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, and finally, animal feed Van Leusen et al., 2014.
Enzymatic synthesis of GOS from lactose using galactosidase from different sources bacteria, yeasts and fungi has already been studied by many authors Torres et al., 2010. Generally, the transgalactosylation reaction was described as a kinetically controlled reaction, where substrate conversion, productivity and product distribution can be highly dependent on the reaction conditions and the enzyme properties Mahoney, 1998; Park and Oh, 2011. The galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae, used throughout this study, was previously studied in GOS synthesis, and it proved to be enzyme of choice, prevalently because of its high specific activity, good thermal stability and more importantly low cost Vera et al., 2012. However, shear of lactose being converted into GOS is fairly low, indicating the need of detailed experimental conditions optimization. Several papers dealing with optimization of reaction parameters, focusing on one at a time, were published so far, fo |
cusing mostly on the influence of varying lactose concentration on the GOS formation Huerta et al., 2011; Vera et al., 2011. In general, it was observed that an increment of lactose content, as well as enzyme content, favor GOS formation Huerta et al., 2011; Warmerdam, et al., 2013. However, temperature and pH showed a different impact on synthesis yield and product distribution in different reaction systems, although they highly affect reaction productivity Park and Oh, 2011. On the other hand, extensive optimization comprising all individual and mutual effects of several key factors is very scarce Lisboa et al., 2012. Therefore, the aim of this study was to achieve thorough optimization of GOS synthesis taking both effects of key reaction parameters lactose and enzyme concentration, temperature and pH, and reaction time, and their mutual interactions at the same time. For this purpose, response surface methodology RSM was employed, and two response variables were monitored lactose conversion degree and GOS |
yield.
Galactosidase from A. oryzae 8 IUmg solid and lactose used in this study were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. St. Louis, MO, USA. HPLC analysis was performed using HPLC grade water purchased from JT Baker Center Valley, PA, USA. Other reagents, used for buffer solution preparations, were of analytical grade, and purchased from Centrohem Stara Pazova, Serbia.
Production of galactooligosaccharides
All reactions were performed in conical flasks on an orbital shaker IKA KS 4000i control, Werke GmbH and Co. set at 200 RPM under the controlled temperature specified by experimental plan. Reaction mixtures were comprised of lactose and an enzyme concentrations specified for each experiment which were dissolved in 5 ml of the suitable buffer. Samples were taken at different times, predetermined by the experimental plan, and the reaction was stopped by heating samples at 100 C for 10 min in order to inactivate the enzyme. Samples were appropriately diluted with HPLC grade water, centrifuged 12000 rpm for 10 mi |
n, filtered through a 0.2 m syringe filter and then analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography HPLC. All experiments were carried out in duplicate and the average values provided that the standard deviations were less than 5 of the product concentrations were used for further analysis. Results were presented as the lactose conversion degree Equation 1 and GOS yield Equation 2.
Throughout this study, the GOS concentration represents the sum of trisaccharides GOS3 and tetrasaccharides GOS4, since the concentration of higher oligosaccharides was negligible Carevi et al, 2016b.
Experimental design and statistical analysis
Experiments were conducted using a central composite rotatable design CCRD for the study of five factors lactose concentration, enzyme concentration, temperature, pH and reaction time each at five levels Table 1. Ranges for these parameters are chosen on the basis of preliminary experiments or thorough literature survey.
Table 1.Experimental factors
CodedActual values
Temperature, X1 C
L |
actose concentration, X2 gl
Enzyme concentration, X3 gl
Time min
The experimental plan consisted of 32 experiments 16 factorial, 10 axial, and 6 center points performed in random order to minimize systematic errors Milisavljevi et al., 2014. The data obtained were analyzed by a response surface method RSM to fit the secondorder polynomial equation Equation 3.
Where Y is the response variable lactose conversion degree and product concentration, b0, bi, bii, bij, are the regression coefficients, and Xi and Xj are independent variables Table 1. The leastsquares method was employed for the response function coefficient calculation and their statistical significance evaluation. Only the significant terms p 0.05 were considered for the final reduced model. Adequacy of the obtained model was determined by the Fisher test. Student distribution was used to evaluate the significance of the coefficients. MATLAB 7.0 Mathworks Inc., Natrick, USA was used for this purpose.
High performance liquid chromatography analysis
Q |
uantitative analysis of the samples was performed using a Dionex Ultimate 3000 Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA HPLC system equipped with a Thermo Scientific carbohydrate column Hyper REZ XP Carbohydrate Ca2, 300mm x 7.7 mm, i.d. 8 m working at 80 C. HPLC grade water was used as the mobile phase with the constant elution rate of 0.6 mlmin during the analysis, and the detection was performed by a RI detector RefractoMax 520, ERC, Riemerling, Germany. All data acquisition and processing were done using Chromeleon 7.2 Chromatography Data System Thermo Scientific.
As already noted, galactosidase is traditionally used in the dairy industry as a lactose hydrolyzing enzyme. However, in recent years more attention is paid to its transgalactosylation activity, which enables the production of a series of compounds with a prominent functional activity, named galactooligosaccharides GOS. Interestingly, these reactions take place at the same time, and the first stage of these reactions lactose cleavage is common, and i |
t represents the formation of enzymegalactosyl complex Figure 1. From this point on, reaction course faces a divergence. If enzymegalactosyl complex passes the galactose moiety onto the molecule of water, the reaction of hydrolysis occurs, and on the other hand, if galactose moiety is passed onto any other free hydroxyl group lactose or a lower galactooligosaccharide molecule, the reaction of transgalactosylation occurs Figure 1. The rates of all these reactions and consequently the final reaction mixture composition, depend on type of enzyme and reaction conditions such as enzyme and lactose concentration, temperature and the characteristics of the reaction medium Torres et al., 2010.
Figure 4. Reaction mechanism of galactooligosaccharides synthesis
Moreover, it should be pointed out that GOS do not represent end products, and that they are susceptible to hydrolysis too Mahoney, 1998. Thus, the determination of the optimum reaction time is essential, since hydrolysis of GOS inevitably occurs in later stages |
of the reaction, due to their significant concentration in the reaction mixture. Having said that, it is clear that GOS synthesis represents a rather difficult task, and therefore, the effect of key reaction factors lactose and enzyme concentration, temperature and pH, and reaction time should be evaluated and optimized using response surface methodology RSM.
Typical chromatograms, presented in an overlapped display in Figure 2, represent the progress of the reaction. With the proceeding of the reaction course, lactose peak tR9.627 min is continuously reducing, while the peaks of its primary hydrolysis products, namely glucose tR10.953 min and galactose tR12.042 min, are increasing. However, due to its incorporation in GOS, as consequence of transgalactosylation, galactose peak and consequently its concentration is significantly lower than glucose concentration. Products of transgalactosylation are depicted by trisaccharide GOS3 peak tR8.733 min and tetrasaccharide GOS4 peak tR8.213 min. In our previous study |
Carevi et al., 2016a was confirmed by IMSMSMS analysis that other disaccharides, except the lactose, are not present in the reaction mixture and that GOS3 and GOS4 peaks exclusively with 16 and 13 glycosidic linkages are the only transgalactosylation products. Hence, calculated concentrations of these peaks are used as output data in subsequent RSM optimization.
Figure 2. Overlapped chromatograms of reaction species during the reaction course
The aim of the first stage of RSM optimization was to estimate the effect of reaction parameters on the lactose conversion degree. The results were fitted with secondorder regression model. Good correlation between experimental results and regression model was determined using the Fisher test, and then Student test was performed in order to evaluate the significance of model coefficients. After the elimination of insignificant coefficients regression model Equation 4 was obtained.
As it can be clearly seen from the equation, all the linear regression coefficients are si |
gnificant. On the other hand, three quadratic regression coefficients, namely b11 1.70, b33 4,37 and b55 3,41, are significant and negative, hence, the influence of corresponding parameters temperature, enzyme concentration and pH can be described as a quadratic function with a maximum value. Moreover, it is evident that there are several significant interactions between the examined parameters positive interactions between temperature X1 and time X4, and lactose concentration X2 and pH value of reaction mixture X5, and, on the other hand, negative interaction between the lactose X2 and enzyme X3 concentration. The influences of these experimental factors on the lactose conversion are presented as response surface diagrams Figure 3.
The Figure 3A shows the influence of the temperature X1 and the reaction time X4 on the lactose conversion degree. It can be observed that the temperature can be described as a quadratic function with a maximum. Yet, it can be noted that the position of the local maximum varies si |
gnificantly depending on the reaction time. Hence, in short reaction times, a maximum lactose conversion is achieved at 44C, although the temperature shows a negligible impact on lactose conversion yield. On the other hand, at maximum reaction times the temperature plays an important role, and maximum lactose conversion degree is achieved around 60C. As already mentioned, the effects of pH on the lactose conversion degree can be described as a quadratic function with a maximum value, and this dependence is depicted in Figure 3B. It can be observed that the maximum conversion degree is achieved when the pH value persist around pH 4.0. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the position of local maximum is highly dependent on the lactose concentration due to the significant interaction between these two parameters. Since this interaction is positive, a shift of local maximum values towards higher values at higher lactose concentrations is caused. However, lactose concentration X2 has negative influence on the la |
ctose conversion degree, and therefore lower lactose concentrations and consequently lower values of pH are preferred in terms of achieving the highest conversion degrees. Moreover, the lactose concentration shows the combined effect with another parameter, namely enzyme concentration X3. This interaction is depicted in Figure 3C. Since square regression coefficient b33 is significant and has a negative value, the impact of the concentration of the enzyme is described as a quadratic function with a maximum. Due to the existence of the negative interaction with lactose concentration, position of the local optimum enzyme concentration moves toward higher values with decreasing concentration of lactose.
Figure 3. The response surface plots A interactive effect of reaction time and temperature on the lactose conversion. Other factors were fixed at X21; X30, X50, B interactive effect of pH and enzyme concentration on the lactose conversion. Other factors were fixed at X10, X22, X41, C interactive effect of enzyme |
concentration and lactose concentration on the lactose conversion. Other factors were fixed at X11; X42, X51
As previously mentioned, at higher initial concentrations of lactose conversion degree did not show significant growth, even with optimum values of enzyme concentrations. On the other hand, at lower concentration values lactose, the increase in the lactose conversion degree with increasing concentrations of the enzyme is notable. Bearing this in mind, it can be concluded that the greatest degree of lactose conversion is achieved at a concentration of enzymes around 13.5 gl, provided that the lactose concentration is around 20 gl. Finally, these results lead to the conclusion that in order to achieve the maximum lactose conversion degree, optimal conditions should be temperature 60C, a lactose concentration of 20 gl, enzyme concentration of 13.5 gl, reaction time 25 min and pH 4.
Even though the high portion of lactose conversion was achieved, only one part goes on GOS synthesis while the rest is a cons |
equence of hydrolysis, where lactose is converted to its constituents glucose and galactose. Therefore, the influence of the same reaction parameters on the promotion of GOS synthesis was examined. After the employing the previously defined statistical analysis a new regression model was derived Equation 5.
Unlike the first derived model Equation 4, the second model Equation 5 shows that not all of the linear regression coefficients are significant. Consequently, not all the reaction parameters showed significant impact on the GOS synthesis reaction. More precisely, temperature X1 and pH X5 in the examined range proved to be insignificant factors, while the other factors lactose concentration, enzyme concentration and reaction time, played an important role in maximizing a GOS yield. As it can be seen from the model, there are two significant quadratic regression coefficients b33 0.83 and b44 2.34, and both of them have negative values, meaning they possess an optimum value. Also, it was found that there is a |
positive correlation between the lactose X2 and enzyme concentration X3, as well as the positive correlation between the lactose concentration X2 and the reaction time X4.
Figure 4. The response surface plots a interactive effect of reaction time and enzyme concentration on the GOS yield. Other factors were fixed at X22, b interactive effect of reaction time and lactose concentration on the GOS yield. Other factors were fixed at X32
Influences of the most interesting factors on the obtained GOS yield are illustrated on the response surface diagrams Figure 4. As noted before, the influence of the enzyme concentration X3 can be graphically presented as a quadratic function with a maximum value, due to the negative quadratic regression coefficient. Local maximum peaks, however, may vary greatly depending on the initial lactose concentration, due to the positive interaction between these two factors. Hence, local optimum values of the enzyme concentration shift towards higher values at higher lactose concentrati |
ons. Likewise, the effect of the reaction time X4 can be described as a quadratic function with a maximum, and owing to the positive correlation with the lactose concentration it shifts towards higher optimum values, as lactose concentration increases. Unlike these two factors, lactose concentration increase causes the increment of GOS yield in whole examined range. Having said that, it can be concluded that the optimum values of observed parameters in terms of achieving the highest GOS yields, were lactose concentration of 400 gl, enzyme concentration of 13.5 gl and reaction time of 13 min. If we compare the obtained models, as well as the results of the optimization concerning both examined outputs, significant differences can be observed. Obviously, the individual factors showed substantial impact onto the reaction course. More precisely, it was shown that the key reaction parameters are the concentration of lactose and reaction time, as the impact of these factors on the two outputs diametrically opposite |
. Most importantly, the high concentration of lactose and low reaction times favor the transgalactosylation reaction, hence GOS synthesis. These results are somehow expected, bearing in mind that higher lactose concentrations provide more sugar molecules that can compete with water molecules leading to increase in GOS production, while the lower lactose concentrations shift the reaction course towards hydrolysis. Likewise, in the initial stage of the reaction transgalactosylation is promoted due to the high lactose concentration in the reaction mixture. In later stages, however, the intensified hydrolysis of both lactose and GOS takes place, thus longer reaction times are not fitted for GOS synthesis.
Finally, in terms of testing the adequacy of the obtained optimization results, an additional experiment was performed under the following conditions lactose concentration of 400 gl, enzyme concentration of 13.5 gl and reaction time of 13 min, temperature 50C and pH 4.5. The obtained GOS yield in this case was 2 |
9.6, that represents less than 5 deviation from the predicted value by the RSM model.
In the present study, the surface response methodology RSM was employed for the reaction parameter temperature, enzyme and lactose concentration, reaction time and pH optimizations in terms of achieving high GOS yields catalyzed by galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae. It was concluded that the temperature and pH, although they highly impact the lactose conversion, have negligible influence on GOS synthesis. While, on the other hand, enzyme concentration, lactose concentration and time provide a rather significant contribution to the optimization process. More precisely, highest GOS yields are achieved when reaction parameters are as follows lactose concentration of 400 gl, enzyme concentration of 13.5 gl and reaction time of 13 min. Bearing in mind that GOS yields achieved in the additional experiment under the optimum conditions, are within 5 deviation from the predicted values, it can be concluded that model ensures good |
prediction, and that application of RSM was reasonable.
The authors are grateful for financial support from the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science, and Technological Development Project III 46010. |
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Why King Size 4.5 Tog Duvet Will Be Your Next Big Obsession
Silas 230117 1638 213 0
Buying a Double 4.5 Tog Duvet
A double 4.5inch duvet is ideal for those who live in colder climates. This type of duvet is ideal for when you need extra warmth in your bed. It could also be used as a backup for your main duvet. This duvet is also an excellent option if you require a bed with high levels of antiallergy properties.
4.5 tog duvets are ideal for colder climates
It is crucial to find the right duvet for you. There are a lot of things to consider. The temperature in your bedroom can influence the quality of your sleep. To lower your heating expenses, you can also buy a light duvet.
Tog rating is the insulation value of different materials. Tog rating is a measure of how warm a bed is. The ratings range from 2.5 tog to 15 tog.
If you want to stay warm during the winter, you should buy a duvet which has an tog rating of at minimum 12.0 tog. This is the best choice when you live in a colder climate. It's not necessary |
in all cases.
One of the simplest ways to measure the tog of duvets is to measure the amount of thermal insulation it offers. Tog values that are higher help you not have to wear layers of clothing at night.
You should also think about the material used in the making of your duvet. Synthetic duvets are typically heavier than natural duvets, and don't have as much insulating value. Natural duvets on the contrary are more efficient in thermal properties.
It's a good idea to have twotog rated duvets for your home to avoid becoming too hot during summer months. A down duvet in your bedroom is a fantastic way to lower your heating expenses.
A pillow that has the right tog rating will give you the best results. Although there is no definitive standard for the tog of a pillow there are a few aspects to consider.
7.5 tog or 10.5 tog duvets are ideal for spring and autumn
To ensure a restful and restful night it is crucial that you choose the best tog rating for your bed. If you're not certain which tog is suitable f |
or you, consult this guide to help. It's not a complete list, so you will have to try different options to find your ideal duvet.
The tog of your duvet depends on how well it will trap warm air. A lighter duvet will feel warmer and a heavier one will feel cooler. This is due to the differences in the pressure of air.
A light summer duvet, as an example, weighs in at 4.5 tog duvets king size g. A heavier winter duvet will weigh 12 tog or more. However, you may want a lighter summer duvet to prevent overheating at night.
Some people prefer a duvet that has a higher level of tog, whereas others prefer a less tog. It is all dependent on your personal preferences.
You can also purchase an allseason duvet. These are a great option for winter and summer. They can be attached or detached easily and consist of two separate duvets. In the spring and autumn, the two duvets can be combined to create a 13.5 tog duvet.
Most people choose a 10.5 tog duvet. It's a great upgrade from a 7.5 tog duvet. In the winter, you can la |
yer a 10.5 tog duvet with blankets for extra warmth.
People who are allergic to allergens may benefit from a down alternative duvet. It is hypoallergenic and durable. Another advantage is that it is easier to clean.
For toddlers, a light duvet is ideal for toddlers. A duvet with a tog score greater than 7.5 is not recommended by children less than three years of age.
The highest levels of thermal insulation can be achieved with duvets that weigh 13.5 or 15 grams
There are many tog ratings available when shopping for duvets. The higher the rating, the more comfortable your sleep will be. There is no need to pay for a duvet that has an tog of 13.5 or 15 if the 4.5 tog is enough.
There are a variety of ways to determine the tog rating of carpet underlay, clothes, and duvets. There is an easy way to find the tog rating for a specific product.
The tog of an item is typically determined by the material that it is made of. Wool, silk and cotton all provide the highest insulation value. These are the best materials t |
o make highquality duvets.
The tog for a duvet may be determined by the fabric's thickness. It will be determined by your level of comfort and the environment in which you're likely to use the product.
The size of a duvet's tog is generally the one that best shows its capabilities. If you're looking for a summer duvet, the 7.5inch tog will be most suitable. The 13.5 tog is ideal for winter months.
If you're not sure what to choose, pick the allseason duvet. They typically come with two duvets which can be linked using buttons.
One of the best things about these duvets is that they are machine washable. They also are hypoallergenic, which is especially useful for people with allergies. A hypoallergenic bedsheet can keep dust mites and bacteria from getting trapped in your duvet. This makes you feel better.
Antiallergy double duvet 4.5 OZ
Silentnight Anti Allergy 4 tog duvet is the benchmark for allergyfriendly comfort. In addition to the standard bedding essentials the duvet is fitted with an antiallergy filli |
ng which makes sleeping in darkness a thing of the past. Additionally, there is the fiveyear warranty which is an important benefit in this day and age. The silica fill, which is designed to decrease dust mites, is an ecofriendly winner in the category. Additionally, the material has been tested as hypoallergenic, a major benefit for allergy sufferers all over the world. This anti allergy duvet is fashionable and doesn't seem like much work.
This double duvet has something for anyone, thanks to a polycotton material that is cool and breathable. The duvet also has an antiallergic filling which promises to make sleep effortless. silentnight cooler summer 4.5 tog duvet's focus is on satisfaction of customers, as demonstrated by the fiveyear guarantee. Do yourself a favor by purchasing a Silentnight 4.5 tog duvet immediately. The 4.5tog double duvet is ideal for those who suffer from allergies.
4.5 tog duvets can be used as an extra duvet
You should select the appropriate tog rating when buying a duvet. Tog refer |
s to the thermal insulation that is provided by the duvet. This will depend on a variety of factors that include your preferred sleep temperature, your environment, and the personal preferences.
There are different tog ratings in accordance with the season. Depending on the location of your home you may require an additional duvet for winter or summer.
For instance in Fort William, in the Highlands The average lows for 4.5 tog cotton Duvet January have been 1 and the highest temperatures are around 12 degrees Celsius. A duvet must have at least a tog rating of 13.5
If you are in a warmer climate you might want a lighter duvet such as 4.5 tog cotton duvet tog. This will prevent you from overheating at night.
If you are in a colder location it is possible to choose a heavier duvet. This will keep you warm in the winter months. It is easier to manage when you have a heavier duvet.
When choosing a duvet you should also consider the kind of filling you prefer. There are two kinds of natural fibres which are natura |
l and synthetic. However natural fibres are superior in thermal properties. Synthetic fibres are heavier.
Another factor to consider is whether or not you are a hot or cold sleeper. People can get very hot at night which makes it difficult to get a good night's sleep. By investing in two duvets, you will ensure that you have a spare one on hand throughout the year.
Duvets made from synthetic materials should be avoided if you have allergies. Some people choose to have their duvets lined with an antiallergy treatment to stop dust mites and other allergens from developing. |
Posted on 17032016 11122017 Author Grantham Athletic ClubCategories Events83
You will see that we have put together a new website. In order to work on materials on the old site we have had to open this site early. We will be overhauling content over the Easter holidays after which you will be find everything you need.
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Home Health News Researchers Are Getting Closer to Understanding Long COVID. But Treatments Are Likely Still a Ways Off
Researchers Are Getting Closer to Understanding Long COVID. But Treatments Are Likely Still a Ways Off
March 8, 2022 TimeMagazine Off Health News
Two years into the COVID19 pandemic, questions about Long COVID still outnumber answers. Why do some people develop longlasting symptomsoften after a mild case of COVID19, sometimes even after being vaccinatedwhile others fully recover from their brushes with the SARSCoV2 virus? Why does Long COVID seem to disproportionately appear in women? How can one condition affect numerous bodily systems, causing symptoms ranging from brain fog to joint pain to total exhaustion? Is Long COVID a single diagnosis, or is it better understood as an umbrella term for a spectrum of disease, caused by a range of biologically diverse effects of the virus? Or, could it actually be a new manifestation of postviral illnesses that have been around for decades?
A flurry |
of recent studies, some of which have been peerreviewed and published, and others that are currently going through that process, seek to explain why millions of people suffer from Long COVID. Each one contributes a small piece to the larger research puzzle, helping to build scientific understanding of the disease, little by little.
Even as they do, though, the number of people living with Long COVID grows every day, and there are still few researchbacked treatments to offer them. Patients are pushing for an answer. Theyre pushing for the one treatment, says Christina Martin, a nurse practitioner who helps run DartmouthHitchcock Medical Centers PostAcute COVID Syndrome Clinic in New Hampshire. Theyre looking for the Holy Grail, and its just not out there.
Causes of Long COVID
Dozens of studies on Long COVID have been published in recent months, many of which can be broadly sorted into two camps. One group explores what goes wrong in the body to cause Long COVID symptoms, while the other seeks to identify whic |
h individuals are at greatest risk for developing the condition.
The most recent, published in Nature on March 7, suggests that SARSCoV2, the virus that causes COVID19, can damage the braineven among people who experienced mild cases. This, the authors write, could lead to lasting issues including cognitive decline, smell loss, and inflammation of the nervous system.
In a similar vein, research set to be presented at the European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases in April suggests that damage to the vagus nervewhich extends from the brain down the torsois behind many Long COVID symptoms. After studying almost 350 patients with Long COVID, the researchers found that 66 had symptoms indicative of vagus nerve damage, including abnormal heart rate, dizziness, and gastrointestinal problems. Another recent study, published March 1 in the journal Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation, also points to nerve damage as a likely culprit behind many symptoms.
But for a condition as comple |
x as Long COVID, which is linked to more than 200 different symptoms, there will likely not be a single cause, says Dr. Gemma Llads, an infectious disease physician at Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol in Spain and one of the researchers behind the vagus nerve study. Nerve damage may explain many cases, but it almost certainly cant explain them all, she says.
The vascular system is another area that has drawn attention from researchers. A study published in Biochemical Journal in February argues that tiny microclots in the blood may cause many Long COVID symptoms by preventing oxygen from reaching the bodys tissues. Similarly, a paper published in the journal Chest in January suggests that one hallmark of Long COVID, intolerance to exercise, may be related to poor oxygen delivery.
Other researchers theorize that remnants of the SARSCoV2 virus may linger in the body, potentially causing lasting symptoms. Its also possible that, for some people, COVID19 pushes the immune system into a hyperactive state, essentiall |
y causing it to attack itself.
That hypothesis dovetails with a paper published in the journal Cell in January, which tried to explain why some people develop Long COVID and others dont. The researchers found four key risk factors associated with developing Long COVID
a type 2 diabetes diagnosis
genetic material from the SARSCoV2 virus in the blood
evidence of EpsteinBarr virus in the blood
the presence of autoantibodiesmolecules that attack the bodys own tissues, instead of foreign pathogens like a virus
Coauthor James Heath, president of Seattles Institute for Systems Biology, says the autoantibody finding was the most important, in part because it showed a possible similarity between Long COVID and the autoimmune disease lupus. While theres no cure for lupus, there are treatments out there that can be effective, Heath says. So those would be a line of things that are worth looking at for Long COVID patients.
The finding that SARSCoV2 or EpsteinBarr viruses in the blood can predict some cases of Long COVID |
also suggests that taking antivirals shortly after a COVID19 diagnosis could help prevent some cases, he says.
The Treatment Gap
At the moment, though, those are just hypotheses. At least until more research is done, knowing about risk factors does little to help people who already have Long COVID, says Martin from DartmouthHitchcockespecially since most people have no idea whether they have something like autoantibodies in their systems.
Patients often ask about studies theyve read about risk factors and all Martin can tell them is that, its not changing how we manage your symptoms, she says. What might make you at risk for it, it doesnt change things. You have it.
Even symptom management is, at this point, a sophisticated game of trial and error, says Dr. Jeffrey Parsonnet, an infectious disease physician who also works in DartmouthHitchcocks clinic. Some of the interventions that seem to work best for patients in his cliniclike occupational therapy and mental health supporthave little to do with the basic |
science described in studies. One of the biggest things we have to offer is a knowledgeable and sympathetic ear, Parsonnet says.
Dr. Brad Nieset, who runs the Benefis Health System PostCOVID19 Recovery Program in Montana, says his approach hinges on meeting each patients recovery goals, whether thats feeling well enough to sing in church or getting back to an outdoor activity. While his team stays uptodate on the latest research, Nieset says it sometimes feels that people are grasping at zebras rather than looking for horses. Its not as complex once you break it down and focus on what could actually help each individual patient. Often, that means applying longused treatmentslike respiratory therapies or neurologic supportto a new disease, he says.
A better understanding of risk factors could be useful, Nieset says, if vulnerable individuals could seek care right after they test positive for COVID19. But, again, many risk factors identified by studies, such as autoantibodies or viral load in the blood, arent s |
omething the average individual would know they have.
As such, theres no direct implications of that, as far as developing screening standards or patient treatments, Parsonnet says.
Dr. Onur Boyman, a clinical immunologist at the University of Zurich, disagrees. He coauthored another recent paper on risk factors for Long COVID, published in January in Nature Communications. His team found that older people, those with a history of asthma, and people with low levels of certain immunoglobulins which are a type of antibody were at increased risk of developing Long COVID. People who experienced many different symptoms during their acute COVID19 infections also seemed at higher risk than those who had few symptoms.
While most people dont know much about their immunoglobulin levels, Boyman says that testing is fairly easy and inexpensive to do. If you have patients who are of older age andor have a history of asthma, then you could measure their immunoglobulin levels. If those are also relatively low, then you woul |
d know this individual has a particularly high risk of developing Long COVID, he says.
Armed with that knowledge, he says, you can make sure that individual is very well vaccinated, perhaps getting more regular booster shots than the average person, Boyman says. Studies have shown that vaccinated people who get infected are about half as less likely to develop Long COVID, compared to unvaccinated people.
Beyond Long COVID
Even if studies dont immediately translate to treatments, its important to understand how a disease works and who is affected. Thats especially true for a condition as complicated as Long COVID; if studies begin to suggest that there are actually different subtypes of Long COVID, that could lead to more personalized patient care, Boyman says.
Long COVID is also part of a much wider network of chronic diseases. It seems to overlap especially significantly with myalgic encephalomyelitischronic fatigue syndrome MECFSa condition that can follow viral illnesses and leads to debilitating exhaustio |
nto the point that some Long COVID patients meet the diagnostic criteria for MECFS.
Complex chronic conditions such as MECFS, chronic Lyme disease, and fibromyalgia have been around since long before COVID19 existed and affect millions of people in the U.S. alone, but they have not historically received much research funding or attention from the mainstream medical community. ME has a 40year history thats defined by neglect and abandonment, says patient advocate Rivka Solomon, who has had MECFS for 32 years.
While Solomon says shes thrilled by the amount of attention given to Long COVID and stresses that there is no us versus them in the chronic disease world, she wishes other complex illnesses received the same amount of attention and fundinglike the 1.15 billion over four years Congress gave the National Institutes of Health in 2020 to support research into the longterm effects of COVID19.
Part of the imbalance may have to do with the scale and immediacy of the Long COVID problem. Experts estimate there are |
upward of 15 million Long COVID patients in the U.S. and even more around the world, all of whom have gotten sick over the last two years. There are up to 2.5 million MECFS patients living in the U.S., by contrast. But if researchers had invested in MECFS and other postinfectious chronic illnesses earlier, Solomon says, they might have better answers for Long COVID patients today.
Heath argues that all the attention on Long COVID could lead to breakthroughs for other conditions. If researchers learn more about how chronic disease works, it could over time lead to improvements for people who live with a variety of different ailments, he says. Research is not really just about Long COVID. Its about the triggers that can lead to the development of chronic diseases. Solomon says shed like to see more studies focus specifically on conditions like MECFS, rather than assuming Long COVID findings will translate to other diagnoses.
Science is progressing, but that progress can feel painfully slow for both Long COVID |
patients and those who got sick from other viruses well before them. It can take years for hypotheses to turn into solutionsyears patients will never get back.
Contributor Jamie Ducharme
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Health Library Health Centers Pregnancy Newborns Pregnancy Complications
Complications of Pregnancy
What are some of the more common complications of pregnancy?
Most pregnancies are uneventful. But sometimes complications happen. Here are some of the more common pregnancy complications.
Normal pregnancy.
Amniotic fluid complications
Too much or too little amniotic fluid in the sac around the fetus may be a sign of a problem with the pregnancy. Too much fluid can put too much pressure on the pregnant person's uterus, leading to preterm labor. It also can cause pressure on the pregnant person's diaphragm. This can cause problems breathing. Fluids tend to build up in cases of uncontrolled diabetes, a multiple pregnancy, incompatible blood types, or birth defects. Too little fluid may be a sign of birth defects, growth retardation, or stillbirth.
Bleeding in late pregnancy may be a sign of a placental problem, a vaginal or cervical infection, or preterm labor. Women who bleed in late pregnancy may be at greater |
risk of losing the fetus and bleeding a lot. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you have bleeding at any time during the pregnancy.
An ectopic pregnancy is when the fetus develops outside of the uterus. This can happen in the fallopian tubes, cervical canal, or the pelvic or belly. The cause of an ectopic pregnancy is often scar tissue in the fallopian tube from infection or disease. The risk of ectopic pregnancy is higher in people who have had tubal sterilization procedures, especially people who were younger than age 30 at the time of sterilization.
Ectopic pregnancies happen in about 1 out of 50 pregnancies. They can be very unsafe for the pregnant person. Symptoms may include spotting and cramping. The longer an ectopic pregnancy goes on, the greater the chance that a fallopian tube will rupture. An ultrasound and blood tests may confirm the diagnosis. Treatment of an ectopic pregnancy may include medicine or surgery to take out the fetus.
Miscarriage or fetal loss
A miscarriage is pregnancy los |
s that happens up to 20 weeks of gestation. Most miscarriages happen before 12 weeks. Miscarriages happen in about 1 in 10 to 3 in 20 pregnancies. They are often due to genetic or chromosomal abnormalities.
Miscarriages are usually preceded by spotting and intense cramping. To confirm a miscarriage, an ultrasound and blood tests may be done. The fetus and contents of the uterus are often naturally expelled. If this does not happen, a procedure called a dilation and curettage D C may be needed. This procedure uses special tools to remove the abnormal pregnancy.
Fetal loss in the second trimester may happen if the cervix is weak and opens too early. This is called incompetent cervix. In some cases, a healthcare provider can help prevent pregnancy loss by stitching the cervix closed until delivery. The hormone progesterone may also be given to stop the cervix from dilating during pregnancy.
Placental complications
In a normal pregnancy, the placenta attaches to the uterine wall. But 3 types of placental complic |
ations may happen
Placental abruption. Sometimes the placenta becomes detached from the uterine wall too soon. This is called placental abruption. It leads to bleeding and less oxygen and nutrients to the fetus. The detachment may be complete or partial. The cause of placental abruption is often unknown. Placental abruption happens in about 1 in every 100 live births.
Placental abruption is more common in women who smoke, have high blood pressure, or have a multiple pregnancy. It also happens in people who have had previous children or a history of placental abruption. Symptoms and treatment depend on the degree of detachment. Symptoms may include bleeding, cramping, and belly tenderness. Diagnosis is often confirmed with a physical exam. An ultrasound may also be done. People are usually put in the hospital for this condition. They may have to deliver the baby early.
Placenta previa. Normally, the placenta is located in the upper part of the uterus. Placenta previa is a condition in which the placenta is att |
ached close to or covering the cervix the opening into the uterus. This type of placental complication happens in about 1 in every 200 deliveries. It happens more often in people who have scarring of the uterus from past pregnancies. It also happens in people who have fibroids or other problems in the uterus, or in people who have had uterine surgeries.
Symptoms may include vaginal bleeding that is bright red and not linked with belly tenderness or pain. Diagnosis is confirmed by doing a physical exam and an ultrasound. Depending on how bad the problem is and the stage of pregnancy, a change in activities or bed rest may be ordered. The baby often has to be delivered by cesarean section. This keeps the placenta from detaching early and depriving the baby of oxygen during delivery.
Placenta accreta. Sometimes the placenta or part of the placenta invades the uterine wall. This may result in third trimester bleeding. This problem may be found before delivery with ultrasound or MRI. It can lead to lifethreatening |
bleeding. A healthcare provider will plan the delivery carefully. Often, a hysterectomy is needed after delivery.
Preeclampsia or eclampsia
Preeclampsia or toxemia causes high blood pressure during pregnancy. Protein is also found in the urine. Sometimes a pregnant person has swelling due to fluid retention. Eclampsia is the more severe form of this problem. It can lead to seizures, coma, or even death.
The cause of preeclampsia is unknown. But it is more common in first pregnancies. It affects about 1 in 20 to 4 in 50 pregnant people. Other risk factors for preeclampsia include
A person carrying multiple fetuses
A teenage parent
A person older than 40
A person with high blood pressure, diabetes, or kidney disease before they became pregnant
History of thrombophilia or lupus
History of an in vitro pregnancy
A person who is obese with a BMI greater than 30
Symptoms may include severe swelling of the hands and face, high blood pressure, headache, dizziness, irritability, decreased urine output, belly pain, and |
blurred vision. Treatment will vary based on the severity of the condition and the stage of the pregnancy. Treatment may include a hospital stay, bed rest, medicine to lower blood pressure, and keeping close track of both the fetus and the parent.
Online Medical Reviewer Donna Freeborn PhD CNM FNP
Online Medical Reviewer Heather M Trevino BSN RNC
Online Medical Reviewer Irina Burd MD PhD
Asthma and Pregnancy
Back Pain During Pregnancy
Back Pain During Pregnancy Moving Safely
Back Pain During Pregnancy Positioning Yourself
Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID19 Pregnancy and Childbirth
Understanding Risks of Medicines in Pregnancy
Graves Disease in Pregnancy
Lupus and Pregnancy
Maternal and Fetal Infections
Maternal and Fetal Testing Overview
Premature Birth My Little Miracle |
Highland Park Ill.HistoryRecords, 1 results 1
Highland Park Ill.HistoryRecords Series
Highland Park Historical Society Records
This series contains documents pertaining to Highland Park Historical Society. The documents from the Challenge Grant Fund from 1992 through 1994 are included as well as repairs that have been done on the house and other administrative documents pertaining to the society.
Highland Park Historical Society |
Department of digitization
Digital repository of scientific institutes
Publishing Commission
Crossing borders, building walls. Towards ethnography of Russian war mobilisation
Research projects title Crossing borders, building walls. Towards ethnography of Russian war mobilisation
Funding Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange NAWA nr BPNGIN2022100082DEC1
Dates 16.01.202316.01.2024
Project leader dr Zuzanna Bogumi
Project host Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Cooperating Institutions University of Eastern Finland, Wydzia Socjologii UW, Instytut Slawistyki PAN, Nazarbayev University, Ilia State University, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology NAS RA, Bursa Uluda University
Contact email zbogumiletiaepan.edu.pl
The main goal of the project is to investigate the specificity of the migration wave related to mobilisation in Russia announced in September 2022 regarding the ongoing war in Ukraine. Project puts a particular focus on establishing how do migrants explain t |
heir decision to flee from mobilisation? How do they explain the mobilisation? To what extent do they perceive the migration as an individual, social and political act? The project recognizes that the mobilisation is a new pushing factor in the contemporary European and Worlds migration crisis, and therefore it requires a separated academic reflection. Moreover, since February 2022, there has been a clear and dynamic increase in the number of Russian diasporas in Europe and around the world, and their status and role require investigation. We therefore focus on Russian migration of mobilisation in order to establish how it fits into the debates about the humanitarian crisis, what are its particular features and how mobilisation as a pushing factor affects the current migration landscape. Within the framework of the project in 8 selected countries Poland, Finland, Estonia, Georgia, Armenia, Turkey, Kazakhstan and Mongolia we aim to conduct indepth interviews IDI each with migrantsrefugeesfugitivesconscientio |
us objectors of Russian citizenship from different social strata and ethnic groups who crossed the border after the announcement of partial mobilisation in their country. As a supplementary methods we use participant observation and critical discourse analysis CDA, essential for contextualising this wave of migration in particular countries.
The project involves conducting interviews with people in the migration crisis, which is why we attach great importance to the methodology, ethics, safety of research and securing the collected data. The ethical principles of the project "Crossing borders, building walls" are based on the universal principle of respect for human rights. In the protection and processing of personal data, we follow the principles contained in Regulation 2016679 Protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 9546EC General Data Protection Regulation , and relevant documents applicable to our partner |
s from outside the EU whose countries have not adopted Regulation 2016679.
Mustafa Berkay Aydn with a bachelor's degree in Sociology Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey and he obtained PhD 2015 in Sociology Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. Now, he works as Assoc. Prof. at Bursa Uluda University Department of Sociology, BursaTurkey. He is interesting in digital sociology, sociology of sport, applied sociology, political sociology, migration and sociology of work. He has published some publications in these areas. He conducts researches at Turkey, on the other hand he was at different countries and universities as a visiting reseacrher at his academic process in a various times such as University of Kent UK, London Metropolitan University UK and Stockholm University Sweden. Detailed Infrmation httpsavesis.uludag.edu.trberkayaydin, email berkayaydinetuludag.edu.tr
Alima Bissenova is an Associate Professor of Anthropology at Nazarbayev University. She specializes in urban anthropology, anthropology |
of Islam, postcolonial studies, and intellectual history. She has published her work in English and Russian in the journals Religion, State, and Society, EuropeAsia Studies, AB Imperio, Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie, Current History, and Sotsiologiya Vlasti.
Zuzanna Bogumi project coordinator is cultural anthropologist, working at the Institute of Archeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences. She specializes in memory studies, museum studies and anthropology of religion. Bogumi is an author, coauthor or coeditor of several books, among them Gulag Memories The Rediscovery and Commemoration of Russia's Repressive Past Berghan Books 2018, Milieux de mmoire in Late Modernity. Local Communities, Religion and Historical Politics Peter Lang 2019. Memory and Religion from a Postsecular Perspective Routledge 2022. She currently coordinates several projects among them project Postsecular approach to memory processes in CentralEastern Europe sponsored by Visegrad Found.
Mariam Darchiashvili is an AssistantProfes |
sor in social and cultural anthropology at Ilia State University, Georgia. Her research interest includes migration and mobilities, informality, and economic and legal anthropology. As a researcher, she has been involved in the following scientific projects Religiosity among young Georgians 20152018; Infrastructure and Narratives Black Sea Networks 20182019; Surrogacy as Networked Phenomenon the study of key actors and their interrelations 20202023, Death in migration perspectives from the postSoviet space 20212022. Her articles have appeared in Nationalities Papers, Journal of Religion in Europe, and Revue Europenne des Migrations Internationales REMI.
Olga DavydovaMinguet, PhD in ethnology, holds a professorship in Russian and border studies at the Karelian Institute of the university of Eastern Finland. DavydovaMinguets main research interests fall within the intersections of migration, cultural, gender and transnational studies. She has studied immigration of Russian speakers to Finland since the beginnin |
g of 2000s. With her research group, recently she has conducted research projects focusing on transnational politics of memory in the border areas of Finland and Russia, media use of Russian speakers in Finland, and perceptions of Russia in Finnish border areas among different population groups. Her current Finnish Academys funded research project delves into death practices among Russianspeaking immigrants in Eastern Finland, and into the meanings of death in memory politics in bordering Republic of Karelia in Russia and Eastern Finland.
Ketevan Gurchiani is a professor of anthropology at Ilia State University in Tbilisi, Georgia. She is particularly interested in lived religion, the domesticated and undomesticated nature of the city, and informal practices of resistance. Since 2020, Ketevan Gurchiani has been leading the project "Tbilisi as an Urban Assemblage" httpsurbanassemblage.iliauni.edu.ge. In this project she is interested in different aspects of the intertwining of human and nonhuman in the city. K |
etevan Gurchiani is also involved in the projects "An Anthropology of Gardens Otherwise and Elsewhere", "Surrogacy as Networked Phenomenon", and Conflict and Cooperation in Eastern Europe. Webpage httpsfaculty.iliauni.edu.geartsketevangurchiani?langen
Byambabaatar Ichinkhorloo PhD is the head of the Challenge Local Development Research Institute in Mongolia and a senior lecturer at the Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia. Previously, he worked as a lecturer at the University of Zurich and a coinvestigator of "Gobi Framework" research project at the University of Oxford. As a social anthropologist, Byamba is studying how people make a living in Mongolia since 1990. His earlier research focused on social networks, pastoralism, and political economy and ecology. Recently, he studies nomadic cultures, state policies, and mining impacts in Inner Asia. His latest publication includes the "Impact of Mining Lifecycles in Mongolia and Kyrgyzstan Political, Social, Environmental |
and Cultural Contexts."
Chuluunbaatar Munkhtuul PhD is a senior researcher at the Challenge Local Development Research Institute and a lecturer at the Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia. She received her doctorate from the Minzu University of China in Beijing and worked in the international research institutes including World Anthropology and Ethnology Research Center and research projects of ADB and World Bank in addition to her academic teaching at the University of Art and Culture. Her research focuses on kinship, family, politics, rituals, migration and biopolitics in Mongolia and China. Her latest publication includes the "Care and the State Family of Comtemporary Chinese Villages and the Government."
Sona Nersisyan received PhD degree in history and ethnology at the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography NAS RA. I am a senior researcher at the Department of Diaspora Studies at the same Institute. Also, I have an experience of working as a lecturer at the Armenia |
n State Pedagogical University, and Scientific Advisor to the Director of National Institute of Labor and Social Research by Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs of RA.I managed and participated in the international and state research projects in different fields, which include migration, diaspora studies, repatriation studies, social network analysis, investment and socioeconomic studies.
Raili Nugin is a sociologist, working at the School of Humanities, Tallinn University. During her academic career she has studied transition to adulthood, generational conceptualisation, youth mobilities, rural youth, ruralurban relations, memory transmission and social exclusion. Within her different research projects international and national, she has also studied Russian ethnic minorities in Estonia and recently, Ukrainian refugees in the context of ruralurban networks. She has authored several research articles in different journals Memory Studies, Journal of Youth Studies, Journal of Rural Studies, Sociologia Ruralis, |
edited a book about generations Generations in Estonia Contemporary Perspectives on Turbulent Times, Tartu University 2015 and written a monograph about the generation born in the 1970s The 1970s Portrait of a Generation at the Doorstep, Tartu University 2015.
Tomasz Rawski is a political and cultural sociologist focused on researching memory politics, nationalismwar and state socialism in contemporary Eastern Europe and beyond. He authored a book on Bosniak nationalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina after 1995 and several articles in renowned journals, including East European Politics and Societies, International Journal of Comparative Sociology and Problems of PostCommunism. He participated in research projects focused on memory politics, including H2020 REPAST and H2020 DisTerrMem. He was a visiting scholar at University College London, Uppsala University and University of Sarajevo.
Katarzyna RomanRawska, assistant professor at the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Literary scholar |
, sociologist, publicist and literary translator. She works on the intersection of culture and politics as well as antiregime and antiwar resistance in contemporary Russia. httpspanpl.academia.eduKatarzynaRomanRawska
Tamilla ahin is a PhD student at the Bursa Uludag University, Department of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations. At the same time, I am continuing my doctoral education as project assistant in Priority Migration area within the YK 100 2000 program. My research interests include immigration, Meskhetian Turks and their social issues.
Caress Schenk is an Associate Professor of political science at Nazarbayev University Astana, Kazakhstan with teaching and research expertise in the politics of immigration and national identity in Eurasia. Her new book, published with the University of Toronto Press, is called Why Control Immigration? Strategic Uses of Migration Management in Russia. Current and previous research has been funded by the American Councils for International Education, Nazarbayev U |
niversity and the Fulbright Scholar Program and has been published in Demokratizatisya, EuropeAsia Studies, and Nationalities Papers, and in edited volumes published by Edinburgh University Press and Oxford University Press. Dr. Schenk is a member of the Program on New Approaches to Research and Security in Eurasia PONARS Eurasia.
Anna Sokolova is a Kone Foundation Fellow at the Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies University of Helsinki. Her previous research was related to Soviet death and funeral culture, which resulted in the book A New Death for a New Man? Funeral Culture in the Early Soviet Union 2022, in Russian. Her current project tends to reveal everyday life in timber production workers settlement of late Soviet Karelia. |
Soil Taxonomy
Soil Profile
Soil Layers
Usda Soil
Soil Horizon
Soil Carbon
What Is Soil Taxonomy?
Soil taxonomy is the practice of describing, categorizing, and naming soils. Like the taxonomy of living organisms, soil taxonomy is designed to make it easier for people to communicate information about different kinds of soils, how they are used, their properties, and where they are found. The United States Department of Agriculture USDA has developed a complex soil taxonomy system which is widely used, and the organization publishes keys which can be used to identify soils, as well as mediating when disputes about the taxonomy of various soils arise.
Under the USDA's soil taxonomy system, soils are organized into orders, suborders, great groups, subgroups, families, and series, with orders being the broadest category, while series are the smallest. Some examples of the 12 orders in the system include Gelisols, Oxisols, Vertisols, Aridisols, and Inceptisols.
In soil taxonomy, different types of soils are describ |
ed, categorized and named.
When soils are taxonomized, their composition is a key feature, but scientists also evaluate their location, and factors like the climate where the soil is found. Features like permafrost can be important to taxonomy, for example, as can extreme dryness or humidity. Soil composition is based on a number of factors, including minerals in the area, decayed organic material, underlying geology, and so forth, and these influences can be quite diverse, with thousands of soil types recognized under the USDA system.
Soil taxonomies deal with composition and location of soils.
A number of functions are served by soil taxonomy. The ability to use taxonomic nomenclature is critical to people when they want to communicate with each other about soils, as rather than using a term like loose, loamy soil, they can select the appropriate series using a key, precisely communicating the details of the soil type in a name. This is useful in the preparation of environmental reports and a wide variety o |
f other documents, allowing someone anywhere in the world to immediately understand the soil conditions in a given area when they are described taxonomically.
Soil taxonomy is also important because it creates a framework which people can use to understand soils. The hierarchical organization can be used to examine the relationships between different types of soils, for example, and researchers can use this information to explore geology, agricultural techniques, and a wide variety of other topics. Soil scientists use taxonomy extensively in their work, to do everything from describing the soil in someone's back yard and discussing the implications for gardening to exploring the loss of topsoil as a result of heavy winds, desertification, or flooding.
What does a Taxonomist do?
How do I Become a Taxonomist?
What is Clay Soil?
What is Pedology?
What is Plant Taxonomy?
What is Taxonomy?
What is Binomial Nomenclature?
pleonasm
umbra21 There are a lot of little tests you can do to identify what kind of soil you |
have on your property, but if you are serious about growing things you might have to send samples away to a lab.
This is usually not that expensive and it will give you real results, including levels of soil nitrogen, the soil acidity and so on.
You might also want to ask around your area, or even take a look at the different plants that seem to be growing well. There's no guarantee that you have the exact same soil profile as your neighbors but it's pretty likely.
They will be able to tell you which plants they have had no success with and which ones flourish without any attention at all.
I remember in my geology class they had a couple of field trips where we had to go out and classify different kinds of soil in the landscape around the university. Although true classification needs special equipment, they had us do it like we could at home. Like, if you squish a bit of soil in your fist and it sticks in a tight ball, it contains more clay. The more loosely it sticks the more sand it contains.
You could als |
o tell things from the color of the soil, how gritty it felt between the fingers, what it looked like when a bit of turf was cut away and so on.
Once you know a few of the more simple tests it can help you to identify the soil profile in your backyard and the best plants to grow there.
By Byelikova Oksana |
WriterEditor Ministry of Culture
Dear Hiring Decision Maker
As someone whos an active artist and spent many years in writing, editorial work, art education and communications, I believe I am an excellent candidate for the position of WriterEditor for the Ministry of Culture.
After completing my Education degree at the U of A major in art and serving as a writerproduction editor for the Students Union, Gateway, I joined The University of Calgary as a Communications Officer II. In this position, I worked with university administrators to develop and implement strategic communications plans focusing on students, staff, faculty and the public. As coeditor of the biweekly, Gazette, I researched and wrote news and feature articles on the activities in all Faculties. This often required me to present complex concepts to a more general audience and I always sought to do so in an engaging way. My article, New ways to slice the mapping pie, which compares advances in digital mapping to an overloaded pizza, is a perfec |
t example. In addition to profiling new staff members, like Beatrice Medicine, I contributed press releases and helped in the production of materials in support of the Winter Olympics. My art abilities were used through my photography, illustration and design skills.
After almost five years with the U of C, I accepted a position as a Journalism Instructor at Grant MacEwan, where I taught News Photography, Graphic Design, News Laboratory and Media studies.
Moving to Vancouver, I joined Southam Business Communications as Western Editor for Canadian Forest Industries Magazine, providing copy on all aspects of the business including harvesting, safety and milling. I then settled in Nanaimo writing for The Nanaimo Business Examiner and Nanaimo Daily Free Press, among others.
As Marketing Manager for forest equipment manufacturer TMAR Industries, my duties included building brand awareness; conducting customer surveys; producing advertising copy, brochures and videos; and launching the companys newsletter, The TMAR |
Times. My duties also included designing and overseeing the installation of the companys booth at the Truck Loggers Convention in Vancouver.
A downturn in the industry led to 10 years overseas teaching in Libya, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Norway, the UAE and Japan. In that time, I taught art to students that ranged in age from gradethree to adult using the Irish Leaving Certificate, IGCSE and International Baccalaureate curricula. A highlight of this period was the production of my video application for the position of Traveling Ambassador for Air Transat.
Returning to Canada in 2012, I worked with a web designer to launch my WordPress website and have continually added content featuring my writing, photography, art, music, graphic design and video production. Moving to Prince George in 2013, I completed a major outdoor installation, The Spirit of Prince George, 2015, 2014 for Timberspan Wood Products and also submitted a number proposals for art commissions, including leading a team on a submission to build a |
Holocaust memorial in Ottawa. I use my blog to promote my belief in a more loving and inclusive world. My Happy Face Series and my carving, TEACH ONLY LOVE, are examples of initiatives supporting that theme.
I have expertise in MS Office including PowerPoint, Photoshop, Illustrator and a variety of video editing programs.
Since my return to Canada, Ive worked in a number of fields further diversifying my life and employment background. Particularly relevant work experience would be my years spent as a Licensed Property Manager, where, in addition to handling correspondence for the company owner, I worked with a variety of database systems.
Returning to Edmonton my birth city in April 2021, I worked for Edmontons Mustard Seed through Bissell Employment Services and am currently applying my creative culinary skills in the role of Second Cook for Horizon North at the MEG Energy site near Conklin.
In conclusion, I believe I have the qualifications and competencies to be effective in this role. Accordingly, let me |
suggest we meet to discuss the contribution I could make to the Ministry of Culture in filling this role. |
Criminal Miscellaneous Application 88 of 2012
Download PDF DOC DOCX PDF With Metadata Docx With Metadata XML Show Metadata
GODFREY SHIMONYO V REPUBLIC2012eKLR
GODFREY SHIMONYO V REPUBLIC
High Court at Kakamega
B. THURANIRA JADEN
GODFREY SHIMONYO ......................................... APPLICANT
REPUBLIC ........................................................ RESPONDENT
R U L I N G
The applicant, GODFREY SHIMONYO was convicted and sentenced to death for the offence of robbery with violence contrary to Section 296 2 of the Penal Code. The applicants appeal to the High Court was dismissed on 23.2.2011.
The applicant subsequently applied for a retrial vide his application dated 18.6.12.
The ground of the application is that retrial has high chances of success.
Mr. Oroni, the State Counsel opposed the application on the ground that it has not been explained what the new evidence is.
Article 50 6 of the Constitution provides as follows
A person who is convicted of a criminal offence may petition the High Court f |
or a new trial if
a the persons appeal, if any, has been dismissed by the highest court to which the person is entitled to appeal, or the person did not appeal within the time allowed for appeal, and
bnew and compelling evidence has become available.
The applicants appeal has not been dismissed by the highest court to which he is entitled to appeal. If the applicant did not appeal within the time allowed for appeal, he has not demonstrated that his application to appeal out of time has not been successful. There is also no new and compelling evidence that has become available.
In addition to the Constitution, I have considered the Principles to be applied when considering whether or not to order a retrial as restated by the Court of Appeal in the case of BERNARD LOLIMO EKIMAT VS R. CA NO.151 OF 2004 ELDORET.
There are many decisions on the question of what appropriate case would attract an order of retrial, but on the main the principle that has been acceptable to court is that the case must depend on the pa |
rticular facts and circumstances of that case but an order for retrial should only be made where interests of justice required it.
In the instant case, after considering the issues raised by the applicant, I have not seen any procedural irregularities that go to the core of the matter and can be said to have occasioned a miscarriage of justice.
The application has no merits and is dismissed.
Delivered, dated and signed at Kakamega this 19th day of December, 2012
J U D G E
Download PDF DOC DOCX PDF With Metadata Docx With Metadata XML |
Frank William Craske
64 Canning Street Launceston Tasmania Australia
Caroline Nash
William Vivian, Harold, Alfred Ernest, Frank Lloyd, Ella Stanley Seymour
Frank William Craske was born in Colchester, Essex, England, to William Giles Craske and his wife Mary Boulter. It appears that Frank ran away to sea when he was 15 years old. He was a cook and steward on the Leslie in 186768 and settled in Tasmania in about 1870, where he was a pioneer of the Bridport and Scottsdale districts. Frank was a shipping agent, harbour master and pilot at Bridport. He built Craske's Jetty which was used to ship tin and gold from the NorthEast.
After about twenty years in the area he moved to Launceston and joined the office of the Union Steamship Company. He spent some time as the manager for the company in Strahan. After retirement he returned to Launceston and became the honorary secretary to the Mayor's Patriotic Fund.
Frank married Caroline Nash on 29 May 1878. Their first four children were registered in the Ringarooma dis |
trict between 1879 and 1886 and the two youngest in Launceston in 1890 and 1893. Frank died on 6 Dec 1921 aged 73 and was buried at the Carr Villa Cemetery in the Anglican section B6 No 86. Caroline moved to Hobart and was buried there on 15 Feb 1941 aged 81.
Gus Green Marion Sargent Nov 2007 Elizabeth Stuart Feb 2008 |
William Francis Cato
'Carrington' 10 Hillside Crescent Launceston Tasmania Australia
Isabella Elizabeth Lucas
Montagu Frank, Louis Fawkner, Minnie Eleanor Eva Gertrude
William Francis Cato was born in Hobart on 26 May 1854, a son of Joseph Cato 18211884 and his wife Frances Hickman, formerly Hertzman 18231908. William married Isabella Lucas on 2 Oct 1878. Their four children were born in Launceston Montagu in 1881, Louis in 1884, Minnie in 1886 and Eva in 1887. The family attended the Margaret Street Methodist Church where William was a trustee, a member of the choir and a Sunday school teacher. He was also a trustee of the Methodist Ladies' College, a member of the Launceston Benevolent Society and South Launceston Bowls Club. He worked at W Hart Sons, ironmongers, for 50 years, becoming a partner in 1919. He retired in 1928 and died in Launceston on 2 Sep 1933. Source Jenny Gill, Engraved in memory.
Marion Sargent Nov 2005 Richard Cato Oct 2006 |
PHARMACY View Entire Chapter
465.003 Definitions.As used in this chapter, the term
1 Acute and postacute hospital care at home means acute and postacute health care services provided in a clinically qualified patients permanent residence, as defined in s. 196.01217, through a program approved by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the Agency for Health Care Administration.
2 Administration means the obtaining and giving of a single dose of medicinal drugs by a legally authorized person to a patient for her or his consumption.
3 Automated pharmacy system means a mechanical system that delivers prescription drugs received from a Florida licensed pharmacy and maintains related transaction information.
4 Board means the Board of Pharmacy.
5 Central distribution facility means a facility under common control with a hospital holding a Class III institutional pharmacy permit that may dispense, distribute, compound, or fill prescriptions for medicinal drugs; prepare prepackaged drug products; and condu |
ct other pharmaceutical services.
6 Centralized prescription filling means the filling of a prescription by one pharmacy upon request by another pharmacy to fill or refill the prescription. The term includes the performance by one pharmacy for another pharmacy of other pharmacy duties such as drug utilization review, therapeutic drug utilization review, claims adjudication, and the obtaining of refill authorizations.
7 Common control means the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a person or an organization, whether by ownership of stock, voting rights, contract, or otherwise.
8 Compounded sterile product means a drug that is intended for parenteral administration, an ophthalmic or oral inhalation drug in aqueous format, or a drug or product that is required to be sterile under federal or state law or rule, which is produced through compounding, but is not approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration.
9 Compounding means combining, mixing, or altering the ingr |
edients of one or more drugs or products to create another drug or product.
10 Consultant pharmacist means a pharmacist licensed by the department and certified as a consultant pharmacist pursuant to s. 465.0125.
11 Data communication device means an electronic device that receives electronic information from one source and transmits or routes it to another, including, but not limited to, any such bridge, router, switch, or gateway.
12 Department means the Department of Health.
13 Dispense means the transfer of possession of one or more doses of a medicinal drug by a pharmacist to the ultimate consumer or her or his agent. As an element of dispensing, the pharmacist shall, prior to the actual physical transfer, interpret and assess the prescription order for potential adverse reactions, interactions, and dosage regimen she or he deems appropriate in the exercise of her or his professional judgment, and the pharmacist shall certify that the medicinal drug called for by the prescription is ready for transfer. T |
he pharmacist shall also provide counseling on proper drug usage, either orally or in writing, if in the exercise of her or his professional judgment counseling is necessary. The actual sales transaction and delivery of such drug shall not be considered dispensing. The administration shall not be considered dispensing.
14 Institutional formulary system means a method whereby the medical staff evaluates, appraises, and selects those medicinal drugs or proprietary preparations which in the medical staffs clinical judgment are most useful in patient care, and which are available for dispensing by a practicing pharmacist in a Class II or Class III institutional pharmacy.
15 Medicinal drugs or drugs means those substances or preparations commonly known as prescription or legend drugs which are required by federal or state law to be dispensed only on a prescription, but shall not include patents or proprietary preparations as hereafter defined.
16 Nuclear pharmacist means a pharmacist licensed by the department and |
certified as a nuclear pharmacist pursuant to s. 465.0126.
17 Outsourcing facility means a single physical location registered as an outsourcing facility under the federal Drug Quality and Security Act, Pub. L. No. 11354, at which sterile compounding of a drug or product is conducted.
18 Patent or proprietary preparation means a medicine in its unbroken, original package which is sold to the public by, or under the authority of, the manufacturer or primary distributor thereof and which is not misbranded under the provisions of the Florida Drug and Cosmetic Act.
19 Pharmacist means any person licensed pursuant to this chapter to practice the profession of pharmacy.
20a Pharmacy includes a community pharmacy, an institutional pharmacy, a nuclear pharmacy, a special pharmacy, and an Internet pharmacy.
1. The term community pharmacy includes every location where medicinal drugs are compounded, dispensed, stored, or sold or where prescriptions are filled or dispensed on an outpatient basis.
2. The term institutio |
nal pharmacy includes every location in a hospital, clinic, nursing home, dispensary, sanitarium, extended care facility, or other facility, hereinafter referred to as health care institutions, where medicinal drugs are compounded, dispensed, stored, or sold.
3. The term nuclear pharmacy includes every location where radioactive drugs and chemicals within the classification of medicinal drugs are compounded, dispensed, stored, or sold. The term nuclear pharmacy does not include hospitals licensed under chapter 395 or the nuclear medicine facilities of such hospitals.
4. The term special pharmacy includes every location where medicinal drugs are compounded, dispensed, stored, or sold if such locations are not otherwise defined in this subsection.
5. The term Internet pharmacy includes locations not otherwise licensed or issued a permit under this chapter, within or outside this state, which use the Internet to communicate with or obtain information from consumers in this state and use such communication or inf |
ormation to fill or refill prescriptions or to dispense, distribute, or otherwise engage in the practice of pharmacy in this state. Any act described in this definition constitutes the practice of the profession of pharmacy.
b The pharmacy department of any permittee shall be considered closed whenever a Florida licensed pharmacist is not present and on duty. The term not present and on duty shall not be construed to prevent a pharmacist from exiting the prescription department for the purposes of consulting or responding to inquiries or providing assistance to patients or customers, attending to personal hygiene needs, or performing any other function for which the pharmacist is responsible, provided that such activities are conducted in a manner consistent with the pharmacists responsibility to provide pharmacy services.
21 Pharmacy intern means a person who is currently registered in, and attending, a duly accredited college or school of pharmacy, or who is a graduate of such a school or college of pharmac |
y, and who is duly and properly registered with the department as provided for under its rules.
22 Practice of the profession of pharmacy includes compounding, dispensing, and consulting concerning contents, therapeutic values, and uses of any medicinal drug; consulting concerning therapeutic values and interactions of patent or proprietary preparations, whether pursuant to prescriptions or in the absence and entirely independent of such prescriptions or orders; and conducting other pharmaceutical services. For purposes of this subsection, the term other pharmaceutical services means monitoring the patients drug therapy and assisting the patient in the management of his or her drug therapy, and includes reviewing, and making recommendations regarding, the patients drug therapy and health care status in communication with the patients prescribing health care provider as licensed under chapter 458, chapter 459, chapter 461, or chapter 466, or a similar statutory provision in another jurisdiction, or such provid |
ers agent or such other persons as specifically authorized by the patient; and initiating, modifying, or discontinuing drug therapy for a chronic health condition under a collaborative pharmacy practice agreement. This subsection may not be interpreted to permit an alteration of a prescribers directions, the diagnosis or treatment of any disease, the initiation of any drug therapy, the practice of medicine, or the practice of osteopathic medicine, unless otherwise permitted by law or specifically authorized by s. 465.1865 or s. 465.1895. The term practice of the profession of pharmacy also includes any other act, service, operation, research, or transaction incidental to, or forming a part of, any of the foregoing acts, requiring, involving, or employing the science or art of any branch of the pharmaceutical profession, study, or training, and shall expressly permit a pharmacist to transmit information from persons authorized to prescribe medicinal drugs to their patients. The practice of the profession of ph |
armacy also includes the administration of vaccines to adults pursuant to s. 465.189; the testing or screening for and treatment of minor, nonchronic health conditions pursuant to s. 465.1895; and the preparation of prepackaged drug products in facilities holding Class III institutional pharmacy permits. The term also includes the ordering and evaluating of any laboratory or clinical testing; conducting patient assessments; and modifying, discontinuing, or administering medicinal drugs pursuant to s. 465.0125 by a consultant pharmacist.
23 Prescription includes any order for drugs or medicinal supplies written or transmitted by any means of communication by a duly licensed practitioner authorized by the laws of the state to prescribe such drugs or medicinal supplies and intended to be dispensed by a pharmacist. The term also includes an orally transmitted order by the lawfully designated agent of such practitioner. The term also includes an order written or transmitted by a practitioner licensed to practice i |
n a jurisdiction other than this state, but only if the pharmacist called upon to dispense such order determines, in the exercise of her or his professional judgment, that the order is valid and necessary for the treatment of a chronic or recurrent illness. The term prescription also includes a pharmacists order for a product selected from the formulary created pursuant to s. 465.186. Prescriptions may be retained in written form or the pharmacist may cause them to be recorded in a data processing system, provided that such order can be produced in printed form upon lawful request.
History.ss. 1, 7, ch. 79226; s. 322, ch. 81259; ss. 14, 15, ch. 81302; ss. 2, 3, ch. 81318; ss. 1, 2, ch. 82179; s. 1, ch. 83101; s. 36, ch. 83216; s. 3, ch. 83265; s. 29, ch. 83329; s. 1, ch. 8535; ss. 2, 26, 27, ch. 86256; s. 1, ch. 88172; s. 1, ch. 8977; s. 59, ch. 91137; s. 6, ch. 91156; s. 4, ch. 91429; s. 123, ch. 94218; s. 239, ch. 97103; s. 87, ch. 97264; s. 118, ch. 99397; s. 1, ch. 2002182; s. 1, ch. 200425; s. 1, ch. 200 |
4387; s. 2, ch. 2007152; s. 2, ch. 201260; s. 1, ch. 2014148; s. 1, ch. 201895; s. 2, ch. 20207; s. 1, ch. 20208; s. 3, ch. 202235. |
Building Confidence With Dental Beauty
My name is a Danielle Travis, and as a child I sucked my thumb, refused to drink milk, and spent many hours sucking on hard candies. I formed my first cavity at age five and my dental enamel was always sensitive to hot and cold foods. As an adult, I worked diligently with my dentist to regain my oral health. I also became a nutritionist and I soon found that my beautiful, white, straight, and healthy teeth made me feel more beautiful and confident when working with clients. I started this blog to inform you how to keep your teeth and your child's teeth as beautiful as possible. The teeth show the inspiration of your smile, and a strong grin is instrumental to a positive self image. Read on to learn about good oral health and how you can build your own and your child's self esteem through dental beauty.
8 Tips For Healthy Teeth And Gums
Your oral health is important and affects your ove
3 Things You Should Know About Dental Implants
You might already have dentures or you |
might have
Top 4 Ways To Extend The Lifespan Of Your Dental Crowns
Dental crowns have a long average lifespan. The ty
4 Signs You Should Consider Dental Implants
A dental implant is a more permanent solution to t
How To Extend The Lifespan Of Dental Crowns After A Dentist Puts Them In
If you have weak or damaged teeth, one of the best
Don't Let Surgical Anxiety Stop You From Considering Dental Implants
One of the reasons that some people are a bit hesitant to consider dental implants is simply because the process of getting these implants is technically classified as dental surgery. While it is understandable that many people wish to avoid surgical procedures when possible, the fact is that this procedure is not nearly as invasive as the word surgery may suggest. In fact, once you take the time to really review the steps involved in getting dental implants, you will likely find that it is well worth the benefits that implants are able to provide.
The first part of the implant process is really noninvasiv |
e. This step simply involves your dentist taking both xrays and molds of your mouth. The xrays allow the dentist to ensure your jawbone has the required strength and thickness to support an implant. The molds provide the dentist with the information they need to have a dental crown fashioned that perfectly mimics the size and shape of your natural teeth. If you are replacing an already missing tooth, this will be the extent of your first visit to the dentist. If you are replacing a damaged or decayed tooth, your dentist may also wish to extract the tooth during this visit in order to allow for some healing time prior to moving on to the next step. While you may experience a bit of discomfort after an extraction, the pain is typically quite manageable with overthecounter medications.
The Day Of Surgery
This is the part of the process that is often a source of anxiety for people. However, there truly is no reason to be concerned. This step of the process will be completed at your dentist's office, and you will |
be able to go home almost immediately after the process is completed. In most cases, a general anesthetic will be used to ensure you don't experience any discomfort.
While you are under anesthesia, your dentist will make a small incision in the gum in order to allow them access to your jawbone. The metal implant will be placed in a small hole inside the jawbone, and the incision will then be closed using a few stitches. If you are worried about going without a tooth until the final step of the process, you will be supplied with a temporary denture at this time. Once the anesthesia wears off enough for you to safely stand, you will be able to leave. However, it is important to note that you will need someone to drive you home due to the use of general anesthesia.
The Finishing Touch
This final step in the process will typically take place a few weeks after your surgery to ensure that your jawbone has had plenty of time to heal. At this point in the process, all of the hard work has already been done. Your dent |
ist will take another set of xrays to make sure that the bone has healed around the implant. As long as ample healing has taken place, your new crown will be fitted onto your implant, and you will be free to share your beautiful new smile with the world. In the event more healing time is required, your dentist will simply have you return to their office in a few more weeks in order to attach your crown.
Contact a clinic like Parkview Dental to learn more. |
See all of Pistol Day Parade's Songs
PlayHigh
by Pistol Day Parade
"High" is based on the real life scenario of what can happen if Daddy's little girl isn't given enough attention and falls into the open arms of addiction!
Uploaded March 4, 2008
Comments for High
It's nice to have music that not only sounds great but has a message. Keep up the amazing work guys!!!
by pistol day's girlfriend on October 4, 2009 at 1104 PM EDT
I agree with little sister. She had me listen and I'm hooked on the sound as well as the words.Keep rocking man This beat will go far.
by littlesister on April 27, 2008 at 121 PM EDT
You guys are the greatest, Love This Son!You should be on raadi
Awesome song. The guitar is bad ass!!!
by clint26 on March 30, 2008 at 657 PM EDT
I am so happy for you guys. This rocks. You guys are the best. I can't wait to see you on the 4th. Keep Fing Rock'n!
by christelc727 on March 29, 2008 at 1037 AM EDT
This song is 1 in my book
by RaisinRiverSoap on March 28, 2008 at 950 PM EDT
This song Fing Rocks!
b |