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The entire mountain range is very remote ; as a result , there are few visitors , and the range offers a wilderness @-@ like experience . <unk> , hunting , fishing , and hiking are the most popular activities . The only developed recreation site nearby is at <unk> Creek Hot Springs , just south of the <unk> Ranch , where nearby there are miles of trails designated for four @-@ wheel off @-@ road vehicles . Hunters come to the mountains seeking trophy mule deer , <unk> , <unk> , and rabbits . <unk> on some streams is sometimes permitted on a catch @-@ and @-@ release basis . The mountains are also suitable for hiking cross @-@ country or on game trails in natural corridors along canyons and creek <unk> . There are more than 100 archaeological sites in the range that document use by Northern <unk> people as long as 7 @,@ 000 years ago .
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<unk> grazing in the <unk> Creek Mountains began in the late 19th century , and the <unk> currently <unk> grazing <unk> in the area . <unk> can be found grazing in some areas during the spring and summer months . The effects of grazing on the local environment were the subject of controversy in the 1980s .
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= = Land @-@ management compromise = =
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By the 1970s and 1980s , a century of intense cattle grazing had reduced much of the riparian vegetation along stream banks in the <unk> Creek Mountains and elsewhere in the Great Basin . As a result , stream banks were eroding and upland vegetation was encroaching into riparian zones . <unk> populations declined as grazing cattle eliminated young trees , decreasing shade over streams and raising water temperatures . These conditions put the rare <unk> <unk> trout population at risk . Since the <unk> was officially designated as a threatened species , environmental groups began advocating the cancellation of grazing permits in the <unk> Creek Mountains .
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Beginning in the early 1970s , the Bureau of Land Management identified damaged riparian zones and began projects to restore natural habitat in those areas . Approximately 20 @,@ 000 <unk> trees were planted along streams , small dams were put together to create more pools in the streams , and fencing was added to protect riparian zones from grazing . Next , the agency sought to reform land @-@ use plans to change grazing practices , which became a complex and controversial project .
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As environmentalists pressed the <unk> to close much of the <unk> Creek Mountains to grazing , frustrated ranchers joined the <unk> Rebellion seeking to protect their grazing <unk> . Initially , it appeared that the issue of grazing in the range would produce prolonged litigation with appeals potentially lasting decades . However , in 1988 , interest groups representing all sides of the issue joined to form the <unk> Creek Mountain Working Group . The group 's goal was to find a solution acceptable to everyone β a plan that would protect both the land 's ecological health and ranchers ' economic needs .
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Initial members of the <unk> Creek Mountain Working Group included :
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Over the next several years , the group continued to meet and discuss options for restoring the land while meeting the economic needs of local ranchers . Meetings were all open to the public .
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The group eventually endorsed a grazing management plan that provided for both the ecological health of sensitive riparian areas and the economic well @-@ being of ranchers . In 1989 , the <unk> Ranch agreed to rest two grazing <unk> totaling 50 @,@ 000 acres ( 20 @,@ 000 ha ) to restore critical stream <unk> and mountain pastures . The <unk> 's <unk> on Fifteen Mile Creek was rested for three years , and its <unk> Creek pasture received a five @-@ year rest before grazing was resumed . In addition , the grazing season in mountain pastures was reduced from four months to two , and the total number of cattle released in the <unk> areas was reduced from 3 @,@ 800 to 2 @,@ 200 . Finally , sensitive areas were <unk> to protect them from cattle , and additional water sources were constructed away from streams . Other <unk> also agreed to rest specific pastures including the <unk> Creek , <unk> Creek , and <unk> <unk> <unk> .
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In 1991 , the Bureau of Land Management approved a new grazing <unk> management plan . It was based on the agreements made by the <unk> Creek Mountain Working Group , and it took effect in 1992 . Since then , vegetation in riparian areas of the <unk> Creek Mountains has recovered , and studies by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service have found that the <unk> <unk> trout population , still listed as threatened , is also recovering .
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= Mycena <unk> =
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Mycena <unk> , commonly known as the clustered bonnet or the oak @-@ stump bonnet cap , is a species of mushroom in the family <unk> . The <unk> edible mushroom has a reddish @-@ brown bell @-@ shaped cap up to 4 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) in diameter . The thin stem is up to 9 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) tall , whitish to yellow @-@ brown at the top but progressively becoming reddish @-@ brown towards the base in maturity , where they are covered by a yellowish mycelium that can be up to a third of the length of the stem . The gills are pale brown to pinkish , and the spore print is white . It is a widespread saprobic fungus , and has been found in Europe , North Africa , Asia , <unk> , and North America , where it grows in small groups or <unk> on fallen logs and stumps , especially of oak . British mycologist <unk> Corner has described two varieties of the mushroom from Borneo . <unk> species with which M. <unk> may be confused include M. galericulata and M. <unk> .
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= = Taxonomy , phylogeny , and naming = =
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First described as Agaricus <unk> by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1838 , it was assigned its current name in 1872 by <unk> <unk> . Mycena galericulata var. <unk> ( named by <unk> in 1879 ) , and its <unk> Agaricus <unk> var. <unk> ( named by Fries in 1873 ) , are synonyms .
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In a molecular study of the large <unk> ribosomal DNA sequences of mycorrhizal fungi of the <unk> <unk> <unk> , M. <unk> was found to be closely related to M. <unk> , M. <unk> , and M. <unk> .
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The specific epithet <unk> means " bent in " . The mushroom is commonly known as the " clustered bonnet " or the " oak @-@ stump bonnet cap " .
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= = Description = =
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The cap is light reddish @-@ brown , with a diameter typically ranging from 1 to 4 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 8 in ) . Initially <unk> to bell @-@ shaped to convex , it <unk> during maturity , developing visible surface grooves corresponding to the gills underneath the cap . The margin of the cap has minute but distinct <unk> . The surface is moist and smooth , and <unk> . The cap frequently develops splits in the margin , or cracks in the disc ( the central part of the cap ) . The flesh of the cap is thick in the center but thin elsewhere , grayish to whitish , fragile , and with a slightly <unk> odor and taste . The gills have a <unk> attachment to the stem ( that is , running down the length of the stem ) and are a pale brownish color with <unk> of red . They are broad ( between 3 and 6 mm ) , and have a close to <unk> spacing , with about 26 β 35 gills reaching the stem . The fragile stem is 3 to 9 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 to 3 @.@ 5 in ) long by 0 @.@ 15 to 0 @.@ 4 cm ( 0 @.@ 06 to 0 @.@ 16 in ) thick and yellow to yellow @-@ brown , becoming reddish @-@ brown to orange @-@ brown in the bottom half in maturity . The lower portion of young stems is covered with white <unk> . Roughly equal in thickness at the top and bottom , the base of the stem is covered by a yellowish mycelium that can be up to a third of the length of the stem . The edibility of the mushroom is " doubtful " and consumption " best avoided " .
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= = = Microscopic characteristics = = =
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The spores are 7 β 9 by 5 β 6 @.@ 5 ΞΌm , broadly ellipsoid , smooth , and strongly amyloid ( it turns black when treated with Melzer 's reagent ) . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are four @-@ spored . The <unk> ( cystidia on the gill face ) are not differentiated . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) are embedded in the gill edge and very inconspicuous , club @-@ shaped , 26 β 36 by 5 β 10 ΞΌm , and have tips that are covered with <unk> projections that can be slender or thick . The flesh of the gills is <unk> , and pale yellowish to dirty brown when stained in iodine . The flesh of the cap has a distinct <unk> , a well @-@ differentiated <unk> ( a region of tissue immediately under the <unk> ) , and a <unk> <unk> body ( gill tissue ) ; it is pale yellowish to <unk> brownish in iodine stain .
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= = = <unk> = = =
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<unk> Corner defined the varieties M. <unk> var. <unk> and var. <unk> in his 1994 publication on <unk> mushrooms of <unk> , a <unk> region <unk> the boundary of the <unk> and <unk> <unk> . The variety <unk> ( named after its type locality , <unk> ) has a cap margin that is not <unk> , little or no odor , and cheilocystidia with shorter processes . It was found growing on the dead wood of <unk> <unk> , a stone oak tree in the beech family . Variety <unk> , found in <unk> , has spores that are almost spherical .
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= = = Similar species = = =
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Mycena <unk> bears some resemblance to M. <unk> , but is only associated with decaying hardwood logs and stumps , and is found in eastern North America , and sometimes on oak on the West Coast . In age , it develops reddish spots on the gills that are not seen in M. <unk> . M. <unk> is often confused with the edible M. galericulata , a common species that is variable in cap color , size and shape . M. galericulata typically has a <unk> conical cap that is dull gray @-@ brown , and white to grayish veins that have numerous cross @-@ veins . M. <unk> has a <unk> stem that is bluish @-@ gray .
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= = Habitat and distribution = =
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Mycena <unk> is a saprobic fungus , deriving its nutrients from decomposing organic matter found in plant litter such as leaves , twigs , bark and branches . It <unk> this by producing enzymes capable of breaking down the three major biochemical components of plant cell walls found in litter : <unk> , <unk> and lignin .
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The fruit bodies of Mycena <unk> grow in dense groups or clusters on decaying hardwood logs and stumps ( especially oak and chestnut ) during the spring and autumn . The fungus forms a white , <unk> mycelium on the surface of decomposing oak leaves . Occasionally , it can be found growing on a living tree . In eastern North America , it is abundant in the area bounded by Nova Scotia , Ontario , Manitoba , Missouri , North Carolina , and New York . It has been found in Oregon , but the species appears to be generally rare along the Pacific Coast . The range of the fungus also includes Europe , the Canary Islands , North Africa , East Siberia , Japan , <unk> , Turkey , and New Zealand .
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= = Chemistry = =
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In a study of the trace metal concentrations of various mushrooms species found in <unk> ( Turkey ) , M. <unk> was found to have comparatively high levels of iron ( 628 mg per kg ) and nickel ( 21 @.@ 6 mg / kg ) , measured on a dry weight basis . Laboratory studies have shown that the fungus is resistant to aluminum . The fungus has been investigated for its ability to <unk> synthetic <unk> that are used in the textile , <unk> , <unk> and <unk> industries . The <unk> are not readily biodegradable , and when discharged into the environment are persistent and many are toxic .
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= Capel <unk> =
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Capel <unk> ( sometimes referred to as Hen <unk> <unk> ) is a ruined chapel near <unk> <unk> in Anglesey , north Wales , dating back to the first half of the 12th century . The chapel 's original purpose is unknown , but it might have been used as a memorial chapel or in connection with a local royal court , or as a chapel of ease in a large parish with a growing population . It was used for a time until the early 18th century as a private place of worship for a nearby house , then later fell into disrepair . The walls still remain , with some traces of render on them internally , but there is no roof .
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It contains a 16th @-@ century side chapel with a vault beneath , used as a burial chamber . It is a Grade II listed building , a national designation given to " buildings of special interest , which warrant every effort being made to preserve them " , in particular because it is " a substantially 12th @-@ century structure " with the " unusual 16th @-@ century vaulted south chapel " .
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= = History and location = =
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The oldest parts of Capel <unk> date from the first half of the 12th century . This was a time when many churches on Anglesey in north @-@ west Wales were first built in stone following the end of Viking raids and attempts by the <unk> to gain control of the island . The reason for its construction , and the saint to whom it was dedicated , are unknown . Geraint Jones , author of a 2006 guide to the churches of Anglesey , suggests that it may originally have been a memorial chapel , or connected to a royal court nearby . <unk> and <unk> , authors of a 2001 guide to ancient Anglesey monuments , note that it was built in the large parish of <unk> <unk> and was perhaps intended to serving the expanding population in medieval times . Despite this , it seems to have remained as a chapel of ease rather than become a parish church in its own right . The chapel is sometimes referred to as " Hen <unk> <unk> " ( " hen " being the Welsh word for " old " and " <unk> " meaning " chapel " ) .
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The walls were partially rebuilt in the 14th century , and the upper parts of the walls date from this time . A chapel was added to the south side of the building in the 16th century . A vault under the south chapel was used to bury members of a local family , the Pierce <unk> . In 1999 , the vault was used to record some " atmospheres " for the album " You Have Just Been <unk> By The <unk> " by The <unk> , a collective of Welsh musicians including members of Echo and the <unk> , Super <unk> Animals and <unk> that was described by one journalist as " possibly the <unk> pop group of all time " .
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For a time , Capel <unk> was used as a private place of worship for <unk> House , a " venerable mansion " once owned by the Lloyd family which came into the possession of William <unk> , 1st Baron Boston , in the 18th century . After the early part of the 18th century , however , the chapel became unused and began to fall into disrepair . The walls remain to gable level , with some traces of render on the inside , but the roof has gone .
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Capel <unk> is in the Anglesey countryside near <unk> ; the parish church of St <unk> , <unk> is about 0 @.@ 78 miles ( 1 @.@ 26 km ) away . Part of the churchyard wall remains , showing that it was originally within a mainly circular enclosure , as often found with early churches . It is cared for by Cadw , the Welsh Assembly Government body responsible for the built heritage of Wales , and is open to the public .
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= = Architecture and fittings = =
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Capel <unk> is built from rubble masonry ; at about 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) up the walls , the style changes and smaller stones are inserted into spaces between the larger blocks , showing where the 14th @-@ century rebuilding started . The doorway is on the south side , headed by a plain arch , and dates from the 12th century . There is a stone bellcote at the west end . There is no structural division between the nave ( where the congregation would have sat ) and the chancel ( where the altar would have been located ) . There are no window openings on the north side , but there is a blocked opening to the east ( about 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) wide ) and there are the remains of a window on the south wall . There is a blocked window in the south wall of the south chapel . The vault , which is about 27 square feet ( 2 @.@ 5 m2 ) , is reached by stone steps from inside the south chapel . <unk> slabs form the roof of the vault and the floor of the chapel above . A stone in the nave , about 2 square feet ( 0 @.@ 19 m2 ) with a hole in the top , might once have been used as a churchyard cross .
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= = Assessment = =
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Capel <unk> has national recognition and statutory protection from alteration as it has been designated as a Grade II listed building β the lowest of the three grades of listing , designating " buildings of special interest , which warrant every effort being made to preserve them " . It was given this status on 2 September 1952 and has been listed because it is " important as a substantially 12th @-@ century structure , with some architectural details surviving from this early period " , even though it is now in a " ruinous condition " . Cadw ( which is responsible for the inclusion of Welsh buildings on the statutory lists ) also notes the " unusual 16th @-@ century vaulted south chapel " .
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The 19th @-@ century antiquarian <unk> <unk> mentioned the church in her history of Anglesey . She said that the architecture was of " the <unk> kind , [ which ] bears testimony to its great antiquity . " She recounted that a fox had once taken shelter in the ruins , and when it was dug out , the vault was discovered , " containing several human skeletons , which <unk> into dust , when exposed to the air " . She added that further exploration of the vault then revealed " a large mass of human bones , several feet in depth " .
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A 1990 book about abandoned churches in Wales refers to the ancient monuments in this part of Anglesey , and calls Capel <unk> a " medieval gesture of Christian power in a land so obviously <unk> with the spirit of a pagan past " . It notes that " the wheel has turned full circle and Capel <unk> today is just another ruined relic of a former age . " The authors describe the chapel as a " simple , square building " with a " small and <unk> austere south chapel " , adding that the stone slabs over the vault are " almost in imitation of the ancient burial chambers which dot the surrounding landscape . "
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= 2011 β 12 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team =
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The 2011 β 12 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team represented the University of Michigan during the 2011 β 12 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The team played its home games in Ann Arbor , Michigan at <unk> Center for the <unk> consecutive year . It had a seating capacity of 12 @,@ <unk> . It was also the team 's <unk> straight season as a member of the Big Ten Conference . Fifth @-@ year head coach John <unk> led the team , alongside All @-@ Big Ten players Trey Burke , Tim <unk> , Jr. and Zack Novak . Burke was named Big Ten Freshman of the Year and was Michigan 's first Associated Press All @-@ American <unk> since 1998 .
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The team 's season began with a preseason media day and practices in October 2011 . In February 2012 , Michigan hosted ESPN 's College <unk> for the first time in a game against Ohio State . It was the eighth time a Big Ten team hosted the show , which began in 2005 .
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The team was in the national rankings all season and ended as the 2011 β 12 Big Ten co @-@ champion with Michigan State and Ohio State . It had three victories over teams ranked in the top 10 at the time of the meeting ( eighth @-@ ranked Memphis , ninth @-@ ranked Michigan State and sixth @-@ ranked Ohio State ) . The team was undefeated at home until its last home game of the season . Michigan lost in the semifinals of the 2012 Big Ten Conference Tournament and bowed out in the second round of the 2012 NCAA Tournament to end the season with a 24 @-@ 10 record . The team won the school 's first Big Ten Conference Championship since the 1985 β 86 season and had the school 's best Big Ten record ( 13 β 5 ) since the 1993 β 94 season .
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= = <unk> = =
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= = = 2011 β 12 incoming team members = = =
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Before the season began , point guard Darius Morris , the Big Ten assists leader in the 2010 @-@ 11 season , left the team after being drafted by the Los Angeles <unk> . The incoming class included Carlton <unk> and 2011 Ohio Mr. Basketball point guard Trey Burke . Both <unk> and Burke were among <unk> 's top 100 players of the 2011 class ; <unk> ranked <unk> and Burke ranked 94th . Max <unk> committed to Michigan in April despite his family 's ties to the Illinois Fighting <unk> . Illinois University 's <unk> Athletic Administration Building was endowed by his family . <unk> <unk> , who along with <unk> was recruited by <unk> League schools , rounded out the incoming class . <unk> earned an academic scholarship and was considered a walk @-@ on candidate for the basketball team .
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Tim <unk> , Jr . , son of former NBA All @-@ Star Tim <unk> , returned to the team . He was coming off a freshman season in which he was a unanimous Big Ten All @-@ Freshman , All @-@ Big Ten honorable mention , <unk> <unk> All @-@ America and Team USA FIBA <unk> <unk> . Jordan <unk> , the son of Detroit Pistons All @-@ Star Joe <unk> , left the team , citing <unk> knee issues .
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= = = 2011 β 12 team recruits = = =
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= = <unk> = =
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Former team captains Travis <unk> ( 1996 β 97 and 1997 β 98 ) and C.J. Lee ( 2008 β 09 ) served as director of basketball operations and administrative specialist , respectively . Peter <unk> was the team 's video coordinator .
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= = Schedule and results = =
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Michigan announced its 14 @-@ game non @-@ conference schedule on August 1 , 2011 . The team began the season in a renovated <unk> Arena : new seats and a high @-@ definition <unk> were added , but seating capacity was reduced to 12 @,@ <unk> from 13 @,@ <unk> in the previous 10 seasons .
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Michigan came in third place in the three @-@ game 2011 Maui <unk> Tournament between November 21 β 23 . The team defeated the eighth @-@ ranked Memphis Tigers 73 β 61 , lost to the sixth @-@ ranked Duke Blue Devils 82 β 75 , and defeated the <unk> @-@ 12 favorite UCLA Bruins 79 β 63 . Tim <unk> , Jr. was named the Big Ten Player of the Week , and Trey Burke was named Big Ten Freshman of the Week . In an ACC β Big Ten Challenge game in late November , Michigan lost to Virginia 70 β 58 . In its next game , Michigan defeated Iowa State 76 β 66 . On December 10 , 2011 , Michigan beat Oakland 90 β 80 , its highest @-@ scoring game since beating Northern Michigan 97 @-@ 50 on November 14 , 2009 . It was also Michigan 's first game since 2002 with three 20 @-@ point scorers ( <unk> , Burke and Evan <unk> ) . Burke earned his second Freshman of the Week honor on December 12 after scoring a season @-@ high 20 points and nine assists in the game . On the same day , Michigan was the highest @-@ rated Big Ten team in the Ratings <unk> Index , although the team trailed several schools in the national polls . In the final two non @-@ conference games of the season , <unk> scored his first two double @-@ doubles against Alabama A & M and Bradley on December 17 and December 22 .
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Heading into the Big Ten Conference schedule , both of the teams Michigan had lost to were ranked ( Duke was 7th and 5th in the AP and Coaches ' polls and Virginia was 23rd and 24th ) . On December 29 , Michigan won its first Big Ten Conference opener since 2006 β 07 , beating Penn State as <unk> extended his double @-@ double streak to three games . On January 2 , Burke earned his first Big Ten Conference Player of the Week honor and his third Freshman of the Week honor for his 40 points in Michigan 's first two conference games . On December 29 against Penn State he posted 13 points , seven assists , five rebounds and no turnovers . On January 1 , 2012 , he added a career @-@ high 27 points on 8 @-@ for @-@ 11 shooting with three rebounds and three assists against Minnesota to earn Big Ten Conference Player of the Week the following day .
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On January 19 , Michigan became the leader in the conference with a 5 β 2 record , thanks to conference wins over ranked Wisconsin and Michigan State teams . Michigan remained in first place until losing to Ohio State ten days later . The team went 5 @-@ 2 in conference in February , including wins over ranked Indiana and Ohio State teams . Michigan lost its final home game of the season to <unk> on February 25 to finish with a 15 β 1 home record . On March 1 , the team defeated Illinois for their first road win in Illinois since 1995 . During the game , Michigan 's 30th of the season , Trey Burke broke Gary Grant 's school freshman assists record , set over the course of 30 games in the 1984 @-@ 85 season , by pushing his total to 143 .
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