon cancer.", "He is survived by his family.", "His funeral took place on 17 November at Holy Trinity Cathedral in Kingston and featured performances by U-Roy, The Silvertones, Tinga Stewart, Boris Gardiner, George Nooks, Luciano, Carlene Davis, Ken Boothe, and members of Holt's family, backed by Lloyd Parks", "He was buried in a park.", "John Holt's biography can be found at Allmusic website Riddimguide information can be found at Roots Archives.", "Jamaican musicians from Kingston, Jamaica Island Records artists and Jamaican male singers who died of cancer in England." ]

[ "John Kenneth Holt", "Holt", "Vere Johns", "Holt", "Holt", "Holt", "Holt", "Holt", "Holt", "Holt", "John Holt", "John Holt", "John Holt", "John Holt", "John Holt" ]

[ "John Kenneth Holt", "Holt", "Holt", "Holt", "Holt", "Holt", "Holt", "Holt", "John Holt" ]

[ "Joseph Orville Butcher (September 16, 1912 – February 15, 1988) was decorated officer of the United States Marine Corps who reached the rank of major general.", "He spent his career mostly in Quartermaster Department of the Marine Corps beginning in the field assignments during World War II.", "Butcher later served as commanding general, Marine Corps Supply Center Albany and also Assistant Quartermaster General of the Marine Corps and deputy to Major General Chester R. Allen.", "Early years\n\nJoseph O.", "Butcher was born on September 16, 1912, in Bloomington, Indiana, as the son of Orville and Ella Butcher.", "Upon the graduation from the high school, he enrolled the Indiana University in Bloomington and graduated with Bachelor of Arts degree in June 1936.", "While at the university, Butcher completed the advanced training with the Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps unit and was commissioned Reserve Second lieutenant in June 1935.", "However Butcher resigned his reserve commission in order to accept appointment as second lieutenant in the Marine Corps on July 7, 1936, and was subsequently ordered to the Basic School at Philadelphia Navy Yard for further officer training.", "He completed the school in April 1937 and was attached to the Marine detachment aboard the battleship USS Arkansas which participated in the midshipmen training cruises in the Western Atlantic.", "His tour of sea duty ended in September 1938 and Butcher was transferred to Washington, D.C., for duties with local Marine Barracks.", "During his time there, he also served as editor and publisher for Leatherneck Magazine.", "Butcher spent almost three years there and served also as Post Exchange officer and commanding officer of the Marine Corps Institute.", "He was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant in July 1939 and took part in the temporary duty with the Marine Guard Detachment at Little White House in Warm Springs, Georgia – the personal retreat of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.", "World War II\n\nIn June 1941, Butcher was transferred to the Marine Corps Air Station, Quantico for duty as station quartermaster.", "While in this capacity, he was promoted to the rank of captain in June 1942 and to major in August of that year.", "Butcher was transferred to Camp Lejeune, North Carolina in October 1942 and appointed adjutant and executive officer of Quartermaster School, Fleet Marine Force Training Center.", "He received promotion to lieutenant colonel in March 1944 and subsequently was ordered overseas in October of that year.", "He was ordered to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii and appointed officer in charge of General Supply Section, Supply Division of Service Command, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific under Major General Earl C. Long.", "In this capacity, he was co-responsible for the supply, salvage, evacuation, construction, personnel management, quartering and sanitation needs of all FMFPac units and others marine units in its area.", "While in this capacity, Butcher took part in the Iwo Jima and Okinawa operations and received Navy Commendation Medal for his service.", "He was transferred to the staff of United States Army Forces, Western Pacific under General Douglas MacArthur and assumed duty as Marine logistics officer of the Provisional Marine detachment.", "His unit participated in the preparation for the Invasion to Japan, but it was cancelled following the surrender of Japan in August 1945.", "Later service\n\nButcher then returned to Pearl Harbor for service with Service Command and served as assistant operations officer until February 1946.", "He subsequently assumed duty as editor-in-chief of Leatherneck Magazine in Washington, D.C., and remained in this capacity until August of that year.", "He was then appointed executive officer, Division of Public Information at Headquarters Marine Corps and served under Brigadier General William E. Riley until August 1947, when he was ordered for the instruction at Industrial College of the Armed Forces.", "Butcher graduated in June 1948 and served as supply officer and assistant head, Material Section, Division of Aviation at Headquarters Marine Corps.", "In July 1951, Butcher was transferred to California and assumed duty as depot supply officer, Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego under Major General William T. Clement.", "For his new assignment, he was promoted to the rank of colonel in November of that year.", "However, due to his previous experiences with supplying of Marine Aviation units, Butcher was transferred to Korea in May 1954 and served as wing supply officer, 1st Marine Aircraft Wing under Major General Verne J. McCaul.", "The truce was already in effect and Butcher saw no combat while in Far East.", "He returned to the United States in May 1955 and following a brief leave at home, he assumed duty as director, Material Division within Marine Corps Supply Center, Barstow, California.", "In August 1957, Butcher served as chief of staff of the center under Brigadier General Ralph B. DeWitt until he was ordered to Camp Lejeune in September 1958 as commanding officer, Marine Corps Supply Schools.", "After two years there, Butcher was transferred to the Pentagon and served in the Office of Supply Management Policy, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Supply and Logistics).", "Upon his promotion to the rank of brigadier general in July 1961, he was appointed assistant to Quartermaster General of the Marine Corps, Chester R. Allen.", "In this capacity, Butcher was co-responsible for the support of development, production, acquisition, and sustainment of general supply, Mortuary Affairs, subsistences, petroleum and water, material and distribution management during peace and war to provide combat power to the U.S. Marine Corps units.", "He left Washington in September 1962 and assumed command of Marine Corps Supply Center Albany, Georgia.", "In January 1964, Butcher assumed command of Marine Corps Supply Activity in Philadelphia and served in this capacity until his promotion to the rank of major general on February 28, 1966.", "He was then ordered back to Korea and participated in the peace negotiations with Chinese and North Koreans at Panmunjom as senior member, Military Armistice Commission.", "For his service during the supervision of Korean Armistice Agreement and other duties, Butcher was decorated with Joint Service Commendation Medal.", "Butcher returned to the United States in November 1966 and assumed his final duties as commanding general, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina.", "He commanded the base during the early phase of Vietnam War and was responsible for the training of new marine recruits and other units, which was later deployed in Vietnam.", "Butcher served in this capacity until September 30, 1968, when he was relieved by Major General Rathvon M. Tompkins and subsequently retired from active service.", "He was decorated with the Legion of Merit for his service at Camp Lejeune.", "Retirement\n\nFollowing his retirement from the Marine Corps after 33 years of commissioned service, Butcher settled in Indiana and worked in executive position within Indiana University Foundation.", "He served as director of Indiana University Sesquicentennial Campaign and received the university's Distinguished Alumni Service Award.", "Butcher later served as special projects coordinator and president of alumni association and remained in this capacities until his death on February 15, 1988, in Indianapolis.", "He was buried at Rose Hill Cemetery in Bloomington, Indiana, together with his wife, former Jane Bayer of Indianapolis.", "They had one son, John O.", "Butcher who served in the Marine Corps as Reserve Officer.", "In 1992, Joseph O.", "Butcher was inducted to the Monroe County Hall of fame.", "Decorations\n\nHere is the ribbon bar of Major General Joseph O.", "Butcher:\n\nReferences\n\n1912 births\n1988 deaths\nPeople from Bloomington, Indiana\nIndiana University Bloomington alumni\nDwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy alumni\nUnited States Marine Corps Quartermaster Officers\nUnited States Marine Corps generals\nUnited States Marine Corps personnel of World War II\nUnited States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War\nRecipients of the Legion of Merit" ]

[ "The decorated officer of the United States Marine Corps was named Joseph Orville Butcher.", "During World War II, he began his career in the Quartermaster Department of the Marine Corps.", "As assistant quartermaster general of the Marine Corps, Butcher was also deputy to Major General Chester R. Allen.", "Joseph O. was early years.", "Butcher was the son of Orville andElla Butcher and was born in Bloomington, Indiana, on September 16, 1912.", "He graduated from the Indiana University in Bloomington with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1936.", "Butcher was commissioned as Reserve Second lieutenant in June 1935 after completing advanced training with the Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps unit.", "Butcher was ordered to the Basic School at Philadelphia Navy Yard for further officer training after he resigned his reserve commission in order to accept an appointment as second lieutenant in the Marine Corps.", "He completed the school in 1937 and was attached to the Marines on the battleship USS Arkansas, which participated in the midshipmen training cruises in the Western Atlantic.", "Butcher was transferred to Washington, D.C., after his tour of sea duty ended.", "He was the editor and publisher of Leatherneck Magazine.", "Butcher was Post Exchange officer and commanding officer of the Marine Corps Institute for almost three years.", "He was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant in July 1939 and took part in the temporary duty with the Marine Guard at Little White House in Warm Springs, Georgia.", "Butcher was transferred to the Marine Corps Air Station in June 1941 as the station quartermaster.", "He was promoted to the rank of captain in June 1942 and to major in August of that year.", "The adjutant and executive officer of Quartermaster School, Fleet Marine Force Training Center was appointed by Butcher after he was transferred to Camp Lejeune.", "He was ordered overseas in October of 1944 after being promoted to lieutenant colonel.", "The officer in charge of the General Supply Section, Supply Division of Service Command, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific was appointed by Major General Earl C. Long.", "He was co-responsible for all the needs of all the marine units in the area.", "Butcher received a Navy commendation medal for his service during the Iwo Jima and Okinawa operations.", "After being transferred to the staff of the United States Army Forces, Western Pacific, he was assigned to the Marines.", "The preparation for the Invasion to Japan was canceled after the surrender of Japan.", "Butcher was an assistant operations officer until February 1946, after he returned to Pearl Harbor.", "He was editor-in-chief of Leatherneck Magazine in Washington, D.C., until August of that year.", "He was appointed executive officer, Division of Public Information at Headquarters Marine Corps in August 1947.", "Butcher was a supply officer and assistant head of the Material Section of the Division of Aviation.", "Butcher assumed duty as depot supply officer at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego in July of 1951.", "He was promoted to the rank of colonel in November of that year.", "Butcher served as wing supply officer, 1st Marine Aircraft Wing, under Major General Verne J. McCaul, when he was transferred to Korea in May 1954.", "Butcher was in the Far East when the truce was in effect.", "He returned to the United States in May 1955 and after a brief leave at home, he became the director of the Material Division within the Marine Corps Supply Center.", "Butcher was ordered to Camp Lejeune in 1959 as the commanding officer of the Marine Corps Supply Schools after serving as the chief of staff of the center.", "Butcher was transferred to the Pentagon after two years and served in the Office of Supply Management Policy.", "He was appointed assistant to the Quartermaster General of the Marine Corps after he was promoted to brigadier general.", "Butcher was responsible for the support of development, production, acquisition, and sustainment of general supply, Mortuary Affairs, subsistences, petroleum and water, material and distribution management during peace and war to provide combat power to the U.S. Marine Corps units.", "He took command of the Marine Corps Supply Center in Albany, Georgia, in 1962.", "Butcher was promoted to the rank of major general on February 28, 1966 after serving as command of the Marine Corps Supply Activity in Philadelphia.", "He participated in the peace negotiations with Chinese and North Koreans at Panmunjom as a senior member of the Military Armistice Commission.", "Butcher was decorated with a medal for his service during the Korean Armistice Agreement.", "Butcher was the commanding general of Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, when he returned to the United States in 1966.", "During the early stages of the Vietnam War, he commanded the base and was responsible for the training of new marine recruits and other units.", "Butcher retired from active service on September 30, 1968.", "He was decorated for his service at Camp Lejeune.", "Butcher retired from the Marine Corps after 33 years of service and moved to Indiana to work for the Indiana University Foundation.", "He was the director of the Indiana University Sesquicentennial Campaign.", "The president of the alumni association, Butcher, died on February 15, 1988, in Indianapolis.", "He was buried with his wife at Rose Hill Cemetery in Bloomington, Indiana.", "John O. was their only son.", "Butcher was a Reserve Officer in the Marine Corps.", "Joseph O. was born in 1992.", "Butcher was a member of the Monroe County Hall of fame.", "The ribbon bar is from Major General Joseph O.", "The people from Bloomington, Indiana are alumni of the Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy." ]

[ "Joseph Orville Butcher", "Butcher", "Joseph O", ". Butcher", "Orville", "Ella Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", ". Butcher", "Joseph O", ". Butcher", "Joseph O", ". Butcher" ]

[ "Joseph Orville Butcher", "Butcher", "Joseph O", "Butcher", "OrvilleElla Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Butcher", "Joseph O", "Butcher", "Joseph O" ]

[ "John Lennard (born 1964) is Professor of British and American Literature at the University of the West Indies (UWI), Mona, Jamaica, and a freelance academic writer and film music composer.", "Since 2009 he has been an independent scholar in Cambridge and a bye-Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge.", "Biography\nLennard grew up in Bristol, England and was educated at Bristol Grammar School and New College, Oxford.", "His doctoral thesis, on the use of brackets in English literature, was published by the Clarendon Press as the monograph But I Digress, and called both \"a delight-house of a book\" and \"the strangest book (I think) I have ever reviewed\".", "He taught at the Open University, the University of London, and the University of Cambridge before taking up his present chair at UWI.", "He is also a member of the Global Virtual Faculty of Fairleigh Dickinson University, and the general editor of the Genre Fiction Sightlines and Monographs series for Humanities-E-Books.", "Beyond his unusual work on punctuation Lennard's major work has been in literary handbooks for students in the last years of school and first of college.", "The Poetry Handbook: A Guide to Reading Poetry for Pleasure and Practical Criticism (OUP, 1996, 2nd edition 2005) has now sold more than 25,000 copies and has an associated website.", "It was followed by The Drama Handbook: A Guide to Reading Plays (co-written with Mary Luckhurst, Professor of Modern Drama at the University of York), trying to bridge the gap between text-based literary and more performative teaching.", "Lennard's more recent involvement with work on genre fiction, particularly Crime Writing, Science fiction, and Children's literature, reflects a long history of 'unliterary' reading and interest in literature as a means of living as well as a subject of aesthetic and historical study.", "He has variously protested the application of class snobbery to literature, and But I Digress features parentheses by Elvis Costello and Robert B. Parker as well as chapters on Marvell, Coleridge, and T. S. Eliot.", "Both Handbooks were similarly eclectic in choosing examples, and his annotated edition of the award-winning Jamaican verse-novel View from Mount Diablo by Ralph Thompson considers both the crime novel and the Bildungsroman as models.", "Lennard's former students include Steven Poole of The Guardian, Tristram Stuart and screenwriter Helen Raynor.", "Works\nBut I Digress: The Exploitation of Parentheses in English Printed Verse (Clarendon Press, 1991) \nThe Poetry Handbook (Oxford University Press, 1996).", "Second edition, 2005.", "The Drama Handbook (Oxford University Press, 2002).", "With Mary Luckhurst.", "Of Modern Dragons and other essays on Genre Fiction (Humanities-Ebooks, 2007; Troubador, 2008; Kindle 2010).", "(digital); (paperback)\nLiterature Insights: Shakespeare, Hamlet (Humanities-Ebooks, 2007; Troubador, 2008; Kindle 2010).", "(digital ed.", "); (paperback)\nGenre Fiction Sightlines: Reginald Hill, On Beulah Height (Humanities-Ebooks, 2007; Kindle 2010).", "Genre Fiction Sightlines: Walter Mosley, Devil in a Blue Dress (Humanities-Ebooks, 2007; Kindle 2010).", "Genre Fiction Sightlines: Octavia Butler, Xenogenesis / Lilith's Brood (Humanities-Ebooks, 2007; Kindle 2010).", "Genre Fiction Sightlines: Ian McDonald, Chaga / Evolution's Shore (Humanities-Ebooks, 2007; Kindle 2010).", "Genre Fiction Sightlines: Tamora Pierce, The Immortals: Wild Magic, Wolf-Speaker, The Emperor Mage, The Realms of the Gods (Humanities-Ebooks, 2007; Kindle 2010).", "Literature Insights: Paul Scott, The Raj Quartet & Staying On (Humanities-Ebooks, 2007; Kindle 2010).", "Literature Insights: Vladimir Nabokov, Lolita (Humanities-Ebooks, 2008; Kindle 2010).", "Ralph Thompson, View from Mount Diablo: An Annotated Edition (Peepal Tree Press & Humanities-Ebooks, 2009; Kindle 2010).", "(paperback); (digital ed.)", "Of Sex and Faerie: Further essays on Genre Fiction (Humanities-Ebooks, Troubador, & Kindle, 2010).", "(PDF) (Reflowable format) (paperback)\nLiterature Insights: Shakespeare, King Lear (Humanities-Ebooks & Kindle, 2010).", "(PDF) (Kindle)\nLiterature Insights: Reading William Faulkner: Go Down, Moses, & Big Woods (Humanities-Ebooks & Kindle, 2012).", "(PDF) (Kindle)\nTalking Sense About Fifty Shades of Grey, or, Fanfiction, Feminism, and BDSM (Kindle Direct Publishing, 2012).", "ASIN BOOAK02ZG1\nTolkien's Triumph: The Strange History of The Lord of the Rings (Kindle Direct Publishing, 2013).", "ASIN BOOG3CBZSA\nThe Exasperating Case of David Weber, or, The Slow Death of the Honorverse (Kindle Direct Publishing, 2015).", "ASIN BO15TGKWPC\nMock-death in Shakespeare's Plays (Kindle Direct Publishing, 2016).", "ASIN BO1JSRLAHM\n‘Punctuation: and – Pragmatics’, in A. Jucker, ed., Historical Pragmatics (Benjamins, 1995), pp.", "65–98.", "/1-55619-328-9\n\"Writing to Form: Verse\", in John Singleton & Mary Luckhurst, eds, The Creative Writing Handbook: Techniques for New Writers (Macmillan, 1996; 2nd edition, 1999), pp.", "164–200.", "\"Classical Learning in Regional Voices: The Work of Derek Walcott, Wole Soyinka, and Tony Harrison\", in Jean Paul Lehners, Guy Schuller, & Janine Goedert, eds, Regions, nations, mondialisation: Aspects politiques, economiques, culturels (Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg, 1996), pp.", "139–49.", "\"CrimeFiction\", \"Period\", \"Punctuation\", ‘Rhyme\", \"Apestail\", \"Apostrophe\", \"Blank\", \"Caesura\", \"Guillemets\", \"Mise-en-Page\", \"Nota\", \"Parenthesis\", \"Rhyme Scheme\", \"Scriptio Continua\" & \"Wrenched Accent\", in J.", "A. Cuddon, ed., A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory (4th ed., rev.", "Claire Preston, Blackwell, 1998; Penguin, 1999).", "\"Mark, Space, Axis, Function: towards a (new) theory of punctuation on historical principles’, in Anne Henry, Joe Bray, & Miriam Fraser, eds, Ma(r)king the Text: The presentation of meaning on the literary page (Ashgate, 2000), pp.", "1–11.", "\"Reginald Hill\", in Jay Parini, ed., British Writers Supplement IX (Scribner’s Sons, 2004), pp.", "109–26.", "\"R. K. Narayan\", ‘Paul Scott’, & ‘Derek Walcott’, in Jay Parini, ed., World Writers in English (2 vols, Scribner’s Sons, 2004), II.", "385–407, 645–64, 721–46.", "\"Ian Rankin\", in Jay Parini, ed., British Writers Supplement X, (Scribner’s Sons, 2004), pp.", "243–60.", "\"Introduction\" to The Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes (OUP, 2006), pp.", "ix–xxxii.", "\"Staging ‘the Holocaust\" in England\", & (with Dawn Fowler) \"On War: Charles Wood’s Military Conscience\", in Mary Luckhurst, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Modern British and Irish Drama (Blackwell, 2006).", "\"Patrick O'Brian\", in Jay Parini, ed, British Writers Supplement XII, (Scribner's Sons, 2006), pp.", "247–66.", "\"Quantity and Quality in Literary Studies\", in Journal of Education and Development in the Caribbean, vol.", "11, no.", "1 (December 2009), pp.", "23–9\n‘In/visible Punctuation’, in Visible Language 45.1/2 (Summer 2011), pp.", "123–39.", "\"(Absent) Gods and the Sharing Knife: Lois McMaster Bujold’s Myths of Integration\", in Janet Brennan Croft, ed., Lois McMaster Bujold: Essays on a Modern Master of Science Fiction and Fantasy (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2012).", "Design and layout for Laura Curino, Passion (trans.", "Mary Luckhurst & Gabriella Giannachi), in Lizbeth Goodman, ed., Mythic Women/Real Women: Plays and Performance Pieces by Women (Faber & Faber, 2000), pp.", "87–112.", "Commentary, background material, and student notes in April De Angelis, A Laughing Matter (Faber & Faber/Out of Joint, 2002).", "36–7\n\"Informing a Voice\", The Sunday Observer (Kingston), 18/12/05, Lifestyle, p. 22\n\"Without Title\", The Liberal : Poetry, Politics, Culture (February/March 2006), p. 55\n\"Reservoirs of Blood\", The Liberal : Poetry, Politics, Culture (Autumn 2007), pp.", "54–5\n\"Plunder and Protection\", Jamaica Journal 31.3 (12/08), pp.", "80–1\n\"Chapters in Verse\", The Liberal : Poetry, Politics, Culture (Spring 2009), pp.", "34–6\n\nReferences\n\n1964 births\nLiving people\nPeople educated at Bristol Grammar School\nAlumni of New College, Oxford\nEnglish literary critics\nUniversity of the West Indies academics\nAcademics of the Open University\nAcademics of the University of London\nFellows of Trinity Hall, Cambridge\nEnglish male non-fiction writers" ]

[ "John is a professor of British and American Literature at the University of the West Indies in Jamaica.", "He is an independent scholar in Cambridge and a bye-Fellow of Christ's College.", "He grew up in Bristol, England, and was educated at New College, Oxford.", "His thesis, on the use of brackets in English literature, was published by the Clarendon Press as a monograph and was called \"a delight-house of a book\" and \"the strangest book I have ever reviewed\".", "He was a professor at the Open University, the University of London, and the University of Cambridge.", "The general editor of the Genre Fiction Sightlines and Monographs series is also a member of the Global Virtual Faculty of Fairleigh Dickinson University.", "His major work has been in literary handbooks for students in the last years of school and the first year of college.", "More than 25,000 copies of The Poetry Handbook: A Guide to Reading Poetry for Pleasure and Practical Criticism have been sold.", "The Drama Handbook was written with Mary Luckhurst, Professor of Modern Drama at the University of York, to bridge the gap between text-based literary and more performative teaching.", "Lennard's involvement with genre fiction, particularly Crime Writing, Science fiction, and Children's literature, reflects a long history of 'unliterary' reading and interest in literature as a means of living as well as a subject of aesthetic and historical study.", "He protested the application of class snobbery to literature in his book But I Digress.", "Both Handbooks were eclectic in their choice of examples, and his annotated edition of the award-winning Jamaican verse-novel View from Mount Diablo was one of them.", "Steven Poole of The Guardian, Tristram Stuart and Helen Raynor were students of Lennard.", "Works But I Digress: The Exploitation of Parentheses in English printed verse was published in 1991.", "The second edition was published in 2005.", "The Drama Handbook was published in 2002.", "Mary Luckhurst.", "There are essays on genre fiction.", "Literature Insights: Shakespeare, Hamlet was published in 2008.", "Digital ed.", "On Beulah Height by Reginald Hill is a genre fiction sightline.", "The novel Devil in a Blue Dress is a genre fiction.", "Lilith's Brood is a genre fiction novel.", "Ian McDonald is the author of Chaga and Evolution's Shore.", "There are five genre fiction Sightlines: Tamora Pierce, The Immortals: Wild Magic, Wolf-Speaker, The Emperor Mage, and The Realms of the Gods.", "The Raj Quartet and Staying On were written by Paul Scott.", "Literature Insights is Vladimir Nabokov's book.", "View from Mount Diablo: An Annotated Edition was published in 2009.", "There is a paperback and a digital ed.", "There are more essays on genre fiction in Of Sex and Faerie.", "Literature Insights: Shakespeare, King Lear was published in 2010.", "Literature Insights is a book about reading William Faulkner: Go Down, Moses, and Big Woods.", "Talking Sense About Fifty Shades of Grey, Fanfiction, Feminism, and BDSM can be found in the PDF.", "ASIN BOOAK02ZG1 is the author of Triumph: The Strange History of The Lord of the Rings.", "The Exasperating Case of David Weber or The Slow Death of the Honorverse is a book.", "Shakespeare's plays have a mock-death in them.", "In A. Jucker's Historical Pragmatics (Benjamins, 1995), there is a chapter titled \"Punctuation: and - Pragmatics\".", "65–98.", "The Creative Writing Handbook: Techniques for New Writers was edited by John Singleton and Mary Luckhurst.", "169–200.", "\"Classical Learning in Regional Voices: The Work of Walcott, Soyinka, and Harrison\" was written by Jean Paul Lehners.", "141–49.", "\"Period\", \"Punctuation\", \"Apestail\", \"Apostrophe\", \"Blank\", \"Caesura\", \"Guillemets\", \"Not\".", "A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory was written by A. Cuddon.", "In 1998 and 1999 there was a book by the author, by the title, by the author, by the author, by the author, by the author, by the author, by the author, by the author, by the author, by the author, by the author, by the", "In Ma(r)king the Text: The presentation of meaning on the literary page, Anne Henry, Joe Bray, and Miriam Fraser wrote \"Mark, Space, Axis, Function: towards a (new) theory of punctuation on historical principles.\"", "1–11.", "\"Reginald Hill\" is in Jay Parini's ed., British Writers Supplement IX (Scribner's Sons, 2004).", "106–26", "In Jay Parini's World Writers in English (2 vols, Scribner's Sons, 2004), \"R. K. Narayan\", \"Paul Scott\", and \"Derek Walcott\" are included.", "395–407, 645–64, 721–46.", "The British Writers Supplement X is in Jay Parini's ed.", "243–60", "The Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes has an introduction.", "There is a ix–xxxii.", "\"Staging the Holocaust\" in England and \"On War: Charles Wood's Military Conscience\" are included in The Blackwell Companion to Modern British and Irish Drama.", "\"Patrick O'Brian\" is in Jay Parini's ed, British Writers Supplement XII.", "They had a score of 257–66.", "\"Quantity and Quality in Literary Studies\" was published in the Journal of Education and Development in the Caribbean.", "No. 11, no.", "In December 2009, pp. 1", "In/visible Punctuation is in Visible Language 45.1/2.", "123–39", "\"(Absent) Gods and the Sharing Knife: Lois McMaster Bujold's Myths of Integration\" was written by Janet Brennan Croft.", "Design and layout for Laura Curino.", "There are plays and performance pieces by women in the book.", "87–112", "Student notes and commentary in April De Angelis, A Laughing Matter.", "\"Informing a Voice\", The Sunday Observer (Kingston), 18/12/05.", "\"Prevention and Protection\", Jamaica Journal 31.3 (12/08), pp.", "The Liberal : Poetry, Politics, Culture (Spring 2009) contains chapters in verse.", "The University of the West Indies Academics, the Open University Academics of the University of London, and the Cambridge English male non-fiction writers are all references." ]

[ "John Lennard", "Lennard", "Lennard", "Lennard", "Lennard", "John Singleton" ]

[ "John", "Lennard", "Lennard", "John Singleton" ]

[ "Kuzma Petrovich Trubnikov (; 27 October 1888 – 16 January 1974) was a Soviet military commander, reaching the rank of colonel-general in the Red Army.", "Early life, World War I, and Russian Civil War\nTrubnikov was born in a small village in Oryol Governorate, Russian Empire (now Volovsky District, Lipetsk Oblast, Russia).", "Conscripted for military service, he joined the Semyonovsky Regiment in November 1909 and soon rose up the non-commissioned ranks during World War I.", "In December 1914 he was promoted to master sergeant for distinction in battle.", "In 1915 he graduated as a warrant officer after completing studies in Omsk.", "He served on the Southwestern Front and participated in the Brusilov Offensive.", "In January 1918 he was seconded to the headquarters of the prestigious 1st Guards Corps.", "He received all four classes of the Cross of St. George (earning the title \"Full Cavalier of Saint George\") as well as the Order of Saint Anna, 4th class.", "In early 1918 Trubnikov was demobilized having reached the rank of lieutenant.", "Volunteering for the Red Army at the outset of the Russian Civil War, Trubnikov was first appointed as a military officer for his hometown.", "In May 1919 he was sent to the front, commanding a platoon, a company, and then a battalion in the 28th Rifle Regiment of the 7th Rifle Division.", "He fought on the Eastern Front against the White Army troops of Alexander Kolchak in the Votkinsk and Izhevsk districts, but in the summer the regiment was urgently transferred to the Southern Front, where Anton Denikin was advancing on Moscow.", "In August he became deputy commander and then commander of the 55th Rifle Regiment, also of the 7th Division, and fought in battles around Oboyan and Sudzha.", "From October to November he was involved in the Orel–Kursk operation, a decisive Soviet victory in which the Red Army regained the initiative.", "During the Polish–Soviet War he commanded a regiment and then the 20th and 19th brigades of the 7th Division.", "In the autumn of 1920 he fought against Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz near Ovruch and then against the anarchist army of Nestor Makhno near Zolotonosha.", "Interwar period \nAfter the civil war he continued to serve in the 7th Rifle Division as commander of the 19th Rifle Regiment, stationed in the Kiev Military District.", "In 1925 he completed the Vystrel course as part of his officer training and in 1927 he graduated from the Frunze Military Academy.", "In November 1928 he was appointed assistant commander of the 15th Rifle Division.", "In August 1932 he became the inspector of the 5th Aviation Brigade and in September 1933 he became the head of the sector for the Soviet Air Forces.", "In February 1934 he became the assistant commander of the 25th Chapayev Rifle Division, named after its first commander, Vasily Chapayev.", "In 1935 he became the division commander.", "During this time Trubnikov was under investigation by the NKVD, the Soviet secret police.", "This investigation was during a widespread purge of the Red Army, part of the Great Purge, where officers of the former Imperial army especially came under suspicion.", "He was arrested in June 1938 but released in February 1940.", "After his release he served as an instructor at the Vystrel course.", "World War II \nA month after Operation Barbarossa began Trubnikov was given command of the 258th Rifle Division, hastily formed in the Orel Military District.", "In August 1941 the division was assigned to the 50th Army, part of the newly-forming Bryansk Front.", "The unit saw action in the Roslavl–Novozybkov Offensive and the Battle of Bryansk from September to October.", "During the Battle of Moscow the army was encircled by the attacking 17th Panzer Division and 167th Infantry Division, but the 258th Division was able to escape and prevent the complete destruction of the army.", "The division then helped stop Guderian's Second Panzer Army at Tula, on the southern flank of the German assault on Moscow.", "After the successful defensive operation the original strength of the 258th Infantry Division was less than 10 percent.", "In November Trubnikov was assigned command of the 217th Rifle Division, also part of 50th Army.", "In January 1942 Trubnikov led the division in the Soviet counteroffensive in the Moscow area, helping to liberate Kaluga and participating in the bloody Battles of Rzhev, known as the \"Rzhev Meat Grinder\" (\"Ржевская мясорубка\").", "In June 1942 he became deputy commander of the 16th Army under Konstantin Rokossovsky.", "In July Rokossovsky was promoted to command the Bryansk Front, as it was expected the Wehrmacht would once more attack Moscow.", "When it became clear that the German focus was on the Southern Front, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin transferred Rokossovsky to the Don Front in preparation for a planned Soviet counterattack at Stalingrad.", "In October, at Rokossovsky's request, Trubnikov became deputy commander of the Don Front.", "He participated in the organization and management of troops in the Battle of Stalingrad and the destruction of the encircled German 6th Army.", "Trubnikov led the armies on the Don Front's right wing, including the 57th, 67th and 64th armies.", "In February 1943 Trubnikov again served as deputy commander to Rokossovsky on the Central Front in preparation for a summer offensive aimed at a German salient around the city of Kursk.", "In April Trubnikov received command of the 10th Guards Army of the Western Front.", "He led the army during Operation Suvorov, an attempt to liberate Smolensk that summer.", "In early August Trubnikov's army tried several times to break through the German XII Army Corps, but reinforcements from the 9th Army prevented any advance.", "During the first phrase of the operation the 10th Guards suffered 30 percent casualties and its most elite unit, the 65th Guards Rifle Division, was almost annihilated, having lost 75 percent of its personnel in just seven days.", "On September 10 Trubnikov was relieved of command and replaced with Alexander Sukhomlin.", "He would hold no more major commands for the rest of the war.", "In December 1943 he was appointed assistant commander of the 1st Belorussian Front under his old comrade Rokossovsky, following him to the 2nd Belorussian Front in 1944 during the Soviet advance through Belorussia (Belarus) and into Poland.", "In this position he participated in the East Prussian Offensive, the East Pomeranian Offensive, and the Battle of Berlin.", "At the Moscow Victory Parade of 1945 Trubnikov led the consolidated regiment of the 2nd Belorussian Front.", "After the war, he continued as deputy commander of the troops of the 2nd Belorussian Front until August 1945, when he became deputy commander-in-chief of the Northern Group of Forces stationed in Poland.", "In January 1951 he was retired due to illness.", "He died on January 16, 1974 and is buried in the Vvedenskoye Cemetery in Moscow.", "Citations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nKuzma Trubnikov on Lipetsk Regional Universal Science Library: Memory of the Eternal Fire (in Russian)\n\"My Grandfather Kuzma, Four Georges, and Paulus\" from Rodina magazine (in Russian)\n\nSoviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War\nSoviet military personnel of World War II\nRussian people of World War I\nSoviet colonel generals\nImperial Russian Army officers\nSoviet rehabilitations\nRecipients of the Order of Lenin\nRecipients of the Order of the Red Banner\nRecipients of the Order of Suvorov, 2nd class\nRecipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 1st class\nRecipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 2nd class\nRecipients of the Order of the Red Star\nRecipients of the Virtuti Militari (1943–1989)\nRecipients of the Cross of St. George\nRecipients of the Order of St. Anna, 4th class\nRecipients of the Médaille militaire (France)\nRecipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)\nRecipients of the Order of the Cross of Grunwald, 2nd class\nBurials at Vvedenskoye Cemetery\n1974 deaths\n1888 births" ]

[ "Trubnikov was a military commander in the Red Army and reached the rank of colonel-general.", "World War I and Russian Civil War Trubnikov was born in a small village in the Russian Empire.", "During World War I, he rose up the non-commissioned ranks after being conscripted for military service.", "He was promoted to master sergeant in December 1914.", "He graduated as a warrant officer in 1915.", "He was involved in the Brusilov offensive.", "He was sent to the headquarters of the 1st Guards Corps in January 1918.", "He received all four classes of the Cross of St. George and the Order of Saint Anna.", "Trubnikov became a lieutenant in early 1918.", "Trubnikov was first appointed as a military officer for his hometown after volunteering for the Red Army.", "He was sent to the front in May 1919, commanding a platoon, a company and a battalion.", "He fought on the Eastern Front against the White Army troops in the Votkinsk and Izhevsk districts, but in the summer he was transferred to the Southern Front, where he was able to advance on Moscow.", "In August, he became deputy commander and then commander of the 55th Rifle Regiment, also of the 7th Division, and fought in battles around Oboyan.", "He was involved in the Orel–Kursk operation from October to November.", "The 20th and 19th brigades of the 7th Division were commanded by him during the Polish–Soviet War.", "He fought against the army of Stanisaw Buak-Baachowicz in the autumn of 1920.", "After the civil war, he continued to serve in the 7th Rifle Division as commander of the 19th Rifle Regiment, stationed in the Kiev Military District.", "He graduated from the Frunze Military Academy in 1927 after completing the Vystrel course in 1925.", "He was the assistant commander of the 15th Rifle Division.", "In August 1932 he became the inspector of the 5th Aviation brigade and in September 1933 he became the head of the sector.", "He became the assistant commander of the 25th Chapayev Rifle Division in February 1934.", "He became the division commander in 1935.", "Trubnikov was under investigation by the Soviet secret police.", "During the purge of the Red Army, officers of the former Imperial army came under suspicion.", "He was released from jail in February 1940.", "He was an instructor at the Vystrel course after his release.", "The 258th Rifle Division was hastily formed in the Orel Military District after Trubnikov was given command.", "The 50th Army was assigned to the division in August 1941.", "The Battle of Bryansk took place from September to October.", "The 258th Division was able to escape and prevent the complete destruction of the army during the Battle of Moscow.", "The Second Panzer Army was stopped at Tula on the southern flank of the German assault on Moscow.", "The original strength of the 258th Infantry Division was less than 10 percent after the successful defensive operation.", "Trubnikov was given command of the 217th Rifle Division in November.", "In January 1942 Trubnikov led the division in the counteroffensive in the Moscow area, helping to liberate Kaluga and participate in the Battles of Rzhev.", "He became deputy commander of the 16th Army in June 1942.", "It was expected that the Wehrmacht would attack Moscow again, and that's why the Bryansk Front's commander was promoted in July.", "When it became clear that the German focus was on the Southern Front, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin transferred Rokossovsky to the Don Front in preparation for a planned Soviet counterattack at Stalingrad.", "In October, Trubnikov became deputy commander of the Don Front.", "He was involved in the organization and management of troops in the Battle of Stalingrad.", "Trubnikov was the leader of the armies on the Don Front's right wing.", "In February 1943 Trubnikov was a deputy commander on the Central Front and was in charge of the summer offensive around the city of Kursk.", "The 10th Guards Army of the Western Front was commanded by Trubnikov in April.", "He was the leader of the army during the attempt to liberate Smolensk.", "The 9th Army prevented Trubnikov's army from breaking through the German XII Army Corps in August.", "The 10th Guards suffered 30 percent casualties and its most elite unit, the 65th Guards Rifle Division, lost 75 percent of its personnel in seven days.", "Trubnikov was relieved of his command on September 10.", "He wouldn't have any more major commands for the rest of the war.", "He was promoted to assistant commander of the 1st Belorussian Front in December 1943, following him to the 2nd Belorussian Front in 1944 during the Soviet advance through Belorussia and into Poland.", "He was involved in the Battle of Berlin, the East Prussian offensive, and the East Pomeranian offensive.", "Trubnikov was the leader of the 2nd Belorussian Front at the Moscow Victory Parade of 1945.", "In August 1945, he became deputy commander-in-chief of the Northern Group of Forces, which was stationed in Poland.", "He retired due to illness in January 1951.", "He died on January 16, 1974 and is buried in Moscow.", "There are external links to the Lipetsk Regional Universal Science Library: Memory of the Eternal Fire." ]

[ "Kuzma Petrovich Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Kuzma", "Trubnikov" ]

[ "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov", "Trubnikov" ]

[ "Wilhelmus Martinus Leonardus Johannes \"Willy\" van der Kuijlen (; 6 December 1946 – 19 April 2021) was a Dutch football player and a scout for PSV Eindhoven.", "Van der Kuijlen was born in Helmond and started his youth career at local club HVV.", "In 1964, he was signed by PSV Eindhoven.", "Van der Kuijlen ended up playing for the club 18 years, winning three Eredivisie titles, two domestic cups and the UEFA Cup in 1978.", "He was also crowned Eredivisie top scorer three times.", "After short periods with MVV Maastricht and Overpelt, he retired at age 37.", "After his playing career, Van der Kuijlen returned to PSV as assistant manager, first team coach, youth coach and scout.", "He also briefly served as assistant manager at Roda JC.", "Van der Kuijlen played 528 league games and scored 308 times for PSV, both being all-time club records.", "With 311 career goals in total, Van der Kuijlen also holds the all-time Eredivisie goal record.", "He won 22 caps and scored seven goals for the Dutch national team in the 1960s and 1970s, but his international career was marred by frequent clashes with Johan Cruyff and his allies.", "Early years\nVan der Kuijlen was raised in Helmond and started playing football from an early age.", "At eight years old, he joined local club HVV Helmond, even though boys were not able to join until the age of nine.", "Van der Kuijlen became noteworthy because of his goalscoring abilities.", "He attended school to become a tiler, but quit in favour of becoming a football player.", "At the age of fifteen, Van der Kuijlen debuted in the HVV Helmond first team.", "In 1963, he attracted interest from PSV Eindhoven and played a test match for them against De Valk in May.", "The team offered him a contract, but Van der Kuijlen declined; he could only receive a youth contract and the offered wages were lower than his deal with HVV at the time.", "While playing for HVV Helmond, he managed to score 69 goals in 63 matches for the amateur side.", "In 1964, PSV and thirteen other clubs (including Belgian sides) were interested in signing the youngster.", "This time, Van der Kuijlen opted to play for PSV.", "Club career\n\nEarly career\nVan der Kuijlen started out with a semi-professional contract; signing a contract with PSV Eindhoven meant that he could also work at Philips.", "On weekdays, he would work as a warehouse worker.", "Van der Kuijlen debuted in a friendly match on 7 August 1964 against SVV, scoring five goals in a 6–1 victory.", "His Eredivisie debut was on 23 August 1964 in a match against Fortuna ’54.", "Van der Kuijlen scored the only goal in a 2–1 loss.", "In the second league match, he managed to score three goals in PSV's 3–1 victory over SC Enschede.", "In his first season at PSV (as the youngest player in the league), the team finished second in the league and Van der Kuijlen also finished second in the Eredivisie top scorer ranking with twenty goals.", "In the 1965–66 season, Van der Kuijlen, who just turned 20, became league topscorer with 23 goals.", "In the final league round, PSV managed to beat FC Twente 7–1 in Enschede; Van der Kuijlen scored four times in that match.", "In the following years, Van der Kuijlen faced a few struggles in his career.", "His Philips job and a call up for the military draft proved difficult to combine with his football.", "In both the 1966–67 and the 1967–68 season, Van der Kuijlen still produced 21 league goals but a lack of chemistry between him and PSV coach Milan Nikolić (football manager) also made his performances suffer.", "In 1968, PSV was struggling in the league and battling relegation.", "As a result, Nikolić was sacked and in the wake of his departure, Van der Kuijlen immediately scored four goals in a 5–1 victory against DWS.", "After a few important wins, PSV ended 14th in the Eredivisie.", "In the 1968–69 season PSV appointed Kurt Linder as the new coach.", "But once again, Van der Kuijlen did not get along with his coach, having trouble with Linder's harsh coaching style.", "This situation almost led to a transfer by Van der Kuijlen to Helmond Sport, his hometown side.", "They could not afford his transfer fee though, and Van der Kuijlen ultimately signed a new contract with PSV.", "In both the 1968–69 and the 1969–70 season, PSV reaches (but loses) the cup final.", "In the latter season, Van der Kuijlen becomes Eredivisie top scorer for the second time with 26 goals.", "The following two seasons prove to be less successful for Van der Kuijlen, with 14 goals in the 1970–71 season, and 6 goals in the 1971–72 season.", "Linder's departure in 1972 changed his situation at the club.", "PSV's new coach was Kees Rijvers, who would connect very well with Van der Kuijlen in the coming years.", "Domestic success and the UEFA Cup victory\nRijvers had given Van der Kuijlen free playmaker role in the team.", "He also formed a successful striker partnership with new signing Ralf Edström.", "In 1974, Van der Kuijlen scored 27 goals (which included four in a 10–0 victory against Go Ahead Eagles) and was once again crowned league topscorer.", "Real Madrid, Nice, Anderlecht and Valencia CF became interested in signing him, but PSV rejected any incoming offers.", "The offer from Madrid was kept secret by PSV director Ben van Gelder and Van der Kuijlen's agent Jo Verstappen.", "The season finale was the KNVB beker final against NAC, which PSV won with 6–0.", "Van der Kuijlen scored a hat-trick in that match.", "In the 1974–75 season, Van der Kuijlen won his first Eredivisie title.", "He contributed to the success with 28 league goals.", "In November of that season, a peculiar moment occurred for Van der Kuijlen when he shot a free kick at goal in a match against FC Wageningen.", "The ball entered the goal, but ended up outside the goal because of a hole in the netting.", "After long deliberation, the referee acknowledged the goal.", "In the following year, PSV won the league and the domestic cup, and reached the semifinals of the European Cup.", "Van der Kuijlen scored 27 league goals.", "After the two consecutive titles, PSV ended second in 1977.", "Edström left the squad after the season, breaking up his partnership with Van der Kuijlen, but also giving way for a new playing style.", "PSV's game would become more varied, with Rijvers making the team play without a set striker.", "Van der Kuijlen and Gerrie Deijkers would take turns during matches in becoming the front man.", "Although he was not keen on becoming captain (declaring that he was \"too busy with his own game\"), Van der Kuijlen was appointed the team skipper before the 1977–78 season.", "That year turned out to be the most successful season in his career, after PSV won the Eredivisie, the domestic cup and the UEFA Cup.", "In the UEFA Cup semi-finals, PSV faced FC Barcelona, with Johan Cruyff and Johan Neeskens as opponents.", "PSV won 4–3 on aggregate and advanced to the finals, where Bastia was beaten 3–0 at home (after a goalless draw in the first leg).", "Van der Kuijlen scored the third and final goal: a pass by Jan Poortvliet resulted in an effort that first hit the post, but rebounded back into his feet, enabling him to score nonetheless.", "Van der Kuijlen declared that \"it was one of the few times we played really well on the European level.", "When you score a goal like that it stays in your memory.\"", "Later years\nAfter the UEFA Cup victory, the squad slowly disintegrated.", "In the 1978-79 season, PSV ended third in the league.", "Van der Kuijlen scored four times in a 1978 European Cup match against Fenerbahçe (6-1).", "In the league, he scored 14 goals.", "In the 1979-80 season, PSV finished third again, with Van der Kuijlen's goal tally decreasing to 12 goals.", "When Rijvers left in 1980, he was replaced by Thijs Libregts, who often benched Van der Kuijlen in favour of others.", "A six-minute substitute appearance against N.E.C.", "on 29 August 1981 was deemed humiliating by Van der Kuijlen, who requested to leave the club.", "He was transferred to MVV Maastricht, where he played for one season.", "In Maastricht, he appeared in 17 matches, while scoring three goals.", "When Van der Kuijlen left MVV, he briefly played for Belgian side Overpelt Fabriek, before officially retiring.", "In total, he played 538 league games and scored 308 goals for PSV; both statistics still stand as the highest number of games and goals anyone has produced for the club.", "Van der Kuijlen's 29 goals in European competitions is also a PSV record.", "His 311 Eredivisie goals remain a Dutch record.", "International career\nWhile playing for HVV Helmond, Van der Kuijlen played for the Dutch under-19 national squad.", "After a call-up from coach George Kessler, Van der Kuijlen made his debut for the Dutch senior national team on 23 March 1966 in a match against West Germany, aged 19.", "His international career started encouragingly: in his first five caps, he scored four times.", "Subsequently, Van der Kuijlen received intermittent call-ups until 1970.", "Because he was occupied with his military draft, he could not play for the national squad very often.", "Meanwhile, his playmaker position in the Dutch team was slowly taken over by Johan Cruyff.", "From 1970, he had to wait four years before appearing for the Dutch squad again.", "The Netherlands were scheduled to play the 1974 FIFA World Cup, but Van der Kuijlen (who almost certainly would be benched in favour of Cruyff) declined to appear at the tournament.", "Other reasons why Van der Kuijlen's international career never took off were frequent clashes between Van der Kuijlen, his PSV teammate Jan van Beveren and Cruyff.", "The feud between PSV players on one side and the Ajax and Feyenoord players on the other originated in the sixties, when Van Beveren criticised Cruyff's will to play for the Dutch team.", "In return, Van der Kuijlen and Van Beveren's reluctance to adapt to Cruyff's ways had led to harassment from the Ajax and Feyenoord players.", "One way was to keep passing the ball only between Ajax players in Dutch matches, leaving Van der Kuijlen out of the game.", "His biggest issue with Cruyff was the preferential treatment he would get from the coach, teammates and the Dutch FA.", "In 1975, the Dutch team was in training to prepare for a match against Poland.", "After Cruyff and his FC Barcelona-team member Johan Neeskens took the liberty to arrive a few days late for a Dutch team training camp, coach George Knobel paused the training just to welcome the two.", "Van der Kuijlen responded to this with: “Here come the kings of Spain”.", "Angered, Cruyff approached Knobel, forcing him to choose between him and Van der Kuijlen.", "Knobel sided with Cruyff, resulting in Van der Kuijlen and Van Beveren leaving the team.", "Because of these issues, Van der Kuijlen retired from international football in 1975, but retracted this decision a year later after a talk with the coach.", "In the 1970s, Van der Kuijlen sporadically played for The Netherlands.", "In 1975, he scored three times in a Euro 1976 qualifying match against Finland, bringing his goal tally to seven.", "In October 1977, he played his twenty-second and final cap in an away match against Northern Ireland; he came on as a substitute for Cruyff in the 71st minute.", "Style of play\nVan der Kuijlen usually played in the playmaker or second striker position.", "He would often drop into the midfield in an attempt to control the game from there.", "Although Van der Kuijlen was right-footed at first, he trained to become a two-footed player.", "He was famed for his shot power and technical abilities; his powerful shot earned him the nickname ‘Skiete Willy’ (‘Shoot, Willy’ in regional, eastern North Brabant vernacular).", "After Ralf Edström joined PSV in 1974, he and Van der Kuijlen formed an effective duo.", "The partnership's trademark was Edström receiving a long ball with his head and delivering it to Van der Kuijlen, who would stand just outside the penalty box for an attempt at goal.", "Later in his career, he would form a new partnership with Harry Lubse.", "Van der Kuijlen rarely headed a ball or tackled a player.", "As a consequence, Van der Kuijlen only received one yellow card in his entire career.", "Van der Kuijlen acknowledged his lack of defensive skills, but mentioned that \"Rijvers took care of that by letting other team members compensate that\".", "It enabled him to excel in the attacking part.", "Post-career\n\nAfter Van der Kuijlen retired, he served as attacking coach and assistant manager for PSV Eindhoven.", "In 1988, he became assistant manager at Roda JC after Jan Reker was signed as head coach.", "Later, he returned to PSV as a youth coach.", "Since 2004, Van der Kuijlen served as a scout for the club.", "Besides that position, Van der Kuijlen also participated in representative and ceremonial tasks for the club.", "In 2012, Van der Kuijlen signed a two-year extension of his contract with PSV.", "Directors Tiny Sanders and Marcel Brands also announced that as long as they are in charge, Van der Kuijlen can always remain at the club.", "Van der Kuijlen received recognition for his playing career by PSV and their fans.", "He was an honorary member of PSV, and in the Philips Stadion one of the reception halls is named after him.", "In October 2004, a statue of Van der Kuijlen was erected outside of the Philips Stadion.", "In November 2011, his biography Onze Willy ('Our Willy') was published, written by journalist Frans van den Nieuwenhof.", "The first edition was presented to Van der Kuijlen by Bert van Marwijk.", "Together with the release of the book, he received an honorary Helmond city badge from mayor Fons Jacobs.", "On 10 December 2011, Van der Kuijlen's 65th birthday was celebrated in the Philips Stadion during the Eredivisie match PSV-NAC Breda.", "He was joined by the 1978 PSV team that won the UEFA Cup.", "Death\nVan der Kuijlen later suffered from Alzheimer's disease.", "He died on 19 April 2021 at the age of 74.", "Career statistics\n\nClub\n\nInternational\n\nScores and results list the Netherlands' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each van der Kuijlen goal.", "Honours\nPSV Eindhoven\n Eredivisie: 1974–75, 1975–76, 1977–78\n KNVB Cup: 1973–74, 1975–76\n UEFA Cup: 1977–78\n\nNotes and references\n\nExternal links\n Profile at PSV Eindhoven\n\n1946 births\n2021 deaths\nPeople from Helmond\nAssociation football midfielders\nDutch footballers\nNetherlands youth international footballers\nNetherlands international footballers\nPSV Eindhoven players\nMVV Maastricht players\nEredivisie players\nUEFA Cup winning players\nNeurological disease deaths in the Netherlands\nDeaths from Alzheimer's disease\nAssociation football scouts\nAssociation football coaches\nPSV Eindhoven non-playing staff" ]

[ "Willie van der Kuijlen was a Dutch football player and a scout.", "Van der Kuijlen began his youth career at HVV.", "He was signed by PSV Eindhoven in 1964.", "Van der Kuijlen played for the club for 18 years, winning three Eredivisie titles and two domestic cups.", "He was the Eredivisie's top scorer three times.", "He retired at the age of 37.", "After his playing career, Van der Kuijlen returned to PSV as an assistant manager, first team coach, youth coach and scout.", "He was an assistant manager at Roda JC.", "Van der Kuijlen played over 500 league games and scored over 300 times for PSV.", "Van der Kuijlen holds the all-time Eredivisie goal record with 311 career goals.", "He won 22 caps and scored seven goals for the Dutch national team in the 1960s and 1970s, but his international career was marred by frequent battles with his allies.", "Van der Kuijlen started playing football at an early age.", "Even though boys weren't allowed to join until nine, he joined the club at eight years old.", "Van der Kuijlen's goal scoring abilities made him noteworthy.", "He quit school to become a football player.", "Van der Kuijlen made his first team debut at the age of fifteen.", "He played for PSV in a test match against De Valk in 1963.", "Van der Kuijlen was offered a contract by the team, but he turned it down because he could only get a youth contract.", "He scored 69 goals in 63 matches for the amateur side.", "PSV and thirteen other clubs were interested in signing the youngster.", "Van der Kuijlen decided to play for PSV.", "Signing a contract with PSV Eindhoven meant that Van der Kuijlen could also work at the company.", "He worked as a warehouse worker on weekdays.", "Van der Kuijlen scored five goals in a 6–1 victory against SVV in a friendly match on August 7, 1964.", "He made his Eredivisie debut on August 23, 1964.", "The only goal was scored by Van der Kuijlen.", "In the second league match, he scored three goals for PSV.", "In his first season at PSV, the team finished second in the league and Van der Kuijlen finished second in the Eredivisie top scorer ranking with twenty goals.", "Van der Kuenijl was the league's top scorer in 1966 with 23 goals.", "Van der Kuijlen scored four times in PSV's 7–1 win over FC Twente in the final league round.", "Van der Kuijlen was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "It was difficult to combine his football with his job.", "In the 1966–67 and the 1967–68 season, Van der Kuijlen still produced 21 league goals, but a lack of chemistry between him and PSV coach Milan Nikoli made his performances suffer.", "PSV was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Van der Kuijlen scored four goals in a 5–1 victory against DWS after Nikoli was sacked.", "PSV finished 14th in the Eredivisie after a few important wins.", "Kurt Linder was appointed the new coach by PSV.", "Van der Kuijlen didn't get along with his coach because of his coaching style.", "The situation almost led to the transfer of Van der Kuijlen to his hometown side.", "Van der Kuijlen signed a new contract with PSV because they couldn't afford his transfer fee.", "PSV reaches the cup final in both 1969 and 1969 but loses.", "Van der Kuijlen scored 26 goals in the last season of the Eredivisie.", "Van der Kuijlen scored 14 goals in the 1970– 71 season and 6 in the 1971–72 season.", "The situation at the club changed when Linder left.", "PSV's new coach would connect well with Van der Kuijlen in the future.", "Van der Kuijlen had been given a free role in the team.", "He formed a partnership with a new signing.", "Van der Kuijlen was the league's top scorer in 1974 with 27 goals, which included four in a 10–0 victory against Go Ahead Eagles.", "Real Madrid, Nice, Anderlecht and Valencia were interested in signing him.", "PSV director Ben van Gelder and Van der Kuijlen's agent kept the offer a secret.", "PSV won the beker final with 6–0 against NAC.", "Van der Kuijlen scored three times.", "Van der Kuenijl won his first Eredivisie title in the 1974–75 season.", "He scored 28 league goals.", "In November of that season, a strange moment occurred for Van der Kuijlen when he shot a free kick at goal.", "The ball ended up outside the goal because of a hole in the net.", "The referee acknowledged the goal.", "PSV reached the semifinals of the European Cup after winning the league and domestic cup.", "Van der Kuijlen scored 27 goals.", "PSV finished second in 1977.", "Edstrm left the squad after breaking up his partnership with Van der Kuijlen, but also giving way to a new playing style.", "PSV's game would become more varied, with Rijvers making the team play without a set forward.", "During matches, Van der Kuijlen and Gerrie Deijkers would take turns as the front man.", "The team captain before the 1977–78 season was Van der Kuijlen, despite him being too busy with his own game.", "After PSV won the Eredivisie, the domestic cup and the UEFA Cup, it was the most successful season in his career.", "PSV faced FC Barcelona in the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup.", "After a goalless draw in the first leg, PSV won 4–3 on aggregate and advanced to the finals.", "Jan Poortvliet's pass resulted in an effort that first hit the post, but rebounded back into Van der Kuijlen's feet, allowing him to score the third and final goal.", "It was one of the few times we played well on the European level.", "It stays in your memory when you score a goal like that.", "The squad slowly disintegrated after the victory.", "PSV finished third in the league in 1978.", "In a 1978 European Cup match, Van der Kuijlen scored four times.", "He scored 14 goals.", "PSV finished third in the 1979-80 season, with Van der Kuijlen's goal tally decreasing to 12 goals.", "Van der Kuijlen was often benched by Thijs Libregts, who replaced Rijvers in 1980.", "A substitute appearance against N.E.C.", "On August 29, 1981 Van der Kuen asked to leave the club.", "He played for one season atMVV Maastricht.", "He scored three goals in 17 matches.", "After leaving MVV, Van der Kuijlen played for Belgian side Overpelt Fabriek.", "He played 538 league games and scored 308 goals for PSV, which is the highest number of games and goals anyone has produced for the club.", "The PSV record is 29 goals by Van der Kuijlen.", "His 311 Eredivisie goals are a Dutch record.", "Van der Kuijlen was a member of the Dutch under-19 national squad.", "Van der Kuijlen made his debut for the Dutch senior national team in a match against West Germany at the age of 19.", "In his first five international caps, he scored four times.", "Van der Kuijlen had intermittent call-ups until 1970.", "He couldn't play for the national squad often because of his military draft.", "His position in the Dutch team was taken over by another person.", "He didn't play for the Dutch squad again until four years later.", "The 1974 World Cup was scheduled to be played by the Netherlands, but Van der Kuijlen refused to play.", "There were many reasons why Van der Kuijlen's international career never took off.", "The feud between PSV players on one side and the other players on the other started in the sixties, when Van Beveren criticized Cruyff's will to play for the Dutch team.", "In return, Van der Kuijlen and Van Beveren's reluctance to adapt to Cruyff's ways had led to harassment from the other players.", "One way to keep Van der Kuijlen out of the game was to keep passing the ball to the other team.", "The preferential treatment he would get from the coach, teammates and the Dutch FA was his biggest issue.", "The Dutch team was preparing for a match against Poland.", "The Dutch team's training camp was paused just to welcome the two late arrivals, after they took the liberty to arrive a few days late.", "Van der Kuijlen said, \"Here come the kings of Spain\".", "The man was angry and forced him to choose between him and Van der Kuijlen.", "Van der Kuijlen and Van Beveren left the team after Knobel sided with Cruyff.", "Van der Kuijlen retired from international football in 1975, but changed his mind a year later after talking to the coach.", "Van der Kuijlen played for The Netherlands in the 70s.", "In 1975, he scored three times in a Euro 1976 qualification match, bringing his goal tally to seven.", "He came on as a substitute in the 71st minute of the away match against Northern Ireland in October 1977.", "The style of play that Van der Kuijlen played was the second strikers position.", "He would try to control the game from the center of the field.", "Van der Kuijlen became a two-footed player after training to be a right-footed player.", "He was known for his shot power and technical abilities, which earned him the nickname 'Skiete Willy'.", "They formed an effective duo after Van der Kuijlen joined PSV.", "The partnership's trademark was Edstrm receiving a long ball with his head and delivering it to Van der Kuijlen, who would stand just outside the penalty box for an attempt at goal.", "He formed a new partnership with Harry Lubse.", "Van der Kuijlen did not tackle a player.", "Van der Kuijlen only received one yellow card in his career.", "\"Rijvers took care of that by allowing other team members to compensate for my lack of defensive skills\", said Van der Kuijlen.", "He was able to excel in the attacking part.", "He was an assistant manager for PSV Eindhoven after Van der Kuijlen retired.", "After Jan Reker was hired as head coach, he became assistant manager at Roda JC.", "He returned to PSV as a youth coach.", "Van der Kuijlen was a scout for the club.", "The club's representative and ceremonial tasks were done by Van der Kuijlen.", "Van der Kuijlen extended his contract with PSV.", "Van der Kuijlen can stay at the club as long as the directors are in charge.", "PSV and their fans recognized Van der Kuijlen for his playing career.", "One of the reception halls at the PSV is named after him.", "A statue of Van der Kuijlen was built in 2004.", "His biography was published in November of 2011.", "The first edition was presented to Van der Kuijlen.", "He received a city badge from the mayor after the release of the book.", "Van der Kuijlen's 65th birthday was celebrated in the Philips Stadion on December 10, 2011.", "He was a member of the 1978 PSV team.", "Alzheimer's disease took the life of Death Van der Kuijlen.", "He died at the age of 74.", "Career statistics Club International Scores and results list the Netherlands' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each van der Kuijlen goal.", "PSV Eindhoven Eredivisie: 1974–75, 1975– 76, 1977–78, and the KNVB Cup: 1973–74, 1975– 76." ]

[ "Willy", "\" van der Kuijlen", "Van der Kuijlen", "Van der Kuijlen", "Van der Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Kurt Linder", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Linder", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Linder", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Ben van", "Gelder", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Jan van", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Willy", "Willy", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Tiny Sanders", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Willy", "van den", "Van der", "Bert van", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "van" ]

[ "Willie van der Kuijlen", "Van der Kuijlen", "Van der Kuij", "Van der Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Kurt Linder", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Linder", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Ben van", "Gelder", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Willy", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Van der", "Kuijlen", "Van der", "van" ]

[ "Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva (; 31 August 1941) was a Russian poet.", "Her work is considered among some of the greatest in twentieth century Russian literature.", "She lived through and wrote of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Moscow famine that followed it.", "In an attempt to save her daughter Irina from starvation, she placed her in a state orphanage in 1919, where she died of hunger.", "Tsvetaeva left Russia in 1922 and lived with her family in increasing poverty in Paris, Berlin and Prague before returning to Moscow in 1939.", "Her husband Sergei Efron and their daughter Ariadna (Alya) were arrested on espionage charges in 1941; her husband was executed.", "Tsvetaeva committed suicide in 1941.", "As a lyrical poet, her passion and daring linguistic experimentation mark her as a striking chronicler of her times and the depths of the human condition.", "Early years\nMarina Tsvetaeva was born in Moscow, the daughter of Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev, a professor of Fine Art at the University of Moscow, who later founded the Alexander III Museum of Fine Arts (known from 1937 as the Pushkin Museum).", "(The Tsvetaev family name evokes association with flowers – the Russian word цвет (tsvet) means \"color\" or \"flower\".)", "Tsvetaeva's mother, , Ivan's second wife, was a concert pianist, highly literate, with German and Polish ancestry.", "Growing up in considerable material comfort, Tsvetaeva would later come to identify herself with the Polish aristocracy.", "Tsvetaeva's two half-siblings, Valeria and Andrei, were the children of Ivan's deceased first wife, Varvara Dmitrievna Ilovaiskaya, daughter of the historian Dmitry Ilovaisky.", "Tsvetaeva's only full sister, Anastasia, was born in 1894.", "The children quarrelled frequently and occasionally violently.", "There was considerable tension between Tsvetaeva's mother and Varvara's children, and Tsvetaeva's father maintained close contact with Varvara's family.", "Tsvetaeva's father was kind, but deeply wrapped up in his studies and distant from his family.", "He was also still deeply in love with his first wife; he would never get over her.", "Maria Tsvetaeva had had a love affair before her marriage, from which she never recovered.", "Maria Tsvetaeva disapproved of Marina's poetic inclination; she wanted her daughter to become a pianist, holding the opinion that her poetry was poor.", "In 1902, Tsvetaeva's mother contracted tuberculosis.", "A change in climate was believed to help cure the disease, and so the family travelled abroad until shortly before her death in 1906, when Tsvetaeva was 14.", "They lived for a while by the sea at Nervi, near Genoa.", "There, away from the rigid constraints of a bourgeois Muscovite life, Tsvetaeva was able for the first time to run free, climb cliffs, and vent her imagination in childhood games.", "There were many Russian émigré revolutionaries residing at that time in Nervi, who may have had some influence on the young Tsvetaeva.", "In June 1904, Tsvetaeva was sent to school in Lausanne.", "Changes in the Tsvetaev residence led to several changes in school, and during the course of her travels she acquired the Italian, French, and German languages.", "She gave up the strict musical studies that her mother had imposed and turned to poetry.", "She wrote \"With a mother like her, I had only one choice: to become a poet\".", "In 1908, aged 16, Tsvetaeva studied literary history at the Sorbonne.", "During this time, a major revolutionary change was occurring within Russian poetry: the flowering of the Russian symbolist movement, and this movement was to colour most of her later work.", "It was not the theory which was to attract her, but the poetry and the gravity which writers such as Andrei Bely and Alexander Blok were capable of generating.", "Her own first collection of poems, Vecherny Albom (Evening Album), self-published in 1910, promoted her considerable reputation as a poet.", "It was well received, although her early poetry was held to be insipid compared to her later work.", "It attracted the attention of the poet and critic Maximilian Voloshin, whom Tsvetaeva described after his death in A Living Word About a Living Man.", "Voloshin came to see Tsvetaeva and soon became her friend and mentor.", "Family and career\n\nShe began spending time at Voloshin's home in the Black Sea resort of Koktebel (\"Blue Height\"), which was a well-known haven for writers, poets and artists.", "She became enamoured of the work of Alexander Blok and Anna Akhmatova, although she never met Blok and did not meet Akhmatova until the 1940s.", "Describing the Koktebel community, the émigré Viktoria Schweitzer wrote: \"Here inspiration was born.\"", "At Koktebel, Tsvetaeva met Sergei Yakovlevich Efron, a 17-year-old cadet in the Officers' Academy.", "She was 19, he 18: they fell in love and were married in 1912, the same year as her father's project, the Alexander III Museum of Fine Arts, was ceremonially opened, an event attended by Tsar Nicholas II.", "Tsvetaeva's love for Efron was intense; however, this did not preclude her from having affairs, including one with Osip Mandelstam, which she celebrated in a collection of poems called Mileposts.", "At around the same time, she became involved in an affair with the poet Sophia Parnok, who was 7 years older than Tsvetaeva, an affair that caused her husband great grief.", "The two women fell deeply in love, and the relationship profoundly affected both women's writings.", "She deals with the ambiguous and tempestuous nature of this relationship in a cycle of poems which at times she called The Girlfriend, and at other times The Mistake.", "Tsvetaeva and her husband spent summers in the Crimea until the revolution, and had two daughters: Ariadna, or Alya (born 1912) and Irina (born 1917).", "In 1914, Efron volunteered for the front and by 1917 he was an officer stationed in Moscow with the 56th Reserve.", "Tsvetaeva was a close witness of the Russian Revolution, which she rejected.", "On trains, she came into contact with ordinary Russian people and was shocked by the mood of anger and violence.", "She wrote in her journal: \"In the air of the compartment hung only three axe-like words: bourgeois, Junkers, leeches.\"", "After the 1917 Revolution, Efron joined the White Army, and Marina returned to Moscow hoping to be reunited with her husband.", "She was trapped in Moscow for five years, where there was a terrible famine.", "She wrote six plays in verse and narrative poems.", "Between 1917 and 1922 she wrote the epic verse cycle Lebedinyi stan (The Encampment of the Swans) about the civil war, glorifying those who fought against the communists.", "The cycle of poems in the style of a diary or journal begins on the day of Tsar Nicholas II's abdication in March 1917, and ends late in 1920, when the anti-communist White Army was finally defeated.", "The 'swans' of the title refers to the volunteers in the White Army, in which her husband was fighting as an officer.", "In 1922, she published a long pro-imperial verse fairy tale, Tsar-devitsa (\"Tsar-Maiden\").", "The Moscow famine was to exact a toll on Tsvetaeva.", "With no immediate family to turn to, she had no way to support herself or her daughters.", "In 1919, she placed both her daughters in a state orphanage, mistakenly believing that they would be better fed there.", "Alya became ill, and Tsvetaeva removed her, but Irina died there of starvation in 1920.", "The child's death caused Tsvetaeva great grief and regret.", "In one letter, she wrote, \"God punished me.\"", "During these years, Tsvetaeva maintained a close and intense friendship with the actress Sofia Evgenievna Holliday, for whom she wrote a number of plays.", "Many years later, she would write the novella \"Povest o Sonechke\" about her relationship with Holliday.", "Exile\n\nBerlin and Prague\n\nIn May 1922, Tsvetaeva and Ariadna left Soviet Russia and were reunited in Berlin with Efron, whom she had thought had been killed by the Bolsheviks.", "There she published the collections Separation, Poems to Blok, and the poem The Tsar Maiden, much of her poetry appeared in Moscow and Berlin, consolidating her reputation.", "In August 1922, the family moved to Prague.", "Living in unremitting poverty, unable to afford living accommodation in Prague itself, with Efron studying politics and sociology at the Charles University and living in hostels, Tsvetaeva and Ariadna found rooms in a village outside the city.", "She writes \"we are devoured by coal, gas, the milkman, the baker...the only meat we eat is horsemeat\".", "When offered an opportunity to earn money by reading her poetry, she describes having to beg a simple dress from a friend to replace the one she had been living in.", "Tsvetaeva began a passionate affair with , a former military officer, a liaison which became widely known throughout émigré circles.", "Efron was devastated.", "Her break-up with Rodziewicz in 1923 was almost certainly the inspiration for her The Poem of the End and \"The Poem of the Mountain\".", "At about the same time, Tsvetaeva began correspondence with poet Rainer Maria Rilke and novelist Boris Pasternak.", "Tsvetaeva and Pasternak were not to meet for nearly twenty years, but maintained friendship until Tsvetaeva's return to Russia.", "In summer 1924, Efron and Tsvetaeva left Prague for the suburbs, living for a while in Jíloviště, before moving on to Všenory, where Tsvetaeva completed \"The Poem of the End\", and was to conceive their son, Georgy, whom she was to later nickname 'Mur'.", "Tsvetaeva wanted to name him Boris (after Pasternak); Efron insisted on Georgy.", "He was to be a most difficult child but Tsvetaeva loved him obsessively.", "With Efron now rarely free from tuberculosis, their daughter Ariadna was relegated to the role of mother's helper and confidante, and consequently felt robbed of much of her childhood.", "In Berlin, before settling in Paris, Tsvetaeva wrote some of her greatest verse, including Remeslo (\"Craft\", 1923) and Posle Rossii (\"After Russia\", 1928).", "Reflecting a life in poverty and exiled, the work holds great nostalgia for Russia and its folk history, while experimenting with verse forms.", "Paris\n\nIn 1925, the family settled in Paris, where they would live for the next 14 years.", "At about this time Tsvetaeva contracted tuberculosis.", "Tsvetaeva received a small stipend from the Czechoslovak government, which gave financial support to artists and writers who had lived in Czechoslovakia.", "In addition, she tried to make whatever she could from readings and sales of her work.", "She turned more and more to writing prose because she found it made more money than poetry.", "Tsvetaeva did not feel at all at home in Paris's predominantly ex-bourgeois circle of Russian émigré writers.", "Although she had written passionately pro-'White' poems during the Revolution, her fellow émigrés thought that she was insufficiently anti-Soviet, and that her criticism of the Soviet régime was altogether too nebulous.", "She was particularly criticised for writing an admiring letter to the Soviet poet Vladimir Mayakovsky.", "In the wake of this letter, the émigré paper Posledniye Novosti, to which Tsvetaeva had been a frequent contributor, refused point-blank to publish any more of her work.", "She found solace in her correspondence with other writers, including Boris Pasternak, Rainer Maria Rilke, the Czech poet Anna Tesková, the critics D. S. Mirsky and Aleksandr Bakhrakh, and the Georgian émigré princess Salomea Andronikova, who became her main source of financial support.", "Her poetry and critical prose of the time, including her autobiographical prose works of 1934–7, is of lasting literary importance.", "\"Consumed by the daily round\", resenting the domesticity that left her no time for solitude or writing, her émigré milieu regarded Tsvetaeva as a crude sort who ignored social graces.", "Describing her misery, she wrote to Tesková \"In Paris, with rare personal exceptions, everyone hates me, they write all sorts of nasty things, leave me out in all sorts of nasty ways, and so on\".", "To Pasternak she complained \"They don't like poetry and what am I apart from that, not poetry but that from which it is made.", "[I am] an inhospitable hostess.", "A young woman in an old dress.\"", "She began to look back at even the Prague times with nostalgia and resent her exiled state more deeply.", "Meanwhile, Tsvetaeva's husband was developing Soviet sympathies and was homesick for Russia.", "Eventually, he began working for the NKVD, the forerunner of the KGB.", "Alya shared his views, and increasingly turned against her mother.", "In 1937, she returned to the Soviet Union.", "Later that year, Efron too had to return to the USSR.", "The French police had implicated him in the murder of the former Soviet defector Ignace Reiss in September 1937, on a country lane near Lausanne, Switzerland.", "After Efron's escape, the police interrogated Tsvetaeva, but she seemed confused by their questions and ended up reading them some French translations of her poetry.", "The police concluded that she was deranged and knew nothing of the murder.", "Later it was learned that Efron possibly had also taken part in the assassination of Trotsky's son in 1936.", "Tsvetaeva does not seem to have known that her husband was a spy, nor the extent to which he was compromised.", "However, she was held responsible for his actions and was ostracised in Paris because of the implication that he was involved with the NKVD.", "World War II had made Europe as unsafe and hostile as the USSR.", "In 1939, she became lonely and alarmed by the rise of fascism, which she attacked in Stikhi k Chekhii (\"Verses to Czechia\" 1938–39).", "Last years: Return to the Soviet Union\n\nIn 1939, she and her son returned to Moscow, unaware of the reception she would receive.", "In Stalin's USSR, anyone who had lived abroad was suspect, as was anyone who had been among the intelligentsia before the Revolution.", "Tsvetaeva's sister had been arrested before Tsvetaeva's return; although Anastasia survived the Stalin years, the sisters never saw each other again.", "Tsvetaeva found that all doors had closed to her.", "She got bits of work translating poetry, but otherwise the established Soviet writers refused to help her, and chose to ignore her plight; Nikolai Aseev, whom she had hoped would assist, shied away, fearful for his life and position.", "Efron and Alya were arrested on espionage charges in 1941, Efron was sentenced to death.", "Alya's fiancé was actually an NKVD agent who had been assigned to spy on the family.", "Efron was shot in 1941; Alya served over eight years in prison.", "Both were exonerated after Stalin's death.", "In 1941, Tsvetaeva and her son were evacuated to Yelabuga (Elabuga), while most families of the Union of Soviet Writers were evacuated to Chistopol.", "Tsvetaeva had no means of support in Yelabuga, and on 24 August 1941 she left for Chistopol desperately seeking a job.", "On 26 August, Marina Tsvetaeva and poet Valentin Parnakh applied to the Soviet of Literature Fund asking for a job at the LitFund's canteen.", "Parnakh was accepted as a doorman, while Tsvetaeva's application for a permission to live in Chistopol was turned down and she had to return to Yelabuga on 28 August.", "On 31 August 1941, while living in Yelabuga, Tsvetaeva hanged herself.", "She left a note for her son Mur: \"Forgive me, but to go on would be worse.", "I am gravely ill, this is not me anymore.", "I love you passionately.", "Do understand that I could not live anymore.", "Tell Papa and Alya, if you ever see them, that I loved them to the last moment and explain to them that I found myself in a trap.\"", "Tsvetaeva was buried in Yelabuga cemetery on 2 September 1941, but the exact location of her grave remains unknown.", "Her son Georgy volunteered for the Eastern Front of World War II and died in battle in 1944.", "Her daughter Ariadna spent 16 years in Soviet prison camps and exile and was released in 1955.", "Ariadna wrote a memoir of her family; an English-language edition was published in 2009.", "She died in 1975.", "In the town of Yelabuga, the Tsvetaeva house is now a museum and a monument stands to her.", "The apartment in Moscow where she lived from 1914 to 1922 is now a house-museum.", "Much of her poetry was republished in the Soviet Union after 1961, and her passionate, articulate and precise work, with its daring linguistic experimentation, brought her increasing recognition as a major poet.", "A minor planet, 3511 Tsvetaeva, discovered in 1982 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina, is named after her.", "In 1989, in Gdynia, Poland, a special-purpose ship was built for the Russian Academy of Sciences and named Marina Tsvetaeva in her honor.", "From 2007, the ship served as a tourist vessel to the polar regions for Aurora Expeditions.", "In 2011, she was renamed and is currently operated by Oceanwide Expeditions as a tourist vessel in the polar regions.", "Work\n\nTsvetaeva's poetry was admired by poets such as Valery Bryusov, Maximilian Voloshin, Osip Mandelstam, Boris Pasternak, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Anna Akhmatova.", "Later, that recognition was also expressed by the poet Joseph Brodsky, pre-eminent among Tsvetaeva's champions.", "Tsvetaeva was primarily a lyrical poet, and her lyrical voice remains clearly audible in her narrative poetry.", "Brodsky said of her work: \"Represented on a graph, Tsvetaeva's work would exhibit a curve – or rather, a straight line – rising at almost a right angle because of her constant effort to raise the pitch a note higher, an idea higher (or, more precisely, an octave and a faith higher.)", "She always carried everything she has to say to its conceivable and expressible end.", "In both her poetry and her prose, nothing remains hanging or leaves a feeling of ambivalence.", "Tsvetaeva is the unique case in which the paramount spiritual experience of an epoch (for us, the sense of ambivalence, of contradictoriness in the nature of human existence) served not as the object of expression but as its means, by which it was transformed into the material of art.\"", "Critic Annie Finch describes the engaging, heart-felt nature of the work.", "\"Tsvetaeva is such a warm poet, so unbridled in her passion, so completely vulnerable in her love poetry, whether to her female lover Sofie Parnak, to Boris Pasternak.", "[...] Tsvetaeva throws her poetic brilliance on the altar of her heart’s experience with the faith of a true romantic, a priestess of lived emotion.", "And she stayed true to that faith to the tragic end of her life.", "Tsvetaeva's lyric poems fill ten collections; the uncollected lyrics would add at least another volume.", "Her first two collections indicate their subject matter in their titles: Evening Album (Vecherniy albom, 1910) and The Magic Lantern (Volshebnyi fonar, 1912).", "The poems are vignettes of a tranquil childhood and youth in a professorial, middle-class home in Moscow, and display considerable grasp of the formal elements of style.", "The full range of Tsvetaeva's talent developed quickly, and was undoubtedly influenced by the contacts she had made at Koktebel, and was made evident in two new collections: Mileposts (Versty, 1921) and Mileposts: Book One (Versty, Vypusk I, 1922).", "Three elements of Tsvetaeva's mature style emerge in the Mileposts collections.", "First, Tsvetaeva dates her poems and publishes them chronologically.", "The poems in Mileposts: Book One, for example, were written in 1916 and resolve themselves as a versified journal.", "Secondly, there are cycles of poems which fall into a regular chronological sequence among the single poems, evidence that certain themes demanded further expression and development.", "One cycle announces the theme of Mileposts: Book One as a whole: the \"Poems of Moscow.\"", "Two other cycles are dedicated to poets, the \"Poems to Akhmatova\" and the \"Poems to Blok\", which again reappear in a separate volume, Poems to Blok (Stikhi k Bloku, 1922).", "Thirdly, the Mileposts collections demonstrate the dramatic quality of Tsvetaeva's work, and her ability to assume the guise of multiple dramatis personae within them.", "The collection Separation (Razluka, 1922) was to contain Tsvetaeva's first long verse narrative, \"On a Red Steed\" (\"Na krasnom kone\").", "The poem is a prologue to three more verse-narratives written between 1920 and 1922.", "All four narrative poems draw on folkloric plots.", "Tsvetaeva acknowledges her sources in the titles of the very long works, The Maiden Tsar: A Fairy-tale Poem (Tsar-devitsa: Poema-skazka, 1922) and \"The Swain\", subtitled \"A Fairytale\" (\"Molodets: skazka\", 1924).", "The fourth folklore-style poem is \"Byways\" (\"Pereulochki\", published in 1923 in the collection Remeslo), and it is the first poem which may be deemed incomprehensible in that it is fundamentally a soundscape of language.", "The collection Psyche (Psikheya, 1923) contains one of Tsvetaeva's best-known cycles \"Insomnia\" (Bessonnitsa) and the poem The Swans' Encampment (Lebedinyi stan, Stikhi 1917–1921, published in 1957) which celebrates the White Army.", "The topic of hell\nTsvetaeva was so infatuated by the subject that she was looking for the topic in other poets writings and even used their lines as a base for her narrative, for example:\n\nEmigrant\nSubsequently, as an émigré, Tsvetaeva's last two collections of lyrics were published by émigré presses, Craft (Remeslo, 1923) in Berlin and After Russia (Posle Rossii, 1928) in Paris.", "There then followed the twenty-three lyrical \"Berlin\" poems, the pantheistic \"Trees\" (\"Derev'ya\"), \"Wires\" (\"Provoda\") and \"Pairs\" (\"Dvoe\"), and the tragic \"Poets\" (\"Poety\").", "\"After Russia\" contains the poem \"In Praise of the Rich\", in which Tsvetaeva's oppositional tone is merged with her proclivity for ruthless satire.", "Eschatological topics\nIn 1924, Tsvetaeva wrote \"Poem of the End\", which details a walk around Prague and across its bridges; the walk is about the final walk she will take with her lover Konstantin Rodzevich.", "In it, everything is foretold: in the first few lines (translated by Elaine Feinstein), the future is already written:\n\nA single post, a point of rusting\ntin in the sky\nmarks the fated place we\nmove to, he and I\n\nAgain, further poems foretell future developments.", "Principal among these is the voice of the classically oriented Tsvetaeva heard in cycles \"The Sibyl\", \"Phaedra\", and \"Ariadne\".", "Tsvetaeva's beloved, ill-starred heroines recur in two verse plays, Theseus-Ariadne (Tezei-Ariadna, 1927) and Phaedra (Fedra, 1928).", "These plays form the first two parts of an incomplete trilogy Aphrodite's Rage.", "Satire\nThe satirist in Tsvetaeva plays second fiddle only to the poet-lyricist.", "Several satirical poems, moreover, are among Tsvetaeva's best-known works: \"The Train of Life\" (\"Poezd zhizni\") and \"The Floorcleaners' Song\" (\"Poloterskaya\"), both included in After Russia, and The Ratcatcher (Krysolov, 1925–1926), a long, folkloric narrative.", "The target of Tsvetaeva's satire is everything petty and petty bourgeois.", "Unleashed against such dull creature comforts is the vengeful, unearthly energy of workers both manual and creative.", "In her notebook, Tsvetaeva writes of \"The Floorcleaners' Song\": \"Overall movement: the floorcleaners ferret out a house's hidden things, they scrub a fire into the door... What do they flush out?", "Coziness, warmth, tidiness, order...", "Smells: incense, piety.", "Bygones.", "Yesterday...", "The growing force of their threat is far stronger than the climax.\"", "The Ratcatcher poem, which Tsvetaeva describes as a lyrical satire, is loosely based on the legend of the Pied Piper of Hamelin.", "The Ratcatcher, which is also known as The Pied Piper, is considered by some to be the finest of Tsvetaeva's work.", "It was also partially an act of homage to Heinrich Heine's poem Die Wanderratten.", "The Ratcatcher appeared initially, in serial format, in the émigré journal in 1925–1926 whilst still being written.", "It was not to appear in the Soviet Union until after the death of Joseph Stalin in 1956.", "Its hero is the Pied Piper of Hamelin who saves a town from hordes of rats and then leads the town's children away too, in retribution for the citizens' ingratitude.", "As in the other folkloric narratives, The Ratcatcher's story line emerges indirectly through numerous speaking voices which shift from invective, to extended lyrical flights, to pathos.", "Tsvetaeva's last ten years of exile, from 1928 when \"After Russia\" appeared until her return in 1939 to the Soviet Union, were principally a \"prose decade\", though this would almost certainly be by dint of economic necessity rather than one of choice.", "Translators\nTranslators of Tsvetaeva's work into English include Elaine Feinstein and David McDuff.", "Nina Kossman translated many of Tsvetaeva's long (narrative) poems, as well as her lyrical poems; they are collected in three books, Poem of the End (bilingual edition published by Ardis in 1998, by Overlook in 2004, and by Shearsman Books in 2021), In the Inmost Hour of the Soul (Humana Press, 1989), and Other Shepherds (Poets & Traitors Press, 2020).", "Robin Kemball translated the cycle The Demesne of the Swans, published as a separate (bilingual) book by Ardis in 1980.", "J. Marin King translated a great deal of Tsvetaeva's prose into English, compiled in a book called A Captive Spirit.", "Tsvetaeva scholar Angela Livingstone has translated a number of Tsvetaeva's essays on art and writing, compiled in a book called Art in the Light of Conscience.", "Livingstone's translation of Tsvetaeva's \"The Ratcatcher\" was published as a separate book.", "Mary Jane White has translated the early cycle \"Miles\" in a book called \"Starry Sky to Starry Sky\", as well as Tsvetaeva's elegy for Rilke, \"New Year's\", (Adastra Press 16 Reservation Road, Easthampton, MA 01027 USA) and \"Poem of the End\" (The Hudson Review, Winter 2009; and in the anthology Poets Translate Poets, Syracuse U.", "Press 2013) and \"Poem of the Hill\", (New England Review, Summer 2008) and Tsvetaeva's 1914–1915 cycle of love poems to Sophia Parnok.", "In 2002, Yale University Press published Jamey Gambrell's translation of post-revolutionary prose, entitled Earthly Signs: Moscow Diaries, 1917–1922, with notes on poetic and linguistic aspects of Tsvetaeva's prose, and endnotes for the text itself.", "Cultural influence\n 2017: Zerkalo (\"Mirror\"), American magazine in MN for the Russian-speaking readers.", "It was a special publication to the 125th Anniversary of the Russian poet Marina Tsvetaeva, where the article \"Marina Tsvetaeva in America\" was written by Dr. Uli Zislin, the founder and director of the Washington Museum of Russian Poetry and Music, Sep/Oct 2017.", "Music and songs\nThe Soviet composer Dmitri Shostakovich set six of Tsvetaeva's poems to music.", "Later the Russian-Tatar composer Sofia Gubaidulina wrote an Hommage à Marina Tsvetayeva featuring her poems.", "Her poem \"Mne Nravitsya...\" (\"I like that...\"), was performed by Alla Pugacheva in the film The Irony of Fate.", "In 2003, the opera Marina: A Captive Spirit, based on Tsvetaeva's life and work, premiered from American Opera Projects in New York with music by Deborah Drattell and libretto by poet Annie Finch.", "The production was directed by Anne Bogart and the part of Tsvetaeva was sung by Lauren Flanigan.", "The poetry by Tsvetaeva was set to music and frequently performed as songs by Elena Frolova, Larisa Novoseltseva, Zlata Razdolina and other Russian bards.", "In 2019, American composer Mark Abel wrote Four Poems of Marina Tsvetaeva, the first classical song cycle of the poet in an English translation.", "Soprano Hila Plitmann recorded the piece for Abel’s album The Cave of Wondrous Voice.", "Tribute\nOn 8 October 2015, Google Doodle commemorated her 123rd birthday.", "Translations into English\n\n Selected Poems, trans.", "Elaine Feinstein.", "(Oxford University Press, 1971; 2nd ed., 1981; 3rd ed., 1986; 4th ed., 1993; 5th ed., 1999; 6th ed.", "2009 as Bride of Ice: New Selected Poems) \n The Demesne of the Swans, trans.", "Robin Kemball (bilingual edition, Ardis, 1980) ISBN 978-0882334936\nMarina Tsvetayeva: Selected Poems, trans.", "David McDuff.", "(Bloodaxe Books, 1987) \n\"Starry Sky to Starry Sky (Miles)\", trans.", "Mary Jane White.", "(Holy Cow!", "Press, 1988), (paper) and (cloth)\nIn the Inmost Hour of the Soul: Poems by Marina Tsvetayeva , trans.", "Nina Kossman (Humana Press, 1989) \nBlack Earth, trans.", "Elaine Feinstein (The Delos Press and The Menard Press, 1992) ISBN I-874320-00-4 and ISBN I-874320-05-5 (signed ed.)", "\"After Russia\", trans.", "Michael Nayden (Ardis, 1992).", "A Captive Spirit: Selected Prose, trans.", "J. Marin King (Vintage Books, 1994) \nPoem of the End: Selected Narrative and Lyrical Poems , trans.", "Nina Kossman (Ardis / Overlook, 1998, 2004) ; Poem of the End: Six Narrative Poems, trans.", "Nina Kossman (Shearsman Books, 2021) ISBN 978-1-84861-778-0)\nThe Ratcatcher: A Lyrical Satire, trans.", "Angela Livingstone (Northwestern University, 2000) \nLetters: Summer 1926 (Boris Pasternak, Marina Tsvetayeva, Rainer Maria Rilke) (New York Review Books, 2001)\n Earthly Signs: Moscow Diaries, 1917–1922, ed.", "& trans.", "Jamey Gambrell (Yale University Press, 2002) \nPhaedra: a drama in verse; with New Year's Letter and other long poems, trans.", "Angela Livingstone (Angel Classics, 2012) \n\"To You – in 10 Decades\", trans.", "by Alexander Givental and Elysee Wilson-Egolf (Sumizdat 2012) \nMoscow in the Plague Year, translated by Christopher Whyte (180 poems written between November 1918 and May 1920) (Archipelago Press, New York, 2014), 268pp, \nMilestones (1922), translated by Christopher Whyte (Bristol, Shearsman Books, 2015), 122p, \nAfter Russia: The First Notebook, translated by Christopher Whyte (Bristol, Shearsman Books, 2017), 141 pp, {{ISBN|978}} 1 84861 549 6\nAfter Russia: The Second Notebook, translated by Christopher Whyte (Bristol, Shearsman Books, 2018) 121 pp, {{ISBN|978}} 1 84861 551 9\n\"Poem of the End\" in \"From A Terrace in Prague, A Prague Poetry Anthology\", trans.", "Mary Jane White, ed.", "Stephan Delbos (Univerzita Karlova v Praze, 2011)\n\nFurther reading\n Schweitzer, Viktoria Tsvetaeva (1993)\n Mandelstam, Nadezhda Hope Against Hope\n Mandelstam, Nadezhda Hope Abandoned\n Pasternak, Boris An Essay in Autobiography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n.", "One of the most famous Tsvetaeva's poem performed by Alla Pugacheva.", "Another version.\n.", "Dramatic reading in English with artistic video.", "Includes download link.", "\"Marina Tsvetaeva, Poet of the extreme\" by Belinda Cooke from South magazine #31, April 2005.", "Republished online in the Poetry Library's Poetry Magazines site.", "A small site dedicated to Tsvetaeva\n Poetic translations into English\n Marina Tsvetaeva biography at Carcanet Press, English language publisher of Tsvetaeva's Bride of Ice and Marina Tsvetaeva: Selected Poems, translated by Elaine Feinstein.", "Heritage of Marina Tsvetayeva, a resource in English with a more extensive version in Russian.", "Тоска по родине / Nostalgia and four more poems from the book \"To You – in 10 Decades\", translated by Alexander Givental and Elysee Wilson-Egolf and provided by Sumizdat, the publisher.", "\"She Means It When She Rhymes: Marina Tsvetaeva: Selected Poems.\"", "Review from Thumbscrew #17, Winter 2000/1, of works translated by Elaine Feinstein.", "The Poems by Marina Tsvetaeva\n\n1892 births\n1941 suicides\n20th-century Russian women writers\nPoets of the Russian Empire\nSoviet emigrants to Germany\nGerman emigrants to Czechoslovakia\nDiarists of the Russian Empire\nWomen poets of the Russian Empire\nSuicides by hanging in the Soviet Union\nUniversity of Paris alumni\nWomen diarists\nWriters from Moscow\nLGBT poets from Russia\n20th-century Russian poets\n20th-century Russian diarists\nSoviet diarists\n20th-century LGBT people\nSoviet women poets" ]

[ "Tsvetaeva was a Russian poet.", "Some of the greatest Russian literature was written by her.", "She wrote about the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Moscow famine.", "In an attempt to save her daughter, she put her in a state orphanage where she died of hunger.", "After leaving Russia in 1922, Tsvetaeva lived in Paris, Berlin and Prague with her family before returning to Moscow in 1939.", "Sergei Efron was executed in 1941 after he and his daughter were arrested on espionage charges.", "Tsvetaeva took her own life in 1941.", "Her passion and daring linguistic experimentation mark her as a chronicler of her times and the depths of the human condition.", "The Alexander III Museum of Fine Arts was founded in 1937 by the daughter of Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev, a professor of Fine Art at the University of Moscow.", "The Tsvetaev family name is associated with flowers.", "Ivan's second wife, Tsvetaeva's mother, was a concert pianist with German and Polish ancestry.", "Tsvetaeva came to identify herself with the Polish aristocracy after growing up in material comfort.", "Tsvetaeva's two half-siblings, Valeria and Andrei, were the children of Ivan's first wife, Varvara Dmitrievna Ilovaiskaya.", "Tsvetaeva's sister was born in 1894.", "Children quarrelled frequently and violently.", "There was tension between Tsvetaeva's mother and Varvara's children, as well as between Tsvetaeva's father and Varvara's family.", "Tsvetaeva's father was distant from his family but he was kind.", "He was still very much in love with his first wife.", "Before her marriage, Maria Tsvetaeva had a love affair.", "Maria Tsvetaeva didn't like Marina's poetry and wanted her daughter to become a pianist.", "Tsvetaeva's mother contracted Tuberculosis in 1901.", "Tsvetaeva's family traveled abroad until her death in 1906, when they believed a change in climate would cure the disease.", "They lived by the sea near Genoa.", "For the first time in her life, Tsvetaeva was able to run free, climb cliffs, and play with her imagination.", "The young Tsvetaeva may have had some influence on the Russian revolutionaries who lived in Nervi.", "Tsvetaeva went to school in Lausanne in June 1904.", "Changes in the Tsvetaev residence led to several changes in school, and during her travels she acquired the Italian, French, and German languages.", "She gave up studying music and turned to poetry.", "\"With a mother like her, I had only one choice: to become a poet,\" she wrote.", "Tsvetaeva studied literary history at the Sorbonne when she was 16.", "The flowering of the Russian symbolist movement was a major revolutionary change that took place during this time.", "It wasn't the theory that attracted her, but the poetry and gravity which writers such as Alexander Blok were capable of generating.", "Her first collection of poems, Vecherny Albom, promoted her reputation as a poet.", "It was well received despite her early poetry being insipid compared to her later work.", "Tsvetaeva described the death of the poet and critic in A Living Word About a Living Man.", "Tsvetaeva became her friend and mentor when Voloshin came to see her.", "A well-known haven for writers, poets and artists, Koktebel was where she began her family and career.", "She didn't meet Alexander Blok or Anna Akhmatova until the 1940s, but she became enamored with their work.", "\"Here inspiration was born,\" wrote Viktoria Schweitzer.", "Tsvetaeva met Sergei Yakovlevich Efron, a cadet in the Officers' Academy.", "The same year as her father's project, the Alexander III Museum of Fine Arts, was ceremonially opened, she was married to him.", "Tsvetaeva had affairs, including one with Osip Mandelstam, despite her intense love for Efron.", "She had an affair with the poet Sophia Parnok, who was 7 years older than Tsvetaeva, which caused her husband great grief.", "Both women's writings were affected by the relationship between the two women.", "She dealt with the ambiguous and tempestuous nature of this relationship in a cycle of poems which she called The Girlfriend and The Mistake.", "Tsvetaeva and her husband had two daughters, who were born in 1912 and 1917.", "Efron was an officer in Moscow with the 56th Reserve after he volunteered for the front in 1914.", "Tsvetaeva was a witness to the Russian Revolution.", "She came into contact with Russians on trains who were angry and violent.", "She wrote in her journal that there were only three axe-like words in the air of the compartment.", "After the 1917 Revolution, Efron joined the White Army and Marina went back to Moscow to be with her husband.", "There was a terrible famine in Moscow where she was trapped for five years.", "Six plays were written in verse and narrative poems.", "She wrote an epic verse about the civil war in which she praised those who fought against the communists.", "The cycle of poems in the style of a diary or journal begins on the day of Nicholas II's abdication in March 1917 and ends in 1920, when the White Army was finally defeated.", "The volunteers in the White Army were referred to as the'swans' by the title.", "She published a long pro-imperial verse fairy tale in 1922.", "The toll on Tsvetaeva was due to the Moscow famine.", "She didn't have a way to support herself or her daughters.", "She put her daughters in an orphanage because she thought they would be better fed there.", "Alya became ill and Tsvetaeva took her away.", "Tsvetaeva was devastated by the child's death.", "She wrote that God punished her.", "Tsvetaeva had an intense friendship with the actress, who wrote a number of plays.", "The novella \"Povest o Sonechke\" was written about her relationship with Holliday.", "In 1922, Tsvetaeva and her family left Russia and went to Berlin with Efron, who she thought had been killed by the Bolsheviks.", "She published a number of her poems in Moscow and Berlin, cementing her reputation.", "The family moved to the Czech Republic in 1922.", "Efron is studying politics and sociology at the Charles University while Tsvetaeva and Ariadna are living in a village outside the city.", "She writes that the only meat they eat is horse meat.", "She had to beg a friend to give her a dress to replace the one she had been living in.", "Tsvetaeva began a passionate affair with a former military officer.", "He was devastated.", "She wrote The Poem of the End and \"The Poem of the Mountain\" after her break-up with Rodziewicz.", "Tsvetaeva began writing to poets and novelists at the same time.", "Tsvetaeva and Pasternak were friends until Tsvetaeva returned to Russia.", "In the summer of 1924, Efron and Tsvetaeva moved to the suburbs and Tsvetaeva completed \"The Poem of the End\".", "Tsvetaeva wanted to name him Boris, but Efron insisted on Georgy.", "He was a difficult child but Tsvetaeva loved him.", "With Efron not free from Tuberculosis, their daughter was given the role of mother's helpers and was robbed of a lot of her childhood.", "Tsvetaeva wrote some of her best verse in Berlin before moving to Paris.", "Reflecting a life in poverty and exile, the work shows great nostalgia for Russia and its folk history.", "The family lived in Paris for the next 14 years.", "Tsvetaeva contracted a disease.", "The Czechoslovak government gave financial support to artists and writers who lived in the country.", "She tried to make money from readings and sales of her work.", "She discovered that writing prose made more money than poetry.", "Tsvetaeva didn't feel at home in Paris's mostly ex-bourgeois circle of Russian writers.", "She wrote pro-'White' poems during the Revolution, but her fellow emigres thought that her criticism of the soviets was too vague.", "She was criticized for writing a letter to a Soviet poet.", "The paper that Tsvetaeva had been a frequent contributor to refused to publish any more of her work in the wake of this letter.", "She found solace in her correspondence with other writers, including Boris Pasternak.", "Her poetry and prose critical of the time, including her autobiographical prose works, is of lasting literary importance.", "\"Consumed by the daily round\", she resented the domesticity that left her no time for solitude or writing.", "\"In Paris, with rare personal exceptions, everyone hates me, they write all sorts of nasty things, leave me out in all sorts of nasty ways, and so on,\" she wrote.", "\"They don't like poetry and what am I apart from that, not poetry but that from which it is made?\" she asked Pasternak.", "I'm an inhospitable hostess.", "A woman is wearing an old dress.", "She began to look back at the times when she was in the Czech Republic.", "Tsvetaeva's husband was homesick for Russia and was developing Soviet sympathies.", "He began working for the NKVD.", "Alya turned against her mother as he shared his views.", "She returned to the Soviet Union in 1937.", "Efron had to return to the USSR later that year.", "He was implicated in the murder of the former Soviet defector Ignace Reiss by the French police.", "Tsvetaeva was read some French translations of her poetry by the police after they questioned her about Efron's escape.", "She was found to be deranged and not aware of the murder.", "It was learned that Efron may have been involved in the assassination of Trotsky's son.", "Tsvetaeva didn't seem to know that her husband was a spy.", "She was ostracised in Paris because of the implication that he was involved with the NKVD.", "Europe was made unsafe and hostile by World War II.", "She was alarmed by the rise of fascists in 1939 and attacked them.", "She and her son returned to Moscow in 1939 unaware of the reception they would receive.", "In Stalin's USSR, anyone who had lived abroad was suspect, as were anyone who had been among the intelligentsia before the Revolution.", "Tsvetaeva's sister was arrested before Tsvetaeva's return, and the sisters never saw each other again.", "Tsvetaeva found that all the doors were closed.", "She got bits of work translation poetry, but the established Soviet writers refused to help her, fearing for her life and position, and instead chose to ignore her plight.", "Efron was sentenced to death for espionage in 1941.", "An NKVD agent was assigned to spy on Alya's family.", "Efron and Alya both served time in prison.", "Both were cleared after Stalin's death.", "Most families of the Union of Soviet Writers were evacuated to Chistopol in 1941, while Tsvetaeva and her son were evacuated to Yelabuga.", "On August 24, 1941 Tsvetaeva left Yelabuga for Chistopol in order to find a job.", "Marina Tsvetaeva and Valentin Parnakh applied for a job at the canteen of the Soviet Literature Fund.", "Tsvetaeva had to return to Yelabuga after her application for permission to live in Chistopol was turned down.", "Tsvetaeva hanged herself on August 31, 1941.", "She apologized to her son but said that going on would be worse.", "This is not me anymore, I am gravely ill.", "I love you very much.", "I couldn't live anymore.", "Tell Papa and Alya that I loved them so much that I found myself in a trap.", "The exact location of Tsvetaeva's grave is unknown.", "Her son died in battle during World War II.", "Her daughter was released from a Soviet prison camp in 1955.", "An English-language edition of the memoir was published in 2009.", "She died in 1975.", "There is a monument to Tsvetaeva in the town of Yelabuga.", "She lived in the apartment in Moscow from 1914 to 1922.", "Her passionate, articulate and precise work, with its daring linguistic experimentation, brought her increasing recognition as a major poet.", "3511 Tsvetaeva is a minor planet that was discovered in 1982.", "In 1989 in Gdynia, Poland, a special purpose ship was built for the Russian Academy of Sciences and named Marina Tsvetaeva.", "The ship was used as a tourist vessel to the polar regions.", "She became a tourist vessel in the polar regions in 2011.", "The poetry of Work Tsvetaeva was admired by many poets.", "The poet Joseph Brodsky was pre-eminent among Tsvetaeva's champions.", "Tsvetaeva's voice is clearly audible in her narrative poetry.", "Tsvetaeva's work would rise at almost a right angle because of her constant effort to raise the pitch a note higher.", "She always had everything she needed to say.", "Her prose and poetry do not leave a feeling of ambivalence.", "Tsvetaeva is a unique case in which the spiritual experience of an era was not the object of expression but the means by which it was transformed into the material of existence.", "Annie Finch describes the nature of the work.", "Tsvetaeva is so vulnerable in her love poetry, whether she is with her female lover Sofie Parnak or Boris Pasternak.", "Tsvetaeva throws her poetic brilliance on the altar of her heart's experience with the faith of a true romantic, a priestess of lived emotion.", "She kept her faith despite the tragic end of her life.", "The uncollected lyrics would add at least another volume to the ten collections of Tsvetaeva's poems.", "The Evening Album and The Magic Lantern are her first two collections.", "The poems show a tranquil childhood and youth in a professorial, middle-class home in Moscow, and show considerable grasp of the formal elements of style.", "The full range of Tsvetaeva's talent developed quickly, and was influenced by the contacts she had made at Koktebel, and was evident in two new collections: Mileposts (Versty, 1921) and Mileposts: Book One.", "There are three elements of Tsvetaeva's mature style in the Mileposts collections.", "Tsvetaeva publishes her poems chronologically.", "The poems in Mileposts: Book One were written in 1916.", "There are cycles of poems which fall into a regular chronological sequence among the single poems, evidence that certain themes demanded further expression and development.", "The \"Poems of Moscow\" is the theme of Mileposts: Book One as a whole.", "There are two cycles dedicated to poets, the \"Poems to Akhmatova\" and the \"Poems to Blok\".", "The dramatic quality of Tsvetaeva's work is demonstrated by the Mileposts collections.", "Tsvetaeva's first long verse narrative was to be contained in the collection Separation.", "There are three more verse-narratives written between 1920 and 1922.", "folkloric plots are drawn on by all four narrative poems.", "Tsvetaeva acknowledges her sources in the titles of her works.", "The first poem which may be deemed incomprehensible is the fourth folklore-style poem, \"Pereulochki\", published in 1923 in the collection Remeslo.", "One of Tsvetaeva's best-known cycles is \"Insomnia\" in the collection Psyche (Psikheya, 1923).", "Tsvetaeva used the lines from other poets' writings as a base for her narrative because she was so enamored with the topic of hell.", "\"Berlin\" poems, pantheistic \"Trees\", \"Wires\", and \"Dvoe\" followed.", "Tsvetaeva's oppositional tone is merged with her proclivity for ruthless satire in the poem \"In Praise of the Rich\".", "In 1924, Tsvetaeva wrote \"Poem of the End\", a novel about a walk around Prague and across the bridges with her lover.", "In the first few lines, the future is already written, as a single post, a point of rusted tin in the sky marks the fated place we move to.", "The voice of the classically oriented Tsvetaeva is heard in cycles \"The Sibyl\", \"Phaedra\", and \"Ariadne\".", "Theseus-Ariadne and Phaedra are two verse plays by Tsvetaeva.", "The plays form the first two parts of the trilogy.", "The satirist in Tsvetaeva plays second fiddle to the poet-lyricist.", "\"The Train of Life\" and \"The Floorcleaners' Song\" are two of Tsvetaeva's best-known works.", "The target of Tsvetaeva's satire is bourgeois.", "The energy of workers both manual and creative is unleashed against dull creature comforts.", "Tsvetaeva wrote \"The Floorcleaners' Song\" in her notebook.", "Coziness, warmth, tidiness, order...", "I smell incense and piety.", "Bygones.", "Yesterday...", "The force of their threat is growing.", "According to Tsvetaeva, the Ratcatcher poem is a satire based on a legend.", "The best of Tsvetaeva's work is known as The Ratcatcher.", "It was an act of homage to Heine's poem.", "While still being written, The Ratcatcher appeared in a serial format in the émigré journal.", "It wasn't seen in the Soviet Union until after Joseph Stalin's death.", "The hero of this story is the Piedpiper of Hamelin who saves a town from rats and then leads the town's children away in revenge for the citizens' insensitivity.", "As in the other folkloric narratives, The Ratcatcher's story line emerges indirectly through numerous speaking voices which shift from invective to pathos.", "Tsvetaeva's last ten years of exile, from 1928 when \"After Russia\" appeared until her return in 1939 to the Soviet Union, were primarily a \"prose decade\", though this would almost certainly be by dint of economic necessity rather than one of choice.", "Elaine Feinstein and David McDuff are Translators of Tsvetaeva's work.", "Many of Tsvetaeva's long (narrative) poems, as well as her lyrical poems, are translated byNina Kossman and are included in three books, Poem of the End (bilingual edition published by Ardis in 1998, by Overlook in 2004, and by Shearsman Books", "Ardis published a bilingual book called The Demesne of the Swans in 1980.", "Tsvetaeva's prose was translated into English in a book by J. Marin King.", "A number of Tsvetaeva's essays were translated into a book called Art in the Light of Conscience.", "Livingstone's translation of Tsvetaeva's \"The Ratcatcher\" was published as a separate book.", "The early cycle \"Miles\" has been translated by Mary Jane White into a book called \"Starry Sky to Starry Sky\".", "\"Poem of the Hill\" is a cycle of love poems to Sophia Parnok.", "In 2002, Yale University Press published Jamey Gambrell's translation of post-revolutionary prose, entitled Earthly Signs: Moscow Diaries, 1917–1922, with notes on poetic and linguistic aspects of Tsvetaeva's prose.", "There is an American magazine for the Russian-speaking readers.", "The article \"Marina Tsvetaeva in America\" was written by the founder and director of the Washington Museum of Russian Poetry and Music.", "Six of Tsvetaeva's poems were set to music.", "The Hommage Marina Tsvetayeva was written by the Russian-Tatar composer.", "Alla Pugacheva performed her poem \"Mne Nravitsya...\" in The Irony of Fate.", "The opera Marina: A Captive Spirit, based on Tsvetaeva's life and work, was released in 2003 by American Opera Projects in New York.", "Lauren Flanigan sang the part of Tsvetaeva in the production.", "The poetry by Tsvetaeva was set to music and often performed as songs by other Russian bards.", "Four Poems of Marina Tsvetaeva is the first classical song cycle of the poet in an English translation.", "Hila recorded the piece for The Cave of Wondrous Voice.", "She was remembered on her 123rd birthday on October 8th.", "There are translations into English Selected Poems.", "Elaine Feinstein.", "Oxford University Press, 1971; 2nd ed., 1981; 3rd ed., 1986; 4th ed., 1993; 5th ed., 1999; 6th ed.", "Bride of Ice: New Selected Poems was published in 2009.", "There is a bilingual edition of Marina Tsvetayeva: Selected Poems.", "David McDuff.", "\"Starry Sky to Starry Sky (Miles)\" is from Bloodaxe Books.", "Mary Jane White was a woman.", "Holy cow!", "In the Inmost Hour of the Soul: Poems by Marina Tsvetayeva was published in 1988.", "The book is called Black Earth, trans.", "Elaine Feinstein is the author of The Delos Press and The Menard Press.", "\"After Russia\"", "Michael Nayden was born in 1992.", "A Captive Spirit is a novel.", "The poem of the end was written by J. Marin King.", "The 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846", "The Ratcatcher: A Lyrical Satire is published by Shearsman Books.", "The New York Review Books published Earthly Signs: Moscow Diaries, 1917–1922.", "& trans.", "The New Year's Letter and other long poems were written by Jamey Gambrell.", "\"To You - in 10 Decades\", trans.", "Alexander Givental and Elysee Wilson-Egolf translated Moscow in the Plague Year, a collection of 180 poems written between November 1918 and May 1920.", "Mary Jane White was the author.", "Stephan Delbos further reads Schweitzer, Viktoria Tsvetaeva and Nadezhda Hope Against Hope Mandelstam.", "Tsvetaeva's poem was performed by Alla Pugacheva.", "Another version.", "Dramatic reading in English.", "The download link is included.", "\"Marina Tsvetaeva, Poet of the extreme\" was published in South magazine in April 2005.", "The Poetry Library's poetry magazines are online.", "Carcanet Press is an English language publisher of Tsvetaeva's Bride of Ice and Marina Tsvetaeva: Selected Poems.", "The Heritage of Marina Tsvetayeva is available in English and Russian.", "Nostalgia and four more poems from the book \"To You - in 10 Decades\" were translated by Alexander Givental and Elysee Wilson-Egolf.", "Marina Tsvetaeva: Selected Poems is a collection of poems.", "The works were translated by Elaine Feinstein.", "The poems by Marina Tsvetaeva were written in the 19th century." ]

[ "Marina Ivanovna Tsaeva", "Marina Tae", "Marina", "Tsvetaeva", "Tsvetaeva", "Marina", "Tsvetaeva", "Tsvetaeva", "Tsvetaeva", "Marina Tsvetae", "Tsvetaeva", "Marina Tae", "Tsvetaeva", "Marina Tae", "Marina", "Marina Tsayeva", "Marina Tae", "Marina Tsvetayeva", "Marina Tsayeva", "Marina Tsayeva", "Marina Tsae", "Marina Tsae", "Marina Tae", "Marina Tayeva", "Marina Tsae", "Marina Tsae" ]

[ "Marina", "Tsvetaeva", "Marina", "Tsvetaeva", "Tsvetaeva", "Tsvetaeva", "Marina Tsvetae", "Marina", "Tsvetaeva", "Tsvetaeva", "Tsvetaeva", "Marina T", "Marina T", "Marina Tsae", "Marina Tsay", "Marina Tsvetayeva", "Marina Tsae", "Marina", "Marina Tay", "Marina Tsae" ]

[ "Jameson Curry (born January 7, 1986) is an American former professional basketball player.", "He played for Oklahoma State University from 2004 to 2007, and after forgoing his senior season, left for the 2007 NBA draft.", "He was selected in the second round as the 51st overall pick by the Chicago Bulls.", "After stints in the NBA Development League and Europe, Curry made his NBA debut in January 2010, playing 3.9 seconds for the Los Angeles Clippers.", "It was Curry's only NBA regular-season appearance and set a record for the shortest NBA career of all time per in-game time spent on the court.", "High school career\nCurry was born in Pleasant Grove, North Carolina to father Leon and mother Connie Curry.", "He attended Eastern Alamance High School, in Mebane, North Carolina; in his freshman season, Curry scored a total of 639 points, which at the time was the highest mark for a freshman in North Carolina high school history: the record was then beaten by Junior Robinson in 2011.", "In 2001, Curry scored 59 points in a game against Chatham High School of Chatham, Virginia.", "Curry established another single-season scoring record the following year, scoring a total of 892 points, beating the old sophomore record established by Scooter Sherrill in 1998.", "In his junior year, Curry scored 972 points, another North Carolina record, beating the mark of 954 that Lawrence Clayton had established in 1958.", "He averaged 40.2 points, 7.3 rebounds, and 6.0 assists per game as a senior and was a two-time Associated Press All-State first team selection.", "On December 9, 2003 Curry scored 47 points and added 9 rebounds, 9 assists and 9 steals, thus recording a near-quadruple double.", "On January 19, 2004 Curry scored 65 points against Western Alamance High School, 2 shy of the all-time North Carolina record of 67 established in 1950 by Bob Poole.", "During that game he shot 25/39 from the field (9/16 on three-pointers), and also recorded 11 rebounds.", "Curry set the all-time North Carolina high school scoring record with 3,307 points, which was surpassed in 2018 by UNC recruit Coby White with 3,573 points.", "In his high school Curry had 74 points where he scored at least 20 points (28 of them in his junior year), 44 30+ point games, and 16 games with 40 points or more.", "College career\nCurry initially signed a National Letter of Intent to play for North Carolina, but his scholarship was rescinded following pleading guilty to drug charges and signed with Oklahoma State.", "Curry scored an OSU freshman all-time NCAA Tournament-best 18 points in the 2005 second-round game against Southern Illinois on March 20, 2005.", "He helped Oklahoma State to a 26–7 record, the Big 12 Tournament crown and the 2005 NCAA Sweet Sixteen as a freshman in 2004–05; he started 15 of 33 games played and averaged 9.4 ppg.", "and 2.8 apg.", "and averaged 14.3 ppg.", "in three 2005 NCAA games.", "He finished the season ranked ninth among Big 12 leaders in conference games for 3-point field goals made (1.75 per game).", "He scored 22 points on 8-for-11 shooting, in his first start versus Colorado on January 30, 2005.", "He made six three-pointers out of 8 attempts, including 5-for-5 in the second half, in which he scored 17 of his 22.", "He matched his career-high 22 points in a 79–67 victory over Oklahoma on February 7, 2005.", "In his freshman season, Curry scored in double digits in 15 games, including twice over 20 points.", "Highlights of his sophomore season include a career-high 30 points in a 97–61 victory over Mercer on December 18, 2005, and a 22-point, nine-rebound effort in an 81–60 win over Texas on February 19, 2006.", "He recorded a double-double, scoring 16 points and making a career-high 10 assists in a 90–56 win over Detroit on November 22, 2005, and matched that assists total against Gonzaga in a 64–62 loss on December 10, 2005.", "In his junior season, on November 29, 2006, Curry scored a career-high 35 points (on 12-for-19 shooting) to go along with a season-high 9 assists with no turnovers in a 95–73 win over Texas A&M-Corpus Christi.", "On January 16, 2007, Curry scored 28 points and grabbed a season-high 9 rebounds in 52 minutes played in a 105–103 triple-overtime win over Texas.", "On March 3, 2007, Curry scored a new career-high 40 points, including a career-high 7 three-pointers out of ten attempts, in an 86–82 loss to Baylor.", "Professional career\nThe Chicago Bulls selected Curry with the 51st overall pick of the 2007 NBA draft.", "On August 2, 2007, the Bulls announced that Curry had signed a contract and would wear number 20.", "Per team policy, terms of the contracts were not disclosed.", "On July 31, 2008, the Bulls waived Curry.", "By releasing him, the Bulls were only obligated to pay $100,000 of his partially guaranteed salary for 2008–09.", "In August 2008, he was signed by Pau-Orthez of the French league, but was waived in October after failing to impress coaching staff.", "He later joined Proteas EKA AEL, a Cypriot team in Limassol.", "On January 22, 2010, Curry was signed by the Los Angeles Clippers from the Springfield Armor, for whom he had been averaging 16.1 points, 7.5 assists and 4.0 rebounds.", "He was released by the Clippers on January 26, when the team acquired Bobby Brown.", "He was subbed into a game on January 24, 2010, playing just 3.9 seconds.", "This was the only time Curry would ever play in an NBA game, and is the shortest NBA career in terms of time played.", "NBA D-League career\nThe Bulls assigned Curry to their NBA Development League affiliate Iowa Energy on November 15, 2007, then recalled him to the NBA on December 17 but soon after reassigned him to Iowa on January 7, 2008.", "He was recalled later that month.", "Curry played 13 games as a starter for Iowa during the 2007–08 season, averaging 20.2 points, 3.2 rebounds, 5.6 assists, 1.08 steals and 39.7 minutes per game.", "He also shot .463 from the floor, including .377 from three-point range, and .719 from the free throw line.", "Curry was selected 14th overall in the 2009 NBA D-League Draft by the expansion Springfield Armor on November 5.", "It was their first-ever pick.", "Curry was selected to play in the 2012 NBA D-League All-Star Game in Orlando.", "On November 1, 2013, he was re-acquired by the Springfield Armor.", "On January 2, 2014, he was traded to the Bakersfield Jam.", "On March 19, 2014, he was waived by the Jam due to a season-ending injury.", "He lives in Enid, Oklahoma.", "Legal issues\nIn February 2004, Curry was among 49 students arrested in a drug raid that involved North Carolina's Alamance County school system.", "He was charged with two counts of possession with intent to sell and deliver marijuana, two counts of sale and delivery of marijuana, and two counts of sale, possession, and delivery of a controlled substance on school grounds.", "Curry pleaded guilty to the drug charges, and the University of North Carolina, with whom he had signed a letter-of-intent, rescinded the scholarship to him.", "In the early morning of January 17, 2008, he was arrested in Boise, Idaho and pleaded guilty to resisting arrest and urinating in public.", "Police took him to the Ada County jail.", "He was released a few hours later after posting $600 bond.", "The Chicago Bulls suspended him one game after he pleaded guilty to the two misdemeanors.", "On October 20, 2014, Curry was arrested for marijuana possession and false representation to an officer in Edmond, Oklahoma.", "Career statistics\n\nNBA\n\nRegular season\n\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\"|\n| style=\"text-align:left;\"|L.A.", "Clippers\n| 1 || 0 || .065 || – || – || – || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0\n\nPersonal life\nCurry was brought up on a tobacco farm in rural North Carolina in Pleasant Grove.", "The unusual capitalization of his first name is a mix of Leon and James, honoring his father and great-uncle, respectively.", "Following the end of his basketball career, Curry moved back to his hometown, Pleasant Grove, in 2016.", "In April 2017, Curry was injured in a traffic collision, flipped on a freeway while trying to retrieve his dropped mobile phone.", "It ended his basketball career as he dislocated his ribs and fractured his lower back that needed metal rods inserted there to stabilize it.", "That July, he returned to Oklahoma.", "Subsequently, Curry worked several jobs, including as a trucker.", "His supervisor there asked Curry to coach the YMCA basketball team.", "Soon after Curry's first coaching experience, he began leading a basketball camp at Drummond High School in Drummond, Oklahoma.", "Notes\n\nExternal links\n\nJamesOn Curry at ESPN.com\nJamesOn Curry at CBS SportsLine.com\nJamesOn Curry at Oklahoma State.com\nJamesOn Curry at USA Basketball.com\n\"The 10 Least Consequential Athletes of the Decade\" by Jon Bois, for SB Nation\n\n1986 births\nLiving people\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in France\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in Italy\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in Venezuela\nAmerican men's basketball players\nBakersfield Jam players\nBasketball players from North Carolina\nChicago Bulls draft picks\nÉlan Béarnais players\nIowa Energy players\nLos Angeles Clippers players\nOklahoma State Cowboys basketball players\nPeople from Alamance County, North Carolina\nPoint guards\nSpringfield Armor players\nPeople from Mebane, North Carolina" ]

[ "The American is a former professional basketball player.", "He played for Oklahoma State University from 2004 to 2007, but left for the NBA draft after his senior season.", "He was selected in the second round by the Chicago Bulls.", "Curry made his NBA debut in January 2010 for the Los Angeles Clippers, playing 3.8 seconds.", "Curry's only NBA regular-season appearance set a record for the shortest NBA career of all time per in-game time spent on the court.", "Curry was born in North Carolina to a father and a mother.", "In his freshman season at Eastern Alamance High School, Curry scored a total of , which was the highest mark for a freshman in North Carolina high school", "Curry scored 59 points in a game against Chatham High School.", "Curry established another single-season scoring record the following year, scoring a total of 892 points, beating the old sophomore record set by Scooter Sherrill in 1998.", "Curry was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He averaged 40.2 points, 7.3 rebound, and 6.0 assists per game as a senior and was a two-time Associated Press All-State first team selection.", "Curry recorded a near-quadruple double on December 9, 2003 with 47 points, 9 assists and 9 steals.", "Curry scored 65 points against Western Alamance High School on January 19, 2004, 2 shy of the all-time North Carolina record of 67.", "He shot 25/39 from the field and 9/16 on three-pointers, and also had 11 rebound.", "Curry set the all-time North Carolina high school scoring record with 3,307 points, which was surpassed by Coby White with 3,573 points.", "In his junior year, Curry scored at least 20 points in 28 of them, and in his senior year, he scored at least 40 points in 16 games.", "Curry initially signed a National Letter of Intent to play for North Carolina, but his scholarship was revoked after he pleaded guilty to drug charges.", "Curry scored an all-time NCAA Tournament-best 18 points in the 2005 second-round game against Southern Illinois.", "He started 15 of 33 games for Oklahoma State as a freshman and averaged 9.4 points per game.", "There are 2.8 apg.", "And averaged more than 14 points.", "There were three NCAA games in 2005.", "He was ranked ninth in the Big 12 for 3-point field goals made.", "He scored 22 points in his first start against Colorado.", "He scored 17 of his 22 points in the second half and made six three-pointers.", "He scored 22 points in a victory over Oklahoma in 2005.", "Curry scored in double digits in 15 games in his freshman season.", "His sophomore season included a career-high 30 points in a 97–61 victory over Mercer on December 18, 2005, and a 22-point, nine-rebound effort in an 81–60 win over Texas.", "He recorded a double-double, scoring 16 points and making a career-high 10 assists in a 90–56 win over Detroit on November 22, 2005, and matched that in a 64–62 loss to Gonzaga on December 10, 2005.", "Curry had a career-high 35 points and 9 assists in a 95– 73 win over Texas A&M-Corpus Christi in his junior season.", "In a 105–103 triple-overtime win over Texas on January 16, 2007, Curry scored 28 points and grabbed a season-high 9 boards.", "Curry scored a career-high 40 points, including a career-high 7 three-pointers out of ten attempts, in an 86–822 loss to Baylor on March 3, 2007.", "Curry was selected by the Chicago Bulls in the NBA draft.", "On August 2, 2007, the Bulls announced that Curry had signed a contract and would wear number 20.", "The terms of the contracts were not disclosed.", "Curry was released by the Bulls on July 31, 2008.", "The Bulls had to pay $100,000 of his partially guaranteed salary by releasing him.", "He was signed by Pau-Orthez of the French league in August 2008, but was released in October after failing to impress the coaching staff.", "He joined the team in Cyprus.", "On January 22, 2010, Curry was signed by the Los Angeles Clippers from the Springfield Armor, where he had been playing.", "He was released by the Clippers after Bobby Brown was acquired.", "He played just 3.8 seconds in a game on January 24, 2010.", "This was the only time Curry would ever play in an NBA game, and is the shortest NBA career in terms of time played.", "The Bulls assigned Curry to their NBA Development League affiliate Iowa Energy on November 15, 2007, then recalled him to the NBA on December 17, 2007, but then sent him to Iowa on January 7, 2008.", "He was recalled later in the month.", "Curry played 13 games as a starter for Iowa in 2007, and averaged 20.2 points, 3.2 rebound, 5.6 assists, 1.08 steals and 39.7 minutes per game.", "He shot.463 from the floor, including.377 from three-point range, and.719 from the free throw line.", "Curry was selected 14th overall in the NBA D-League draft by the Springfield Armor.", "They had never picked their first-ever pick.", "Curry will play in the 2012 NBA D-League All-Star Game.", "He was re-acquired by the Springfield Armor.", "On January 2, he was traded to the Bakersfield Jam.", "He was released by the Jam due to an injury.", "He lives in Oklahoma.", "In February 2004, Curry was one of 49 students arrested in a drug raid.", "He was charged with two counts of possession with intent to sell and deliver marijuana, two counts of sale and delivery of marijuana, and two counts of sale, possession, and delivery of a controlled substance on school grounds.", "The scholarship to Curry was revoked by the University of North Carolina after he pleaded guilty to drug charges.", "He was arrested in the early morning of January 17, 2008 in Idaho for urinating in public and resisting arrest.", "He was taken to the jail by the police.", "He was released a few hours later.", "He was suspended by the Bulls for one game after he pleaded guilty.", "Curry was arrested for marijuana possession and false representation to an officer in Oklahoma.", "The NBA regular season has career statistics.", "Curry was raised on a tobacco farm in North Carolina.", "His father and great-uncle were both honored by the mix of Leon and James in his first name.", "Curry moved back to his hometown in 2016 after his basketball career ended.", "Curry was injured in a traffic collision and was trying to get his phone back.", "He ended his basketball career when he fractured his lower back and needed metal rods to fix it.", "He returned to Oklahoma in July.", "Curry worked as a truck driver.", "Curry was asked to coach the YMCA basketball team.", "Curry began leading a basketball camp at a high school in Oklahoma after his first coaching experience.", "\"The 10 Least Consequential Athletes of the Decade\" was written by Jon Bois." ]

[ "Jameson Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Connie Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "JamesOn", "Curry", "JamesOn", "Curry", "JamesOn", "Curry", "JamesOn", "Curry" ]

[ "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry", "Curry" ]

[ "James Connolly (; 5 June 1868 – 12 May 1916) was an Irish republican, socialist and trade union leader.", "Born to Irish parents in the Cowgate area of Edinburgh, Scotland, Connolly left school for working life at the age of 11, and became involved in socialist politics in the 1880s.", "Although mainly known for his position in Irish socialist and republican politics, he also took a role in Scottish and American politics.", "He was a member of the Industrial Workers of the World and founder of the Irish Socialist Republican Party.", "With James Larkin, he was centrally involved in the Dublin lock-out of 1913, as a result of which the two men formed the Irish Citizen Army (ICA) that year; they also founded the Irish Labour Party along with William O'Brien.", "Connolly was the long term right-hand man to Larkin in the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union (ITGWU) until taking over leadership of both the union and its military wing the ICA upon Larkin's departure for the United States, then leading both until his death.", "He opposed British rule in Ireland, and was one of the leaders of the Easter Rising of 1916, commanding the Irish Citizen Army throughout.", "Following the defeat of the Easter Rising and the arrest of the majority of its leaders he was taken to Kilmainham Gaol and executed by firing squad for his part in its proceedings.", "Early life\nConnolly was born in an Edinburgh slum in 1868, the third son of Irish parents John Connolly and Mary McGinn.", "His parents had moved to Scotland from County Monaghan, Ireland, and settled in the Cowgate, a ghetto where thousands of Irish people lived.", "He spoke with a Scottish accent throughout his life.", "He was born in St Patrick's Roman Catholic parish, in the Cowgate district of Edinburgh known as \"Little Ireland\".", "His father and grandfathers were labourers.", "He had an education up to the age of about ten in the local Catholic primary school.", "He left and worked in labouring jobs.", "Owing to the economic difficulties he was having, like his eldest brother John, he joined the British Army.", "He enlisted at age 14, falsifying his age and giving his name as Reid, as his brother John had done.", "He served in Ireland with the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Scots Regiment for nearly seven years, during a turbulent period in rural areas known as the Land War.", "He would later become involved in the land issue.", "He developed a deep hatred for the British Army that lasted his entire life.", "When he heard that his regiment was being transferred to India, he deserted.", "Connolly had another reason for not wanting to go to India; a young woman by the name of Lillie Reynolds.", "Lillie moved to Scotland with James after he left the army and they married in April 1890.", "They settled in Edinburgh.", "There, Connolly began to get involved in the Scottish Socialist Federation, but with a young family to support, he needed a way to provide for them.", "He briefly established a cobbler's shop in 1895, but this failed after a few months as his shoe-mending skills were insufficient.", "He was strongly active with the socialist movement at the time, and prioritised this over his cobbling.", "Socialist involvement\n\nIn the 1880s, Connolly became influenced by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx and would later advocate a type of socialism that was based in Marxist theory.", "Connolly described himself as a socialist, while acknowledging the influence of Marx.", "He is credited with setting the groundwork for Christian socialism in Ireland.", "He became secretary of the Scottish Socialist Federation.", "At the time his brother John was secretary; after John spoke at a rally in favour of the eight-hour day, however, he was fired from his job with the Edinburgh Corporation, so while he looked for work, James took over as secretary.", "During this time, Connolly became involved with the Independent Labour Party which Keir Hardie had formed in 1893.", "At some time during this period, he took up the study of, and advocated the use of, the neutral international language, Esperanto.", "A short story, called The Agitator’s Wife, which appeared in the Labour Prophet, a short lived Christian Socialist journal, has been attributed to Connolly.", "His interest in Esperanto is implicit in his 1898 article \"The Language Movement\", which primarily attempts to promote socialism to the nationalist revolutionaries involved in the Gaelic Revival.", "By 1893 he was involved in the Scottish Socialist Federation, acting as its secretary from 1895.", "Two months after the birth of his third daughter, word came to Connolly that the Dublin Socialist Club was looking for a full-time secretary, a job that offered a salary of a pound a week.", "Connolly and his family moved to Dublin, where he took up the position.", "At his instigation, the club quickly evolved into the Irish Socialist Republican Party (ISRP).", "The ISRP is regarded by many Irish historians as a party of pivotal importance in the early history of Irish socialism and republicanism.", "While active as a socialist in Great Britain, Connolly was the founding editor of The Socialist newspaper and was among the founders of the Socialist Labour Party which split from the Social Democratic Federation in 1903.", "Connolly joined Maud Gonne and Arthur Griffith in the Dublin protests against the Boer War.", "A combination of frustration with the progress of the ISRP and economic necessity caused him to emigrate to the United States in September 1903, with no plans as to what he would do there.", "While in America he was a member of the Socialist Labor Party of America (1906), the Socialist Party of America (1909) and the Industrial Workers of the World, and founded the Irish Socialist Federation in New York, 1907.", "He became the editor of the Free Press, a socialist weekly newspaper that was published in New Castle, Lawrence county, Pennsylvania from 25 July 1908 and discontinued in 1913.", "He famously had a chapter of his 1910 book Labour in Irish History entitled \"A chapter of horrors: Daniel O’Connell and the working class.\"", "critical of the achiever of Catholic Emancipation 60 years earlier.", "On Connolly's return to Ireland in 1910 he was right-hand man to James Larkin in the Irish Transport and General Workers Union.", "He stood twice for the Wood Quay ward of Dublin Corporation but was unsuccessful.", "His name, and those of his family, appears in the 1911 Census of Ireland - his occupation is listed as \"National Organiser Socialist Party\".", "In 1913, in response to the Lockout, he, along with James Larkin and an ex-British officer, Jack White, founded the Irish Citizen Army (ICA), an armed and well-trained body of labour men whose aim was to defend workers and strikers, particularly from the frequent brutality of the Dublin Metropolitan Police.", "Though they only numbered about 250 at most, their goal soon became the establishment of an independent and socialist Irish nation.", "With Larkin and William O'Brien, Connolly also founded the Irish Labour Party as the political wing of the Irish Trades Union Congress in 1912 and was a member of its National Executive.", "He was editor of The Irish Worker which was suppressed under the Defence of the Realm Act 1914.", "Around this time he met Winifred Carney in Belfast, who became his secretary and would later accompany him during the Easter Rising.", "Like Vladimir Lenin, Connolly opposed the First World War explicitly from a socialist perspective.", "Rejecting the Redmondite position, he declared \"I know of no foreign enemy of this country except the British Government.\"", "Easter Rising\nConnolly and the ICA made plans for an armed uprising during the war, independently of the Irish Volunteers.", "In early 1916, believing the Volunteers were dithering, he attempted to goad them into action by threatening to send the ICA against the British Empire alone, if necessary.", "This alarmed the members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, who had already infiltrated the Volunteers and had plans for an insurrection that very year.", "In order to talk Connolly out of any such rash action, the IRB leaders, including Tom Clarke and Patrick Pearse, met with Connolly to see if an agreement could be reached.", "During the meeting, the IRB and the ICA agreed to act together at Easter of that year.", "During the Easter Rising, beginning on 24 April 1916, Connolly was Commandant of the Dublin Brigade.", "As the Dublin Brigade had the most substantial role in the rising, he was de facto commander-in-chief.", "Connolly's leadership in the Easter rising was considered formidable.", "Michael Collins said of Connolly that he \"would have followed him through hell.\"", "Following the surrender, he said to other prisoners: \"Don't worry.", "Those of us that signed the proclamation will be shot.", "But the rest of you will be set free.\"", "Death\n\nConnolly was not actually held in gaol, but in a room (now called the \"Connolly Room\") at the State Apartments in Dublin Castle, which had been converted to a first-aid station for troops recovering from the war.", "Connolly was sentenced to death by firing squad for his part in the rising.", "On 12 May 1916, he was taken by military ambulance to Royal Hospital Kilmainham, across the road from Kilmainham Gaol, and from there taken to the gaol, where he was to be executed.", "While Connolly was still in hospital in Dublin Castle, during a visit from his wife and daughter, he said: \"The Socialists will not understand why I am here; they forget I am an Irishman.\"", "Connolly had been so badly injured from the fighting (a doctor had already said he had no more than a day or two to live, but the execution order was still given) that he was unable to stand before the firing squad; he was carried to a prison courtyard on a stretcher.", "His absolution and last rites were administered by a Capuchin, Father Aloysius Travers.", "Asked to pray for the soldiers about to shoot him, he said: \"I will say a prayer for all men who do their duty according to their lights.\"", "Instead of being marched to the same spot where the others had been executed, at the far end of the execution yard, he was tied to a chair and then shot.", "His body (along with those of the other leaders) was put in a mass grave without a coffin.", "The executions of the rebel leaders deeply angered the majority of the Irish population, most of whom had shown no support during the rebellion.", "It was Connolly's execution that caused the most controversy.", "Historians have pointed to the manner of execution of Connolly and similar rebels, along with their actions, as being factors that caused public awareness of their desires and goals and gathered support for the movements that they had died fighting for.", "The executions were not well received, even throughout Britain, and drew unwanted attention from the United States, which the British Government was seeking to bring into the war in Europe.", "H. H. Asquith, the Prime Minister, ordered that no more executions were to take place; an exception being that of Roger Casement, who was charged with high treason and had not yet been tried.", "Although he abandoned religious practice in the 1890s, he turned back to Roman Catholicism in the days before his execution.", "Family\nJames Connolly and his wife Lillie had seven children.", "Nora became an influential writer and campaigner within the Irish-republican movement as an adult.", "Roddy continued his father's politics.", "In later years, both became members of the Oireachtas (Irish parliament).", "Moira became a doctor and married Richard Beech.", "One of Connolly's daughters Mona died in 1904 aged 13, when she burned herself while she did the washing for an aunt.", "Three months after James Connolly's execution his wife was received into the Catholic Church, at Church St. on 15 August.", "Legacy\n\nConnolly's legacy in Ireland is mainly due to his contribution to the republican cause; his legacy as a socialist has been claimed by a variety of left-wing and left-republican groups, and he is also associated with the Labour Party which he founded.", "Connolly was among the few European members of the Second International who opposed, outright, World War I.", "This put him at odds with most of the socialist leaders of Europe.", "He was influenced by and heavily involved with the radical Industrial Workers of the World labour union, and envisaged socialism as Industrial Union control of production.", "Also he envisioned the IWW forming their own political party that would bring together the feuding socialist groups such as the Socialist Labor Party of America and the Socialist Party of America.", "Likewise, he envisaged independent Ireland as a socialist republic.", "His connection and views on Revolutionary Unionism and Syndicalism have raised debate on if his image for a workers republic would be one of State or Grassroots socialism.", "For a time he was involved with De Leonism and the Second International until he later broke with both.", "In Scotland, Connolly's thinking influenced socialists such as John Maclean, who would, like him, combine his leftist thinking with nationalist ideas when he formed the Scottish Workers Republican Party.", "The Connolly Association, a British organisation campaigning for Irish unity and independence, is named after Connolly.", "In 1928, Follonsby miners' lodge in the Durham coalfield unfurled a newly designed banner that included a portrait of Connolly on it.", "The banner was burned in 1938, replaced but then painted over in 1940.", "A reproduction of the 1938 Connolly banner was commissioned in 2011 by the Follonsby Miners’ Lodge Banner Association and it is regularly paraded at various events in County Durham ('Old King Coal' at Beamish Open Air museum, 'The Seven men of Jarrow' commemoration every June, the Durham Miners' Gala every second Saturday in July, the Tommy Hepburn annual memorial every October), in the wider UK and Ireland.", "There is a statue of James Connolly in Dublin, outside Liberty Hall, the offices of the SIPTU trade union.", "Another statue of Connolly stands in Union Park, Chicago near the offices of the UE union.", "There is a bust of Connolly in Troy, New York, in the park behind the statue of Uncle Sam.", "In March 2016 a statue of Connolly was unveiled by Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure minister Carál Ní Chuilín, and Connolly's great grandson, James Connolly Heron, on Falls Road in Belfast.", "In a 1972 interview on The Dick Cavett Show, John Lennon stated that James Connolly was an inspiration for his song, \"Woman Is the Nigger of the World\".", "Lennon quoted Connolly's 'the female is the slave of the slave' in explaining the feminist inspiration for the song.", "The Non-Stop Connolly show (1975), \na 12-hour play on the life and politics of James Connolly written by John Arden and Margaretta D'Arcy.", "It was sometimes presented as a daily series and complete script reading, as in London in 1976 at the Almost Free Theatre Soho.", "Connolly Station, one of the two main railway stations in Dublin, and Connolly Hospital, Blanchardstown, are named in his honour.", "In a 2002, BBC television production, 100 Greatest Britons where the British public were asked to register their vote, Connolly was voted in 64th place.", "In 1968, Irish group The Wolfe Tones released a single named \"James Connolly\", which reached number 15 in the Irish charts.", "The band Black 47 wrote and performed a song about Connolly that appears on their album Fire of Freedom.", "Irish singer-songwriter Niall Connolly has a song \"May 12th, 1916 - A Song for James Connolly\" on his album Dream Your Way Out of This One (2017).", "Connolly Books, a leftist bookstore in Dublin which was established in 1932, is named after Connolly.", "Dunedin Connollys GFC, a Edinburgh, Scotland Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) club takes its name from his.", "Connolly and the events of his death are mentioned in the fourth verse of \"The Patriot Game\" by Irish songwriter Dominic Behan (this verse is sometimes omitted from renditions of the song).", "The song \"James Connolly\" appears on the 1991 album Black 47 by the band Black 47.", "It celebrates his career as a socialist and Republican.", "See also\nJames Connolly bibliography\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nWritings\nConnolly, James.", "1987.", "Collected Works (Two volumes).", "Dublin: New Books.", "Connolly, James.", "The Lost Writings (ed.", "Aindrias Ó Cathasaigh), London: Pluto Press \nConnolly, James.", "1973.", "Selected Political Writings (eds.", "Owen Dudley Edwards & Bernard Ransom), London: Jonathan Cape\nConnolly, James.", "1948.", "Socialism and Nationalism: A Selection from the Writings of James Connolly (ed.", "Desmond Ryan), Dublin: Sign of the Three Candles.", "Bibliography\n Allen, Kieran.", "1990.", "The Politics of James Connolly, London: Pluto Press \n Anderson, W.K.", "1994.", "James Connolly and the Irish Left.", "Dublin: Irish Academic Press. .\n Collins, Lorcan.", "2012.", "James Connolly.", "Dublin: O'Brien Press. .\n Fox, R.M.", "1943.", "The History of the Irish Citizen Army.", "Dublin: James Duffy & Co.\n Fox, R.M.", "1946.", "James Connolly: the forerunner.", "Tralee: The Kerryman.", "Kostick, Conor & Collins, Lorcan.", "2000.", "The Easter Rising.", "Dublin: O'Brien Press \n Lloyd, David.", "Rethinking national Marxism.", "James Connolly and ‘Celtic Communism’ Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, 5:3, 345–370.", "Lynch, David.", "2006.", "Radical Politics in Modern Ireland: A History of the Irish Socialist Republican Party (ISRP) 1896- 1904.", "Dublin: Irish Academic Press. .\n Nevin, Donal.", "2005.", "James Connolly: A Full Life.", "Dublin: Gill & MacMillan. .\n O'Callaghan, Sean.", "2015.", "James Connolly: My search for the Man, the Myth and his Legacy.", "Ransom, Bernard.", "1980.", "Connolly's Marxism, London: Pluto Press. .\n Strauss, Eric.", "1973.", "Irish Nationalism and British Democracy, Westport CT: Greenwood.", "Thompson, Spurgeon." ]

[ "Connolly was an Irish republican, socialist and trade union leader.", "Connolly was born to Irish parents in the Cowgate area of Edinburgh, Scotland, and became involved in socialist politics at the age of 11.", "He took a role in Scottish and American politics despite being known for his position in Irish socialist and republican politics.", "He founded the Irish Socialist Republican Party and was a member of the Industrial Workers of the World.", "As a result of the Dublin lock-out of 1913, he was centrally involved in the formation of the Irish Citizen Army, as well as founding the Irish Labour Party with William O'Brien.", "Connolly took over leadership of both the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union (ITGWU) and the military wing of the union after Larkin left for the United States.", "He was one of the leaders of the Easter Rising of 1916 and opposed British rule in Ireland.", "After the defeat of the Easter Rising and the arrest of the majority of its leaders, he was taken to Kilmainham Gaol and executed by firing squad.", "Connolly was the third son of John Connolly and Mary McGinn and was born in an Edinburgh slum in 1868.", "The Cowgate, a ghetto where thousands of Irish people lived, was where his parents settled after moving to Scotland.", "He spoke with a Scottish accent.", "He was born in the Cowgate district of Edinburgh, known as \"Little Ireland\".", "His parents were labourers.", "He attended a catholic primary school up to the age of ten.", "He worked in labouring jobs after leaving.", "He joined the British Army because of the economic difficulties he was having.", "His brother John enlisted 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110", "He served with the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Scots in Ireland during the Land War.", "He became involved in the land issue.", "He hated the British Army for the rest of his life.", "He deserted when he heard that his unit was going to India.", "Connolly had a reason for not wanting to go to India.", "They married in April 1890 after James left the army.", "They lived in Edinburgh.", "Connolly began to get involved in the Scottish Socialist Federation, but with a young family to support, he needed a way to provide for them.", "After a few months, his shoe-mending skills were not enough to open a shop.", "He prioritised the socialist movement over his cobbling at the time.", "Connolly advocated a type of socialism that was based on Marxist theory after becoming influenced by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx.", "Connolly acknowledged the influence of Marx while describing himself as a socialist.", "The groundwork for Christian socialism in Ireland was set by him.", "He was the secretary of the Scottish Socialist Federation.", "After John spoke at a rally in favor of the eight-hour day, he was fired from his job with the Edinburgh Corporation, so while he was looking for work, James took over as secretary.", "Keir Hardie formed the Independent Labour Party in 1893.", "He advocated the use of the neutral international language, Esperanto, at some time during this period.", "Connolly is the author of The Agitator's Wife, a short story that appeared in the Labour Prophet.", "His 1898 article \"The Language Movement\" attempts to promote socialism to the nationalist revolutionaries involved in the Gaelic Revival.", "He was the secretary of the Scottish Socialist Federation from 1895 to 1893.", "Connolly was told by the Dublin Socialist Club that they were looking for a full-time secretary who would make a pound a week.", "Connolly and his family moved to Dublin.", "The Irish Socialist Republican Party (ISRP) was formed at his instigation.", "The early history of Irish socialism and republicanism is thought to have been important by the ISRP.", "Connolly was one of the founding members of the Socialist Labour Party which split from the Social Democratic Federation in 1903.", "Connolly joined other people in protesting against the war.", "A combination of frustration with the progress of the ISRP and economic necessity caused him to emigrate to the United States in September 1903, with no plans as to what he would do there.", "He founded the Irish Socialist Federation in New York in 1907 while he was a member of the Socialist Labor Party of America.", "The Free Press, a socialist weekly newspaper that was published in New Castle, Lawrence county, Pennsylvania, ceased operations in 1913.", "\"A chapter of horrors: Daniel O'Connell and the working class\" is a chapter from his 1910 book Labour in Irish History.", "60 years earlier, the achiever of Catholic Emancipation was critical.", "Connolly was in charge of the Irish Transport and General Workers Union when he returned to Ireland in 1910.", "He was unsuccessful in his attempts to represent the Wood Quay ward.", "His occupation is listed as \"National Socialist Party\" in the 1911 Census of Ireland.", "The Irish Citizen Army was founded in 1913 in response to the Lockout and was made up of well-trained labour men.", "Their goal was to establish an independent and socialist Irish nation after only 250 were numbered.", "Connolly was a member of the National Executive of the Irish Labour Party and founded the political wing of the Irish Trades Union Congress in 1912.", "The Irish Worker was suppressed under the Defence of the Realm Act.", "Around this time, he met his secretary, who would later accompany him during the Easter Rising.", "Connolly was opposed to the First World War from a socialist perspective.", "He said that he knew of no foreign enemy of the country except the British Government.", "The Irish Volunteers were not involved in the plans for an armed uprising made by Easter Rising Connolly and the ICA.", "He tried to get the Volunteers to act by threatening to send the ICA against the British Empire.", "The members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood were alarmed by this and had plans for an insurrection that year.", "The IRB leaders met with Connolly to see if an agreement could be reached to stop the action.", "At Easter of that year, the IRB and the ICA agreed to act together.", "Connolly was in charge of the Dublin brigade during the Easter Rising.", "He was defacto commander-in-chief as the Dublin brigade had the most significant role in the rising.", "Connolly's leadership in the Easter rising was considered formidable.", "Michael Collins said he would have followed Connolly through hell.", "He told the other prisoners not to worry after the surrender.", "We will be shot if we sign the proclamation.", "The rest of you will be free.", "The \"Connolly Room\" at the State Apartments in Dublin Castle was converted to a first-aid station after the war and was where Death Connolly was held.", "Connolly was sentenced to death for his part in the rising.", "He was taken by military ambulance to Royal Hospital Kilmainham, across the road from Kilmainham Gaol, and then taken to the gaol, where he was to be executed.", "During a visit from his wife and daughter, Connolly said that the Socialists wouldn't understand why he was in Dublin Castle.", "Connolly was unable to stand before the firing squad because he was so badly injured from the fighting, but the execution order was still given, so he was taken to a prison courtyard on a stretcher.", "Father Aloysius Travers administered his last rites.", "When asked if he would pray for the soldiers to shoot him, he said he would.", "At the far end of the execution yard, he was tied to a chair and shot.", "The leaders were put in a mass grave without a coffin.", "Most of the Irish population had shown no support for the rebellion and were angered by the executions of the rebel leaders.", "Connolly's execution caused the most controversy.", "The manner of execution of Connolly and similar rebels, along with their actions, have been pointed to as factors that caused public awareness of their desires and goals and gathered support for the movements that they had died fighting for.", "The executions drew attention from the United States, which the British Government wanted to bring into the war in Europe.", "The Prime Minister ordered that there be no more executions and that Roger Casement, who was charged with high treason and had not yet been tried, be spared.", "After abandoning religious practice in the 1890s, he returned to Roman Catholicism in the days before his death.", "James Connolly and his wife had seven children.", "As an adult, she became influential in the Irish-republican movement.", "He continued his father's politics.", "Both became members of the Oireachtas.", "Richard and Moira were married.", "One of Connolly's daughters died in 1904 when she burned herself while washing for an aunt.", "James Connolly's wife was received into the Catholic Church three months after his execution.", "Connolly's legacy in Ireland is mostly due to his contribution to the republican cause, but he is also associated with the Labour Party which he founded.", "Connolly was a member of the Second International who opposed World War I.", "He was at odds with most of the socialist leaders of Europe.", "He was heavily involved with the Industrial Workers of the World labour union, which influenced his view of socialism.", "The Socialist Labor Party of America and the Socialist Party of America were feuding and he thought the IWW would form their own political party.", "He thought that Ireland would be a socialist republic.", "If his image for a workers republic is one of State or Grassroots socialism, his connection and views on Revolutionary Unionism and Syndicalism have raised debate.", "He was involved with both De Leonism and the Second International.", "John Maclean formed the Scottish Workers Republican Party because he was influenced by Connolly's thinking.", "The British organisation campaigning for Irish unity and independence is named after Connolly.", "The Follonsby miners' lodge in the Durham coalfield put up a banner with a portrait of Connolly on it.", "The banner had 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "The Follonsby Miners' Lodge Banner Association commissioned a reproduction of the Connolly banner in order to be paraded at various events in County Durham.", "There is a statue of James Connolly outside of Liberty Hall.", "There is a statue of Connolly in Chicago near the offices of the union.", "There is a statue of Uncle Sam in Troy, New York, but there is also a bust of Connolly in the park.", "In March 2016 a statue of Connolly was unveiled by the Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure and Connolly's great grandson.", "John Lennon stated in a 1972 interview that James Connolly was an inspiration for his song, \"Woman Is the Nigger of the World\".", "Lennon explained the feminist inspiration for the song by quoting Connolly's \"the female is the slave of the slave\".", "The play on the life and politics of James Connolly was written by John Arden and Margaretta D'Arcy.", "In London in 1976, it was presented as a daily series and complete script reading.", "Connolly Station and Connolly Hospital are named after him.", "Connolly was voted in 64th place in the 100 Greatest Britons where the British public were asked to register their vote.", "The Wolfe Tones' single \"James Connolly\" reached number 15 in the Irish charts.", "Black 47 wrote a song about Connolly and 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "The song \"May 12th, 1916 - A Song for James Connolly\" is on the album Dream Your Way Out of This One.", "Connolly Books, a bookstore in Dublin, is named after Connolly.", "The Edinburgh, Scotland Gaelic Athletic Association club takes its name from him.", "The events of Connolly's death are mentioned in the fourth verse of the song by Dominic Behan.", "The band Black 47 recorded the song \"James Connolly\" in 1991.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Further reading Writings Connolly, James can be found in the James Connolly bibliography notes.", "1987.", "There are two volumes of Collected Works.", "Dublin has new books.", "James Connolly.", "The Lost Writings are a collection of lost writings.", "James Connolly is the author of Aindrias Cathasaigh.", "1973.", "Political writing is included in the eds.", "Jonathan Cape Connolly and James are from London.", "1948.", "James Connolly wrote Socialism and Nationalism.", "There is a sign of the three candles.", "It was written by Allen, \"Kieran.\"", "1990.", "The Politics of James Connolly was written by W.K.", "1994.", "The Irish Left is led by James Connolly.", "Dublin: Irish Academic Press.", "The year 2012.", "James Connolly.", "O'Brien Press is in Dublin.", "1943.", "The history of the Irish Citizen Army.", "Fox, R.M. is in Dublin.", "In 1946.", "James Connolly was the first one.", "The Kerryman.", "Kostick, Collins, and Lorcan.", "In 2000.", "The beginning of the Easter season.", "Dublin: O'Brien Press Lloyd.", "Reexamining national Marxism.", "James Connolly and the Interventions of Celtic Communism in the International Journal of Postcolonial Studies.", "David Lynch.", "2006", "The history of the Irish Socialist Republican Party in 1896- 1904 is called Radical Politics in Modern Ireland.", "The Irish Academic Press is in Dublin.", "2005.", "James Connolly has a full life.", "Gill and MacMillan are in Dublin.", "The year 2015.", "James Connolly is searching for the Man, the Myth and his Legacy.", "Bernard Ransom.", "1980.", "Connolly's Marxism was published by the Pluto Press.", "1973.", "Irish Nationalism and British Democracy is in Connecticut.", "Spurgeon Thompson." ]

[ "James Connolly", "Connolly", "James Larkin", "Connolly", "Connolly", "John Connolly", "Connolly", "James", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "James", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "James Larkin", "James Larkin", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "James Connolly", "Connolly", "James Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "James Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "James Connolly", "James Connolly", "Connolly", "James Connolly", "Connolly", "James Connolly", "Connolly", "Niall Connolly", "James Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "James Connolly", "James Connolly", "Connolly", "James", "Connolly", "James", "Connolly", "James", "Connolly", "James", "James Connolly", "James Connolly", "James Connolly", "James Connolly", "James Connolly", "James Connolly", "James Connolly", "James Connolly", "Connolly" ]

[ "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "John Connolly", "Connolly", "James", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "James", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Death Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "James Connolly", "Connolly", "James Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "James Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "James Connolly", "Connolly", "James Connolly", "Connolly", "James", "Connolly", "James Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "Connolly", "James Connolly", "Connolly", "James", "James", "James Connolly", "James Connolly", "Connolly", "James", "James Connolly", "James Connolly", "James Connolly", "James Connolly", "James Connolly", "James Connolly", "James Connolly", "James Connolly", "Connolly" ]

[ "Yodsanklai Fairtex a.k.a.", "Yod (Thai: ยอดแสนไกล แฟร์เท็กซ์; born, July 1, 1985) is a retired Thai Muay Thai kickboxer.", "He is a former WBC Muay Thai World Super welterweight champion at 154 lbs, and a two-time Lumpinee Stadium champion in the 112 and 147 lb weight classes.", "He is also the first champion of The Contender Asia.", "He was nicknamed \"The Boxing Computer\" by Thai sports newspapers as a testament to his perfect fighting technique.", "He trains out of Fairtex Gym in Pattaya, Thailand, \nOn June 11, 2017, he announced on Facebook that he would be retiring from fighting.", "On Dec 26, 2017 he announced on Facebook that he will come back to ring in February 2018.", "In his return, Yodsanklai signed with ONE Championship.", "As of 1 November 2018, he is ranked by Combat Press 5th lightweight in the world.", "As of September 6, 2019, he is ranked the #10 lightweight in the world by Combat Press.", "Background\nYodthanong Photirat was born in the Nong Bua Lamphu Province in Northeastern Thailand, the hotbed of Muay Thai.", "He was introduced to the sport by his older brother Yodkangwan and started practicing when he was eight years old after watching his brothers' fights.", "He had his first fight at a temple fair in Ban Na Dee, his hometown, and received a fight fee of 20 ฿.", "Career \nBefore joining Fairtex in 2005, Yodsanklai fought for three camps: Saknipaporn, Sit-Khru-Od and Petchyindee.", "In August 2005, fighting under the name of Yodsanklai Petchyindee (ยอดแสนไกล เพชรยินดี), he won one of the most prestigious Muay Thai titles, the Lumpinee Stadium belt, by knocking out Runglaew.", "He became the 154 pound WBC Muay Thai World Champion by defeating Australian John Wayne Parr on December 10, 2005, in Gold Coast, Australia.", "In 2005, he won the Champion of Thailand (154 lb) title.", "On June 30, 2006, Yodsanklai made his K-1 Max debut at Superfight at the K-1 World MAX 2006 World Championship Final held in Yokohama, Japan.", "He won against Kamal el Amrani by three round unanimous decision.", "Yodsanklai defended his WBC title on November 11, 2006, against Mark Vogel in Wuppertal, Germany, winning the fight by first round elbow knockout.", "On November 29, 2007, Yodsanklai had a non-title contest at the \"France vs Thailand\" event held in Paris, France, against the Frenchmen Farid Villaume.", "Yodsanklai won the fight by third round referee stoppage TKO.", "He fought former stablemate Kem Sitsongpeenong at Muay Thai Combat Mania: Pattaya in Pattaya, Thailand, on December 30, 2012, at a weight of 71 kg/156 lb, with same-day weigh-ins.", "Despite having not made such a low weight in a number of years, Yod came in at the limit in visibly better shape than in most of his recent fights and KO'd Kem with an elbow in round three.", "Yod knocked out Gregory Choplin in round three at Lion Fight 8 in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, on January 25, 2013.", "He defeated Yohan Lidon by unanimous decision in a rematch at Warriors Night in Levallois, France, on March 2, 2013.", "On April 19, 2013, Yodsanklai TKO'd Naimjon Tuhtaboyev in round two at Thai Fight in Pattaya.", "In June 2013, it was initially reported that Yodsanklai would fight Antuan Siangboxing at Thai Fight in Bangkok.", "However, his opponent was later switched to Kazbek Zubarov.", "He won via TKO at the end of round one when Zubarov suffered an injury.", "Yod defeated Chike Lindsay for the inaugural Lion Fight Middleweight (-70 kg/154 lb) Championship at Lion Fight 10 in Las Vegas on July 26, 2013.", "Lindsay started well, but Yodsanklai took over in round two and began to cut the American up before taking the unanimous decision.", "It was reported that Yod would fight Raphaël Llodra at the WBC World Muay Thai Millennium Championship in Saint-Pierre, Réunion, on September 7, 2013.", "However, he turned the fight down for monetary reasons.", "Instead, he knocked out Vladimir Konsky with a first round elbow in the quarter-finals of the 2013 edition of Thai Fight's -70 kg/154 lb tournament in Thailand on October 23, 2013.", "Then in semifinals, he defeated Samy Sana on November 30, 2013, and advanced to the final.", "He would go on to knock out Expedito Valin and win the tournament.", "Yod was set to fight at Hero Legends in Jinan, China, on December 3, 2014 but withdrew for undisclosed reasons.", "He was also briefly expected to fight in the main event of Lion Fight 13 in Las Vegas on February 7, 2014, but quickly withdrew.", "He returned to the ring and beat Keo Rumchang by second-round KO at Thai Fight: Hua Hin 2014 in Hua Hin, Thailand, on February 22, 2014.", "On May 1, 2017, Combat Press ranked Yodsanklai the #4 lightweight in the world.", "On February 3, 2018 Yodsanklai returned to the ring, scoring a unanimous decision against German Enriko Kehl at Wu Lin Feng in Shenzhen, China.", "ONE Championship \nYodsanklai then signed for ONE Championship.", "In his debut, he defeated Chris Ngimbi via unanimous decision.", "In his second bout with the promotion, he knocked out Luis Regis in the first round.", "At ONE Championship: A New Era on March 31, 2019, Yodsanklai defeated Andy Souwer by second-round technical knockout.", "He was then entered in to the ONE Super Series Kickboxing Featherweight World Grand Prix, alongside the likes of Giorgio Petrosyan, Andy Souwer, and Petchmorrakot Petchyindee Academy.", "He would lose to Samy Sana by unanimous decision in Grand Prix Quarter-Finals at ONE Championship: Enter the Dragon.", "On October 23, 2019, it was announced that Yodsanklai was scheduled to face World Lethwei Championship champion Sasha Moisa at ONE Championship: Age Of Dragons, his opponent was changed to Jamal Yusupov.", "In an upset, Yodsanklai lost to Yusupov, who'd taken the fight on short notice, by second-round knockout.", "This marked Yodsanklai's first knockout loss since 2005.", "On June 28, 2020, it was announced that Yodsanklai would challenge Phetmorakot Petchyindee Academy for the ONE Featherweight Muay Thai World Championship at ONE Championship: No Surrender on July 31, 2020.", "Despite showing an improved performance from his last two fights, Yodsanklai was unable to win the title and lost to Phetmorakot by split decision.", "Second retirement \nOn March 1, 2021, Yodsanklai announced his second retirement on social media.", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#fbb;\"\n| 2019-11-16 || Loss || align=\"left\" | Jamal Yusupov || ONE Championship: Age Of Dragons || Beijing, China || KO (Punches) || 2 || 0:35\n|-\n|- style=\"background:#fbb;\"\n| 2019-05-17 || Loss || align=\"left\" | Samy Sana || ONE Championship: Enter the Dragon || Kallang, Singapore || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|-\n|- bgcolor=\"#CCFFCC\"\n| 2017-05-14 || Win ||align=left| Cedric Manhoef || Kunlun Fight 61 - Group H Tournament Semi Finals || Sanya, China || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00\n|-\n|- bgcolor=\"#CCFFCC\"\n| 2017-04-15 || Win ||align=left| Masoud Minaei || MAS 1 || Guangzhou, China || TKO (Referee Stoppage/ 3 Knockdowns) || 1 ||\n|-\n|- bgcolor=\"#CCFFCC\"\n| 2017-02-26 || Win ||align=left| Saifullah Hambahadov || Kunlun Fight 57 || Sanya, China || KO (Right uppercut) || 2 || 1:32\n|-\n|- bgcolor=\"#CCFFCC\"\n| 2015-10-31 || Win ||align=left| Dzhabar Askerov || Kunlun Fight 33 - World Max Tournament 2015 Final 16 || Changde, China || Decision || 3 || 3:00\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2014-11-22 || Win ||align=left| Alex Oller || THAI FIGHT 2014 – 70 kg/154 lb Tournament Semi-finals || Khon Kaen, Thailand || KO (Elbows) || 1 ||\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2014-10-25|| Win || align=left| Mohammed El-Mir || THAI FIGHT 2014 – 70 kg/154 lb Tournament Quarter-finals || Bangkok, Thailand || TKO || 1 || \n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2014-09-05 || Win ||align=left| Salah Khalifa || Lion Fight 18 || Las Vegas, Nevada, USA || KO (punches and knee ) || 2 || 2:38\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2014-06-28 || Win ||align=left| Fady Abboud || THAI FIGHT WORLD BATTLE 2014: Macao || Macau, China || KO (Left High Kick) || 2 || \n|-\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2014-04-06 ||Win ||align=left| Diogo Calado || THAI FIGHT WORLD BATTLE 2014: Chakrinaruebet || Sattahip, Thailand || Decision || 3 || 3:00\n|-\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2014-02-22 ||Win ||align=left| Keo Rumchong || THAI FIGHT WORLD BATTLE 2014: Klai Kang Won || Hua Hin, Thailand || KO (punches) ||2 || \n|- \n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2013-12-22 ||Win ||align=left| Expedito Valin || THAI FIGHT 2013 – 70 kg/154 lb Tournament Final || Bangkok, Thailand || KO (punches) ||2 || \n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2013-11-30 ||Win ||align=left| Samy Sana || THAI FIGHT 2013 – 70 kg/154 lb Tournament Semi-finals || Bangkok, Thailand ||Decision ||3 || 3:00\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2013-10-23 || Win ||align=left| Vladimir Konsky || THAI FIGHT 2013 – 70 kg/154 lb Tournament Quarter-finals || Bangkok, Thailand || KO (left elbow) || 1 || \n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2013-07-26 || Win ||align=left| Chike Lindsay || Lion Fight 10 || Las Vegas, Nevada, USA || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#fbb;\"\n| 2011-11-26 || Loss ||align=left| Artur Kyshenko ||Rumble of the Kings 2011 || Stockholm, Sweden || Decision (Unanimous)|| 3 || 3:00\n|- style=\"background:#fbb;\"\n| 2011-10-28 || Loss ||align=left| Prakaysaeng Sit Or || Toyota Vigo Marathon 2011, Final || Korat, Thailand || Decision || 3 || 2:00\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2011-10-28 || Win ||align=left| Antuan Siangboxing || Toyota Vigo Marathon 2011, Semi Final || Korat, Thailand || Decision || 3 || 2:00\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2011-10-28 || Win ||align=left| Sirimongkon Sitanupap || Toyota Vigo Marathon 2011, Quarter Final || Korat, Thailand || Decision || 3 || 2:00 \n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2011-11-05 || Win ||align=left| Hou Xu || Legends of Heroes 2011 || Changsha, China || TKO || 1 || \n|- style=\"background:#c5d2ea;\"\n| 2011-08-13 || Draw ||align=left| Aotegen bateer || Legends of Heroes: Kung Fu vs Muaythai || Nanchang, China || Ext.", "R Decision || 4 || 3:00\n|- style=\"background:#fbb;\"\n| 2011-08-07 || Loss ||align=left| Yasuhito Shirasu || THAI FIGHT EXTREME 2011: Japan || Ariake Coliseum, Japan || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2011-07-17 || Win ||align=left| Karim Ghajji || THAI FIGHT EXTREME 2011: Hong Kong || Hong Kong, China || Decision || 3 || 3:00\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2011-06-18 || Win ||align=left| Fran Palenzuela || Fighting Legend - World Professional Championships || Chengdu, China || TKO || 2 || \n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2011-05-14 || Win ||align=left| Jose Barradas || THAI FIGHT EXTREME 2011: France || Cannes, France || Decision || 3 || 3:00\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2010-12-05|| Win ||align=left| Cosmo Alexandre || Kings Birthday 2010, Final || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 3 || 2:00\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2010-12-05|| Win ||align=left| Jordan Watson || Kings Birthday 2010, Semi final || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 3 || 2:00\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2010-12-05|| Win ||align=left| Vuyisile Colossa || Kings Birthday 2010, Quarter final || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 3 || 2:00\n|- style=\"background:#fbb;\"\n| 2010-10-17 || Loss ||align=left| John Wayne Parr || Pay Back Time 2, Powerplay Promotions || Melbourne, Australia || Decision (Split) || 5 || 3:00\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2010-10-09 || Win ||align=left| Wang Guan || Legends of Heroes: Muaythai vs Kung Fu || Pahang, Malaysia || Decision || 3 || 3:00 \n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2010-03-20 || Win ||align=left| Abdel Halim Issaoui || Kickboxing Superstar XIX Edition || Milan, Italy ||TKO (Cut) || 4 || \n|- style=\"background:#fbb;\"\n| 2010-02-13 || Loss ||align=left| Vuyisile Colossa || Boxe-Thai Guinea tournament 2 || Malabo, Equatorial Guinea || Decision (Unanimous) || 5 || 3:00\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2009-11-29 || Win ||align=left| Khalid Bourdif || SLAMM \"Nederland vs Thailand VI\" || Almere, Netherlands || Decision (Unanimous) || 5 || 3:00\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2009-11-07 || Win ||align=left| Marco Pique || Janus FightNight: Thai Boxe Last Challenge || Padua, Italy || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2009-06-26 || Win ||align=left| Cosmo Alexandre || Champions of Champions 2 || Montego Bay, Jamaica || KO (Left low kick) || 4 || 0:25\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2009-03-26 || Win ||align=left| Vuyisile Colossa || Les Stars du Ring 2009 || Levallois-Perret, France || Decision (Unanimous) || 5 || 3:00\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2009-01-18 || Win ||align=left| Takaaki Nakamura || M.I.D.", "Japan presents \"Thailand Japan\" 2009 || Japan || Decision (Unanimous) || 5 || 3:00\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2008-12-20 || Win ||align=left| Lamsongkram Chuwattana || Boxe-Thai Guinea tournament || Malabo, Equatorial Guinea || KO (Right uppercut) || 1 || 2:50\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2008-12-20 || Win ||align=left| Yohan Lidon || Boxe-Thai Guinea tournament || Malabo, Equatorial Guinea || TKO (Doctor stop/eye injury) || 2 || 3:00\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2008-12-20 || Win ||align=left| Denis Varaksa || Boxe-Thai Guinea tournament || Malabo, Equatorial Guinea || KO (Punches) || 3 || 1:08\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2008-11-25 || Win ||align=left| Vuyisile Colossa || Planet Battle || Hong Kong, China || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2008-09-17 || Win ||align=left| Madsua lamai gym || Return Of The Contenders || Singapore City || KO (Body shot) || 3 || 2:42\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2008-06-20 || Win ||align=left| Malaipet Team Diamond || Champions of Champions || Montego Bay, Jamaica || TKO (Doc stop/cut, swollen left eye) || 3 || 3:00\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2008-05-31 || Win ||align=left| Artem Levin || K-1 Scandinavia MAX 2008 || Stockholm, Sweden || KO (Right hook) || 2 || 0:40\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2008-04-12 || Win ||align=left| John Wayne Parr || The Contender Asia Finale || Singapore City || Decision (Unanimous) || 5 || 3:00\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#fbb;\"\n| 2008-03-02 || Loss ||align=left| Andy Souwer || SLAMM \"Nederland vs Thailand IV\" || Almere, Netherlands || Ext.", "R Decision || 4 || 3:00\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2008-02-09 || Win ||align=left| Dimitry Simoukov || KO World Series 2008 Auckland || Auckland, New Zealand || KO (Left hook) || 1 || 2:23\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2006-08-23 || Win ||align=left| Rasmus Zoeylner || WPMF Championships || Nakhon Sawan, Thailand || Decision (Unanimous) || 5 || 3:00\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2005-09-06 || Win ||align=left| Samkor Kiatmontep || Petchyindee Fights, Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision (Unanimous) || 5 || 3:00\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2005-08-16 || Win ||align=left| Riuankaew S.Boonya || Fairtex Fights, Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || TKO || 2 || \n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2010-08-31 || Win ||align=left| Vasyl Tereshonok || 2010 World Combat Games -75 kg Muay Thai, Semi finals || Beijing, China || Decision (4-1) || 4 || 2:00\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2010-08-29 || Win ||align=left| Guilherme Jung || 2010 World Combat Games -75 kg Muay Thai, Quarter finals || Beijing, China || TKO (Referee Stoppage) || ||\n|-\n| colspan=9 | Legend:\n\nSee also\n List of male kickboxers\n Champions of Champions Elite\n\nReferences\n\n1985 births\nLiving people\nFlyweight kickboxers\nBantamweight kickboxers\nFeatherweight kickboxers\nLightweight kickboxers\nWelterweight kickboxers\nMiddleweight kickboxers\nYodsanklai Fairtex\nYodsanklai Fairtex\nThe Contender (TV series) participants\nKunlun Fight kickboxers\nONE Championship kickboxers" ]

[ "The name of the business is Yodsanklai Fairtex a.k.a.", "Yod is a retired Muay Thai kickboxer.", "He is a two-time Lumpinee Stadium champion in the 112 and 147 pound weight classes.", "He was the first champion of The Contender Asia.", "Thai sports newspapers dubbed him \"The Boxing Computer\" because of his perfect fighting technique.", "He announced on his Facebook page that he would be retiring from fighting.", "He announced on Facebook that he will ring in February.", "Yodsanklai signed with ONE Championship.", "He is ranked 5th in the world by Combat Press.", "He is ranked the tenth lightest in the world by Combat Press.", "Yodthanong Photirat was born in Northeastern Thailand, the birthplace of Muay Thai.", "His older brother Yodkangwan introduced him to the sport when he was eight years old.", "He received a fight fee of 20 for his first fight in Ban Na Dee.", "Yodsanklai fought for three different camps before joining Fairtex.", "One of the most prestigious Muay Thai titles was won by Yodsanklai Petchyindee in 2005, when he knocked out Runglaew.", "On December 10, 2005, in Gold Coast, Australia, he defeated Australian John Wayne Parr to become the 154 poundWBC Muay Thai World Champion.", "He won the title of champion of thailand in 2005.", "Yodsanklai made his K-1 Max debut at Superfight at the K-1 World MAX 2006 World Championship Final held in Yokohama, Japan.", "He won by a unanimous decision.", "In Wuppertal, Germany, Yodsanklai won the fight by first round elbow knockout.", "At the \"France vs Thailand\" event held in Paris, France, on November 29, 2007, Yodsanklai had a non-title contest against the French man.", "The referee stopped the fight in the third round.", "He fought former stablemate Kem Sitsongpeenong at Muay Thai Combat Mania: Pattaya in Thailand on December 30, 2012 with same-day weigh-ins.", "Despite having not made such a low weight in a number of years, Yod came in at the limit in better shape than in most of his recent fights and ended his fight with an elbow in round three.", "Yod knocked out Gregory Choplin in round three at Lion Fight 8.", "He defeated Yohan Lidon by a unanimous decision at Warriors Night in Levallois, France.", "In round two of the Thai Fight in Pattaya, Yodsanklai defeated Tuhtaboyev.", "The fight between Yodsanklai and Siangboxing was supposed to take place at Thai Fight in Bangkok.", "His opponent was later changed to Kazbek Zubarov.", "Zubarov was injured at the end of the first round.", "Yod defeated Chike Lindsay for the Lion Fight Middleweight Championship at Lion Fight 10 in Las Vegas.", "Lindsay started well, but Yodsanklai took over in round two and cut the American up before taking the unanimous decision.", "Yod was going to fight Raphal Llodra at the World Muay Thai Millennium Championship.", "The fight was turned down for monetary reasons.", "He knocked out Konsky with a first round elbow in the quarter-finals of the Thai Fight's -70 kilogram/ 154 kilogram tournament in Thailand.", "He defeated Samy Sana in the semifinals and advanced to the final.", "He knocked out Expedito Valin to win the tournament.", "Yod was going to fight in Jinan, China, on December 3, but he withdrew.", "He was supposed to fight in the main event of Lion Fight 13 in Las Vegas on February 7, but quickly withdrew.", "He returned to the ring and beat Keo Rumchang in the second round.", "Yodsanklai was ranked the fourth lightest in the world by Combat Press.", "On February 3, 2018, Yodsanklai scored a unanimous decision against German Enriko Kehl in Shenzhen, China.", "Yodsanklai signed for ONE Championship.", "He defeated Chris Ngimbi in his debut.", "He knocked out Luis Regis in the first round.", "Yodsanklai defeated Andy Souwer in the second round of the ONE Championship.", "He was entered in to the ONE Super Series Kickboxing Featherweight World Grand Prix along with Giorgio Petrosyan, Andy Souwer, and Petchmorrakot Petchyindee Academy.", "He was beaten by a unanimous decision in the Grand Prix Quarter-Finals at ONE Championship: Enter the Dragon.", "At ONE Championship: Age Of Dragons, Yodsanklai was scheduled to face World Lethwei Championship champion Sasha Moisa, but his opponent was changed to Jamal Yusupov.", "Yodsanklai was knocked out by Yusupov in the second round.", "This was Yodsanklai's first knockout loss.", "On June 28, 2020, it was announced that Yodsanklai would challenge the academy for the ONE Featherweight Muay Thai World Championship at ONE Championship: No Surrender on July 31, 2020.", "Despite showing an improved performance from his last two fights, Yodsanklai was unable to win the title and was defeated by a split decision.", "On March 1, 2021, Yodsanklai announced his second retirement.", "The One Championship: Age of Dragons was won by Jamal Yusupov.", "The Kunlun Fight 61 - Group H Tournament Semi Finals were held in Sanya, China.", "Alex Oller is in Thailand for the THAI FIGHT tournament.", "800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519", "The thai fight tournament semi-finals will be held in Bangkok, Thailand.", "Artur Kyshenko's memoir \"Rumble of the Kings\" was published in 2011.", "The Toyota Vigo Marathon 2011, Semi Final and Decision were held in Korat, Thailand.", "The THAI fight extinction was held at the Ariake Coliseum in Japan.", "The Kings Birthday 2010 Semi final was held in Bangkok, Thailand.", "The background of the Heroes: Muaythai vs Kung Fu is white.", "800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519", "The decision was made on the Les Stars du Ring 2009, which was held in Levallois-Perret, France.", "\"Thailand Japan\" is presented by Japan in 2009.", "The 2008-12-20 Boxe-Thai Guinea tournament was won by Lamsongkram Chuwattana.", "Win, Yohan Lidon, and the Boxe-Thai Guinea tournament are all related to the doctor stop/eye injury.", "Malaipet Team Diamond is the champion of Montego Bay, Jamaica.", "There is a style called \"background:white colspan\" and it can be found in the style section of the website.", "The decision (unanimous) of The Contender Asia finale was aired on April 12.", "\"Nederland vs Thailand IV\" is a film by Andy Souwer.", "\"R Decision\" is a style that can be found in the background of \"cfc.\" \"WIN\" is a style that can be found in the background of \"cfc.\" \"KO\" is a style that can be found in the background of \"cfc.\"", "The WPMF Championships were held in Nakhon Sawan, Thailand.", "The Petchyindee Fights were held at the Lumpinee Stadium in Bangkok, Thailand.", "The 2005-08-16 win was by Riuankaew S.Boonya.", "The 2010 World Combat Games -75 kg Muay Thai, Semi finals were held in Beijing, China." ]

[ "Fairtex", "Yodsanklai" ]

[ "Yodsanklai" ]

[ "Dennis Michael Miller (born November 3, 1953) is an American talk show host, political commentator, sports commentator, actor, and comedian.", "He was a cast member of Saturday Night Live from 1985 to 1991, and he subsequently hosted a string of his own talk shows on HBO, CNBC, and in syndication.", "From 2007 to 2015, Miller hosted a daily, three-hour, self-titled talk radio program, nationally syndicated by Westwood One.", "On March 9, 2020, Dennis Miller + One show, launched on RT America.", "It runs twice-weekly and features celebrity interviews.", "Miller is listed as 21st on Comedy Central's 100 greatest stand-up comedians of all time, and was ranked as the best host of SNLs Weekend Update by Vulture.com.", "Early life\nMiller was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and grew up in the suburb of Castle Shannon.", "He is of Scottish descent.", "Miller's parents separated and he was raised by his mother, Norma, a dietitian at a Baptist nursing home.", "Miller is reluctant to speak about his father, usually just saying he \"moved on when I was very young.\"", "He is the eldest of Norma's five children, and in his early life often looked after the rest of his siblings.", "Miller attended Saint Anne School, a Catholic elementary school.", "Miller's personality during this period was not one of an innate performer but of a shy kid.", "Miller's childhood pastimes included street football, backyard baseball, basketball at St. Anne's, and much television.", "At St. Anne's, he served as manager for the Catholic Youth Organization basketball team for boys 15–16 years old.", "Miller's first inspiration to pursue a comedy career came as a child when he was taken to see comedian Kelly Monteith at a Pittsburgh club.", "After the show Monteith was kind enough to answer the young Miller's questions about being a comedian, leaving him thinking \"Man, I'm going to work hard at this; ...seems like fun.\"", "Miller went to Keystone Oaks High School.", "His two earliest childhood comedy heroes were Jonathan Winters and Tim Conway.", "By high school he had already developed a reputation for humor.", "At Keystone Oaks, Miller was a member of the Physical Fitness Club, and in his senior year he worked on the Keynote newspaper and served on the student council, but lost his bid for senior class president.", "During his senior year, he served as co-emcee for the Keystone Oaks May Pageant, themed \"Once Upon A Rumble Seat\".", "Despite Miller's reputation for humor, his actual personality at this time was one that was reserved, lacking self-confidence, and hidden under a layer of comedy.", "He graduated from high school in 1971 with the intent of studying to become a sports writer.", "At Point Park University Miller became a member of Sigma Tau Gamma fraternity.", "Miller likened his social status at this period as being lower than Booger of Revenge of the Nerds.", "Miller majored in journalism.", "In the fall of his senior year at the university, Miller began writing for the South Hills Record, mixing humor into his sports reporting.", "When the paper changed its payment structure to pay around an eighth of a penny per column inch, Miller quit.", "Miller graduated from Point Park in 1976 with a degree in journalism.", "Miller later reflected on why he did not continue to pursue journalism, saying \"I'm just not that interested in other people's business and that's a tragic flaw in a journalist.\"", "Career \nAfter college, Miller was unable to find work in journalism.", "Instead, he moved through several occupations, including a clerk at Giant Eagle deli, a janitor, a delivery man for a florist, and an ice cream scooper at the Village Dairy.", "Reflecting on his pre-comedy job history in a later discussion with Tom Snyder, Miller recalled leaving college and attending a real estate seminar at a \"bad hotel,\" which consisted of a five-hour lecture without bathroom breaks.", "Near the end of the lecture, he was told that he would only be paid by commission, which made Miller say \"I'm in Hell, I don't even know what I am going to do for a living here.", "I'm a nut case.\"", "Miller then worked as a delivery man for what he describes as \"an all-gay florist.\"", "Leaving that job, he worked as an ice cream scooper.", "Miller recalled that he was twenty-one—five years out of high school and wearing a paper hat while working alongside teens excited about getting their driver's licenses.", "A spur to quit the ice cream scooping job was when the prettiest girl he had attended high school with came in and he was the one who had to take her order, which filled him with embarrassment.", "Miller later stated that at the time he feared that if he stayed in such jobs, his life would become a Franz Kafka novella, and it stiffened his resolve to start pursuing a comedy career.", "Leaving the ice cream parlor, Miller joined the staff at Point Park's Recreation Room, where he was in charge of the bowling alley, video games, and running the air-hockey league.", "Air-hockey regulars nicknamed him \"Clarence\" after NHL Commissioner Clarence Campbell, or called him \"Commish.\"", "When Miller's brother Jimmy was around, they referred to him as \"Commush\".", "A patron from that time recalled that Miller sat on pool tables telling jokes and honing his comedy to those in the rec room, which was the only place the commuters gathered.", "Miller and the other patrons closely followed the NFL at the time as it was the \"era of the Super Steelers\".", "Stand-up\n\nIn 1979 after seeing a Robin Williams comedy special on HBO, Miller decided that he had to pursue his dream of being a stand-up comedian.", "In Pittsburgh, Miller began a comedy career by performing at open-mic nights.", "He backed out of his first two attempts to perform at an open mic due to stage fright and anger with himself over the question of whether the drive to perform was a need for approval from others.", "When he finally made his début at the Oak's Lounge on Sleepy Hollow Road in Castle Shannon, most of Miller's family was in the audience to cheer him on.", "In a later interview, Miller spoke of the stage presence he developed for his stand-up act to address his fears.", "(He emphasized that the comedy business will always be frightening as any error could spiral into the end of a career.)", "To compensate for his early fears, Miller said, \"I got up there and acted like the guy I always wanted to be to get through it.", "...It's a part of me, but it's not the real me.\"", "He would keep his hands in his pockets to appear unfazed, or adjust his cuffs during an audience laugh to give the appearance of indifference to approval.", "Miller pointed out that part of his act is to show a \"hipper-than-thou\" persona, but then purposely undermine it at regular intervals for comedic effect.", "He began appearing onstage at the Oak's Lounge in Castle Shannon while working at the Giant Eagle deli in Kennedy.", "Miller lived without a car and without much money in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, hitching rides or taking buses.", "He continued to do stand-ups in Oakland and at places like Brandy's in the Strip District and the Portfolio on Craig Street, eventually saving up $1,000 which he used to try to fast-track his comedy career by moving to New York City.", "Once there, Miller had to bribe a landlord to give him a room for $200, then had to pay the security deposit of $250 and the first month's rent of $250.", "Thus, he spent $700 of his $1,000 savings on his first day in New York, for a sparse, bunker-like room.", "While in New York he submitted a joke for a Playboy magazine contest for humor writing that was judged by an all-star panel including Rodney Dangerfield, Bill Cosby, David Brenner, Martin Mull, Art Buchwald, and Buck Henry.", "Of around 15,000 entries, Miller tied for second and his joke and picture appeared in the June 1979 issue of the magazine.", "Miller won $500 in Playboys first annual humor competition with the following joke:\n\nFor the first year and a half of his comedy career, Miller had heavily relied on props during his act, but he felt this limited him and switched to using purely language.", "Miller gained more exposure when he tried out for the New York Laff-Off Contest.", "The contest had 40 slots but 32 of them had already been filled by the top regulars who appeared at the three comedy venues sponsoring the competition.", "Some 350 people tried out for the remaining eight slots, some of whom had appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, The Merv Griffin Show, or The Mike Douglas Show.", "Many of the comedians Miller was up against had hours of crafted material, while he had fine-tuned around ten minutes.", "To his surprise and delight, Miller earned one of the remaining slots.", "For the competition itself he appeared at the Improv and received a standing ovation, moving him on to the finals.", "While he did not win the Laff-Off, he was seen by dozens of talent agents, resulting in bookings at colleges and other clubs.", "While he was working in New York City, Hustler Magazine listed Miller in a piece called \"The 10 Funniest People in America You'll Never See on TV\".", "While in New York City, Miller supported himself by working rather mundane jobs during the day, such as bartender and payroll clerk, and by night made the rounds of New York clubs The Comic Strip, The Improvisation, and Catch a Rising Star.", "After about a year, unable to make a go of it, he returned to Pittsburgh.", "Television\nHaving honed his stand-up comedy act, Miller was able to transition to television, increasing his audience base.", "KDKA-TV\nHaving gone through the comedy-club circuit, Miller returned to do his sight-gag routine back in Pittsburgh at Brandy's in August 1980.", "It was there that local television station KDKA-TV was shooting a piece for its Evening Magazine and offered him a job at the station.", "By the end of 1980 Miller was acting as a warm-up in the afternoons for KDKA's Pittsburgh 2Day.", "He then began starring in humorous segments for the syndicated Evening Magazine.", "By 1983 he had become the host of Punchline, a Saturday-morning newsmagazine aimed at teenagers.", "In one episode he interviewed fellow comedian Pat Paulsen.", "Miller later reflected on this time, saying that \"you have to start somewhere,\" and that he was \"just pleased to be in front of a camera.\"", "During this time Miller also performed stand-up in such New York City comedy clubs as Catch A Rising Star and The Comic Strip.", "While in New York, Miller saw a show by Richard Belzer and noted how he barked at the crowd rather than embrace it, was cutting rather than cute.", "Miller adopted this comedic philosophy.", "During performances at comedy clubs in Pittsburgh, Miller befriended Jay Leno and Jerry Seinfeld.", "In 1984 Leno found Miller an apartment in Los Angeles and he and Seinfeld arranged a debut for Miller at The Improv.", "Miller resigned from KDKA and moved to Los Angeles to try to further his comedy career.", "Miller's brothers Rich and Jimmy joined him in Los Angeles, taking up varied jobs around The Improv such as booking shows, acting as bouncer, and selling tickets.", "Jimmy became a power talent agent with Gold Miller, and Rich ran RCM Entertainment, booking comedians across the country.", "In Los Angeles, Leno was a big influence on Miller, as he was to many upcoming comedians in the area at the time.", "Young comedians gathered at Leno's home late at night and he offered critiques with humorous, biting wit.", "Leno also taped television appearances of his group and showed them during such sessions while offering more humorous critiques.", "Miller later fondly recalled the time, saying it was like \"sitting at his knee, querying Yoda\".", "Miller appeared on Star Search, where he lost out to fellow comedian Sinbad after the two tied on judges' scores; Sinbad won with a higher studio-audience approval rating.", "Miller made his first appearance on Late Night with David Letterman on June 24, 1985 (other guests were Phil Collins and María Conchita Alonso).", "Saturday Night Live\nMiller's big break came in 1985, when he was discovered by Lorne Michaels at The Comedy Store.", "Miller subsequently auditioned for SNL in Los Angeles, and did well enough for a second audition at Times Square in New York.", "About 70 people watched this second audition—this was most of the show's staff along with Lorne Michaels, Paul Simon, and Dan Aykroyd.", "Miller walked into a well-lit room and was told \"Go ahead, you have eight minutes, Dennis.\"", "After the New York audition he went to dinner with Michaels and Jack Nicholson.", "Miller felt that this was just another aspect of his audition, to see if he could handle himself around famous people, so he \"just sat there quietly\".", "Miller later recalled the conclusion of the meeting with Michaels: \"He looked at me and goes, 'Would you like to do my newscast?'.", "And I said, 'Yeah, I would', and he said, 'Well, I'll see you tomorrow'.", "And then I walked out.", "And I remember thinking, 'My life has just changed.'\"", "Miller had landed a spot on Saturday Night Live, where he succeeded Christopher Guest as the Weekend Update anchor.", "The spot was supposed to go to comic Jon Lovitz, but Lovitz was scheduled for other parts on the show and needed the Update segment to do costume changes, so Miller was drafted to read the news.", "Miller had not been particularly political in his comedy before SNL but found that it came easy—he could open a newspaper and find a few headlines to build a new act around.", "He decided to make his stage persona a bit sardonic, as he felt that people who had tried to do the Weekend Update segment as nice guys did not last very long in the role.", "Miller began his fictional news reports with \"Good evening, and what can I tell ya?\"", "and closed with \"Guess what, folks?", "That's the news, and I... am... outta here!\"", "Fans of SNL became accustomed to his snarky delivery, high-pitched giggle, and frequently primped hair—idiosyncrasies that were spoofed by Dana Carvey, Tom Hanks, and Jimmy Fallon, all of whom have impersonated Miller on the show.", "When Miller left SNL in 1991, the anchor's chair was turned over to Kevin Nealon.", "In 1988, Miller released a stand-up comedy CD, The Off-White Album, derived from an HBO special titled Mr. Miller Goes to Washington, which drew heavily from the observational and metaphor-driven style he was known for on Saturday Night Live, and showed glimpses of the political humor that would influence his later work.", "A well-received HBO special, Dennis Miller: Black and White, aired shortly after the release of the CD.", "Although Miller spent much of his time on SNL behind the Weekend Update desk, he was included in some sketches and did a few recurring characters and celebrity impersonations.", "Recurring characters\n Koko, one of the pixies in the recurring sketch \"Miss Connie's Fable Nook\"\n Steve, one of The Stand-Ups (others include Jon Lovitz as Bob, Damon Wayans as Keith, and Tom Hanks as Paul)\n\nCelebrity impersonations\n Gary Hart\n George Harrison\n Nathaniel Crosby\n\nIt was thought that he would renew his contract with NBC until at least 1993.", "Leaving SNL\nMiller decided he was going to leave SNL after the 1990–91 season despite being happy with his role on the show, and despite loving writing political gags for it, because he had turned 38 and his 18-month-old son Holden had made him want to strive for things to \"make the boy proud.\"", "He had a late-night talk show in development, and it was believed that fans of Letterman would naturally be interested in Miller's show and prefer that over Leno's in that time slot.", "He told an interviewer, \"I had a great gig and this came up.", "It seemed like an opportunity that doesn't present itself too frequently in your life, so I opted to take it.", "...I wanted to see what other talents I had, so I decided this was the shot.\"", "Miller thought that his outspokenness behind the SNL desk on political topics and even on jokes not working out made the transition to talk show host a good idea.", "He also felt that the SNL studio audience never fully accepted him in skits as other characters, making him question his acting ability.", "After it was announced that Miller would be starting his own show, he was a guest on The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson.", "Carson offered him some advice while reflecting on his own 30-year career from which he was retiring in May 1992.", "He told Miller to compete only with himself, not to focus on the competition.", "Miller appreciated the advice, noting that \"there's no class for this\" and that he would have to learn on the job in front of an audience.", "In preparation, Miller sharpened his interviewing skills by practicing on the show's stage hands.", "He felt that the secret to interviewing well was listening to the guest rather than trying to set up jokes while the guest is talking.", "As the date for the show's opening approached, Miller told an interviewer that he was both thrilled and \"scared shitless\" by the opportunity.", "He hoped to eventually be able to relax enough to be entirely himself.", "He saw Carson's approach as the standard but hoped not to be too influenced by anyone.", "Between SNL and his new show, Miller did stand-up dates with Howie Mandel and then with Steven Wright.", "The Dennis Miller Show\n\nIn 1992, after leaving SNL, Miller hosted an eponymous late-night talk show in syndication that lasted seven months.", "The show, launched in January 1992, was an attempt by syndicator Tribune Entertainment to carve out a niche in the late-night television landscape; an opportunity to do so was anticipated due to Carson's retirement from The Tonight Show that May and his replacement by Jay Leno.", "Miller's show was unable to build a significant audience, however, and was cancelled in July.", "Dennis Miller Live\nBeginning in 1994, Miller hosted Dennis Miller Live, a half-hour talk show on HBO.", "The show's theme song was the Tears for Fears hit \"Everybody Wants to Rule the World\", and included a snippet of the song \"Civilized\" by the Rollins Band.", "The show was taped at CBS Television City on the same stage where The Price Is Right is taped.", "It utilized a small set and sparse lighting, and there was no band.", "It comprised mainly Miller, speaking to the largely-unseen studio audience, on a darkened stage.", "Miller hosted one guest per show, with whom he discussed the topic of the day.", "Early on, guests were all interviewed live via satellite, but soon most appeared live in the studio.", "There was also a call-in segment.", "The number was originally given as 1-800-LACTOSE.", "Later, he referred to it only by its numeric equivalent (1-800-522-8673).", "Within the time available, Miller typically could accommodate only two or three calls.", "He gradually eliminated call-ins in the last few seasons of the show.", "Miller and his writing staff won five Emmy Awards during the show's run, which aired 215 episodes over nine years.", "HBO cancelled the show in 2002.", "Monday Night Football\nWith the increasing popularity of cable television and its multiple channel and programming options, ABC's Monday Night Football found itself competing for viewers.", "One of its main competitors for its target young male demographic was professional wrestling.", "ABC went through a series of different announcer combinations in rapid succession, trying to establish a booth dynamic that would recapture the public's imagination.", "By the close of the 1999 season, they were looking to make the fourth change in as many years.", "By the end of the 1999 NFL season, Monday Night Football had its ratings decline for the fifth season in a row.", "In an effort to turn things around, ABC fired Boomer Esiason, who had been on the show for two years.", "They also convinced Don Ohlmeyer, who had produced the show in the 1970s, to come out of retirement and gave him the authority to pick his own announcers.", "ABC Sports President Howard Katz told The Associated Press he felt \"Monday Night Football was not as special as it used to be, and that's why we've taken the dramatic steps we've taken.", "We wanted to remove some of the sameness.", "We wanted to reinvent a little bit.\"", "Elsewhere Katz said \"It may not work.", "We may find out that this is a bad idea.", "But I love taking the risk.\"", "Ohlmeyer set out to try and recapture the viewer excitement of the Howard Cosell and Don Meredith era.", "ABC told the AP that each open position had around twenty viable candidates vying for it, who auditioned by sitting with Al Michaels (whom ABC had retained) and 'calling' the previous season AFC playoff game between Tennessee and Buffalo.", "Miller auditioned on June 12, 2000, sitting with Michaels in a Los Angeles studio to do such a mock broadcast.", "Miller's NFL knowledge surprised those in attendance.", "He had grown up watching the 1970s championship Steelers and was an avid watcher of the NFL draft.", "He had even inquired about an announcing job with Fox after they had acquired rights to show NFL games in 1994.", "Michaels later told an interviewer, \"It was way beyond what we expected.", "I had no idea that he knew as much about football as he did.", "He made points that other analysts we brought in never made, and his points were more salient, more interesting, and better stated.", "He was giving his riff, analyzing the plays and providing the humor.", "Amazing would not be an overstatement.", "Then I thought, Maybe he's shooting his wad here, and that's all we're going to get.", "But he kept going.", "Hell, it was almost perfect.", "Don and I looked at each other and said, 'Wow.", "Where did this come from?'\"", "ABC told Sports Illustrated about the three-month process Ohlmeyer went through, including going through hundreds of tapes, slimming down to 40 candidates, and conducting 20 auditions (which included Jimmy Johnson, Bill Parcells, Steve Young, and John Elway).", "The Los Angeles Times noted that ESPN's Sterling Sharpe appeared to have been ABC's first choice but he had refused to return phone calls to ABC.", "Ohlmeyer had considered Miller early in the process, more as offering a rant segment within the broadcast, but he began to think of him in an expanded role.", "By late June 2000, it was announced that Miller had beaten out Rush Limbaugh and Tony Kornheiser (among others) for a job as color commentator on ABC's Monday Night Football.", "The Los Angeles Times called Miller's hiring \"one of the boldest moves in sports television history,\" and noted that Miller, like Cosell, was \"someone who is loved and hated,\" a person seen by some \"as brilliant and witty; others see him as smug, pompous, and obnoxious.\"", "Show producer Ohlmeyer explained his thinking about hiring Miller: \"Football is not played in St. Patrick's Cathedral.", "People watch football to have some fun.", "We want a telecast that's relevant, successful, and unpredictable.", "If it doesn't work out, no amount of buzz will save us.\"", "Miller praised the producer, saying \"I admire Ohlmeyer's cojones ...", "I think I'm a pretty quirky hire.", "I admire him for that.\"", "After the announcement, Miller appeared on the July 3, 2000, cover of Sports Illustrated with the title \"Can Dennis Miller Save 'Monday Night Football?'\"", "Miller told reporters that he would not be trying to dominate the show.", "Both he and Ohlmeyer said his role would not be that of a comedian.", "Miller stated, \"I'm going to try to stay in the background and ask questions a fan would ask.", "The rants are my HBO show and I won't try to recreate that.", "I'm going to try to integrate myself in a three-man scheme.\"", "Miller and the new broadcasting team (hold-over Al Michaels on play-by-play, Dan Fouts as analyst, and Eric Dickerson with Melissa Stark reporting from the sidelines) began airing through the preseason, starting on July 31, 2000, in the preseason Hall of Fame Game between the New England Patriots and the San Francisco 49ers.", "The show's official season opener was on September 4, 2000, with the Denver Broncos at the defending Super Bowl champion St. Louis Rams.", "Miller's performance at the official opener was met with mixed reviews.", "AP and The Boston Globe held that Miller had improved from preseason, but The Washington Times said he \"comes off as being a smug, smarmy, smirking sort,\" and The Toronto Star suggested, \"Send Miller back to the Comedy Channel.", "...", "This guy just isn't very good.\"", "Throughout Miller's football coverage his commentary was sprinkled with esoteric references.", "A common Miller-ism was after a Hail Mary pass fell incomplete, he would say \"Hail Mary is denied—separation of church and state.\"", "He also once referred to \"The Greatest Show on Turf\"—the St. Louis Rams receiving corps—as the \"Murderer's Row of Haste.\"", "Online options arose to offer definitions to references made by Miller on Monday Night Football: a website called \"Dennis Miller Demystified,\" Encyclopædia Britannica's \"Annotated Dennis Miller,\" and the Shadowpack (a \"content aggregator, formatter, and e-commerce app\") giving real-time explanations on personal digital assistant.", "Miller stated he was flattered by such attention.", "As his first season progressed, Miller's critics held that \"he sounds scripted.\"", "The show's ratings continued to decline; in 2001 the show had 16.8 million viewers, down from 18.5 million the year before and below the 19.4 million of pre-Miller 1999.", "As the ratings did not improve, writers from Newsweek and USA Today began openly calling for Miller to be let go.", "Despite the questionable ratings, Miller and Fouts signed a contract for a third year.", "Despite having hired Miller and Fouts for another year, ABC began negotiations with veteran football commentator John Madden.", "Madden had worked at Fox Sports for eight years since the network had won the contract for the NFC Conference games away from CBS in 1998.", "Since getting the NFL contract, Fox had lost $4.4 billion (losing $387 million due to the contract in 2001 alone), and was looking to cut programming costs.", "Madden's contract for the next year would cost Fox $8 million so, when ABC was approaching Madden, Fox agreed to let him out of his remaining year on their contract.", "Despite having been hired for another year, Miller and Fouts were replaced by Madden, who was signed on February 28, 2002, for $5 million a year for four years.", "(Fouts remained with ABC, being moved to cover college football; Miller and Eric Dickerson were let go.)", "Miller later reflected, \"The football thing was fun for me.", "I was in the middle of a maelstrom and I just decided not to pay attention to it because, for me, getting hired was a freakish act of nature.", "I had never gone to a football game.", "...", "I remember the day I heard that John Madden had quit Fox [and] I remember calling Dan Fouts that afternoon and saying, 'Get ready, babe, we're getting whacked.'", "...", "I don't have any hard feelings.\"", "Elsewhere he said, \"As soon as Madden left Fox, I pretty much knew I was going to be whacked.", "Here was Madden, the Pliny the Elder of football announcers.", "And they were going to stay with the kid?", "I was having fun.", "I had alienated half the community, and probably half of them liked me.", "Which is pretty much my batting average.", "I began to see maybe a decade ago that my career was never going to be in complete approval.", "I wasn't endearing.\"", "When asked about \"the Dennis Miller experiment,\" Madden told Sports Illustrated that he thought people tuned into Monday Night to view the game and not entertainment; \"If I go to watch a comedian, I don't expect a football game to break out.\"", "Al Michaels, while overjoyed to work with Madden, praised Miller, saying, \"what he tried to do was the hardest thing ever attempted in broadcasting.", "No other non-football person or someone of that ilk could have pulled it off as well as he did.\"", "In 2010, TV Guide Network listed Miller's stint at No.", "12 on their list of 25 Biggest TV Blunders, while Awful Announcing put him at No.", "1 in their list of the Top 10 Sports Media Busts.", "CNBC show\nE!", "News later reported that MSNBC had considered Miller for a 2002 prime-time talk show, but instead went with Phil Donahue.", "By 2003, Miller began providing regular commentary for the Fox News show Hannity & Colmes.", "E!", "News reported that he was a serious candidate to provide commentary on the show, but the deal did not go through for unknown reasons.", "CNBC had seen a slide in its ratings since Brian Williams was moved to NBC to replace retiring Tom Brokaw in its NBC Nightly News.", "The network had not had a well-known personality in its prime-time lineup since the departure of Geraldo Rivera for Fox News in 2001.", "The nighttime audience for CNBC was smaller than its cable competitors, causing the network to look for a new direction.", "While it had been showing mostly business-oriented talk shows, such as Kudlow & Cramer and Capital Report, NBC Entertainment president Jeff Zucker approached Miller with an offer to do a prime-time political show weeknights in CNBC's 9 p.m. (ET) slot, which placed him against Fox's Bill O'Reilly.", "Miller accepted the offer and the show, produced by NBC Studios, began on January 26, 2004, called, simply, Dennis Miller.", "CNBC announced that they were \"comfortable with an unabashed Bush fan in the middle of its prime-time schedule in an election year.\"", "Their president Pamela Thomas-Graham said, \"When we hired Dennis, we knew exactly what his political beliefs were and his viewers will hear them.", "The reason we hired him is we think he's witty, smart and interesting.", "He's part of a lineup.", "He's not the only person in the lineup.\"", "She contrasted his political leanings to that of John McEnroe's, whose own talk show followed Miller's in the lineup.", "The group Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting objected that one of the show's producers was Mike Murphy, who was an adviser to Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (Miller's first guest on the show), and charged that CNBC was setting up a conflict of interest.", "Miller promised to serve as \"'an ombudsman' who will tell it like it is and become 'incensed' on the viewer's behalf\".", "Stylistically Miller was seen by some as \"attempting to be serious, angry, and funny all at the same time,\" and the show was compared to that of Bill Maher.", "When asked if he had the credentials to do a quasi-news show, Miller stressed he was an entertainer.", "\"I don't have credibility, I'm a comedian.", "I'm not Ed Murrow up on the roof in a London Fog reporting on the Blitz.\"", "In the beginning of the series, Miller had a chimpanzee on the show named Ellie, who was declared a \"consultant.\"", "After a few appearances Ellie was replaced by a smaller, friendlier chimp named Mo.", "Reviewers theorized Ellie was let go \"perhaps because she pressed the Howard Dean 'scream' button on Miller's desk one too many times.\"", "Mo was noted for swinging across the studio on a rope, doing somersaults on the sofa while giving the appearance of reading Variety, and for nuzzling Miller while he gave his monologue.", "Miller appeared to enjoy Mo's presence and his personality.", "The hour-long show contained a daily news segment called \"The Daily Rorschach,\" which were wordy riffs on news events, reminiscent of his role on SNL's Weekend Update and his HBO show.", "Reviewers felt Miller's riffs would benefit from a live audience, and the show incorporated a \"nightclub-style audience of 100 or so\" beginning on March 9, 2004.", "A sign giving out the toll-free telephone number to order tickets was held up by Mo.", "For the first half of the show Miller interviewed someone held to be able to explain a particular current issue in the news.", "L.A. Weekly remarked, \"Miller may be up front about his own political affiliation, even to the point of shilling for the Republicans, but despite his increasingly aggressive America-first humor, he is unusually evenhanded in his selection of guests.\"", "Miller had laid out his vision for such interviews before the show began airing, telling The Associated Press, \"I don't want it to be a screaming shriekfest.", "I want it to be a pretty reasoned discourse.", "I don't care what Gary Coleman thinks about Afghanistan, which to me was the flaw of 'Politically Correct' towards the end.\"", "For its second half, the show also featured a panel discussion dubbed \"The Varsity,\" which offered a wide variety of political viewpoints on current topics.", "Frequent \"Varsity\" panelists included Ed Schultz, Gloria Allred, Willie Brown, David Horowitz, Mickey Kaus, Steven Katz, Lawrence O'Donnell, Phil Hendrie, and Harry Shearer.", "In these segments, Miller acted \"less like a host than a fellow conversationalist, and seems as happy to listen as to interrupt.", "But he does get in a few wisecracks.\"", "Miller was praised by LA Weekly for approaching the panel in a \"relatively relaxed and straightforward attitude.\"", "Despite having \"worked briefly as a commentator for Hannity and Colmes on Fox, he's far from being a Murdochian attack dog, and he often sits there and sucks it up while people tell him just how awful the administration of his beloved commander-in-chief really is.", "... Miller, it turns out, is considerably more interested in 'diversity' than some of his liberal counterparts.\"", "Fellow SNL alum Tim Meadows and Last Comic Standings Ant portrayed humorous field correspondents which served as a break between the political humor.", "The show was openly pro-President George W. Bush, and it debuted at the same time that John Kerry had become the Democratic front-runner.", "The inability to find weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, a budget that was seen as out of control, and a resentment over the President's tough-talking cowboy image had all caused a major decline in President Bush's approval numbers.", "While Miller's rating started out well with his first episode interviewing his friend Schwarzenegger (The New York Times put the figure at 746,000 people, which was a big number in the eyes of CNBC), by March 2004 his numbers had slipped to 300,000.", "This was in contrasted to The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, which attracted 1.9 million viewers, and which aired at the later time slot of 11 pm.", "By April 2005, Miller's viewership had declined to 107,000 (a 59% drop from the year before).", "CNBC canceled the show in May 2005 as part of the network's move to refocus on financial news (airings of Late Night with Conan O'Brien and shows hosted by John McEnroe and Tina Brown were also cancelled).", "Miller's show was replaced with a second airing of Mad Money with Jim Cramer.", "Guest appearances and commercials\nMiller has appeared as a guest or guest star on various shows, including Boston Public, The Daily Show, Hannity & Colmes, NewsRadio, The O'Reilly Factor, The Norm Show, Real Time with Bill Maher, SportsCenter, Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives, and late-night talk shows The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Late Night with David Letterman, The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, and WWE Raw.", "Miller hosted the MTV Video Music Awards in 1995 and 1996.", "He was also the host of HBO's 1996 series of election specials, Not Necessarily the Election.", "In 2003, he made a guest appearance on the Cartoon Network Adult Swim show Space Ghost Coast to Coast.", "In May 2017, Miller hosted a month-long series of monster movies on Turner Classic Movies.", "He appeared in wraparounds on the channel, discussing such films as Creature from the Black Lagoon and The Deadly Mantis.", "He has appeared in various television commercials, serving as a spokesman for M&M's candies, 10-10-220 long-distance service, Miller beer, and the Internet service provider NetZero.", "About these activities he has remarked: \"Everybody has to sell out at some point to make a living.", "I'm a family man.", "I sold out to make an M&M commercial.", "They offer incredible amounts of money, and I say, 'What can I do to sell one more piece of candy for you?", "Do you want me to hug the M&M?'\"", "Miller also did a short B2B commercial for Blockbuster/IBM partnership company, New Leaf Entertainment.", "On February 27, 2012, Miller guest starred on Hawaii 5-0 in the episode \"Lekio,\" alongside guest star James Caan.", "Return to Fox News\nOn September 21, 2006, Miller returned to Fox News with a two-and-a-half-minute commentary on illegal immigration during his \"Real Free Speech\" segment on Hannity & Colmes.", "He appeared on 13 of the 17 aired episodes of the comedy show The 1/2 Hour News Hour.", "He had a weekly segment called \"Miller Time\" on The O'Reilly Factor, and has also appeared on Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld under the pseudonym \"Mansquito,\" a name Miller has pledged to use on future appearances on the network.", "Game shows\nMiller co-hosted the game show Grand Slam, which aired on GSN in 2007.", "For one month, Miller hosted Amne$ia for NBC.", "The show was a replacement program commissioned during the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike and was canceled once the strike was resolved and scripted programming returned to the network.", "Sports Unfiltered on Versus\nIn November 2007, Versus tapped Miller to host Sports Unfiltered, a weekly one-hour sports talk show.", "It was canceled after eight episodes.", "Dennis Miller + One\nMiller has hosted Dennis Miller + One, on RT America since March 9, 2020.", "The half-hour program airs twice weekly, and features interviews with sports and entertainment celebrities.", "In line with the name of the show, Miller interviews a single guest for the entire half hour.", "The show replaced Larry King Now, on which Miller had been a frequent guest host.", "Radio career\nThe Dennis Miller Show\nIn January 2007, Miller signed a deal with Westwood One (later acquired by Dial Global, which rebranded itself as Westwood One) to launch The Dennis Miller Show, a weekday three-hour talk radio program.", "The program debuted on March 26, 2007, and ran through February 27, 2015.", "The show's website provided a live stream of the broadcast.", "The site also made archives of all shows available in MP3 format.", "The live feed was free, but a subscription to the Dennis Miller Zone (DMZ) was required in order to access archived broadcasts.", "The show aired on 250+ stations, airing on tape delay on some of those stations between 6–9 pm ET and 9 pm-12 am ET.", "Salem stations also aired a \"best of\" Miller show on Saturdays.", "His on-air sidekick \"Salman\" (David S. Weiss) also wrote for Dennis Miller Live.", "His producer Christian Bladt previously appeared on-camera as dozens of different characters during the \"Daily Rorschach\" segment on his CNBC television show.", "Miller's program included serious discussions about American culture, current events, politics, and their place in the global context.", "The show was infused with Miller's sarcasm, which is often characterized by obscure pop culture references.", "For example, each hour of the show once opened with an arcane reference.", "The first hour's opening phrase was a combination of dialogue from the film Thank You for Smoking and a U.S. space program slogan coined by Alan Shepard: \"What's up, Hiroshi?", "Let's light this candle!\"", "Miller's other opening phrases for his second and third hours respectively were \"Come to me my babies, let me quell your pain\", (Powers Boothe as Jim Jones in Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones) and \"ABC – Always be c'''losing if you want the knife set\" (from Glengarry Glen Ross).", "Most shows featured three guests (one per hour), mostly from the world of politics and entertainment, as well as calls from listeners.", "Guests included fellow comedians and SNL alumni (such as Dana Carvey and Jon Lovitz), pundits and authors such as Ann Coulter, Aaron Klein and Mark Steyn (while the show's guest list leaned right of center, there were several liberals who appeared on the show, such as Dennis Kucinich and Alan Dershowitz), Presidential candidates, several sports commentators, and some \"regulars\" like columnists and conservatives Debra Saunders, Charles Krauthammer, Victor Davis Hanson, John Bolton, Bill Kristol, and Jerome Corsi along with entertainers such as singer Peter Noone of Herman's Hermits and actor Orson Bean.", "Miller generally took calls every hour, and in addition to comments about culture and politics, Miller encouraged humorous callers and often commented on their comedic delivery.", "A segment on Fridays was set aside for \"Dennis Ex Machina\", his term for a segment without a guest, where he allowed phone calls on any topic.", "In a 2007 interview Miller said he felt that his radio show of all his work best represented his actual unvarnished views, saying \"This time, if I'm fired, they will be firing the real Dennis Miller.\"", "According to Talkers Magazine, as of spring 2011, Miller's show had an estimated 2,250,000 weekly listeners.", "Miller and Dial Global signed an agreement in early 2012 to continue his show for three years.", "Miller ended the radio show after his contract expired on March 27, 2015.", "Other endeavors\nMiller periodically performs stand-up at the Orleans Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas.", "In recent appearances, he has done a mix of his old and new material, with some political jokes as well.", "He has authored four books based on his stand-up comedy and television monologues: The Rants (1996), Ranting Again (1999), I Rant, Therefore I Am (2000), and The Rant Zone (2001).", "Miller has appeared in several films, in both comedic and non-comedic roles.", "His movie credits include Madhouse, Disclosure, The Net, Never Talk to Strangers, Bordello of Blood, What Happens in Vegas and Murder at 1600.", "He played the Howard Stern-like talk-radio host Zander Kelly in Joe Dirt (2001) and appeared as himself in Thank You for Smoking (2006).", "Miller guest hosted the Slammy Awards episode of WWE Raw on December 14, 2009.", "Comedic style\nMiller has a laid-back style (for example, calling people \"babe\" or \"cat\") and an acerbic, brooding sense of humor.", "His specialty is the rant, which typically begin with \"Now, I don't want to get off on a rant here, but...\" and end with \"...of course, that's just my opinion.", "I could be wrong.\"", "Miller listed his comedic influences for The New York Times as including \"Jonathan Miller, Richard Pryor, Richard Belzer and Mr. [Jay] Leno.\"", "When the Times asked him about the comedians Mort Sahl and Lenny Bruce, to whom he is often compared, Miller stated that he had been impressed with transcripts of Sahl's early work but that as Sahl's career continued he became too tied to the Kennedy family and became a \"savage name-dropper,\" which diminished him in Miller's eyes, and served as an example for him to avoid.", "Miller had no respect for Bruce, telling the Times, \"Lenny was a heroin addict, and I couldn't care less about heroin addicts.", "Once I hear a guy is a heroin addict, and they tell me he's a genius, I think, 'Really?'", "I'm not trying to be judgmental.", "But anybody whose last vision is of a tile pattern on a bathroom floor, I don't know what kind of genius they are.\"", "Describing his career Miller stated, \"It's all been built on arcane references, precision of language, and a reasonably imperturbable nature on TV.", "The basics are there, but I've been getting paid, making a living and having fun with it for next to 25 years, and you know that blows my mind that I've stuck with it.", "That's my favorite part of showbiz, hangin' in, knowing that something good is coming along.", "...", "When I was starting, I thought I'd have to have a sword-in-the-stone moment of inspiration where I'd have to lay around for it to be visited on me.", "SNL was just a machine, and if you screwed two or three 'Updates' up, guess what, they have someone new and ready to go.", "So I learned how to pick up any newspaper and have five usable jokes in five minutes.", "\"I don't ever wanna get self-important.", "I'm a comedian, and I want everyone in my life to know it.", "The stream-of-consciousness style is my monkey trick.", "I sit there, I watch stuff, and cultural references bump into my head.", "I watched a lot of TV when I was a kid.\"", "Miller has referred to his casual stage-style as \"quasi-Dean Martin insouciance.\"", "When asked if he has accepted others' title of him as \"the 'intelligent' comedian,\" he replied, \"The smartest thing I ever did was not buying into the fact that people thought I was smart.", "I was telling jokes about where I named the robot maid for The Jetsons.", "It's just a joke.", "I just did jokes.", "I never had my head up my ass that I mattered.", "I'm trying to get laughs.", "...", "I'm OK [intelligence-wise].", "I remember I had a writer once who told me—and we disagreed about everything, so I know he didn't think I was smart—but he said, 'I'll give you this.", "You have a deep drawer and a nice retrieval system.'", "I always thought that was a good appraisal of whatever limited comedy gift I had.", "I have a pretty good memory for pop arcana and a pretty quick retrieval system.\"", "Personal life\nMiller married Carolyn \"Ali\" Espley, a former model from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, on April 24, 1988.", "Espley is best known as the girl in Kajagoogoo's 1983 \"Too Shy\" music video.", "The couple live in Santa Barbara, California, and have two sons, Holden (born 1990) and Marlon (born 1993).", "His younger brother Jimmy Miller is a partner in the Hollywood management company Gold/Miller representing comedians such as Jim Carrey, Will Ferrell, Judd Apatow, and Sacha Baron Cohen.", "Political views\nAlthough in his early years of fame he was perceived to be a staunch liberal and an outspoken critic of Republicans, in recent years, Miller has become known for his neoconservative political opinions.", "He was a regular political commentator on Fox News's The O'Reilly Factor in a segment called \"Miller Time\", and previously appeared on the network's Hannity & Colmes in a segment called \"Real Free Speech.\"", "Early outlook\nWhen asked if his political outlook was a result of early influence by his parents, Miller told a reporter \"I didn't know my dad—he moved out early.", "And my mom's politics were kind of hardscrabble.", "She didn't think about Democrats or Republicans.", "She thought about who made sense.", "I've been both in my life.", "Somebody can say they don't understand why somebody drifts.", "But I've always found people who drift interesting, 'cause it shows me the game's not stagnant in their own head.", "They're thinking.\"", "During the late 1980s and continuing through the 1990s, Miller was generally perceived as a cynic on the left, eager to bash conservative Republicans.", "The perception that Miller was a member of the political left did not change much, even when Miller told USA Today in 1995: \"I might be profane and opinionated, but underneath all that are some pretty conservative feelings.", "On most issues, between Clinton and Newt Gingrich, I'd choose Newt in a second, even though he is a bit too exclusionary.\"", "Miller also declared himself a \"conservative libertarian\" in a 1996 Playboy interview.", "Miller later told American Enterprise that one of the reasons he became more conservative was due to liberal critiques of Mayor Rudy Giuliani's approach to fighting crime in New York City, which began around 1994.", "\"When I kept hearing liberals equating Giuliani with Hitler—that's when I really left the reservation.", "Even before 9/11, I'd travel to New York and say, 'Wow, this city certainly seems to be running better.", "Giuliani is the kind of leader I admire.", "When it's five below zero and you arrest somebody to get him inside off the street—that's not something Hitler would do.", "It made me realize that I was with the wrong group if that's what Hitler looked like to them.\"", "In a 1998 piece, L. Brent Bozell III, the head of the conservative watchdog Media Research Center, took issue with Miller's politics while dismissing his 1996 claim to be a \"conservative libertarian,\" saying Miller \"hasn't a clue about the meaning of either term.\"", "Post September 11, 2001, attacks\nMiller's ideology changed significantly in the years following the September 11, 2001, attacks.", "He called the attack \"the biggest tragedy in the history of this country,\" and that it not only temporarily halted his comedy but made it difficult to talk.", "\"I couldn't put together a sentence for two weeks, much less something pithy.\"", "His convictions led him to become one of the few Hollywood celebrities backing George W. Bush and the war in Iraq.", "Miller has said that one of the defining moments, in addition to 9/11, for his move from the Democratic to the Republican Party was watching a 2004 primary debate between the nine Democrats then contending for their party's nomination.", "\"I haven't seen a starting nine like that since the '62 Mets,\" he remarked.", "In a 2007 interview with Bill O'Reilly, Miller spoke on the subject of his political outlook.", "\"Well, listen.", "I must say that I never considered myself a secular progressive.", "...", "I didn't consider myself that then, and I don't consider myself to be Curtis LeMay now.", "I have always thought of myself as a pragmatist.", "And I began to see a degree of certitude on the left that I found unsettling.", "I don't like lockstep, even if it's lockstep about being open-minded.", "And after 9/11, I remember thinking we might have to get into some preemptive measures here.", "And that seemed to put me—I don't know—off to the kids' table.\"", "He said that his more open conservatism may have cost him some passing acquaintances, but it has not affected \"my dear friends.", "I certainly hope our friendship runs deeper than that.", "I still have some ultra-liberal friends.\"", "Slate.com commentator Dennis Cass describes Miller as having changed from a \"left-leaning, Dada-ist wisenheimer\" to a \"tell-it-like-it-is, right-wing blowhard.\"", "The perceived change did not surprise former Saturday Night Live colleague and former Democratic Party Senator Al Franken, however: \"People have said to me, 'What happened to Dennis?'", "Nothing happened to Dennis.", "He's the same Dennis.", "He's always had a conservative streak on certain issues.\"", "In a different interview Franken stated, \"Dennis was always sort of conservative on certain kinds of issues.", "I am not quite sure why he decided to become a comedian with a dog in the fight, but as a comedian with a dog in the fight I sympathize with him.\"", "While not at all shy about expressing his conservative views on topics such as taxes and foreign policy, Miller is quick to point out that he is still quite liberal on many social issues, including abortion and gay marriage.", "During a 2004 interview, Miller said \"I've always been a pragmatist.", "If two gay guys want to get married, it's none of my business.", "I could care less.", "More power to them.", "I'm happy when people fall in love.", "But if some idiot foreign terrorist wants to blow up their wedding to make a political statement, I would rather kill him before he can do it, or have my country kill him before he can do it, instead of having him do it and punishing him after the fact.", "If that makes me a right-wing fanatic, I will bask in that assignation.", "...", "I think abortion's wrong, but it's none of my business to tell somebody what's wrong.", "So I'm pro-choice.", "I want to keep my nose out of other people's personal business.", "I guess I fall into conservative when it comes to protecting the United States in a world where a lot of people hate the United States.", "... [After 9/11] everybody should be in the protection business now.", "I can't imagine anybody not saying that.", "Well, I guess on the farthest end of the left they'd say, 'That's our fault.'", "And on the middle end they'd say, 'Well, there's another way to deal with it other than flat-out protecting ourselves.'", "I just don't believe that.", "People say we're the ones who make them hate us because of what we do.", "That's garbage to me.", "I think they're nuts.", "And you've got to protect yourself from nuts.\"", "Along these same lines, Miller is open about his religious views, saying \"I'm not a Christian, but I believe in God.", "Whether or not someone is pro-choice is none of my business.", "That's God's business.", "It's in His job description, not mine.\"", "During an interview on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, he said that he did not believe in global warming.", "In a radio interview with Penn Jillette on September 22, 2006, Miller explained his libertarianism, saying, \"...[a libertarian is] what I am, I'll be honest with you.", "I'm for gay marriage.", "I don't believe in abortion but I'm pro-choice 'cause it's none of my business.", "Pretty much anything goes with me if you're not infringing yourself on other people, but I'll tell ya, 9/11 changed me.... You gotta go around and explain it to people and they think you're a turncoat.\"", "In a 2012 interview, Miller showed no concern over whether his political stance had made him less popular or robbed him of the credit of popularizing comedic rants, saying, \"I'm a 58-year-old man and I'm happy where I'm at.", "I don't think about any of that.", "I go on O'Reilly once a week, I do my radio show and I go on the road about 20 dates a year.", "I've winnowed my crowd down to a select few who can support me.", "If you're 58 and you're still worrying about whether you're popular, what are you, in eighth grade?", "I must have started in earnest when I was 25 so I'm working on a quarter century here.", "I still talk and they give me green rectangles.\"", "George W. Bush\nAn indication of Miller's political change can be seen in his view of President George W. Bush.", "Miller had previously joked about George W. Bush's intelligence in a July 31, 2000 interview about joining Monday Night Football, a Los Angeles Times reporter noted, \"He shifted from Jim Brown to George W. Bush: 'God, the man thinks Croatia is the show that's on after Moesha.'\"", "In another incident he joked, \"Bush can't walk and fart at the same time.\"", "In January 2001 on his HBO series, Miller joked, \"Condoleezza Rice has often been described as W's 'foreign policy tutor.'", "Oh, yeah, I love the sound of that.", "It's nice to know we're signing our nuclear arsenal over to a man who needs after-school help.\"", "After 9/11, Miller's opinion had altered dramatically.", "In 2003 Miller told an interviewer that he was impressed by Bush for pursuing \"the liquidation of terrorism,\" even though \"that's not gonna be finished in his lifetime...", "But to take the first step?", "Ballsy.\"", "He felt it was likely that \"the secular state of Iraq and Islamic fundamentalists cohabitate,\" as \"they both think we're Satan.\"", "He concluded with, \"I will say this, I feel more politically engaged than I've ever felt in my life because I do think we live in dangerous times, and anybody who looks at the world and says this is the time to be a wuss—I can't buy that anymore.\"", "Miller showed his commitment to Bush by speaking at the President's fund-raisers in Los Angeles and San Francisco.", "During this time, he jokingly referred to himself as \"a Rat Pack of one for the president in Hollywood.", "\"Los Angeles Times noted that he was \"raising his political profile\" at this time, and that he \"spoke out passionately in favor of the war in Iraq.", "He has made frequent appearances on conservative talk radio; he does weekly political commentary for Hannity & Colmes, a Fox News Channel talk show.\"", "In 2003, The Weekly Standard called Miller \"the loudest pro-Bush/pro-war voice in Hollywood\", and quoted his comment on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno from February of that year.", "Miller advocated invading Iraq, and vented his displeasure at France's lack of support for the idea, saying, \"I say we invade Iraq and then invade Chirac.", "You run a pipe—you run a pipe from the oil field right over this Eiffel Tower, shoot it up and have the world's biggest oil derrick.", "...", "Listen, I would call the French scum bags, but that, of course, would be a disservice to bags filled with scum.\"", "That same year, The National Review wrote, \"Conservatives ... have welcomed and even cheered the comedian's unabashed patriotism and endorsement of President Bush's foreign—and, in certain cases, domestic—policy.\"", "They noted that \"During appearances on The Tonight Show, he has also advocated profiling at airports and oil-drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.\"", "On March 23, 2003 Michael Moore delivered an antiwar speech at the Academy Awards while accepting an Oscar for Bowling for Columbine.", "The speech in part accused the Bush administration of misleading the public in order to go into war, criticized the government's claims that Americans could secure their homes from biological, chemical or radiological attack by use of plastic sheeting and duct tape, and held the color alerts of the Homeland Security Advisory System as suspect.", "Moore stated, \"We live in a time where we have a man sending us to war for fictitious reasons.", "Whether it's the fiction of duct tape or the fiction of orange alerts, we are against this war, Mr. Bush.", "Shame on you, Mr. Bush, shame on you.\"", "In response, Miller stated that when \"we say that we love it [the USA] ... he's going to tell us what naive sheep we are and that he's the true patriot because he hates it and he sees all the problems in it.", "Michael Moore simultaneously represents everything I detest in a human being and everything I feel obligated to defend in an American.", "Quite simply, it is that stupid moron's right to be that utterly, completely wrong.\"", "In May 2003, Miller was invited by The Wall Street Journal to write an opinion piece in response to Norman Mailer's anti-war commentary in the London Times that had appeared earlier in the month, and which had claimed, \"With their dominance in sport, at work and at home eroded, Bush thought white American men needed to know they were still good at something.", "That's where Iraq came in...\" Miller responded, \"You know something, the only 'race' that really occurred to me during the war was our Army's sprint to Baghdad.", "... And as Mr. Mailer's prostate gradually supplants his ego as the largest gland in his body, he's going to have to realize, as is the case with all young lions who inevitably morph into Bert Lahr, that his alleged profundities are now being perceived as the early predictors of dementia.\"", "On Friday, June 27, 2003, President Bush made a 30-minute appearance at a $2,000-a-plate fundraiser luncheon for his re-election campaign at Burlingame, California, netting $1.6 million.", "Miller made an appearance, and was invited to ride in the Presidential limousine and fly on Air Force One so he could host the President's second fundraiser that day, a dinner at Los Angeles, where he appeared with Johnny Mathis and Kelsey Grammer.", "He mocked Democratic Governor of Vermont Howard Dean, who opposed the Iraq War and had entered the race days before, saying, \"He can roll up his sleeves all he wants at public events, but as long as we see that heart tattoo with Neville Chamberlain's name on his right forearm, he's never going anywhere.\"", "Bush made a 35-minute speech at the LA fundraiser before leaving for Crawford, Texas, and the campaign made an additional $3.5 million.", "That night Miller made a (videotaped) debut appearance on Fox New's Hannity & Colmes.", "In October 2003, Miller's interview with The American Enterprise was published where he praised Bush, saying, \"He's much smarter than his enemies think he is.", "I think he's a genius.", "People whine about him getting into Yale—the way I see it, if your old man buys a building you should get into Yale!", "But I think he could have gotten into Yale on his own; he's a very smart man.", "...", "The fact that midway through his life he realized he was drinking too much and screwing up and stopped it—that's more impressive than what college he attended.", "What he did is a fine accomplishment, and I think it's putting him in touch with his God.", "...", "In this messed up world, I like seeing my President pray.", "I don't think a person can get answers out of books anymore.", "This is an infinitely complex world, and at some point one has to have faith in one's religion.", "I find it endearing that President Bush prays to God and that he's not an agnostic or an atheist.", "I'm glad there's someone higher that he has to answer to.\"", "In the AE interview, Miller was asked about the outrage and public destruction of their music CDs that occurred as a response to the Dixie Chicks' Natalie Maines criticizing Bush at one of their concerts, when she said, \"We're ashamed that the President of the United States is from Texas.\"", "Miller stated, \"The Dixie Chicks got exactly what they deserved.", "In a time of war, to go on foreign soil [London, England] and decry your President should probably cause a hue and cry.", "When it first happened, I thought, \"I'm never going to buy another one of their albums.\"", "And then I thought, \"You know what, I've never bought one of their albums—I don't like their music.\"", "Miller sat in the gallery at President Bush's State of the Union address on January 21, 2004.", "In 2004, while Miller prepared to host his CNBC program, he told The Associate Press that his show was not going to do any jokes about George W. Bush, explaining, \"I like him.", "I'm going to give him a pass.", "I take care of my friends.\"", "Miller explained further in a 2008 interview: \"I thought it was so integral that he got re-elected that I laid off him for awhile.", "There's something to be said for standing up in front of a roomful of press and saying I'm not going to do Bush jokes.", "At least it was honest, and I could see they were gobsmacked.", "There's jokes I get presented with everyday that I'll take out because they're ripping on people I know.", "Guess what, if they're my friend, I pull it out.", "I'm not interested in hurting people, and it's not just because of 9/11.\"", "Reflecting on his thoughts near the end of Bush's second term in 2007, Miller still had good words for Bush.", "\"After 9/11 it was a different world.", "One where crazies strap a bomb to their kids in the name of religion.", "Bush and Giuliani were fearless leaders during the national crisis.", "Thank God Bush chose to stay on the offense.\"", "Candidacy consideration\nIn 2003, Rob Stutzman and other members of the leadership for the Californian Republican party, after seeing the political success of Arnold Schwarzenegger, approached Miller in an effort to draft him to challenge Democratic Senator Barbara Boxer.", "Miller had supported Schwarzenegger's candidacy, even acting as its post-debate spokesperson after the Sacramento gubernatorial debate on September 24, 2003.", "He went on to speak at a Schwarzenegger rally that same night.", "It was there that he confirmed his now famous love of eggs and stated, \"Let the world know, I am mad about eggs!\"", "When asked about the possibility of facing a Miller candidacy, Boxer spokesman Roy Behr dismissed his odds: \"The Republican Party has gone through a desperate search to find someone who is remotely credible—they've looked at everybody and everything, and they couldn't find anybody, so they're looking at bringing in the circus.", "I think the public has always registered how they feel about Dennis Miller.", "And that's why he got booted off Monday Night Football.", "\"The Weekly Standard's Bill Whalen saw that, with the ascent of Schwarzenegger, other celebrities were considering political careers (such as Republican Kelsey Grammer).", "Examining Miller's chances for the Senate seat the Standard pointed out that it was \"hard to imagine a candidate quicker on the draw or more withering in a debate.\"", "But the piece went on to note that other Republican celebrities had been able to make the transition to elected politician (Schwarzenegger, Ronald Reagan, Sonny Bono), because they \"embodied optimism.\"", "Miller, the Standard proclaimed, was seen in contrast as \"both terribly erudite... and decidedly yuppie (the comedian endorses DirecTV and Amstel Light...) Not to mention a little too edgy for some Republicans.\"", "The Standard noted that he had been booed by some in the Republican audience during his Los Angeles fund-raiser for President Bush when he said Democratic \"West Virginia senator Robert Byrd 'must be burning the cross at both ends'.\"", "Miller had responded \"'Well, he was in the Klan.", "Boo me, but he was in the Klan.'\"", "The Standard said \"he'd be an HBO politician trying to play to a T.G.I.", "Friday's electorate.\"", "When asked about Miller's chances, Martin Kaplan, director of USC's Norman Lear Center theorized that Miller might face a tough primary battle to win the Republican nomination from other members of the party that had actual political experience.", "He told a reporter that while Miller did have good name recognition, unlike Schwarzenegger he did not have the ability to \"chill the enthusiasm of other Republicans from getting into the race.\"", "By November 2003, The New York Times did a piece on the Republican opposition to Boxer and reported that \"Mr. Miller was never serious about the idea, Republican officials who spoke with him say.", "... 'Dennis has never contacted us,' said George M. Sundheim III, chairman of the state Republican Party\".", "The Times pointed out that while the Republican Party was talking about drafting him, Miller \"had signed a multiyear contract with CNBC as a political talk show host.\"", "Miller, invoking his pleasant home life in Santa Barbara with his wife and two children, later told The New York Times, \"They inquired about my availability to run against Barbara Boxer, but I'm not at the point where I would consider it.\"", "He expanded on the subject in an interview with Time magazine saying he had declined the draft offer because \"At some point that involves moving to Washington, D.C., sitting in a room all day with a moron like Barbara Boxer.", "I'm just not interested.", "I like open minds, and I think in Washington right now, we might as well start painting those people red and blue.\"", "He told the Associated Press, \"Maybe when I get older I would think about it, just as a lark, view it as its own form of a TV show.", "I think it would be fun to get in there and turn out the whole process—just refuse to play, and don't budge.", "Get rid of me if you want, but I'm just going to do what I want.\"", "Saturday Night Live 40th anniversary\nMiller did not appear on the 2015 show for the 40th anniversary of Saturday Night Live, and rumors spread that he and fellow alum Victoria Jackson had not been invited due to their conservative political activism.", "Miller took to Twitter to dispel such claims, calling Lorne Michaels classy and well-mannered, and insisting that everyone was invited.", "Miller had also expressed on his syndicated radio program before the airing of the anniversary show that he had chosen not to attend.", "He later told an interviewer that he would have loved to be there, but could not due to family commitments.", "Political support\nIn 1988, Miller voted for George H. W. Bush, a fact he brought up in 1992 as proof that he was \"essentially conservative.\"", "In 1992, Miller, who had endorsed the candidacy of Jerry Brown during the Democratic primaries, moved his support to Independent candidate Ross Perot.", "Miller volunteered for Ross Perot's candidacy at his San Fernando Valley campaign office.", "Miller told a reporter, \"I don't know that you need to know that much about him.", "He's an outsider, and the two-party system is going to hell.\"", "Miller stated that he had become \"really grossed out by the system after observing the behavior of politicians in both parties during the confirmation hearings of Justice Clarence Thomas.", "When Ross Perot dropped out of the Presidential race on July 16, 1992, saying he feared a conspiracy against his family, many began to joke about his sanity.", "On July 30, 1995, Miller told a reporter, \"I'd vote for him [Perot] tomorrow.", "I don't think he's a genius but I love the thought of him at State Dinners mistaking the Queen of Denmark for Kaye Ballard.", "People say to me, 'You wouldn't want Ross Perot with his finger on the button.'", "But believe me, they would never let Ross Perot near the real button.", "They would rig up a stunt button for him, and if he ever pressed it, it would squirt him in the face with milk or something.\"", "In 1995, considering the candidates for president, Miller told a reporter, \"I don't respect Bill Clinton.", "He's the same as [George H. W.] Bush or [Bob] Dole.", "Clinton's my age, and I know how full of shit I am.", "So I look at him and think, 'I know you.", "You're the guy who used to tap the keg.'\"", "He continued to mock Clinton when he won the Presidency, and later admitted to voting for Bob Dole in the 1996 election (despite Perot being on the ballot in every state).", "On February 21, 2007, while appearing as a guest on The O'Reilly Factor, and again on May 25, 2007, while appearing as a guest on The Tonight Show, Miller stated that he initially supported Rudy Giuliani for president in 2008.", "After Giuliani's departure from the race he redirected his support to John McCain.", "Miller said that he gave Barack Obama six to eight months before forming an opinion on him, because he saw that his election was inspiring to black youth and hoped it would be healing.", "He came to the conclusion that Obama was mostly hype, and in actuality, \"He's an inept civil servant who stinks.\"", "Miller endorsed Herman Cain in the 2012 Republican primary, but later dropped his support, saying of Cain, \"He can't win!\"", "He later campaigned for Mitt Romney in the general election.", "After the Presidential election of 2012, Miller appeared on Fox News and said that under Obama, the US is on the road to the \"European model\".", "In 2016, Miller did not endorse any particular Republican primary candidate.", "By December 16, 2015, he told Bill O'Reilly, \"I would vote for any of them over Hillary, except for Lindsey Graham who is like a varicose Charlie Crist.", "I get the feeling he's out the door when he gets a chance.", "And Pataki, who I shared an elevator with once and he is a creepy, creepy drip.", "But other than that I would vote for any of those people over Hillary.\"", "Miller became a strong supporter of Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. general election, addressing a tweet to Republicans who were uncertain after Trump wrapped up the nomination: \"Don't kid yourself.", "At this point, any vote for anyone that is not Donald Trump is a vote for Hillary Clinton.", "Also, both Presidential boxes left blank is a vote for Hillary Clinton because, as mindless as Liberals can be, even they don't enter into suicide pacts with that petulant, whiny part of themselves.", "If that is your wont, fine... do it!", "But don't bullshit yourself.", "You're electing Hillary Clinton because you want to elect Hillary Clinton.\"", "Media\n\nFilm\n Madhouse (1990) – Wes\n Disclosure (1994) – Mark Lewyn\n The Net (1995) – Dr. Alan Champion\n Never Talk to Strangers (1995) – Cliff Raddison\n Bordello of Blood (1996) – Rafe Guttman\n Murder at 1600 (1997) – Detective Steve Stengel\n Joe Dirt (2001) – Zander Kelly\n Thank You for Smoking (2005) – himself\n What Happens in Vegas (2008) – Judge Whopper\n The Campaign (2012) – himself\n Joe Dirt 2 (2015) – Zander Kelly\n\nTV shows\n \"MTV Movie Awards\" (1992) - himself/host\n Dennis Miller Live (1994- 2002) - himself\n Space Ghost Coast to Coast (2003) – himself\n Boston Public (2003) – Charlie Bixby\n House of Cards (2013) – himself\n\nComedy specials\n Mr. Miller Goes to Washington (1988)\n The 13th Annual Young Comedians Special (1989) (host)\n The Earth Day Special (1990)\n Black & White (1990)\n Live from Washington, D.C.: They Shoot HBO Specials, Don't They?", "(1993)\n State of the Union Undressed (1995)\n Citizen Arcane (1996)\n The Millennium Special: 1,000 Years, 100 Laughs, 10 Really Good Ones (1999)\n The Raw Feed (2003)\n Dennis Miller: All In (2006)\n The Big Speech (2010)\n America 180 (2014)\n Fake News, Real Jokes (2018)\n\nAudio\n The Off-White Album (Warner Records, 1988)\n The Rants (Random House Audio, 1996)\n Ranting Again (Random House Audio, 1998)\n Rants Redux (Random House Audio, 1999)\n I Rant, Therefore I Am (Random House Audio, 2000)\n The Rant Zone: An All-Out Blitz Against Soul-Sucking Jobs, Twisted Child Stars, Holistic Loons, and People Who Eat Their Dogs!", "(HarperAudio, 2001)\n Still Ranting After All These Years (HarperAudio, 2004)\n America 180 (New Wave Dynamics 2014)\n\nPrint\n The Rants (Doubleday, 1996) \n Ranting Again (Doubleday, 1999) \n I Rant, Therefore I Am (Doubleday, 2000) \n The Rant Zone: An All-Out Blitz Against Soul-Sucking Jobs, Twisted Child Stars, Holistic Loons, and People Who Eat Their Dogs!''", "(HarperCollins, 2001)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Annotated Dennis Miller Archive\n Real Detroit Weekly Interview\n\n1953 births\nLiving people\n20th-century American comedians\n21st-century American comedians\nAmerican comedy writers\nAmerican satirists\nAmerican game show hosts\nAmerican libertarians\nAmerican men podcasters\nAmerican podcasters\nAmerican sketch comedians\nAmerican stand-up comedians\nAmerican talk radio hosts\nAmerican television talk show hosts\nConservative talk radio\nPrimetime Emmy Award winners\nKDKA people\nWarner Records artists\nNational Football League announcers\nWriters from Pittsburgh\nPoint Park University alumni\nMale actors from Pittsburgh\nFox News people\nAmerican political commentators\nCNBC people\nPennsylvania Republicans\n20th-century American non-fiction writers\n21st-century American non-fiction writers\nAmerican people of Scottish descent" ]

[ "Dennis Michael Miller is an American talk show host, political commentator, sports commentator, actor, and comedian.", "He was a cast member of Saturday Night Live from 1985 to 1991, and later hosted a string of his own talk shows.", "Miller hosted a daily, three-hour talk radio program that was syndicated by Westwood One.", "On March 9, 2020, Dennis Miller + One show was launched.", "It features celebrity interviews.", "According to Comedy Central's 100 greatest stand-up comedians of all time, Miller is 21st and the best host of SNL's Weekend Update.", "Miller was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and grew up in the suburb of Castle Shannon.", "He is of Scottish descent.", "Miller was raised by his mother at a Baptist nursing home after his parents separated.", "Miller is reticent to speak about his father, usually just saying he moved on when he was young.", "In his early life, he looked after his siblings and was the oldest of the five children.", "Miller was a student at Saint Anne School.", "Miller was not an innate performer but a shy kid.", "Miller's favorite pastimes were street football, backyard baseball, and basketball.", "The Catholic Youth Organization basketball team was managed by him at St. Anne's.", "As a child, Miller was taken to see comedian Kelly Monteith at a Pittsburgh club.", "After the show Monteith was kind enough to answer the young Miller's questions about being a comedian, leaving him thinking \"Man, I'm going to work hard at this; it seems like fun.\"", "Miller attended the high school.", "Jonathan Winters and Tim Conway were his two earliest comedy heroes.", "He developed a reputation for humor at high school.", "Miller was a member of the Physical Fitness Club and served on the student council, but lost his bid for senior class president.", "He served as co-emcee for the May event.", "Despite Miller's reputation for humor, his actual personality at this time was one that was reserved, lacking self-confidence, and hidden under a layer of comedy.", "He wanted to become a sports writer after graduating from high school.", "Miller became a member of the frat at Point Park University.", "Miller compared his social status to that of Booger of Revenge of the Nerds.", "Miller majored in journalism.", "Miller began writing for the South Hills Record in the fall of his senior year at the university.", "Miller quit when the paper paid around an eighth of a penny per column inch.", "Miller graduated from Point Park with a degree in journalism.", "Miller said that he did not pursue journalism because he was not interested in other people's business.", "Miller couldn't find work in journalism after college.", "He moved through several jobs, including a clerk at Giant Eagle deli, a janitor, a delivery man for a florist, and an ice cream scooper at the Village Dairy.", "Miller recalled leaving college and attending a real estate seminar at a \"bad hotel\" in a later discussion with Tom.", "Miller said \"I'm in Hell, I don't know what I'm going to do for a living here\" after he was told he would only be paid by commission.", "I'm a crazy person.", "Miller worked as a delivery man for an all-gay florist.", "He worked as an ice cream scooper after leaving that job.", "While working with teens excited about getting their driver's licenses, Miller was twenty-one years out of high school and wearing a paper hat.", "When the prettiest girl he had attended high school with came in and he was the one who had to take her order, he quit the ice cream scooping job.", "Miller said at the time that if he stayed in those jobs, his life would become a novel, and it stiffened his resolve to pursue a comedy career.", "Miller joined the staff at Point Park's Recreation Room, where he was in charge of the bowling alley, video games, and air-hockey league.", "Clarence was called \"Commish\" or \"Clarence\" by air-hockey regulars.", "Jimmy was referred to as \"Commush\" when Miller's brother was around.", "Miller sat on pool tables telling jokes and honing his comedy to those in the rec room, which was the only place the commuters gathered, according to a patron from that time.", "The \"era of the Super Steelers\" was when Miller and the other patrons closely followed the NFL.", "Miller wanted to be a stand-up comedian after seeing a Robin Williams comedy special.", "Miller began his comedy career at open-mic nights.", "He backed out of his first two attempts to perform at an open mic due to stage fright and anger with himself over the question of whether the drive to perform was a need for approval from others.", "Most of Miller's family were in the audience to support him when he made his debut at the Oak's Lounge.", "Miller spoke of the stage presence he developed for his stand-up act to address his fears.", "Any mistake in the comedy business could end up being the end of a career.", "Miller said, \"I got up there and acted like the guy I always wanted to be to get through it.\"", "It's a part of me, but it's not the real me.", "He would keep his hands in his pockets to appear unperturbed, or adjust his cuffs during an audience laugh to give the appearance of indifference to approval.", "Miller said that part of his act is to show a \"hipper-than-thou\" persona, but then purposely undermine it at regular intervals for comedy effect.", "He worked at the Giant Eagle deli in Kennedy and the Oak's Lounge in Castle Shannon.", "In the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Miller lived without a car and without much money.", "He continued to do stand-ups in Oakland and at places like Brandy's in the Strip District and the Portfolio on Craig Street, eventually saving up $1,000 which he used to try to fast-track his comedy career by moving to New York City.", "Miller had to bribe the landlord to give him a room for $200, then pay a $250 security deposit and a $250 first month's rent.", "On his first day in New York, he spent $700 of his $1,000 savings in a small room.", "During his time in New York, he submitted a joke for a Playboy magazine contest that was judged by an all-star panel that included Bill Cosby, Martin Mull, Art Buchwald, and Buck Henry.", "Miller's joke and picture appeared in the June 1979 issue of the magazine.", "For the first year and a half of his comedy career, Miller had heavily relied on props during his act, but he felt this limited him and switched to using purely language.", "The New York Laff-Off Contest gave Miller more exposure.", "The contest had 40 slots, but 32 of them had already been filled by the top regulars who appeared at the three comedy venues sponsoring the competition.", "Some of the people who tried out for the remaining eight slots had appeared on other shows.", "Many of the comedians Miller was up against had hours of prepared material, while he only had ten minutes.", "Miller earned one of the remaining slots.", "He moved on to the finals of the competition after receiving a standing ovation when he appeared at the Improv.", "While he did not win the Laff-Off, he was seen by dozens of talent agents, which resulted in bookings for colleges and other clubs.", "Miller was listed in \"The 10 Funniest People in America You'll Never See on TV\" by Hustler Magazine while he was in New York City.", "Miller supported himself by working as a bartender and payroll clerk in New York City and then going to New York clubs to perform.", "He was unable to make a go of it and returned to Pittsburgh.", "Miller was able to increase his audience base after honing his stand-up comedy act.", "Miller did his sight-gag routine at Brandy's in Pittsburgh in August 1980 after going through the comedy-club circuit.", "KDKA-TV offered him a job after he shot a piece for its Evening Magazine.", "Miller acted as a warm-up in the afternoons for KDKA's Pittsburgh 2Day.", "He was starring in segments for Evening Magazine.", "He became the host of Punchline in 1983.", "He interviewed Pat Paulsen.", "Miller said that he was just pleased to be in front of a camera, and that he had to start somewhere.", "Miller performed stand-up in New York City comedy clubs.", "Miller saw a show by Richard Belzer in New York and noted how he barked at the crowd rather than embracing it.", "This philosophy was adopted by Miller.", "Miller befriended Jay Leno and Jerry Seinfeld while performing at comedy clubs in Pittsburgh.", "In 1984 Leno found Miller an apartment in Los Angeles and he and Seinfeld arranged a debut for Miller at The Improv.", "Miller moved to Los Angeles to further his comedy career after he resigned from KDKA.", "Miller's brothers, Rich and Jimmy, joined him in Los Angeles, taking up varied jobs around The Improv such as booking shows, acting as bouncer, and selling tickets.", "Jimmy and Rich were both power talent agents and booking comedians across the country.", "Leno was a big influence on Miller, as he was to many upcoming comedians in the area at the time.", "Leno hosted a group of young comedians at his home late at night.", "Leno showed his group on television and gave them more humorous feedback.", "Miller said it was like sitting at his knee.", "Miller Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet", "On June 24, 1985 Miller appeared on Late Night with David Letterman.", "Miller's break came in 1985 when he was discovered by Michaels at The Comedy Store.", "After auditioning for SNL in Los Angeles, Miller got a second chance at the show in New York.", "Most of the show's staff were present along with Paul Simon and Dan Aykroyd.", "Miller was told to \"Go ahead, you have eight minutes, Dennis.\"", "He went to dinner with Michaels and Jack Nicholson.", "Miller wanted to see if he could handle himself around famous people, so he sat there quietly.", "Miller said that Michaels looked at him and said, \"Would you like to do my newscast?\"", "He said, \"Well, I'll see you tomorrow\" after I said, \"Yes, I would\".", "I walked out.", "I remember thinking, \"My life has just changed.\"", "Christopher Guest was the Weekend Update anchor on Saturday Night Live.", "The spot was supposed to go to comic Jon Lovitz, but Lovitz was scheduled for other parts on the show and needed the Update segment to do costume changes, so Miller was drafted to read the news.", "Miller had not been particularly political in his comedy before SNL, but he was able to open a newspaper and find a few headlines to build a new act around.", "He decided to make his stage persona a bit sardonic, as he felt that people who had tried to do the Weekend Update segment as nice guys did not last very long in the role.", "Miller asked \"Good evening, and what can I tell you?\".", "\"Guess what, folks?\"", "That's the news, and I'm out here!", "Fans of SNL became accustomed to his delivery, high-pitched giggle, and frequently primped hair, which were spoofed by Dana Carvey, Tom Hanks, and Jimmy Fallon, all of whom have impersonated Miller on the show.", "Kevin Nealon took over the anchor's chair when Miller left SNL.", "In 1988, Miller released a stand-up comedy CD, The Off-White Album, which was derived from an HBO special titled Mr. Miller Goes to Washington, and showed a glimpse of the political humor that he was known for on Saturday Night Live.", "Dennis Miller: Black and White was a special that aired shortly after the release of the CD.", "While on SNL, Miller did a few recurring characters and celebrity impersonations and was included in some sketches.", "One of the recurring characters is Steve from The Stand-Ups, as well as Gary Hart and George Harrison.", "Miller decided to leave SNL after the 1990–91) season despite being happy with his role on the show, and despite loving writing political gags for it, because he had turned 38 and his 18-month-old son had made him want to strive for things.", "It was thought that fans of Letterman would prefer Miller's show over Leno's in that time slot, because they would naturally be interested in Miller's show.", "He told the interviewer that he had a great job.", "It seemed like an opportunity that didn't present itself often in my life, so I decided to take it.", "I decided this was the shot because I wanted to see what other talents I had.", "Miller thought that his outspokenness behind the SNL desk on political topics and jokes not working out made the transition to talk show host a good idea.", "The SNL studio audience never fully accepted him in skits as other characters, making him question his acting ability.", "Miller was a guest on The Tonight Show after it was announced that he would be starting his own show.", "While reflecting on his 30-year career from which he was retiring in May 1992, Carson offered him some advice.", "Miller was told not to focus on the competition.", "Miller appreciated the advice and said that he would have to learn on the job in front of an audience.", "Miller practiced interviewing on the show's stage hands.", "He believed that the secret to interviewing well was listening to the guest and not trying to make fun of them.", "Miller told an interviewer that he was thrilled and \"scared shitless\" about the opening of the show.", "He wanted to be able to relax and be himself.", "He didn't want to be influenced by anyone, but he did see Carson's approach as the standard.", "Between SNL and his new show, Miller did stand-up dates.", "After leaving SNL, Dennis Miller hosted a late-night talk show for seven months.", "The launch of the show in January 1992 was an attempt by Tribune Entertainment to carve out a niche in the late-night television landscape, as an opportunity to do so was anticipated due to the retirement of Jay Leno from The Tonight Show that May.", "Miller's show was unable to build an audience and was canceled in July.", "In 1994, Dennis Miller hosted Dennis Miller Live, a half-hour talk show.", "The show's theme song was a song by Tears for Fears called \" Everybody wants to Rule the World\", as well as a song by the Rollins Band called \"Civilized\".", "The stage where The Price Is Right is taped is where the show was taped.", "There was no band because of the small set and sparse lighting.", "Miller spoke to a mostly unseen studio audience on a darkened stage.", "Miller discussed the topic of the day with one guest per show.", "Most guests appeared live in the studio when they were interviewed via satellite.", "There was a call-in segment.", "The number was changed to 1-800-LACTOSE.", "He referred to it by its numerical equivalent.", "Miller could only accommodate two or three calls within the allotted time.", "Call-ins were eliminated in the last few seasons of the show.", "The show ran for nine years and aired 215 episodes.", "The show was canceled in 2002.", "With the increasing popularity of cable television and its multiple channel and programming options, ABC's Monday Night Football was competing for viewers.", "Professional wrestling was one of its main competitors.", "ABC tried to establish a booth dynamic that would appeal to the public's imagination.", "They were looking to make a fourth change by the end of 1999.", "Monday Night Football had its ratings decline for the fifth season in a row by the end of 1999.", "Boomer Esiason was fired by ABC after two years on the show.", "They convinced Don Ohlmeyer, who had produced the show in the 1970s, to come out of retirement and give him the authority to pick his own commentators.", "\"Monday Night Football was not as special as it used to be, and that's why we've taken the dramatic steps we've taken.\"", "Some of the sameness was wanted to be removed.", "We wanted to do something a little different.", "It may not work.", "This may be a bad idea.", "I love taking risks.", "Ohlmeyer wanted to recreate the viewer excitement of the Howard Cosell and Don Meredith era.", "ABC told the AP that each open position had around twenty viable candidates vying for it, who auditioning by sitting with Al Michaels and calling the previous season's playoff game between Tennessee and Buffalo.", "Michaels and Miller sat together in a Los Angeles studio to do a mock broadcast.", "Those in attendance were surprised by Miller's knowledge.", "He was an avid watcher of the NFL draft when he was a kid.", "He inquired about an announcing job with Fox after they got the rights to show football.", "Michaels told an interviewer, \"It was way beyond what we expected.\"", "I didn't know he knew as much about football as he did.", "He made points that other analysts never made, and his points were more interesting and better stated.", "He was providing humor and analyzing plays.", "It would not be an overstatement.", "I thought maybe he's shooting his gun here, and that's all we're going to get.", "He kept going.", "It was close to perfect.", "We looked at each other and said wow.", "Where did this come from?", "Jimmy Johnson, Bill Parcells, Steve Young, and John Elway were some of the candidates Ohlmeyer went through to find.", "According to the Los Angeles Times, ABC's first choice but he refused to return phone calls.", "Miller was thought of early in the process as a rant segment within the broadcast, but Ohlmeyer began to think of him in an expanded role.", "It was announced in June 2000 that Miller had won the job as color commentator on ABC's Monday Night Football.", "The Los Angeles Times called Miller's hiring \"one of the boldest moves in sports television history,\" and noted that Miller, like Cosell, was someone who is loved and hated.", "Ohlmeyer said that football is not played in St. Patrick's Cathedral.", "People are watching football to have fun.", "We want a show that is relevant, successful, and unpredictable.", "No amount of buzz will save us if it doesn't work out.", "Miller said he admires Ohlmeyer's cojones.", "I think I'm quirky.", "I admire him for that.", "After the announcement, Miller appeared on the July 3, 2000 cover of Sports Illustrated with the title \"Can Dennis Miller Save 'Monday Night Football?'\"", "Miller told reporters that he wouldn't be trying to dominate the show.", "He and Ohlmeyer both said his role wouldn't be that of a comedian.", "Miller stated that he was going to stay in the background and ask questions.", "I won't try to recreate the rants on my show.", "I will attempt to integrate myself in a three-man scheme.", "The preseason Hall of Fame Game between the New England and New York Giants on July 31, 2000 was the beginning of Miller and the new broadcasting team.", "The show's season opener was on September 4, 2000, when the Denver Broncos played the St. Louis Rams.", "There were mixed reviews of Miller's performance at the official opener.", "The Boston Globe held that Miller had improved from preseason, but The Washington Times said he was a \"smarmy, smirking sort\" and The Toronto Star said he should be sent back to the Comedy Channel.", "...", "This guy isn't very good.", "Miller's commentary was sprinkled with references.", "Miller would say \"Hail Mary is denied\" after a pass fell incomplete.", "He once referred to the St. Louis Rams receiving corps as the \"Murderer's Row of Haste.\"", "\"Dennis Miller Demystified,\" \"Annotated Dennis Miller,\" and the Shadowpack offer definitions to references made by Miller on Monday Night Football.", "Miller was flattered by the attention.", "Miller's critics held that he sounded scripted.", "In 2001, the show had 16 million viewers, down from 18 million the year before and below the 19 million of pre-Miller 1999.", "Newsweek and USA Today began calling for Miller to be let go as the ratings did not improve.", "Miller and Fouts signed a contract despite questionable ratings.", "Despite having hired Miller and Fouts for another year, ABC began negotiations with John Madden.", "Madden had worked at Fox Sports for eight years since the network won the contract for the games away from CBS in 1998.", "In 2001 alone, Fox lost $387 million due to the NFL contract, and was looking to cut programming costs.", "Madden's contract for the next year would cost Fox $8 million, so when ABC approached Madden, Fox agreed to let him out of his remaining year on their contract.", "Madden was signed on February 28, 2002, for $5 million a year for four years, despite Miller and Fouts being hired for another year.", "Fouts was moved to cover college football while Miller and Dickerson were let go.", "Miller said the football thing was fun.", "I didn't pay attention to the maelstrom because it was a freakish act of nature for me to get hired.", "I have never been to a football game.", "...", "When John Madden quit Fox, I called Dan Fouts and said, \"Get ready, babes, we're getting whacked.\"", "...", "I have no hard feelings.", "He said, \"As soon as Madden left Fox, I knew I was going to get whacked.\"", "Madden was the Elder of football broadcasters.", "They were going to stay with the kid?", "I was having fun.", "Half of the community liked me.", "My batting average is pretty much what it is.", "My career was never going to be approved by the public.", "I was not endearing.", "\"If I go to watch a comedian, I don't expect a football game to break out,\" Madden said when asked about the Dennis Miller experiment.", "Al Michaels praised Miller, saying that what he tried to do was the hardest thing ever attempted in broadcasting.", "No one else besides him could have pulled it off as well as he did.", "Miller's stint at No. was listed in 2010 by TV Guide Network.", "12 on their list of the 25 biggest TV sitcoms.", "They have a list of the top sports media busts.", "The show is on CNBC.", "MSNBC considered Miller for a prime-time talk show in 2002, but chose Phil Donahue.", "Miller began commentary on the show in 2003", "E!", "According to News, he was a serious candidate to provide commentary on the show, but the deal did not go through.", "Since Brian Williams was moved to NBC, CNBC's ratings have fallen.", "Since Geraldo Rivera left for Fox News in 2001, the network has not had a well-known personality in its prime-time lineup.", "CNBC looked for a new direction because its nighttime audience was smaller than its cable competitors.", "While it had been showing mostly business-oriented talk shows, such as Kudlow & Cramer and Capital Report, NBC Entertainment president Jeff Zucker approached Miller with an offer to do a prime-time political show weeknights in CNBC's 9 p.m.", "The show began on January 26, 2004, called simply, Dennis Miller, after Miller accepted the offer.", "CNBC said that they were comfortable with an unabashed Bush fan in the middle of its prime-time schedule.", "Pamela Thomas-Graham said that when they hired Dennis, they knew what his political beliefs were and his viewers would hear them.", "We hired him because we think he's witty, smart and interesting.", "He is in a lineup.", "There's more than one person in the lineup.", "Miller's political leanings were compared to that of John McEnroe.", "The group Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting objected that one of the show's producers was Mike Murphy, who was an adviser to Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, and charged that CNBC was setting up a conflict of interest.", "Miller promised to become \"incensed\" on the viewer's behalf by telling it like it is.", "Miller was seen by some as trying to be serious, angry, and funny all at the same time, and the show was compared to that of Bill Maher.", "Miller said he was an entertainer when asked if he had the credentials to do a news show.", "I'm a comedian and I don't have credibility.", "I'm not Ed Murrow up on the roof in a London Fog.", "Miller had a chimp on the show who was declared a \"consultant.\"", "Mo was the new chimp after a few appearances.", "Reviewers speculated that she was let go because she pressed the Howard Dean \"scream\" button too many times.", "Mo was noted for swinging across the studio on a rope, doing somersaults on the sofa while reading Variety, and nuzzling Miller while he gave his monologue.", "Miller liked Mo's presence and personality.", "The hour-long show contained a daily news segment called \"The Daily Rorschach,\" which was similar to his role on SNL's Weekend Update.", "The show incorporated a \"nightclub-style audience of 100 or so\" beginning on March 9, 2004, as reviewers felt Miller's riffs would benefit from a live audience.", "Mo held up the sign that said the toll-free number to order tickets.", "Miller interviewed someone who was held to be able to explain a current issue in the news for the first half of the show.", "\"Miller may be up front about his own political affiliation, even to the point of shilling for the Republicans, but despite his increasingly aggressive America-first humor, he is surprisingly evenhanded in his selection of guests.\"", "Miller told The Associated Press that he didn't want the interviews to be loud.", "It should be a pretty reasoned discourse.", "I don't care what Gary Coleman thinks about Afghanistan, it was the flaw of 'Politically Correct' towards the end.", "The second half of the show featured a panel discussion called \"The Varsity,\" which offered a wide variety of political viewpoints.", "Panelists included Ed Schultz, Gloria Allred, Willie Brown, David Horowitz, Mickey Kaus, Lawrence O'Donnell, Phil Hendrie, and Harry Shearer.", "Miller seemed as happy to interrupt as to act like a host in these segments.", "He gets in a few wisecracks.", "Miller was praised by LA Weekly for his approach to the panel.", "He's far from being a Murdochian attack dog, and he often sits there and sucks it up while people tell him how awful the administration of his beloved commander-in-chief really is.", "Miller is more interested in diversity than some of his liberals.", "There was a break between the political humor and the field correspondents.", "At the time that John Kerry had become the Democratic front-runner, the show was openly pro-George W. Bush.", "The inability to find weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, a budget that was seen as out of control, and a resentment over the President's tough-talking cowboy image caused a decline in President Bush's approval numbers.", "The New York Times put the number of people who watched Miller's first episode at 746,000, which was a big number in the eyes of CNBC, but by March 2004 his numbers had slipped to 300,000.", "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart had 1.9 million viewers and aired at 11 pm.", "By April 2005, Miller's audience had fallen to 107,000 from the year before.", "The show was canceled by CNBC in May 2005 as part of the network's move to focus on financial news.", "Mad Money with Jim Cramer replaced Miller's show.", "Miller has appeared on a number of shows, including Boston Public, The Daily Show, NewsRadio, The O'Reilly Factor, The Norm Show, and SportsCenter.", "The MTV Video Music Awards were hosted by Miller.", "Not Necessarily the Election was a series of election specials hosted by him.", "He was a guest on the Adult Swim show Space Ghost Coast to Coast.", "Turner Classic Movies broadcasted a series of monster movies hosted by Miller.", "He talked about films such as Creature from the Black Lagoon in wraparounds.", "He is a spokesman for M&M's candies, 10-10- 220 long-distance service, Miller beer, and the internet service provider NetZero.", "He said that everyone has to sell out at some point to make a living.", "I am a family man.", "I was going to make an M&M commercial.", "I want to sell one more piece of candy for you, but I don't know what to do.", "Do you want me to kiss the M&M?", "Miller did a short commercial for New Leaf Entertainment.", "On February 27, 2012 Miller guest starred on Hawaii with James Caan.", "On September 21, 2006 Miller returned to Fox News with a two-and-a-half-minute commentary on illegal immigration.", "He appeared on 13 episodes of The 1/2 Hour News Hour.", "He had a weekly segment called \"Miller Time\" on The O'Reilly Factor, and has also appeared on Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld under the name \"Manstoqui.\"", "The game show Grand Slam was hosted by Miller.", "Miller hosted Amne$ia for a month.", "After the Writers Guild of America strike ended, the replacement show was canceled by the network.", "Miller hosted a weekly one-hour sports talk show on Versus.", "After eight episodes, it was canceled.", "Dennis Miller has hosted Dennis Miller + One since March 9, 2020.", "Interviews with sports and entertainment celebrities are featured on the half-hour program.", "Miller interviews a single guest for the entire half hour.", "Miller was a frequent guest host on Larry King Now.", "In January 2007, Miller signed a deal with Westwood One to launch The Dennis Miller Show, a three-hour talk radio program.", "The program ran from March 26, 2007, to February 27, 2015.", "There is a live stream on the show's website.", "The site made the archives of all shows available in mp3 format.", "The live feed was free, but a subscription to the Dennis Miller Zone was required in order to access archived broadcasts.", "The show aired on 250+ stations and on tape delay on some of them.", "On Saturdays, Salem stations aired a \"best of\" Miller show.", "The on-air duo of \"Salman\" and \"David S. Weiss\" wrote for Dennis Miller Live.", "Christian Bladt was the producer of the \"Daily Rorschach\" segment on his CNBC show.", "Miller's program included serious discussions about American culture, current events, politics, and their place in the global context.", "Miller's sarcasm is often characterized by obscure pop culture references.", "Each hour of the show used to have an arcane reference.", "The first hour's opening phrase was a combination of dialogue from the film Thank You for Smoking and a U.S. space program slogan.", "Let's light a candle!", "Miller said \"Come to me my babies, let me quell your pain\" for his second and third hours.", "Most shows had at least one guest per hour, mostly from the world of politics and entertainment.", "While the show's guest list leaned right of center, there were several liberals who appeared on the show, such as Dennis Kucinich.", "In addition to his usual comments about culture and politics, Miller encouraged callers to be funny and often commented on their delivery.", "A segment on Fridays was set aside for \"Dennis Ex Machina\", his term for a segment without a guest, where he allowed phone calls on any topic.", "Miller said in an interview that if he were fired, they would fire the real Dennis Miller.", "Miller's show had an estimated 2,250,000 weekly listens according to Talkers Magazine.", "Miller and Dial Global agreed to continue his show for three years.", "Miller's contract expired on March 27, 2015.", "Miller performs stand-up at the Orleans Hotel & Casino.", "He has done a mix of his old and new material in recent appearances.", "He has written four books based on his stand-up comedy and television monologues.", "Miller has appeared in a number of films.", "His movie credits include Madhouse, Disclosure, The Net, and Bordello of Blood.", "He played the talk-radio host in Joe Dirt and also appeared in Thank You for Smoking.", "Miller hosted the Slammy Awards on December 14, 2009.", "Miller has a laid back style and acerbic sense of humor.", "The rant begins with \"Now, I don't want to get off on a rant here, but...\" and ends with \"of course, that's just my opinion.\"", "I could be wrong.", "Jonathan Miller was listed as one of his comedy influences by The New York Times.", "Miller stated that he had been impressed with transcripts of Sahl's early work but that as Sahl's career continued he became too tied to the Kennedy family.", "Miller told the Times that he couldn't care less about heroin addicts.", "They tell me a guy is a genius when I hear he's a heroin user.", "I don't want to be judgmental.", "I don't know what kind of genius they are if their last vision is of a tile pattern on a bathroom floor.", "Miller stated, \"It's all been built on arcane references, precision of language, and a reasonably imperturbable nature on TV.\"", "I've been making a living and having fun with it for 25 years, and it blows my mind that I've stuck with it.", "It's my favorite part of the job, knowing that something good is about to happen.", "...", "I thought I'd have to lay around for a while for the inspiration to come to me.", "If you messed up two or three 'Updates', they have someone new and ready to go.", "I have five jokes in five minutes after learning how to pick up a newspaper.", "I don't want to be self-important.", "I want everyone in my life to know that I'm a comedian.", "The monkey trick is the stream-of-consciousness style.", "I sit there and watch stuff.", "I used to watch a lot of TV.", "Miller referred to his stage style as \"quasi-Dean Martin insouciance.\"", "He said that the smartest thing he ever did was not buy into the idea that people thought he was smart.", "The robot maid for The Jetsons was named after me.", "It's a joke.", "I just made fun of myself.", "I didn't have my head up my ass that I mattered.", "I'm trying to have fun.", "...", "I'm okay with my intelligence.", "I know he didn't think I was smart, but he said, \"I'll give you this\", even though he didn't think I was smart.", "You have a deep drawer.", "I always thought that was a good way to appraise my comedy gift.", "I have a good memory for pop arcsana.", "Miller married Carolyn \"Ali\" Espley on April 24, 1988 in British Columbia, Canada.", "Espley is best known for her role as the girl in the music video.", "The couple and their two sons live in Santa Barbara, California.", "Jimmy Miller is a partner in the Hollywood management company Gold/Miller, which represents comedians such as Jim Carrey.", "Miller has become known for his neoconservative political opinions in recent years, despite being perceived to be a liberal in his early years of fame.", "He was a regular political commentator on The O'Reilly Factor in a segment called \"Miller Time\".", "Miller told a reporter that he didn't know his father and that he moved out early.", "My mom's politics were hardscrabble.", "She wasn't thinking about Democrats or Republicans.", "She wondered who made sense.", "I've been with both of them.", "Someone can say they don't understand why someone is drifting.", "I've always found people who drift interesting because it shows that the game isn't stagnant in their head.", "They're thinking.", "Miller was often seen as a cynic on the left, eager to bash conservative Republicans.", "Miller told USA Today in 1995 that he was not a member of the political left.", "Even though Newt Gingrich is too exclusionary, I would choose him over Clinton on most issues.", "In 1996, Miller declared himself a \"conservative libertarian\" in a Playboy interview.", "Miller said that one of the reasons he became more conservative was due to liberal criticisms of Mayor Rudy Giuliani's approach to fighting crime in New York City.", "I left the reservation when I heard liberals equating Giuliani with Hitler.", "Before 9/11, I'd travel to New York and say that the city seems to be running better.", "I like the kind of leader Giuliani is.", "Hitler wouldn't do that when it's five below zero.", "If that's what Hitler looked like to them, I was with the wrong group.", "The head of the conservative watchdog Media Research Center took issue with Miller's politics while dismissing his 1996 claim to be a \"conservative libertarian\", saying Miller \"hasn't a clue about the meaning of either term.\"", "Miller's ideology changed a lot after the September 11, 2001, attacks.", "He said that the attack was the biggest tragedy in the history of the country and that it made it difficult to talk.", "I couldn't come up with a sentence for two weeks.", "He became one of the few Hollywood celebrities who supported the war in Iraq.", "One of the defining moments of Miller's move from the Democratic to the Republican Party was watching a 2004 primary debate between the nine Democrats who were vying for their party's nomination.", "He said that he hadn't seen a starting nine like that since the '62 Mets.", "Miller talked about his political outlook in an interview with Bill O'Reilly.", "Well, listen.", "I never considered myself to be a secular progressive.", "...", "I don't consider myself to be the same person now as I was then.", "I think of myself as a pragmatist.", "I found a degree of certitude on the left unnerving.", "Even if lockstep is about being open-minded, I don't like it.", "I thought we might have to get into some preventative measures after 9/11.", "I went to the kids' table because of that.", "He said that his more open conservatism has not affected his friends.", "I hope our friendship is more than that.", "I still have friends who are liberal.", "Miller was described as a \"tell-it-like-it-is, right-wing blowhard\" by a Slate.com commentator.", "\"People have said to me, 'What happened to Dennis?'\" said former Saturday Night Live colleague and former Democratic Party Senator Al Franken.", "Nothing happened to Dennis.", "Dennis is the same person.", "He's always had a conservative streak.", "Dennis was always kind of conservative on certain issues.", "I don't know why he decided to become a comedian with a dog in the fight, but as a comedian with a dog in the fight, I sympathize with him.", "Miller is quick to point out that he is still quite liberal on many social issues, including abortion and gay marriage, even though he is not shy about expressing his conservative views on topics such as taxes and foreign policy.", "Miller said in a 2004 interview that he has always been a pragmatist.", "I don't care if two gay guys get married.", "I don't care much.", "They have more power.", "I'm happy when people fall in love.", "If some idiot foreign terrorist wants to blow up their wedding to make a political statement, I would rather kill him before he can do it, or have my country kill him before he can do it, instead of punishing him after the fact.", "I will be happy if that makes me a right-wing fanatic.", "...", "I don't want to tell someone what's wrong, but I think abortion's wrong.", "I'm pro-choice.", "I want to stay out of other people's business.", "In a world where a lot of people hate the United States, I fall into the conservative camp when it comes to protecting it.", "Everyone should be in the protection business after 9/11.", "I can't imagine anyone not saying that.", "They'd say, 'That's our fault' on the farthest end of the left.", "They would say, \"Well, there's another way to deal with it other than protecting ourselves.\"", "I don't believe that.", "People say we make them hate us because of what we do.", "That is garbage to me.", "I think they're crazy.", "You have to protect yourself from nuts.", "Miller is open about his religious beliefs, saying \"I'm not a Christian, but I believe in God.\"", "I don't care if someone is pro-choice or not.", "That is God's business.", "It's not mine's job description.", "He told Jay Leno that he did not believe in global warming.", "Miller explained his libertarianism in a radio interview with Penn Jillette.", "I'm in favor of gay marriage.", "I'm pro-choice but I don't believe in abortion.", "You have to explain it to people if you want them to think you're a traitor.", "In a 2012 interview, Miller showed no concern over whether his political stance had made him less popular or robbed him of the credit of popularizing comedic rants, saying, \"I'm a 58-year-old man and I'm happy where I'm at.\"", "I don't think about that.", "I host a radio show and go on the road about 20 times a year.", "My crowd has been reduced to a few who can support me.", "If you're in eighth grade, what are you worried about?", "When I was 25 I started working on a quarter century here.", "I still talk and they give me something.", "Miller's political change can be seen in his view of George W. Bush.", "According to a Los Angeles Times reporter, Miller joked about George W. Bush's intelligence in a July 31, 2000 interview about joining Monday Night Football.", "He joked that Bush couldn't walk and fart at the same time.", "\"Condoleezza Rice has often been described as W's 'foreign policy tutor',\" Miller said in 2001.", "I like the sound of that.", "We're signing our nuclear arsenal over to a man who needs help after school.", "Miller's opinion had changed a lot after 9/11.", "Miller told an interviewer in 2003 that he was impressed by Bush for pursuing the \"liquidation of terrorism.\"", "To take the first step?", "Ballsy.", "The secular state of Iraq and Islamic fundamentalists cohabitate, as they both think we're Satan.", "He said, \"I feel more politically engaged than I've ever felt in my life, because I think we live in dangerous times, and anyone who looks at the world and says this is the time to be a wuss, I can't buy.\"", "Miller spoke at the President's fund-raisers in Los Angeles and San Francisco.", "He referred to himself as a Rat Pack of one for the president in Hollywood.", "He spoke out in favor of the war in Iraq, and the Los Angeles Times noted that he was raising his political profile.", "He does political commentary on a weekly basis on a Fox News Channel talk show.", "The Weekly Standard called Miller the \"loudest pro-Bush/pro-war voice in Hollywood\" in 2003 and quoted his comment on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in February of that year.", "Miller advocated invading Iraq and said that he would like to invade Chirac as well.", "You run a pipe from the oil field over the Eiffel Tower and have the world's biggest oil derrick.", "...", "It would be a disservice to bags filled with scum to call them the French scum bags.", "The National Review wrote, \"Conservatives have welcomed and even cheered the comedian's unabashed patriotism and endorsement of President Bush's foreign policy.\"", "During his time on The Tonight Show, he advocated profiling at airports and oil-drilling in thearctic national wildlife refuge.", "On March 23, 2003 Michael Moore delivered an antiwar speech at the Academy Awards.", "The speech accused the Bush administration of misleading the public in order to go into war, criticized the government's claims that Americans could secure their homes from biological, chemical or radiological attack, and held the color alert of the Homeland Security Advisory System.", "Moore stated, \"We live in a time where we have a man sending us to war for false reasons.\"", "We are against this war, Mr. Bush, whether it's the fiction of duct tape or orange alert.", "Shame on you, Mr. Bush.", "Miller stated that when we say that we love the USA, he's going to tell us what naive sheep we are and that he's the true patriot because he hates it and he sees all the problems in it.", "Michael Moore represents everything I don't like about a human being and everything I feel obligated to defend in an American.", "It is that stupid moron's right to be that way.", "In May 2003 Miller was invited by The Wall Street Journal to write an opinion piece in response to Norman Mailer's anti-war commentary in the London Times that had appeared earlier in the month, and which had claimed, \"With their dominance in sport, at work and at home eroded,", "The only race that really occurred to me during the war was our Army's sprint to Baghdad.", "Mr. Mailer is going to have to realize that his alleged profundities are now being seen as a sign of weakness by the public.", "On Friday, June 27, 2003 President Bush made a 30-minute appearance at a $2,000-a-plate luncheon for his re-election campaign at Burlingame, California.", "Miller made an appearance, and was invited to ride in the Presidential limousine and fly on Air Force One so he could host the President's second fundraiser that day, a dinner at Los Angeles, where he appeared with Johnny Mathis andKelsey Grammer.", "He mocked Howard Dean, the Democratic Governor of Vermont, who opposed the Iraq War and had entered the race days before, saying, \"He can roll up his sleeves all he wants at public events, but as long as we see that heart tattoo with his name on his right forearm.\"", "Bush made a 35-minute speech at the LA fundraiser before leaving for Crawford, Texas, and the campaign made an additional $3.5 million.", "Miller made his debut on Fox New's Hannity & Colmes.", "Miller praised Bush in an interview with The American Enterprise, saying that he is smarter than his enemies think.", "I think he's a genius.", "If your old man buys a building, you should get into Yale.", "I think he could have gotten into Yale on his own.", "...", "He realized midway through his life that he was drinking too much and he stopped.", "He did a fine job, and I think it's putting him in touch with his God.", "...", "I like watching my President pray.", "I don't believe a person can get answers from books.", "One has to have faith in one's religion at some point in this world.", "President Bush prays to God and he's not an unbeliever.", "I'm glad he has to answer to someone higher.", "Miller said in the interview that they were ashamed that the President of the United States was from Texas, when she was asked about the outrage and public destruction of their music CDs.", "Miller said that the Dixie Chicks got what they deserved.", "In a time of war, decry your President on foreign soil should cause a hue and cry.", "I thought I would never buy another album from them.", "I didn't like their music and then I thought, \"You know what, I've never bought one of their albums.\"", "The State of the Union address was given by President Bush on January 21, 2004.", "Miller told The Associate Press in 2004 that his show was not going to do any jokes about George W. Bush.", "I'm going to let him go.", "I take care of my friends.", "Miller said in a 2008 interview that he laid off him because he thought it was so important that he got re-elected.", "There is something to be said for standing up in front of a room full of reporters and saying I'm not going to do Bush jokes.", "They were gobsmacked, at least it was honest.", "I don't like jokes that rip on people I know, so I take them out.", "If they're my friend, I pull it out.", "It's not just because of 9/11 that I'm not interested in hurting people.", "Miller had good things to say about Bush at the end of his second term.", "It was a different world after 9/11.", "There is a place where crazies strap a bomb to their kids.", "During the national crisis, Bush and Giuliani were fearless leaders.", "Bush chose to stay on the offense.", "Rob Stutzman and other members of the leadership of the Californian Republican party approached Miller in 2003 in an effort to draft him to challenge Barbara Boxer.", "Miller acted as its post-debate spokesman after the debate on September 24, 2003.", "He spoke at the rally the same night.", "He confirmed his love of eggs and stated, \"Let the world know, I am mad about eggs!\"", "\"The Republican Party has gone through a desperate search to find someone who is remotely credible, and they couldn't find anyone, so they're looking,\" said Roy Behr, Boxer spokesman.", "The public has always said how they feel about Dennis Miller.", "He was kicked off Monday Night Football.", "The Weekly Standard's Bill Whalen noticed that other celebrities were considering political careers, such as RepublicanKelsey Grammer.", "The Standard pointed out that it was hard to imagine Miller being quicker on the draw or withering in a debate.", "The piece said that other Republican celebrities had been able to make the transition to elected politician because of their optimism.", "Miller, the Standard said, was seen in contrast as both \"terrified and yuppie.\" Not to mention a little too conservative for some Republicans.", "The Standard noted that he had been booed by some in the Republican audience during his Los Angeles fund-raiser for President Bush when he said \"West Virginia senator Robert Byrd must be burning the cross at both ends\".", "Miller had said that he was in the Klan.", "He was in the Klan.", "He would be trying to play to a T.G.I., according to The Standard.", "Friday's electorate.", "Martin Kaplan, director of USC's Norman Lear Center speculated that Miller might face a tough primary battle to win the Republican nomination from other members of the party that had actual political experience.", "He told a reporter that while Miller had good name recognition, he did not have the ability to chill the enthusiasm of other Republicans from getting into the race.", "The New York Times reported in November 2003 that Mr. Miller was never serious about opposing Boxer.", "The chairman of the state Republican Party said that Dennis has never contacted them.", "While the Republican Party was talking about drafting him, Miller had signed a multiyear contract with CNBC as a political talk show host.", "\"They inquired about my availability to run against Barbara Boxer, but I'm not at the point where I would consider it,\" Miller told The New York Times.", "He said in an interview with Time magazine that he declined the draft offer because he wanted to move to Washington, D.C., and be with Barbara Boxer.", "I'm not interested.", "I think we should start painting those people red and blue because I like open minds.", "He told the Associated Press, \"Maybe when I get older I would think about it, just as a lark, view it as its own form of a TV show.\"", "Just refuse to play, and don't budge, and it would be fun to turn out the whole process.", "If you want to get rid of me, I will do what you want.", "Rumors spread that Miller and Jackson were not invited to the 40th anniversary of Saturday Night Live because of their conservative political activism.", "Miller insisted that everyone was invited and called him classy and well-mannered.", "Miller had said on his radio program that he wouldn't be going to the anniversary show.", "He told an interviewer that he would have loved to be there, but could not due to family commitments.", "In 1988 Miller voted for George H. W. Bush, a fact he brought up in 1992 as proof that he was a conservative.", "Miller moved his support to Ross Perot after endorsing Jerry Brown in the Democratic primaries.", "At his San Fernando Valley campaign office, Miller volunteered for Ross Perot.", "Miller told the reporter that he didn't know much about him.", "The two-party system is going to hell because he's an outsider.", "After observing the behavior of politicians in both parties during the confirmation hearings of Justice Clarence Thomas, Miller became grossed out by the system.", "Many began to joke about Ross Perot's sanity after he dropped out of the presidential race.", "Miller told a reporter that he would vote for Perot tomorrow.", "I don't think he's a genius but I enjoy the thought of him at State Dinners.", "People tell me that I wouldn't want Ross Perot with his finger on the button.", "They wouldn't let Ross Perot near the real button.", "If he ever pressed the stunt button, it would squirt him in the face with milk or something.", "Miller told a reporter in 1995 that he didn't respect Bill Clinton.", "He is the same as Bush or Dole.", "Clinton is my age and I know how full of shit I am.", "I look at him and think, \"I know you.\"", "You're the guy who used to tap the keg.", "He admitted to voting for Bob Dole in the 1996 election despite the fact that Ross Perot was on the ballot in every state.", "Miller stated on The O'Reilly Factor and The Tonight Show that he initially supported Rudy Giuliani for president in 2008.", "He switched his support to John McCain after Giuliani left the race.", "Miller gave Barack Obama six to eight months before forming an opinion because he saw that his election was inspiring to black youth.", "He concluded that Obama was mostly hype and that he was an incompetent civil servant.", "Miller endorsed Herman Cain in the 2012 Republican primary, but later said that he couldn't win.", "He supported Romney in the general election.", "Miller said on Fox News after the 2012 election that the US is on the way to the European model.", "Miller did not endorse a particular candidate.", "He told Bill O'Reilly that he would vote for any of them over Hillary.", "I think he's out the door when he gets a chance.", "I shared an elevator with Pataki.", "I would vote for any of those people over Hillary.", "Miller was a strong supporter of Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. general election.", "Any vote for anyone other than Donald Trump is a vote for Hillary Clinton.", "Liberals don't enter into suicide pacts with that petulant, whiny part of themselves, so they don't vote for Hillary Clinton.", "Do it if that is what you want to do.", "Don't be mean to yourself.", "You want to vote for Hillary Clinton.", "Madhouse, Wes Disclosure, The Net, and Bordello of Blood are some of the films that have been released.", "The Millennium Special: 1,000 Years, 100 Laughs, 10 Really Good Ones was released in 1996.", "(HarperAudio, 2001) Still Ranting After All These Years.", "Dennis Miller Archive Real Detroit Weekly Interview 1953 births Living people 20th-century American comedians 21st-century American comedians American satirists American game show hosts American libertarians" ]

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[ "Dennis Michael Miller", "Miller", "Dennis Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Dennis", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Dennis Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Dennis Miller", "Miller", "Dennis Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Dennis Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Dennis Miller", "Dennis Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Dennis Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Dennis Miller", "Miller", "Dennis", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Dennis Miller", "Dennis Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Dennis Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Dennis Kucini", "Miller", "Miller", "Dennis Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Jonathan Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Jimmy Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Dennis", "Dennis", "Dennis", "Dennis", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Dennis Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Dennis", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller" ]

[ "Charles Edward Courtney (November 13, 1849 – July 17, 1920) was an American rower and rowing coach from Union Springs, New York.", "A carpenter by trade, Courtney was a nationally known amateur rower.", "Courtney never lost a race as an amateur and finished a total of 88 victories.", "In 1877, he moved from an amateur to a professional rower, a decision that Courtney would later regret.", "His professional career was marred by controversy and accusations including cowardice and race fixing.", "His professional career was best remembered for his controversial losses to Ned Hanlan.", "As his rowing career wound down, Courtney became involved in coaching at Cornell University.", "He coached Cornell's rowing team from 1883 to 1920.", "His crews won 14 of 24 varsity eight-oar titles at the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship Regatta.", "He kept his position until he died in the summer of 1920.", "Early life \nCourtney was born the fifth of six children on November 13, 1849 to Mr. and Mrs. James Thomas Courtney in Union Springs, New York, a small town on the north end of Cayuga Lake at the time noted for pleasure and racing yachts.", "Courtney's father died when he was six.", "From about the age of seven, he was rowing on the lake and would race other local children.", "At 12, Courtney built his first boat out of hemlock boards and two-inch planks that he had found.", "Due to his poor workmanship he plastered yellow clay on his boat to keep it water-tight.", "Once on the water the clay would eventually be washed away.", "This did not stop him and his friends from racing the boat.", "They would take turns to see who row it the farthest before it sank.", "After graduating from high school, Courtney went to work as a carpenter.", "After working for several local carpenters and architects, he went started his own carpentry business with his brother John called Courtney Brothers.", "Amateur rower\n\nIntroduction into competitive racing\nIn the late 1860s, Courtney and his childhood friend, William Cozzens, built a small boat based on John MacGregor's \"Rob Roy\" canoe that MacGregor used on a trip through England, Scotland and other parts of Europe.", "Cozzens had found a description of the canoe in a magazine article and talked Courtney into building a similar craft.", "Their boat (24 inches wide, 9 inches deep, and 16 feet long) was eventually outfitted with oars that Courtney and Cozzens also made themselves.", "Shortly after the canoe was finished, Courtney entered a single scull race in Aurora, New York.", "He raced in his modified canoe that weighed , while several of his competitors raced in racing shells.", "Even with the weight disadvantage, Courtney won the race by nearly half a mile.", "From canoe to racing shell\nCourtney continued to race at local events.", "As he got better at racing, he used boats with smaller and smaller widths, and eventfully raced in a regular racing shell.", "It was Courtney's opinion that this slow stepping-down in width allowed him to master control of each new boat.", "By the time he raced in Syracuse, New York on June 25, 1873, he was using a 23-feet long, 19-inch wide lap-streak boat that he bought in Geneva, New York.", "Courtney won the race by a quarter-mile over a field that included noted New York City rowers Charles Smith and William Bishop.", "After the Syracuse race, Courtney finally bought a racing shell.", "The 35-feet long, 12-inch wide, 30-pound shell cost $126.", "At the time, Courtney was only making $1 a day as a carpenter.", "Courtney and his friend raised the money from the residents of Union Springs.", "They came up short, so a local doctor wrote a note for the last $40.", "In September 1873, Courtney entered a race in Saratoga, New York with his new racing shell.", "He won the race against 12 other competitors by over a quarter of a mile.", "His time of 14 minutes and 15 seconds was a whole minute better than the then professional record held by Josh Ward.", "Undefeated amateur champion\nCourtney would never lose as an amateur rower and finished with a total of 88 victories in single and double scull races.", "Among his major victories was the National Association single sculls championship in 1875 at Saratoga where he beat four competitors in the final heat, including noted rower of the day James Riley.", "In 1876, he won the two amateur rowing championships at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.", "He won the single scull championship in a time of 10 minutes and 48½ seconds on a 1-mile straightaway course.", "A few days later, he won the double scull championship (with partner Frank E. Yates) in a time of 9 minutes and 52½ seconds over the same distance.", "Last amateur race\nOn July 14, 1877, Courtney was to race against James E. Riley at Greenwood Lake in New Jersey.", "Both men were considered the best amateur rowers at that time.", "Both had announced that after the race they would be turning professional.", "The 36‑year‑old Courtney came into the race undefeated and had beaten Riley twice before in the summer of 1875.", "These victories came in Riley's first two competitive single scull races.", "One of Courtney victories was only by a quarter boat length.", "Since that time, the 29‑year‑old Riley had rowed 13 races (winning only 8), but did have the fastest time on record.", "A large crowd was expected to be on hand to watch the scullers.", "The Montclair and Greenwood Lake Railway added extra trains to meet the demand of rowing fans that wanted to witness the event.", "Before the race, Courtney drank a glass of ice tea that was laced with a drug, and was unable to race.", "A little after noon on the day of the race, Courtney sat down for a meal at a local inn.", "After the meal, he asked the waitress for ice tea.", "The waitress went to make the tea but was stopped by the owner of the inn, who told her he would make the tea himself.", "Courtney experienced a strange sensation of being too hot, and then, too cold.", "He went up to his room by himself.", "Eventually, his throat started to burn and his fingers became numb and cold.", "He began to ache and soon began to vomit.", "Riley was informed of the situation and went to visit Courtney.", "After the visit and consulting with the doctors treating his opponent, Riley decided that Courtney was in no condition to row that day.", "Riley did however row the course for time.", "Even without competition, he was able to do the course in a time of 20 minutes and 47.5 seconds, which was a new record.", "The incident created a sensation throughout the country.", "The ice tea was never analyzed so the exact drug was not known.", "There was speculation that tartar emetic or arsenic was the poison.", "There were also rumors that Hoboken, New Jersey gamblers knew in advance that Courtney would be poisoned.", "Betting on the race changed from Courtney being a slight favorite to Riley becoming a heavy favorite on the day of the race.", "Professional rower\n\nCourtney became a professional rower after the canceled race with Riley.", "The decision to move into the professional ranks was one Courtney would later regret.", "When asked later in life why he became a professional, he responded, \"Because I was a fool, I had no more business in the professional line than I had of being a preacher.\"", "Even though he did not become a professional until 1877, this did not mean he had not profited from being an amateur rower.", "Courtney admitted that he was given $450 after he won the Grand National Amateur Regatta at Saratoga in 1873 by local gamblers that profited from his victory.", "That sum was more than a year's salary as a carpenter.", "In the race versus Riley where he was poisoned, Courtney and his brother had bet over $1,000 on his victory in the race.", "He also stated that before the race was canceled, he expected to receive half the grandstand receipts.", "Victory over Riley \nCourtney's first professional race was the makeup race with Riley on August 28, 1877.", "Courtney and Riley agreed to a single scull race over a three-mile (5 km) course with a turn (stake race) on Saratoga Lake, and a purse of $800 to the winner.", "Also included in the race was noted professional rower Frederick Plaisted.", "Fred Plaisted had been at Greenwood Lake when Courtney was poisoned and was unable to race Riley.", "He had planned to challenge the winner of that race.", "To make the race even, all three competitors had to row in identical racing sculls.", "Both of Courtney's rivals did have an advantage over him.", "Courtney had not fully recovered from the after-effects of the poisoning and planned to take it slow at the beginning of the race so he would be able to have a strong finish.", "Courtney was also using shorter oars than he usually used.", "A large crowd of over 10,000 spectators showed up came to watch the race.", "Courtney had the inside (West) position with Paisted in the middle and Riley on the outside (East).", "When the word \"go\" was given, all three sculls started moved off the line at the same instant.", "Courtney stayed down the middle of the course while his competitors moved closer to the East shore.", "At the quarter mile, Plaisted was a boat length ahead of Riley and almost two lengths ahead of Courtney.", "By the half mile mark, Courtney had passed both of his rivals.", "Plaisted retook the lead mile into the race.", "Riley made a move and passed Courtney, and moved even with Plaisted.", "Riley and Plaisted's racing sculls almost collided; this allowed Courtney to take very small lead just before the turning stake.", "Riley was able to take the lead back on the turn, but soon lost it to Courtney.", "Plaisted dropped out around the mark due to cramps.", "Courtney did not give up the lead and won by five boat lengths in a time of 20 minutes and 45.75 seconds.", "Courtney's time was off the record mark set by Riley by a quarter of a second.", "After the race, Riley was very disappointed, complaining about Plaisted's coming across his path at the beginning and almost hitting his boat at the turning stake.", "Hanlan-Courtney rivalry\n\nCourtney's first loss came on October 3, 1878, when he lost to Canadian champion Ned Hanlan in a very close single scull race near Lachine, Quebec with about 20,000 spectators for a $10,000 prize.", "Hanlan had won the professional single scull title at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia when Courtney had won the amateur title, and was considered one of the best professional rowers of the time.", "For the first four miles (6 km) the lead changed hands several times, but as they entered the last mile, Hanlan slowly but surely went to the front and was leading by three lengths at the 4-mile mark.", "Near the finish, both Hanlan and Courtney had to deal with a group of boats that had wandered inside the racing lane.", "Both rowers paused for a moment, then Hanlan shot around them and over the finish line.", "Before the race there were rumors that Courtney had agreed to throw the race for a guaranteed percentage of the prize.", "The New York Times investigated and could not find any truth to the rumors, calling him the \"most unjustly accused man in the country today.\"", "Courtney reported that he lost $1,350 of his own money betting on the race.", "Because of the effect of the rumors on his reputation and family, Courtney stated he didn't know if he would row again.", "Courtney did return to rowing, however, and the next year a rematch was scheduled at Lake Chautauqua, New York, for a $6,000 prize.", "To accommodate the expected crowds, a temporary grandstand was built along with a special rail line to carry spectators to the site.", "The morning before the race, Courtney's racing shell was sawed in half, and he declined offers of other boats.", "What actually happened to the boat is unknown.", "Some thought that Hanlan's supporters had destroyed the boat, but others suspected Courtney had done it himself to avoid another loss.", "Courtney claimed Hanlan was out on the town the night before the race and his supporters were concerned they would lose their money they wagered on him.", "He would also claim that Hanlan's supporters offered Courtney the entire $6,000 prize to fix the race.", "Courtney was later reported as saying in response to the offer, \"Gentlemen, the race will be raced tomorrow, and whoever wins it will have to row for it.\"", "Courtney's backers believed that Hanlan's backers sneaked into Courtney's boathouse and destroyed his boat.", "Another version of events was that Courtney did not want to row unless the race would be fixed in his favor.", "Hanlan's friends agreed that Hanlan would lose.", "Hanlan and his friends did not have any intention of living up to this promise to Courtney and bet heavily on Hanlan to win.", "Courtney's supporters learned of the double-cross and destroyed Courtney's boat.", "In 1880, the two finally met again.", "The race took place on the Potomac River in Washington, DC.", "Up to 100,000 people were estimated to have attended the race including President Rutherford B. Hayes.", "The race was considered so important that the United States Congress adjourned so members could watch.", "Robert Emmet Odlum, who would later be killed jumping off Brooklyn Bridge, swam the entire course before the race, and was surprised to learn from Hanlan and Courtney that neither could swim.", "Hanlan took an early lead, causing Courtney to quit.", "Courtney turned his boat around to return to the start/finish line before Hanlan reached the turning post.", "Many spectators thought Courtney was winning, but Hanlan passed him before the finish line.", "Later years\nCourtney continued rowing after the losses to Hanlan.", "Courtney and Hanlan almost met again when Toronto, Ontario, Canada held an international regatta on September 12, 1881.", "Both Hanlan and Courtney entered along with other famous scullers of the day, including Wallace Ross and James A.", "Ten Eyck.", "Hanlan withdrew before the race because he was out of condition, so a rematch did not take place.", "Courtney finished third in the single scull race, with Ross winning and being crowned unofficial world champion.", "On September 1, 1882, he beat George W. Lee in a three-mile (5 km) race on Canadarago Lake, finishing the course in a record time of 19 minutes and 31½ seconds.", "In 1885, Courtney and his partner P. H. Conley defeated the team of George H. Hosmer and Jacob Gaudaur for the double scull championship of the world.", "Shortly after the race, Courtney's old rival, Ned Hanlan, and his partner George W. Lee challenged them to a race.", "Later that year in Albany, New York, Courtney and Conley lost to Hanlan and Lee by less than 10 seconds.", "After 18 years of competitive rowing, both as an amateur and a professional, Courtney finished his rowing career with only 7 losses in 137 races and regattas.", "Coaching career\nIn 1883, Charles Courtney took over as coach of the Cornell University rowing team.", "Courtney's crews never finished below third and won 14 of 24 varsity eight-oar titles at the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship Regatta.", "In seven of the regattas, his team won all the events, including the varsity eight, varsity four, and freshman eight.", "During Courtney's tenure as coach, no other school would sweep every event in the regatta.", "Before becoming coach, Courtney did have a history with Cornell University.", "In 1872, he participated in the first Cornell rowing regatta as a member of the Union Springs Boat Club.", "Courtney's four-oared crew from Union Springs beat Cornell, but helped build excitement at the college for rowing.", "Courtney also won a two-mile (3 km) single scull race on the same day.", "Early years\n\nIn 1883, Courtney was hired for 10 days to help train the Cornell University four-oared varsity crew for their 1 mile race against Wesleyan College, University of Pennsylvania, and Princeton University at the Lake George Regatta.", "Princeton and Penn were favored since they both had beaten several of the top rowing clubs in America.", "He was hired again by Cornell in 1884, which drew criticism because of his past controversies during his professional career.", "The New York Times, which editorialized, \"If college boys cannot learn to row without associating with persons like Courtney..., perhaps they would be quite as well off if they devoted a little more time to classics and mathematics and a little less to rowing.\"", "Because of the help he gave during the 1883 season that allowed Cornell to defeat rivals at Lake George, Cornell overlooked his ethics and hired him on for his extensive rowing knowledge.", "Courtney coached the four-oared crews at Cornell over the next few years and consistently won.", "Notable victories included winning the Childs Cup over Pennsylvania in 1885 and 1887, and winning the Downing Cup in The People's Regatta at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1888.", "To gain some respect, in the fall of 1888, it was decided that the 1889 Cornell crew would switch from a four-oared varsity crew to an eight-oared varsity crew.", "Courtney was hindered by a lack of equipment.", "He had to coach from the bank of the lake since Cornell did not have a launch.", "The practice shell was weak and in poor condition, and the team did not receive their eight-man shells until they arrived in New London for the first race.", "Courtney's Cornell crew easily beat Pennsylvania and Columbia University at New London, and then a few weeks later broke the world record for an eight-oared 1½-mile race versus Pennsylvania at the Schuylkill in Philadelphia.", "These victories created great enthusiasm for the rowing program at Cornell.", "The Courtney-coached crews over the next few years were very similar to the 1889 team.", "All the crews were comparatively light weight that rowed with a rapid stroke.", "This style usually led to victories.", "One notable win was over Columbia and Penn in 1891.", "In this race at New London, Courtney's crew broke the world record for an eight-oared race with a time of 14 minutes 27½ seconds.", "1895 Henley Royal Regatta\n\nIn 1895, Courtney and his Cornell varsity crew competed in the Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta in England.", "At the time, the Grand Challenge Cup was regarded as the most important race in the rowing world.", "Around 100,000 people would watch the event annually.", "The Regatta was rowed against a slow current river, was wide enough for two boats, and was done in heats.", "In 1891, the Leader Club, one of the most powerful clubs in England, set the one-mile (1.6 km) and course record of 6 minutes and 51 seconds.", "Before traveling to England, Cornell's crew did the Cup distance in 6 minutes 56 seconds in still water.", "Courtney and the team left New York City on May 29, 1895, on the Steamship Paris for the race.", "The early departure would allow his team to practice in England for five weeks.", "Courtney, however, was not able to watch any of the races due to an illness.", "Cornell's first heat was versus the Leander Club crew of London, England, coached by Rudolph C. Lehmann.", "The members of the Leander Club were composed almost entirely of former Oxford and Cambridge oarsman.", "They had won the Cup seven times and were the four-time defending champion.", "Leander was considered the best crew in England, and was the favorite to win the Cup in 1895.", "The race was a contrast of rowing styles.", "Cornell rowed the Courtney stroke, which was short and choppy compared to the Leander's long and sweeping stroke.", "The heat was marred by controversy right from the start.", "Cornell and Leander crew took up their positions at the starting point.", "When the umpire asked if the crews were ready, F. D. Colson, the Cornell coxswain, answered \"yes\".", "The Leander crew insisted two members shouted \"No\" and C. W. Kent, the crew's stroke, held up his hand.", "The umpire insisted that someone from the English crew answered that they were ready and then gave the command to start the race.", "Both crews shot out from the starting line.", "Cornell rowed with strong even strokes, but only half of the Leander club was rowing.", "At that point, Leander stopped rowing, and C. F. Beggs and C. W. Kent, the Leander coxswain and stroke respectively, protested to the umpire.", "When the umpire did not tell Cornell to stop or return to the start, Cornell continued rowing at a leisurely pace, followed by the referee's boat.", "Cornell finished the course of one mile (1.6 km) and in 8 minutes and 11 seconds.", "This was more than a minute over the time they were rowing in practice.", "When they crossed the finish line, they were declared the winner of the heat by the umpire.", "The Leander crew protested the Cornell victory, stating that they notified the umpire before he gave the notice to start the race.", "They appealed it to the Stewards of the Regatta, who met at the end of the day but they ruled in favor of Cornell victory.", "They adopted the following resolution: \"Resolved, That the committee, while deeply regretting the most unfortunate misunderstand, feel that they must abide by the laws of boat racing and cannot review the decision of the umpire or starter.\"", "Cornell moved to the semi-finals of the Grand challenge cup by defeating Leander.", "In its second race against Trinity Hall from Cambridge, things did not go well for Courtney's crew.", "Cornell came off the line fast, pulling 24 strokes in a half-minute.", "Cornell took the lead by a few feet.", "At the quarter-mile, they had a third of a boat length lead and increased it to a half a length at the half-mile mark.", "Trinity surged and by the time the boats reached the mile mark, they had passed Cornell.", "Shortly after Trinity took the lead, a sudden collapse occurred in the Cornell boat.", "The blades of the oars went flying, Hager (No.", "3) and Fennell (No.", "5) missed the water with their oars and almost fell out of the boat.", "Trinity continued the last to victory by seven lengths.", "Fennell had caught a crab and the handle of his oar struck his side, inflicting injury including bruising his groin.", "Despite the pain, he continued to row even though he showed signs of exhaustion.", "After the race, Fennell was placed in doctors' care.", "Trinity Hall would go on and win the Cup that year.", "With two controversial races, the trip to England generated both bad feelings and bad press for Courtney and the Cornell rowing team.", "The controversial first heat with Leander caused ill will in England with many considering Cornell to have acted in an unsportsmanlike manner.", "Courtney believed he received good treatment from the fans at Henley, and was mistreated by the English press.", "Courtney also had to contend with bad press back home.", "Courtney believed that part of the problem was the rivalry between competing wire services.", "C. S. Francis, a Cornell alumnus who helped raise money for the trip to England, was also the editor of the Troy Times, which was associated with United Press.", "Francis stayed with the Cornell team and helped out United Press reporters with information about the team.", "The Chicago Associated Press wanted to have their own representative.", "When this was denied, Courtney claimed that they tried to get even.", "Courtney insisted that several things that Chicago Associated Press reported, such as troubles and disagreements between members of the team and Mr. Francis' saying the drawing of the Leander rowing club was fixed, were fabrications.", "After the regatta, the members of the Cornell rowing team released a statement to the press to address the matter of the Leander race.", "It stated that it was their understanding that under the rules if they stopped they would have been disqualified.", "They also said they would consider another race with Leander if they would have won.", "While Courtney was in England, Fred R. White of Cleveland, Ohio, a senior in Law School at Cornell and manager of both the football team and the freshman rowing team, took a team to the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship Regatta in Poughkeepsie.", "Cornell was also defeated at this race.", "Columbia won the race that was marred by rough water.", "The Pennsylvania boat was swamped while the Cornell boat was filled with water as it crossed the finish line.", "Harvard and Yale: The fight for respect\n\nEven with the success that Courtney and his Cornell varsity rowing team was having, both Harvard University and Yale University refused to race.", "It was believed that the snub was because Cornell was a relatively young school and was not considered up to the class or academic standards.", "Others speculated that Courtney's crews were too fast and losing to them would be unbearable.", "The snub had its history dating back to the collapse of the Rowing Association of American Colleges.", "After repeated losses to what they thought were lesser schools, including losing to Cornell at the 1875 National Rowing Association of American Colleges Regatta, Yale and Harvard virtually stopped rowing against any one other than each other.", "Yale pulled out of the association before the 1876 regatta while Harvard waited until the following year.", "The loss of these two schools caused the association to collapse.", "Both schools decided to concentrate on meets between each other based on the Cambridge and Oxford model in England.", "In the late 1890s, Courtney's Varsity team was finally able to compete against both Yale and Harvard due to events unrelated to rowing.", "After a very violent football game in the fall of 1894, the faculty of Harvard suspended all athletic relationships with Yale, effective at the end of the 1894–95 school year.", "This included their annual regatta, which dated to 1852.", "In the summer of 1896, the first year that Harvard and Yale did not meet due to the ban, Yale sent its Varsity to the Henley Royal Regatta in England.", "That year, Harvard sent its varsity team to Poughkeepsie to race Cornell, Pennsylvania, and Columbia in the annual Intercollegiate Rowing Association Regatta.", "Courtney's team beat all three schools with a time of 19 minutes and 22.9 seconds for the four-mile (6 km) course.", "The next year, Harvard and Yale ended their dispute when Walter Camp representing Yale agreed to Harvard's demands for the next five years.", "One of Harvard's demands was that they meet in all athletics that each school sponsored.", "Yale had wanted to be selective on which teams played each other.", "As part of an agreement between the two schools, their rowing teams were to meet in Poughkeepsie, New York during the 1897 season.", "Since Harvard had already agreed to meet Cornell they were also included.", "Even given their past success, Courtney and his crew were given little chance to win a race against Harvard and Yale.", "The coaches of both of his opponents were on record that they both would beat Cornell.", "Gamblers and bookmakers made Cornell a heavy underdog.", "Newspaper writers before the meet said that Cornell was not in the same class as Harvard and Yale.", "They also criticized Cornell's stroke as weak and in bad form.", "Even with the odds stacked against Cornell, Courtney believed his team could win, especially after seeing his competition row in practice.", "Courtney believed that losing would mean the end of Cornell's fight for recognition.", "The 1897 Cornell crew that raced Harvard and Yale was very different from the other two school's rowing teams.", "First, Courtney's crew was both lighter and shorter than their competition.", "The Cornell team came in 100 pounds less than Yale and 72 pounds less than Harvard.", "The other major difference was that Harvard and Yale used a stroke that was influenced by English rowing while Courtney taught his crew his very American stroke.", "Harvard, coached by Rudolph C. Lehmann, used a typical English stroke that was long and sweeping with the rowers stretching as far as possible on the catch to drive the water hard.", "Yale, coached by Bob Cook, used a modification of the English stroke, using a much longer slide.", "Cornell's stroke featured a long stride with little back motion.", "A large crowd showed up, representing all three schools that included several members of high society, including J. Pierpont Morgan and August Belmont, Jr. An estimated 15,000 fans watched the race, including 4,000 people who bought tickets on the open-air 50-car observation train.", "The observation train sold out at $15 a seat, which was considered a very high price for the day.", "Scalpers were selling tickets for seats on the train at even higher prices.", "In the race, Harvard took the early lead out of the gate with Yale second.", "Both of the leaders’ strokes were long and slow while Cornell stuck to its stroke.", "At the half-mile mark, Yale edged in front of Harvard but could not hold the lead form a surging Cornell who took a half boat lead by the end of the first mile.", "The Courtney-coached crew continued to build on their lead while Harvard sputtered and fell well behind Yale.", "Throughout the race, Cornell's coxswain, Freddie Colson, motivated his teammates by reminding them of what their critic had said about them before the race.", "About a half-mile from the finish, Yale tried to make a move but it was too late—Cornell won by 3 lengths.", "The victory was not only seen as Cornell dominance in American college rowing, but the superiority of America and the American stroke over the English stroke.", "Newspapers across the nation proclaimed the superiority of the Courtney's American stroke.", "The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote that \"there is another thing in Cornell's victory to rejoice over, and that is that hers was the distinctly American stroke.", "We feel sorry for Mr. Lehmann but must admit we did not look for his stroke to triumph.\"", "The Minneapolis Tribune wrote that \"the splendid victory...was not more a tribute to the superior muscle and methods of the Ithacans than it was a rebuke to the all too prevalent practice of going abroad for our manners.\"", "Even with a victory, both schools continued to see Cornell as inferior.", "A Yale professor was quoted as saying, \"In the future, let us play with people in our class.\"", "The following year, Cornell would beat both schools again, this time in New London, Connecticut.", "After that defeat to Cornell, Yale and Harvard decided to return to meets against only each other.", "Decline and revival of championship form \n\nAfter beating Yale and Harvard in 1897 at Poughkeepsie, New York, Cornell rowed and beat its traditional Intercollegiate Rowing Association rivals, Penn and Columbia, little over a week later on the same course.", "Cornell tried to have both Columbia and Penn as part of the regatta of 1897 but Yale declined.", "Once again, Cornell won the regatta, this time by 10 boat-lengths over Columbia.", "Penn did not finish the race because their boat was swamped 2½ miles into the race.", "These two victories left little doubt who was the best American college crew.", "It also quieted Courtney's critics that said his crew was outclassed by Harvard and Yale, and questioned his conditioning methods.", "The next year, Courtney attempted to have his crew repeat its victories over Harvard and Yale and then win Intercollegiate Rowing Association regatta a few days later.", "The major difference was that the two regattas were in two different locations in 1898.", "The first race was in New London, Connecticut and the second was on Saratoga Lake.", "After beating Harvard and Yale, Cornell lost to Pennsylvania.", "They were able to beat Columbia as well as University of Wisconsin–Madison, who was completing in first IRA Championship Regatta.", "Courtney's crew was unable to overcome fatigue of a hard race in New London as well as the travel and the intense summer heat.", "This race proved to be a turning point in American college rowing, breaking Cornell's domination of the sport.", "Penn, coached by Ellis Ward, would go to win the 1899 and 1900 Intercollegiate Rowing Association championships.", "In both 1899 and 1900, Cornell finished third, losing even to the University of Wisconsin–Madison.", "In 1901, Cornell returned to championship form when it won the Varsity eight-oared race at the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Regatta.", "By this time, Cornell had to compete with more college crews.", "With the addition of Georgetown University in 1900 and Syracuse University in 1901, the eight-oared varsity race had grown to 6 colleges.", "Courtney's crew won the four-mile (6 km) event in world record time of 18 minutes 53 1/5 seconds.", "From 1901 to 1916, Courtney's Cornell team won 11 of 16 Intercollegiate Rowing Association varsity eight-oared championships, with Columbia winning in 1914 and Syracuse winning in 1904, 1908, 1913, and 1916.", "During that same time, his freshman eight-oared crew won 10 IRA championships.", "Battle for control \nFor the 1904 rowing season, Coach Courtney offered Edwin Sweetland, former Syracuse rowing coach, the assistant coach position at Cornell.", "Sweetland had just left Hamilton College where he was employed as the football coach.", "Courtney wanted Sweetland to replace F. D. Colson, who had moved on to become coach at Harvard.", "While negotiations were still pending, the Rowing Committee of the Cornell Athletic Council announced that they hired C. A. Lueder for the position.", "This caused a power struggle between Courtney and the Athletic Council for control of the rowing program.", "The conflict was resolved when the Rowing Committee canceled the job offer to Lueder.", "In addition, the Athletic Council limited their interference with the rowing team by giving Coach Courtney the power to pick members of the crew and designate the oarsmen positions.", "Sweetland, however, did not become Courtney's assistant because in the time it took resolve the conflict, he was offered and accepted the position as head football coach at Ohio State University.", "With Sweetland out of the picture, Courtney hired Lauder as his assistant rowing coach\n\nTrain accident and retirement speculation\n\nCourtney suffered a skull fracture on June 12, 1915 while traveling by train with his team to the 1915 Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship Regatta.", "The train lurched and his head struck one of the berths.", "At first he did not think anything about the incident, but he started hemorrhage from his nose and mouth.", "He refused to consult a doctor and continued to get his team ready for the regatta.", "On race day, he was confined to bed and returned to Ithaca, New York where the skull fracture was diagnosed.", "Courtney would sue New York Central for $75,000 for his injuries.", "The accident increased speculation that Courtney would retire from coaching, or at least move to a more advisory capacity.", "At the time of the accident, he had one more year left on his contract.", "Jim Rice, coach of the Columbia crew, was considered the leading candidate to replace Courtney.", "After several months under a physician's care, Courtney returned to coach Cornell.", "Under the close supervision of a nurse, he guided his team to the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship Regatta in 1916.", "Before the race, it was announced that he would retire at the end of the season.", "Even with the announcement, there was still speculation that he would remain with the team in some advisory capacity, but with some authority.", "Due to World War I, college rowing competitions were suspended in 1917.", "Cornell resumed rowing in a limited fashion in 1918, but the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship Regatta did not return until 1920.", "Courtney and his Cornell team returned for this regatta with his freshman and junior varsity teams winning national championships while his varsity came in second, losing to a Syracuse University team coached by James A.", "Ten Eyck by a boat length.", "Death\nOn July 17, 1920, Courtney died of apoplexy at his summer cottage on Farley's Point on Cayuga Lake, New York near his boyhood home.", "After taking a morning row on the Lake, he returned to the cottage.", "Around 11:00 am, he was found losing consciousness by his wife.", "She went for help, returning with Hart Carr, but he was already dead.", "This was confirmed by Dr. E. G. Fish of Union Springs, New York.", "After nearly three decades as coach, John Hoyle replaced Courtney as coach of Cornell crew.", "Coaching philosophy\n\nCourtney Stroke\nBoth as a rower and as a rowing coach, Courtney was known for his distinctive stroke.", "This style of rowing would become known as the Courtney Stroke.", "The most evident trait of the stroke is the positioning of the back.", "The back is always kept in a very straight position.", "Courtney is quoted as saying, \"No kink in the back if I have anything to say about it.\"", "He kept the back straight to allow the lungs to work without difficulty with no strain on the abdominal muscles.", "His idea was influenced by watching famous professional rower Harry Coulter in 1870 at Buffalo, New York.", "The basic philosophy of Courtney stroke is to keep the oars (sculls or sweep) in the water as long as possible and in the air as short as possible.", "To do this, Courtney taught his rowers to sharply lower the hands to the lap when the preceding stroke is finished.", "This forced the blade of the oar out of the water perpendicular to the surface.", "Then he required his rowers to quickly shoot their arms forward moving the blade back to start another stroke.", "He emphasized that the blade should be as close as possible to the water.", "He wanted the blade to enter the water at slight inclined to the surface of the water to allow it to enter cleanly.", "Once the blade entered the water, he taught his rowers to immediately start the stroke.", "During the stroke he wanted the blade to always be covered but not sunk too deep.", "Rower selection\nWhen Courtney was deciding which men to put on his Cornell crew, he would pick men of high moral character and strong in their studies, not just for their athletic ability.", "He would also try to ascertain their disposition and temperament.", "Courtney preferred men that were methodical and systematic.", "It was his view that if one of the rowers was a disturbing element he would have trouble producing a fast crew.", "Courtney also maintained absolute control of the crew, and would remove and substitute anyone if he believed it would help the crew succeed.", "Views on alcohol and tobacco\nPersonally, Courtney never drank an alcoholic beverage or used any form of tobacco.", "He also had strong views against alcohol and tobacco use by his rowers because he believed it would affect their ability to work.", "Courtney summed up his view: \"I have found in my experience that young men are much better off, and do better work, without alcoholic stimulants than with them, and they are, therefore, absolutely prohibited in our training.", "As to tobacco, I believe young men do better work when not using tobacco than when using it, and it is prohibited in our training here at Cornell University.” This went against old traditional rowing practice of drinking beer instead water during training.", "It was believed that alcohol would strengthen the body while water would weaken the body.", "Legacy\nThe impact of Charles Courtney career's as a competitive rower was very profound.", "During his professional career, rowing was at the height of its popularity in the United States, and was considered one of the major sports in America.", "Some believe that the controversies surrounding the Hanlan and Courtney single scull races in 1878 and 1880 caused a public backlash against professional rowing that eventually led to its loss of popularity.", "The American public lost confidence in the integrity of the sport, assuming that the races were fixed.", "By the late 1890s, professional rowing had all but disappeared in the United States with only a few exceptions.", "The impact of Charles Courtney's career as a rowing coach was also very far-reaching.", "When Charles Courtney started his college coaching career at Cornell, few colleges in America were active in rowing other than Cornell; Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and Pennsylvania were the only other schools to have significant programs.", "Several of his former rowers would help expand the number of rowing schools by starting or developing rowing programs across the country.", "In 1900, Edwin Sweetland, who rowed varsity for Courtney in 1899, became the first rowing coach at Syracuse University.", "Mark Odell, who rowed Varsity for Cornell in 1897, was instrumental in establishing the rowing program at the University of Washington.", "In addition, The University of Wisconsin–Madison rowing program was started with the help of the University President Charles Kendall Adams, former President of Cornell during the beginning of Courtney's tenure.", "From his experiences with Courtney at Cornell, Adams knew how a strong athletic program could increase his University's national reputation.", "In the spring of 1894, Adams hired Amos W. Marston, who rowed for Courtney from 1889 to 1892, as the first Wisconsin Badgers rowing coach.", "Courtney was also instrumental in American college sports in the transition of power away from the students to the head coach.", "He helped transform the head coach into the dictatorial coach seen throughout the 20th century.", "When he was first hired, it was common practice for the captain of any team to hire the coach and the captain decided on whether the coach stayed on.", "Since the captain was a student, they would change from one year to the next, and there was no job security.", "Unlike other 1890s college coaches, Courtney signed a multi-year contract, starting in 1895.", "He used his job security to demonstrate his power when he overruled team selection of the team captain for the Henley Regatta that same year.", "Another illustration of his authoritative power that he had gained was in 1897 when he kicked out most of team for eating strawberry shortcake before the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Regatta.", "He would instead take a crew made up of mostly substitutes to victory.", "References\n \"Courtney – Master Oarsman – Champion Coach\", Margaret K Look, 1989\n \"Courtney and Cornell Rowing\", CVP Young, 1923\n\nNotes \n\n1849 births\n1920 deaths\nAmerican male rowers\nCornell Big Red rowing coaches\nPeople from Cayuga County, New York" ]

[ "A rower and rowing coach from New York, Charles Edward Courtney was born in 1849.", "He was a nationally known amateur rower.", "As an amateur, he won 88 races and never lost a race.", "He moved from an amateur to a professional rower in 1877.", "His career was marred by accusations of cowardice and race fixing.", "His professional career was overshadowed by his losses to Ned Hanlan.", "He became involved in coaching at Cornell University after his rowing career ended.", "He was the coach of Cornell's rowing team from 1884 to 1920.", "Fourteen of his crews won eight-oar titles.", "He died in the summer of 1920.", "A small town on the north end of Cayuga Lake, Union Springs, New York, was where the fifth of six children was born on November 13, 1849.", "He was six years old when his father died.", "He used to row on the lake at about the age of seven.", "He built his first boat out of hemlock boards and two-inch planks.", "He plastered yellow clay on his boat because of his poor workmanship.", "The clay would be washed away once on the water.", "He and his friends were racing the boat.", "They would row the farthest before it sank.", "After graduating from high school, she went to work as a carpenter.", "He started his own carpentry business with his brother John.", "A small boat based on the \"Rob Roy\" canoe that John MacGregor used on a trip through England, Scotland and other parts of Europe was built in the late 1860s.", "The description of the canoe was found in a magazine article by Cozzens.", "They had a boat that was 24 inches wide, 9 inches deep, and 16 feet long.", "There was a single scull race in Aurora, New York, shortly after the canoe was finished.", "Several of his competitors raced in racing shells while he raced in his modified canoe.", "The weight disadvantage didn't stop him from winning the race by nearly half a mile.", "At local events, she continued to race.", "He used smaller boats and raced in a regular shell as he got better at racing.", "He thought that the slow stepping-down in width allowed him to control the boats.", "By the time he raced in Syracuse, New York on June 25, 1873, he was using a 19-inch wide lap-streak boat that he bought in New York.", "New York City rowers Charles Smith and William Bishop were in the field.", "After the Syracuse race, he finally bought a shell.", "The 30-pound shell costs $126.", "He only made $1 a day as a carpenter.", "The residents of Union Springs were the ones who raised the money.", "A doctor wrote a note for the last 40 dollars after they came up short.", "He entered a race in New York with a new shell.", "He won the race by over a quarter of a mile.", "The professional record held by Josh Ward was 14 minutes and 15 seconds.", "As an amateur rower, he won 88 single and double scull races and never lost.", "He won the National Association single sculls championship in 1875 at Saratoga where he beat four competitors in the final heat, including noted rower of the day James Riley.", "He won the two amateur rowing Championships in Philadelphia in 1876.", "He won the single scull championship in a time of 10 minutes and 4812 seconds.", "He and partner Frank E. Yates won the double scull championship in a time of 9 minutes and 5212 seconds.", "The last amateur race was in New Jersey on July 14, 1877.", "The men were considered to be the best amateur rowers.", "They would be turning professional after the race.", "In the summer of 1875, the 36yearold Courtney beat Riley twice and came into the race without a loss.", "Riley won his first two single scull races.", "One of the victories was by a quarter boat length.", "The 29 year old Riley had rowed 13 races and had the fastest time on record.", "The crowd was expected to watch the scullers.", "The extra trains were added to meet the demand of rowing fans who wanted to watch the event.", "After drinking a glass of ice tea with a drug in it, he was unable to race.", "On the day of the race,Courtney sat down for a meal at a local inn.", "He asked the waitress for ice tea.", "The owner of the inn told the waitress that he would make the tea himself.", "She felt like she was too hot and too cold.", "He went to his room on his own.", "His fingers became numb and his throat began to burn.", "He began to vomit after he began to ache.", "Riley went to visitCourtney after being informed of the situation.", "After consulting with the doctors treating his opponent, Riley decided that he wouldn't be able to row that day.", "Riley was able to row the course for a while.", "Even without competition, he was able to do the course in a time of 20 minutes and 47.5 seconds, which was a new record.", "A sensation was created by the incident.", "The exact drug was not known because the ice tea was never analyzed.", "It was thought that the poison was arsenic.", "There were rumors that gamblers in New Jersey knew that they would be poisoned.", "Riley became a heavy favorite on the day of the race after being a slight favorite.", "The rower became a professional after the race was canceled.", "It was a mistake to move into the professional ranks.", "He said that he became a professional because he was a preacher, and that he had no business in the professional line.", "He profited from being an amateur rower even though he did not become a professional until 1877.", "After he won the Grand National Amateur Regatta in 1873, he was given $450 by local gamblers, who profited from his victory.", "It was more than a year's salary as a carpenter.", "In the race where he was poisoned, his brother bet over $1,000 on his victory.", "Before the race was canceled, he expected to get half of the receipts.", "The makeup race with Riley was the first professional race.", "A purse of $800 was offered to the winner of the single scull race, which was agreed to by the two athletes.", "Frederick Plaisted was included in the race.", "When Riley was unable to race, Fred Plaisted was at the lake.", "He was going to challenge the winner of that race.", "All three competitors had to row in the same boat.", "Both of his rivals had an advantage over him.", "He had not fully recovered from the poisoning and was going to take it easy at the beginning of the race so he could have a strong finish.", "He was using shorter oars.", "A large crowd of people came to watch the race.", "Paisted was in the middle with Riley on the outside.", "All three sculls moved off the line at the same time when the word \"go\" was given.", "While his competitors moved closer to the East shore,Courtney stayed down the middle of the course.", "Plaisted was almost two lengths ahead of Riley at the quarter mile.", "By the half mile mark, he had passed both of his competitors.", "Plaisted took the lead in the race.", "Riley moved even with Plaisted.", "Riley and Plaisted's racing sculls almost collided, which allowed Courtney to take a small lead just before the turning stake.", "On the turn, Riley was able to take the lead, but soon lost it toCourtney.", "Plaisted dropped out due to illness.", "In a time of 20 minutes and 45.75 seconds,Courtney won by five boat lengths.", "The record was set by Riley by a quarter of a second.", "Riley was upset that Plaisted came across his path at the beginning and almost hit his boat at the turning stake.", "The first loss of the Hanlan-Courtney rivalry came on October 3, 1878, when he lost to Canadian champion Ned Hanlan in a very close single scull race near Lachine, Quebec with about 20,000 spectators for a $10,000 prize.", "When Hanlan won the professional single scull title, he was considered one of the best professional rowers of the time.", "Hanlan went to the front as they entered the last mile and was leading by three lengths.", "There was a group of boats that were in the racing lane near the finish.", "Hanlan shot around the rowers and over the finish line.", "The race was rumored to be thrown for a guaranteed percentage of the prize.", "The New York Times couldn't find any truth to the rumors and called him the most unjustifiably accused man in the country.", "He lost more than $1,000 of his own money on the race.", "He didn't know if he would row again because of the rumors.", "The next year, a re-enactment of the rowing event was scheduled for New York for a $6,000 prize.", "A special rail line was built to carry spectators to the site of the event.", "The morning before the race, his shell was sawed in half and he refused offers of other boats.", "What happened to the boat is not known.", "Some thought that Hanlan's supporters had destroyed the boat, but others thought that he had done it himself to avoid another loss.", "The night before the race, Hanlan was out on the town and his supporters were worried that they would lose their money.", "He claimed that Hanlan's supporters offered to fix the race in exchange for $6,000.", "\"Gentlemen, the race will be raced tomorrow, and whoever wins it will have to row for it,\" according to the report.", "Hanlan's backers were believed to have sneaked intoCourtney's boathouse and destroyed his boat.", "One version of the event was that the race would be fixed in his favor if he didn't row.", "Hanlan would lose according to his friends.", "Hanlan and his friends didn't want to live up to their promise and bet heavily on Hanlan to win.", "The boat was destroyed by the supporters of the person who learned of the double-cross.", "The two met again in the late 19th century.", "The race took place on a body of water.", "Up to 100,000 people were estimated to have attended the race.", "Congress adjourned so members could watch the race.", "Robert Odlum, who was killed jumping off Brooklyn Bridge, swam the entire course before the race, and was surprised to learn that Hanlan andCourtney couldn't swim.", "Hanlan was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Hanlan reached the turning post before the boat returned to the start/finish line.", "Many spectators thought they were watching a winner, but Hanlan passed them before the finish line.", "After the losses to Hanlan,Courtney continued rowing.", "There was an international regatta in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in September of 1881.", "Wallace Ross and James A. entered along with other famous scullers of the day.", "Ten Eyck.", "Hanlan withdrew before the race because he wasn't feeling well.", "Ross was crowned unofficial world champion after he won the single scull race.", "On September 1, 1882, he beat George W. Lee in a three-mile (5 km) race on Canadarago Lake, finishing the course in a record time of 19 minutes and 3112 seconds.", "The double scull championship of the world was won by the team of George H. Hosmer and Jacob Gaudaur.", "Ned Hanlan and George W. Lee challenged them to a race after the race.", "In Albany, New York, they lost to Hanlan and Lee in less than 10 seconds.", "After 18 years of competitive rowing, both as an amateur and a professional,Courtney finished his career with only 7 losses in 137 races and regattas.", "Charles Courtney was the coach of the Cornell University rowing team.", "The crews never finished below third and won 14 of 24 titles.", "His team won all the events in seven regattas.", "No other school would win every event in the regatta.", "Before becoming a coach, he had a relationship with Cornell University.", "He was a member of the Union Springs Boat Club when he participated in the first Cornell rowing regatta.", "The excitement at the college for rowing was built by the crew from Union Springs.", "On the same day, she won a two-mile (3 km) single scull race.", "The Cornell University four-oared crew was hired for 10 days to help train for the 1 mile race at the Lake George regatta.", "The two teams had beaten several of the top rowing clubs in America.", "He was hired by Cornell again in 1884, which drew criticism because of his past controversies.", "The New York Times said that if college boys can't learn to row without being associated with people like Courtney, they would be well off if they devoted less time to rowing and more time to classics and mathematics.", "Cornell overlooked his ethics and hired him on for his knowledge of rowing because of the help he gave during the 1883 season that allowed Cornell to defeat rivals at Lake George.", "Over the course of the next few years, he coached the four-oared crews at Cornell and they won a lot.", "Winning the Childs Cup over Pennsylvania in 1885 and 1887 was one of the notable victories.", "In order to gain some respect, the 1889 Cornell crew decided to switch from a four-oared crew to an eight-oared crew.", "There was a lack of equipment.", "Since Cornell did not have a launch, he had to coach from the bank.", "The team did not receive their eight-man shells until they arrived in New London for the first race.", "The Cornell crew easily beat Pennsylvania and Columbia University at New London, and then a few weeks later broke the world record for an 112 mile race in Philadelphia.", "The enthusiasm for the rowing program at Cornell was created by these victories.", "The crews were very similar to the 1889 team.", "The crews were light in weight and rowed quickly.", "This style usually resulted in victories.", "In 1891, there was a win over Columbia and Penn.", "The world record for an eight-oared race was set in this race at New London, with a time of 14 minutes 2712 seconds.", "In 1895, a Cornell crew competed in the Grand Challenge Cup at a regatta in England.", "The most important race in rowing at the time was the Grand Challenge Cup.", "100,000 people watch the event each year.", "The regatta was done in heats against a river that was wide enough for two boats.", "The Leader Club, one of the most powerful clubs in England, set a course record in 1891.", "In still water, Cornell's crew did the Cup distance in 6 minutes 56 seconds.", "On May 29, 1895, the team left New York City on the steamship Paris for the race.", "The team would be able to practice in England for five weeks after the early departure.", "He was not able to watch any of the races because of an illness.", "The Leander Club crew of London, England defeated Cornell in the first heat.", "The members of the club were made up of former oarsman from Oxford and Cambridge.", "They had won the Cup seven times.", "The crew of Leander was the favorite to win the Cup in 1895.", "The rowing styles were different.", "The Leander's long and sweeping stroke was short and choppy compared to Cornell's short and choppy Courtney stroke.", "There was controversy from the start.", "The crew took up their positions at the beginning.", "F. D. Colson answered \"yes\" when the umpire asked if the crews were ready.", "Two of the crew shouted \"No\" and C. W. Kent held up his hand.", "The English crew gave the command to start the race after the umpire insisted that they were ready.", "The crews shot out from the starting line.", "Only half of the club was rowing as Cornell rowed with strong even strokes.", "C. F. Beggs and C. W. Kent protested to the umpire.", "When the umpire did not tell Cornell to stop or return to the start, Cornell continued rowing at a leisurely pace, followed by the referee's boat.", "Cornell finished the course in 8 minutes and 11 seconds.", "They were rowing in practice for more than a minute.", "They were declared the winner of the heat when they crossed the finish line.", "The Leander crew protested the Cornell victory, saying that they notified the umpire before he gave the notice to start the race.", "The stewards of the regatta ruled in favor of Cornell when they met at the end of the day.", "\"Resolved, that the committee, while deeply regretting the most unfortunate misunderstand, feel that they must abide by the laws of boat racing and cannot review the decision of the umpire or starter.\"", "The semi-finals of the Grand challenge cup were won by Cornell.", "Things did not go well for the crew in the second race.", "Cornell pulled 24 strokes in a half-minute.", "The lead was taken by Cornell by a few feet.", "At the quarter-mile, they had a third of a boat length lead and increased it to a half a length at the half-mile mark.", "When the boats reached the mile mark, they had passed Cornell.", "The collapse of the Cornell boat happened after Trinity took the lead.", "The oars went flying.", "Fennell and 3) are also included.", "They almost fell out of the boat when they missed the water with their oars.", "Trinity won by seven lengths.", "After catching a crab, the handle of his oar struck his side, causing injuries including a bruised groin.", "He continued to row despite showing signs of exhaustion.", "Fennell was placed in doctors' care after the race.", "Trinity Hall won the Cup that year.", "Both bad feelings and bad press were generated by the trip to England by the Cornell rowing team.", "Many in England considered Cornell to have acted in an unsportsmanlike manner in the first heat with Leander.", "The English press mistreated him because he believed he received good treatment from the fans.", "There was bad press back home.", "The rivalry between wire services was believed to be part of the problem.", "The Troy Times, which was associated with United Press, was edited by C. S. Francis, a Cornell graduate who helped raise money for the trip to England.", "Francis helped out reporters with information about the team.", "The Chicago Associated Press wanted a representative.", "They tried to get even after this was denied.", "The troubles and disagreements between members of the team and Mr. Francis were fabrications reported by the Chicago Associated Press.", "The members of the Cornell rowing team issued a statement to the press after the regatta.", "They understood that if they stopped they would be disqualified.", "If they would have won, they would consider another race.", "While in England, Fred R. White of Cleveland, Ohio, a senior in Law School at Cornell and manager of both the football team and the freshman rowing team, took a team to a regatta.", "Cornell was defeated at the race.", "The race was marred by rough water.", "The Cornell boat was filled with water as it crossed the finish line, while the Pennsylvania boat was swamped.", "Both Harvard University and Yale University refused to race because of the success that the Cornell rowing team was having.", "It was thought that Cornell was snubbed because it was not considered up to the class or academic standards.", "Others thought that losing to the crews would be unbearable.", "The snub's history goes back to the collapse of the Rowing Association of American Colleges.", "Yale and Harvard stopped rowing against each other after losing to lesser schools.", "Harvard waited until the following year to rejoin the association, while Yale left before the 1876 regatta.", "The association collapsed because of the loss of these two schools.", "Both schools decided to use the Cambridge and Oxford model for their meets.", "Due to events unrelated to rowing, the Varsity team was able to compete against Yale and Harvard in the late 1890s.", "After a very violent football game in the fall of 1894, the faculty of Harvard suspended all athletic relationships with Yale.", "Their annual regatta was held in the year 1852.", "In the summer of 1896, the first year that Harvard and Yale did not meet due to the ban, Yale sent its Varsity to the Henley Royal Regatta in England.", "Harvard sent its rowing team to race Cornell, Pennsylvania, and Columbia in a regatta.", "The team ran the four-mile course in 19 minutes and 22.9 seconds, beating all three schools.", "The dispute between Harvard and Yale ended in the next year when Walter Camp representing Yale agreed to Harvard's demands.", "One of Harvard's demands was that they meet in all athletics.", "Yale wanted to be careful about which teams played each other.", "During the 1897 season, the rowing teams from the two schools were to meet in New York.", "Harvard had already agreed to meet Cornell.", "They were not given a chance to win the race against Harvard and Yale.", "Both of his opponents had a record of beating Cornell.", "Cornell was a heavy favorite.", "Newspaper writers said that Cornell was not in the same class as Harvard and Yale.", "Cornell's stroke was criticized as weak and bad.", "After seeing his competition row in practice, he believed his team could win.", "Losing would end Cornell's fight for recognition.", "The other two school's rowing teams were very similar to the 1897 Cornell crew.", "The crew was lighter and shorter than their competitors.", "The Cornell team weighed less than Harvard and Yale.", "The other major difference was that Harvard and Yale used a stroke that was influenced by English rowing.", "Harvard used a typical English stroke that was long and sweeping with the rowers stretching as far as possible on the catch to drive the water hard.", "The English stroke was modified by Yale, coached by Bob Cook.", "Cornell's stroke had a long stride and little back motion.", "An estimated 15,000 fans watched the race, including 4,000 people who bought tickets on the open-air 50-car observation train.", "The observation train sold out at a very high price, which was considered a very high price for the day.", "People were selling tickets for seats on the train.", "Harvard took the early lead while Yale was second in the race.", "Both of the leaders strokes were long and slow.", "At the half-mile mark, Yale was in front of Harvard, but Cornell took a half boat lead by the end of the first mile.", "The crew continued to build on their lead while Harvard fell behind.", "Freddie Colson, Cornell's coxswain, motivated his teammates by reminding them of what their critic had said about them before the race.", "Cornell won by 3 lengths after Yale tried to make a move about a half-mile from the finish.", "The victory was seen as Cornell's dominance in American college rowing, as well as the superiority of America and the American stroke over the English stroke.", "The superiority of the American stroke was proclaimed by newspapers.", "The Philadelphia Inquirer stated that Cornell's victory was the result of a distinctly American stroke.", "We didn't look for Mr. Lehmann's stroke to triumph.", "The Minneapolis Tribune stated that the splendid victory was not a tribute to the superior muscle and methods of the Ithacans, but a rebuke to the all too prevalent practice of going abroad for our manners.", "Both schools still see Cornell as inferior even after a victory.", "In the future, let us play with people in our class, according to a professor at Yale.", "Cornell defeated both schools in New London, Connecticut, in the following year.", "After the defeat to Cornell, Yale and Harvard decided to meet only each other.", "After beating Yale and Harvard in 1897, Cornell rowed and beat its traditional Intercollegiate Rowing Association rivals, Penn and Columbia, little over a week later on the same course.", "Columbia and Penn were part of the 1897 regatta, but Yale refused to participate.", "Cornell won the regatta by 10 boat-lengths over Columbia.", "Penn's boat was swamped 212 miles into the race.", "Who was the best American college crew?", "Critics said that his crew was outclassed by Harvard and Yale and questioned his conditioning methods.", "The next year, he tried to have his crew repeat its victories over Harvard and Yale and win a regatta.", "In 1898, the two regattas were in different locations.", "The first race was in New London, Connecticut.", "Cornell lost to Pennsylvania after beating Harvard and Yale.", "They were able to beat Columbia and the University of Wisconsin–Madison.", "The 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The race broke Cornell's domination of the sport in American college rowing.", "Penn, coached by Ellis Ward, would win two rowing titles.", "In 1899 and 1900, Cornell lost to the University of Wisconsin–Madison.", "In 1901, Cornell returned to championship form when it won the eight oar race.", "Cornell had to compete with more college crews.", "With the addition of Georgetown University in 1900 and Syracuse University in 1901, the race had grown to six colleges.", "The four-mile event had a world record time of 18 minutes 53 seconds.", "Columbia and Syracuse won eight oars in 1904, 1908, 1913, and 1916, while Cornell won 11 oars from 1901 to 1916.", "His freshman crew won 10 IRA titles.", "The assistant coach position at Cornell was offered to a former Syracuse rowing coach.", "Sweetland was the football coach at Hamilton College.", "F. D. Colson had left for Harvard and was replaced by Sweetland.", "The Cornell Athletic Council announced that they had hired C. A. Lueder for the position.", "The rowing program was in the hands of the Athletic Council.", "The rowing committee canceled the job offer to Lueder.", "The Athletic Council limited their interference with the rowing team by giving them the power to pick members of the crew and designate oarsmen positions.", "In the time it took to resolve the conflict, Sweetland was offered and accepted the position as head football coach at Ohio State University.", "With Sweetland out of the picture,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,", "He hit one of the berths when the train lurched.", "He started bleeding from his nose and mouth at first, but he didn't think much of it.", "He didn't consult a doctor and continued to prepare his team for the regatta.", "He returned to Ithaca, New York after the race to have his skull fractured.", "New York Central would be sued for $75,000.", "The accident made people think that he would retire from coaching or at least move to a more advisory role.", "He had one more year left on his contract.", "Jim Rice is the coach of the Columbia crew.", "After several months under the care of a doctor, he returned to his job as Cornell's coach.", "He guided his team to the championship regatta in 1916 under the close supervision of a nurse.", "He would retire at the end of the season.", "There was still speculation that he would remain with the team in an advisory capacity, but with authority.", "The college rowing competition was suspended in 1917 due to World War I.", "The Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship Regatta did not return until 1920 after Cornell resumed rowing in 1918.", "A Syracuse University team coached by James A. won the national championship while Cornell's junior and freshman teams won the national championship.", "Ten Eyck is by a boat.", "He died of apoplexy at his summer cottage on Cayuga Lake, New York, on July 17, 1920.", "He returned to the cottage after rowing on the lake.", "His wife found him unconscious around 11:00 am.", "She returned with Hart Carr, but he was already dead.", "This was confirmed by Dr. E. G. Fish.", "John Hoyle was the new coach of the Cornell crew.", "He was known for his distinctive stroke as a rower and as a rowing coach.", "The style of rowing would become known as theCourtney Stroke.", "The positioning of the back is the most obvious trait of the stroke.", "The back is always straight.", "If I have anything to say about it, I will not have a kink in the back.", "With no strain on the abdominal muscles, he kept the back straight.", "His idea was influenced by watching a famous professional rower.", "The oars are to be kept in the water as long as possible and in the air as short as possible.", "The rowers were taught to lower their hands to the lap when the stroke was over.", "The oar was forced out of the water by this.", "He had his rowers shoot their arms forward and move the blade back to start another stroke.", "The blade should be as close to the water as possible.", "The blade should enter the water at a slight angle to the surface of the water to allow it to enter cleanly.", "He taught his rowers to start the stroke after the blade entered the water.", "He wanted the blade to always be covered but not sunk too deep.", "When choosing rowers for his Cornell crew, he would pick men with high moral character and strong studies, not just for their athletic ability.", "He would try to understand their personality.", "The men that she preferred were methodical and systematic.", "If one of the rowers was disturbing he would have trouble producing a fast crew.", "If he believed that it would help the crew succeed, he would remove and substitute anyone.", "She never drank an alcoholic beverage or used tobacco.", "He was against alcohol and tobacco use by his rowers because he thought it would affect their ability to work.", "\"I have found in my experience that young men are much better off, and do better work, without alcoholic stimulants than with them, and they are, therefore, absolutely prohibited in our training,\" he said.", "I believe young men do better work when they don't use tobacco than they do when they use it, and it is not allowed in our training here at Cornell University.", "Water was thought to weaken the body while alcohol was thought to strengthen it.", "The impact of CharlesCourtney's career as a competitive rower was profound.", "During his career, rowing was one of the most popular sports in the United States, and was considered one of the major sports in America.", "The loss of popularity of professional rowing was caused by the public backlash against the single scull races in the 19th century.", "The American public lost confidence in the integrity of the sport if the races were fixed.", "By the late 1890s, professional rowing was almost completely absent in the United States.", "The impact of CharlesCourtney's career as a rowing coach was far-reaching.", "Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and Pennsylvania were the only other schools to have significant rowing programs when Charles Courtney started his college coaching career at Cornell.", "Several of his former rowers would help expand the number of rowing schools by starting or developing rowing programs across the country.", "In 1900, Sweetland became the first rowing coach at Syracuse University.", "The rowing program at the University of Washington was started by Mark Odell, who rowed for Cornell in 1897.", "The University of Wisconsin–Madison rowing program was started with the help of the University President Charles Kendall Adams.", "Adams knew that a strong athletic program could increase the University's reputation.", "The first Wisconsin Badgers rowing coach was hired by Adams in the spring of 1894.", "American college sports had a transition of power from students to the head coach.", "The dictatorial coach was seen throughout the 20th century.", "When he was hired, it was common for the captain of the team to decide if the coach stayed or not.", "There was no job security because the captain was a student and they would change from one year to the next.", "In 1895, he signed a multi-year contract.", "He used his job security to show his power when he overruled the team captain for the regatta.", "In 1897, he kicked out most of the team for eating strawberry shortcake before a regatta because of his authority.", "He would take a mostly substitute crew to victory.", "There were 1849 births and 1920 deaths in Cayuga County, New York." ]

[ "Charles Edward Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Charles Smith", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Robert Emmet", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Eyck", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Charles Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Ellis Ward", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Edwin Sweetland", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Eyck", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney Stroke", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Charles Courtney", "Courtney", "Charles Courtney", "Charles Courtney", "Edwin Sweetland", "Courtney", "Charles Kendall", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney" ]

[ "Charles Edward Courtney", "Charles Smith", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Ten Ey", "Courtney", "Charles Courtney", "Courtney", "Courtney", "Ellis Ward", "CharlesCourtney", "CharlesCourtney", "Charles Courtney", "Charles Kendall" ]

[ "Richard Charles Levin (born April 7, 1947) is an American economist and academic administrator.", "From 1993 to 2013, he was the 22nd President of Yale University.", "From March 2014 to June 2017, he was Chief Executive Officer of Coursera.", "Early life and education\nBorn in San Francisco, California, to Jewish-American parents, Levin graduated from Lowell High School in San Francisco in 1964.", "At Lowell, he was a member of the Lowell Forensic Society and debated in high school debate tournaments regionally.", "He graduated from Stanford University in 1968 with a B.A.", "in history.", "He received a Bachelor of Letters in politics and philosophy from Merton College, Oxford.", "He earned his Ph.D. in economics from Yale in 1974.", "His academic specialties include industrial research and development, intellectual property, and productivity in manufacturing.", "Career \nLevin became an Assistant Professor of Economics at Yale in 1974 and was elevated to Associate Professor in 1979.", "In 1982, he was promoted to Professor of Economics and Management at the Yale School of Management.", "In 1992, he was appointed Frederick William Beinecke Professor of Economics.", "Before becoming president, he served as chairman of the Economics Department and dean of Yale's Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.", "On February 6, 2004, Levin was appointed to the Iraq Intelligence Commission, an independent panel convened to investigate U.S. intelligence surrounding the United States' 2003 invasion of Iraq and Iraq's weapons of mass destruction.", "He had previously served on a government panel reviewing the U.S.", "Postal Service and an independent panel appointed by Major League Baseball to examine the sport's economics.", "Levin is a director of the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, American Express, and Satmetrix.", "Although described in Who's Who as a Democrat, Levin was one of the first guests of President George W. Bush in the White House during his first term and the president stayed at Levin's house when he received an honorary degree from Yale in 2001.", "Levin had been rumored as a possible replacement for Larry Summers as Director of the White House National Economic Council until Gene Sperling was selected instead.", "Levin stepped down as president of Yale on June 30, 2013.", "Shortly before his retirement as President of Yale University, he published a book, The Worth of the University, a sequel to his previous work, The Work of the University.", "He was succeeded by Peter Salovey.", "As president of Yale, Levin studied and helped to some extent to guide what he called \"the rise of Asia's universities\".", "Yale's role in Asia is briefly set out below.", "In 2013, Levin agreed to serve on the Advisory Board for the newly created Schwarzman Scholars - fellowships that will take students from many countries for post-graduate study together at Tsinghua University in Beijing, with the aim of promoting international understanding.", "In March 2014, Levin became chief executive officer of Coursera.", "In June 2017, Coursera announced that Levin was being replaced by Jeff Maggioncalda.", "Levin and his wife Jane, also a professor at Yale, reside in New Haven, Connecticut.", "They have four children and seven grandchildren.", "Yale under Levin\nDuring Levin's tenure, Yale's endowment grew from $3.2 billion to over $20 billion.", "Yale's admissions standards and academic prestige also recovered from a significant lull in the early 1990s since Levin's appointment.", "Applications to Yale College rose from fewer than 11,000 for the class entering in 1993 to 28,975 for the class entering in 2012, with the most recent classes reporting the highest range of standardized test scores for any college in America.", "Under Levin, Yale aggressively expanded its efforts to recruit international students and students from previously underrepresented regions of the United States.", "Levin helped established a program for undergraduates in Beijing and increase participation in international work/study programs.", "Levin has made a special effort to expand Yale's engagement with China and was elected to the board of the National Committee on United States-China Relations.", "Levin was president during the largest building and renovation program since the 1930s, including all of the university's residential colleges.", "About 70 percent of the space on campus was partially or comprehensively renovated between 1993 and 2013.", "Levin approved the creation of Yale's first two new residential colleges since the 1960s with the purpose of increasing the undergraduate population from around 5,400 to over 6,000.", "The project was delayed due to the financial crisis, but construction was begun in 2013, shortly after Levin stepped down.", "Levin vastly expanded the Yale campus with the creation of Yale's West Campus.", "The campus was created by the purchase of the 136-acre, 17-building Bayer Pharmaceutical campus in Orange, Connecticut, seven miles from Yale's main campus.", "The purchase was completed for $107 million in 2007 and was described at the time as a \"ready-made, state-of-the-art research facility\".", "Levin's administration worked to improve Yale University's relationship with its local workers.", "In 2003, Levin negotiated eight-year contracts with the university's unionized workers that provided health care, extensive paid leave, and cumulative raises ranging from 32% to 43%, although he has also fought strongly against new unionization drives by hospital workers, graduate employees, and security guards.", "Levin spearheaded the creation of the first liberal arts college in Asia, Yale-NUS College, a joint venture between Yale University and the National University of Singapore.", "Yale initially faced strong criticism that Singapore's various restrictions on press freedom and public protests, as well as its anti-homosexuality policies, would undermine Yale-NUS's liberal arts mission.", "Honors\nIn 1998, as President of Yale, Levin was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Oxford in a ceremony in which the President of Harvard University, Neil Rudenstine, was also honored.", "He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2013.", "See also\nList of presidents of Yale University\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Biography from the Office of the President of Yale University\nArticle about Levin's 10th Anniversary As President\nVideo interview on CXOTALK\nLevin's views on China\n Richard C. Levin Papers (MS 1995).", "Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.", "1947 births\nLiving people\nPresidents of Yale University\nEconomists from California\nAlumni of Merton College, Oxford\nAmerican Express people\n20th-century American Jews\nLowell High School (San Francisco) alumni\nPeople from San Francisco\nStanford University alumni\nYale University alumni\nYale University faculty\nEducators from California\nFellows of Merton College, Oxford\n21st-century American economists\nHewlett Foundation\n20th-century American economists\nMembers of the American Philosophical Society\n21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "Richard Charles Levin was born on April 7, 1947.", "He was the 22nd President of Yale University.", "He was the Chief Executive Officer of Coursera from March to June.", "Born in San Francisco, California, to Jewish-American parents, he graduated from a high school in 1964.", "He debated in high school debate tournaments when he was in high school.", "He graduated from the university with a B.A.", "In the past.", "He received a degree in politics and philosophy from Oxford.", "He received his PhD in economics from Yale.", "Industrial research and development, intellectual property, and productivity are some of his academic specialties.", "In 1974 Career Levin became an assistant professor of economics at Yale and was promoted to associate professor in 1979.", "He was promoted to Professor of Economics and Management at the Yale School of Management in 1982.", "He became the Frederick William Beinecke Professor of Economics in 1992.", "He was dean of Yale's Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and chairman of the Economics Department before becoming president.", "The Iraq Intelligence Commission was formed to investigate U.S. intelligence surrounding the 2003 invasion of Iraq and Iraq's weapons of mass destruction.", "He was a member of a government panel that reviewed the U.S.", "Major League Baseball appointed an independent panel to examine the sport's economics.", "The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, American Express, and Satmetrix are all run by Levin.", "According to Who's Who as a Democrat, Levin was one of the first guests of President George W. Bush when he was in the White House.", "Gene Sperling was selected as the Director of the White House National Economic Council instead of the rumored replacement for Larry Summers.", "The president of Yale stepped down in June.", "The Worth of the University is a sequel to his previous work, The Work of the University.", "Peter Salovey succeeded him.", "He helped to guide the rise of Asia's universities as president of Yale.", "Below is a brief description of Yale's role in Asia.", "The Advisory Board for the newly created Schwarzman Scholars will take students from many countries for post-graduate study together at Tsinghua University in Beijing, with the aim of promoting international understanding.", "The chief executive officer of Coursera was named in March.", "In June of last year, it was announced that Jeff Maggioncalda would replace Levin.", "A professor at Yale, Levin and his wife live in New Haven, Connecticut.", "There are four children and seven grandchildren for them.", "Yale's endowment grew from $3.2 billion to over $20 billion.", "Yale's admissions standards and academic prestige recovered from a lull in the early 1990s.", "The class entering in 2012 had the highest range of standardized test scores of any college in America, with applications to Yale rising from less than 11,000 in 1993 to more than 30,000.", "Yale aggressively expanded its efforts to recruit international students and students from previously underrepresented regions of the United States.", "A program for undergraduates in Beijing was established by Levin.", "He was elected to the board of the National Committee on United States-China Relations due to his efforts to expand Yale's engagement with China.", "All of the university's residential colleges were renovated during the largest building and renovation program since the 1930s.", "Between 1993 and 2013, 70 percent of the space on campus was renovated.", "The creation of Yale's first two new residential colleges since the 1960s was approved to increase the undergraduate population from around 5,400 to over 6,000.", "The project was delayed due to the financial crisis, but construction began in the year 2013.", "The creation of Yale's West Campus vastly expanded the Yale campus.", "Seven miles from Yale's main campus, the campus was created by the purchase of the Bayer Pharmaceutical campus.", "The purchase price was $107 million and was described at the time as a \"ready-made, state-of-the-art research facility\".", "Yale University's relationship with its local workers was improved by the administration.", "In 2003 he negotiated eight-year contracts with the university's unionized workers that provided health care, extensive paid leave, and cumulative raises ranging from 32% to 43%, although he has also fought against new unionization drives by hospital workers, graduate employees, and security guards.", "The first liberal arts college in Asia is a joint venture between Yale University and the National University of Singapore.", "Singapore's anti-homosexuality policies, as well as its restrictions on press freedom and public protests, caused strong criticism of Yale's liberal arts mission.", "In 1998, the President of Harvard University, Neil Rudenstine, was also honored by the University of Oxford in a ceremony in which the President of Yale, Richard Levin, was also honored.", "He was a member of the American Philosophical Society.", "The Office of the President of Yale University has a list of presidents.", "The Yale University Library has manuscripts and archives.", "The presidents of Yale University were from California and the 20th century American Jews were from San Francisco." ]

[ "Richard Charles Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin" ]

[ "Richard Charles Levin", "Career Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Richard Levin" ]

[ "Erin Alyse Osborne (born 27 June 1989) is an Australian cricketer and cricket coach who appeared in 2 Test matches, 60 One Day Internationals and 59 Twenty20 Internationals for Australia between 2009 and 2016.", "An all-rounder, she is a right-arm off break bowler and right-handed batter.", "She currently plays for the Melbourne Stars in the Women's Big Bash League (WBBL), coaches the ACT’s female Meteors Development Squad, and is Cricket ACT’s Male Pathway Manager, the first woman to hold the role.", "She made her international debut in early 2009 after topping the wicket-taking aggregates in her debut season for New South Wales in the WNCL.", "However, she found it difficult to maintain a regular position in the Australian team because of the presence of Shelley Nitschke and Lisa Sthalekar, two spin bowling all-rounders who were ranked in the top ten in the world for both bowling and all-round performance.", "After scoring an unbeaten century for New South Wales at Under-19 level in 2007, Osborne made her WNCL during the 2008–09 season.", "After taking two wickets for 13 runs (2/13) from ten overs on debut, she took three wickets in each of the next two matches.", "She later took 4/18 against Victoria and ended with 15 wickets at 14.20 as New South Wales took out the WNCL.", "Osborne was rewarded with selection for the Rose Bowl series against New Zealand, and took 3/32 in her third match, ending the series with five wickets.", "She was retained for the 2009 World Cup held in Australia, playing in six of the hosts' seven matches.", "She took nine wickets at 19.77.", "Osborne was selected for the 2009 World Twenty20 in England but did not play in any of the matches.", "Australia stayed for a bilateral series against the hosts, and Osborne was dropped after going wicketless in the first two ODIs and being required to bowl less than half of her overs; she was also overlooked for the one-off Test.", "During the 2009–10 WNCL, Osborne took 15 wickets at 14.17, including a haul of 3/33 in the final against Victoria, helping to secure a 59-run win and a fifth consecutive WNCL title for New South Wales.", "She was named the player of the match for her contributions.", "In the T20 competition, she took eight wickets in seven matches.", "In a series for the Australian Under-21s against New Zealand Emerging Players, Osborne was dismissed once in scoring 129 runs and took six wickets at 15.50.", "Osborne was selected for the Rose Bowl series at the end of the season but had limited opportunities because of the presence of Sthalekar and Nitschke.", "She played in six of the eight ODIs and bowled less than half of the possible number of overs, taking five wickets at 32.20.", "She played in only one of the five T20 internationals, taking 1/13 from two overs.", "Youth career \nIn January 2007, aged 17 and a half, she played for New South Wales in the Under-19 interstate competition.", "In the match against Western Australia, she hammered an unbeaten 106 as New South Wales amassed 3/305 before dismissing their opponents for 35.", "She ended the tournament with 145 runs at 72.50 and took three wickets at 7.33.", "Domestic debut \nIn October 2008, Osborne played her first match for the senior New South Wales team in a match against India.", "She took 1/24 from eight overs, took two wickets and scored 21 in a 48-run loss.", "A month later, she made her debut in the Women's National Cricket League (WNCL) in a double-header against Queensland.", "She took 2/13 from ten overs in the first match, helping to restrict Queensland to 9/108 before New South Wales completed an eight-wicket win.", "The next day, Osborne batted for the first time and was unbeaten on 11 when New South Wales were out for 185.", "The runs she added at the end turned out to be crucial as New South Wales won by nine runs.", "Osborne took 3/28 from her ten overs.", "The following week, she took 3/20 in the first match against Western Australia.", "She was wicketless in the second match of the weekend, but New South Wales won both matches regardless, by seven and eight wickets respectively.", "The WNCL was then adjourned and she then played six matches for the Second XI in the space of a week.", "New South Wales won all the fixtures except for one that was abandoned due to inclement weather.", "She scored 34 runs at 11.33 with a best of 30 against Tasmania, and took seven wickets at 3.28 and an economy rate of 2.00.", "This included a return of 3/11 from four overs against Western Australia and 3/8 from 5.3 overs against Victoria.", "When the senior competition resumed, Osborne took one wicket in each of the two matches against South Australia before New South Wales faced Victoria in the last pair of round-robin matches.", "In the first, she took her career best figures of 4/18 with four maidens in her ten overs as Victoria were bowled out for 142.", "The hosts then proceeded to a nine-wicket victory.", "The next day, Osborne took 0/27 from her ten overs in Victoria's 7/227.", "New South Wales chased down the target with three wickets in hand, with Osborne unbeaten on five.", "The following week, the two teams met again in the final of the competition and Osborne took 1/23 from eight overs.", "She was not required to bat as New South Wales passed the target of 118 with six wickets in hand.", "Osborne ended the WNCL season with 16 runs without being dismissed and took 15 wickets at 14.20 at an economy rate of 2.47 from eight matches.", "Osborne also played in two Twenty20 matches for her state during the season, taking 0/17 from her four overs in both matches.", "She scored three not out and a duck in these matches.", "New South Wales defeated South Australia before losing to Victoria.", "International debut \n\nOsborne was rewarded with her first international call-up ahead of the 2009 Women's Cricket World Cup after leading the wicket-taking in the WNCL.", "She made her debut on the Rose Bowl series in February 2009 played away against New Zealand.", "Osborne played in the first four ODIs, making her debut at Cobham Oval in Whangarei.", "Batting in the lower-order, she made four not out as Australia made 8/150.", "She then took 1/19 from her ten overs, with three maidens, as the hosts narrowly won by two wickets.", "In the next match she took 0/33 and ended on three not out in a four run loss when her partners were dismissed.", "The series then moved to Seddon Park in Hamilton where she took 3/32 in a 104-run victory.", "Osborne took another wicket in the fourth match to help level the series; the final match was abandoned due to rain and she ended her debut series with five wickets at 26.00 at an economy rate of 3.33.", "The teams then went to Australia for the World Cup, and played a T20 international at the Sydney Cricket Ground before the tournament, where Osborne made her debut for Australia in the shortest format.", "She took 0/13 from three overs and completed a catch and was not required to bat as the hosts won a rain-shortened match.", "2009 World Cup and World Twenty20 \n\nIn two warm-up matches ahead of the World Cup, Osborne made took 2/31 from nine overs and 1/0 from 2.3 overs against England and Sri Lanka respectively.", "She was included in the team for the opening match against New Zealand at North Sydney Oval, taking 2/37 from her ten overs as Australia conceded 205.", "She did not bat as they fell short of the target.", "She then claimed 1/35 from ten overs in Australia's must-win match against South Africa as the hosts avoided elimination with a 61-run victory.", "She then batted in the World Cup for the first time, in last group match, before taking 2/22 from ten overs as Australia defeated West Indies to reach the next round.", "Osborne was left out of Australia's first match of the next phase against India, which they lost by 16 runs.", "She was recalled and took 1/22 against Pakistan and 1/41 against England, bowling ten overs in both games.", "Osborne was not required to bat as the Australians won both matches but it was not enough to place them in the top two nations and qualify for the final.", "They faced India in the third place playoff and Osborne fell for six.", "The hosts were all out for 142 and India reached the target with three wickets in hand despite Osborne's economical return of 2/21 from nine overs.", "Osborne ended the World Cup with nine wickets at 19.77 at an economy rate of 3.01; in all but one match, she was more economical than the Australian team as a whole.", "She also scored 10 runs at 10.00.", "Osborne was selected for the 2009 World Twenty20 in England and Australia hosted New Zealand for three T20 matches in tropical Darwin during the southern hemisphere winter before the teams flew to the tournament.", "She took 1/21 from four overs in her only match, a 32-run Australian victory.", "Once the Australians were in England, Osborne took 1/14 from three overs against the hosts in the only pre-tournament practice match.", "Osborne did not play any of the three pool matches in the tournament or the semi-final where Australia were eliminated in the semi-final by England.", "Australia stayed in England for a bilateral series against the hosts, who were the reigning world champions in both ODIs and T20s, after the end of the World Twenty20.", "Osborne was drought in and took 2/24 from four overs as Australia upset England in the only T20 by 34 runs after scoring 3/151.", "She was played in the first two ODIs held at Ford County Ground, Chelmsford, taking a total of 0/39 from eight overs and making 1 and 11 not out in comfortable English victories by nine wickets and 53 runs.", "She was left out of the remaining three matches; England won all the matches except the last, which was washed out.", "Osborne was left out of the team for the one-off Test.", "2009–10 season \n\nOsborne started the 2009–10 WNCL, took a wicket in each of the two matches against Queensland, and then took 2/34 from 10 overs in both matches against the Australian Capital Territory, although the last match ended in defeat.", "She then took 2/33 and 1/25 against Victoria as the matches were shared.", "Having taken 3/23 from ten overs to help bowl out Western Australia for 99 and set up a ten-wicket win, she then took 2/38 in a 76-run win over South Australia before New South Wales against met Victoria in the final.", "Osborne scored one as New South Wales reached 9/206.", "She then took 3/33 from nine overs to help dismiss Victoria for 147, sealing a fifth consecutive title and was named the player of the match for her contribution.", "She ended the season with 17 wickets at 14.17 at an economy rate of 2.77.", "She scored 41 runs at 6.83.", "In the T20 competition, Osborne took eight wickets at 16.62 and an economy rate of 5.11 and scored 25 runs at 12.50 from seven matches.", "She ran into form in the lead-up to the final, taking 3/18 from three overs and 3/16 from four overs against Western Australia and south Australia respectively, helping to restrict both teams to sub-100 scores.", "In the final against Victoria, Osborne took 1/25 from overs.", "In pursuit of 128 for victory, she made 10 as New South Wales were bowled out for 75, sealing a 52-run win.", "During an adjournment in the WNCL in November, Osborne played for New South Wales in the Second XI competition.", "In seven matches, all of which were won, she was used mostly as a batsman, often batting in the top-order and was largely rested from her bowling duties, delivering only nine overs in total.", "She scored 115 runs at 38.75 and took a total of 1/25.", "In the middle of the season, she played for the Australian Under-21s against New Zealand Emerging Players in five matches, and allowed to bat higher up the order in the youth team, she made 129 runs at 129.00, scoring 48 not out and 60 in the last two games.", "She also took six wickets at 15.50 at an economy rate of 4.46 and took five catches.", "Her best performance in the field was her 3/25 and two catches in the fourth match, which in addition to her unbeaten 48 helped Australia to a series-sealing 122-run win.", "Australia won the series 4–1.", "Osborne was selected in the Australian squad for the Rose Bowl series against New Zealand, but was not fully utilised in the first two matches at the Adelaide Oval, as captain Alex Blackwell elected to use Sthalekar and Nitschke more often and earlier.", "After scoring two not out and taking 1/8 from only three overs in the closing stages of a 115-run win in the first match, Osborne took 0/23 from five overs in a win the next day.", "Australia decided to omit the under-used specialist bowler in place of batsman Leah Poulton, and Osborne did not return until the fifth ODI at the Junction Oval, where she was attacked in taking 1/33 from six overs in a 103-run win; Australia swept the series 5–0.", "Osborne ended with two wickets at 32.00 at an economy rate of 4.57.", "In the five T20s that followed, three at Bellerive Oval in Hobart, and two in New Zealand, Osborne only played in the fifth match, taking 1/13 from two overs and scoring one as Australia were bowled out in a 17-run defeat and lost 5–0.", "She then played in all three ODIs in New Zealand as Australia whitewashed their hosts.", "In the first match in Queenstown, she was attacked by the local batsmen and ended with 0/39 from five overs.", "In the run-chase she made 13 not out at the death as Australia reached the target with two wickets in hand from the final ball.", "She took 2/29 and 1/19, both from ten overs, in the last two matches at Invercargill.", "The tourists won both by six wickets to sweep the ODIs.", "Osborne ended with three wickets at 32.33 at and economy rate of 3.88.", "2010 World Twenty 20 \n\nOsborne was part of the 2010 World Twenty20 winning team in the West Indies but played in only one of Australia's matches.", "She was omitted from both warm-up matches against New Zealand and Pakistan.", "Australia lost the first before winning the second.", "Australia were grouped with defending champions England, South Africa and the West Indies.", "In the first match, Australia defeated England after the scores were tied, as well as the Super Over, because they had scored the only six of the match.", "In the following match, they defeated South Africa by 24 runs.", "Osborne played in neither matches, but she was called into the team for the West Indies match in place of Sarah Elliott.", "A leg spinning all rounder, Elliott failed to have an impact with either bat or ball, making only 4 from 15 balls, and 8 from 6 balls in the two matches, and had only bowled in the latter fixture, taking 0/22 from two overs.", "Osborne was brought in, giving Australia an extra frontline bowling option.", "Osborne was not required to bat as Australia finished on 7/133, and was then expensive with the ball, taking 0/20 from two overs as Australia won by nine runs to finish the group stage unbeaten at the top of their quartet.", "She caught Pamela Lavine from the bowling of Perry.", "Australia went on to face India in the semi-final, and Elliott was brought back in place of Osborne.", "Elliott was required to neither bat nor bowl as the Indians ended with 3/119, which was chased down by the Australians with seven wickets and seven balls to spare, and was retained for the final, making 19 not out from 20 Australia won by three runs in a low-scoring match.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\nErin Osborne at Cricket Australia\n\n1989 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Taree\nCricketers from New South Wales\nAustralian women cricketers\nAustralia women Test cricketers\nAustralia women One Day International cricketers\nAustralia women Twenty20 International cricketers\nACT Meteors cricketers\nMelbourne Stars (WBBL) cricketers\nNew South Wales Breakers cricketers\nSussex women cricketers\nSydney Thunder (WBBL) cricketers" ]

[ "An Australian cricketer and cricket coach who appeared in 2 Test matches, 60 One Day Internationals and 59 Twenty20 Internationals for Australia between 2009 and 2016 is namedErin Alyse.", "She is a right-handed batter and an off break bowler.", "She is the first woman to hold the role of male pathway manager at Cricket ACT.", "In her debut season for New South Wales in the WNCL, she was the top bowler and made her international debut in early 2009.", "She found it difficult to maintain a regular position in the Australian team because of the presence of two spin bowling all-rounders who were ranked in the top ten in the world for both bowling and all-round performance.", "During the 2008–09 season, she made her WNCL after scoring a century for New South Wales at Under-19 level.", "She took three wickets in each of the next two matches after taking two for 13 runs on her debut.", "New South Wales took out the WNCL after she took 4/18 against Victoria.", "After being selected for the Rose Bowl series against New Zealand, she took 3/32 in her third match, ending the series with five strikeouts.", "She played in six of the seven matches for the World Cup held in Australia.", "She took nine of them.", "In the World Twenty20 in England, he did not play in any of the matches.", "She was overlooked for the one-off Test after being dropped for the first two one-dayers and being required to bowl less than half her overs.", "New South Wales won their fifth consecutive WNCL title with a 59-run win over Victoria.", "She was named the player of the match.", "She took eight in seven matches in the T20 competition.", "In a series for the Australian Under-21s against the New Zealand Emerging Players, Osborne was dismissed once in scoring 129 runs and taking six wickets.", "At the end of the season, Osborne was selected for the Rose Bowl series but had limited opportunities because of the presence of Sthalekar and Nitschke.", "She played in six of the eightODIs and only took five of the possible 32 overs.", "She played in one of the five T20 internationals.", "She played for New South Wales in the Under-19 interstate competition.", "In the match against Western Australia, she scored a century as New South Wales scored 3/305 before dismissing their opponents for 35.", "She finished the tournament with 141 runs and three strikeouts.", "In October 2008 she played her first match for the senior New South Wales team against India.", "She scored 21 in a 48 run loss after taking 1/24 from eight overs.", "She made her debut in the Women's National Cricket League a month later.", "In the first match, she took 2/13 from ten overs as New South Wales won 8-5.", "On the next day, New South Wales were out for 185 and Osborne was batting for the first time.", "New South Wales won by nine runs because of the runs she added at the end.", "From her ten overs, she took 3/28.", "She took 3/20 in the first match against Western Australia.", "New South Wales won both of their matches despite her being out in the second match.", "She played six matches for the Second XI in a week after the WNCL was adjourned.", "The only fixture that New South Wales lost was due to bad weather.", "She scored 34 runs at 11.33 with a best of 30 against the state, and took seven of the eight she was supposed to take.", "This included a return of 3/11 from four overs against Western Australia.", "New South Wales faced Victoria in the last two of the round-robin matches after the senior competition resumed.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The hosts won by nine runs.", "On the next day, she took 0/27 from her ten overs.", "New South Wales was able to chase down the target with three strikes in hand.", "In the final of the competition, the two teams met again and Osborne took 1/23 from eight overs.", "She wasn't required to bat as New South Wales passed the target of 118.", "Osborne ended the WNCL season with 16 runs without being dismissed and 15 strikeouts at an economy rate of 2.47 from eight matches.", "During the season, she played in two Twenty20 matches for her state, taking zero from her four overs.", "She scored three not out and a duck.", "South Australia defeated New South Wales.", "She was rewarded with her first international call-up ahead of the 2009 Women's Cricket World Cup after leading thewicket-taking in the WNCL.", "She made her debut on the Rose Bowl series against New Zealand.", "She made her debut in the first four games of the series.", "She made four not out as Australia made 8/ 150.", "She took 1/19 from her ten overs, with three maidens, as the hosts narrowly won.", "She took 0/33 and ended on three not out in a four run loss.", "In Hamilton, she took 3/32 in a 104-run victory.", "The final match of the series was abandoned due to rain and she ended her debut series with five wickets at an economy rate of 3.33.", "The teams went to Australia for the World Cup, and played a T20 international at the Sydney Cricket Ground before the tournament, where Osborne made her debut for Australia in the shortest format.", "She took 0-13 from three overs and was not required to bat as the hosts won a rain-shortened match.", "In two warm-up matches before the World Cup, he took 2/31 from nine overs and 1/0 from 2.3 overs against England and Sri Lanka.", "She took 1/37 from her ten overs as Australia conceded 205 in the opening match against New Zealand.", "They fell short of the target and she did not bat.", "She claimed 1/35 from ten overs in Australia's must-win match against South Africa as the hosts avoided elimination with a 61-run victory.", "She took 2/22 from ten overs as Australia defeated West Indies to reach the next round of the World Cup.", "Australia lost to India by 16 runs in their first match of the next phase.", "She took two overs against Pakistan and one against England.", "The Australians won both matches, but it wasn't enough to place them in the top two nations and qualify for the final.", "India defeated them in the third place playoff.", "The hosts were all out for 142 and India reached the target with three of their own in hand.", "In all but one match, she was more economical than the Australian team as a whole.", "She scored 10 runs.", "The World Twenty20 in England and Australia hosted New Zealand for three T20 matches in tropical Darwin during the southern hemisphere winter before the teams flew to the tournament.", "In her only match, she took 1/21 from four overs.", "When the Australians were in England, he took 1/14 from three overs against the hosts in a practice match.", "Australia were eliminated in the semi-finals of the tournament by England, and no one played any of the pool matches.", "After the World Twenty20, Australia stayed in England for a bilateral series against the hosts.", "Australia upset England in the only T20 by 34 runs after scoring 3/151.", "She took a total of 0/39 from eight overs and made 1 and 11 not out in comfortable English victories.", "England won all but the last match, which was washed out, and she was left out of the rest.", "He wasn't in the team for the one-off Test.", "In the first two WNCL matches against Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory, Osborne took 1/34 from 10 overs, and in the last match against the Australian Capital Territory, he took 1/34 from 10 overs.", "She took 1/33 and 1/25 against Victoria.", "She took 3/23 from ten overs to help bowl out Western Australia for 99 and then took 1/38 in a 76-run win over South Australia before New South Wales met Victoria in the final.", "New South Wales reached 9/206.", "She took 3/33 from nine overs to help dismiss Victoria for 147 and was named the player of the match.", "She ended the season with 17 kills at an economy rate of 2.77", "She scored 41 runs.", "In the T20 competition, he scored 25 runs at 12.50 from seven matches and took eight wickets at 16.62 and an economy rate of 5.11.", "She took 3/18 from three overs and 3/16 from four overs against Western Australia and south Australia in the lead-up to the final, helping to restrict both teams to under 100.", "In the final against Victoria, he took 1/25 from overs.", "She made 10 as New South Wales were destroyed for 75 in pursuit of 128 for victory.", "During an adjournment in the WNCL in November, he played for New South Wales in the Second XI competition.", "In seven matches, all of which were won, she was mostly used as a bat, batting in the top-order and resting from her bowling duties.", "She scored 115 runs and took a total of 1/25.", "In the middle of the season, she played for the Australian Under-21s against New Zealand Emerging Players in five matches and made 129 runs, scoring 48 not out and 60 in the last two games.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Her best performance in the field was her 3/25 and two catches in the fourth match, which helped Australia to a series-sealing 122-run win.", "Australia won the series.", "After being selected in the Australian squad for the Rose Bowl series against New Zealand, Osborne was not used in the first two matches at the Adelaide Oval, as captain Alex Blackwell elected to use Sthalekar and Nitschke more often and earlier.", "After scoring two not out and taking only three overs in the closing stages of a 115-run win in the first match, Osborne took 0/23 from five overs in a win the next day.", "Australia decided to leave the under-used specialist bowler in place of the under-used batting player, and she did not return until the fifth one-dayer at the Junction Oval, where she was attacked in taking 1/33 from six overs in a 103-run win.", "The economy rate was 4.57.", "In the five T20s that followed, he only played in the fifth match, taking 1/13 from two overs and scoring one as Australia lost 5–0 to New Zealand.", "She played in all three of Australia's games in New Zealand.", "She was attacked by the locals in the first match and ended up with 0/39 from five overs.", "In the run-chase she made 13 not out at the death as Australia reached the target with two wickets in hand from the final ball.", "She took two overs in the last two matches.", "The tourists won both of their games.", "The economy rate was 3.88.", "He played in only one of Australia's matches in the 2010 World Twenty20 winning team in the West Indies.", "She didn't play in the warm-up matches against New Zealand and Pakistan.", "Australia lost the first and won the second.", "Australia was grouped with England, South Africa and the West Indies.", "Australia defeated England in the first match because they had scored the only six of the match.", "They defeated South Africa by 24 runs.", "She was called into the team for the West Indies match, despite not playing in either match.", "In the two matches, he made only 4 from 15 balls and 8 from 6 balls with the bat and only 0 from two overs with the ball.", "Australia now has an extra frontline bowling option.", "As Australia finished on 7/133, and was then expensive with the ball, Osborne took 0/20 from two overs as Australia won by nine runs to finish the group stage without a loss.", "She caught Pamela Lavine at the bowling alley.", "Australia went on to face India in the semi-finals, and was brought back in place of Osborne.", "As the Indians ended with 3/119, which was chased down by the Australians with seven wickets and seven balls to spare, and was retained for the final, where he made 19 not out from 20 balls, he was not required to bat or bowl.", "There are people from Taree who play cricket for Australia and New South Wales who play cricket for Australia and New South Wales." ]

[ "Erin Alyse Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Erin Osborne" ]

[ "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne" ]